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Question: The year 2015 has been a make-or-break for Pakistan - and no question has been bigger than whether to talk to militants or crush them.

The determining event that led to a dramatic change of policy by both the military and the civilian government was the 16 December 2014 attack on an army public school in Peshawar that left 150 people dead - mostly children and female teachers.
The public and the army demanded retribution and emergency measures were taken after the Pakistani Taliban based in Afghanistan claimed to have carried out the attack.
Here are some of the far-reaching consequences for the country and ways in which it has changed.
An all-parties conference held by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in Peshawar swiftly agreed to a 20-point National Action Plan that would combat and eliminate the threat of terrorism.
The army had in June 2014 already launched a military campaign to clear North Waziristan of the Taliban. It has since stepped up its offensive, targeting other areas such as the Khyber and Kurram tribal agencies in the border regions.
The military aspects of this plan have been implemented by the army in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province in particular.
But there has been a chronic lack of will shown by the civilian government over implementing the social and political aspects of the plan - in areas such as madrassa reform, containing the spread of extremism through social media, improving education and, most important of all, building the promised National Counter Terrorism Authority (Nacta) that was established in 2009, but has remained dormant ever since.
The Nacta Act passed by parliament in 2013 would have bought all intelligence agencies onto a common platform but was never implemented.
There is clearly a lack of government capacity in Islamabad to take on all the onerous parts of the plan.
Instead of encouraging and helping civilians to build capacity, the army's response has been to take on more and more tasks itself - which is becoming untenable as it is over-stretched.
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Major militant attacks have been reduced from dozens every month in 2014 to no more than one or two a month this year. Clearly, the army offensive in the tribal regions which resulted in insurgents being killed or escaping to Afghanistan has had a major positive effect.
In Karachi the clean-up of militants, political party-based militias and extortion gangs has also been positive with citizens reporting the first peace in the city for many years.
Sectarian attacks on the minority Shia population were also reduced after the 29 July "encounter" killing by the police in Punjab of Malik Ishaq, the leader of the anti-Shia Lashkar-e-Jhangvi group and his two sons.
Ishaq was on a US list of global "terrorists". However, minorities such as Shias, Ahmedis and non-Muslims like Christians continue to be attacked with impunity.
Nevertheless, the army offensives have so far been selective - aiming at Balochistan where separatist rebels have been attacked and also a political peace offensive launched; KP province and tribal regions where the Pakistani Taliban have been targeted; and Karachi where a variety of ideological groups and mafias have been targeted.
However, apart from the killing of Malik Ishaq, groups in Punjab have been left untouched. These include the largest extremist group in the country, Lashkar-e-Taiba, which has gone through several name changes and now ostensibly carries out charity work.
Up to 70 groups are active in Punjab - many of them directed at India and trying to wrest the Indian part of Kashmir from Delhi's control.
The US and Western nations have expressed growing concern that with the large number of small tactical nuclear weapons now being deployed in Pakistan's nuclear arsenal, the Punjab-based groups which have close links to the military could get their hands on them.
The army has reassured the Americans that all security measures are being taken. It has also loudly hinted that a clean-up in Punjab will take place once other areas are settled.
The European Union and Pakistani human rights groups have been deeply perturbed at the number of executions in Pakistan.
After the Peshawar school attack the seven-year moratorium on executions was lifted and this year more than 300 people have received capital punishment. The vast majority were those not convicted of terrorism.
Pakistan has over 6,000 prisoners awaiting execution - one of the largest number of inmates on death row in the world.
The government's failure to address the long-running failures in an over-crowded legal system has created a dependency on death sentences, often with poor evidence or none at all.
Anti-terrorism military courts were established in 2015, but they remain highly controversial.
A better path would be for the government to improve the legal system and modernise the police. However with some 20-25% of the national budget going on the military, there is little room for more for the police.
Civilian-military tensions remain, but at times are lessened largely due to the government stepping back and accepting demands by the army.
The government has come under criticism for not standing up to the army, but also praised for not seeking a confrontation with it.
However this is a dangerous situation for the future as the army extends its writ not only in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism, but also in the legal system, monitoring and controlling the media, influencing the appointment of key officials as well as determining the country's foreign and security policy.
So the year 2016 also promises to be a make-or-break year.
The civilian government has to address its incapacity in key areas of governance.
For example some 1.2 million internally displaced persons still have to be rehabilitated in KP province and the tribal regions.
This task should be undertaken by the civilians, but the army has already started the process.
An improvement of the legal and police system and the need to build up Nacta by civilians are all of the utmost importance.
The army needs to help civilians build capacity while becoming more transparent and inclusive in foreign policy and in national security decisions it takes.
The civilian side needs to be more assertive in taking decisions and implementing promises.
Pakistan is still not out of the woods as far as terrorism is concerned and the new year will demonstrate whether the leadership has the will to improve the situation.

Pakistan is increasingly finding itself friendless in the region as Iran, Afghanistan and India all find fault with Pakistan's inability to end terrorism on its soil and in particular to bring the Afghan Taliban to the table for peace talks, as Islamabad promised to do nearly two years ago.
The 48-nation NSG, which sets global rules for international trade in nuclear energy technology, has become the latest diplomatic battleground between India and Pakistan. It is due to hold a crucial meeting this month. The Pakistani military is angry that after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's recent trip to Washington, the US has been furiously lobbying all member countries to give India a seat at the NSG table.
Pakistan then asked for the same, but its proliferation record is not as good as India's and it clearly would not succeed. Instead, it has asked China to veto the Indian bid which it is likely to do. However, smaller countries are angry with the US, who they accuse of browbeating them, and complain that neither India nor Pakistan can become members until they sign the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) which is an essential requirement.
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Pariah to friend: Narendra Modi and the US come full circle
President Obama is going against his own policy of nuclear restraint and disarmament by offering to make India - but not Pakistan - a member of the NSG, when the US has also tied up plans to sell India six nuclear power plants.
At the same time the US has shown in several dramatic steps that it is deeply unsatisfied with Pakistan's efforts to stop the Afghan Taliban operating out of Pakistan. Last month it used a drone in Balochistan province to kill Mullah Akthar Mansour, the Taliban leader, which led to Pakistan accusing the US of violating its sovereignty.
The US then publicly accused Pakistan of not doing enough to stop the Taliban and the Haqqani militant group - and in a clear signal of support to the beleaguered Afghan government, President Obama has allowed remaining US forces in Afghanistan to fight alongside Afghan forces.
Finally, during Mr Modi's trip the US publicly condemned those extremist groups operating out of Pakistani Punjab and Kashmir whose activities Islamabad has not stopped. In what was seen as a clear snub and a signal of defiance to the US and India, the military allowed Hafiz Saeed, the leader of Lashkar-e-Taiba who is wanted for the Mumbai bombings in 2008, to lead prayers last Friday in Islamabad.
The military's fear is that it believes the US is withdrawing from South Asia and will leave behind its rival India as the regional policeman - something it cannot tolerate. The military has already accused Iran and Afghanistan of hosting Indian spies which are working to undermine Pakistan and in particular sabotage the One Road One Belt route and transportation network that China has promised to build from the Gulf port of Gwadar to China.
Pakistan's relations with Afghanistan are as bad as they have been for years, and not much better with Iran. After waiting for more than a year Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has now washed his hands of trying to persuade Pakistan to get the Taliban to hold talks with Kabul. His frustration has clearly been supported now by the Americans.
Meanwhile, with sanctions against Iran having ended, civilian politicians and the public were looking forward to the quick building of an Iranian oil and gas pipeline that would give Pakistan desperately needed energy and electricity. However after Islamabad accused Iran of hosting Indians trying to sabotage Pakistan's economy, Iran is now nursing its pride.
China remains Pakistan's closest ally but China, too, is becoming frustrated. It plans to build a $45bn transportation and energy link up to its grand Silk Route project through Central Asia, but it wants the military to use its political influence to first end the Taliban-led war in Afghanistan and the insurgency in Balochistan province.
The chronic state of Pakistan's foreign policy has affected domestic politics. Part of the problem is that there is little input from the civilian government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif or the foreign ministry or parliament into making policy - that has become the domain of the military.
Mr Sharif has wanted to improve ties with India, Iran and the US but he has been unable to do so. Meanwhile, opposition politicians have accused Mr Sharif of surrendering all foreign policy decisions to the military.
The military in turn are deeply frustrated - and here they have considerable public support - that Mr Sharif has not appointed a foreign minister or improved governance. He has not even given up the portfolio for foreign affairs even as he recovers from open heart surgery in London.
The region is changing rapidly and Pakistan needs urgently to address its security and improve relations with its neighbours.


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Question: Ten Indian soldiers are missing after an avalanche struck the Siachen glacier in Indian-administered Kashmir.

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Army spokesman Colonel SD Goswami said army and air force rescue teams helped by dogs were looking for the troops.
The avalanche hit the high-altitude military post on the northern side of the glacier early on Wednesday morning.
Siachen, known as the world's highest battlefield, is patrolled by troops from both India and Pakistan, who dispute the region's sovereignty.
Four Indian soldiers were killed by an avalanche in the same area last month.
More soldiers have died from harsh weather on the glacier than in combat since India seized control of it in 1984, narrowly pipping Pakistan. Soldiers have been deployed at heights of up to 22,000 ft (6,700m) above sea level.
The neighbours have failed to demilitarise the Siachen glacier despite several rounds of peace talks.

