Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A US-based physics experiment has found a clue as to why the world around us is composed of normal matter and not its shadowy opposite: anti-matter.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Anti-matter is rare today; it can be produced in "atom smashers", in nuclear reactions or by cosmic rays.
But physicists think the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and its opposite.
New results from the DZero experiment at Fermilab in Illinois provide a clue to what happened to all the anti-matter.
This is regarded by many researchers as one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology.
The data even offer hints of new physics beyond what can be explained by current theories.
For each basic particle of matter, there exists an anti-particle with the same mass but the opposite electric charge.
For example, the negatively charged electron has a positively charged anti-particle called the positron.
But when a particle and its anti-particle collide, they are "annihilated" in a flash of energy, yielding new particles and anti-particles.
Similar processes occurring at the beginning of the Universe should have left us with equal amounts of matter and anti-matter.
Yet, paradoxically, today we live in a Universe made up overwhelmingly of matter.
Researchers working on the DZero experiment observed collisions of protons and anti-protons in Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator.
They found that these collisions produced pairs of matter particles slightly more often than they yielded anti-matter particles.
The results show a 1% difference in the production of pairs of muon (matter) particles and pairs of anti-muons (anti-matter particles) in these high-energy collisions.
"Many of us felt goose bumps when we saw the result," said Stefan Soldner-Rembold, one of the spokespeople for DZero.
"We knew we were seeing something beyond what we have seen before and beyond what current theories can explain."
Dr Guennadi Borissov, from Lancaster University in the UK, who is co-leader of the project, said: "This beautiful result provides important input to understanding the matter dominance in the Universe.
"The DZero experiment is still collecting data and so, as long as funding for our work continues, we can expect to make even more precise measurements of this effect in the future."
The dominance of matter in the Universe is possible only if there are differences in the behaviour of particles and anti-particles.
Physicists had already seen such differences - known as called "CP violation". But these known differences are much too small to explain why the Universe appears to prefer matter over anti-matter.
Indeed, these previous observations were fully consistent with the current theory, known as the Standard Model. This is the framework drawn up in the 1970s to explain the interactions of sub-atomic particles.
Researchers say the new findings, submitted for publication in the journal Physical Review D, show much more significant "asymmetry" of matter and anti-matter - beyond what can be explained by the Standard Model.
If the results are confirmed by other experiments, such as the Collider Detector (CDF) at Fermilab, the effect seen by the DZero team could move researchers along in their efforts to understand the dominance of matter in today's Universe.
The data presage results expected from another experiment, called LHCb, which is based at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva.
LHCb was specifically designed to shed light on this central question in particle physics.
Commenting on the latest findings, Dr Tara Shears, a particle physicist at the University of Liverpool who works on LHCb and CDF, said: "It's not yet at the stage of a discovery or an explanation, but it is a very tantalising hint of what might be."
Dr Shears, who is not a member of the DZero team, added: "It certainly means that LHCb will be eager to look for the same effect, to confirm whether it exists and if it does, to make a more precise measurement."
Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

As a guide for the "interested but perplexed", I have added a few notes (in italics below) to the transcript of Prof Hawking's second lecture, in the same way I did last week.
You can listen to the lecture live on BBC Radio 4 from 0900 GMT. After broadcast you can listen on demand or download it for later. You can listen to the first lecture here. More information on both lectures and Stephen Hawking can be found on the  Radio 4 Reith Lectures site.
In my previous lecture I left you on a cliff-hanger: a paradox about the nature of black holes, the incredibly dense objects created by the collapse of stars.
One theory suggested that black holes with identical qualities could be formed from an infinite number of different types of stars. Another suggested that the number could be finite.
This is a problem of information, that is the idea that every particle and every force in the universe contains information, an implicit answer to a yes-no question.
Because black holes have no hair, as the scientist John Wheeler put it, one can't tell from the outside what is inside a black hole, apart from its mass, electric charge, and rotation.
This means that a black hole contains a lot of information that is hidden from the outside world. If the amount of hidden information inside a black hole depends on the size of the hole, one would expect from general principles that the black hole would have a temperature, and would glow like a piece of hot metal.
But that was impossible, because as everyone knew, nothing could get out of a black hole. Or so it was thought.
This problem remained until early in 1974, when I was investigating what the behaviour of matter in the vicinity of a black hole would be, according to quantum mechanics.
DS: Quantum mechanics is the science of the extremely small and it seeks to explain the behaviour of the tiniest particles. These do not act according to the laws that govern the movements of much bigger objects like planets, laws that were first framed by Isaac Newton. Using the science of the very small to study the very large was one of Stephen Hawking's pioneering achievements.
To my great surprise I found that the black hole seemed to emit particles at a steady rate. Like everyone else at that time, I accepted the dictum that a black hole could not emit anything. I therefore put quite a lot of effort into trying to get rid of this embarrassing effect.
But the more I thought about it, the more it refused to go away, so that in the end I had to accept it.
What finally convinced me it was a real physical process was that the outgoing particles have a spectrum that is precisely thermal.
My calculations predicted that a black hole creates and emits particles and radiation, just as if it were an ordinary hot body, with a temperature that is proportional to the surface gravity, and inversely proportional to the mass.
DS: These calculations were the first to show that a black hole need not be a one-way street to a dead end. No surprise, the emissions suggested by the theory became known as Hawking Radiation.
Since that time, the mathematical evidence that black holes emit thermal radiation has been confirmed by a number of other people with various different approaches.
One way to understand the emission is as follows. Quantum mechanics implies that the whole of space is pairs of virtual and anti particles, filled with pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles, that are constantly materialising in pairs, separating, and then coming together again, and annihilating each other.
DS: This concept hinges on the idea that a vacuum is never totally empty. According to the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, there is always the chance that particles may come into existence, however briefly. And this would always involve pairs of particles, with opposite characteristics, appearing and disappearing.
Stephen Hawking: A new way to see black holes
These particles are called virtual because unlike real particles they cannot be observed directly with a particle detector.
Their indirect effects can nonetheless be measured, and their existence has been confirmed by a small shift, called the Lamb shift, which they produce in the spectrum energy of light from excited hydrogen atoms.
Now in the presence of a black hole, one member of a pair of virtual particles may fall into the hole, leaving the other member without a partner with which to annihilate.
The forsaken particle or antiparticle may fall into the black hole after its partner, but it may also escape to infinity, where it appears to be radiation emitted by the black hole.
BBC programmes about Prof Stephen Hawking
A brief history of Stephen Hawking - BBC iWonder
Other scientists who have given Reith Lectures include Robert Oppenheimer, Martin Rees and Bernard Lovell. You can listen to them here.
DS: The key here is that the formation and disappearance of these particles normally pass unnoticed. But if the process happens right on the edge of a black hole, one of the pair may get dragged in while the other is not. The particle that escapes would then look as if it's being spat out by the black hole.
A black hole of the mass of the sun, would leak particles at such a slow rate, it would be impossible to detect. However, there could be much smaller mini black holes with the mass of say, a mountain.
A mountain-sized black hole would give off X-rays and gamma rays, at a rate of about 10 million megawatts, enough to power the world's electricity supply.
It wouldn't be easy however, to harness a mini black hole. You couldn't keep it in a power station, because it would drop through the floor and end up at the centre of the Earth.
If we had such a black hole, about the only way to keep hold of it would be to have it in orbit around the Earth.
