Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Goalkeeper Tomasz Kuszczak made a string of fine saves to help Birmingham edge out Brentford at Griffin Park.

Clayton Donaldson put the Blues ahead, converting the penalty he won when fouled by goalkeeper Daniel Bentley.
Ryan Shotton blocked Lasse Vibe's shot on the line, before Kuszczak denied Vibe, Maxime Colin and Scott Hogan.
Shotton smashed home Donaldson's flick on before Hogan's deft header reduced the arrears, but the striker then had a late effort ruled out for offside.
Brentford are now without a win in four at home, but had plenty of chances to get something from the game.
Colin's shot just after half-time was parried by Kuszczak, who quickly recovered to save from Hogan, and moments later Birmingham doubled their advantage.
But his most impressive save came when Hogan's downward header bounced up and looked destined for the net, only for the former Manchester United goalkeeper to push the ball onto the bar.
Gary Rowett's side stay fourth in the table after back-to-back wins, and picked up a much-needed first away victory in six attempts.
Brentford manager Dean Smith:
"If it was a boxing match it would have been stopped, but football matches in the Championship change on small moments and we were a little loose once or twice and got punished for it.
"It was just one of those games where we didn't take our chances. It's when you don't create them that you need to worry.
"This is a team that are in the top five and we have dominated them. We passed well and created chances so it's very hard to go into the changing room after that."
Birmingham boss Gary Rowett:
"We rode our luck and if luck was a horse I have won the Grand National today.
"We've defended last-ditch and part of that was because we were sloppy and didn't get close enough to them at times, but we've scored two good goals and then had to hang on and be gritty and tough.
"We are not an easy side to beat, but we work incredibly hard and we want to keep improving because if we play like we did today we will struggle to stay in fourth."
Match ends, Brentford 1, Birmingham City 2.
Second Half ends, Brentford 1, Birmingham City 2.
Foul by Maxime Colin (Brentford).
Jonathan Grounds (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Che Adams (Birmingham City) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Ryan Shotton.
Attempt saved. Sullay Kaikai (Brentford) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Josh McEachran.
Corner,  Birmingham City. Conceded by Andreas Bjelland.
Attempt missed. Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City) left footed shot from the left side of the box is too high.
Harlee Dean (Brentford) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City).
Offside, Brentford. Andreas Bjelland tries a through ball, but Scott Hogan is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Josh Clarke (Brentford) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Josh McEachran.
Attempt saved. Che Adams (Birmingham City) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by David Davis.
Substitution, Birmingham City. Paul Robinson replaces Lukas Jutkiewicz.
David Davis (Birmingham City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Josh McEachran (Brentford) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by David Davis (Birmingham City).
Goal!  Brentford 1, Birmingham City 2. Scott Hogan (Brentford) header from the centre of the box to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Josh Clarke.
Foul by Maxime Colin (Brentford).
Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Josh Clarke (Brentford) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Che Adams (Birmingham City).
Foul by Nico Yennaris (Brentford).
Maikel Kieftenbeld (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Brentford. Josh Clarke replaces Lasse Vibe.
Substitution, Brentford. Josh McEachran replaces Yoann Barbet.
Corner,  Brentford. Conceded by Tomasz Kuszczak.
Attempt saved. Scott Hogan (Brentford) header from very close range is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Ryan Woods with a cross.
Attempt saved. Sullay Kaikai (Brentford) left footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is saved in the top left corner. Assisted by Scott Hogan with a cross.
Attempt missed. Reece Brown (Birmingham City) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Jonathan Grounds following a corner.
Corner,  Birmingham City. Conceded by John Egan.
Ryan Woods (Brentford) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City).
Substitution, Birmingham City. Che Adams replaces Robert Tesche.
Substitution, Birmingham City. Reece Brown replaces David Cotterill.
Goal!  Brentford 0, Birmingham City 2. Ryan Shotton (Birmingham City) right footed shot from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Clayton Donaldson with a headed pass following a set piece situation.
Foul by John Egan (Brentford).
Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Substitution, Brentford. Sullay Kaikai replaces Romaine Sawyers.
Romaine Sawyers (Brentford) wins a free kick in the attacking half.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Here's a round-up of the day's results:
Arsenal made Hull City's goalie work hard - he had to make 11 saves to help his side finish with a goalless draw at the Emirates Stadium.
The two sides face a replay to decide who will progress to the quarter finals.
There was a surprise result when Championship strugglers Reading came back from one nil down to beat Premier League team West Brom by three goals to one.
Watford reached the quarter-finals for the first time since 2007, after Scott Wootton's own goal gave them victory over Leeds.
Strikes by Ross Barkley and Romelu Lukaku saw off Bournemouth, taking Everton into the quarter-finals for the fourth time in five seasons.
On Sunday, Blackburn will take on West Ham, Tottenham face Crystal Palace, and Chelsea will battle Man City.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article The provided query could be '['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'An open day has been held at a converted 13th Century farm to allow local people a preview before it opens as a youth hostel.']' and the positive '['represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.', 'The Heritage Lottery Fund contributed Â£3m to the Â£5m conversion of Itford Farm, near Beddingham, Lewes in the South Downs National Park.\nThe project has taken 13 years, with the Youth Hostel Association (YHA) taking over as developer along the way.\nThe charity said the hostel would open to overnight guests from 5 April.\nAn Easter egg hunt and other family activities were planned for Sunday\'s open day.\n"YHA South Downs has been a long time coming," said manager Dale Richards.\n"Giving local people the chance to have a sneak peak and join us for a fun day is our way of saying thank you for their patience."\nArea manager Lisa Venter said the YHA stepped in as developer during the final year after the project stalled.\nThe Greenbank Trust, Active Lewes, East Sussex County Council are among other organisations which helped fund the 68-bed hostel, which was a working farm until the 1980s.\nYHA South Downs will also have a cafe and visitor centre for walkers and school parties.\n"It\'s vital that visitors to the South Downs feel connected to the National Park\'s landscapes, wildlife and communities as that\'s the best way to encourage people to take care of them," said Trevor Beattie, chief executive of South Downs National Park Authority.\n"The new youth hostel will be a fantastic gateway into the South Downs National Park."']' and the negative '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.', "Brymbo Heritage Group (BHG) is working with partners including The Prince's Regeneration Trust (PRT) in a bid to breathe life into historic buildings at the former Brymbo steelworks.\nThe sprawling complex employed almost 2,500 people at its peak but it closed in 1990 after almost 200 years.\nSome of the land has been redeveloped.\nThe group hopes to re-use nine old buildings, creating a heritage centre, learning facilities, business units, shops and apartments as well as open spaces.\nThe site is also home to a 300 million-year-old fossil forest uncovered in 2005.\nExperts are meeting with the heritage group and members of the public next week to take the plans forward. A public meeting is also due to be held on Thursday 12 February at 18:00 GMT."]'

Question: A plane travelling from Los Angeles to Houston was diverted after a woman tried to open an emergency exit near the end of the flight, passengers say.

The woman, who police have not named, was subdued by a police officer who had joined the force two weeks earlier.
A passenger on Southwest Airlines Flight 4519 told KHOU-TV that the woman was behaving erratically throughout Sunday's morning flight.
"She wrote 'Help me' and her name" on napkins, the traveller said.
"I knew something wasn't right," the passenger said, adding the woman's behaviour drew attention even before she had boarded the flight at LAX airport.
"It was weird, something like you see on TV. You never expect to think you'd be on that same flight."
Southwest Airlines said in a statement that the pilot chose to divert to Corpus Christi, Texas, after crew members reported "a potential threat in the cabin".
Corpus Christi Airport Police told Houston's KTRK-TV that the FBI is investigating the situation.
Henrietta Mokwuah, who was also aboard the flight, told the network that the woman came close to opening the emergency door located near the rear of the plane.
"Oh yeah, she tore off a piece of it. There was the frame, that was on the door. She ended up breaking it off," Ms Mokwuah said.
The woman refused to stay in her seat and made remarks about being treated unfairly by the government as she paced in the aisles, passengers say.
Cleveland Independent School District Police identified the off-duty officer who detained the woman as Pamela Minchew, who had joined the police force only two weeks earlier.
Officer Minchew had been on holiday with her children, and was returning home to Texas, according to Police Chief Rex Evans.
Due to differences in air pressure, experts say it would be almost impossible for a passenger to open the door of an aircraft during a flight. Added to that, the doors are locked during flight.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

The Boeing 767 bound for Miami experienced an "uncontained engine failure", officials involved in the investigation said.
The pilot aborted the take-off and evacuated everyone on board via emergency chutes as black smoke billowed from the plane.
Twenty people suffered minor injuries, the fire department said.
Nine crew members and 161 passengers were on board.
A federal official quoted by the Associated Press news agency said the plane appeared to have suffered a rare and serious type of engine failure in which parts break off and are spewed outside the engine.
Passengers reported an explosion followed by flames and black smoke as the plane was speeding down the runway.
Sarah Ahmed said everyone on the right side of the plane rushed from their seats and moved to the left side.
"People are yelling, 'Open the door! Open the door!' Everyone's screaming and jumping on top of each other to open the door," she told WLS-TV.
"Within that time, I think it was seven seconds, there was smoke in the plane and the fire is right up against the windows, and it's melting the windows."
The incident took place at 14:35 local time (19:35 GMT).
An initial statement by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) said the plane had burst a tyre, but that information was later deleted from the statement.
Why do people grab their bags after a plane crash?
American Airlines said passengers who still wanted to travel had been put on another flight to Miami.
Elsewhere, a FedEx plane caught fire at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, airport after its landing gear collapsed on landing, the FAA said.