The army said earlier it was battling two groups of militants close to the Line of Control dividing the territory.
The fighting comes days after an attack on an Indian army base in Kashmir killed 18 soldiers. India said the attack had been masterminded by Pakistan, which denied the allegations.
Disputed Kashmir is claimed by both India and Pakistan in its entirety.
The Indian army says a militant has been killed in a gunfight with security forces in the far north of
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The escalating tensions between the two nuclear-armed neighbours follow 10 weeks of protests in Indian-administered Kashmir, in which almost 90 people have died in clashes between security forces and protesters. Almost all those who died were civilians.
The BBC's Sanjoy Majumder in Srinagar in Indian-administered Kashmir says long military convoys carrying soldiers and supplies can be seen on the main highway leading to the LoC, the de facto border with Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
Fighter jets were out of their hangers at Sringar airport and looked primed for use our correspondent says.
Pakistan responded by shutting down part of its airspace in its part of Kashmir to civilian flights.
Earlier, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif told the UN General Assembly that India was carrying out an unprecedented arms build-up in the region.
India responded by describing Pakistan as a terrorist state.
The war of words has raised fears of a military confrontation between the two countries.


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Question: The grandmother of a four-year-old boy who received part of his father's liver has said all is going "according to plan" following the operation.

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Harry Maceachen, from Shrewsbury, was born with a rare disease and had the life-saving transplant on Thursday.
His father Simon donated part of his liver after no suitable match was found from the organ donor register.
Grandmother Alison Price, a former theatre sister, said: "The consultants are very happy with their progress."
She said it had been a "very, very difficult 12 months", adding: "The operations were satisfactory. Everything is going on according to plan....the consultants are very happy with their progress."
Harry was born with biliary atresia, which meant he had blocked bile ducts.
He had a transplant before his first birthday but that liver had begun to fail, so a second one was required.
Harry underwent the operation on Thursday at Birmingham Children's Hospital and Mr Maceachen was operated on at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in the city.
His grandmother said: "I used to look after him (Harry) three days a week when his mother went back to teaching and he got to know me very well.
"I think we've got a special bond. He was born on my 63rd birthday."
She said Harry's two-year-old brother, Sam, has been "impeccably behaved".
"It's hard for him. It's the first time he's been away from his mother for as long as this and he obviously misses Harry, as we all do."
She added: "It's brilliant with the support (the family have) had and the support we've had as grandparents.
"The whole family's pulled together and they have a wonderful lot of friends."

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Beth Battista said that she had no hesitation in offering her kidney after hearing of Lyla's protracted search to find a suitable donor.
"I knew I just had to get tested rather than watch her suffer," she said.
Both Beth and Lyla are now recovering after the successful transplant operation last Wednesday.
The teacher and mother-of-two said that she heard about Lyla's condition after her mother Dena Carreyn shared a Facebook post about the girl's desperate need for a living kidney donor.
Lyla was diagnosed a year ago with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), a rare autoimmune disorder which requires 12 hours of dialysis a day.
Beth contacted the the UW Health Transplant Program in Wisconsin and, after two tests in July and August, was deemed to be a suitable donor for Lyla.
It was a rare match because she needed to be the right blood group with few antibodies picked up from previous bouts of sickness. She also needed to have matching antigens.
In September she discovered that the child was to be a pupil in her class at the Kids' Express Learning Centre in Madison.
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The operation itself required surgeons to make four small incisions in her stomach in order to pull the kidney out, before taking it to Lyla, who was in a nearby hospital ward.
"It was the same level of a pain as having a caesarean," the teacher told the BBC, "but I'm pleased to say that as soon as the kidney was put inside Lyla it began working immediately."
"I was discharged from hospital 48 hours after the surgery and am feeling OK although really tired.
"But I am told this common among donors because their remaining kidney needs to grow to make up for the missing organ.
"I'm really proud to have saved her life."
Her actions have won widespread plaudits on social media.
"You are an inspiration for all of us to go out there and be a donor," one commentator on Facebook said.


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Question: UKIP leader Paul Nuttall is ready to carry on as leader "without question" his deputy has told the BBC.

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Peter Whittle said his party was "more united than ever" with a "sense of renewed purpose" despite failing to take Stoke-on-Trent Central from Labour in Thursday's by-election.
Mr Nuttall said he was "not going anywhere" after the defeat. Mr Whittle told Andrew Marr he was currently "on a trip he had booked" beforehand.
Labour held Stoke with 7,853 votes.
Gareth Snell beat Mr Nuttall into second place on 5,233 votes.
Mr Whittle said Mr Nuttall was taking time out after the "gruelling time" he had been through and the "particularly personal" attacks he experienced.
The UKIP leader was criticised over fake claims he lost close friends in the Hillsborough tragedy and investigated by police over whether he spent time in the house he rented during the campaign to be elected as the local MP.
Mr Whittle said of his leader: "Without question, he has united the party. Of course it's disappointing that we didn't win in Stoke. But we are more united than ever, everything is more in place than ever and there's a real sense of renewed purpose."
Asked about a report in the Sunday Express that multi-millionaire UKIP donor Arron Banks had threatened to take his money elsewhere unless he was made chairman, Mr Whittle said the party already had a "great, young, dynamic chairman" in Paul Oakden.
While he was "always very grateful for Arron's contributions", he added: "If Arron were to take his money away, there are always other people... Obviously I wouldn't want that to happen."
Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage had said the Stoke seat was "fundamental" to the party's future, in a constituency where 69% of the electorate voted to leave at the EU at the referendum.
Mr Whittle said Mr Nuttall had only been leader for 12 weeks at the time of the by-election and people "hadn't got to know him well enough".

Kerry Smith was selected to fight the parliamentary seat for UKIP in December but pulled out after he made offensive remarks against gay people and other UKIP members.
Ian Luder has been selected as his replacement.
Mr Luder is a former labour councillor and Lord Mayor of London.
Former Tory MP Neil Hamilton pulled out of the selection process after a letter from UKIP's finance committee was leaked to Channel 4 News querying his expenses claims for the party.
Mr Smith has announced he will contest the seat as an independent.


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Question: A photo of a pig resting in the living room has not put off potential buyers of a one-bedroom house in Ipswich.

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The animal, a pet of the current owner, was pictured resting its head on a sofa in the brochure for the property off Britannia Road.
It proved popular on social media sites, with some people asking whether the pig was included in the sale.
Estate agents Keystone said the house sold for more than the asking price of Â£100,000.
Jonathan Webb, director of Keystone, said his firm started advertising the house in mid-August and sold the house within 10 days.
He said: "We went with the strategy of not showing Pog in the pictures.
"The vendor's very happy and Pog's off to pastures new."
Estate agents Connells said the photo including the pig was put up on its website "in error and has since been removed".  The house was up for sale with several estate agents.

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For instance, <<['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', '5 February 2015 Last updated at 13:04 GMT\nTigers, Asian rhinos and snow leopards are amongst those most at risk.\nOnly one country - Nepal - has not lost animals in the past two years.\nNow countries from across Asia are talking to wildlife experts to see how they can learn lessons from Nepal on how to stop poachers.\nAyshah takes a look...']>>  to <<['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story:', "Work harder to stop poaching or your endangered animals will disappear... that's the tough message being given to countries across Asia to stop rare wild animals being targeted by criminals."]>>

In September last year, Pog tore down an iron gate in owner Kathy Thomson's garden before heading into Ipswich for a 90-minute jaunt.
Suffolk Police were called in again on Saturday night after the pig was seen roaming in a residential area near the Brickmakers Arms in Ipswich.
Officers managed to track down Pog and return it to its owner.
Pog's escapes have made national headlines but it was not her first time in the limelight.
Three years ago the pig, a cross between a large white, Gloucester old spot and a Duroc, was pictured in Ms Thomson's house, which was for sale.
The unusual listing was reported around the world, with Ms Thomson saying a site in the US criticised the "pigsty that the English woman lives in".
"The English versions were more pleasant," she said. "Someone said 'that pig knows how to party', because it looked like she was asleep in the middle of some clothes."


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Question: Republican Donald Trump has said he would easily beat Democratic rival Hillary Clinton in a presidential contest for the White House.