People have searched for mini black holes of this mass, but have so far not found any. This is a pity, because if they had I would have got a Nobel Prize.
Another possibility, however, is that we might be able to create micro black holes in the extra dimensions of space time.
DS: By 'extra dimensions', he means something beyond the three dimensions that we are all familiar with in our everyday lives, plus the fourth dimension of time. The idea arose as part of an effort to explain why gravity is so much weaker than other forces such as magnetism - maybe it's also having to operate in parallel dimensions.
According to some theories, the universe we experience is just a four dimensional surface in a ten or eleven dimensional space.
The movie Interstellar gives some idea of what this is like. We wouldn't see these extra dimensions because light wouldn't propagate through them but only through the four dimensions of our universe.
Gravity, however, would affect the extra dimensions and would be much stronger than in our universe. This would make it much easier to form a little black hole in the extra dimensions.
It might be possible to observe this at the LHC, the Large Hadron Collider, at CERN in Switzerland. This consists of a circular tunnel, 27 kilometres long.  Two beams of particles travel round this tunnel in opposite directions, and are made to collide. Some of the collisions might create micro black holes. These would radiate particles in a pattern that would be easy to recognize.
So I might get a Nobel Prize after all.
DS: The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded when a theory is "tested by time" which in practice means confirmation by hard evidence. For example, Peter Higgs was among scientists who, back in the 1960s, suggested the existence of a particle that would give other particles their mass. Nearly 50 years later, two different detectors at the Large Hadron Collider spotted signs of what had become known as the Higgs Boson. It was a triumph of science and engineering, of clever theory and hard-won evidence. And Peter Higgs and Francois Englert, a Belgian scientist, were jointly awarded the prize. No physical proof has yet been found of Hawking Radiation.
BBC programmes about Prof Stephen Hawking
A brief history of Stephen Hawking - BBC iWonder
Other scientists who have given Reith Lectures include Robert Oppenheimer, Martin Rees and Bernard Lovell. You can listen to them here.
As particles escape from a black hole, the hole will lose mass, and shrink. This will increase the rate of emission of particles.
Eventually, the black hole will lose all its mass, and disappear. What then happens to all the particles and unlucky astronauts that fell into the black hole? They can't just re-emerge when the black hole disappears.
It appears that the information about what fell in is lost, apart from the total amount of mass, and the amount of rotation. But if information is lost, this raises a serious problem that strikes at the heart of our understanding of science.
For more than 200 years, we have believed in scientific determinism, that is, that the laws of science determine the evolution of the universe. This was formulated by Pierre-Simon Laplace, who said that if we know the state of the universe at one time, the laws of science will determine it at all future and past times.
Napoleon is said to have asked Laplace how God fitted into this picture.  Laplace replied, "Sire, I have not needed that hypothesis."
I don't think that Laplace was claiming that God didn't exist. It is just that he doesn't intervene to break the laws of science. That must be the position of every scientist. A scientific law is not a scientific law if it only holds when some supernatural being decides to let things run and not intervene.
In Laplace's determinism, one needed to know the positions and speeds of all particles at one time, in order to predict the future. But there's the uncertainty relationship, discovered by Walter Heisenberg in 1923, which lies at the heart of quantum mechanics.
This holds that the more accurately you know the positions of particles, the less accurately you can know their speeds, and vice versa. In other words, you can't know both the positions and the speeds accurately.
How then can you predict the future accurately? The answer is that although one can't predict the positions and speeds separately, one can predict what is called the quantum state. This is something from which both positions and speeds can be calculated to a certain degree of accuracy.
We would still expect the universe to be deterministic, in the sense that if we knew the quantum state of the universe at one time, the laws of science should enable us to predict it at any other time.
DS: What began as an explanation of what happens at an event horizon has deepened into an exploration of some of the most important philosophies in science - from the clockwork world of Newton to the laws of Laplace to the uncertainties of Heisenberg - and where they are challenged by the mystery of black holes. Essentially, information entering a black hole should be destroyed, according to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity while quantum theory says it cannot be broken down, and this remains an unresolved question.
If information were lost in black holes, we wouldn't be able to predict the future, because a black hole could emit any collection of particles.
It could emit a working television set, or a leather-bound volume of the complete works of Shakespeare, though the chance of such exotic emissions is very low.
It might seem that it wouldn't matter very much if we couldn't predict what comes out of black holes. There aren't any black holes near us. But it is a matter of principle.
If determinism, the predictability of the universe, breaks down with black holes, it could break down in other situations. Even worse, if determinism breaks down, we can't be sure of our past history either.
The history books and our memories could just be illusions. It is the past that tells us who we are. Without it, we lose our identity.
Hawking: Humans at risk of 'own goal'
Black hole caught 'burping gas'
Hawking: Black holes store information
It was therefore very important to determine whether information really was lost in black holes, or whether in principle, it could be recovered.
Many scientists felt that information should not be lost, but no one could suggest a mechanism by which it could be preserved. The arguments went on for years. Finally, I found what I think is the answer.
It depends on the idea of Richard Feynman, that there isn't a single history, but many different possible histories, each with their own probability.
In this case, there are two kinds of history. In one, there is a black hole, into which particles can fall, but in the other kind there is no black hole.
The point is that from the outside, one can't be certain whether there is a black hole or not. So there is always a chance that there isn't a black hole.
This possibility is enough to preserve the information, but the information is not returned in a very useful form. It is like burning an encyclopaedia.  Information is not lost if you keep all the smoke and ashes, but it is difficult to read.
The scientist Kip Thorne and I had a bet with another physicist, John Preskill, that information would be lost in black holes. When I discovered how information could be preserved, I conceded the bet. I gave John Preskill an encyclopaedia. Maybe I should have just given him the ashes.
DS: In theory, and with a purely deterministic view of the universe, you could burn an encyclopaedia and then reconstitute it if you knew the characteristics and position of every atom making up every molecule of ink in every letter and kept track of them all at all times.
Currently I'm working with my Cambridge colleague Malcolm Perry and Andrew Strominger from Harvard on a new theory based on a mathematical idea called supertranslations to explain the mechanism by which information is returned out of the black hole.
The information is encoded on the horizon of the black hole. Watch this space.
DS: Since the Reith Lectures were recorded, Prof Hawking and his colleagues have published a paper which makes a mathematical case that information can be stored in the event horizon. The theory hinges on information being transformed into a two-dimensional hologram in a process known as supertranslations. The paper, titled Soft Hair on Black Holes, offers a highly revealing glimpse into the esoteric language of this field and the challenge that scientists face in trying to explain it.
What does this tell us about whether it is possible to fall in a black hole, and come out in another universe? The existence of alternative histories with black holes suggests this might be possible. The hole would need to be large, and if it was rotating, it might have a passage to another universe.
But you couldn't come back to our universe. So although I'm keen on space flight, I'm not going to try that.
DS: If black holes are rotating, then their heart may not consist of a singularity in the sense of an infinitely dense point. Instead, there may be a singularity in the form of a ring. And that leads to speculation about the possibility of not only falling into a black hole but also travelling through one. This would mean leaving the universe as we know it. And Stephen Hawking concludes with a tantalising thought: that there may something on the other side.
The message of this lecture is that black holes ain't as black as they are painted. They are not the eternal prisons they were once thought. Things can get out of a black hole, both to the outside, and possibly to another universe.
So if you feel you are in a black hole, don't give up. There's a way out.
Thank you very much.
You can download a transcript of this lecture with annotations, which also includes questions to Stephen Hawking from the audience.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A chronology of key events:

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

1291 - Origin of the Swiss confederation when three cantons form an alliance to resist outside control.
1815 - In the wake of the Napoleonic wars, the borders of Switzerland - and the territory's neutrality - are established at the Congress of Vienna.
1848 - Federal constitution defines the political system, providing for a centralised government.
1874 - Revised constitution allows for the exercise of direct democracy by referendum.
1914-18 - Switzerland organises Red Cross units during World War I.
1919-20 - Treaty of Versailles reaffirms Swiss neutrality.
1920 - Joins League of Nations. League's headquarters established in Geneva.
1923 - Customs union with Liechtenstein.
1939-45 - Federal Council issues a declaration of neutrality at start of World War II. Refuses to join United Nations.
1959 - Founder-member of European Free Trade Association (Efta).
Four party government system comes into being in a political agreement know as the "magic formula" which lasts for decades and brings a large measure of political stability.
1963 - Joins Council of Europe.
1967 - Right-wing groups campaign to restrict entry of foreign workers.
1971 - Women granted right to vote in federal elections.
1979 - After referendum, French-speaking part of Bern becomes separate canton of Jura.
1985 - Referendum guarantees women legal equality with men within marriage.
1986 - Referendum opposes UN membership by three to one. Immigrant numbers restricted.
Once known as the "Protestant Rome"
1992 - Switzerland joins World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) but December referendum rejects membership of European Economic Area - a free-trade zone.
1994 - Referendum approves law making racial discrimination and denial of Nazi Holocaust illegal. Laws tightened against drugs traffickers and illegal immigrants.
1995 - Swiss Banking Association announces - after pressure from Jewish groups - it has uncovered dormant pre-1945 bank accounts containing millions of dollars.
1998 August - Swiss banks agree $1.25bn compensation deal with Holocaust survivors and families.
1999 October - General election strengthens right-wing vote. The People's Party (SVP), led by Christoph Blocher, becomes second strongest political force in the country with nearly a quarter of the vote.
2001 March - Voters reject moves to open talks on joining the European Union.
2001 June - Swiss vote narrowly in favour of allowing their soldiers to carry weapons during peacekeeping missions abroad.
2001 September - Parliament votes overwhelmingly in favour of United Nations membership, paving the way for a referendum on the issue.
2001 October - Eleven die as huge fire breaks out after crash in Gotthard tunnel.
2001 December - Voters reject proposal to scrap the army.
2002 January - Bankrupt national carrier Swissair relaunched as Swiss.
Christoph Blocher's cabinet entry changed the political landscape
Profile: Christoph Blocher
Swiss right in political avalanche
2002 March - A narrow majority of Swiss vote in favour of joining the United Nations in a referendum.
Bergier report by independent panel of historians finds that Swiss authorities knew what lay in store for Jewish refugees to whom Swiss borders were closed in 1942. The report also concluded that Switzerland had bolstered the economy of Nazi Germany but not to a degree that prolonged the war.
2002 June - Swiss people vote in referendum to decriminalise abortion which will be allowed in first 12 weeks of pregnancy. A proposal which would have tightened the already strict abortion law is rejected in a separate referendum.
2002 September - Switzerland formally becomes a member of the UN.
2002 November - By narrowest of margins, referendum rejects drastic tightening of asylum laws.
The legend of William Tell shooting an apple placed on his son's head is a central tenet of Swiss patriotism
2003 May - Nine different issues put to referendum. Swiss vote against abolition of nuclear power, new proposals on rights for the disabled and the introduction of car-free Sundays but in favour of army cuts and changes to civil defence.
2003 October - The right-wing Swiss People's Party (SVP) becomes the biggest force in parliament after winning almost 28% of the vote in general elections.
2003 December - Parliament agrees to grant right-wing Swiss People's Party second post in seven-seat government at the expense of the Christian Democrats, altering the "magic formula" which had brought stability to Swiss politics since 1959.
2004 May - Agreement signed with EU on taxing accounts held in Swiss banks by EU taxpayers.
2004 September - Voters in a referendum reject moves to relax strict naturalisation laws. The result is seen as a victory for the right-wing.
2004 November - Referendum votes in favour of allowing scientific research using stem cells taken from human embryos.
2005 June - Voters in referendum support joining EU Schengen and Dublin agreements and extending rights for same-sex couples.
In the most serious breakdown in Swiss railway history, power failure brings trains to a standstill for several hours.
2005 September - Referendum vote goes in favour of opening job market to workers from the 10 newest European Union countries.
2005 November - Referendum backs five-year ban on use of genetically modified crops.
2006 September - Voters in a national referendum back plans to make their asylum laws among the toughest in the West.
2007 January-May - Ex-directors of Swissair, which collapsed in 2001, are in the dock in Switzerland's biggest corporate trial. They are all cleared.
The Swiss People's Party was accused of racism over its poster targeting foreign criminals
Swiss row over black sheep poster
2007 September - Row over Swiss People's Party's ''kick out the black sheep'' poster aimed at deporting foreigners who commit crimes.
2007 October - Elections. Swiss People's Party (SVP) boosts its standing as the biggest group in parliament, scooping nearly 29% of the vote.
2007 December - Swiss People's Party (SVP) quits the governing coalition after one of its leaders, Christoph Blocher, is forced from his cabinet seat.
2008 June - Voters reject referendum initiative to limit naturalisation of foreigners by allowing Swiss communes to vote on individual cases.
2008 October - Libya cancels all oil deliveries to Switzerland and withdraws assets worth billions of dollars from Swiss banks in response to the arrest of leader Muammar Gaddafi's son, Hannibal. Mr Gaddafi and his wife were detained for assault but the charges were later dropped.
Switzerland unveils a $5.3bn rescue plan for its largest bank, UBS, which was badly hit by the global credit crisis.
2008 December - Swiss People's Party (SVP) rejoins the governing coalition with the election of party member Ueli Maurer to the Federal Council.
Switzerland scraps routine passport controls at all its borders after joining the EU's Schengen Agreement.
2009 January - Swiss economy officially goes into recession.
2009 March - Switzerland's government announces it will relax its rules on banking secrecy to allow Swiss financial institutions to co-operate with international investigations into tax evasion.
Swiss voters backed a ban on minarets in a 2009 referendum
Swiss poll 'reflects unease with Islam'
2009 September - Swiss economy returns to growth.
2009 November - Swiss voters approve referendum initiative banning the construction of minarets.
2010 September - Election of fourth female minister to seven-member Federal Council gives Swiss cabinet majority of women for first time ever.
2010 November - Swiss voters approve referendum initiative on automatically deporting foreigners who have committed serious crimes.
2011 February - Voters in a referendum reject plans for tighter gun controls.
2011 May - In the wake of the crisis at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant, Switzerland becomes the first country in Europe to announce plans to phase out nuclear power.
2011 September - The government announces that the Swiss franc is to be pegged to the euro, after Swiss manufacturers warn that the currency's strength is making Swiss exports uncompetitive and risks tipping the country back into recession.
2011 October - Right-wing Swiss People's Party loses ground in parliamentary elections, but remains the largest party.
2012 April - The government re-imposes immigration quotas on workers from central and eastern European Union countries, through a "safeguard clause" in its agreement with the EU on freedom of movement. The EU criticises the decision.
2012 November - The Ecopop environmentalist group collects enough signatures to force a national referendum to cap annual population growth at 0.2%, by drastically restricting immigration.
2013 June - Lower house of parliament refuses to debate bill to allow banks to pass client information to US tax authorities in pursuit of American tax evaders. US has threatened to deny Swiss banks access to dollar markets unless the country complies.
2013 September - Voters reject a proposal to scrap military conscription.
2014 February - A Swiss People's Party proposal to bring back strict quotas for immigration from European Union countries is narrowly passed in a national referendum, invalidating a Swiss-EU agreement on freedom of movement.
2014 November - Voters reject a proposal backed by the environmentalist pressure group Ecopop for net immigration to be limited to a maximum of 0.2% of the population.
2015 January - The Swiss National Bank responds to the steep depreciation of the euro during 2014 by abruptly terminating the pegging of the franc to the euro introduced in 2011. The move causes the franc to soar and prompts warnings of serious damage to Switzerland's struggling tourism and export sectors.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

A selection of photos from across the African continent this week:


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: An auction selling items belonging to Margaret Thatcher has smashed expectations raising more than £4.5m.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

The total raised at a six-hour live sale at Christie's auctioneers on Tuesday was boosted by an online auction which ended on Wednesday.
The top selling lot was a model of an American bald eagle awarded to the late PM by Ronald Reagan for £266,500.
Baroness Thatcher died on 8 April 2013 at the age of 87 having held office from 1979 to 1990.
Her collection attracted buyers from more than 40 countries with auction bids "far exceeding pre-sale expectations", Christie's said.
The Iron Lady: A political life
A red Morocco dispatch box embossed with the cipher of HM Queen Elizabeth II, the words "Prime Minister" and numbered I, was sold for £242,500 while the top lot in the online sale was a pearl necklace - Baroness Thatcher's signature item of jewellery - which sold for £62,500 after a maximum estimated price of £800.
A Raflo handbag that she used on her last visit to 10 Downing Street was bought for £47,500 while a signed typescript of her famous speech reciting the words of St Francis of Assisi, "Where there is discord, may we bring harmony," sold for £37,500.
The sale took place 25 years after Baroness Thatcher left office and in the year when she would have celebrated her 90th birthday.
As well as many of her clothes, a collection of writings from Winston Churchill also proved popular with bidders - smashing their estimates - as did personal letters from President Reagan, including one to congratulate her on 11 years in power, and one wishing a belated happy birthday to her husband.
Head of sale, Adrian Hume-Sayer, said: "The market's response to these historic sales, both the online-only sale and the traditional auction, was remarkable, with the overall result for the Mrs Thatcher collection far exceeding pre-sale expectations.
"Clients from all over the world seized this once in a lifetime opportunity to acquire items which gave insights into both the public and private life of Britain's first female prime minister, who was a political giant on the world stage."

The 18th Century work, Ganymede and the Eagle, is by Italian sculptor Massimiliano Soldani-Benzi.
It was sold at auction in Edinburgh this week by Lyon & Turnbull.
It had been estimated to sell for between £100,000 and £150,000 but ended up going under the hammer for more than twice the top estimate.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Wales' record goalscorer Ian Rush does not think Chris Coleman will sign a new contract as Wales manager until after Euro 2016.

The 45-year-old's deal ends after the Euros but he is yet to agree anything with the Football Association of Wales.
Coleman said in March that he and the FAW were "apart" during talks, while in April they improved their offer to him.
But Rush does not think it is important enough to be sorted before their first game against Slovakia on 11 June.
"I don't think it'll affect things if he doesn't sign," said Rush, who scored 28 goals in 73 caps for Wales in a 16 year period.
"Look at [Antonio] Conte now, he's going to Chelsea and if Italy don't do well they'll most probably blame that.
"I don't think that's the case with Chris and Wales. I think if anything is going to be done, I think it'll be done after the Euros."
Coleman has been linked with the vacant manager's job at Aston Villa whilst there has also been speculation hometown club Swansea City could be interested if they decide not to retain head coach Francesco Guidolin for next season.
The former Fulham and Coventry City boss indicated he wants to stay on for the World Cup campaign which starts in September, following the conclusion of Wales' first international tournament for 58 years.
"We'd all like him to [sign a deal before the tournament] and it would give everyone a boost but if he doesn't, let's get on with the Euros and see what happens after," Rush continued.
"It gives everyone an incentive. If they want Chris to stay and the team is winning there's only one thing they can do, he's got to stay."

