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Question: The "Super Tuesday" primaries and caucuses, held on 1 March in 11 states across the US, were a political blockbuster, rocketing Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton to daunting leads for their parties' nomination.

Like any good blockbuster, Super Tuesday has a sequel. Super Tuesday II, which takes place this week, has fewer states in play - Florida, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri and North Carolina - but it could finish what the first Tuesday of March started.
By Wednesday morning Mrs Clinton and Mr Trump may have built near insurmountable leads in their nomination contests. Or the 2016 election saga could continue with countless more episodes in store.
Here's a quick look at everything that's at stake this week - and why.
When figuring out who's winning and who's losing in the race for the presidential nominations to the two major US parties, it all comes down to who has the most delegates to the national party conventions. It's at these conventions, to be held in July, that the Republican and Democratic nominees are chosen.
Although the rules vary slightly, the delegates at both party conventions vote on who gets the nomination and a simple majority carries the day. For the Democrats that means 2,386 out of 4,765 delegates. For Republicans the magic number is 1,237 out of a total of 2,472.
As of Monday businessman Donald Trump leads the Republican race with 460 delegates, followed by Texas Senator Ted Cruz (370), Florida Senator Marco Rubio (163) and Ohio Governor John Kasich (63).
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton leads the Democratic race with 774 delegates, while Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders has 553.
Sigh. Yes, it is.
The Democratic total excludes more than 700 "superdelegates" - party functionaries and officeholders who also have a vote in the party convention. Mrs Clinton currently has a significant lead among those who have announced their endorsement, garnering the support of 465 versus only 25 who are currently backing Mr Sanders.
Superdelegates are free to change their mind at any point before the convention, however, and it's unlikely they'd buck popular opinion if Mr Sanders is the choice of a majority of Democratic voters.
The Republicans have something similar to superdelegates at their convention but there are fewer of them and most are locked into supporting whoever their state voted for in its primary or caucus.
For Republicans this latest slate of nomination contests is important not just because of the number of convention delegates up for grabs - 349 - but how they will be apportioned.
While the first Super Tuesday had a whopping 595 delegates at play, 15 March marks the first time states can hold "winner-take-all" primaries. The entire batch of delegates is awarded to the winner with even the narrowest plurality of the total state vote.
Will Florida be Marco Rubio's last stand?
Florida (99 delegates) and Ohio (63) both use this system. Missouri (53) and Illinois (69) are winner-take-all at the congressional district level, so if one candidate performs well across the state that person could very well secure the entire bounty. Only North Carolina (69) will apportion its delegates proportionally based on the overall popular vote.
What all this means is that if Mr Trump, who leads in many of the state polls, does particularly well on Tuesday he could effectively lock up the nomination.
If, for instance, he wins both Ohio and Florida - a combined 162 delegates - he would only have to win about half of the remaining delegates over the next two months to assure a majority at the Republican convention.
Mr Trump's biggest obstacle on Tuesday is that to win the two top prizes, Florida and Ohio, he will have to take down two rivals fighting on their home territory.
Mr Rubio, a distant third in the delegate count and coming off the multiple fourth-place finishes last week, is making a last stand in the state that sent him to the US Senate in 2010. He's spent almost the entire last two weeks campaigning across Florida in the hopes a win will jump-start his campaign.
According to recent polls, however, he continues to trail in the state and among the third of Florida Republicans who have already cast their ballots during the early voting period.
Ohio looks like it will be a dogfight between Mr Trump and Mr Kasich, who as the sitting governor has a formidable campaign network in the state and remains popular among Republican voters there. Mr Kasich is a distant fourth in the total delegate count, so Ohio would provide him not only with his first outright win but also a much-needed numbers boost.
Mr Cruz beat Mr Trump in his home state of Texas on Super Tuesday and his second place in the delegate count seems secure regardless of this Tuesday's outcome. His goal is to try to keep pace with Mr Trump as best he can and prove he has nationwide appeal, even if he doesn't score any statewide wins.
The Texan is playing a long game at this point, hoping to outlast his anti-Trump rivals and then take down the New York real-estate mogul later, in a head-to-head showdown.
If Mr Trump loses in Florida or Ohio - or both - and if Mr Cruz or one of the other candidates does well in the other states, it could put a real dent in the New Yorker's chances of becoming the nominee without a brutal fight at the Republican convention.
The Democrats don't play the winner-take-all game, but that doesn't mean that this isn't a pivotal day for their presidential race as well.
Although Mrs Clinton has a solid delegate lead (with or without the superdelegates) Mr Sanders is riding a wave of momentum following a shocking upset in the Michigan primary last Tuesday. Polls leading up to the vote there showed him trailing by double digits, and he ended up with a narrow victory.
Now all eyes are on whether he can outperform polling once again, particularly in states that are near Michigan, like Ohio and Illinois, and have similar levels of white, pro-union, working-class voters who have been receptive to Mr Sanders's economic populism and anti-trade-deal rhetoric.
Mrs Clinton has consistently performed well in the south, so she could post big wins in Florida and North Carolina that would ameliorate close losses in the mid-west. She's still the odds-on favourite to win the nomination, but a poor performance on Tuesday will make the road much more difficult.
Across-the-board losses, if they were to happen, would throw the Democratic race into total turmoil.
There's one more thing to take into consideration when looking at these coming primaries. Some of them are "open" to any voters, while others are "closed" to only registered party voters.
That makes a difference because, at least so far, Mr Trump and Mr Sanders have performed better in open primaries and caucuses, where their non-traditional voters can participate without the registration requirements and deadlines.
On Tuesday Florida is closed; Illinois and Missouri are open; North Carolina is open only to registered party members and independents; and Ohio requires voters to fill out party paperwork at the polls and affirm that they support the party's principles.
Sound complicated? Welcome to US-style democracy.