The businessman with no political experience convincingly won the New Hampshire primary and has now laid out his strategy to go all the way.
Elsewhere, Republican Carly Fiorina has announced she is dropping out of the race after getting just 4% of the vote.
South Carolina is next in the state-by-state contest to be Republican pick.
In the Democratic race, Nevada provides the next challenge, with Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders keen to carry on his momentum after a stunning victory over Mrs Clinton in New Hampshire.
But Mr Trump dismissed him as an unlikely nominee because of his proposed tax increase, and focused instead on the former secretary of state and first lady.
"Polls are showing that I will beat Hillary Clinton easily," he told CBS on Wednesday morning, before outlining his strategy to win states that traditionally have backed Democratic presidential candidates.
"I have a chance of winning New York. You know, you look at these politicians they always talk about the six states - you've got to win this one, that one. You have to win Ohio, you have to win Florida.
"I can change the game because I really have a chance of New York, I'm going to win Virginia. I'm going to win Michigan, as an example."
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He denied he was unstoppable in the race to win the Republican nomination, however, and paid tribute to his friend New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, who is subject to speculation he may drop out after a poor showing in New Hampshire.
"I thought he was very effective. And I was surprised he didn't do better," said Mr Trump.
Later on Wednesday, another Republican candidate, Carly Fiorina announced on Facebook her decision to exit the race: "While I suspend my candidacy today, I will continue to travel this country and fight for those Americans who refuse to settle for the way things are and a status quo that no longer works for them."
The former Hewlett-Packard boss - and the only woman in the Republican race - ranked second to last in the New Hampshire poll, after placing seventh in the Iowa caucuses.
Senior aides for Chris Christie are also indicating the New Jersey governor may leave the contest, after he finished sixth in New Hampshire. Governor Christie is struggling to raise the funds and build support for his campaign to seriously contest his Republican rivals. However, his spokeswoman says "no decision has been made".
In other developments on Wednesday:
In the Democratic race, Mr Sanders met civil rights activist Reverend Al Sharpton on Wednesday morning in Harlem, New York City.
But the influential clergyman said he had not yet decided whether he would back the self-described democratic socialist or Mrs Clinton.
Winning the African American vote is regarded as key for the eventual Democratic nominee as the primary race moves on in the weeks ahead.
Both parties will officially name their presidential candidates in July and Americans will finally go to the polls in November.
20 February - South Carolina primary (Republican); Nevada caucus (Democrat)
23 February - Nevada caucus (R)
27 February - South Carolina primary (D)
1 March - 'Super Tuesday' - 15 states or territories decide
18-21 July - Republican convention, nominee picked
25-28 July - Democratic convention, nominee picked
8 November - US presidential elections
In depth: Primary calendar

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Donald Trump hasn't made a secret of his dislike of Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly, with the duo having had numerous public clashes, so it was a surprise to find out his daughter, Ivanka Trump, was spotted having breakfast with the broadcaster at the Four Seasons hotel in New York. Not only that, but they talked for two hours, according to Politico Playbook. Talking of surprises, October typically has lots of them, so we've looked at whether they ever swing a US election.
Meanwhile, Trump Halloween masks are flying out of the shops, outselling Clinton masks by 55% to 45%, according to the Spirit Halloween costume chain. The top reason why Americans choose a Trump mask is to be funny, while Clinton is typically chosen because people like her, their survey says.
Interestingly, the store's best-selling Halloween mask has correctly forecast the outcome of every presidential election since 1996, according to NBC.
In other news, not content with blaming the media and the "Clinton machine" for "rigging the election," Mr Trump has now directed his anger at social media, lashing out at Facebook, Twitter and Google for "burying the FBI criminal investigation of Clinton".
But as Mashable points out, a quick glance at Google News on Sunday showed the FBI investigation was the top result, both #Election2016 and the Clinton were at the top of Twitter's "featured tweets" section and it's hard to track what's trending on Facebook because it's personalised, so it's not entirely clear what the Republican candidate believes has been buried.
Meanwhile, proving that Donald Trump isn't the only candidate that can go on a twitter rant, independent presidential candidate Evan McMullin unleashed a Twitterstorm at Mr Trump after his rival called him the "puppet of a loser" on Fox News.
Channelling a bit of Mrs Clinton - who drew comparisons in the presidential debates between her 30 years of public service with Mr Trump's bid for stardom on the Apprentice - the former CIA officer attacked Mr Trump: "Yes you've never heard of me because while you were harassing women at beauty pageants, I was fighting terrorists abroad."
But it wasn't just Mr Trump that was the subject of his wrath. He also threw some punches at Mrs Clinton.
Finally remember the story about Mr Trump's tax returns at the beginning of the month? It seems they definitely won't be made public before the election, meaning he will be the first presidential nominee since Gerald Ford, in the 1970s, to not release his tax returns during the campaign.
And if you are confused about how two such such unpopular candidates rose to the top of their parties, watch our video explainer below.
66%
The number of likely voters who are Republicans or lean that way that disapprove of House Speaker Paul Ryan's decision not to campaign for Donald Trump, according to  a new ABC News/Washington Post poll.
Hillary Clinton is off to Ohio for two campaign events in Cleveland and Cincinnati. It's a key battleground state and the Real Clear Politics polling average currently has her rival ahead 45% to 44%. Her running mate Tim Kaine is holding events in North Carolina.
Meanwhile, Donald Trump will be campaigning in Michigan, holding rallies in Grand Rapids and Warren.
Who will win? Play our game to make your call


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Question: Two Scottish women who attended the rock concert attacked by gunmen in Paris have been describing how they escaped.

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Christine Tudhope, 34, and Mariesha Payne, 33, hid in a cellar at the Bataclan concert hall for three hours.
The majority of victims in Friday's attacks were at the concert.
The women ran for cover when they first saw bullets hit the stage during a performance by US band Eagles of Death Metal.
As they arrived at Edinburgh Airport on Sunday Ms Payne, who is from Perth, said: "A second round went off, most people ducked, but I just said run, just get out of here.
"In the confusion if we had gone left we would have instantly been out on to the street and probably the first people out of the building, but just confused we ran right and ended up being in room that we couldn't get out of.
"There were no exits but we found a door to the cellar, which we just ran into but then realised we were trapped and there was no way out of there.
"A few seconds later the door burst open and we just thought, they're coming, we are going to die.
"It was two other concert goers, we managed to barricade ourselves in, turn the lights out and we were then trapped there for the next three hours just having to listen to what was happening."
At least 129 people died in the attacks. Follow the latest updates here.
Prayers have been said for the people of Paris at religious events across Scotland on Sunday.
The Church of Scotland held a memorial service at St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh to honour the victims of Friday's attacks.
About 600 people gathered for the service, which included a minute's silence for those caught in the violence.
Prayers were also said at the Scots Kirk in central Paris, a traditional gathering point for Scots in the city.
The largest organisation representing Muslims in Scotland said they are "shocked at the senseless acts of wanton violence seen in Paris".
Muslim Council of Scotland convener Dr Javed Gill said "We condemn in the strongest terms this senseless violence and offer our deepest condolences to the victims.
"The targeting of innocent people going about their normal lives is nothing short of despicable."
The council said it recognised the threat posed by those behind the Paris attacks and will continue to work with the authorities in Scotland to ensure the safety of all communities.
On Saturday evening, the Usher Hall in Edinburgh and Glasgow's Hydro were lit in French colours as a mark of respect.
They were among the Scottish venues joining hundreds of landmarks around the world in their response to the Paris attacks.
A number of public events were organised in Scotland after the assaults in the French capital.
A vigil was held in Glasgow to show support for the people affected by the violence.
People gathered at the Buchanan Gallery steps to express their solidarity.
At the French Consulate in Edinburgh, people were invited to sign a book of condolence. Many floral tributes were laid outside the building.

A further 15 were being supported for trauma by the Foreign Office and Red Cross, Mr Cameron told MPs.
Near simultaneous attacks, linked to Islamic State (IS) militants, were carried out on bars, restaurants, a concert hall and the Stade de France.
The 129 people killed included Briton Nick Alexander, from Essex.
The French government has said all the dead have now been identified. A further 400 people were wounded in the attacks, with 221 still in hospital -  57 of them in intensive care.
Mr Cameron said the government would make sure it provided the necessary support to all those left injured or traumatised by the events.
In the aftermath of the attacks, British minsters are increasingly confident they can get MPs' approval to launch airstrikes against IS in Syria, the BBC has been told.
Defence Secretary Michael Fallon has begun talking to Labour MPs to try to get the vote through the Commons. Downing Street insists there is no timetable for a vote yet but it is thought it could happen before Christmas.
Follow the latest live updates after a police raid on a flat in Saint Denis.
Eyewitness account: 'We experienced scenes of war'
Young British Muslims discuss radicalisation
What should you do in an attack?
Stories from Britons caught up in the attacks are still emerging.
One couple from Leeds have described how they escaped through a skylight when the Bataclan concert hall was attacked.
Tony Scott and Justine Merton climbed onto the roof when heavily-armed gunmen stormed the building, during an Eagles of Death Metal concert.
The engaged pair, who first met at a rock concert, usually watched gigs at floor level but they had arrived late so headed up to the balcony for a good view.
Mr Scott told BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme the "insignificant" decision to go upstairs ended up being "the difference between life and death".
From there, they were able to escape into the stairwell, climb up a grate and out onto the roof. They were then ushered to an apartment where they hid with others, before armed police eventually found them.
Another couple, also at the concert, described how they went back inside to rescue a friend hurt in the crush to escape.
Maria and Patrick Moore, from Southampton, were unharmed but they walked to hospital with their friend, who had a broken collarbone.
"I don't feel different but there's guilt that we got out and other people didn't," Mrs Moore, now back home, told the Southern Daily Echo.
The three gunmen at the concert hall killed 89 people, among them Mr Alexander, 36, who was selling merchandise at the gig.
His friend, David Gray, said Nick "didn't stand a chance of getting out" because his stall was by the front door and the emergency exits were at the sides of the stage.
Band members of Eagles of Death Metal tweeted: "Our thoughts and hearts are first and foremost with our brother Nick Alexander."
They said the band, now back home in the US, were "horrified and still trying to come to terms with what happened".
Friends of Mr Alexander have paid tribute to a clever and charming man.
Meanwhile, the Muslim Council of Britain has taken out an advert in the Daily Telegraph, saying the "barbaric acts" have no sanction in the religion of Islam and British Muslims were united in condemning them.


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Question: Since almost five decades of rule by a military junta came to an end in Myanmar (also known as Burma) in 2011, a growing number of tourists are choosing to visit the South East Asian nation.