Question: Two priests have been robbed at gunpoint by masked men in County Tyrone.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Police said the robbers, one armed with a suspected firearm, entered two houses at Brook Street, Omagh, at about 09:50 BST on Saturday and stole money.
One of the homes was a parochial house. No-one was injured.
Det Sgt Ian Lyle said the suspects were "aged in their 30s, with local accents and were wearing green jackets and had their faces covered".
"I would ask anyone who knows anything about this incident to contact detectives at Omagh police station on the non emergency number 101," he added.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

The men, aged 51 and 24, were detained on Friday. A 25-year-old man who was arrested on Thursday has also been released.
Mr McKay, who was 36, was shot dead at his home on the Longlands Road last month. His funeral took place on Friday.
At least two armed men were involved in the attack.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Cliftonville striker Darren Murray has left the club after spending only eight months at the Solitude outfit.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Murray, who moved from Portadown in January, said that he had come to a "mutual agreement" with the club to be released from his contract.
"I haven't been able to play the part I wish I had," said the 24-year-old striker on Twitter.
"Injuries and not enough playing time have made me make this decision with the club agreeing."
Murray added that he wished everyone at Cliftonville "the best and hope to see them back at the top soon".
A club statement said that following a meeting with the player on Wednesday evening, "Cliftonville FC can confirm that Darren Murray is no longer a Cliftonville player".
The striker moved from Portadown to the Reds on a three-and-a-half year deal with Cliftonville after being linked with the North Belfast club from some time.
Murray, a boyhood fan of the Solitude club, scored five goals in his 16 Cliftonville appearances.
His final goal for the club came in the win over Ballinamallard last month.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary:

Ramsey, 25, will join the Solitude outfit on a three-year contract.
The defender will link up with his former Ports team-mate Darren Murray who moved to Cliftonville from the Shamrock Park club in January.
Michael Gault will also leave Portadown at the end of this season after signing a pre-contract deal with current champions Crusaders.
Ramsey, who represented Northern Ireland and youth and under-21 level, joined Portadown from Ballymena United six years ago.
Portadown manager Ronnie McFall is expected to step down at the end of this season after almost 30 years in charge of the club.
The Ports are a disappointing seventh in the Premiership table after losing 16 of their 29 games.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details!

Question: A 66m tapestry telling the story of TV series Game of Thrones has been unveiled at a Belfast museum as part of a new tourism campaign.

Tourism officials use the HBO show to draw visitors to Northern Ireland, where much of the hit series is filmed.
The tapestry was woven and hand-embroidered from material provided by Thomas Ferguson Irish Linen in Banbridge.
It is one of the last surviving mills in Northern Ireland.
Taking around three months to make, the tapestry depicts scenes from seasons one to six.
Each week the tapestry will be added to with scenes from season seven, which has just been released, taking its final size to 77m.
The artwork was unveiled at the Ulster Museum in Belfast on Monday afternoon.
Game of Thrones has been filmed in Northern Ireland since 2010 and has received around Â£14m in financial support.
However, Screen NI estimates the return to the local economy has been in the region of Â£150m.
Since 2014, Tourism Ireland has been using Game of Thrones to help promote Northern Ireland to visitors, aiming to capitalise on the show's huge worldwide appeal.
Tourism numbers hit 2.6m in 2016, a rise of 12%.

Artist Spencer Tunick photographed 3,200 people at sites around the city on 9 July for the Sea of Hull project.
The images will go on show at the Ferens Art Gallery, in Hull, as part of a new exhibition called SKIN.
The Sea of Hull was commissioned by the gallery to mark Hull's 2017 UK City of Culture status.
Live updates on this story and others from the Humber region
Participants in the project will be invited to a special preview event attended by Tunick at 18:15 BST before the exhibition opens to the public on Saturday.
Speaking in 2016, Tunick said: "The Sea of Hull installation was one of the most fantastic projects I've ever done, and it was inspiring to be able to intertwine the city's maritime heritage against an urban backdrop throughout the whole piece."
The exhibition will include three of Tunick's photographs that have been bought by the gallery, while the Friends of Ferens Gallery are set to launch a crowd funding bid to buy a fourth.
Hull City Councillor Terry Geraghty said: "This bold and ambitious exhibition is one of the gallery's major highlights for 2017, in addition to the esteemed Turner Prize later this year."
Other artworks going on show at the gallery include works by Lucian Freud and sculptor Ron Mueck.
A preparatory study for Edouard Manet's controversial Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe will also feature in the exhibition, which runs from 22 April to 13 August.


Question: Lanky and soft-spoken, Rwanda's President Paul Kagame portrays himself as a modern-day politician who sees social media as a way of championing democracy and development.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

However, his opponents accuse him of being the latest in a long line of authoritarian rulers in Africa, who will win the 4 August election after his regime brutally suppressed the opposition and killed some of his most vocal critics - a charge his allies vehemently deny.
One of the first African leaders to set up a website with a presence on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Flickr, Mr Kagame believes the IT revolution has meant there are "few excuses" for political intolerance and poverty.
"There is a global awareness of national events - for example, in China, and days before that, in Iran, that is due to Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and relatively inexpensive access to technology," the 59-year-old Rwandan leader said at the World Technology Summit in 2009, long before many other African leaders had grasped the significance of social media.
"These moments in history are captured and diffused in remote corners of the world, even as the events unfold," he added.
His comments are ironic, given that the international media watchdog Reporters Without Borders identifies him as a "predator" who attacks press freedom, citing the fact that in the last two decades, eight journalists have been killed or have gone missing, 11 have been given long jail terms, and 33 forced to flee Rwanda.
"A lot of effort has been made to improve internet access, but the idea is still to control discourse on social media, including by trolling journalists," Reporters Without Borders Africa head Clea Kahn told the BBC.
Mr Kagame, who received military training in Uganda, Tanzania and the US, is seen as a brilliant military tactician.
A refugee in neighbouring Uganda since childhood, he was a founding member of current Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni's rebel army in 1979.
He headed its intelligence wing, helping Mr Museveni take power in 1986.
Then he spearheaded the launch of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) rebel movement. It took power in Kigali to end the 1994 genocide which killed some 800,000  Tutsis - the ethnic minority group to which Mr Kagame belongs - and moderate Hutus.
Once in government, Mr Kagame, who first served as Rwanda's defence minister and vice-president, backed the rebellion in neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo to overthrow Mobutu Seso Seko's regime, only to then become embroiled in a new war there that involved six countries.
Mysterious death of an exile
Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter
"Julius Nyerere [Tanzania's founding president] played an influential role in fashioning his regional outlook, and activist approach to resolving conflicts," says William Wallis, from the UK's Financial Times newspaper, who has followed Mr Kagame's career closely.
"This led him to [DR] Congo, just as Tanzania invaded Uganda in the 1970s," he said, referring to the overthrow of Idi Amin.
According to Mr Wallis, Mr Kagame has been "extremely cunning" by playing on the "conscience" of Western powers for failing to intervene to end the genocide.
He says the Rwandan leader also has strong support from the UK and the US, because he has used aid money "more effectively than his African peers" and has wooed powerful lobby groups in the US, including Christian evangelicals and businessmen, to keep Washington onside.
Ghanaian analyst Nii Akuetteh, a former executive director of Washington-based think-tank Africa Action, once dubbed Mr Kagame as "one of America's friendly tyrants", pointing out that he had trained at its military academies and had even addressed cadets at the prestigious West Point military academy when his son was there.
Mr Kagame's powerful network of spies have been accused of carrying out a spate cross-border assassinations and abductions.
They are alleged to have even targeted their former intelligence chief Col Patrick Karegeya, who fled Rwanda after falling out with Mr Kagame.
He was murdered in 2014 in his suite at an upmarket hotel in South Africa's main city, Johannesburg.
"They literally used a rope to hang him tight," said David Batenga, Col Karegeya's nephew.
Mr Kagame did little to distance himself from the killing, while officially denying any involvement.
"You can't betray Rwanda and not get punished for it," he told a prayer meeting shortly afterwards. "Anyone, even those still alive, will reap the consequences. Anyone. It is a matter of time."
Still believing that he has a patriotic mission to fulfil, Mr Kagame - Rwanda's de facto ruler since the 1994 genocide - is running for a third term on 4 August.
This followed a controversial constitutional amendment in 2015 allowing him to run for three further terms, meaning he could theoretically remain in power until 2034, although he sought to play down the possibility by saying that he did not want to be an "eternal leader".
The amendment was approved by more than 95% of voters in a referendum, official results showed. The opposition said the vote was rigged.
For leading rights group Amnesty International, the election is taking place in a "climate of fear created by years of repression against opposition politicians, journalists and human rights defenders".
"They have been jailed, physically attacked - even killed - and forced into exile or silence," it says in its latest report on Rwanda.
In the most recent high-profile case, a pregnant British-Rwandan woman, Violette Uwamahoro, was arrested in February on suspicion of plotting to undermine Mr Kagame, sharing state secrets and helping to form an armed group when she went to Rwanda to attend the funeral of her father.
Mrs Uwamahoro, who returned to the UK after a court ordered her release on bail, believes she was targeted because her husband, Faustin Rukundo, is a member of the banned Rwanda National Congress (RNC).
"I had chains around my ankles and handcuffs. I started bleeding after my arrest and thought I was losing my baby. I asked for a senior doctor but the doctor they sent only examined my eyes," she said, as she recalled her ordeal in an interview with the London-based i News.
Against the backdrop of state repression, Mr Kagame is expected to win the election against his two opponents, Frank Habineza of the Democratic Green Party and the independent Philippe Mpayimana, with the only question being whether he will surpass his victory margins of 95% and 93% in the 2003 and 2010 elections respectively.
Mr Kagame has told his campaign rallies that the election is a "formality".
One London-based veteran critic of Mr Kagame, who prefers anonymity, told the BBC that Rwanda is still heavily divided along ethnic lines, and in a free election Mr Kagame would not win.
For the president, it would signal that his biggest political mission - to end the ethnic divisions that caused the genocide - had failed.
And probably this fear, more than any other, is driving him to repel threats to his rule.
"Kagame's biggest mistake has been to say that we are Banyarwanda [all Rwandans]. He is ignoring the root cause of the problem: The tribe. How can anyone say there is no tribe in Rwanda?" the Rwandan critic said.
Mr Kagame - who sees Singapore and South Korea as model states - believes the key to reconciliation is continued economic development.
"He has pursued it with single-minded determination… and deals ruthlessly with his adversaries," Mr Wallis explains.
Rwanda was in ruins when Mr Kagame's RPF took power after the genocide but its economy is now growing at an average of 7% a year, and poverty levels have fallen.
Under Mr Kagame's rule, Rwanda opened its first maize flour factory, improved its road network, established a national airline, is building a new $800m (£605m) international airport and plans to boost its status as a business hub with a conference centre that will cost at least $300m.
"Kagame is known as a doer and an implementer, not somebody who says things just like everyone else," UK charity Oxfam's Desire Assogbavi told AFP news agency.
As for his African peers, most of them appear to hold him in high regard, as he has been given the task of spearheading efforts to reform the African Union.
"Without an African Union that delivers, the continent cannot progress, and we face the likelihood of yet another decade of lost opportunity," Mr Kagame said in a report tabled at a meeting of African leaders in January.
"Tens of thousands of young African bodies have been swallowed by the sea or abandoned in the desert, in pursuit of a decent life for which they are prepared to risk everything, because they believe there is no hope at home. They testify to the urgent need to act," he added.
As far as Mr Kagame's allies are concerned, his reputation as a visionary and a doer will guarantee him a landslide in Rwanda's elections.
But for his critics, he is among Africa's most repressive leaders, and has dashed hopes of turning Rwanda into a democracy that all its citizens can be proud of.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary
Examples:

