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Question: Labour did not do enough to encourage prisoner rehabilitation while in office as they did not want to appear "soft on crime", a senior party figure has said.

Sadiq Khan said Labour's record on cutting prison numbers and reoffending rates during its 13 years in power could have been "much better".
But the shadow justice secretary said the coalition's penal policy was driven by the need "to cut costs not crime".
His Tory counterpart Kenneth Clarke has urged a "rehabilitation revolution".
Ministers want to cut the 85,000 prison population in England and Wales by 3,000 and tackle the causes of reoffending.
In December, the justice secretary outlined plans to provide more help to address inmates' drug and alcohol addiction problems, establish regular work routines for prisoners to prepare them for life outside jail and to toughen up community sentences.
In his first major speech since taking on the shadow role last autumn, Mr Khan said he supported efforts to reduce inmate numbers but questioned the government's motives for doing so.
The opposition says 20% budget cuts to the prison and probation service over the next four years will make any rehabilitation-led approach much harder.
Penal policy was "founded on the short-term need to cut costs" and "arbitrary" targets for prison numbers, he said, rather than a considered focus on reducing crime.
"In the long run, they are risking increased costs by gambling with public safety," he told the Fabian Society. "There is a real and genuine danger that because of their policies crime will rise.
"Quite simply it is irresponsible to pursue this agenda without the investment to match it."
But Mr Khan admitted Labour, which is currently reviewing its policy in a number of areas including criminal justice, had failed to get a grip of reoffending during its own time in office.
"Reoffending rates are still too high, as is the prison population. I'm clear that this is one area where our scorecard in office would have said 'Could have done better'. Much better, in fact.
"We became hesitant in talking about rehabilitation and the merits of investment in bringing down reoffending rates. It was almost as if we had to give off the impression we were even more tough on crime just to demonstrate we weren't soft on crime.
"Playing tough in order not to look soft made it harder to focus on what is effective."
The Ministry of Justice said its objective was to break the "destructive cycle of crime" which had led to 14 prisons in England and Wales having reconviction rates of over 70%.
"Society has a right to expect the criminal justice system will protect them. Prison will always be the place for serious and dangerous offenders," a spokesman said.
"Prisons should also be places of hard work and industry and community sentences must be credible and robust. Criminals must be reformed so that when they finish their sentences they do not simply return to crime, creating more misery for victims."

It comes after the Commissioner for South Yorkshire Shaun Wright refused to step down despite calls to do so from Home Secretary Theresa May.
Mr Clegg told BBC Radio Sheffield Mr Wright should go and the PCC role was a "discredited experiment".
Labour accused Mr Clegg, whose party helped pass legislation to create PCCs, of "classic Lib Dem hypocrisy".
Theresa May is facing calls from MPs for emergency legislation so that PCCs could be forced to leave their job.
Earlier on Friday, Mr Wright again made it clear he will not resign in connection with the Rotherham child abuse scandal.
Mr Wright, who used to head children's services at Rotherham Council before being elected in 2012, has quit the Labour Party but remains as an independent.
Mr Clegg says his call to scrap PCCs is a "personal" view, although his Lib Dem party is already due to vote on an alternative system of police oversight at its conference in October.
Asked about Mr Wright's refusal to quit, Mr Clegg said: "It's just a disgrace saying 'I'm not going to take any responsibility for it.'
"I have to say I've come to my own personal view, I always had huge misgivings about the Conservatives' idea of Police and Crime Commissioners.
"They put it into the coalition agreement - fair enough - that's what you do in a coalition. Parties put in different ideas into the coalition agreement.
"I remember saying to the Tories at the time, 'look, be careful with this, because the last thing you want is just a bunch of recycled politicians, you know, overseeing our police. They said 'no, no, no, you'll get members of the public, you'll get independent-minded folk'.
"And instead what have we got in Shaun Wright and frankly in Police and Crime Commissioners across the north of England is a bunch of recycled Labour politicians who now refuse to actually accept responsibility.
"So I've come to the view that it is now time to scrap this experiment. And I think Shaun Wright has driven the death nail into this short experiment of Police and Crime Commissioners."
The Conservatives distanced themselves from Mr Clegg's call for one of their flagship policies to be scrapped.
A spokesman said: "Police and Crime Commissioners are the link between the people and the police, engaging with local communities to address long-term crime issues so police can get on with their job out on the beat."
The Labour Party is considering whether to scrap PCCs if it wins next year's general election and is thought likely to make an announcement on its policy shortly.
Labour's shadow policing minister Jack Dromey reacted to news Mr Clegg's party was to debate axing PCCs by accusing them of "classic Lib Dem hypocrisy".
"They claim to be on the public's side in wanting to get rid of Police and Crime Commissioners but the truth is they are just as responsible for this policy as the Tories are - they voted for it and supported it all the way. You can't trust a word the Lib Dems say."


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Question: Wilko Johnson has described the Cambridge hospital where he was treated for cancer as "a magic place".

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Given ['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'The Briton used a racial stereotype when discussing his horse Monte Cinq on the At The Races television channel.\nBHA spokesman Robin Mounsey said: "There is no place in British racing for racially offensive language."\nWard later apologised, saying: "It was not meant in a racist way, in any shape or form, and I can only apologise for my choice of words."\nHe wrote on his website: "It\'s very, very important that I apologise sincerely to anyone that I have offended with my post-race comments this afternoon, at Wolverhampton."\nMounsey added: "We are taking this matter very seriously. We will be taking the appropriate steps in relation to this matter."\nNorth Yorkshire trainer Ward\'s original comments were made after 10-1 chance Monte Cinq won a five-furlong maiden race at Wolverhampton.'], a positive would be ['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'Trainer Jason Ward faces a British Horseracing Authority investigation for using "racially offensive language".']

The former Dr Feelgood guitarist, 67, was treated for pancreatic cancer at Addenbrooke's Hospital after being told the condition was terminal.
Johnson, from Southend, was given the all clear in April.
"What can I say about Addenbrooke's? To me it's like a magic place. They saved my life, it was fantastic. What a wonderful place," he said.
Johnson was given 10 months to live after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
But medics found he had a rare and curable form of the cancer when one of his doctor friends started to question why he was still feeling fairly well several months after the diagnosis.
The musician underwent 11 hours of radical surgery at Addenbrooke's to take out the 3kg tumour and earlier this year was given the all clear.
He credited the hospital's doctors with "curing" him.
"To me, everybody at Addenbrooke's from the consultants to the cleaners to the nurses are heroes," he said.
"Certainly when I was in there I was suffering quite a bit of discomfort, but what those people did, I mean they saved my life."
Johnson said he hoped to get back to playing in the new year.
"Man, I really want to do that.
"You know, it's been quite nice this kind of holiday, sitting around watching the telly and what not, but I've had enough of that now and I want to get back on the stage."
It is not just his musical career he is keen to get back to.
Johnson's role in television series Game of Thrones, in which he played Ilyn Payne was interrupted by his cancer diagnosis.
"The producers have said they haven't absolutely written my character out," he said.
"In America, where it's been such a success, I'm known as 'actor Wilko Johnson who also plays the guitar'."

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The former Dr Feelgood guitarist, 67, was given 10 months to live after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, but was given the all clear in April.
Johnson, who lives in Southend, says he now hopes to fulfil ambitions including playing with Bob Dylan.
"I'm finding it hard to mentally adjust to the idea that I can plan," he said.
Johnson underwent 11 hours of radical surgery at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge to take out the 3kg tumour.
The operation also involved removing his pancreas, parts of his stomach, spleen and small and large intestines.
He told BBC Essex: "You go in and see someone and he says three words that take about three seconds - you've got cancer.
"Bang, your universe has changed, absolutely and irrevocably."
After being given his terminal diagnosis, Johnson embarked on a farewell tour last year and recorded an album with The Who's Roger Daltrey.
But medics found he had a rare and curable form of the cancer when one of his doctor friends started to question why he was still feeling fairly well several months after he had been told he had less than a year to live.
Johnson said despite finding it tough to grasp the concept that he could think about the future, he does hope to tour again next year and release more music.
"I was very, very weak when I came out and slowly coming to terms with the idea that the end is not nigh - that I'm not facing the end," he said.
"Previously there wasn't a future so I was living in the moment.
"People would ask when I was going to die, have you fulfilled all your ambitions and I would have to say 'yes'.
"But perhaps one thing, I would love to play with Bob Dylan... because I worship him.
"I'm almost fit again and in the new year I will start playing again, doing gigs, and hopefully I'm going to sit down, scratch my head and write some songs and make some records.
"But it's all a bit vague."
The past four years have been fulfilling professionally. Julien Temple's 2009 documentary Oil City Confidential reminded people of Dr Feelgood's legacy and introduced a new audience to their music.
A stint as an actor in the hit US TV series Game of Thrones has also been a highlight for Johnson.
"I went over to Ireland to do the first part of filming and realised, 'man, this is a big, huge production," he said.
"There's one guy and his sole gig is to make sure the candles haven't burnt down.
"This is so different from rock 'n' roll - for one thing you get up much earlier in the morning."


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Question: Wales midfielder Joe Ledley says an oxygen chamber, dawn rises and physio Sean Connolly got him to Euro 2016.