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From ancient cities, to dazzling Buddhist temples, and unspoilt beaches and countryside, it is easy to see the attraction of the country to international visitors.
This year an estimated three million travellers will visit Myanmar, according to the government's Ministry of Hotels and Tourism.
This is a 50% rise on the two million who entered the country in 2013, and triple the one million who visited in 2012.
After 49 years of international isolation, Myanmar's tourism sector is having to work hard - and quickly - to meet the wants and needs of all the new overseas visitors.
With the country's tourism industry still in such a nascent state, it means tremendous opportunities for young Burmese entrepreneurs.
And despite continuing problems in the country - such as sectarian violence between majority Rakhine Buddhists and minority Rohingya Muslims - most young businessmen and women in the tourism sector are very optimistic about the future.
Min Than Htut is keen to explain why he called his tour company Pro Niti Travel.
"Professionalism is something many people in Myanmar have not yet had the chance to develop," the 24-year-old says.
"So the 'Pro' part of the name comes from that. Niti is a Pali [a Buddhist language] word meaning 'ethics'."
Min first started to work in the tourism sector when, while studying for a qualification in chemistry, he got a job as a hotel bellboy.
He then went on to become an assistant at a travel agency, before deciding to set up on his own in Yangon (also known as Rangoon) a year ago.
To establish his own travel business Min first had to save up for, and then complete, a government accreditation course, which costs about $200 (Â£120).
Source: World Tourism Association
He says: "I learned that to work [legitimately] I needed the tourist licence. It takes only two months, but it's very competitive."
Min successfully passed the course, and now has four staff, an on-call driver, and a network of tour guides around the country, most of whom are former classmates.
From day one, Min says he realised how crucial it would be for him to use the internet to attract potential customers from around the world.
Yet this is no easy feat when you are based in Myanmar, a country that holds the dubious honour of having one of the lowest rates of internet penetration in the world.
In 2012 only 1% of the Burmese population had access to the internet, according to a study by one global think tank.
Until recently, Min did not have his own internet connection, and instead had to go to a local internet cafe.
"It used to be so slow," he says. "It used to take me almost one hour to reply to one email sometimes!"
Despite the slow speeds, Min persevered and set about familiarising himself with the online landscape. He started by providing advice about Myanmar for free on travel website forums, which eventually led to some of his first clients.
Today, Min is able to go online on his mobile, and Pro Niti Travel has its own website. Despite this, Min says he gets many of his clients via word of mouth, and thanks to positive reviews on travel review sites such as TripAdvisor.
"People forget tourism is mostly a referral market. You need the reference."
While internet connectivity in Myanmar is set to improve substantially - after major contracts to roll out new mobile phone networks were recently won by Norwegian telecoms firm Tenenor and Qatari-based Ooredoo - other young Burmese entrepreneurs also complain about connection woes.
Ye Man Thu, who manages his family's mid-range hotel in the ancient city of Bagan, says the internet going down can mean that last-minute bookings don't come through.
However, the 25-year-old's main concern is to get local licensing laws relaxed, to allow his bar and restaurant to stay open beyond the current limit of 10pm.
But the idea has ruffled some feathers with locals in a city with more than 2,000 Buddhist temples. "We have a bit of a problem with the beer stations because we are in the archaeological zone surrounded by religion and culture," he says.
"Police and authorities cannot allow people to drink beer past 10pm. [Yet] for other countries, this is not their culture, they want to relax.
"Also, it would mean a lot of jobs for young people. Business people also welcome that."
In Yangon, Myanmar's largest city, the continuing influx of foreign investment into the country following the removal of sanctions by Western nations, has led to a construction boom and a big rise in property prices.
For 28-year-old Bo, this meant she greatly struggled to find an affordable location in which to open a Thai restaurant.
Bo, who is originally from Mon State in the south of Myanmar, had spent 14 years living in Thailand, before she returned to her homeland in 2013 to set up her restaurant.
She estimates she viewed 100 "overpriced" properties before finding a suitable place, but still found it expensive.
"I had no idea how much it was going to cost me for the rent, I had no idea you had to pay a year up front," she says. "I thought it would be a deposit then month-by-month.
"I also had to read up on how to make a contract."
Bo eventually borrowed money from her family for her first rent payment, and eight months on her Green Gallery draws a crowd of expats and tourists, and some locals.
Despite the challenges faced by budding entrepreneurs in Myanmar, Min Than Htut is confident that the country's tourism sector will enjoy long-term success.
"Too many people think about tourism in the short term," he says. "People need to think about what will happen in many years. This is the start of a transition."

His comments came after a night-time meeting with President Thein Sein.
Mr Obama had earlier met Burmese lawmakers, including opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.
In an interview published on Wednesday, he had accused the government of backsliding on reforms.
The US president is in the capital Nay Pyi Taw for the East Asia summit.
Following the hour-long meeting with President Sein, he said that "the democratic process in Myanmar is real".
"We recognise change is hard and you do not always move in a straight line but I'm optimistic," he added.
President Thein Sein, a former general, said the talks had been candid, according to the Associated Press news agency.
In 2010, Myanmar held elections which replaced military rule with the military-backed civilian government of Thein Sein.
Since then, many political prisoners have been released, media restrictions have eased and Ms Suu Kyi has been released from years of house arrest.
Amid the reforms, her National League for Democracy rejoined the political process and secured a small block of seats in parliament after a landslide win in by-elections in 2012.
But Ms Suu Kyi - who is currently banned by a constitutional clause from becoming the nation's president - has recently warned that reforms have stalled, as all eyes turn to 2015 when the next general election will be held.
Discussing his earlier meeting with Burmese parliamentarians, Mr Obama said they had talked about Myanmar's transition from military rule to democracy.
Among the issues discussed were the protection of minority rights and how majority and opposition parties could work together, he said.
"The work is not yet done, and the goal of the United States here is to be a strong partner in the process.
"But our consistent aim and goal will be to see that this transition is completed so that it delivers concrete benefits for the people."
Mr Obama was due to meet Ms Suu Kyi again in Yangon on Friday.
So did the reformers run out of steam? Did Thein Sein's project reach a roadblock manned by hardliners in the Burmese army? Or perhaps we're close to the final destination - that is, with sanctions lifted and the army still really in charge.
Ms Suu Kyi's main frustration is that the constitution remains unchanged.
Drafted in 2008, it entrenches the military's control of political life, guaranteeing it a quarter of the seats in the Hluttaw (the Burmese parliament), and a veto over any changes to the constitution.
This is what its architects proudly call a "disciplined democracy".
Has Myanmar's reform journey ground to a halt?
In an interview with a Thai-based Burmese website ahead of his arrival, Mr Obama said reform momentum had slowed in Myanmar and that there had even been some steps backwards.
He cited restrictions on political prisoners, the arrest of journalists and the ongoing plight of the Rohingya Muslim minority displaced in Rakhine state after anti-Muslim violence.
"Even as there has been some progress on the political and economic fronts, in other areas there has been a slowdown and backsliding in reforms," he said.
This is Mr Obama's second visit to Myanmar. He last came in November 2012, in what was the first visit to the nation by a US president.
Mr Obama's meeting with Thein Sein took place on the sidelines of the East Asia summit - which groups the Asean bloc with the US, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Russia and New Zealand.
On Wednesday Asean (the Association of South East Asian Nations) held its own meeting in the Burmese capital.


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Question: A professor in China has invented a taxing new way of preventing students from turning up late for his classes.

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Wang Sijun, who teaches at a university in Sichuan province, has been giving tardy students a complex character to write out on paper 1,000 times.
The Chinese character for "biang", is made up of 56 pen strokes.
The word holds no meaning but local media said Mr Wang drew inspiration for it from the name of a noodle dish he had while visiting Shaanxi province.
The Chengdu Economic Daily newspaper reported that two unfortunate students had received the penalty so far.
The first student said she could not continue writing the word after the 200th time as it became "so tiring".
In the end, she had asked Prof Wang to commute the punishment, and promised that she would never be late for class again.
The second latecomer volunteered instead, to draw one hundred Terracotta Warriors, also a specialty from Shaanxi. He took more than four hours to finish his drawings.
Chinese characters are often rated among the most difficult languages in the world to write and master.
They are made up of simple strokes, variations of eight basic ones, which are combined into characters. Those in turn, are used to form words and sentences.
Experts often say that the only effective way to master the art of writing Chinese is by repetition.
So students frequently practise handwriting exercises, writing out multiple lines of Chinese characters by hand.
Following news of the professor's punishment, the "biang" character has spread widely online.
On Chinese social media, many netizens exchanged praise for the professor's "creative" form of punishment.
"One look at that and I won't ever be late for class again," commented one user on popular micro-blogging platform Weibo.
"This sounds like an interesting and refreshing mode of punishment," said Luying Yang, a teacher on Weibo.
Another said: "The professor was not asking for too much from his students to not arrive late for class - so I think this was actually quite a reasonable penalty. The word looks painful to write but it was not an outrageous punishment overall."
Mei Wei Zhu said the punishment could have been worse: "Imagine if he made them write out their punishment in traditional calligraphy."