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

Wales will play Slovakia in their opening group game on 11 June before matches against England and Russia.
Hamann says if Chris Coleman has his strongest squad available they will be outsiders going into the tournament.
"What Wales did in that qualifying campaign was second to none and they've been absolutely fantastic," ex-Liverpool player Hamann said.
"I think Wales will be dark horses come the Euros and I think there'll be one or two surprised by them.
"The main thing will be to have your main players fit and ready.
"In Ashley Williams the captain they've got a fantastic centre-back and the likes of [Aaron] Ramsey and [Gareth] Bale, who you've got to try and keep fit.
"The others will fit in and and obviously the more football they play, the better."
Hamman did his coaching qualifications in Wales under the guidance of Football Association of Wales technical director and national team assistant manager Osian Roberts.
This summer's European Championship finals in France will be Wales' first major tournament finals in 58 years.
Wales have arranged friendlies against fellow Euro 2016 finalists Northern Ireland and Ukraine in March.
Michael O'Neill's Northern Ireland visit Cardiff on Thursday, 24 March before Wales travel for a friendly in Kiev four days later.
Manager Coleman has said Wales hope to face Sweden in their final warm-up match before the finals in France.


Question: The FTSE 100's recent record-breaking run has stalled, with shares losing ground on Wednesday.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

At close of trade in London, the benchmark index was down 18.56 points, or 0.25%, at 7,503.47.
On Tuesday, the FTSE had climbed above the 7,500 level for the first time, closing at 7,522.03 points.
Against the US greenback, the pound was up 0.22% at $1.2945. However, it dipped against the euro, falling 0.33% to 1.1616 euros.
In general, a weaker pound lifts the FTSE 100 as many companies on the index have significant revenues from overseas.
A weak pound means these revenues are worth more when converted back into sterling.
Shares in Lloyds Banking Group were up nearly 2% after the government confirmed it had shed its last remaining stake in the bank, thus returning it to the private sector.
Other winners included Fresnillo, Tesco, Kingfisher and Randgold.
Shares in British Land were down 3.3% despite it posting a 7.4% rise in full-year profit.
Other fallers included Ashtead Group, CRH, Hikma Pharmaceuticals and Rolls-Royce Holdings.

The UK's benchmark share index ended Tuesday's trading session at 7,275.47, up 37.7 points on the day.
The decline in the pound since the Brexit referendum has lifted the stock market, as many of its leading firms make much of their profit overseas.
Supermarket shares fuelled the latest rise, boosted by Morrisons' strong Christmas sales.
Morrisons was one of the strongest performers, up 3.6%, after the company reported like-for-like sales growth of 2.9% over the Christmas period, well ahead of expectations.
The news lifted shares in Tesco, which rose 6%.
A weaker pound boosts the profits of the many multinational companies listed on the FTSE 100 when their foreign earnings are converted into pounds.
Sterling has fallen again this week, triggered by Prime Minister Theresa May's comments on Brexit at the weekend, which many commentators interpreted as signalling that the UK would pursue a so-called "hard Brexit".
After dropping sharply on Monday, the pound stabilised against the dollar on Tuesday at $1.2167. It was also steady against the euro at €1.1499.
"The FTSE 100 has again had an outstanding day, with the index gaining from the first minute to the last as it reached new all-time highs once more," said Joshua Mahony, market analyst at IG.
"The fact that we are seeing the index hit these new highs in such a fearless manner says a lot about the potential for further gains."
In the FTSE 250, shares in online takeaway food service Just Eat fell 6.9% after it reported sales growth figures. Like-for-like orders grew by 36% in 2016, with UK sales up 31%.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Former band mates of paedophile Ian Watkins, who has admitted a string of child sex offences, have appealed for other victims to come forward.

Lostprophets said they would forever be "haunted" by what Watkins, 36, of Pontypridd, had done but were unaware of his actions.
In a statement they said they "never imagined him capable" of such offences.
Police called for victims to come forward after Watkins dramatically changed his pleas in court on Tuesday.
He pleaded guilty to a series of offences - described as "depraved" in court - including attempted rape of a baby.
South Wales Police officers are now investigating new leads after receiving around a dozen calls.
The police chief who led the inquiry said they would "work tirelessly to identify any other victims".
Det Ch Insp Peter Doyle described it as "the most shocking case I have ever seen".
Watkins will be sentenced on 18 December.
The other members of Lostprophets announced in October the band would disband amid the sex offence charges against Watkins.
Now, in a statement on Facebook over the weekend, Jamie Oliver, Lee Gaze, Luke Johnson, Mike Lewis and Stuart Richardson said they had "hoped it was all a mistake".
"Sadly, the true extend of his appalling behaviour is now impossible to deny," said the statement.
"Many of you understandably want to know if we knew what Ian was doing. To be clear: we did not," they added.
They urged any other victims to "contact the authorities".
The band described Watkins as a "difficult character" and said personal relationships with him had deteriorated in recent years "to a point that working together was a constant, miserable challenge".
Despite this, the band members said they "never imagined him capable of behaviour of the type he has now admitted".
"We are heartbroken, angry, and disgusted at what has been revealed.
"This is something that will haunt us for the rest of our lives."
Watkins admitted two counts of attempted rape and 12 other offences - including sexual assault and taking, making and distributing indecent images of children - as his trial was due to start at Cardiff Crown Court alongside two women.
The court was told the two women sexually abused their own children and made them available to Watkins for him to abuse.
Woman A admitted the attempted rape of a baby after denying rape and two charges of sexual assault, as well as taking and distributing an indecent photograph of a child.
Woman B pleaded guilty to conspiring to rape a child, three sexual assault charges and four charges of taking, possessing or distributing indecent images.
The evidence against Watkins came from computers, laptops and mobile phones with some recovered from "cloud" storage.
The court heard that he had filmed and kept the episodes of abuse which took place in various hotels in London and south Wales.
His former band mates said they hoped that Watkins would "truly take responsibility for what he's done".
The band was founded in Pontypridd in 1997 and has sold about 3.5 million albums worldwide.
Their music received heavy airplay on mainstream radio stations and they were a staple festival act at the likes of Reading and Leeds.
Meanwhile, a watchdog is investigating South Yorkshire Police's handling of complaints about Watkins.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) is investigating the force's handling of a complaint made against Watkins in 2012.
The watchdog has already opened an investigation into whether South Wales Police failed to act quickly enough.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Douglas Slade, 75, an early member of the Paedophile Information Exchange, abused five boys between 1965 and 1980.
Slade was arrested in the Philippines in 2015 and deported to the UK accused of 13 counts of child abuse and rape.
He had denied all charges, over which the judge said he was "wholly unrepentant", but a jury convicted him at Bristol Crown Court.
The man who ran a paedophile hotline from home
Judge Euan Ambrose also told Slade: "Your past has caught up with you."
He added the abuse had had a "profound effect" on Slade's victims, "throughout their adult lives".
As the defendant was being taken to the cells a man claiming to be one of his victims in the 1970s, stood up in the public gallery, shouted his name and held up a sign before being ushered out.
The sign said: "The Filipino children you abused for years have no voice. I have no voice for the harm you did to me. Rot in jail Slade".
Another abuser, Christopher Skeaping, 72, formerly of Hounslow, London, was found guilty of one charge of indecent assault dating back to 1980. He will be sentenced at a later date.
Slade's history of paedophilia was exposed in the Sunday People, when an article in 1975 named him as one of the "vilest men in Britain".
Avon and Somerset Police said Slade, formerly of Sea Mills and Totterdown in Bristol, "was one of the main instigators" of the notorious exchange.
The group campaigned to legalise sex with children, and Slade ran a helpline for paedophiles from his parents' home.
A police spokesman said the force is investigating other lines of enquiry in relation to Slade's activities, and believes there are likely to be further victims.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Party leaders have been warned not to interfere in an independent ruling on MPs' pay, due next week.

Parliament's expenses watchdog is expected to recommend a rise from Â£66,000 to more than Â£70,000 in 2015.
David Cameron has said such a rise would be "unthinkable" and Nick Clegg said he would not take one.
But Ipsa boss Sir Ian Kennedy said there was "no opting in or out" and political leaders should accept "you do not tell the regulator what to do".
He said putting off "hard decisions" on MPs' pay was what caused the 2009 expenses scandal - which led to Ipsa's creation. He said he wanted to remind "everyone, including leading politicians, that Ipsa was created by Parliament to effect a clean break with the past".
Sir Ian did not say what Ipsa (the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority) would recommend, but confirmed its proposals would be published next Thursday.
"Of course, this is not a good time to be talking about the pay element of the package, save to notice that in the public sector pay increases are limited to 1% a year," he said.
"But given that there has never been a good time, this is as good a time as ever.
"Moreover, we know what happens when the element of pay is pushed aside as being simply too hard - the nods and winks school of public financing emerges, and ultimately we end up with circumstances like 2009.
"No-one wanted the system that brought Parliament to its knees in 2009 to come into being, but it was the inevitable result of hard decisions deferred."
Sir Ian also said Ipsa was "impressed" with a suggestion that, once set, pay should rise or fall in line with "the fortunes of those they represent" - national average earnings.
News broke earlier in the week that Ipsa was likely to recommend a big pay hike for MPs, at a time of pay freezes in the public sector and a general squeeze on living standards.
The prime minister said any rise for MPs "would be unthinkable unless the cost of politics was frozen" . His Lib Dem deputy Mr Clegg said he would not take a big pay rise, even if one were recommended, as people struggling with rising costs and pay freezes would find it "impossible to understand".
But many backbenchers, on lower salaries than ministers, have long believed they are underpaid compared with other professions and their pay has been held down for political reasons for years.
A Downing Street spokesman said: "The prime minister set out his position at the weekend and that position hasn't changed. Ipsa is independent. They are due to report shortly on the issue.
"We have submitted our views. Our views very much are around the importance of restraint, the importance of recognising the overarching financial climate, taking account of what we have done already around pay and pensions in the public sector."
Mr Clegg told BBC Radio 2's Jeremy Vine show he was against a rise but would not try to block it: "This is an independent decision. We took it out of the hands of MPs. I think that's absolutely a principle which must be maintained."
MPs used to vote on their own pay but from 2008, recommended pay rises were made by the Senior Salaries Review Body which were supposed to take place automatically.
However its recommendation for a 1% rise in 2011-12 was voted down by MPs, at the instigation of the government, because of a two-year pay freeze imposed on the public sector. In May 2011, powers to set and administer MPs' salaries passed to Ipsa.
MPs and members of the public will be able to take part in a consultation before Ipsa publishes its final plans - expected in the autumn - which would then come into force without the need for further legislation.