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Ledley, 29, broke his leg in early May but was named in the Wales squad and came off the bench against Slovakia.
"Without Sean, I don't think I'd be here," said the Crystal Palace player.
"I'm in one of the best shapes of my life now. I've worked so hard. I've been in an oxygen chamber, up at six o'clock in the morning and not getting home until four or five for weeks."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Wales physiotherapist Connolly is also part of Crystal Palace's medical team and has helped Ledley's rehabilitation since he suffered the injury against Stoke City on 7 May.
The former Cardiff City player came on in the second half against Slovakia and played a part in Hal Robson-Kanu's winning goal.
Ledley's Crystal Palace team-mate and room-mate Wayne Hennessey missed the game in Bordeaux after suffering a back spasm and was replaced by Liverpool goalkeeper Danny Ward.
Hennessey missed training on Monday but Ledley is hopeful the 29-year-old will recover in time to face England in Lens on Thursday.
"Everyone was gutted for him because he deserves to be playing," Ledley said.
"But these last few hours he's moving about and hopefully in the next 24 hours he can get on the training pitch.
"He's worked so hard and been in fantastic form for Palace."

Various leg and ankle injuries mean Robson-Kanu, 27, has missed Wales' last four friendly matches.
But the unattached player, who left Reading in May, has resumed full training at Wales' base in France and says he is ready to play 90 minutes.
"I've trained. I'm feeling good, feeling fresh. Come Saturday I'll be 100%," said Robson-Kanu.
Wales' meeting with Slovakia in Bordeaux will be their first fixture in the finals stage of a major tournament since the 1958 World Cup.
Chris Coleman's side face a potentially gruelling schedule of three group games in 10 days, with England and Russia their other opponents.
Asked if he could cope with such demands following his recent injuries, Robson-Kanu said: "I'm a fit player, I've got good levels of fitness and I've been training for the last few weeks.
"I picked up a knock, which obviously you don't want, but having trained the last few days in the build-up to the game I feel 100% fit."
Robson-Kanu was one of Wales' three primary injury concerns when they departed for France.
Midfielders Joe Ledley and Joe Allen also missed Sunday's 3-0 friendly defeat in Sweden, but Coleman has said all three players could feature against Slovakia.
Fellow midfielder David Vaughan missed training on Thursday morning, though the rest of the squad took a full part ahead of their journey to Bordeaux on Friday.
Who do you think should start at Euro 2016? Step into Chris Colemanâ€™s shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.


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Question: More than 100 people in Northern Ireland have been recognised for their achievements in the New Year Honours list.

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Professor John McCanny of Queen's University, Belfast, gets a knighthood.
Ex-NI Prison Service director Sue McAllister and leading civil servant Leo O'Reilly receive Companions of the Order of the Bath.
In sport, there are MBEs for Northern Ireland football boss Michael O'Neill and swimmer Bethany Firth.
Derek McClure receives a CBE for services to mental healthcare and people with learning disabilities, as does Gerard McGinn, chairman of the Strategic Investment Board, for services to the Northern Ireland economy.
Police officers, charity workers, teachers and business people are also among those recognised on the honours list.
Mr McCanny is a professor in Electronics and Computer Engineering at Queen's University and Director of the Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology based at Titanic Quarter.
Queen's University has described him as an "international authority in the design of silicon integrated circuits for digital signal processing, having made many pioneering contributions to this field".
He receives his knighthood for services to higher education and economic development.
Mrs McAllister was appointed director general of Northern Ireland's prison service in 2012 and became the first woman to hold the most senior position within a prison service in the UK.
Earlier this year, she announced she would be stepping down from the role.
Leo O'Reilly is the current permanent secretary at the Department for Communities in Northern Ireland. He previously held the same position at the Department of the Environment and the Department of Finance and Personnel.
Michael O'Neill helped Northern Ireland end a 30-year absence from tournament football by qualifying for their first European Championship, which was hosted in France earlier this year. The team reached the knock-out stages, after topping their group during qualifying.
In 2015, he won Coach of the Year at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards. Mr O'Neill gained 33 caps for Northern Ireland during his playing career.
Bethany Firth, from Seaforde in County Down, won three gold medals and one silver at the Paralympic Games in Rio in 2016.
She was Britain's most decorated medallist at the Rio Games.
The full list of Northern Ireland recipients is below:

Sean Moore, 49, has aided emergency responses to earthquakes and storms in countries such as Haiti, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal and Turkey.
The father-of-two has spent most of his career in Coventry, where he grew up.
The National Crime Agency's Sarah Goodall, from Southam in Warwickshire, has also been appointed an OBE.
Mr Moore, who has been a group commander for West Midlands Fire Service for more than 20 years, also worked on the UK's response to the Ebola crisis.
Updates on this story and more from Coventry & Warwickshire
He was among crews sent to the US in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita - one of the strongest Atlantic storms on record - in 2005, and has taken part in humanitarian campaigns in Bosnia, Romania, Tanzania and the Middle East.
Describing his work in disaster zones as "an extension of what firefighters do every day", he said the recognition had come as "a total surprise".
"I simply enjoy helping people, especially at their greatest hour of need," he said.
"I only wish my mum, who passed away five weeks ago, could have been here to see it."
Others recognised in the New Year Honours include Coventry University Pro-Chancellor Michael Judge and Dennis Davison, chairman of Coventry-based charity Normandy Veterans UK, who were both appointed MBEs.
Warwickshire Police's Chief Constable Martin Jelley has been awarded the Queen's Police Medal.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Swansea's proposed sale to US investors has moved a step closer after receiving ratification from the Premier League.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary
Examples:

"['', 'A national archive for the civil nuclear industry has opened on the north coast of mainland Scotland.\nMore than 70 years\' worth of information and up to 30 million digital records are to be stored at Nucleus in Wick, Caithness.\nThey include papers, photographs and plans from nearby Dounreay, as well as Harwell in Oxfordshire, Trawsfynydd in Snowdonia and Sellafield in Cumbria.\nNucleus will also store local archives dating back to the 16th Century.\nHigh Life Highland, an arms-length body of Highland Council, is helping to manage the site.\nIt said Nucleus had been designed to hold records in "ideal environmental conditions for generations to come".\nThe Nuclear Decommissioning Authority has had the facility constructed at a former RAF site.\nMany of the documents, photographs and technical drawings relate to Dounreay, an experimental nuclear power complex 30 miles (48km) away from Wick.\nBuilt in the 1950s, Dounreay is now in the process of being decommissioned and the site cleaned up.']" == "["represent\n\n\nE.g.\n'A second-half Josh Ruffels header against a resurgent Bury kept promotion-chasing Oxford's unbeaten league run this season going.' == 'Craig Jones pounced on Ryan Clarke's fumble after the break to give Bury the lead.\nRuffels levelled with his first U's goal less than two minutes later, nodding home a Danny Rose corner.\nClarke protected the point, denying both Daniel Nardiello and Andrew Tutte.\nSeven minutes of stoppage time was added at the end of the game after Shakers goalkeeper Brian Jensen and U's striker David Connolly received treatment after clashing heads.\nOxford remain unbeaten in three games under caretaker manager Mickey Lewis following Chris Wilder's exit last week.' != 'Ebanks-Blake tapped in Gboly Ariyibi's cross to open the scoring, before Novak doubled the Spireites' lead deep into first-half stoppage time with a thunderous strike from range.\nEmmanuel Osadebe pulled one back for Gillingham before Rory Donnelly missed an opportunity to salvage a point.\nWigan's win over Bury sees the Gills drop four points behind the Latics.\nWigan are currently second in League One after a 12-game unbeaten run, while Gillingham stay third.'", '.']"

A consortium led by Jason Levien and Steve Kaplan bought a controlling stake of 60% in the Swans but the Supporters Trust retaining a 21.1% shareholding.
"We are delighted that the Premier League has ratified our deal to buy a controlling interest in the club," Kaplan and Levein said.
The deal is expected to be completed in July, the investors explained.
"We had a very positive meeting yesterday and we appreciate the fact the Premier League has moved so swiftly to give us the green light to move forward," they said in a statement on the club's website.
"There are still a few minor loose ends to tie up on the deal which we envisage will be completed before the end of the month.
"In the meantime, we are both extremely excited to be part of a new era for Swansea City and working with Huw Jenkins and the Supporters' Trust in taking the club forward."
BBC Wales Sport revealed in April which of Swansea's directors would be selling all or part of their shares.
Swansea City chairman, Huw Jenkins, added, "We are all extremely pleased with the outcome of the Premier League meeting.
"It will now enable us to move forward fully focussed and put everything in place for the start of another very important Premier League season.
"Everyone at the club is looking forward to working together with Steve and Jason for what will be a new and exciting chapter in the club's proud history.''
Swansea director Martin Morgan says the sale of a majority stake to an American consortium is "not a takeover".
They have now passed the Premier League test for prospective owners and Morgan expects the sale to be completed soon.
"I think it's a case of days, if not weeks," Morgan told BBC Radio Wales.
He continued, "It's not a takeover because the Trust will stay involved. I will still keep five percent, Huw [Jenkins] will keep five percent, as will Brian [Katzen].
"Every club that overtook us were billionaires and it's very hard to compete with that and we wanted some more muscle.
"Maybe, and hopefully, they can make Swansea a better team or secure our place in the Premier League".
Levien is the managing general partner of Major League Soccer side DC United, while Kaplan is principal of Oaktree Capital investment fund and vice-chairman of NBA franchise Memphis Grizzlies.
They are understood to be keen to buy Swansea's home ground, Liberty Stadium, which is owned by the local council, with a view to increasing its capacity.
Levien and Kaplan had initially been negotiating a deal which would have seen them acquire more than 75% of Swansea's shares, effectively giving the American consortium complete control, including the power to issue more shares.
However, the modified acquisition of 60% will see the trust retain its 21.1% stake and ensure continuity at board level with the retention of Jenkins and Dineen.
Swansea will be based in Washington DC, home of Levien's DC United, for their pre-season tour to the USA in July.