"['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'Here we highlight some of the stories that readers enjoyed the most during the course of the year.\nNo year could pass without a major product launch and this year\'s most read was the announcement in September that Apple was entering the crowded wearable market with a smart watch of its own.\nEvery year could be described as the year of the hack but 2014 saw some pretty significant ones, not least the Heartbleed bug which put security experts into a tailspin in April.\nMeanwhile one of the most read stories of the year was also one of our last (of the year, not ever I hope). Prof Stephen Hawking\'s assessment of artificial intelligence offers a tantalising glimpse into what we might be reading more about  next year - the endless rise of the intelligent machine.\nJanuary: \'Super-rare\' Nintendo games hits eBay\nFans of old video games were queuing up to get their hands on a copy of Nintendo World Championships, one of only 116 copies made as part of a special event in 1990.\nA first bid of $4,999 (Â£3,000) set the tone for the eBay auction.\nEven though the cartridge was in poor condition, its rarity - designed for a competition and never put on general sale - meant it would be something of a holy grail for keen collectors, according to gaming experts.\nThe game eventually sold to a bidder for over $99,0000 - although the winning bidder later backed out.\nFebruary: Flappy Bird creator removes game from app stores\nThe game theme continued into February when everyone was talking about the new gaming sensation - Flappy Bird. Seen as a natural successor to Angry Birds, it proved short-lived when its Vietnamese creator Dong Nguyen announced that he was removing the game from online stores.\nMany questioned whether the real reason was because he may have faced legal action from Nintendo as the main characters resembled those in Super Mario Bros.\nBy the time it was withdrawn the game had been downloaded more than 50 million times, making it the most popular game of the year.\nFor those who had it installed on their phones, it put an immediate premium on the device with people selling handsets on eBay for $1,000 until the online auction site put an end to such trades.\nMarch: Thousands make #nomakeupselfie donation error\nBefore the ice bucket challenge took hold this summer, another charity-raising craze hit social media in the spring - taking a self portrait wearing no make-up.\nOnce the picture was posted on social media, users were asked to donate to Cancer Research UK.\nBut unfortunately not all of the funds raised by the stunt went to the intended cause.\nThe BBC discovered that thousands of pounds were accidentally donated to Unicef instead of Cancer Research UK, as people sent money by texting DONATE rather than BEAT.\nUnicef told the BBC that over Â£18,000 had been identified as being accidentally pledged to it and that it was working with Cancer Research to transfer the money.\nApril: Heartbleed Bug: Tech firms urge password reset\nIt took a quarter of a year for the first big security story to hit but when it did it was a big one.\nThe Heartbleed bug affected software used by millions of web servers with some advising people to stay away from the internet entirely until it was fixed. One security expert said that on a scale of one to 10, Heartbleed was an 11.\nThe biggest story of the month was not the one revealing the bug but a follow-up in which several tech firms advised people to change all their passwords.\nThat suggestion proved controversial, with other experts later pointing out that even if users created brand new logins they would remain at risk until all the online services they used updated their servers.\nMay: eBay makes users change their passwords after hack\nThe security theme continued through the spring with May\'s biggest story focusing on eBay\'s security woes.\nThe US online marketplace admitted that a database had been hacked between late February and early March, which had contained encrypted passwords and other non-financial data.\nBut there was confusion about how eBay would communicate the problem to its 128 million active users.\nInitially it said it would oblige users to choose new passwords but later said that it would be optional.\nJune: Android and Windows to get \'kill switch\'\nThe middle of the year saw efforts by the tech industry to combat the problem of mobile phone theft which police said had risen dramatically.\nAccording to a report by the US authorities, some 3.1 million mobile device were stolen in the US in 2013, double the number stolen in 2012.\nBy adding a kill switch, a function that would render any stolen device useless, they hoped to cut the crime.\nIn June Google and Microsoft announcing that they will add a kill switch feature to their phone operating systems.\nApple already offered such a switch and according to US reports the theft of iPhones had fallen significantly in the months following the launch.\nJuly: Naked selfies extracted from \'factory reset\' phones\nIn July it was reported that a Czech-based security firm had managed to extract thousands of pictures, including naked selfies from mobile phones that users thought had been wiped.\nAvast used publicly-available forensic security tools to find the images from second-hand phones bought on eBay.\nIt warned that the only way to completely delete data is to destroy your phone.\nAugust: Man jailed for filming Fast and Furious in cinema\nPiracy is always a hot topic and there was proof in August that it is not going away any time soon with news that a man had been jailed after recording Fast And Furious 6 from the back of a cinema in Walsall.\nThe Federation Against Copyright Theft (Fact) claimed it meant millions of pounds lost for the film\'s distributor, Universal Pictures.\nPhilip Danks, 25, was jailed for 33 months after the movie he uploaded was downloaded 700,000 times.\nThe judge said his behaviour was "bold, arrogant and cocksure."\nSeptember: Apple Watch unveiled alongside larger iPhones.\nIt wouldn\'t be possible to get through a year in tech without a new product launch and this time it was details about Apple\'s smartwatch that grabbed attention.\nThe watch will offer 11 different watch faces and will run Siri - Apple\'s voice-activated digital assistant.\nIt will also offer maps and act as a heart rate monitor.\nThe watch goes on sale in 2015 and will compete with a crowded market but Apple chief executive Tim Cook was hopeful that its history of entering sectors relatively late and then changing the landscape would prove true for watches as well as phones and music players.\nOctober: Nude \'Snapchat images\' put online by hackers\nThe readership of the BBC technology site seem to like a headline if it includes the phrase \'naked images\' - and in October a second such tale took their fancy.\nThis time it was news that hackers had put explicit images sent through messaging service Snapchat online with threats to upload more.\nHalf of Snapchat\'s users are aged between 13 and 17, raising concern that many of the images may be of children.\nSnapchat blamed third-party apps but security experts said that it too had to take more responsibility over user data.\nNovember: Breached webcam and baby monitor site flagged by watchdogs\nNovember saw the extraordinary tale of a website containing thousands of live feeds to baby monitors and CCTV systems around the world.\nIt included a child\'s bedroom in Birmingham, an office in Warwickshire and a shop in London.\nThe site, based in Russia, broadcast footage from all the systems that used either default passwords or no log-in codes at all.\nIt claimed that it was simply highlighting the dangers of weakly protected cameras but others felt it was a gross violation of people\'s privacy.\nThe UK\'s information commissioner Christopher Graham described the feeds on show as "spooky" and said he was working with the Russian authorities to have the site shut down.\nDecember: Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind\nA cheery note to end the year when world-renowned scientist Prof Stephen Hawking revealed his fears about the development of artificial intelligence.\nHis view was that the rise of the intelligent machine could signal the end of the human race and his thoughts hit a note with the public - the story was one of the most read of the entire year.\nMost industry watchers are marking out artificial intelligence as one of their \'technologies to watch\' next year although it may be a little longer until it poses any real threat to its human overlords.']" == "['Represent the natural language', "Privacy, bugs and naked selfies - just part of a day's work for the BBC technology team in 2014."]"