Patrick Mercer said he was "ashamed" and had decided to "fess up" by standing down straightaway.
This will trigger a by-election in his Newark constituency in Nottinghamshire, which he has represented since 2001.
The UKIP leader Nigel Farage has said he will decide in the next 24 hours whether to stand in the by-election.
By Vicki YoungPolitical correspondent, BBC News
A story about a former Conservative MP resigning in disgrace from the House of Commons, has almost immediately become one about UKIP.
The prospect of its leader Nigel Farage contesting a high-profile Westminster by-election will cause alarm in Tory ranks.
With opinion polls suggesting UKIP could come top in the European elections, Mr Farage will want to keep the momentum going.
Last time round the party's support collapsed between Euro elections and the general election.
It would be a very tall order for UKIP to overthrow the Tories in Newark. With a majority of more than 16,000, Patrick Mercer got more votes than all the other candidates put together.
But historically by-elections have produced huge electoral swings and anything is possible.
UKIP came from nowhere in the Eastleigh by-election in 2013 to take second place.
Winning a Westminster seat is the big prize.
The UKIP leader has reservations because he has no local connections with Newark, but he says a victory would completely transform his party's prospects.
But those salivating at the prospect of a Nigel vs Boris contest look set to be disappointed.
The Conservatives very quickly announced that Robert Jenrick had been selected as their candidate some time ago and he would be contesting the seat.
Mr Mercer was filmed by undercover reporters from the BBC's Panorama last year apparently agreeing to set up a parliamentary group to push for Fiji to return to the Commonwealth.
The MP had already said he would not contest the general election next year and had been serving as an independent since May 2013.
In a short statement, the former soldier said he would not contest the findings of a report into his conduct, to be published on Thursday, which will call for him to be barred from Parliament for six months.
He said he was resigning with "a great heaviness of heart" for the sake of his family and he hoped that his constituents would "tolerate" him in the future.
"I am an ex-soldier, I believe that when you have got something wrong, you have got to 'fess up and get on with it," he said.
"No point shilly-shallying or trying to avoid it. What has happened, has happened. I am ashamed of it. Therefore I am going to do what I can to put it right for the constituency of Newark."
The MP, a prominent critic of David Cameron who was sacked as a shadow minister in 2007, said that he hoped that his successor as MP for the constituency would be a Conservative.
BBC deputy political editor James Landale said a by-election would be a "huge headache" for the Conservatives, who have already chosen 32-year old Robert Jenrick, a lawyer and director of auction house Christie's, to fight the seat.
Although the Conservatives have a majority of 16,000 in Newark, the seat would be a prime target for UKIP at a time when it is soaring in the polls, he added.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage has said he will decide on Wednesday whether to stand in the by-election, the date of which will be decided in the coming days.
He told the BBC that he was "tempted" to stand as winning a single seat in Westminster would "completely transform" the party's prospects, but had to consider whether it was the right opportunity.
Under parliamentary rules, a by-election cannot be held before the date of the European Parliament elections on 22 May, thus removing one potential obstacle to Mr Farage - who is seeking re-election as an MEP - putting his name forward.
Labour, which held Newark between 1997 and 2001, has already selected Michael Payne as its candidate.
The standards committee of MPs met on Tuesday to discuss Mr Mercer's case and its decision was reported by The Week magazine on Tuesday afternoon. A Westminster source has confirmed to the BBC that the report of a six-month sanction is correct.
Mr Mercer resigned the Tory whip last year after a report by BBC's Panorama claimed that he broke Parliament's lobbying rules by accepting Â£4,000 to lobby for business interests in Fiji.
BBC One's Panorama alleged that he had submitted five parliamentary questions in relation to his paid work as a lobbyist for a fake company that the programme had set up, in conjunction with the Daily Telegraph.
Parliamentary rules prohibit MPs from accepting money "to ask a parliamentary question, table a motion, introduce a bill, table an amendment to a motion or a bill, or urge colleagues or ministers to do so".
At the time, Mr Mercer said he took the money for consultancy work outside Parliament but referred himself to Parliament's standards watchdog.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A thief stole thousands of pounds worth of prize-winning cheese from an agricultural show.

Eleven blocks of Cheddar, each weighing about 20kg, were taken from the Yeovil Show at the weekend.
A Â£500 reward has been offered by one cheesemaker for the safe return of his two winning cheeses.
Show organisers said the most valuable cheese stolen was mysteriously returned to the site on Tuesday.
Event director Sam Mackenzie-Green said her team was "shocked" to discover two separate thefts during Saturday night and Sunday afternoon.
She said "nothing like this has ever happened before" but added they had a "strong lead" as to who the culprit may be.
"It's such a mean thing to do," she added.
"It's a great disappointment and next year we will absolutely improve security by moving the cheeses to a secure unit overnight."
Richard Clothier from Somerset-based Wyke Farms saw his champion and reserve champion blocks, or truckles, stolen overnight on Saturday.
He said it "beggars belief" the two blocks, which each weighed the same as a bag of cement, could have been stolen. He has offered a Â£500 reward for their safe return.
"One of my ancestors had his cheese stolen in 1879, but it has not happened to me and I've certainly never heard of thefts like this from a show," he said.
"It's such a shame for the team to lose the cheese and the certificate to reward their work."
Avon and Somerset police confirmed they were investigating the theft and inquiries were "ongoing".
The Yeovil Show began in the 19th century. It closed in the 1960s but was revived last year.
The show attracted 23,000 visitors over Saturday and Sunday with the prize Cheddar marquee one of the key attractions.

But the event's secretary Sarah Comish said that may have been the case due to the vast majority timing their visit to avoid the dreadful weather on Sunday.
She said: "We experienced two extremes but Saturday was the busiest we have ever seen our show field."
Only about 100 visitors braved the driving rain on Sunday.
A ewe owned by the Kermode family from Orrisdale was crowned Supreme Champion.
The sheep was chosen ahead of hundreds of animals from all over the Isle of Man.
The two-day celebration of Manx agriculture was held at Great Meadow and saw the unveiling of a 10ft (3m) high sculpture of a bull crowned "supreme champion" during last year's centenary event.
Artist Darren Jackson's design, chosen by the public, is made from assorted "farming treasure".
As well as classes for traditional livestock, the weekend included local food and craft stalls, vintage machinery, children's entertainment and dog shows.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A teenager who admitted painting racist graffiti at a school after a student's death has been detained for two years.

Erick Maina, 15, who was originally from Kenya, was found hanged in Fazakerley, Liverpool, on 15 November.
James Coleman, 18, of Buckfast Close, Netherton, was sentenced at Liverpool Crown Court after previously admitting racially aggravated criminal damage.
A 17-year-old boy, who had admitted the same offence, was last week given a 10-month detention order.
Comments about Erick and a swastika were found near Maricourt School in Maghull and in a nearby park.
CCTV at the school captured Coleman and the 17-year-old, who cannot be named because of his age, at the scene.
They were also seen buying white paint and a paint brush at a local supermarket.
When police found paint-stained items of clothing at the teenager's home, he and Coleman were arrested.

Michael Coe, 35, saw the two 16-year-olds hugging in east London and demanded to know if they were Muslims.
Southwark Crown Court heard the Muslim convert then called the girl a "whore", before throwing the boy to the ground.
Coe, who left the boy unconscious and bleeding after he kicked his head, was found guilty of assault and battery.
The married father-of-two had previously admitted "shoving" the boy, who is half his size, but said he was acting in self defence.
The attack happened on 15 April as Coe was driving along Wilson Road in Newham.
The court heard that passing schoolteacher Boutho Siwela tried to come to the teenager's aid, but Coe then attacked him as well.
Judge Michael Gledhill described Coe as a danger to the public and said he would face a "substantial" term of imprisonment when he is sentenced on 21 September.
The court heard that Coe was convicted of a similar offence in May 2013 when he confronted teenagers about their "inappropriate language".
He also has a long record of violent offences starting when he was 16, including assaults, burglary, robbery and violent disorder.
While serving an eight-year term in 2007 for firing a shotgun at police during an arrest, he was radicalised in prison by Al-Qaeda terrorist Dhiren Barot.
Coe, since known as Mikaeel Ibrahim, became a close associate of Choudary when he joined the banned organisation Al-Muhajiroun.
In November 2014, he was jailed for 15 months after being found in a lorry with false ID documents in Dover, Kent.
Coe was accused of plotting to travel to Syria to join IS but was acquitted of engaging in conduct in preparation of terrorist acts.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Factory activity in the world's second largest economy, China, held steady in April, coming in slightly above market expectations.