The ban, issued by the Xiamen Education Bureau, comes 10 days before the National College Entrance Examination.
Almost ten million students across China sit for the notoriously difficult, two-day exam every year.
High schools should instead provide psychological guidance, the China Youth Daily report said.
An "unconventional measure of blowing off steam before the exam has prevailed in recent years, with students tearing their textbooks into pieces and throwing them off the school building. Some choose to yell in the school buildings to cheer themselves up as well," CCTV said in an online post.
Xiamen officials also encouraged schools to let students relieve stress in a more "healthy way", the post said, without giving specifics.
The exam, called the Gaokao, determines if and where students will go to university.
Young Chinese people see the Gaokao as a make-or-break moment with a result that could see them hurtle down one of life's paths or another: poor farmer or doctor; factory worker or scientist.
The exams have been criticised for leading to a culture of cramming and rote learning. When you're competing with millions of students fighting for limited places the temptation to cheat is high and you can hear Chinese people speaking openly about doing this.
At its most extreme the stress from the Gaokou is thought to lead to clinical depression and even suicide.
Jack Ma, the founder of Chinese online shopping giant Alibaba, had to sit the exam three times in order to get into university. China's number two leader Li Keqiang once used the Gaokao to springboard himself from poor Anhui Province into China's most prestigious academic establishment Peking University.
Recently a judge let a young man off after he first failed the Gaokao, then was caught stealing basic items on 17 occasions in order to survive, study and take the exam again. After his family repaid the victims, he will re-sit the Gaokao in the coming weeks.
In a poll on Chinese website Sina, 51% of users said they did not support the ban. Some users commented saying that the books belonged to the students, so it was up to them what they wanted to do with it.
Others pointed out that the students were unlikely to tear up their textbooks before their exams, and that they were simply tearing up scrap paper.
However, another Sina user pointed out they were in support of the ban, saying that the practice was a waste of resources, adding that the books could be given to other classmates or sold instead.
According to the Global Times, seven students in Hubei Province were allegedly expelled last year for tearing up textbooks and flinging them out of the school's windows.
The school later said the students had only been warned and they would still be able to take the exam.


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Question: An 140-year-old RNLI boathouse has seen its last ever lifeboat launch before being demolished.

The all-weather Mersey class lifeboat named Robert Charles Brown slid down the slipway at Swanage for the final time earlier.
The boat, along with the inshore craft and boarding boat, will be housed in a new Â£3.5m boathouse from next Sunday.
A new site was required to accommodate a bigger lifeboat due to enter service in 2016.
The 25-knot, all-weather, Shannon-class lifeboat will be faster and easier to manoeuvre due to its design and water jet propulsion technology.
The new station will also include a changing and shower room, training room, mechanics workshop, office space and a souvenir stall.

The RNLI station at Swanage started a two-year appeal in 2013 to raise £200,000 towards the building needed to house a new larger lifeboat.
The station said more than double the amount had been raised in response.
Swanage RNLI operation manager Neil Hardy said: "We've had the generosity of the local community and various benefactors; it's just great."
The money from the appeal will avoid the station having to use central funding from the charity for the build.
The £3.5m lifeboat station, which is being rebuilt on the site of the original boathouse in Peveril Point Road, is due for completion in the summer.
In April the crew will get a Shannon class lifeboat costing £1.5m to replace its current Mersey class lifeboat Robert Charles Brown.
The lifeboat is being kept on a mooring point while the new station is being built.


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Question: Dozens of people are reported missing in the wake of an attack by the so-called Islamic State (IS) on a cement factory east of Damascus.

Workers were reportedly taken from a dormitory where they were staying on the outskirts of the town of Dumeir.
A factory administrator said no-one had been able to contact the workers since the assault on Monday.
The area around Dumeir has seen fierce fighting between government forces and IS in recent days.
The workers were employed at the Badiyah factory, just outside Dumeir, about 25 miles (40km) from the capital.
There are conflicting reports as to the number of those who are missing.
UK-based monitoring group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, said "dozens" of staff were believed to have been taken by IS to an unknown location.
The factory administrator put the number at 250, while rebel sources said it did not exceed 200.
A local resident told AFP news agency: "We haven't been able to reach our family members since noon on Monday after an attack by Daesh [IS] on the factory.
"We have no information about where they are," they added.
Efforts are under way to secure the workers' release, with indirect contacts said to have been made.
Earlier this week IS said it had launched several attacks around north-east Damascus, including Tishrin power station and Dumeir military airport.
A Syrian military source told Reuters there had been attacks but all of the militants who took part in them had been killed.
It comes almost two weeks after Syrian and allied forces recaptured the ancient city of Palmyra from IS, in what was seen as a significant loss to the militant group, which had held the city since last May.

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Véronique Robert was wounded in the blast, which killed two colleagues, on Monday, and was returned to France for treatment, France Télévisions reports.
She later died of her injuries, the broadcaster said in a statement.
The mine blast occurred in the Ras al-Jadah district, west of the Old City. Iraq is one of the world's deadliest countries for journalists.
Stephan Villeneuve, a French video journalist, and Bakhtiyar Haddad, his Iraqi fixer, were also killed in the explosion while on assignment for France 2 TV, reporting on an advance by Iraqi forces against Islamic State militants.
Haddad was killed immediately by the blast, while Villeneuve and Robert were seriously wounded and were taken to a US military hospital in Qayyara, south of Mosul.
Villeneuve subsequently succumbed to his wounds, France Télévisions said in a statement posted on Twitter early on Tuesday.
A total of 28 journalists have now been killed in Iraq since the start of 2014, according to Reporters Without Borders (RSF).
Iraqi pro-government forces launched an offensive to recapture Mosul - the last major IS urban stronghold in the country - last October.


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Question: Manchester United goalkeeper Sam Johnstone has joined Championship play-off hopefuls Aston Villa on loan for the rest of the season.

It is the 23-year-old's eighth loan move away from Old Trafford.
He has previously been at Scunthorpe United, Walsall, Yeovil, Doncaster Rovers (twice) and his home town club Preston (twice).
Johnstone was part of Preston's promotion-winning team to the Championship in 2014-15.
He is the first signing made by Villa boss Steve Bruce since the former United favourite took charge in October.
"It's a massive opportunity," Johnstone told BBC WM. "Look at the size of the club. Look at the manager and his track record. Look at the players, the fans. You can't turn down something like this."
BBC WM's Mark Regan
"The move for Sam Johnstone was widely expected after summer signing Pierluigi Gollini found himself out of favour in the latter stages of 2016.
"It also signals an intent on the part of Steve Bruce to beef up his defensive ranks with a goalkeeper who has been highly thought of for some time and clearly has a big future ahead of him.
"I would expect the FA Cup tie at Tottenham Hotspur on Sunday to be his debut for Villa and I suspect he`ll be the first choice keeper going into the second half of the season."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

Coulson has made more than 250 appearances for his hometown club, but an ankle injury meant he only featured in only 12 games last season.
The 28-year-old is out of contract with the League Two side at the end of the upcoming season.
Coulson could make his Orient debut when they travel to face Sutton United in the National League on 5 August.


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Question: Dan Biggar cannot resist a joke when he is asked if he enjoys the pressure of playing fly-half for Wales.

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"I wish I played second row," he quips, before admitting he is glad he is not England football captain Wayne Rooney.
"It is what it is. Win and your number 10 never gets any of the credit. When you lose, it's all the 10's fault.
"I wouldn't change it for the world, I love playing number 10 for Wales and, I suppose, the pressure that comes with it.
"Imagine being someone like Wayne Rooney over the last three months and the press, their treatment of one of England's better players. If I think I'm having a tough time, I just look at him. The criticism doesn't bother me one bit."
The pressure will be sky-high when Biggar makes his 50th appearance in the most scrutinised and analysed shirt in Welsh rugby against Argentina.
Wales have lost their last five Test matches and there was little to redeem their 32-8 thrashing by Australia in the opening autumn international.
It is a result which has seen centre Jamie Roberts dropped to the bench after making 79 consecutive starts for his country.
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Coach Rob Howley has made six changes in all, but Biggar is one of nine players to keep his place in the starting line-up.
One alteration on the bench has seen Sam Davies, who was selected for Ospreys ahead of Biggar for a big match against Cardiff Blues earlier this season, drop out of the 23-man squad in favour of Gareth Anscombe.
It's barely 14 months since Biggar was the hero of Wales' 28-25 win over England in the 2015 Rugby World Cup.
It seems extraordinary to people outside Wales that Biggar could be under so much pressure.
But this is Wales and he plays fly-half in the country that has produced Cliff Morgan, Barry John, Phil Bennett and Jonathan Davies. It is a position scrutinised like no other. Think chefs in France or rally drivers in Scandinavia.
Biggar has the confidence to handle that scrutiny.
"There are people who offer their opinion and say you could have done this or that better but that's part and parcel of it, especially being in Wales," he says.
"The boys outside of Wales sometimes don't get that sort of thing.
"Living and playing in Wales can be very much a goldfish bowl. Sometimes it can be nice to be outside of that and get on with you day-to-day life.
"I don't take any notice of the criticism and everyone wants Wales to do well and get better. Ultimately the number 10 position is a key to that.
"Ultimately as a team, we want to prove a few people wrong on Saturday. It's not about me, it's not about number 10 but about us as a collective, as a team.
"Getting 50 caps is a nice milestone, but it will soon be forgotten if we don't get a result and put in a decent performance."
Having been understudy to Rhys Priestland early in his career, Biggar knows what it is like to be on the outside looking in and understands his place cannot be taken for granted.
"It's the coaches' opinion which is the most important to me," he adds.
"We have got lots of good options in Wales with Sam Davies, Gareth Anscombe and Rhys Priestland playing well for Bath.
"I'm just the lucky one in position at the minute but if my form doesn't meet the coaches' standards, I'm sure they will be other options."
Roberts' demotion to the bench is proof of that theory. Reputation and an impressive record are not enough to guarantee selection.
"Jamie has been superb and Scott Williams is playing well, he continues.
"It won't be a huge change for us, we know our structures are in place.  And I'm sure you haven't seen the end of Jamie Roberts. He's had a brilliant career and there's plenty more in him. It's exciting times."