As a continent, it depends less on aid now than it did in the past. Instead many countries which make up Africa are increasingly being seen as a global partner, not a minority shareholder in generating wealth, fighting terrorism and climate change.
Mr Obama made it clear that such a partnership demanded recognition, dignity and respect.
He argued that, in return, African nations needed to embrace the principles of equality, meritocracy and opportunity for all. Even if at times it grated with "the old ways of doing things" or challenged traditional beliefs.
Africa is a continent whose 54 nations are rich in their diversity. But it's a continent full of promise and contradictions.
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Savouring Kenya's 'exports'
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Take for instance South Sudan, It's just four years old, and already is paralysed by civil war.
President Obama complained that neither of its leaders had "any interest in sparing their people from suffering" after 18 months of hostilities, following a military rebellion.
On the sidelines of meetings in Ethiopia, he sought to ratchet up pressure on regional friends to push for a peace deal by a 17 August deadline - or run the risk of international sanctions.
Yet situated across the border from South Sudan - the world's newest state - lie Kenya and Ethiopia. These two nations were deliberately chosen for this trip to showcase the continent's dynamic potential. Tantalisingly close, they represent a promise of what could be.
On global security and trade, Mr Obama delivered a ringing endorsement. Brand Africa, he suggested, is becoming a force to be reckoned with as African troops are increasingly being called upon to help settle African conflicts from the al-Shabab threat in Somalia to the brutal sectarian fighting in Central African Republic.
Stepping up co-operation with the US will be rewarded with closer intelligence ties, training and kit. And that relationship is only likely to get "deeper", the president said, as the years go by.
On trade and entrepreneurship Mr Obama spoke of the "power of youth", urging leaders in both countries to create opportunities for young people to build on the economic progress achieved thus far.
With a demographic time bomb ticking in the background, he knows that millions of youths without jobs is not good for the economy and not good for peace.
Successful Kenyan businessman Vimal Shah, whose quiet rise to the top I've observed over the past decade, told me the key message he took away from Mr Obama's visit was that Africa needed to be in the driving seat as it navigated the economic tug-of-war between China and the US.
"It's important to take charge of our own destiny and become credible with governance and investment destinations," he said. He added that Mr Obama restored Kenya's "can do" philosophy.
But the US president also used the Africa tour as an opportunity to deliver some uncomfortable messages. Conspicuous by their absence were many heads of state at the Chinese built African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa - maybe that was just as well.
In what was the strongest performance on tour, the president seemed like a man with nothing to lose. With just a little over a year in office to go he knew he could perhaps be more bold, despite diplomatic difficulties he would have to navigate carefully.
They included accountability in Kenya, with Deputy President William Ruto still facing charges at the International Criminal Court.
And in Ethiopia, worries about the erosion of democratic freedoms, following elections earlier this year and fears about the jailing of journalists.
By speaking out so openly ordinary people may feel "empowered" by Mr Obama's speech, given permission almost to do the same -  especially in countries where freedom of speech is not guaranteed.
So when Barack Obama told the Ethiopian leadership that political opponents should not be branded as terrorists and critical journalists should not be jailed, my taxi driver sat up and listened. And so did millions of others, no doubt.
He did it before in Nairobi. When he warned that "corruption is tolerated because that's how it's always been done", Kenyans paused.
Like an indiscrete guest at a posh dinner party, Mr Obama laid it bare. Yet with every word of criticism came a gesture to lessen the blow.
The US president cited America's current struggles with race and the debate over the confederate flag to show that in his country, too, they still faced challenges with democracy.
And his words of censure were offered "as a friend". Not as an outsider standing in judgement.
So, for some Kenyans like Ory Okolloh, a governance and tech specialist well known for her contribution to national debates, Mr Obama's frank talk was refreshing.
And the president's African tour, with all the promise and potential it inspired, reminded her "of what we could be when we are at our best".
A good many Obama watchers had feared that the fight against terrorism would eclipse the hard messages for good governance during the the president's farewell Africa tour.
They feared his visit would somehow give credibility to badly run states.
But Mr Obama pulled no punches, when he accused presidents of outstaying their terms, and cited Burundi as an example of leaders feeling "they were above the law".
But rights groups believe the "real test" of Mr Obama's visit will be whether policies change long-term.
"If not," says Leslie Lefkow, deputy Africa director of Human Rights Watch, "then Obama's visit may have simply endorsed the leadership of two countries" which she describes as having "worrying human rights situations".
That's where strong institutions could step in.
Mr Obama made it clear that America would not be a lone voice rebuking its African friends when they strayed from the path of democracy.
He said he expected African leaders to do the same, through the African Union. For many years it's been slammed by critics as being  nothing more than a "talking shop".
Perhaps the test of its mettle will be how it responds to the pressing troubles in South Sudan.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article:

Question: Noble Mission emulated his legendary elder brother Frankel by winning the Champion Stakes after a thrilling duel with runner-up Al Kazeem.

The 7-1 shot, ridden by James Doyle for trainer Lady Cecil, won by a neck from Al Kazeem with Free Eagle in third.
Doyle was later given a seven-day ban and £10,000 fine for whip overuse.
Frankel's final victory came two years ago in this mile-and-a-quarter contest, the feature race on Champions Day, the richest raceday in Britain.
Noble Mission led from the front and dug in to secure an emotional triumph.
Lady Cecil took over Noble Mission's training licence after the death last summer of her husband, 10-time champion trainer Sir Henry Cecil who oversaw Frankel's unbeaten 14-race career.
"James gave him a great ride as he (Noble Mission) really had to dig deep," said Lady Cecil. "He's just enjoying it so much these days - he loves his racing.
"It's a great team effort, I'm so lucky."
Teddy Grimthorpe, racing manager for Noble Mission's owner, Khalid Abdullah, added: "It's a fairytale, it really is."
While romantics may have hoped Frankel's younger brother might be good enough to also win the race, it was the French-trained Cirrus Des Aigles who was sent off favourite.
Cirrus Des Aigles won the 2011 Champion Stakes and was runner-up in the next two runnings to Frankel and Farrh, but was out of the places on this occasion.
A stewards inquiry cautioned Doyle about his future conduct, finding him "guilty of careless riding" in the final furlong by taking second-placed Al Kazeem "marginally off his intended line".
Doyle said: "I'm not fuming - there are rules and at the end of the day you have to abide within them, but it is frustrating.
"In the heat of the battle, it is hard to keep count, and I didn't realise I'd gone over. I'll have a look at an appeal but I think it's unlikely."
Earlier, Forgotten Rules triumphed in the Long Distance Cup as The Queen's horse Estimate finished last in her final race.
The 3-1 winner, ridden by Pat Smullen for Irish trainer Dermot Weld, triumphed by a length and three quarters in only his third career start.
Biographer (25-1) was second, with 8-1 chance Pallasator in third, while favourite Leading Light came seventh after the winner swerved across him.
Jockey Ryan Moore was toiling on the Sir Michael Stoute-trained Estimate from a long way out and eased the filly up near the line.
It was a far cry from June 2013, when the horse won the Gold Cup at the course, the first time that race had been won by a reigning monarch.
The Queen's racing and bloodstock advisor, John Warren, said: "You cannot take the good things away. I think Estimate gave The Queen the biggest thrill she probably ever had in racing.
"The long and short of it is Estimate is now off to stud."
Estimate finished runner-up to Leading Light in this year's Gold Cup but was disqualified from the June contest after testing positive for morphine, which was attributed to innocently contaminated feed.
Ireland took the second race too with the admirable Gordon Lord Byron claiming the Champion Sprint Stakes under Wayne Lordan.
Trainer Tom Hogan said it was a "fairytale" victory  for the globetrotting horse whose next stop is likely to be Hong Kong in December,
Charm Spirit scored for France in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes as runner-up Night Of Thunder, ridden by Richard Hughes, struggled for room and could not catch the victor.
While Hughes switched the 2000 Guineas winner in an attempt to find a gap, Olivier Peslier kept his mount on a straight path to secure victory for trainer Freddie Head.
Meanwhile after Madame Chiang took the Fillies and Mares Stakes for David Simcock, jockey Jim Crowley revealed it was the first time he had sat on the horse.
"So I didn't really know what was under the bonnet. But I'd watched all her races and David had told me all about her and gave very good instructions," said Crowley.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Frankie Dettori sealed a double on the 14-1 shot, a first British win for trainer Xavier Thomas-Demeaulte.
Fair Eva, a daughter of legendary racehorse Frankel, failed to win for the second time in a row, having finished third in the Lowther Stakes.
Dettori also won on 11-8 favourite Journey, who took the Nayef Stakes for a second successive year.
Journey finished three and a quarter lengths clear of Lady Of Camelot in a 1-2 for trainer John Gosden.
But Dettori was denied a treble as Nathra finished third in the Joel Stakes behind 15-2 winner Cougar Mountain, ridden by Ryan Moore for trainer Aidan O'Brien.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: West Ham's Argentina striker Mauro Zarate has signed for Premier League rivals Queens Park Rangers on loan until the end of the season.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The 27-year-old scored twice in eight appearances for the Hammers after joining from Velez Sarsfield.
But he had fallen out of favour at Upton Park following his summer move.
QPR boss Harry Redknapp said: "We're really pleased to bring Mauro in. He's a good footballer, someone with great ability who can play as a number 10."
A move looked on the cards after Zarate was quoted in the press as saying his manager Sam Allardyce refused to play him because he was signed by Hammers co-chairman David Sullivan.
Allardyce responded to that claim by saying the player "wasn't good enough" for West Ham.
After joining QPR, Zarate said: "I need to play and Queens Park Rangers have given me this chance to show what I can do."
He could make his Hoops debut in the Premier League at Burnley on Saturday.