Swansea council built the £27m stadium where Swansea and the Ospreys rugby team have played since 2005.
The Swans and the Ospreys currently pay rent to the Swansea Stadium Management Company (SSMC) - a partnership between the council and two clubs.
Under the new deal, Swansea would run the stadium, increasing the scope for stadium expansion and renaming.
According to the club's chief operations officer, Chris Pearlman, the "current stadium arrangement puts Swansea City at a competitive disadvantage compared to other Premier League teams".
Writing in the match programme for the Swans' match against Burnley on Saturday, Pearlman said he hoped the new agreement would:
Swansea's American owners have held unofficial talks with the council since they bought the club last summer.
Councillors hope a deal could be struck before May's council elections.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article:

Question: New Leyton Orient boss Danny Webb has promoted Omer Riza and Michael Amoah from the club's academy set-up to become part of his first-team staff.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

Webb, 33, was appointed O's manager on Sunday after Andy Edwards resigned to take a youth coaching job with England.
Former Arsenal trainee Riza, 37, and sports scientist Amoah will now work alongside the former Southend striker.
"From the outside it looks like a very inexperienced staff, but they know how I work," Webb told BBC Radio London.
"The players are buying into training and what we are trying to get across to them."
Orient are 23rd in the League Two table, one point from safety, but with a game in hand on four of the five sides above them.
Webb takes charge of his first game on Saturday, when Carlisle are the visitors to the Matchroom Stadium.
"If we can keep them in the Football League it will be a good achievement for everyone," Webb added.
"Regardless of the poor results and where we are in the table we have some good players, some good fans and a good stadium. We shouldn't be written off yet."

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary:

The 44-year-old will work alongside Andy Hessenthaler, who was appointed as Orient boss last week.
Former Southend, Birmingham and Peterborough defender Edwards joined the east London outfit in 2009 and has been coaching in the club's academy.
He assisted with first-team affairs at the end of last season while Hessenthaler was in caretaker charge.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Graduates could face tougher conditions on their student loans because of uncertainty over long-term debt repayments, a report says.

The Higher Education Policy Institute says the potential impact of low loan repayments decades ahead is beginning to affect universities' budgets now.
The government says the Treasury will share any extra costs with the business department over a 30-year period.
And this will protect other parts of its budget from unexpected pressures.
The introduction of higher £9,000 tuition fees in 2012 - funded up-front by government-backed loans - led to concern about the sustainability of the funding system in the longer term.
The higher the fees, the bigger the loans and therefore the larger the up-front payment by the government.
And the scale of the sums being loaned out and the length of time graduates have to repay them, along with predictions about the economy and wages, lead to many uncertainties about how much will be recouped.
The government initially predicted, in 2010-11, that it would lose 28% to 30% of the money it lent to students. This rate is known as the resource accounting and budgeting (RAB) charge.
The then Universities Minister, David Willetts, dismissed concerns about potentially huge losses from unpaid loans as too far in the future to have any impact on current university funding.
But by autumn 2013, the RAB charge was predicted to be 35%, and by early 2014 to 45%.
However, author of the Higher Education Policy Institute (Hepi) report Andrew McGettigan said changes imposed by the Treasury in 2014 meant the sustainability of the current undergraduate fee-loan regime was no longer an academic question about what happened after 2045.
"Budgetry pressures arise today," he said.
The Treasury had imposed a new settlement requiring the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills to improve repayment rates from 55p per pound loaned to 65p per pound, or see its spending cut year-on-year, he said.
He added: "Uncertainty surrounds the estimations of future graduate repayments, but their estimated value has deteriorated markedly in recent years.
"This decline generated a major challenge for the [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills] budget, which has faced a cumulative shortfall of perhaps £10bn over the last four years.
"Unplanned cuts for 2015-16 were only averted by changing retrospectively the accounting and budgeting conventions for student loans in 2013-14."
Mr McGettigan said it was likely the business department would continue to freeze tuition fees at £9,000 - eroding their value to universities - and tighten up graduate-repayment terms by freezing the repayment threshold at £21,000 from 2017.
This would effectively lower the salary level at which repayments start, because of inflation.
He added: "These are two things within its power that would control levels of loan repayment and bring estimates of non-repayment towards the target."
Universities UK has also been looking at the issue of reducing the cost of student loans, but it is unlikely to welcome the fixing of tuition fees, which would result in a cash freeze to undergraduate income.
A Treasury spokesman said: "The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (Bis) and HM Treasury introduced an arrangement to share any additional costs of student loans over a 30-year period.
"This will enable Bis to afford any additional costs that may arise without having a significant impact on other parts of its budget."
National Union of Students president Toni Pearce said: "This report yet again highlights the utter shambles which was the last government's trebling of tuition fees.
"It would be outrageous to now suggest that students should now be forced to pay for this through any change to the student loan terms and conditions, and students and their families simply would not stand for it."

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

It has announced that loans made to students in England between 2002 and 2006 will be put up for sale - to be followed by other pre-2012 loans - with the aim of raising £12bn.
Universities Minister Jo Johnson said the sale would have "no impact on people with student loans".
But the National Union of Students said it was an "ugly move on students".
"It is outrageous that bankers will profit off the backs of graduates who took out loans because they had no other option," said the union's vice-president Sorana Vieru.
The government has had a long-standing aim to sell the student loan book to private investors - with types of loans being sold in separate stages.
Over the next four years it aims to dispose of the loans from before 2012, when tuition fees in England were trebled to £9,000 per year.
The slice of loans now being put on sale - dating from 2002 to 2006 - have a face value of £4bn.
The government is promising that there will be "no changes to the terms and conditions" for borrowers - so that rates of repayment for former students will remain the same.
It means that interest on these student loans will become an income for private investors, but repayments will continue to be collected through taxation and the Student Loans Company.
The Intergenerational Foundation think tank has calculated that a student borrowing for three years' tuition could pay back £54,000 - before debts are cancelled after 30 years.
The Universities Minister Jo Johnson says the sale of assets is part of the drive to bring "public finances under control".
But he said it would "only proceed once we are satisfied that it represents value for money for the taxpayer".
David Gauke, chief secretary to the Treasury, said it was the right time to start the sale process.
"This sale makes sense for taxpayers and will play an important contribution in our work to repair the public finances," he said.
But John Pugh, the Liberal Democrats education spokesman, said: "The Conservative Brexit fire-sale is well underway, as ministers scrabble around to sell just about anything that isn't nailed down."
Earlier versions of student loans have previously been sold - but it is now approaching the point in which the bigger "income-contingent loans", introduced in 2006 when fees rose to £3,000, will be the next in line for sale.
The National Union of Students attacked the sale as "economic illiteracy" and warned that it would begin a process in which loans would have to be made more attractive to private buyers - at the expense of student borrowers.
"It doesn't just penalise students and graduates, it is taking money from the public purse which could and should be spent on services over the long term," said Ms Vieru.
However, Nick Hillman, director of the Higher Education Policy Institute, said that there was much "misinformation" about the sale of loans, and the key issue was making sure that the taxpayer received good value.
"What the government is doing may make some sense," said Mr Hillman.
"Why should it keep the loans forever on its books? Why shouldn't the demand of pension funds for long-term income streams be satisfied if there are no clear losers? Why shouldn't we look for imaginative ways to reduce the national debt?"
Consumer finance expert Martin Lewis welcomed assurances about borrowers not facing a negative, but cautioned: "It is a question of 'watch this space' to see if their rhetoric is matched by their delivery."
Labour's shadow education secretary, Angela Rayner, said: "This government never learn any lessons - this sale will do nothing to ease the burden of debt piled on students by the Tories who have trebled tuition fees and scrapped maintenance grants."


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Question: A leading Liverpool fans' group has warned members they need to discuss the issue of safe standing or risk "the conversation happening around them".

Media playback is not supported on this device
Spirit of Shankly (SOS) will vote on the issue on Saturday.
Its chair, Jay McKenna, said the impact of the Hillsborough disaster might have left fans "behind the curve" in the debate about reintroducing standing.
The club said it would "listen" to fans' views if legislation requiring all-seater stadiums were ever changed.
Liverpool said their fans were in a "uniquely complex and difficult position" when contemplating safe standing because the requirement for all-seater stadiums in England's top flight came in response to the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 fans were killed in a crush at an FA Cup semi-final in 1989.
SOS has discussed the issue with members since September and on Tuesday will meet with survivors of the disaster and families of those killed.
It will hold an open meeting in the city this weekend, then open an online vote. The vote will seek to clarify an official stance on safe standing for the group's members but a separate vote will also collate the views of non-members in order to build a supporter-wide consensus.
"We think it's important that everybody has a say," added McKenna.
"It can be a factual and emotional debate. We are fully aware of that. In the past nobody has wanted to talk about it, perhaps for fear of upsetting people. If we don't have this conversation, it will happen around us.
"We just want to know, are you in favour of it or not?"
Government legislation would need to change for safe standing to be introduced.
The Premier League wrote to its 20 clubs last month to assess whether they would be interested in trialling safe standing.
Debate over the issue has grown since Celtic introduced around 3,000 rail seats at Celtic Park at the beginning of last season. The Scottish club will be represented at Saturday's open SOS meeting, as will the Sports Ground Safety Authority, who oversaw regulation surrounding the move to all-seater stadiums.
But Margaret Aspinall, chair of the Hillsborough Family Support Group, which helps families of more than 70 of those killed at Hillsborough, reiterated the body's objection to safe standing.
"We have had a vote not so long ago with the families and they voted against any form of standing whatsoever," she said. "We don't call it safe standing we call it unsafe standing."
A separate organisation - the Hillsborough Justice Campaign - said it remained "neutral" on any move to safe standing but chair Kenny Derbyshire said it was now "imperative" people had their say.
In April 2016, inquests concluded the 96 people who died as a result of Hillsborough were unlawfully killed. In June, it was announced six senior figures will face charges for the disaster.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