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Rival captains Dylan Hartley of England, Ireland's Rory Best and Wales' Alun Wyn Jones have been backed for the role, but have also been criticised during the Six Nations.
Warburton, replaced by Jones as Wales captain in January, led Gatland's Lions for the 2013 success in Australia - but Williams said he is "at his best when he can just go out and create havoc".
Speaking to Scrum V, Williams added: "Alun Wyn, for me, is still the man. I think he will have learnt a lot from this Six Nations to make him an even better Lions captain and I'd leave Sam to just do what he's been doing for the last four games.
"I wouldn't give him the captaincy.
"I think Sam spoke just before the tournament and said it had affected him of late, the extra stuff [that goes with the job]."
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Warburton, 28, succeeded Williams as long-term open-side for Cardiff Blues and Wales. He first captained his country in 2011 and became the youngest player to lead them at a World Cup that year and also starred at the tournament in 2015.
However, his form had dipped and he moved from the Wales seven jersey to blind-side flanker, with Justin Tipuric taking over at open-side this season.
The back-row duo have earned plaudits for their displays during a roller-coaster Six Nations campaign in which Wales have beaten Italy, then lost to England and Scotland, before redeeming themselves with victory over Ireland on Friday.
Williams' fellow former Wales captain, ex-fly-half Jonathan Davies believes Six Nations champions England are set to dominate Gatland's Lions selection - with Wales, Ireland and Scotland's players filling the gaps.
"Look at the England team and say how many of those players are not going, and then fill the spots," Davies said.
"I think that's the way it's going to go because they are playing so well.
"That's why the game [against Ireland] was big for the Welsh players, and now next week it's a massive game for the Irish to pit themselves against the English for the Lions squad."
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Question: Hartlepool United have cancelled the contract of goalkeeper Adam Bartlett, who is to take up a full-time coaching role with Middlesbrough's academy.

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Bartlett, 31, made 29 first-team appearances during an 18-month spell at Victoria Park.
The ex-Kidderminster, Hereford and Gateshead player has previously coached in a part-time capacity at Newcastle.
Pools still have keepers Ben Dudzinski, Ryan Catterick, injured Trevor Carson and on-loan Joe Fryer in their squad.
"Everybody at the club would like to wish him all the very best in his new career," the Hartlepool statement read.
Meanwhile, former Bristol City and Wolves goalkeeper Adriano Basso has been appointed as the new goalkeeper coach at Victoria Park.
The 41-year-old left his position at FC United of Manchester to join up with Pools, and was part of Saturday's coaching team for the 2-0 defeat by Wycombe.

Wright, 36, played for Norwich during a loan spell in 2005 and has served Colchester as a player, caretaker manager and coach.
"We would like to thank David for all that he has done," Colchester director of football Tony Humes told the League Two club's website.
"He has helped us set things up within the academy and we wish him well."
Wright, whose playing career also included spells at Ipswich, Crystal Palace, Wigan and Crewe, replaces Graeme Murty, who left Norwich in August for a coaching role at Rangers.
Colchester have placed Liam Bailey in charge of their Under-18 side following Wright's departure.


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Question: The twin brother of the police officer shot and blinded by Raoul Moat said he would carry on the work of his charity.

PC David Rathband was found dead by police at his home in Blyth, Northumberland, on Wednesday night.
His brother Darren flew back from Australia and on Saturday, he was at the weekly Newcastle Parkrun, which his brother took part in.
He said he would continue the work of the Blue Lamp Foundation, which his brother set up.
Runners in the 5km run at Newcastle's Exhibition Park held a minute's silence to remember PC Rathband
The police officer, originally from Stafford, set up his charity after he was shot twice by Moat in Newcastle in July 2010.
It aims to help emergency service staff injured in the line of duty and the target is to raise Â£1million by 2013.
In a post on Twitter, Mr Rathband said: "Makes me weep reading all your messages, broken but determined to keep David's foundation growing for others. Please help me."
In other posts, he asks people to support the Blue Lamp Foundation.
PC Rathband was hailed for his charity work and took part in a number of fundraising events including last year's London Marathon.
Following news of his death, many people paid tribute to him including Prime Minister David Cameron, former Home Secretary David Blunkett and Northumbria Police Chief Constable Sue Sim.
On Friday, the inquest into PC Rathband's death heard he was found hanged.

Glenn Goodman, 37, was shot on the A64 near Tadcaster on 7 June 1992 after stopping a car to make a routine check. He died in hospital later that day.
Paul Magee, a member of the IRA, was sentenced to life imprisonment in March 1993 for the murder of Mr Goodman.
The service was held at St Mary's Church in Tadcaster.
Mr Goodman had only been a member of the North Yorkshire force for eight months at the time of his death.
About 1,000 mourners attended his funeral, which was held at Selby Abbey.
PC Sandy Kelly, Mr Goodman's patrol partner on the night of the attack, was also shot and badly wounded, but recovered.
Magee, together with his accomplice Michael O'Brien, was released from prison in 2000 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.
In 2003 Mr Goodman's parents called for police officers to be routinely armed.
Tim Madgwick, temporary Chief Constable of North Yorkshire, said during the service that officers faced challenging and dangerous situations every day.
He said: "When Glenn was murdered he was acting in the finest traditions of British policing; Glenn in his words joined the Special Constabulary 'to make a difference'.
"I am proud to have been a colleague of Glenn's in 1992 and as a force we will never forget his ultimate sacrifice."
North Yorkshire Police's chaplain, the Rev Simon Rudkin, conducted the service.


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Question: "How many of you here have ever raped a woman?"

After a short silence two men gingerly raise their hands.
In towns and cities across South Africa, small groups of men, some of them confessed rapists, are meeting to talk about sexual violence, as part of a small but significant challenge to their country's notorious record on rape.
This workshop is gathered at a sports centre in the deprived Johannesburg township of Alexandra.
"Most men are silent about this," says Dumisani Rebombo, who is leading the workshop organised by the One Man Can Campaign.
But it is "vitally important" for men to play their part in tackling the rape crisis, he says.
Just as the participation of white people in the black struggle against apartheid in South Africa had added strength to that movement, men "must stand up and work with women" to combat rape, he told the BBC World Service.
"Do you think women are raped in our country because of wearing short skirts?" Mr Rebombo asks the group.
They reply with a mix of Yes and No - the Yes group a little louder than the other.
"Rape is about sleeping with a woman without her consent and I have done it," admits one of the men, 33-year-old Phikeleli.
"By coming here I have had the opportunity to sit down with other men and to discuss the issue of 'No is No' - and to understand exactly what rape is," he adds.
Another man told the BBC about a gang rape of a woman in his neighbourhood.
"The community said that she deserved it... It happens so often that it is not taken seriously by the community - it's a norm to them."
Though South Africa's murder rate has now fallen to its lowest level in recent years, rape is  still on the increase, according to the latest official crime figures.
More than 56,000 women reported having been raped during the 12-month period to March 2011, police say. Many more cases are believed to go unreported.
Earlier this month President Jacob Zuma infuriated activists and many of the country's top lawyers by appointing an ordained pastor with controversial views on rape and homosexuality as the country's chief justice.
Judge Mogoeng Mogoeng, now South Africa's most senior judge, has denied he was insensitive to rape.
In 2004, however, he reduced the sentence of a man convicted of raping a seven-year-old girl from life imprisonment to 18 months, the minimum.
And a year later, he reduced the jail sentence of another man who attempted rape from five to two years.
In an interview with the BBC World Service, South Africa's Minister for Basic Education, Angie Motshekga, denied the authorities were doing too little to tackle the crime.
The rate of rape cases is "unacceptably high," says Mrs Motshekga.
But she says "the decadence in our society" is to blame, not the government.
"Kids come to school with social stereotypes, which are reinforced at home, in society, in the church - everywhere they go. It is a social problem."
"How many people we arrest isn't the solution, it lies with socialisation and our country's value system."
Dumisani Rebombo is himself a confessed rapist who went one step further by seeking out his victim years later, in order to ask for her forgiveness.
He was 15 years old when he and another boy raped a girl in their village - "in order to teach her a lesson".
He said it took him 20 years to realise what he had done was wrong.
"It dawned on me that I had to find this woman," he said.
When they met, he apologised and she broke down in tears.
Three years later, he began organising workshops to talk about how to stop other men raping women.
"I would say all men have in one way or another raped," says Ronnie, a former convict and another member at the workshop.
Many of his fellow inmates were in jail for rape attacks.
"It's not easy for them to accept what they did was wrong," he says.
"It's all about power - men believe they have the right to do as they please."
The issue of rape in South Africa was discussed on a special edition of the BBC World Service programme Newshour hosted by guest presenter, South African radio talk show host Redi Tlhabi. You can listen to the programme here.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