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Mrs Clinton sought to cast herself as the protector of Barack Obama's legacy, sharply attacking Mr Sanders for criticising the president.
"The kind of criticism I hear from Senator Sanders, I expect from Republicans," Mrs Clinton said.
Nevada and South Carolina, states with large minority populations, vote next.
Mrs Clinton and Mr Sanders are competing to be the Democratic party candidate in November's presidential election.
At the PBS NewsHour televised debate, Mrs Clinton repeatedly emphasised her ties to Mr Obama who is extremely popular among minority voters.
Meanwhile, Mr Sanders took pains to tailor to his message of economic fairness to address disparities in black communities.
Mrs Clinton also stressed her pragmatism, questioning Mr Sanders' pledges to provide universal healthcare and free higher education.
"We have a special obligation to make clear what we stand for which is why we can't make promises we can't keep," Mrs Clinton said.
Immigration reform was also a major topic of discussion. Both candidates supported creating a path to citizenship for the nearly 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US and they decried a recent uptick in deportations by the Obama administration.
Criticising the anti-immigrant positions of Republican front-runner Donald Trump, Mr Sanders said immigrants should not be scapegoats for economic uncertainty.
"We have got to stand up to the Trumps of the world, who are trying to divide us," Mr Sanders said.
Debate highlights:
Mrs Clinton is trying to rebuild her campaign after Mr Sanders decisively won the New Hampshire primary.
She received a much-needed endorsement from an influential bloc of black Democrats in Congress on Thursday.
The Vermont senator won the New Hampshire primary by 22 percentage points and lost the Iowa caucuses narrowly, but both states have nearly all-white populations.
He now faces the challenge of finding votes among the sizable Latino and black electorates in Nevada and South Carolina.
But the former secretary of state has strong support among Latinos and African-Americans and is expected to do well in the two states.
A recent NBC News/Wall Street Journal/Marist poll in South Carolina gave Mrs Clinton a lead of 74 over Mr Sanders' 17 percent among black voters.
On Thursday, the political action committee of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) publicly endorsed Mrs Clinton as their Democratic presidential candidate, giving an added boost to her campaign.
"We must have a president that understands the racial divide, not someone who just acquired the knowledge recently but someone...who has lived it and worked through it down through the years," CBC Chairman G K Butterfield told reporters on Thursday.
Recognising the need to do more to court the black vote, Mr Sanders met civil rights leader the Reverend Al Sharpton in New York on Wednesday.
However, Mr Sharpton declined to say which candidate he would back after the meeting.
It is still unclear who the winner of the Democratic contest will face in the Republican race, with Donald Trump, John Kasich and Ted Cruz finishing first, second and third in the New Hampshire primary.
Both Republican and Democratic parties will formally name their presidential candidates at conventions in July.
Americans will finally go to the polls to choose the new occupant of the White House in November.
20 February - South Carolina primary (Republican); Nevada caucus (Democrat)
23 February - Nevada caucus (R)
27 February - South Carolina primary (D)
1 March - 'Super Tuesday' - 15 states or territories decide
18-21 July - Republican convention, nominee picked
25-28 July - Democratic convention, nominee picked
8 November - US presidential elections
In depth: Primary calendar


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Question: The World Bank forecasts that Ebola will cost West African economies $3-4bn.