The Congo captain moved to Molineux from Reims last August for an undisclosed fee.
But the 28-year-old has only made 11 first-team appearances and none since a 1-0 defeat at Brighton in mid-October when he was substituted at half-time.
Bastia are currently 17th in the French top-flight, having won five of their 20 games so far this season.
"The deal has been done for him to join Bastia on loan until the end of the season, and then we will be able to revisit the situation and see what the future holds," Wolves sporting director Kevin Thelwell told the club website.
Head coach Paul Lambert is keen to reduce the size of his squad in January.
Dutch forward Ola John left Wolves on Friday, cutting short his loan spell from Benfica to join Spanish club Deportivo La Coruna on loan for the remainder of the season.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


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Question: England started another new era with victory as manager Gareth Southgate opened his interim succession to Sam Allardyce with an attritional triumph over Malta.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The main topics on the post-match agenda were, once again, captain Wayne Rooney's continuing worth to England and whether this was the sort of display Southgate needed to aid his bid to land the England manager's job on a permanent basis.
Rooney's worth to England was subjected to another forensic examination in the build-up to Southgate's first match in charge - and the 30-year-old was given a strong vote of confidence by the new manager.
Southgate sympathised with the sole focus on Rooney and admitted he could not understand the audible frustration of England's fans when he shot wildly off target near the end.
He said: "It's fascinating to get an insight into his world over the last 10 days. Every debate seems to focus on him. The onus on him is enormous, the criticism of him is, at times, unfair and yet he ploughs on and plays with pride and represents his country with pride."
Southgate compared Rooney to long-term England servants such as John Terry, Frank Lampard and Ashley Cole as he added: "They kept turning out and really put themselves on the line. Some other players have not put themselves forward at those moments and withdrawn from squads when the going has got tough.
"Those guys are the people that really desperately wanted to play for England again and again and again and put their necks on the block. Wayne falls into that category."
Southgate's faith was clear as Rooney was kept on as captain and started against Malta, and all the indications are that he will keep his place in the next qualifier in Slovenia on Tuesday.
The Manchester United man may not be the force he once was but he is a player and personality who never hides irrespective of any personal struggles for form and his determination to always be involved was in evidence once more at Wembley.
This was, however, another indifferent performance that once again gave the impression that Rooney is increasingly being shoe-horned into England's plans rather than acting as a fulcrum for a manager's policy.
Here Rooney, who is 31 later this month, was operating in a deep-lying midfield role spraying "Hollywood" passes left and right to the flanks but not providing any killer creativity, other than two shots which brought saves from Malta's heroic keeper Andrew Hogg.
He was figuring in a role that Tottenham's Eric Dier has played better in recent months - he was one of the relative successes amid the fiasco that was Euro 2016 - and the Spurs player will surely adopt the role regularly once more in the future.
Dele Alli, on target once and a danger on several other occasions, is best suited to the "number 10" role Rooney once fitted into neatly, while Harry Kane and Daniel Sturridge are ahead of England's captain as striking options.
So will Rooney now simply move around where he is needed and become England's bit-part player throughout this World Cup qualifying campaign?
He was on the ball enough but his influence was marginal. Only England's man-of-the-match Jordan Henderson (187) had more touches than Rooney's 177 and he made 153 attempted passes, bettered only by Henderson's 178.
Rooney gained possession on the most occasions, 14, but also lost it most for England with 25.
Southgate appeared to take issue with the England fans who jeered Rooney's late, wild attempt on goal, saying: "I don't understand [the booing] but that seems to be the landscape. I have no idea how that is expected to help him, for sure."
There are times when it looks like the fire that fuelled Rooney for so long has burned out and the trademark surges into opposition territory were barely in evidence against the massed ranks of Malta's defence.
He showed frustration, too, and was lucky not to receive serious punishment for a dangerous lunge at Malta captain Andrei Schembri that appeared to get some of the ball but also caught the Boavista player with what plenty would have adjudged to be excessive force.
Rooney may produce the goods in Slovenia but the pressure is growing as he prepares to win his 118th cap, a record for an England outfield player. He must deliver displays of significance soon.
It was an unspectacular start for Southgate as he succeeded Sam Allardyce but an effective one which claimed three points and avoided any of the accidents and embarrassment that befell England against Iceland at the Euros in France last summer.
Southgate will have wanted more goals and more tempo, especially in the second half - but what he wanted most of all will have been victory and that was never in doubt.
Greater tests lie ahead for Southgate when it comes to measuring his credentials to become full-time manager after what is effectively a four-game audition period before the Football Association moves to the next stage of its selection progress.
The next qualifier in Slovenia will present more of an examination of how Southgate wants to set up his "brave" England in a foreign environment - the meetings with Scotland at Wembley on 11 November and the following friendly at home to Spain will offer even more conclusive evidence of his suitability.
As for the accusations that he is "too nice" to be in charge, they are understandably starting to grate on a man who has shown enough steel to captain the likes of Crystal Palace, Aston Villa and Middlesbrough, as well as making his way into management.
Southgate has looked comfortable in the England manager's skin this week and has clearly shifted position from early September when he insisted it was too early for him to take the top job.
Little did he know it would become available again so soon and now he knows this is a chance that might not come again for some time.
If he can secure wins against Slovenia and Scotland then it is hard to see how, the possibility of Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger's future availability permitting, the FA will look elsewhere.
England's next World Cup qualifiers are important in any context - but especially for Southgate's ambitions to land a job he describes as "a huge honour and a huge responsibility".

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The Manchester United striker, 18, has scored on his debuts in the Premier League, Europa League, England's senior side and now the U21s.
But Rashford was not in Allardyce's first senior squad against Slovakia.
"I wasn't surprised in any way," said Southgate of Rashford's three goals in the 6-1 win against Norway on Tuesday.
"What we saw all week from him, we saw tonight. I couldn't have been happier with the way he approached everything.
"I'll speak to Sam in the next couple of days, I'm sure it's given him food for thought."
Rashford also scored on his full international debut against Australia in May, and netted the winner for United against Hull in his only Premier League appearance this season at the end of August.
Chelsea trio Nathaniel Chalobah, Ruben Loftus-Cheek and Lewis Baker also scored for England, in an impressive display at Colchester.
The comfortable win means Gareth Southgate's men are now two points clear of Switzerland at the top of their group, with two games left to play and a game in hand on their nearest opponents.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: A foreign correspondent working in South Sudan says he has been deported for being too critical of the government.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

Justin Lynch, an Associated Press freelancer, said he had been arrested by government agents.
He recently reported on evidence of ethnic violence and alleged abuses committed by government troops.
South Sudan's three-year civil war has caused more than 2.2 million people to flee their homes.
A spokesman for the South Sudan's president said he was not aware of Mr Lynch's deportation and could not yet comment.
Africa Live: More on this and other stories
On his arrival in Kampala, Uganda's capital, Mr Lynch tweeted that his deportation was a violation of press freedom.
"The officers did not officially present me with a reason for my arrest and deportation, but repeatedly said my reporting was too critical of the government," he said.
"As an international journalist, it is an unfortunate reality that I am privileged compared to my brave South Sudanese colleagues who are frequently the victim of intimidation or even death."
According to the AFP news agency, the 25-year-old was the last foreign reporter living in South Sudan and had been in the country for about a year.
Members of the security service temporarily seized his mobile phones and allowed him to pack a bag after his arrest, the Associated Press reports.
"Any move to suppress legitimate journalism and truthful reporting shedding light on humanitarian crimes is wrong and should be condemned. We hope that the government of South Sudan will reconsider its actions," said AP executive Ian Phillips.
Last week, a UN Human Rights Commission in South Sudan warned that ethnic cleansing was taking place in the country, something that President Salva Kiir has denied.
A peace deal to end the conflict has floundered.