"When I got the part of a princess in this goofy little science-fiction film, I thought: it'll be fun to do. I'm 19! Who doesn't want to have fun at 19?
"I'll go hang out with a bunch of robots for a few months and then return to my life and try to figure out what I want to do when I grow up.
"But then Star Wars, this goofy, little three-month hang-out with robots did something unexpected.
"It exploded across the firmament of pop culture, taking all of us along with it. It tricked me into becoming a star all on my own."
"Drugs made me feel normal. They contained me."
"I'm fine, but I'm bipolar. I'm on seven medications, and I take medication three times a day.
"This constantly puts me in touch with the illness I have. I'm never quite allowed to be free of that for a day. It's like being a diabetic."
"I enjoy taking jobs that make fun of me - or me as Princess Leia, or me as the writer, or whatever, as some idea.
"I have the ability, occasionally, of being able to step out and see who you think I could end up being. And I like to play with that."
"I always wrote. I wrote from when I was 12. That was therapeutic for me in those days. I wrote things to get them out of feeling them, and on to paper.
"So writing in a way saved me, kept me company. I did the traditional thing with falling in love with words, reading books and underlining lines I liked and words I didn't know. It was something I always did."
"Me being an actor was an accident, and not something I wanted to do, because I knew what happened eventually."
"You can't find true affection in Hollywood because everyone does the fake affection so well."
"He's not a big talker. You know, he wasn't Mr Chuckles."
"I was born into big celebrity. It could only diminish."
"I Googled myself recently and I  came across this posting: 'Whatever happened to Carrie Fisher? She used to be so hot. Now she looks like  Elton John.'
"Well this did hurt my feelings, partly because I knew what this person meant. Yes, it's all too true. I let myself go. And where did I go to? Where all fat, jowly, middle-aged women go to - refrigerators and restaurants."


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Hearts midfielder Prince Buaben has penned a contract extension that will keep him at Tynecastle until 2018.

The 26-year-old Ghanaian joined Hearts in the summer on a deal until the end of the season.
And his displays for Robbie Neilson's unbeaten Championship-leaders prompted the club to tie him down on a new contract.
"I'm very pleased to get the deal done, I always wanted to stay here," Buaben told the Hearts website.
And the former Dundee United and Partick Thistle midfielder added: "The football suits me as we play a good passing game.
The main thing for me was to have both Robbie and Craig [Levein, director of football] telling me that they wanted me to be here, and to get the security of a longer deal is great as well."
Head coach Neilson said: "He's a top player and has been huge for us, a real integral part of the season. The pleasing thing is there's a lot more to come from him.
"We could've lost him in January but he wants to stay and that's great. Prince signing a long-term deal is as important as bringing in new players. It's important that we get our stars tied up on deals and happy.
"Prince has a great attitude and is well-respected by his team-mates, and is a great player for the young boys to look up to."

Goalkeeper Foderingham, 25, who arrived last summer after being released by Swindon, has committed himself to the Ibrox side until 2019.
Kiernan's new deal takes the 25-year-old up until the summer of 2018.
They join captain Lee Wallace and manager Mark Warburton in extending their contracts with the club.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A dog rescue centre near Wakefield has begun using drones to walk its animals.

3 September 2015 Last updated at 21:02 BST
Brian Wheelhouse, from Whitehall Dog Rescue, in East Ardsley, said the new approach to walking the centre's 35 dogs gives them all the exercise they need.
BBC Look North's Shirley Henry reports.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!

22 February 2016 Last updated at 06:39 GMT
More than 150 dogs had to be rescued in 2014, when an adoption centre was destroyed in a big blaze.
Since then, people have donated more than a million pounds to help the adoption centre rebuild, and it's finally ready to open.
The new centre is better than ever, with glass windows and doors on each kennel, and even underfloor heating!
The dogs seem pretty happy with their new pad.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Think back to the dramatic events of January and February, when for a moment it seemed Arab dictators were falling like dominoes.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Then look at the bloody stalemate that characterises the region today.
The two trailblazers, Tunisia and Egypt, have entered an ambiguous transition as the forces of change confront old elites clinging to power and privilege.
Elsewhere - in Yemen, Syria, Bahrain and above all Libya - the dictators are hanging on, through the violent suppression of protest.
The notion that people power would sweep through the region, erasing the old order like a tsunami, was always illusory.
We are wrong to think that everything has changed - or that nothing has changed.
Three lessons stand out.
While Arabs share the same grievances - over autocracy, corruption, the lack of jobs - the expression of these grievances plays out differently in each country.
In Egypt the generals were the decisive force in toppling the ruler (which does not make them revolutionaries).
In Syria and Bahrain there is a sectarian dimension fuelled by minority regimes for whom majority rule is especially threatening.
By sending troops into Bahrain, in response to an overblown Iranian threat, Saudi Arabia exacerbated sectarian tension.
Libya is different again, because of the lack of a strong centralised state - and because the opposition has called in Western help.
In no two cases is the balance of forces identical.
In origin, the Arab uprisings were nationalistic. They brought together different groups united by the demand that a hated dictator should go.
But religion has not suddenly disappeared.
The question is not whether Islam will play a role in determining the region's future, but what that role will be.
For the moment, Islamist groups - notably the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt - are speaking the language of democracy and national unity.
The Islamists realise they have a unique opportunity to enter the political arena.
It is an ideal moment to put their democratic pretensions to the test.
A split between a more reactionary Islamist old guard and a more open-minded younger generation is not inconceivable.
Western powers, not least the Obama administration in Washington, have been slow to realise the limits of their influence. They are reacting to events, not driving them.
In Yemen, for example, the Americans initially supported President Ali Abdullah Saleh - but then, seeing the writing on the wall, began to distance themselves from him.
Even in Libya - the one place where the West has gambled on armed intervention - it is discovering it may not be able to determine the outcome.
However uncomfortable in the short run, in the end that may be no bad thing.
The Bush administration toppled the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq, with consequences the region is still living with.
This time the pressure for regime change is coming from within.
Democratisation will be destabilising. It always is. And getting rid of the dictator does not necessarily produce democracy.
But everywhere the mood has changed. In city after city, the barrier of fear has been breached. In that sense, at least, there can be no going back.
Roger Hardy is a visiting fellow at the Centre for International Studies at London School of Economics.

In those days, America seemed infinitely far ahead of the rest of the world. Russia was entering its long, sclerotic phase when no change, political or economic, was allowed. Mao Zedong was just about to impose the horrors of the Cultural Revolution on China. Europe was still getting over the ravages of World War Two.
As for Britain, it was a stodgy place, stuck in its old class system. It scarcely had a tourism industry: the idea that anyone might want to visit Britain for a holiday made people smile.
Within a couple of years or so, much of this had changed.
The United States was convulsed by the Vietnam War protests, and never quite got its old dominance back, the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe was challenged, Europe began its long rise to wealth and influence... and Swinging London became the capital of the world.
As a BBC correspondent, I've been lucky enough to be an eyewitness to many of the great events which have changed our lives.
I saw the challenge to apartheid during the Soweto Uprising in the mid-1970s. I watched the revolution in Iran unfold, and give Muslims everywhere a new pride in themselves.
I reported on the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent collapse of Marxism-Leninism in Europe, the end of apartheid in South Africa, the savagery of the Bosnian war.
I watched the rise and fall and rise of the Taliban and other extremist Islamic groups, the destruction of Saddam Hussein and the civil war in Iraq which followed, the revolutions against dictators like Colonel Gaddafi, the opening up of China and the ascent of Vladimir Putin and his annexation of Crimea two years ago.
It just shows that if you can hang on to the tail of human history tightly enough, it will take you just about everywhere.
In my professional lifetime, we've seen the world go through two distinct phases. The first was the bipolar world in which Washington and Moscow ordered everything to suit themselves.
That ended on 9 November 1989, when the East German leadership, without realising the consequences, opened up the Berlin Wall to anyone who wanted to cross into the West. Over the next six weeks the entire Soviet empire in Eastern Europe collapsed, and the Soviet Union itself followed in August 1991.
The second phase has been with us ever since: a weakening US, a damaged Russia, and a rising China. Maybe, after Brexit and the election of Donald Trump, this phase too has now come to an end, and Anglo/Euro/American power is on the way down.
If so, the third phase will bring more of the kind of brutality that is currently being inflicted on Aleppo by the Syrian government and its Russian backers: no-holds-barred violence, no one exempt from the barrel-bombs and the missiles.
Yet much of the world has been a lot better off during the post-1989 phase than when it started.
There's been a dramatic decline in wars fought between states. Civil wars increased in number after 1989, but have declined ever since. In the 1950s, wars caused almost 250 deaths per million people; now the figure is fewer than 10 per million.
High-intensity conflicts have more than halved since the end of the Cold War. Freedom has greatly increased. There are nearly a hundred democracies today, compared with fewer than 40 in 1966.
Dictatorships, getting on for 90 in 1966, are now down to 20. Gross dictators like Saddam Hussein and Col Gaddafi, whom I once specialised in interviewing, have mostly vanished.
Terrorism has surged recently, but it is still below the heights it reached between 1970 and 1990. By a great many measurements, human beings run their affairs better now than they did 50 years ago.
Yet we still don't live happily ever after.
Take South Africa. It was the highest point of my career so far to witness the joyful arrival in power of Nelson Mandela in 1994. I was proud to call Mandela a friend.
Now, crime and the ANC's gross corruption have brought the dream down. When I was in South Africa recently, young black kids told me that Mandela was an Uncle Tom who just did white people's bidding.
In my 50 years I've reported on 48 wars, revolutions and insurrections: a terrible compilation of death and violence.
I've seen at first hand three of the modern world's most notorious massacres: Sabra and Chatila in 1982, the gassing of the Kurds by Saddam Hussein at Halabjeh in 1988, and the shooting down of hundreds of people in Tiananmen Square in 1989.
You don't simply shrug off experiences like these.
Yet in some ways it was the death of a single individual which has had the most serious impact on me.
In the run-up to the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, a young Iraqi Kurd, Kamaran Abdurrazak, asked if he could work with me as a translator.
He was standing beside me on the day when an American Navy pilot dropped a 1,000lb (454kg) bomb right into the middle of the group of US and Kurdish soldiers we were filming. Seventeen people died, mostly burned to death; Kamaran was hit in the legs by a large chunk of shrapnel. He died soon afterwards of shock and blood loss.
I've never got over the guilt at having inadvertently led him to his death.
As a way of marking my 50th anniversary with the BBC, I have made a film for BBC One's Panorama programme. This gave me the chance to go back to see Kamaran's mother in Erbil, in northern Iraq.
I was deeply nervous, but she greeted me with grace and gentleness. "Of course I forgive you," she said, and I wept.
Half a century ago the BBC would have cut out the bit where the tears ran down my face: in 1966, BBC correspondents didn't show emotion on camera. Now it's no longer unacceptable.
In my 50-year career I've looked on while entire nations have escaped from oppression, and great historical wrongs have been righted.
But maybe, as a result of those 50 years, I've been liberated as a person, too.
John Simpson: 50 Years on the Frontline is on Panorama on BBC One at 19:30 GMT on Monday, 19 December and available to view later via BBC iPlayer.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Waiting time figures for the Accident and Emergency departments of Scotland's hospitals are to be published weekly, the Scottish government has announced.