On Wednesday, the Fenway Sports Group scrapped its planned top-price £77 ticket and apologised for the "distress caused" by last week's announcement.
But fans' group Spion Kop 1906 told the BBC that the battle may have been won but the "longer war isn't over".
Liverpool's dearest matchday ticket will now stay at £59.
Thousands of Reds fans protested against the planned price hike by leaving Saturday's home game with Sunderland before it had ended.
They started to walk out on 77 minutes, with their team leading 2-0. Sunderland eventually fought back to secure a point.
James Cooke, a member of Spion Kop 1906, told BBC Radio 5 live that he was "pleasantly surprised" by the club's decision.
"There's a feeling amongst football supporters that we were fighting a good fight but it was always falling on deaf ears," he said.
"We had 13 months of consultation with the club, repeatedly telling them their plans would go against what fans wanted, but they didn't listen."
Cooke said that the club needed to start taking fans more seriously.
"While we welcome the news, the next process is dialogue with the club to ensure that, for future generations, football at Liverpool and across England is affordable for everyone," he said.
Cooke also said all fans should unite to make football affordable.
"Football rivalries have to go to one side," he said. "If supporters' groups join together, that's how we can really get some results."
The Spirit of Shankly, another fans' group, also welcomed the club's decision to abandon the price hike.
But, in a joint statement with Spion Kop 1906, said it was "not our panacea", adding: "More must be done to make football affordable."
Local MP Alison McGovern, who represents Labour in Wirral South, hoped the club had learned a lesson.
"For the sake of a marginal amount of income, the owners had put at risk the relationship with the fans," she told BBC Radio 5 live.
"I know lots of people who walked out who would never dream of leaving a game before the final whistle.
"My family were there and they did. I know what an absolute wrench that was. They felt a line had been crossed and they wanted to be listened to.
"I am hopeful that this signals a direction for football that it isn't a business like any other. People can't just switch. The role of owners is to be custodian of that relationship between fans and their club."


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A chronology of key events

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

1917 - Central Rada (Council) set up in Kiev following collapse of Russian Empire.
1918 - Ukraine declares independence: Ukrainian People's Republic set up. Numerous rival governments vie for control for some or all of Ukraine during ensuing civil war.
1921 - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic established as Russian Red Army conquers two-thirds of Ukraine. Western third becomes part of independent Poland.
1932 - Approximately 7 million peasants perish in man-made famine during Stalin's collectivisation campaign.
1937 - Mass executions and deportations as Stalin launches purge against intellectuals.
1941 - Ukraine suffers terrible wartime devastation as Nazis occupy the country until 1944. More than 5 million Ukrainians die fighting Nazi Germany. Most of Ukraine's 1.5 million Jews wiped out by the Nazis.
1944 - Stalin deports 200,000 Crimean Tatars to Siberia and Central Asia following accusations of collaboration with Nazi Germany.
1945 - Allied victory in World War II leads to conclusive Soviet annexation of western Ukrainian lands.
1954 - In a surprise move, Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev transfers the Crimean peninsula to Ukraine as a "gift".
Armed resistance to Soviet rule ends with capture of last commander of Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).
1960s - Increase in covert opposition to Soviet rule, leading to repression of dissidents in 1972.
Chernobyl blast released a radioactive cloud over Europe
1986: Soviets admit nuclear accident
In Pictures: Inside Chernobyl
Chernobyl - Ukraine's new tourist destination
1986 - A reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power station explodes, sending a radioactive plume across Europe. Desperate efforts are made to contain the damaged reactor within a huge concrete cover. Many armed forces personnel die of radiation sickness.
1988 - Prominent writers and intellectuals set up Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh).
1990 - Student protests and hunger strikes bring down government of Vitaliy Masol.
1991 - Ukraine declares independence following attempted coup in Moscow: 90% vote for independence in nationwide referendum in December.
Early to mid 1990s - About 250,000 Crimean Tatars and their descendants return to Crimea following collapse of Soviet Union.
1994 - Presidential elections: Leonid Kuchma succeeds Leonid Kravchuk.
1996 - New, democratic constitution adopted. New currency, the hryvna, introduced.
1997 - Friendship treaty signed with Russia. Ukraine and Russia also reach agreement on the Black Sea fleet.
1999 - Death penalty abolished. Nationalist leader Vyacheslav Chornovil killed in car crash. President Kuchma re-elected.
2000 - Chernobyl nuclear power plant is shut down, 14 years after the accident. Well over ten thousand people have died as a direct result of the explosion, the health of millions more has been affected.
2001 February - The European Union calls for an inquiry into the murder of investigative journalist Georgiy Gongadze. Opposition demonstrations allege that President Kuchma was involved and call for his impeachment. President Kuchma denies the allegations.
2001 April - Viktor Yushchenko government dismissed following no-confidence vote in parliament. Mr Yushchenko was respected in the West for fighting corruption, pushing ahead with economic reforms and working to attract investment, but was unpopular with powerful Ukrainian businessmen.
2001 June - Pope John Paul II makes first visit to Ukraine amid protests by Orthodox Christians in Ukraine and Russia against the visit.
2001 October - Ukrainian military accidentally shoot down Russian air liner over the Black Sea, killing all 78 on board. Defence Minister Olexander Kuzmuk resigns.
2002 March - General election results in hung parliament. Parties opposed to President Kuchma allege widespread electoral fraud.
Leonid Kuchma was forced out by popular pressure. His rule was tainted by scandal, corruption charges
2002 May - Leadership announces decision to launch formal bid to join Nato.
2002 September - Opposition stages mass protests demanding resignation of President Kuchma whom they accuse of corruption and misrule.
Relations with the West are strained after US officials authenticate recordings in which they say Kuchma is heard to approve the sale of early-warning radar systems to Iraq. On the same tapes, recorded over two years previously, Kuchma is also allegedly heard ordering an official to "deal with" journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
2002 November - President Kuchma sacks Prime Minister Kinakh. Viktor Yanukovych, governor of Donetsk region, appointed to replace him. He promises to fight poverty and work for integration into Europe.
2003 March - Tens of thousands of people join Kiev demonstrations demanding that Kuchma resign.
2004 June - Consortium in which President Kuchma's son-in-law Viktor Pinchuk plays key role buys Krivorizhstal, the country's largest steel mill, for a bargain price.
2004 August - Ukraine ignores protests from EU and Romania by opening canal in the Danube delta which will link with Black Sea, rejecting claims that it will cause environmental damage.
2004 November - Official count indicates presidential election victory for Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. Western and other independent observers report widespread vote rigging. Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko launches campaign of mass street protest and civil disobedience. Supreme Court later annuls result of poll.
Orange-clad opposition supporters took to Kiev's streets and forced a change of government
2004 December - Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko tops poll in election re-run. Rival candidate Viktor Yanukovych challenges result but resigns as prime minister.
2005 January - Viktor Yushchenko sworn in as president after Supreme Court rejects challenge by losing candidate Mr Yanukovych.
2005 February - President's nominee Yulia Tymoshenko overwhelmingly approved as prime minister by parliament.
2005 Februrary - Court annuls June 2004 sale of Krivorizhstal.
2005 March - President Yushchenko announces that suspected killers of journalist Georgiy Gongadze are in custody. He also accuses the former authorities of a cover-up.
Former Interior Minister Kravchenko, who had been due to give evidence in Gongadze investigation, shot dead in apparent suicide.
2005 September - President Yushchenko dismisses the government of Yulia Tymoshenko. Parliament approves Yuri Yekhanurov as her successor.
2005 October - Krivorizhstal reauctioned. Mittal Steel pays six times the price paid for it when it was originally put up for sale.
Kiev has a long and turbulent history
2006 January - Russia briefly cuts supply of gas for Ukrainian use in row over prices. Moscow says its reasons are purely economic but Kiev says they are political.
Previously agreed changes to constitution shift some significant powers from the president to parliament.
The trial of three former policemen charged with killing opposition journalist Georgiy Gongadze begins in Kiev.
2006 March - Viktor Yanukovych's party tops polls in parliamentary elections. Yulia Tymoshenko's takes second place, leaving President Yushchenko's trailing in third.
2006 June-July - After months of bargaining, the backers of the Orange Revolution - the Yushchenko and Tymoshenko blocs and the Socialists - agree on a coalition, but the deal collapses. The Socialists opt instead for a coalition with Viktor Yanukovych's Party of Regions and the Communists.
Hero of the Orange Revolution was jailed for abuse of power in 2011, but freed after the 2014 revolution
Profile: Yulia Tymoshenko
2006 August - Faced with a deadline to accept Viktor Yanukovych's nomination or call new elections, President Yushchenko agrees that his rival can become prime minister.
2007 February - Boris Tarasyuk, a close ally of the president and a strong advocate of strong ties with Europe and Nato, resigns as foreign minister after a protracted row with parliament.
2007 September - Parliamentary elections. No clear winner emerges, although pro-Russian parties gain a narrow majority.
2007 December - Yulia Tymoshenko is appointed prime minister again, in coalition with President Yushchenko's party.
2008 March - Russia's state-owned company, Gazprom, agrees new contract to supply Ukraine's industrial consumers directly, ending row over gas supply.
2008 October - Global financial crisis leads to decline in demand for steel, causing price of one of the country's main exports to collapse. Value of Ukrainian currency falls sharply and investors pull out.
Viktor Yushchenko spearheaded the Orange Revolution but disappointed in office
Profile: Viktor Yushchenko
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) offers Ukraine a loan of $16.5bn (Â£10.4bn) to help it weather the storm.
2009 January - Russia stops all gas supplies to Ukraine after collapse of talks to end row over unpaid bills and prices, leading to shortages in southeast Europe. Supplies are restored a week later when Ukraine and Russia sign a 10-year deal on gas transit.
2009 July - Ukrainian security service says a key suspect in the murder of the opposition journalist Georgiy Gongadze in 2000 has been arrested and has confessed to the killing.
2009 December - Ukraine and Russia sign deal on oil transit for 2010, allaying fears of supply cuts to Europe.
2010 February - Viktor Yanukovych is declared winner of second round of presidential election. His main rival, Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, refuses to accept the result, alleging fraud.
2010 March - Yulia Tymoshenko steps down from the premiership after a number of her supporters in parliament switch sides and she loses a no-confidence vote. President Yanukovych appoints his long-standing ally Mykola Azarov to succeed her.
2010 April - Ukraine agrees to eliminate its stockpile of weapons-grade nuclear material ahead of the Washington nuclear security summit.
Parliament ratifies an agreement to extend Russia's lease on the Black Sea fleet base at Sevastopol in Crimea for 25 years, in return for cheaper gas imports.
2010 June - Parliament votes to abandon Nato membership aspirations.
2010 July - International media freedom watchdogs criticise a Kiev court's decision to cancel the allocation of broadcasting frequencies to two privately-run TV channels.
2010 August - IMF approves fresh $15bn (Â£9bn) loan for Ukraine, subject to the government curbing the subsidising of utilities bills.
2010 October - Constitutional court overturns limits on presidential power introduced in 2004.
2010 November - President Yanukovych vetoes a tax reform that had prompted thousands of business owners and opposition activists to protest in city centres nationwide. The reform was part of austerity measures demanded by the IMF as a condition of the bailout approved in August.
Feminist activists started campaigning for women's rights at home but have gone global
2010 December - Former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko are charged with abuse of state funds. Both deny the charges and say they are politically motivated.
2011 March - Ex-President Leonid Kuchma is charged over the 2000 murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze. He denies any part in the killing.
The IMF puts its $15bn bailout on hold in response to the government's failure to pass a pension reform bill and its watering down of gas price increases.
2011 April - The main suspect in the Gongadze killing, former interior minister official Olexiy Pukach, goes on trial. He is said to have confessed to strangling and beheading Gongadze.
2011 October - A court jails former PM Tymoshenko after finding her guilty of abuse of power over a gas deal with Russia in 2009. EU warns Ukraine of "profound implications".
2011 May-June - Ukraine postpones summit of Central and East European leaders in Yalta after several leaders boycott it over the mistreatment of opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko in prison. Others boycott the Euro 2012 football championship.
2012 July - The European Court of Human Rights condemns the detention of former interior minister Yuriy Lutsenko and demands his release and compensation.
Police in Kiev fire tear gas to disperse hundreds of protesters angry at a law pushed through parliament with little debate that gives Russian regional language status.
2012 October - First parliamentary elections since President Yanukovych came to power see a decisive win for his governing Party of Regions and a surprise boost for the far-right Freedom party. OSCE observers, the United States and the European Union express concern at the conduct of the poll.
2012 December - Government resigns to allow a number of ministers, including Prime Minister Mykola Azarov, to take up seats in parliament. Government remains in office on an acting basis.
2013 April - European Court of Human Rights rules unanimously that the arrest and detention of Yulia Tymoshenko in 2011 was unlawful.
2013 July - Russia halts imports of chocolate from one of Ukraine's main confectionary makers, Roshen, saying its products fall below safety standards, in what is seen as retaliation for Ukraine's efforts to integrate further with the EU.
2013 November - Tens of thousands of protesters take to the streets of central Kiev and other cities to protest at the government's sudden decision to abandon plans to sign an association agreement with the EU. They accuse the government of bowing to Russian pressure, as well as being corrupt and unaccountable.
2013 December - Russia agrees to slash price of gas supplied to Ukraine and lend $15bn to mollify protesters.
2014 February - Security forces kill at least 77 protesters in Kiev. President Yanukovych flees to Russia, opposition takes control under interim president Olexander Turchynov and acting prime minister Arseny Yatseniuk. Russia refuses to recognise takeover.
2014 March - Russian forces seize and then annex Crimea, prompting biggest East-West showdown since Cold War. US and European Union begin process of imposing ever-harsher sanctions on Russia.
2014 April - Pro-Russian separatists seize parts of eastern Donetsk and Luhansk regions on Russian border. Government launches military operation in response.
2014 May - Leading businessman Petro Poroshenko wins presidential election on pro-Western platform. Signs delayed EU association accord in July.
2014 July - A Malaysian airliner comes down in separatist-held territory, killing all 298 people on board, with all evidence suggesting that it was shot down.
2014 August - Russia sends first of several unauthorised convoys allegedly carrying aid to Donestsk and Luhansk, amid Western and Ukrainian suspicions that they serve an ulterior purpose.
2014 September - Government signs Minsk peace plan ceasefire with pro-Russian leaders in eastern Ukraine. The two separatist regions agree to hold local elections under Ukrainian law in December.
2014 September - November - Cease-fire repeatedly violated before breaking down completely. Nato confirms Russian troops and heavy military equipment entering eastern Ukraine.
2014 October - Parliamentary elections produce convincing majority for pro-Western parties, which begin process of forming a new coalition led by Prime Minster Arseny Yatseniuk.
2014 November - Donetsk and Luhansk separatists hold elections not provided for by Minsk plan. Ukraine rescinds pledge for regional autonomy in response.
2015 January - Separatists capture remains of Donetsk airport in renewed offensive.
2015 February - Germany and France broker new ceasefire deal at talks in Belarus, resulting in a fragile lull in fighting after Russian-backed separatists drive Ukrainian troops out of the transport hub of Debaltseve.
2015 June - Ukraine suspends gas purchases from Russia after talks on the price to be paid for the next three months break down.
2016 April - Dutch voters reject the proposed Ukraine-EU association agreement in a referendum, albeit on a low turnout.
2016 November - A new shelter is moved over the wrecked reactor at the heart of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster to prevent radiation leaks from the ageing "sarcophagus" hastily erected after the meltdown.
2016 October - EU negotiators reach an agreement to grant visa-free travel to Ukrainian citizens; the deal must still be approved by the member states and the European Parliament.2017 January-February - Ukraine accuses Russian-backed rebels of shelling town of Avdiyivka, while rebels accuse Ukraine of shelling their stronghold of Donetsk.