The official manufacturing purchasing managers' index (PMI) was at 50.1 in April, the same level as in March and above expectations of a reading of 50.
It was above the crucial 50 mark again, which separates growth from contraction in the industry.
Manufacturing activity had contracted in the first two months of the year.
China's growth slowed to the weakest in 24 years last year.
Growth in the Asian giant is expected to continue to ease with policymakers setting a target of about 7% for this year - which would mark its weakest expansion in a quarter of a century.
China's manufacturing sector, which has been heralded as the factory of the world, has struggled to gain momentum with overcapacity in production as new orders shrink.
In the services sector, the PMI came in at 53.4 for April, down from 53.7 in March - showing the effect of the cooling economy.
The country's central bank has made a series of unexpected moves to stimulate the economy and boost activity since last year November.
The latest move happened last month, when it cut its bank reserve requirement ratio by one percentage point to allow banks to lend out more money.

Official numbers showed industrial production increased by 3.3% from a month earlier, marking the the biggest monthly increase since late 2014.
In January, the export dependent nation saw production fall by 2.1%.
South Korea's economy has been hurt in recent times by softer demand from China, one of its most important trading partners.
However, the latest data beat expectations, which were for a fall in output of 0.2% in February
For all industries, including mining, gas and the electricity sector, output grew 2.4% in February from a year earlier.
Following a raft of disappointing economic data, South Korea's government unveiled new stimulus measures in February designed to help boost exports and domestic demand.
South Korea, which is Asia's fourth largest economy, saw its economy expand by 3.1% in the three months to December compared to a year earlier.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: "Old boys' networks" are stopping women from getting into the boardroom in the UK's top companies, according to the equalities watchdog.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Nearly a third of the UK's biggest companies largely rely on personal networks to identify new board members, the study by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) found.
Most roles are not advertised, it said.
"Our top boards still remain blatantly male and white," said EHRC commissioner Laura Carstensen.
The study, which looked at appointment practices in the UK's largest 350 listed firms, which make up the FTSE 100 and FTSE 250, found more than 60% had not met a voluntary target of 25% female board members.
In fact in 2012-13 and 2013-14, the period of the study, fewer than half of companies increased their female board representation.
The EHRC said the problem was particularly acute for executive roles, where nearly three quarters of FTSE 100 companies and 90% of FTSE 250 companies had no female executives at all on their boards during the time covered by the study.
The research comes just months after a report found there were no longer any all male boards in the UK's FTSE 100 companies.
But the EHRC said the "headline progress" of Britain's biggest companies was "masking the reality".
"The good work of a forward thinking minority masks that many top businesses are still only paying lip service to improving the representation of women on boards.
"The recruitment process to the boards of Britain's top companies remains shadowy and opaque and is acting as a barrier to unleashing female talent," added Ms Carstensen.
The EHRC said too few companies were setting targets or encouraging applications from women with job descriptions and were relying on vague terms such as "chemistry" and "fit" rather than clearly defined skills and experience.
On Tuesday a government-commissioned review, led by Virgin Money's chief executive, Jayne-Anne Gadhia recommended that financial services companies link parts of executive remuneration packages to gender balance targets.
It also suggested that companies set internal targets for gender diversity in their senior ranks and publish progress reports.

Lord Davies, the former trade minister, said women now accounted for 23.5% of FTSE 100 board members, up from 12.5% in 2011.
The increase means that companies are on track to meet his 25% target for 2015.
"The voluntary approach is working - boards are getting fixed," he said.
The government report found that there were now 263 female directors in FTSE 100 companies, meaning a further 17 women need to be appointed this year to meet the 25% target.
However, the latest statistics showed that smaller companies were less diverse at the top, with women accounting for just 18% of directors on the boards of FTSE 250 firms - although that was a sharp rise from 7.8% in 2011.
"This is a journey of small steps," Denise Wilson from the Lord Davies Women on Board Steering Group told Radio 4's Today programme.
The latest figures show great progress, she said, but agreed that getting women into executive director roles at Britain's biggest companies still posed a challenge.
"We always recognised this was going to be the toughest nut to crack," she said.
An annual benchmarking report by the Cranfield University School of Management, published alongside the government report, said 41 firms in the FTSE 100 and 65 in the FTSE 250 had now met the 25% target.
Drinks firm Diageo and Intercontinental Hotels Group jointly topped the Cranfield ranking, with 45% female representation on their boards.
But Dr Elena Doldor, co-author of the report, said she expected women's representation on boards to stagnate at about 28%.
"There are still not enough women on executive committees or in the executive pipeline. Introducing aspirational and measurable targets for women at all levels is the only way to achieve real progress," she added.
The Cranfield report also compared the UK's progress to the rest of the world over the past decade, saying Britain's progress meant it ranked fifth globally.
CBI deputy-director general Katja Hall said the statistics showed the voluntary approach to increasing diversity in business was working.
"To keep up momentum businesses must now continue to work on building the talent pipeline by supporting more women to take on management roles and helping mothers return to work," she added.
Similarly, Lisa Buckingham, senior adviser on diversity at the Institute of Directors, said more needed to be done.
"Company boards, senior executives, employees, the wider public, appointment committees and recruiters, especially, all have a role to play. They have made an impressive start but there is still work to do."


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: The UK government has defended security services against criticism they missed signs which might have helped prevent the murder of a soldier in London.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary:

The security services face a Commons inquiry after it was confirmed the two men arrested over the murder of Drummer Lee Rigby were known to MI5.
But Communities Secretary Eric Pickles said it was impossible to control everyone all the time.
Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale were named as suspects.
Mr Pickles told the BBC: "Peers and MPs will do a thorough investigation in terms of what the security forces knew but I've seen experts on security explaining how difficult it is in a free society to be able to control everyone."
Drummer Rigby, 25, was murdered on a street in Woolwich, south-east London on Wednesday afternoon.
Shortly after the killing, a man, thought to be 28-year-old Mr Adebolajo, was filmed by a passer-by, saying he had carried out the attack because British soldiers killed Muslims every day.
Armed police arrived on the scene 13 minutes after the first 999 call and shot the two suspected attackers, who had made no attempt to flee.
More than 30 people attended a prayer service in Drummer Rigby's hometown of Middleton, Greater Manchester on Friday morning. Residents on the Langley estate where he grew up are being urged to fly union jacks by community activists.
Drummer Rigby had served in Afghanistan, Germany and Cyprus.
The former head of counter terrorism at MI6, Richard Barrett, told the BBC how hard it could be to detect attacks of the type seen in Woolwich - despite the suspects having been known to MI5 for eight years.
"I assume that these people are probably coming out of a small group without, necessarily, any overseas connections or any other broader connections in the United Kingdom which could come to the attention of the security services more than they did," he said.
"When does a person who expresses radical views, who joins a radical group, flip over to be a violent extremist?
"To find the signals, the red flags as it were, I think is enormously hard."
Former Metropolitan Police commissioner, Lord Blair, told BBC radio he hoped the committee investigating how the suspects were monitored "would act fast" to establish what might have gone wrong.
"I think it's important for the public to have somebody say within the limits of legality that either something was mistaken, either decisions were badly taken or they weren't, because I think it's important for the public to know security services and the police are operating properly," he said.
His comments came as video footage, obtained by the Daily Mirror, emerged showing the moment police shot Mr Adebolajo, originally of Romford, east London, and Mr Adebowale, 22, of Greenwich, south-east London.
It shows one of the men charge at police sitting in a patrol car. He drops a knife as he is shot and falls to the ground.
The other man is shown aiming a gun at officers as he runs in a different direction. Police are heard firing eight shots in total at the two men.
Both of the suspects remain under armed guard in separate London hospitals in stable conditions with non-life-threatening injuries.
And police are said to be standing guard outside Mr Adebowale's home in Greenwich, according to BBC correspondent Tom Bateman.
Detectives are also interviewing a man and a woman at a south London police station after they were arrested on Thursday night on suspicion of conspiracy to murder.
The BBC has uncovered its own footage of Mr Adebolajo taking part in an Islamist demonstration in April 2007 against the arrest of a man from Luton, holding a placard reading "Crusade Against Muslims".
He is shown standing next to then-leader of the now banned al-Muhajiroun organisation, Anjem Choudary, who has said Mr Adebolajo went his own way in around 2010.
Mr Choudary appeared on Newsnight on Thursday and said Mr Adebolajo had made comments that "I think not many Muslims can disagree with".
The radical Islamist preacher said he was "shocked" by what had happened. He also said: "One man killed in the street does not equate to the hundreds and thousands and millions, in fact, who've been slaughtered by the British and American foreign policy."
Meanwhile, thousands of members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community are expected to gather in London to offer prayers for the dead soldier and his family and to "express solidarity against extremism".
National president Rafiq Hayat said: "We hope that the perpetrators of this crime, that is based on a twisted and warped ideology, are brought to justice."
On Thursday, Drummer Rigby's family paid tribute to "a loving son, husband, father, brother, and uncle, and a friend to many".
They said in a statement that Drummer Rigby, who had a two-year-old son, "would do anything for anybody - he always looked after his sisters and always protected them".