However Rami Jarrah said in his post that his detention appeared to be related to his work in Syria.
His arrest caused concern among media groups, who called for his release.
Jarrah - who met Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in January - was held in the city of Gaziantep.
He was reported to be applying for a residence permit at the time.
"The location I was transferred to late Wednesday evening contained prisoners that were all held under the same suspicion of being terrorist elements, all have not been charged and some have been there for up to nine months after having being declared innocent by a court of law," Mr Jarrah said in his Facebook post.
"It disturbs me that I was placed in this situation given my background and obvious distance from such an accusation."
The reporter said that while he understood "the pressure the Turkish government is under" and the responsibility it has to prevent terrorism, a little more research by the authorities would have prevented unnecessary hardship.
The Committee to Protect Journalists said at the time of his arrest that Syrian journalists should be protected rather than detained.
Jarrah founded the independent citizen journalist group Ana Press, providing reports to international media, after leaving Syria.
He was initially held in a detention facility for foreign citizens, but was moved to a different facility on Thursday, the CPJ said.
Supporters say Jarrah is well known for his independent reporting, often carried out at great personal risk.
Jarrah, who was brought up in the UK, fled Syria with his wife and child in 2011, fearing that he was in danger, but continued to go back to report.
Press freedom 'a major concern'
Turkey urged to free Syrian journalist


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Almost half (49%) of state-funded mixed schools in England are "reinforcing gender stereotypes" in terms of the subjects students study at A-level.

This is according to a report published on Monday by the Institute of Physics (IoP).
It says these schools are failing to counter the idea that certain subjects are for girls and others are for boys.
The institute is calling on schools to address the issue to avoid inadvertently limiting pupils' options.
The study used information from the National Pupil Database, which contains a record of students' A-level choices.
It looked at six A-level subjects, finding three with a very female-biased student base - English, biology and psychology - and three that are studied by many more boys than girls - physics, maths and economics.
The research went on to score schools based on how well they were doing compared with these already skewed national average ratios.
"We found that nearly half of the co-educational state-funded schools we looked at are actually doing worse than average," explained Clare Thomson, curriculum and diversity manager at the Institute of Physics.
"That means they're actually making this gender bias in terms of progression worse, rather than even meeting the national average."
Although the figures in this study are from a database of schools in England, the researchers say that similar gender bias is evident in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and that this is likely to be a UK-wide issue.
Crucially, Ms Thomson added, the research showed that this bias was much less of a problem in single sex schools.
"So we really want those mixed schools to think about this issue and see if there are ways they can address it," she told BBC News, "because it means that it's unfair for the students who are attending those schools."
Some schools are bucking this trend.
Source: Institute of Physics
Cheney School, a mixed, state-funded school in Oxford, was one of 28 that received the highest score.
Head teacher Jolie Kirby stressed the importance of male and female role models, including teachers and outside speakers to inspire the students.
"[People are] willing to come into school and talk about their careers and experiences," Mrs Kirby told BBC News.
"We have a number of staff in school that come from quite humble backgrounds, and they're able to talk about how they've challenged stereotypes in their own lives.
"So I don't think it's about additional resources; I think it's about an approach that will work for students and young people and about bringing people into the school to help you with that."
And this does seem to be working.
One student, Emma, who is studying the very male-biased physics and maths at A-level, told BBC News: "It's never really occurred to me that, just because I'm a girl, I wouldn't be able to do these subjects."
Education Minister, Elizabeth Truss, said that physics and maths were "increasingly important for a wide range of careers from business to culture".
Responding to the report, Ms Truss told the BBC: "It is worrying that we perform worse than international competitors and this waste of talent is holding our country back.
"We are putting huge focus on raising standards in maths, physics and computer science to make sure these important skills are universal - and not just for boys."

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Overall, the poorest pupils do worse in science and maths subjects in areas with selective schools, suggests research for the Royal Society, the UK's independent scientific academy.
New grammars are likely to help "only a small proportion" of the poorest pupils, it says.
Ministers maintain that their proposals will improve social mobility.
A government consultation on plans for more selective education closed earlier this month.
"Social mobility is a complex issue," said Prof Tom McLeish, chairman of the Royal Society's Education Committee.
"We support the government's commitment to ensuring all students fulfil their potential, regardless of their background.
"However, we are concerned that the approach to selective education outlined in the green paper may only support the small number of high ability disadvantaged pupils who do attend selective schools, at the cost of disadvantaged pupils who do not."
Researchers from the Education Policy Institute, commissioned by the Royal Society, looked at the impact of selective education on the attainment of the most  disadvantaged young people - those on free school meals - in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths) subjects.
The researchers found free school meals pupils performed less well in GCSE maths in areas where there were selective schools.
In non-selective areas in 2015, 48.1% of free school meals pupils got a C or more, compared with 72.3% of pupils not eligible for the meals.
But in selective areas the attainment gap was wider, with only 43.9% of free school meals pupils getting at least a C, compared with 74.8% of pupils not receiving the meals.
The researchers found that free school meals pupils in selective schools performed very well, with 98% getting at least a C, compared with 99.2% of non-free school meals pupils.
However, free school meals pupils make up only 3% of selective schools so their achievements are not enough to make any difference to "an overall negative impact on the attainment of all free school meals pupils in GCSE mathematics in selective areas", say the researchers.
They also found that fewer free school meals pupils in selective areas took double or triple sciences at GCSE.
"We have found no evidence to suggest that overall educational standards for free school meals pupils in STEM subjects in England would be improved by an increase in the number of places in selective schools," the Royal Society concludes.
Dr McLeish added that the best way to help every pupil achieve their potential is to make sure that they are taught by "well-trained, motivated and supported, specialist science teachers".
Support is essential, he said, to help teachers "draw out the natural curiosity and creativity that grows from a framework of knowledge in science".
In particular, the Royal Society proposes partnerships between universities, schools and businesses which could involve university staff teaching part-time and even carrying out some of their research in schools.


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Question: Sports car company TVR is to base its new factory in Wales, First Minister Carwyn Jones has announced.

The plant will create 150 jobs on the Ebbw Vale enterprise zone, which is still hoping to be home to the Â£325m Circuit of Wales.
New owners, who bought the British brand three years ago, will start production next year.
The company has a 10-year plan, including four new models, and will begin making a few hundred cars a year.
TVR had been looking at three sites around the UK.
Mr Jones said: "This is yet another fantastic high profile investment for Wales and a great boost for our automotive sector.
"TVR is another iconic and much loved, world-class brand that still commands a strong and loyal international following. I am delighted the next generation of TVRs will proudly bear the label Made in Wales."
There have been 350 advance orders for the car already, after images of what it might look like were released late last year.
TVR chairman Les Edgar  said: "This is a fantastic opportunity both for TVR and the Welsh Government.
"South Wales is becoming a major hub for automotive and motor sport technology and development and I am delighted TVR is investing here."
The company hopes to be producing around 2,000 cars a year by 2022, targeting the UK and selected European markets initially.
It will initially assemble the car in Ebbw Vale - bringing in the V8 engines from Cosworth in Northampton.
Former F1 designer Gordon Murray is behind iStream carbon technology to give the new models extra strength.
THE HISTORY OF THE TVR
Analysis by Sarah Dickins, BBC Wales economics correspondent
The automotive industry in Wales already includes 40 component manufacturers and more than 100 other firms in the supply chain.
Ford and Toyota have engine plants and Aston Martin recently announced plans to assemble a new model in the Vale of Glamorgan.
The Welsh Automotive Forum estimates 18,000 people work in the sector in Wales, with sales worth Â£3.2bn a year.
But the impact of the sector is greater than just the number of people working in it. On the whole it's an industry that pays well. On top of that it has to be innovative.
It is continually having to improve design and models to make vehicles cleaner and more efficient. Component makers also have to keep looking at the way they themselves work so they keep winning contracts to supply the car makers.
As a result, it is an industry that tends to be high on training and big on investment in its people and machines.
That means it is of more benefit to the Welsh economy than the same number of workers in other industries.
TVR will bring much needed jobs to the Heads of the Valleys and a simplified assembly process, so its factory only needs to be 20% of the size of a conventional plant.
It estimates this could reduce capital investment in the assembly plant by around 80%.
The first minister would not be drawn on how the Welsh Government had supported the deal.
But he said the news, hot on the heels of the Aston Martin announcement "sends out a strong, clear message that Wales is the location of choice for advanced manufacturing".
Welsh Secretary Alun Cairns said it showed the Welsh automotive industry was "surging from strength to strength."
He added: "Today's news is yet another strong endorsement of the quality of Britain's car industry, which has been creating jobs, taking on apprentices and contributing to building a stronger economy."
Although an impression of the new car was released last year, the design of the first new vehicle is still under wraps with plans to unveil it towards the end of 2016, with production starting next year.
Circuit of Wales chief executive Martin Whitaker welcomed the news as "fantastic" for the region.
"Paired with Aston Martin's recent announcement, it reinforces our vision of Ebbw Vale and the south Wales region growing into a cluster of excellence for automotive and related industries," he added.