Here is the story of the two countries' entangled history, told through pictures.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The Irish government is facing calls to respond to revelations that police failed to prosecute the paedophile priest, Brendan Smyth, in the 1970s.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

It emerged this week at the Historical Institutional Abuse (HIA) inquiry that Gardaí (Irish police) knew Smyth was a paedophile as far back as 1973.
Smyth continued to abuse for more than 20 years, until he was jailed in 1994.
Both the main opposition party, Fianna Fáil, and Sinn Féin have called on the government to take action on the case.
Sinn Fein has urged Dublin ministers to set-up an independent judicial review into the HIA revelations.
Fianna Fáil's justice spokesperson, Niall Collins, urged the Irish minister for justice and the head of the police to set up a "mechanism" to address concerns that state agencies failed to act to protect Smyth's victims.
Mr Collins said: "Along with the rest of the country, I have watched with growing dismay and disgust as further details of Brendan Smyth's abuse has been laid bare in the hearings in Banbridge.
"The absolute priority of the Irish state needs to be his victims and ensuring they get the support that they are entitled to."
The Fianna Fáil member added "I have today written to the Garda [police] commissioner and minister for justice and called on them to come forward with a proposed mechanism, at the earliest possible opportunity, to address the concerns of the victims following the revelations that the state appears to have been made aware of the child abuse allegations against Brendan Smyth in 1973 but failed to take action against him until 1994."
Sinn Fein's justice spokesman, Pádraigh Mac Lochlainn, said "This is particularly disturbing because it's those that we trust to protect our society and to look after out laws.
"So, it's particularly serious when it's the Garda Siochána and that's why it needs a serious response from government."
Referring to the HIA inquiry, Mr Mc Lochlainn added: "It is essential that the Irish government assist and complement, in their response, what is taking place in the North."
In a statement on Friday evening, a spokesman for the Department of Justice in Dublin said "The process which is under way in Northern Ireland in relation to historical abuse is ongoing and any conclusions or findings of relevance to this jurisdiction will be studied as and when they are made, taking into account in particular the historical inquiries which have already been carried out in this jurisdiction."
Meanwhile, a man who was sexually abused as a teenager by Fr Brendan Smyth has said Irish police must be held responsible for the abuse he suffered in the 1970s.
Brendan Boland said: "[Gardaí] are equally as responsible as the Catholic Church because they chose not to prosecute him."
Belfast-born Smyth was eventually convicted of more than 100 indecent assaults against children, in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

A magistrate in Australia allowed Father Denis "Chrysostom" Alexander more time to make a bail application.
He has always denied allegations that he abused boys at the former Fort Augustus Abbey boarding school in the Highlands.
He was remanded in custody with the next court hearing due on 13 February.
The magistrate is then expected to decide whether or not there will be a contested extradition hearing
In 2013, Fr Alexander was confronted by BBC Scotland in Sydney as part of a documentary into alleged abuse by monks at the school, which prompted a major police investigation.
Another former Fort Augustus monk is due to face trial in Scotland for a series of assaults, while a further seven cases remain under consideration by the Crown Office in Scotland.
Fr Alexander was returned by the Catholic Church to Australia in 1979 after allegations of abuse were made by a Fort Augustus Abbey pupil, and continued working as a priest for a further 20 years or more.
He was stripped of his priestly faculties in 2013 after the BBC programme.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A driver who crashed and killed a man while using a mobile phone has admitted causing death by dangerous driving.