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

"Enough is enough", she said, warning that a blind eye was being turned to extremism in too much of the country, reports The Herald.
The papers says the prime minister demanded a global effort to regulate the internet and deny Islamist extremists a "safe space".
The speech signalled a "radical shake-up of the war on terror", according to the Scottish Daily Express.
It also claims to have an exclusive picture of the three men thought to be responsible for the attack - one of them wearing an Arsenal shirt.
The Scottish Daily Mail says the security services are "facing difficult questions" over how at least one of the terrorists "slipped through the intelligence net".
"United and defiant" is the headline on front of The Scotsman, which reports that Ms May made a "robust attack" on the ideology of Islamist extremism in her speech outside 10 Downing Street.
The Courier reports that the so-called Islamic State has claimed responsibility for the attack.
A one word headline - "Defiant" - leads the front page of The i. It reports that the general election will go ahead, despite the fact that seven people died and 48 were wounded in the attack on Saturday night.
The Scottish edition of the Daily Telegraph reports that counter terrorism officers last month secretly recorded an alleged terror cell discussing how to use You Tube to plot a van and knife attack in London.
The Daily Star describes the revellers who tried to fend off the terrorists and the police who responded to the incident as "heroes" who saved dozens of lives.
The Scottish Sun says one of the men thought to be responsible for the attack was a "home-grown jihadi" who wore an Arsenal shirt. It reports that he was an ex-London Underground and KFC worker who had been radicalised over the last year.
In a special wraparound front page, The Daily Record features the Manchester One Love concert on its front, and the latest on the London terror attack on the back.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: A rogue letting agent has refused to return a deposit following a series of complaints about his conduct.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Jermaine McCalla, of Suremove Bristol, took a Â£375 holding fee from an undercover actor posing as someone looking for a flat.
He was filmed saying it covered taking the property off the market, checking references and other services.
A day later the actor decided not to go ahead as part of the BBC investigation, but was refused his money back.
Mr McCalla told him all agency fees and holding deposits were non-refundable, despite not carrying out most of the work he said it was for.
A spokesperson for The Property Redress Scheme said he had broken the code of practice in doing this and should give most of the deposit back.
Ombudsman Sean Hooker told BBC Inside Out West: "The agent should have produced a holding deposit agreement which sets out what the holding deposit would be used for and the circumstances when this would or wouldn't be refunded.
"This document should have been explained to the prospective tenant and they should then be asked to sign it if they are in agreement."
He added that the agent would be obliged to produce evidence showing what work was completed before a refund was requested.
Inside Out West heard from a tenant who said Mr McCalla failed to mandatorily register a deposit with the government's deposit protection scheme.
The programme also found an example of money that Mr McCalla had charged for unexplained services.
Mike Sergison and Eadie McCarthy were left with no alternative but to pay an extra Â£940 to Mr McCalla on the day they were due to move into a property he had secured for them.
The couple said they had already paid him holding and security deposits and one month's rent in advance, when Mr McCalla asked for the further amount to cover "agency fees".
They said they reluctantly paid the money to avoid being made homeless.
Ms McCarthy said: "We still haven't received a receipt of what this money was for or where it has gone."
Proceedings to wind up Suremove Bristol were lodged in December.
Mr McCalla has not responded to correspondence sent to him by the BBC regarding the matter.
Inside Out is broadcast on BBC One West at 19:30 GMT on Monday 7 March.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Only 5% of scams are reported, owing to victims' embarrassment and innocence, according to the Local Government Association (LGA).
But it pointed to the conviction of rogue lettings agent Martin Marcus as evidence of a fightback.
Victims of Marcus have told the BBC of sleepless nights after being defrauded.
Teacher Hannah Casey, 27, lost hundreds of pounds after paying a deposit with a friend for two rooms in a three-bedroom flat, only to discover seven people were already living in the property.
She confronted Marcus and, in a conversation that she recorded, he promised "on his children's life" that he would return the money. She has never received it.
"I was devastated. I could not sleep and feel sick," Miss Casey said.
"He was preying on people who he thought were vulnerable, like us - two young women. But we work too hard for someone to take money like that and steal it."
Following a four-year investigation by Barnet Council Trading Standards, Marcus, 52, of Ashfield Avenue, in Bushey, was jailed for four and a half years after admitting five counts of fraud at Harrow Crown Court. Confiscation proceedings, attempting to retrieve some of the victims' lost money, have begun.
The LGA estimates that £9.7bn is lost to UK residents through fraud each year. More than five million people were victims last year, but only 5% of cases are estimated to have been reported.
Cases have included a bogus faith healer who was jailed after defrauding women with a story about using their fees to pay for potions and to sacrifice crocodiles. Another rogue trader was jailed after targeting churches, schools and charities in a car park line-painting scam.
"Trading Standards teams see at first hand the devastation but victims should not suffer in silence or feel embarrassed," said the LGA's Simon Blackburn.
"By reporting a scam, people can help someone else avoid being a victim."
Victims have often spoken about the difficulty of getting the authorities to take on their case, and Hannah Casey said she struggled for assistance in her dispute until she contacted her local MP.
Miss Casey, a music teacher, was among tenants and landlords who were scammed out of a total of £220,000 in rents and deposits by Marcus, according to Barnet Council.
She and a friend responded to an advert on an internet portal offering two rooms in a flat. They were shown around by an agent, agreed to move in, paid an £800 deposit and £150 administration fee, and handed in their notice with their landlord at that time.
Alarm bells started to ring when Miss Casey discovered that the money had not been placed in a deposit protection scheme.
Worse was to come when they decided to go back to the flat without the agent.
"We decided to meet our new housemate, knocked on the door and explained that we were moving in," she said.
"From behind the door they said, 'No, you won't.' There were two couples living in one room saying they had been scammed too."
Only after she had paid did she read warnings about Marcus on internet message boards. "When I Googled him, I nearly had a heart attack," she said.
During numerous attempts to have her deposit returned, she confronted Marcus who arrived "tipsy" at his office, and at one stage she was given a cheque which bounced.
Eventually she returned to the agency office only to find it was shut, with a bailiff's notice on the window.
A court heard that Marcus was responsible for "an elaborate con trick" that included offering properties to tenants that he had no right to let out, and using a variety of methods and excuses for holding on to thousands of pounds in deposits and rent.
At one stage he even tried to let out the house he, himself, was in the process of being evicted from, having not paid the rent.
Landlords and tenants were told that their money was held in ringfenced clients' accounts, but investigators discovered payments from these accounts were made to Marcus's son, to an airline and a gym, and withdrawals were made at cash machines in Spain.
Over the course of six years, Marcus used aliases including Jeffrey Lewis, Martin Champ and Robert Martin, as well as a number of company names including JMG Residential Ltd, Interlocate, Corporate Relocation, and Churchill Residential.
He was in financial trouble himself. Analysis of bank accounts showed that he had taken out numerous payday loans, and victims such as Miss Casey are concerned that little will come in terms of refunds or compensation.
Doreen Wright, of Sevenoaks in Kent, was among the landlords who lost money to Marcus. She had agreed to use the agent for a property she was letting out in north London.
Having been promised that a corporate client had been found, a young couple emerged as the tenants and Mrs Wright told the BBC News website that she never saw the initial three months of rent that they had paid.
"It was harrowing and very worrying," she said of the whole experience.
"The upshot is that I will never trust my own judgement now."
Barnet Trading Standards said that it received a high level of complaints about lettings agents. Figures from Action Fraud show that reports of rental fraud in England and Wales rose from 2,216 in 2014 to 3,193 last year.
Problems are particularly acute in London, where there is significant demand from potential tenants. Cases have included ghost-brokers, as revealed by a BBC investigation earlier this year, who try to rent out properties that they have no access to.
The trade body for lettings agents believes "frequent" reports of fraud mean there should be a compulsory accreditation scheme for agents.
David Cox, managing director of the Association of Residential Lettings Agents (Arla), said his association had lobbied for rules that required agents to have professional qualifications.
"Solicitors, accountants and doctors must all have qualifications so why not lettings agents? It is not acceptable in the modern world," he said.
Agents held £2.7bn of tenants' and landlords' money in rents and deposits at any one time, he said. This money, Arla argues, should be protected under a compulsory scheme but, at present, Arla members and members of other trade bodies are signed up to such protection on a voluntary basis, for which they pay a levy.
The government is not planning to introduce such a scheme, which would see money refunded to customers were an agent to go bust or fail to pass on payments.
However, discussions with professional and consumer groups lobbying for its introduction are expected to start in a few weeks.
Where can I afford to live?