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The funding is based on conditions including detailed development and financial plans and leasing a super-hanger at St Athan.
The firm will build its new DBX model from 2020.
The new plant will employ 750 highly-skilled workers.
The information commissioner instructed the Welsh Government to release the details of the financial support given to the company.
Ministers had initially refused to make the figure public.
This was challenged through the Freedom of Information Act by businessman Tom Gallard.
The Â£5.8m is "repayable business finance" according to the details released by the Welsh Government.
Wales beat off more than 20 other countries to secure the deal, which was announced early last year.
Mr Gallard, who runs a tech company, said: "I'm happy the Welsh Government has now released this information. It is an important principle that we must know how public funds are being spent."


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Question: Only Ireland can prevent England from becoming the sixth team in 107 years to complete back-to-back Grand Slams, in Saturday's final Six Nations round.

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Last week's 61-21 defeat of Scotland, combined with Ireland's loss to Wales, ensured England are chasing history rather than trophies in Dublin, with the tournament already won.
They can also set a new top-tier record with their 19th successive Test win.
But former coach Sir Clive Woodward has warned England to expect an "ambush".
England's Grand Slam bid is the headline act on Saturday but there is plenty of intrigue elsewhere, with Scotland hoping to send departing coach Vern Cotter off in grand style with a big win over Italy, while Wales will be targeting a potentially significant win over France in Paris.
But it is undoubtedly to Dublin where most eyes will be turned and Woodward, who led England to 2003 World Cup glory, knows what a dangerous place it can be after seeing his team beaten at the old Lansdowne Road as they attempted to complete a clean sweep in 2001.
England did clinch the 2003 Grand Slam in Dublin, but fell short in the city again in 2011.
"The Irish will have an ambush planned, they have 80 minutes to resurrect their season and I can guarantee you Eddie Jones will not consider this a successful season unless they get the job done in Dublin," Woodward told the Mail on Sunday.
Jones, who has steered England to second from eighth in the world rankings since taking charge in January 2016, has warned his side to expect an aerial bombardment.
"We know what Ireland will bring - a strong, physical challenge at the breakdown, pressure on our half-backs and high balls," the Australian said.
"It will be raining high balls. It will be 'kick and clap' and the fans at the Aviva Stadium love it."
Ireland fly-half Johnny Sexton shrugged off Jones' prediction, saying he was instead focused on carrying out coach Joe Schmidt's instructions.
Former Ireland centre Gordon D'Arcy, meanwhile, says the pressure of going one better than New Zealand's mark of 18 straight victories "brings this great unknown".
There is a family connection that links the two camps, however, with England centre Owen Farrell's father Andy now installed as Ireland defence coach.
A combination of wins for England and Wales and a bonus-point victory of their own over Italy at Murrayfield could see Scotland in second, their highest finish in the Six Nations era.
In addition to that landmark, the Scots will attempt to exorcise the memories of their 40-point defeat at Twickenham last weekend.
That afternoon began with the players harbouring real hope of ending a 34-year wait for a win at the auld enemy's headquarters, but ended with questions over their British and Irish Lions credentials before the summer tour of New Zealand.
It will also be New Zealander Cotter's final match in charge of the team before he is replaced by Glasgow boss Gregor Townsend.
"Vern won't want us focusing on him but it will definitely be something in the background," scrum-half Henry Pyrgos said.
"We are conscious that we want to finish his reign in the right way."
Wales interim boss Rob Howley has overseen an underwhelming campaign, partly redeemed by a hard-fought victory over Ireland last weekend.
They will have one eye on besting the Irish once again as the tournament comes to a climax.
Victory over an improved France team, combined with England sealing their Grand Slam in Dublin, would elevate Wales above Ireland and into a top-tier seeding for May's 2019 Rugby World Cup draw, and ensure they avoid being drawn alongside New Zealand, England or Australia in the group stages.
Howley - who has not included any of the seven uncapped squad players in his Six Nations squad in a match-day 23 - has once again been consistent in his team selection, resisting calls to give Ospreys' Sam Davies a chance at fly-half ahead of Dan Bigger.
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The first Test will take place in Cape Town on Saturday 11 June with the Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth games on 18 and 25 June.
Ireland have never beaten the Springboks in a Test in South Africa.
However, the Irish have won four of their last six meetings including the 29-15 win in Dublin last November.


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Question: US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has accused Iran of "alarming ongoing provocations" aimed at destabilising the Middle East and undermining America's interests in the region.

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"An unchecked Iran has the potential to travel the same path as North Korea and to take the world along with it," Mr Tillerson said.
President Donald Trump earlier ordered a review of the Iran nuclear deal.
However, the US admits that Tehran is complying with the 2015 agreement.
Iran has so far made no public comments on the latest developments.
Iran has repeatedly denied accusations by the West that it was ever trying to develop nuclear weapons.
On Tuesday, Washington accused North Korea of trying to "provoke something", after Pyongyang conducted a failed missile test over the weekend.
In response, North Korea said it may test missiles on a weekly basis, and warned of "all-out war" if the US takes military action.
Speaking on Wednesday, Mr Tillerson said the Iran review, which he announced in a letter to Congress a day earlier, would not only look at Tehran's compliance with the nuclear deal but also its actions in the Middle East.
Mr Tillerson accused Iran of undermining US interests in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria and Yemen.
"A comprehensive Iran policy requires we address all of the threats posed by Iran, and it is clear there are many," he said.
In announcing a broad review of Iran policy the Trump administration has not jettisoned the nuclear deal.
But Rex Tillerson has come pretty close to saying the agreement is not worth keeping, even though he's had to admit it's working.
This week the secretary of state informed congress that Tehran is keeping its side of the bargain to restrict its nuclear programme in exchange for the lifting of sanctions, which he's required to confirm every 90 days.
In spoken remarks, though, he talked only of Iran's bad behaviour and linked that to the future of the deal - a message that will resonate far more on Capitol Hill and to which it was probably aimed.
Former President Barack Obama would have agreed with all the charges: that Iran is a state sponsor of terrorism, that it supports proxies which undermine US interests in the region, that it's hostile to Israel and that its ballistic missile tests challenge UN Security Council prohibitions.
But Mr Obama kept those issues separate from the nuclear agreement, which would have been impossible to achieve without that narrow focus.
Mr Tillerson, on the other hand, called this a mistaken approach and said the review would take a comprehensive look at all of the threats posed by Iran.
Read more from Barbara
The secretary of state earlier acknowledged the Iranians had met the terms of the 2015 deal, but raised concerns about the country as a "state sponsor of terrorism".
President Trump has described the landmark agreement as the "worst deal ever".
However, his predecessor Barack Obama argued the deal, between Iran and six world powers including China, Russia and the UK, was the best way to prevent Iran getting a nuclear weapon.
Sanctions were lifted after the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certified Tehran had restricted its sensitive nuclear activities.

The sanctions target 13 people and 12 companies, including groups in China, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates.
President Trump tweeted earlier: "Iran is playing with fire - they don't appreciate how 'kind' President Obama was to them. Not me!"
Iran called the threats from "an inexperienced person" useless, vowing to impose reciprocal measures.
John Smith, the US Treasury Department's acting sanctions chief, said in a statement on Friday: "Iran's continued support for terrorism and development of its ballistic missile programme poses a threat to the region, to our partners worldwide and to the United States."
President Obama may have sanctioned Iran for its missile test a year ago as well, but President Trump's sanctions come in a very different context and from a very different team.
This administration is filled with officials whose are fixated on Iran, such as National Security Advisor Michael Flynn or Defence Secretary James Mattis.
Mr Obama focused on fostering a tone that wouldn't jeopardise the Islamic Republic's commitment to the nuclear deal. He rarely referred to Iran's paramilitary activities in the region.
But the Treasury Department's mention on Friday of "Iran's malign activity abroad" was a reference to Iranian support for Shia militias and involvement in countries such as Syria and Iraq.
There may be still be echoes of Obama's policies here, but the whole framework of the approach has changed and Mr Trump and his team are signalling clearly they want to cut Iran to size.
Among the newly sanctioned groups are members of the Islamic Republic's Revolutionary Guards Corps.
They are the first Iran sanctions of Mr Trump's new presidency, and come a day after he said "nothing is off the table" in dealing with the country.
Oil prices rose as markets factored in the announcement.
US National Security Adviser Michael Flynn said the US would no longer tolerate Iran's "lawless behaviour" following last Sunday's medium-range missile test.
He said this conduct had only increased since the "very favourable" nuclear deal that six world powers struck two years ago with Iran to halt its nuclear programme.
"The days of turning a blind eye to Iran's hostile and belligerent actions toward the United States and the world community are over," he added.
The White House says the missile launch violated a UN Security Council resolution proscribing missiles that could carry a nuclear device.
But Tehran said it was the US sanctions that breached the UN resolution, which endorsed the 2015 nuclear deal.
Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif tweeted on Friday that the Islamic Republic was unmoved by US threats.
"Will never initiate war, but we can only rely on our own means of defence," Mr Zarif wrote.
The Iranian foreign ministry later said Tehran would  "impose legal restrictions on a number of American individuals and companies which have been involved in creating and supporting extremist terrorist groups or are helping in the killing and oppression of defenceless people in the region".
It said the names would be announced later.
The Republican Speaker of the US House of Representatives, Paul Ryan, applauded Mr Trump on his administration's "swift and decisive response", in a statement on Twitter.
More than a dozen US senators from both main parties wrote on Thursday to the president, urging "full enforcement of existing sanctions and the imposition of additional sanctions on Iran".
Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia's senior military advisor, Maj Gen Ahmed al Assiri, told the BBC it was time to change Iran's behaviour in the region.
Speaking in the Saudi capital Riyadh, he said Tehran's involvement in neighbouring countries such as Iraq, Syria and Yemen must be stopped.
Gen Assiri, who advises the Saudi defence minister, said Iran must be "brought back to its borders".
Iran - long an arch-foe of Saudi Arabia - says its presence across the region is always at the request of the governments.
The sanctions came as the US moved a Navy destroyer closer to the coast of Yemen to guard waterways from the Iran-aligned Houthi militia, Reuters news agency reports.
Also on Friday, Iran announced a ban against US wrestlers from competing at a championship in the western Iranian city of Kermanshah later this month.
The ban was in response to Mr Trump's executive order temporarily barring travel to the US for Iranian citizens, as well as citizens of six other majority-Muslim countries.