Lewis Stratford, 24, from Field Avenue, Oxford, crashed through the central reservation of the A34 in June and collided with another vehicle.
The other motorist, Australian national Gavin Roberts, 28, was killed.
Appearing at Reading Crown Court, Stratford admitted he was distracted by his phone. He was released on bail to be sentenced on 3 March.
The court heard that over a 35-minute period Stratford was speeding and made three "emotional" phone calls.
It was on the third call that he lost control of his Vauxhall Corsa and crashed through the barrier into Mr Roberts' BMW.
The defence argued Stratford had not been holding his phone at the time of the accident and it was in a cradle attached to his dashboard.
But Stratford was disqualified from driving with immediate effect and told to expect a custodial sentence.
Mr Roberts, who was living in Swindon where he worked for Network Rail, died of a brain injury on 15 June four days after the collision near the Compton junction in Oxfordshire.

Mohini Arora, 25, died in a crash on the M20 in Kent on 13 November last year when her BMW was in collision with a Peugeot 206 driven by Ion Rusu, 25.
Rusu, of College Avenue, Gillingham, was sentenced at Maidstone Crown Court.
He admitted causing death by dangerous driving, causing death by careless driving while over the prescribed alcohol limit, and driving while over the prescribed limit.
Rusu was also banned from driving for eight years.


Question: represent

Question: A space telescope has added to its list of spectacular finds, spotting millions of supermassive black holes and blisteringly hot, "extreme" galaxies.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

The finds, by US space agency Nasa's Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise), once lay obscured behind dust.
But Wise can see in wavelengths correlated with heat, seeing for the first time some of the brightest objects in the Universe.
The haul will help astronomers work out how galaxies and black holes form.
It is known that most large galaxies host black holes at their centres, sometimes feeding on nearby gas, dust and stars and sometimes spraying out enough energy to halt star formation altogether.
How the two evolve together has remained a mystery, and the Wise data are already yielding some surprises.
Wise gives astronomers what is currently a unique view on the cosmos, looking at wavelengths of light far beyond those we can see but giving information that we cannot get from wavelengths we can.
Brian Cox on what happens near black holes
Among its other discoveries, in 2011 Wise spotted in a "Trojan" asteroid ahead of the Earth in its orbit.
But with the latest results, Wise has come into its own as an unparalleled black hole hunter.
"We've got the black holes cornered," said Daniel Stern of Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), lead author of one of the three studies presented on Wednesday.
Dr Stern and his colleagues used the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (Nustar) space telescope to examine the X-rays coming out of the black hole candidates spotted by Wise, presenting their findings in a paper to appear in Astrophysical Journal.
"Wise is finding them across the full sky, while Nustar is giving us an entirely new look at their high-energy X-ray light and learning what makes them tick," he said.
The other two studies presented - one already published in Astrophysical journal and another yet to appear - focussed on extremely hot, bright galaxies that have until now remained hidden: hot dust-obscured galaxies, or hot-Dogs.
There are so far about 1,000 candidate galaxies, some of which can out-shine our Sun by a factor of 100 trillion.
"These dusty, cataclysmically forming galaxies are so rare Wise had to scan the entire sky to find them," said Peter Eisenhardt of JPL, lead author of the paper describing Wise's first hot-Dog find.
"We are also seeing evidence that these record-setters may have formed their black holes before the bulk of their stars. The 'eggs' may have come before the 'chickens'."
The data from the Wise mission are made publicly available so that scientists outside the collaboration can also carry out their own studies, so the future will hold a wealth of studies from these extreme and otherwise hidden corners of the Universe.

Located in the constellation of Orion, the explosive event happened some 500 years ago sending giant streamers of dust and gas across interstellar space.
Researchers say the clash produced as much energy as our Sun would over 10 million years.
Details of the event have been published in the Astrophysical Journal.
Huge explosions in space are mostly associated with supernovas, which can take place in the dying moments of giant, ancient stars.
This new image though shows an explosion taking place at the other end of the stellar lifecycle.
Stars are born when a massive cloud of gas starts to collapse under its own gravity. At a distance of 1,500 light years from Earth, a number of very young stars began to form in a region called the Orion Molecular Cloud 1, (OMC-1).
Gravity pulled these proto-stars closer at increasing speed until about 500 years ago, two of them either grazed or collided head-on, triggering a powerful explosion that hurled gas and dust debris out into space at more than 150km per second.
Back in 2009, researchers first saw hints of the scale of the explosion. Now using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimetre Array (Alma), based in northern Chile, astronomers have been able to see the violent event in high resolution.
"What we see in this once calm stellar nursery is a cosmic version of a 4 July fireworks display, with giant streamers rocketing off in all directions," said lead author Prof John Bally from the University of Colorado.
The team has discovered new details about the structure of the streamers that extend past the explosion for almost a light year. The team members are learning about the distribution and high-velocity motion of the carbon monoxide gas inside the huge gas trails. It may also help their understanding of the star birth process.
"Though fleeting, proto-stellar explosions may be relatively common, by destroying their parent cloud, as we see in OMC-1, such explosions may also help to regulate the pace of star formation in these giant molecular clouds," said Prof Bally.
Scientists expect that explosions such as this one are most likely short-lived, with the remnants of the debris seen by Alma lasting only for centuries.
"People most often associate stellar explosions with ancient stars, like a nova eruption on the surface of a decaying star or the even more spectacular supernova death of an extremely massive star," Prof Bally said.
"Alma has given us new insights into explosions on the other end of the stellar life-cycle, star birth."
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Question: A bridge near the Isle of Wight Festival site has been closed after it was declared unsafe for large vehicles.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!

Newport Quay bridge would normally be used by traffic leaving the Seaclose Park festival ground and by coaches bringing visitors to the town's market.
Large traffic and coach operators have been advised of a diversion via Seaclose where there is a 10mph limit.
Isle of Wight Council said the festival site was still being cleared after the four-day event which ended on Sunday.
It is not yet known how long the bridge will remain closed.
Islanders are already facing diversions after continuing problems with the Cowes "floating bridge" chain ferry further downstream.

The village of Frosterley in Durham was split in two after the River Wear burst its banks three weeks ago.
Durham County County said it had had to wait until the river level fell so workers could remove fallen trees and divers could inspect the structure.
The bridge passed the safety inspection and has now reopened to the public, the council said.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has topped a power list compiled by BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour programme.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The list of top 10 influencers featured women from the worlds of politics, fashion, journalism, business and entertainment.
The judging panel described the SNP leader as "the woman of the moment".
She was chosen ahead of Anna Wintour, editor-in-chief of American Vogue, and actor, director and humanitarian ambassador Angelina Jolie.
The others in the top 10 included Guardian editor Kath Viner, Downing Street policy unit director Camilla Cavendish and singer Sia.
Caitlyn Jenner also featured on the list for "the part she has played in bringing the experience of being a trans woman to a global audience".
The organisers said the aim had been to identify a range of women who had an "exceptionally large impact" on people's lives through their ability to influence others.
Journalist and broadcaster Emma Barnett, who chaired the judging panel, said: "Those who influence usually have the ear of the traditionally powerful - but are one step removed.
"Sometimes, as in the case of Nicola Sturgeon, they will be both the power broker and the influencer.
"But most of the women in our list are the key influencers behind the most influential people's decisions, from Camilla Cavendish whispering policy suggestions in to David Cameron's ear to Sia deciding what tunes Beyonce and Rihanna belt out on their next respective albums."
She said Ms Sturgeon had "huge power" as the leader of the SNP.
"But she also wields a huge amount of influence right now because of the state of both the UK union and the European one.
"Ahead of the in-out referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union, how she chooses to wield that influence over the public and her fellow political leaders could have potentially huge ramifications for this country.
"She is the woman of the moment in terms of influence and hard power."

Hewlett, who died following a diagnosis of cancer of the oesophagus in 2016, movingly shared his experience of coping with his illness on BBC Radio 4.
He had fronted the show since 2008.
Rajan said: "I have been addicted to The Media Show for years and am genuinely humbled at the prospect of sitting in Steve Hewlett's chair.
"He was a giant of broadcasting and I will do my utmost to maintain the very high standards he achieved."
Hewlett's interviews with Eddie Mair on Radio 4's PM offered insight into his cancer journey, examining issues such as drug trials and reaction to treatment.
The Media Show is Radio 4's weekly look back at the latest stories and trends across the media industry both at home and abroad, and Rajan will make his debut on 10 May.
As well as being the BBC's media editor, he has deputised for Jeremy Vine and Simon Mayo on Radio 2, appeared on BBC One's Masterchef, presented episodes of Radio 4's Start the Week and Any Answers and is one of the hosts of Asian Network's The Big Debate. Rajan is also a former editor of The Independent.
Andrea Catherwood will continue to present some editions of the programme.
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Question: It's seven years, almost to the day, since Fred Goodwin and a hapless board of so-called directors took the Royal Bank of Scotland over the brink of collapse.