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Castleford Tigers have given half-back Rangi Chase a new deal for 2017, with the option of a further year.

Chase, 30, returned to Wheldon Road in July after spells at Salford and Leigh, and scored one try in seven games.
His first stint between 2009 and 2013 was hugely successful, and he won the 2011 Man of Steel award as well as winning eight England caps.
"It's good to come back to a group that is capable of winning something in the next two years," Chase said.
"We have a strong group of players and the club has turned around a lot from when I was last here."
Cas offered Chase a return to rugby league about two months out after he opted to leave Leigh, citing depression as one of the reasons.
The New Zealand-born stand-off can now be part of a full pre-season with the Tigers when they return to training on 7 November.
"He has fitted back into the club well and there is so much more to come from him," head coach Daryl Powell said.
"He has been out of the game for a while so his fitness levels need a pre-season but he has shown in his brief time back that there is still the talent and ability there."

The 24-year-old France international joined Warriors from Catalans on a one-year deal at the start of the season and has impressed in his 10 games.
"I am really happy here at Wigan and feel at home," he said.
"I'm enjoying my rugby too and am happy with the way I am playing. It's great to have this new contract agreed and I am excited for the future."
His new contract also includes a one-year option to extend the deal at the end of 2020.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The future of a 10-turbine wind farm in Lincolnshire will be determined by the Communities Secretary Eric Pickles.

An application by RWE Npower Renewables for the 415ft (126m) turbines at Hemswell Cliff, near Gainsborough, was rejected last October by the council.
The Planning Inspectorate was due to deal with an appeal by RWE, but Mr Pickles will now have the final word.
West Lindsey District Council said it had voted unanimously to reject the plans due the impact on the landscape.
Campaigning against the proposal, Villages of the Cliff Against Turbines previously said the development would "ruin the countryside".
The groups claims about 5,000 "genuine letters of objection" have been sent opposing the development.
Gainsborough MP Edward Leigh said it was a victory for the campaigners.
"With the decision in Eric's hands, I am very confident we will have a result which reflects the very strong opposition this proposal has faced," he said.
"West Lindsey was completely right in refusing the application, and Eric Pickles has been vocal in backing up local decision-making."
The wind farm could power 11,600 homes, according to the energy firm.

A motion objecting to moves to frack a well at Kirby Misperton was agreed by Ryedale District Council.
A public consultation is under way on the application by Third Energy.
The district council's position forms part of the consultation process - but the final decision will be made by North Yorkshire County Council.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: The European Commission president has said he agrees with the Irish government that Brexit should not bring back a "hard" Northern Ireland border.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Examples:

"['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'He passed away peacefully in hospital on Tuesday after a short illness.\nBorn in Tourmakeady, County Mayo, he worked as a teacher before securing a part in the premiere of the Brian Friel play Translations in 1980.\nLally became a household name in Ireland for his role as Miley Byrne in the RTE soap opera Glenroe and later starred in the BBC series Ballykissangel.\nHe also appeared in the Hollywood movie Alexander and provided the voice for the Oscar-nominated, animated Irish film, The Secret of Kells.\nAs a fluent Irish speaker and advocate of the language, Lally had roles in several Irish language films.\nHe is survived by his wife Peggy and their children Saileog, Darach and Maghnus.']" == "['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', "One of Ireland's best known actors, Mick Lally, has died at the age of 64."]"

"We don't want to have hard borders between Northern Ireland and the Republic," said Jean-Claude Juncker.
He was speaking after talks in Brussels with Irish Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Enda Kenny. The UK is expected to trigger the Brexit process next month.
Border controls were removed under the 1998 Good Friday peace deal.
But once the UK leaves the EU, the border - heavily policed during the Troubles in Northern Ireland - will become one of the EU's external borders.
Last June a majority of voters in Northern Ireland and Scotland voted to remain in the EU, but the UK Leave campaign won overall because so many in England backed Brexit.
"We want to have the Good Friday agreement not being put under risks, and we want land borders being as open as possible," Mr Juncker said.
A veteran European Commission politician, France's Michel Barnier, will be the EU's chief negotiator on Brexit, and he attended the Juncker-Kenny talks on Thursday.
The Commission and Irish government "will work closely together during the whole process of the Brexit negotiations," Mr Juncker said.
Mr Kenny said Dublin was very concerned by the implications of Brexit and wanted "the closest possible relationship between the UK and the EU".
"There should not be a return to a hard border and there won't be," AFP news agency quoted him as saying.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

A couple of weeks after using the Royal Prerogative to appoint a new press secretary, was it really the executive's considered media strategy to reveal important correspondence from Downing Street live on Radio Ulster's Nolan Show?
And only in the event that an SDLP MLA happened to ask a DUP MP whether the letter from the Prime Minister had arrived?
Surely if this was the plan, Stormont Castle could have saved themselves a lot of expense by appointing East Belfast MP Gavin Robinson as its press secretary?
The first minister brushed the complaints of opposition MLAs aside, insisting that the prime minister's letter had been published in the assembly library at the same time as it was released to the media.
A couple of hours after Arlene Foster spoke, the assembly library finally tweeted the prime minister's comments.
So much for the "inside the Stormont beltway" focus on how the letter was published.
Its contents appears, in the main, a restatement of UK government policy. The mantra of "no return to borders of the past" is now getting to sound very tired.
But, some Stormont sources pointed to the emphasis on the continued free movement of people and goods across the island of Ireland as worth noting.
Free movement of goods? Is that in the sense that lorries will be free to drive north and south unhindered or an indication that those goods will be free from customs tariffs? If the latter, then how would this equate with the UK potentially withdrawing from the European Single Market?
Certainly the hard Brexiteers aren't happy with the prime minister's letter.
The TUV said any arrangements that "retains free movement of labour and goods only for Northern Ireland should be unacceptable to any unionist, because the practical effect would be to push the border back to the Irish Sea".
"Free movement of goods" the TUV argued "can only be secured for the whole UK, or not at all".
Equally, UKIP described Mrs May's letter as very worrying, claiming it "appears to be a capitulation to letting unlimited border crossing into the United Kingdom from anywhere - via the Irish Republic".
"We must press for clarification on Mrs May throwing open a porous border," the party added.
Coming just a day after MLAs rejected "special status" for Northern Ireland within the EU, the Downing Street letter underlines the fact that - when it comes to the UK's departure from the EU - everything is still extremely tentative.
In England, car manufacturers and city traders are pressing their special cases for exemptions from the worst repercussions of a hard Brexit.
In Northern Ireland, food processors and cross-border businesses need to make their voices heard.
Both London and Dublin may want as little as possible to change on the island of Ireland after Brexit.
But, Theresa May and Enda Kenny will have to persuade other EU leaders of the merits of this approach and how it can be squared with fundamental changes in the UK's relationship with the rest of the EU.
Both leaders may get an opportunity to sketch out their thoughts at a Brussels summit they are due to attend later this week.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story:

Question: Highland councillors are to consider ideas designed to improve the approaches to Inverness by road.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Local authority officers have suggested running demonstration projects to show how people's first encounter with the city could be made better.
The ideas include a "gateway structure" - a standing stone-like monument - at Clachnaharry.
Telford Roundabout and the central reservation of the A82 at the Longman could be also be planted with shrubs.
Members of Highland Council's city of Inverness area committee will be asked to give these projects the go-ahead at a meeting next week.

Planning permission has been sought for a new justice centre which would move criminal and civil courts business out of historic Inverness Castle.
Go-ahead for a new railway station at Dalcross near Inverness Airport has also been sought.
Councillors will also consider notification of a proposal for a new prison in Inverness.
The Scottish Prison Service has submitted a document to inform Highland Council that it is preparing a planning application for the new HMP Highland on a site next to Inverness Retail Park on the A96.
Full planning permission has been sought for the Inverness Justice Centre.
It is to be developed on the site of a former bus depot between Longman Road and Burnett Road to the north of Burnett Road Police Station.
The new centre would allow the courts service to move out of Inverness Castle, clearing the way for the 18th Century building to be turned into a tourist attraction.
The Scottish government is to fund the construction of the new two-storey justice centre.
Building a station at Dalcross, near Inverness Airport, has been a long-standing aspiration of Hitrans, which promotes improvements to public transport in the Highlands.
Hitrans has applied for full planning permission for the new station on the Inverness to Aberdeen line, as well as a 150-space car park, access for buses and taxis, a bike stand and electric-vehicle charging point.
Meanwhile, Eastgate Unit Trust has sought permission to add a single storey, glazed extension to a C Listed historic building which houses a restaurant in Inverness' Falcon Square.
All the proposals are to be considered by Highland Council's south planning applications committee on Tuesday.