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Question: All images are copyrighted.

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Friends of two young men who took their own lives and supporters of a charity set up in their honour have completed a challenging fundraising venture.
Michael "Mikey" Williamson and Martin Shaw, who were both 23 and living in Inverness, were found dead within days of each other in October 2015.
Within months of the friends' deaths, the charity Mikeysline was set up in Inverness.
It offers support to young people who are dealing with depression and suicidal thoughts.
At the weekend, the fundraising venture Share The Load was held on Ben Nevis.
It involved carrying a stretcher loaded with weights.
The fundraiser was completely successfully.


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Question: Striker Benik Afobe will be available for Bournemouth after opting not to play for DR Congo at this month's Africa Cup of Nations.

However, on-loan Jack Wilshere is ineligible against his parent club and Marc Pugh remains an injury doubt.
Arsenal could be without midfielder Mesut Ozil, who missed the win over Crystal Palace through illness.
Mohamed Elneny is at the Africa Cup of Nations, while Theo Walcott and Kieran Gibbs could miss out through injury.
Alistair Bruce-Ball: "Scorpion pun alert! The football world continues to marvel at Olivier Giroud's remarkable goal, but will there be a sting in the tail for Arsenal on the south coast?
"Bournemouth are having an excellent season. At the half-way stage they were 10 points clear of the relegation zone after their 3-0 win at Swansea, they'd won as many home games as Manchester City and Manchester United and were actually a little unlucky to lose 3-1 at the Emirates Stadium at the end of November.
"But if Arsenal harbour serious hopes of hauling in Chelsea, then they need to win this game and probably their next three league games before facing Antonio Conte's side on 4 February."
Twitter: @alibruceball
Bournemouth manager Eddie Howe: "We're still in that moment as a team where we haven't consolidated any consistent run. That's what we're looking to do.
"The players have the ability to respond to disappointments and the ability to produce, individually, some very good performances.
"So it's a case of trying to do it on a more consistent basis will be the key for us."
Bournemouth had a good win at Swansea but they will be without Jack Wilshere for the visit of his parent club.
Arsenal lost 2-1 at Manchester City and Everton over Christmas and that was perhaps a little blip. It seems to have gone unnoticed, though, and I think they will win on the south coast.
Prediction: 0-2
Lawro's full predictions v comedian Arron Crascall
Head-to-head
Bournemouth
Arsenal
SAM (Sports Analytics Machine) is a super-computer created by @ProfIanMcHale at the University of Salford that is used to predict the outcome of football matches.

The 27-year-old, Villa's top scorer this season, was hurt in Saturday's 1-0 Championship defeat by Blackburn.
A club statement said the injury is likely to require surgery, which could then rule Kodjia out of pre-season and the start of the 2017-18 campaign.
Kodjia, who has scored 19 goals for Villa this season, will visit a specialist for further tests.
The former Bristol City striker was taken off on a stretcher in the club's penultimate league match of the season.
"He looked in a bit of pain," manager Steve Bruce told BBC WM after the match.
Kodjia will miss the start of Ivory Coast's 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying campaign at home to Guinea in June.
He could also be absent from their back-to-back games against Gabon in 2018 World Cup qualifying in late August and early September.
The Elephants are top of Group C, which also includes Morocco and Mali, with four points from two matches so far.
He played twice for Ivory Coast earlier this year at the Africa Cup of Nations.


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Question: A man and a woman in their 50s died when they were hit by a vehicle on the A64.

They were crossing at Welburn near Malton at about 23:00 BST on Friday, North Yorkshire Police said.
The pair were pronounced dead at the scene by paramedics. The vehicle driver and his wife, travelling towards Scarborough, were uninjured.
The road was closed in both directions for about four hours but has since reopened.
The force has appealed for any witnesses to contact them.

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It happened on the Coolkill Road in Middletown on Tuesday afternoon. The road has been closed.
The injured man was driving the vehicle. His injuries are not believed to be life-threatening.
Last week, a man was killed and a woman seriously injured after a tree fell on their car on the Keady Road in Armagh.


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Question: Kraft Heinz has announced it is cutting about 2,500 jobs in the US and Canada following its recent merger.

A spokesmen said that about 700 of the jobs were going at Kraft's headquarters in Illinois, but would not specify where else the cuts would land.
Executives hope to save $1.5bn in annual costs by 2017.
Kraft Heinz is the third largest food company in North America following the merger between Kraft and Heinz earlier this year.
The deal was engineered by Heinz's owners, the Brazilian investment firm 3G Capital, and billionaire investor Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway.
It is thought the main job losses will be on the Kraft side of the business, as the company's chief executive Bernardo Hees has already overseen cuts at Heinz.
The food giant owns brands including Jell-O, Heinz baked beans and Velveeta.
The merger was seen as attractive because it meant manufacturing and distribution could be combined saving millions of dollars a year.
In a statement, company spokesmen Michael Mullen said: "The new structure eliminates duplication to enable faster decision-making, increased accountability and accelerated growth."

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Shares in Kraft closed up more than 35% on the news at $83.17 in New York.
The deal was engineered by Heinz's owners, the Brazilian investment firm 3G Capital, and billionaire investor Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway.
Heinz shareholders will own 51% of the combined company with Kraft shareholders owning a 49% stake.
3G and Berkshire Hathaway bought Heinz two years ago for $23bn and took the company private in 2013.
Mr Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway chief executive, said: "I am delighted to play a part in bringing these two winning companies and their iconic brands together.
"This is my kind of transaction, uniting two world-class organisations and delivering shareholder value. I'm excited by the opportunities for what this new combined organisation will achieve."
The combined firm, Kraft Heinz Company, expects to make annual cost savings of $1.5bn (Â£1bn) by the end of 2017.  Its brands will include Kraft, Heinz, and hotdog maker Oscar Mayer, with combined sales worth some $29bn.
Alex Behring, chairman of Heinz and the managing partner at 3G Capital, said: "By bringing together these two iconic companies through this transaction, we are creating a strong platform for both US and international growth."
John Cahill, Kraft chairman and chief executive said: "We look forward to uniting with Heinz in what will be an exciting new chapter ahead."
Kraft shareholders will receive a special cash dividend of $16.50 per share as part of the deal.
A special dividend payment of approximately $10bn is being funded by Berkshire Hathaway and 3G Capital.
Mr Behring will become chairman of the new company, Mr Cahill will be vice chairman, and Bernardo Hees, the chief executive of Heinz, will be appointed chief executive of the new company.
Regulators and shareholders from Kraft still need to approve the deal, but the boards of both companies have unanimously approved it. It is expected to close in the second half of this year.
The new Kraft Heinz Company and will be co-headquartered in Pittsburgh and the Chicago area.
The company, which Heinz says will be the world's fifth-largest food and drink company, will have brands including Philadelphia, famous for soft cheese, and frozen potato-product company Ore-Ida.
HP Sauce and Lea & Perrins, which produces Worcestershire sauce, are Kraft Heinz brands likely to be familiar to British consumers.
In 2010, Kraft took over chocolate maker Cadbury, but in 2012 spun the firm off as part of its global snacks business Mondelez, which includes brands such as Oreo biscuits and Trident gum.
According to retail consultancy Conlumino, the top three US food companies in 2014 by sales were drinks firm Pepsico, food giant Nestle's North American division, and Coca-Cola.
Jorge Paulo Lemann
Warren Buffett
Neil Saunders, Conlumino's managing director, told the BBC that the main challenges facing the new company included revitalising product lines and marketing.
He said Kraft in particular had some products which "look like they come from the 1970s".
"The packaging isn't innovative, and the product hasn't really moved on," he said, adding that it had not sought to take advantage of consumer interests such as health.
Mr Saunders said that there "will inevitably be some job losses" in back office positions such as finance, marketing and IT after the merger.
However, the company's expectations of $1.5bn per year cost savings may be an overestimate, he said.