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There was hardly any capital to back up a balance sheet then burgeoning beyond the two trillion pound mark. That's before we all came to the rescue.
There may be even less capital before too long, but this is of the typeface variety.
"RBS," it is reported, is becoming "rbs". You could call it typographical subversion. Or a symbolic expression of lowered case humility.
We're told in the Guardian that it's disappearing from the frontages of the City of London offices which usually appear when its latest loss or mis-selling misdemeanour is on the telly.
In its place and in England and Wales, NatWest is taking on a much more prominent position.
As a high street brand south of the Border, we already knew that RBS is becoming Williams & Glyn - reviving a defunct brand before spinning it off to become a separate banking entity and competitor. (That's under instruction from the European Commission.)
In Scotland, the initialised bank is being un-initialised, returning to Royal Bank of Scotland (or perhaps "royal bank of scotland"?)
Observers of corporate verbiage won't be surprised to find that the bank's marketing and branding people have applied their imagination to both the re-brand and the explanation.
The RBS spokesman doesn't confirm or deny the report of going lower case, but says: "We are and always have been a bank of brands". It gets better.
"As part of our strategy to build a stronger, simpler, fairer bank we are directing our efforts to make each of our customer brands number one in their respective markets."
The best bit is coming up: "Our brands are our interface with our customers and through them we will be able to connect more deeply with customers and rebuild pride in the great things these brands do for our customers."
They have a point, though it may be a bit irritating for customers to be told they are interfacing with a brand, and indeed, connecting deeply with it, rather than applying for a loan or getting some cash out of a machine.
Brands matter and can be very valuable in building and retaining customers' trust.
The problem with RBS is that it's suffered seven years of toxicity.
And here's the evidence that NatWest has been much less damaged:
These figures show what happened when pollsters, on behalf of RBS, asked customers if they would recommend the bank to a friend or colleague.
The numbers (simplified a bit) show the difference between those who say they would, and those who would not. NatWest has more personal recommenders than detractors, but the reverse is true of RBS in Scotland.
In Ireland, the Ulster Bank brand is in even deeper trouble, following the property crash and an IT meltdown.
In business banking, NatWest has been seen more negatively than positively by its customers, though that has improved to a small net positive. The RBS deficit has been reducing, but it remains rather large.
When asked if RBS and its brands can be trusted to "do the right thing", it's striking that more RBS customers think it does not than those who think it does. Trust levels in NatWest are far higher.
That ought to interest those who think we should be shopping around and switching banks more often.  Even if they wouldn't recommend their banks or don't trust them, customers stick with what they know. Either loyalty, habit or inertia is strong, or they quite like to dislike their bank.
Any branding expert will tell you that the key to a good rebrand after a reputational calamity is that the new look has to be accompanied by a genuine change.
That is, it's not enough to stick a new logo on the branches, vans and headed notepaper, and expect people to believe you've changed, if you haven't.
RBS chief executive Ross McEwan, with a background in retail banking, surely knows that.
He won't want to invest in an expensive rebrand - even if it's reducing capital letters to lower case ones - unless he is confident that he can back up the symbolic change with a real change when customers do that "deep interface" thing.
All this reminder of reputational catastrophe makes you wonder what the branding volks are up to at Volkswagen headquarters over in Wolfsburg. Anyone for Audi?

The government sold its last shares today, nine years after it sank a total of £20bn into the beleaguered lender in the depths of the financial crisis.
The government is expected to make a profit of around £500m. That sounds a lot but is not a great return on an initial outlay of £20bn over nearly a decade.
But this wasn't an investment - it was a rescue of a bank that had made a bad situation much worse by agreeing to take over its more toxic rival HBOS.
Lloyds had always been a boring bank - a quality which would have spared it the worst of the crisis had it not agreed to saddle itself with the fallout from years of risky commercial lending by HBOS, which turned sour in the great downturn.
That decision was widely thought to have been taken under pressure from Gordon Brown's government, who hoped that a takeover could help HBOS avoid a government bailout.
It didn't pan out like that, and the merger eventually cost chief executive Eric Daniels and chairman Sir Victor Blank their jobs.
They are both due to give evidence in an upcoming court case brought by Lloyds shareholders who claim they lost out as a result of the doomed merger.
The years in between have been marked by criminal scandals and £17bn of PPI mis-selling but the bank is now making healthy profits and paying dividends.
The government has had mixed success with its bank rescues.
It still owns 73% of RBS which is still losing money all these years later.
The Chancellor Philip Hammond recently hinted that he would be prepared to start selling off those shares at a loss.
You win some, you lose some.


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Question: With less than two hours before the second US presidential debate, Donald Trump mounted a pre-emptive attack on rival Hillary Clinton by going after her husband.

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The Republican nominee appeared on Facebook Live with three women who have accused former President Bill Clinton of sexual assault.
A fourth woman, who was a child victim in a sexual assault case Mrs. Clinton defended during her legal career, also spoke at the brief news conference.
Mr Trump attempted to highlight the former president's past infidelities to quell the furore over a 2005 video released on Friday that revealed him bragging about groping women.
Since the explosive revelations, several members of the Republican party have called for Mr Trump to drop out of the race while others rushed to denounce him.
What Republican deserters said
Could Republicans still dump Trump?
Katty Kay: Hillary's campaign and Bill's women
"These four very courageous women have asked to be here and it was our honour to help them," Mr Trump said as he introduced the women.
The women also joined Mr Trump's family inside the debate hall in what some pundits say was an attempt to intimidate Mrs Clinton.
Mr Clinton has never faced any criminal charges in connection to the allegations, but what are the accusations?
The former Arkansas state employee sued Mr Clinton for sexual harassment in 1994, claiming that he propositioned her and exposed himself in a hotel room while serving as governor in 1991.
A federal judge threw out the lawsuit in 1998, but Ms Jones appealed against the ruling and settled with Mr Clinton for $850,000 without an admission of guilt
However, Ms Jones' lawsuit subsequently led to Mr Clinton's impeachment in 1998 due to a deposition he gave in that case.
He denied having sexual relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky during that deposition.
At the press conference prior to the presidential debate, a reporter asked Mr Trump if his star power allowed him to grope women without their consent. Ms Jones fired back: "Why don't you go ask Bill Clinton that? Why don't you ask Hillary as well?"
Mr Trump, who praised Ms Jones for her courage, called her "a loser" in a 1998 interview with NBC's Chris Matthews.
The nursing home administrator claimed Mr Clinton raped her in an Arkansas hotel room in 1978 and Mrs Clinton helped him conceal it.
"Mr Trump may have said some bad words, but Bill Clinton raped me and Hillary Clinton threatened me. I don't think there's any comparison", she said during the news conference on Sunday, referring to the New York businessman's sex boast tape.
Ms Broaddrick served as a volunteer on Mr Clinton's first gubernatorial campaign.
The former president has denied the allegation through a lawyer and no charges were ever filed.
She spoke out in 1999 during an investigation of Mr Clinton by the independent counsel Kenneth Starr, recanting sworn testimony a year earlier stating the incident never happened.
Over the weekend, Mr Trump tweeted an interview Ms Broaddrick gave to right-wing website Breitbart, in which she alleged that Mrs Clinton thanked her for her silence at a political rally.
The former White House aide alleged Mr Clinton groped her in his office in 1993, but had previously said it never happened.
Ms Willey said she had met with the former president to ask for a paying job to help with her family's financial struggles.
Mr Clinton has also denied this claim and the Office of Independent Counsel found her allegations inconclusive.
"I think we can bring peace to this world, and I think Donald Trump can lead us to that point," she said at the news conference.
Ms Shelton was the 12-year-old victim in a sexual assault case Mrs Clinton was appointed to early in her legal profession.
Mrs Clinton was the attorney for a factory worker accused of raping Ms Shelton, despite her objections over the case.
In audio recordings from the mid-1980s of an interview Mrs Clinton had with an Arkansas reporter, the current Democratic nominee is heard laughing while discussing the trial, including this instance when she says: "Of course he [the defendant] claimed he didn't [rape her]â€¦ He took a lie detector test. I had him take a polygraph, which he passed, which forever destroyed my faith in polygraphs."
Ms Shelton's attacker ultimately admitted a reduced charge, and she has since said Mrs Clinton put "me through hell".

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Melania Trump took centre stage on Monday night, leaping to the defence of her husband in an interview with CNN. "Boy talk" was how she described lewd comments made by Donald Trump in 2005, suggesting he was "egged on" by the other man involved, TV host Billy Bush, and insisting that the man in the clip was "not the man that I know".
Hillary Clinton may be lying low but the email embarrassments keep coming on several fronts, this time a State Department official being accused of pressing for a "quid pro quo" with the FBI over email classification, and more drip-drip-drip Wikileaks revelations.
While she stays away from the campaign trail ahead of the debate, her rival had a busy day, unveiling an anti-corruption drive for Washington.
If Mr Trump does defy the polls and become the next president, his first trip could be to Moscow. Talking on radio on Monday, he said: "If I win on November 8, I could see myself meeting with [Russian President Vladimir] Putin and meeting with Russia prior to the start of the administration." That won't do much to dispel claims that Mr Trump has too cosy a relationship with Russia's leader.
Even if he doesn't win, it looks like he'll be busy once the campaign's over. According to the FT (paywall), his son-in-law Jared Kushner has been looking into the possibility of setting up a Trump TV network. Mr Kushner, who is married to Mr Trump's daughter Ivanka, has become an increasingly important member of the Trump campaign in recent months - as has Roger Ailes, the former head of Fox News. Mr Trump would be following in the footsteps of famous election loser Al Gore, who launched Current TV in 2005 to much acclaim but ended up selling the failing network to Al Jazeera in 2013.
One star unlikely to appear on Trump TV is comedian Amy Schumer. Her stand-up show in Tampa, Florida, made headlines on Monday after about 200 people were said to have walked out when she described the Republican nominee as an "orange, sexual-assaulting, fake-college-starting monster". On Twitter, one member of the audience wrote: "You ruined my night. Spent 300 for a comedy show. Then you went on a political path that was rude and disrespectful to Tampa." Another said: "Big ups for getting political." Guess you can't keep everyone happy.
$382,000
The amount of money given to the Clinton campaign by 430 people that work in journalism, according to an investigation by the Center for Public Integrity, while Donald Trump's campaign has received $14,000 from about 50 journalists. The research will be a boost to Mr Trump, who has long argued that the media is working against him.
Hillary Clinton is taking a break from the campaign trail to focus on preparation for Wednesday's third presidential debate, which is being held in Las Vegas.
Her surrogates are out in force though, with Bernie Sanders in Arizona, a state the Democrats are increasingly hopeful of turning blue, while Bill Clinton is in Pennsylvania and Tim Kaine is in Detroit.
There's no sign of Donald Trump focusing on debate prep, with the Republican candidate due to hold three rallies in Colorado, a battleground state where he has slipped in recent polls.
Meanwhile, Republican running-mate Mike Pence will be campaigning in North Carolina.
Who is ahead in the polls?
51%
Hillary Clinton
41%
Donald Trump
Last updated October 18, 2016


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Question: The Hefazat-e Islam is a tightly-knit coalition of a dozen or so Islamist organisations which have come together under one umbrella only in recent years.