The move follows criticism that Scotland's quarterly reporting of A&E waiting times did not allow action to be taken to quickly address problems.
The Scottish government had previously announced it would move to monthly stats but would now report weekly.
Opposition MSPs said the health secretary had been slow to act.
The Scottish government's chief statistician said the weekly publication, from 3 March, would include the total number of attendances at each core emergency site and a breakdown of waiting times.
It will include the total number of attendances and the number waiting longer than four, eight and 12 hours.
Health Secretary Shona Robison said: "The regular collection of year-round A&E statistics first began under this government, and I welcome the move to the weekly publication of A&E figures which will make NHS Scotland even more accountable to the public and patients who use their services.
"The new weekly Scottish A&E statistics will also contain more detail than the statistics that are published by NHS England."
Ms Robison said the government would also set up a new website to make statistics on NHS performance more accessible.
The waiting times move came the week after a support team was sent to the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley where 84% of A&E patients were treated within a four-hour timeframe. The national target is 95%.
The latest set of A&E statistics, which were for the period from October to December, suggested 91% of patients were treated within four hours.
This compared to 94% in the previous quarter and was slightly worse than England's performance of 92.6%.
The numbers were below the overall performance in England but above that in what were described as "core sites" in major cities south of the border.
Opposition parties had said the delay in getting the statistics and the fact they did not identify individual hospitals made it difficult to identify where the problems were.
Scottish Labour's health spokeswoman Jenny Marra said: "This U-turn from the SNP on A&E reporting has been a long time coming.
"If the SNP had been prepared to publish A&E figures weekly over the last year this crisis could have been caught at a much earlier stage and hardworking staff given the support they need."
She added: "This is change of policy has been forced through by Scottish Labour. Just this month Shona Robison was totally opposed to ending the secrecy in our NHS.
"The crisis in Scotland's A&E departments has meant the SNP could no longer hide from the truth which is they are letting our NHS down."
Scottish Liberal Democrat health spokesman Jim Hume said: "Scotland's A&E units are in crisis mode yet the health secretary took weeks to respond to our calls for transparency. SNP ministers have taken their eye off the ball.
"Communities and the government can use these weekly statistics to bring A&E waiting times down."
Dr Peter Bennie, chair of BMA Scotland, said the pressure on NHS services and staff this winter had been "relentless".
He said: "The BMA welcomes greater transparency in workforce and activity information within Scotland's NHS, so that areas of pressure and opportunity for improvement are properly understood and can be acted upon quickly."
Dr Bennie said he hoped the focus on A&E would not lead to wider pressures on the NHS being ignored.

He said this was as clinicians were getting on and doing the job.
Mr Wells was speaking in his first interview since it emerged almost 200 operations would be postponed due to pressures on emergency departments.
He said there was not a problem and the public should feel reassured.
Mr Wells was attending a public lecture given by former Health Secretary and Labour MP Alan Johnson.
The theme was the National Health Service at "66 and a half".
Current health problems both locally and nationally were discussed including the role of politicians within the service.
When asked to respond to recent criticism about his apparent absence over the past fortnight, Mr Wells had this to say.
"I only need to make any public statement to the media when I believe there is a problem," he said.
"What I saw was people who were too busy dealing with the huge surge in demand and who did not have time to have me following them around and they were doing a great job.
"And I was content they were getting through it and the statistics released last Friday showed we did get through it."
During Wednesday's Stormont health committee session, officials said all cancelled operations would be dealt with within the next three to six weeks.
Some non-urgent operations in Northern Ireland did not go ahead this week as a result of ongoing pressures in emergency departments.
Patients in the Belfast, South Eastern and Western health trusts have been affected.
The public were notified in advance by letter or telephone.
All of Northern Ireland's five trusts cancelled some operations last week in one of a series of measures to tackle demands on the emergency system.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Four foreign-owned firms are competing to run train services in Wales and create the £600m South Wales Metro.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Bids have been submitted by Abellio, Arriva, KeolisAmey and MTR for the next Wales and Borders franchise.
The successful bidder will have to make a slice of its profits available to be reinvested in the railway.
They will also be responsible for delivering a major upgrade to the rail network in and around Cardiff as part of the Metro scheme.
A contract will be awarded in early 2018.
The four bids are being assessed by Transport for Wales (TfW), a Welsh government-owned company, as part of what ministers said would be an "ambitious and creative not for profit model".
Officials said the four preferred bidders were the only four to come forward for the contract.
The Welsh government has set out its ambitions for the Metro but it will be up to the bidders to propose how it will operate, as well as drawing up plans to build a new rail or tram system.
Analysis by Sarah Dickins, BBC Wales economics correspondent
This is the first time that the Welsh Government has awarded a rail franchise. It did not have the power to do so when the all-Wales franchise was awarded to Arriva.
The model this time will focus on what level and quality of service the various bidders can offer. They will be asked to outline what they will do to drive up the numbers of passengers taking trains and buses across Wales.
While the Metro for south Wales will be part of the bid, the company's proposals will also be scrutinised in terms of how they will affect all geographical locations.
Whichever company wins will have a cap set on how much profit they can make. We do not yet know at what level that will be set but once that is passed remaining profit will go to the body responsible - Transport for Wales - to be reinvested in public transport in Wales. That cap will be for negotiation.
Each company is expected to put together its own particular mix of heavy rail, bus and possibly light rail. The preferred contractor is expected to be known by early 2018.
Negotiations are underway with Network Rail about handing over responsibility for the track on the core Valleys lines to the franchise holder.
The current franchise is run by Arriva Trains Wales which gets a subsidy from the Welsh Government of between £150m and £180m a year.
Rail privatisation laws stop the Welsh Government giving the contract to public sector bodies.
The Welsh Government has lobbied for more powers, but said its requests have been turned down in Westminster.
Officials said in time TfW may evolve to take on more responsibilities, similar to Transport for London.
Economy Secretary Ken Skates said new trains, quicker journeys and modernised technology were priorities for the franchise.
"We now have four highly skilled, experienced companies entering the next, competitive phase and I am keen to hear more from them about what they can offer Wales and how they can deliver on our plans for integrated public transport," he said.
"Over the next 10 years I envisage significant strides in the delivery of our public transport network including the electrification of the Swansea, Valleys and north Wales lines, a South and North Wales Metro and widespread structural improvements that are already in the pipeline."

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Alun Cairns gave his commitment as he made a site visit to see upgrading work at the Severn Tunnel.
He also highlighted the importance of transport links to the economy in a speech to business leaders in Cardiff.
Mr Cairns said the benefits of electrification will "vastly outweigh" the six-week closure of the tunnel.
"It will be delivered," the Welsh secretary told a gathering of the Institute of Directors on Thursday.
"Our £500m contribution to the Cardiff city deal will support electrification of the Valley Lines railways," he said, referring to a £1.2bn plan to boost infrastructure across south east Wales.
"Crossrail [in London] will enhance the shorter journey times offered by electrification of the mainline - bringing Cardiff closer to Canary Wharf.
"And we're investing to link Heathrow airport to the Great Western mainline - cutting half an hour off the journey between Heathrow and south Wales."
Mr Cairns also highlighted the UK government's promise to halve tolls on the Severn Crossings when they return to public ownership in 2018.
In 2015, the then Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said he hoped the main line would be electrified as far as Swansea by 2020 or 2021, after Network Rail said it would complete the London to Cardiff upgrade by March 2019.
Meanwhile the Welsh Government has named four preferred bidders in the competition to run the new not-for-profit Wales and Borders rail franchise from October 2018.