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Media playback is unsupported on your device
19 November 2014 Last updated at 18:31 GMT
The World Bank's chief economist for Africa, Francisco Ferreira, said the total economic loss was likely to be about a tenth of the $32bn his organisation had initially predicted.
Half of Liberians who were working when the outbreak began are now jobless.
A Cuban doctor working in Sierra Leone has been diagnosed with the virus.
Here is the latest Ebola news for Wednesday 19 November - in 15 seconds.

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"The economy has been deflated by 30% because of Ebola," Sierra Leone's Agriculture Minister Joseph Sam Sesay told the BBC.
He said President Ernest Bai Koroma revealed this staggering and depressing news to ministers at a special cabinet meeting. "The agricultural sector is the most impacted in terms of Ebola because the majority of the people of Sierra Leone - about 66% - are farmers," he said.
Twelve out of 13 districts in Sierra Leone are now affected by Ebola, although the epicentres are in the Eastern Province near the borders with Liberia and Guinea.
Road blocks manned by police and military are preventing the movement of farmers and labourers as well as the supply of goods.
"We are definitely expecting a devastating effect not only on labour availability and capacity but we are also talking about farms being abandoned by people running away from the epicentres and going to areas that don't have the disease," Mr Sesay added.
However, the chief co-ordinator for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), David McLachlan-Karr, thinks that the road blocks are absolutely crucial to containing the outbreak.
"A robust response to quarantining epicentres of the disease is absolutely necessary," he told the BBC. But he admits agriculture in Sierra Leone has been brought to its knees.
"We are now coming into the planting season which means a lot of agriculture is not happening, so down the line that will create food shortages and pressures on food prices. We are starting to see a rise in inflation and pressure on the national currency as well as a shortage of foreign exchange," he said.
The UNDP has appealed for $18m (Â£11m) to bolster Sierra Leone's health system while the World Food Programme says the total cost of its emergency operations in Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia is $70m.
In Guinea and Liberia the economic predictions may be less catastrophic but they are still worrying.  The World Bank said it was expecting GDP growth in Guinea to fall from 4.5% to 3.5%.
The Liberian economy had been expected to grow by 5.9% this year but the country's Finance Minister, Amara Konneh, said this was no longer realistic due to a slowdown in the transport and services sectors and the departure of foreign workers because of Ebola.
The world's largest steelmaker ArcelorMittal has seen work disrupted on its iron ore mine expansion project in Yekepa in Liberia, after contractors declared "force majeure" and moved people out of the country.
Simandou, in the forests of eastern Guinea, is Africa's largest iron ore mine and infrastructure project. Vale, the world's biggest iron ore producer, was involved in Simandou until April. It evacuated six international members of staff and put the rest of the workforce in the area on leave.
Rio Tinto, the world's third largest mining company, which owns a share in Simandou, has donated $100,000 to the World Health Organization's work in the area and is also making sanitation equipment available to local people there.
A smaller British company, London Mining, has moved out some its non-essential expatriate staff from Sierra Leone, where mining has accounted for much of the country's recent growth. According to the International Monetary Fund, Sierra Leone's output grew by 20% last year; excluding iron ore mining, it grew by 5.5%.
But like Rio Tinto, London Mining has also donated money towards tackling the spread of Ebola, and educating local communities about the virus.
In Sierra Leone, commercial banks have reduced their hours of business by two hours to reduce contact with clients and the country's tourism industry has taken a severe knock - some hotels are empty and are laying off staff.
The closure of borders in West Africa and the suspension of flights are also having a detrimental effect on trade, severely limiting the ability of countries to export and import goods.
Recent examples are the closure of Cameroon's lengthy border with Nigeria and the announcement by Kenya Airways that it is suspending flights to and from Sierra Leone and Liberia.
All three West African nations are already poor countries, but the Ebola outbreak could make them even poorer. Sierra Leone and Liberia have both emerged from horrific civil wars and managed to rebuild their economies.
Liberia has been trying to revive its mining sector which before the civil war accounted for more than half its export earnings. But now there are fears that all the good work that has been achieved since those conflicts could be destroyed. There are also concerns that widespread poverty could force people to resort to criminality.
Meanwhile some international investors are nervously watching the Ebola outbreak unfold. Dianna Games, chief executive of Johannesburg-based consultants Africa@Work, says fears about the virus could damage Africa's economic revival of recent years.
"Ebola has made a dent in the Africa Rising narrative," she told the BBC. "The stereotypes of Africa as a place of poverty and disease have started to re-emerge again."
She thinks Nigeria is the only affected country that has the health system and infrastructure to deal with Ebola. At the moment there have only been 12 confirmed cases, all of which were linked to the death of one man from Liberia in July.
In the long run, Ms Games believes history will view the 2014 Ebola outbreak as a temporary blip rather than a permanent U-turn in the continent's fortunes.
"The fundamentals pushing this Africa Renaissance are still there," she said.