It has traditionally not sought power through elections, but looks to use its street muscle to change Bangladesh's traditional secular culture and politics through the imposition of what it believes are proper Islamic ways.
The organisations in the Hefazat coalition are based at more than 25,000 madrassas, or religious schools, across Bangladesh.
Teachers at these madrassas belong to these organisations and all students are brought out en masse to participate in street rallies and marches.
Hefazat burst onto the scene in February following the killing of young blogger Rajib Haider.
The murdered blogger and his associates had launched the Shahbag campaign to demand the death penalty for a political leader convicted of war crimes committed in 1971.
Haider and other bloggers were subsequently accused by Islamists of being atheists who had written comments derogatory of Islam and its Prophet.
They served notice on the governing Awami League by gathering half a million supporters in Dhaka on 6 April, where the main slogan was "hang the atheist bloggers".
Since then Hefazat has launched a 13-point charter of demands. These include:
The government of Sheikh Hasina has sought to treat Hefazat softly, and preferred to engage in negotiation.
It sees Hefazat as less militant than the Jamaat-e-Islami, many of whose leaders are currently facing charges related to crimes against humanity committed in 1971.
Hefazat also has theological disputes with Jamaat, although the latter has given all-out support to Hefazat in its current campaign.
Hefazat's detractors see its activities as little more than a cover of support for Jamaat's often-violent campaign to derail the war crimes trials.
Islamists say Hefazat is campaigning to "save Islam" in Bangladesh, but its opponents fear it will throw the country back into the dark ages.
Some of the groups under the Hefazat banner played a key role in the mass demonstrations in 1994 which forced the feminist write Taslima Nasreen to seek asylum in Sweden.
They have also been relentless in their campaign - so far unsuccessful - to have the Ahmadiyas (Islamic reformists) declared as "non-Muslims", as has been the case in Pakistan.

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Ananta Das is the third atheist blogger to be killed this year. And he is the fourth blogger hacked to death since February 2013, when Rajib Haider was murdered near his home.
All these killings were carried out in near identical fashion. The victims were targeted in open, public spaces - and hacked to death with machetes or similar weapons. In each case the killers targeted the head and neck, ensuring almost certain death.
This pattern has convinced observers that the killers, even if they are from different parts of the country, as being advised or trained by one group.
What secular thinkers in Bangladesh, concerned about their own safety, find most worrying is the way the bloggers are being identified, tracked and attacked.
Washiqur Rahman, who was killed in Dhaka in March as he left his home to go to work, used a pen name for his blog. He never used his picture anywhere. Yet, the attacker identified him and located his home.
According to police, two of Rahman's alleged killers, who were caught by passers-by and handed over to the authorities, were madrassa (religious school) students who had never met each other before.
One was recruited from a madrassa in Chittagong and the other in Dhaka.
This suggests the killings could be the work of one extremist group with an extensive network of online researchers and informers on the ground.
The deaths are reminding people of the last days of Bangladesh's independence war against Pakistan in 1971. In December of that year, more than 200 writers, professors, poets and other secular-minded intellectuals were abducted from their homes by a fanatical Islamist group called al-Badr.
Many of the intellectuals were never found again. Bodies were found with bullet holes, the victims having been blindfolded and their hands tied behind their backs.
Leaders of Bangladesh's Jamaat-e-Islami party, which collaborated with the Pakistani army in 1971, were accused of forming and leading the al-Badr. In 2010, Bangladesh set up the International Crimes Tribunal to put these Jamaat leaders on trial for war crimes.
In a way, the current spate of killings was triggered, not so much by the trials themselves, but a particular event that sought to change the course of the trials.
Rajib Haider's murder happened in the wake of mass rallies in the centre of Dhaka demanding the death penalty for an Islamist leader convicted of war crimes and given life imprisonment.
The rallies were organised and led by young secular online activists and bloggers. These rallies drew secular-minded people in their tens of thousands, forcing the government to amend the law which allowed prosecutors to appeal against Jamaat-e-Islami leader Abdul Quader Mollah's life sentence.
But the high-profile role played by the atheist bloggers, some of whom were known to attack Islam in their writings, caused a huge backlash from a variety of Islamist organisations based in madrassas across Bangladesh.
These groups, combined under the banner of Hefajat-e-Islam, published a list of 84 bloggers whom they accused of blasphemy and demanded they be punished.
Hefajat-e-Islam then proceeded to hold two huge rallies in Dhaka which threatened to topple the government.
Since then, the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina appears to have reached an accommodation with Hefajat. The Islamist group has confined itself to the madrassa premises and the government has put five bloggers in jail for allegedly hurting the religious feelings of Muslims.
The government now appears to be walking a tightrope.
There is little doubt the prime minister wants to pursue a secular future for Bangladesh. But she appears to have little time for atheists who are on a collision course with Islamists.
The bloggers don't just want protection from killers and justice for those murdered - they also want to enjoy the freedom of speech that is enshrined in the constitution. The government does not seem to think that freedom should stretch to the criticism of religion.
And Islamist extremists want to strike terror into the hearts of such writers and bloggers through targeted killings.


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Question: The NHS in England is in the middle of the biggest reorganisation since its creation.

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There has been intense political debate - but many patients are still unclear about what it will mean. Here we look at the main changes.
The NHS is a very large and complex organisation. Most parts will be affected in some way.
But the biggest changes are about who makes decisions and who spends the money.
New organisations are being created and others abolished.
And the legal responsibility for managing most of the NHS budget will be handed over in April 2013 to some of these new organisations locally and nationally.
Local councils are also being given a bigger role in influencing health services.
In the long term, the NHS may look very different - but for the moment patients going to see their GP or going into hospital may see little visible difference.
At the moment, 152 bodies called primary care trusts (PCTs) control local spending on dentists, hospital operations and tests, and medicines - accounting for 80% of NHS spending. They are mostly made up of health managers.
Some care may be provided by private health companies, or charities.
The rest, controlled nationally, includes things like specialist care.
From April 2013 PCTs will be replaced by more than 200 GP-led organisations called Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs).
They will be responsible for closer to 60% of the NHS budget. Every GP surgery has to belong to a CCG, although in reality only a small number of GPs will take responisbility for deciding what local services to fund.
Ministers believe GPs will be more responsive to the needs of patients as they have day-to-day contact with them. This, the theory goes, will make the NHS more efficient and improve the quality of care.
New organisations will be able to offer CCGs support on buying and planning health services.
CCGs will decide whether or not to pay for any hospital care a GP thinks they need - as PCTs do now.
The government says CCGs will be better placed to decide on local priorities because more doctors and nurses will be involved.
Some GPs are keen to get more involved in these decisions - but others fear factoring in costs will compromise the doctor-patient relationship.
Most care is provided by NHS organisations, but some routine operations are carried out by private companies - but paid for by the NHS.
Under the new system a regulator called Monitor will be given the job of making sure there is a level playing field for private companies and charities to compete with NHS organisations to provide care.
The government says Monitor will also have to ensure competition does not affect the service patients receive.
The health secretary sets policies, such as waiting times, for the NHS.
Currently, the Department of Health then passes these down through 10 strategic health authorities and then to the PCTs who have to ensure they are implemented.
Under the new system the clinical commissioning board will take charge of overseeing the NHS from the Department of Health.
Instead priorities will be given to a new NHS Commissioning Board, based in Leeds but with four regional and 50 local offices around England.
It will control a significant part of the overall budget so that it can plan and buy specialist services and will also be charged with ensuring CCGs do not overspend their budgets.
Local councils are to have more of a role in tackling public health problems, such as obesity, in their area - and new health and wellbeing boards will help link this work with that of the CCGs.
A national body called Healthwatch, with local groups, is being set up to enable patients to have their say about the NHS.

In a letter to staff, which has been seen by the BBC, Dr Frank Harsent said "the time was right to go and do other things" and he will stand down in May.
Earlier this week, it emerged he had taken staff to a conference in Florida a week before a "major incident" was declared at two county hospitals.
The trust runs Cheltenham General and Gloucestershire Royal Hospitals.
Dr Harsent has worked in the NHS for 43 years and held the position of chief executive in Gloucestershire for the past seven years.
In the letter, he said: "The NHS is about to go through a period of major change and our trust needs a chief executive who will be here for the long term and that would not be me".