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Question: Human rights group Amnesty International says Muslims who openly show their faith suffer widespread discrimination in Europe.

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In a new report
, the group urges Europe's governments to do more to challenge negative stereotypes and prejudices against Muslims.
In particular, it says Muslims face exclusion from jobs and education for wearing traditional forms of dress.
It also criticises the bans on Muslim women's veils passed in some states.
"Muslim women are being denied jobs and girls prevented from attending regular classes just because they wear traditional forms of dress, such as the headscarf. Men can be dismissed for wearing beards associated with Islam," the group's discrimination specialist Marco Perolini said.
"Rather than countering these prejudices, political parties and public officials are all too often pandering to them in their quest for votes."
The report highlights moves in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Spain to ban the full-face veils worn by some Muslim women, as well as the ban on minarets enacted in Switzerland in 2009.
It also criticises rules in many countries that forbid students from wearing the headscarf or other religious and traditional dress at school.
"Wearing religious and cultural symbols and dress is part of the right of freedom of expression. It is part of the right to freedom of religion or belief - and these rights must be enjoyed by all faiths equally," Mr Perolini said.
According to the rights group, bans on full-face veils cannot be justified by security concerns, except in certain circumstances such as security checks or high-risk areas.
While applauding the desire to stop women from being coerced into wearing traditional or religious dress, it says this should not be achieved by banning individual women from wearing certain items of clothing.
Amnesty International also accuses Belgium, France and the Netherlands of failing to implement properly laws banning discrimination in employment.
Its report says employers are being allowed to discriminate on the grounds that religious or cultural symbols will conflict with colleagues, customers or the company's image.
Citing statistics showing lower rates of employment among female immigrants from Muslim countries, the report says surveys of Muslim women suggest this is in part to blame on discrimination.
The report's recommendations include the creation of national anti-discrimination bodies and greater efforts to monitor discrimination on religious grounds.

The findings for 2012 spoke of an increase in anti-Islamic sentiment in Europe and Asia.
It also said there was growing anti-Semitism, especially in Venezuela, Egypt and Iran.
As he unveiled the report, US Secretary of State John Kerry appointed a new special envoy on anti-Semitism.
Ira Foreman was named to replace Michael Kozak in the role, which was first created in 2004.
Mr Foreman was in charge of appealing to Jewish voters on behalf of President Barack Obama ahead of last November's election.
The International Religious Freedom Report, released on Monday, noted that in Egypt, anti-Semitic sentiment in the media sometimes included Holocaust denial or glorification.
It also mentioned an incident on 19 October when Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi said "amen" to a religious leader's call upon Allah to "destroy the Jews and their supporters".
Government-controlled media in Venezuela, meanwhile, had published numerous anti-Semitic statements, including in opposition to a Catholic presidential candidate with Jewish ancestors.
The report also noted the Iranian government's frequent denunciations of Judaism.
"Even well into the 21st Century, traditional forms of anti-Semitism, such as conspiracy theories, use of the discredited myth of 'blood libel' and cartoons demonizing Jews continued to flourish," the report said.
It found that Muslims faced new restrictions in Belgium, which had banned face-covering religious attire in classrooms.
The report also raised concern at the restricting of headscarves in schools in Mangalore, India.
A section on Burma highlighted sustained violence and discrimination against Rohingya Muslims. The report was released as Burmese President Thein Sein met Mr Obama in the White House.
It also highlighted the targeting of Islamic minorities in majority Muslim countries.
There had been rising violence against Shia and Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan, discrimination against non-Sunni Muslims in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, and the arrest and harassment of Sunni Muslims in Iran, the report said.
Mr Kerry said the findings also pointed to a rise in apostasy laws, which he said were frequently used to repress dissent or settle personal vendettas.
The report cites the example of a mentally disabled Christian girl who was jailed for over a month in Pakistan on blasphemy charges until she was freed amid domestic and international condemnation.
The report also found:
As he unveiled the report in Washington DC, Mr Kerry acknowledged that America's own record was not perfect, but said religious freedom was a "universal value".
"The freedom to profess and practise one's faith - to believe or not to believe, or to change one's beliefs - that is a birthright of every human being," he said.
"I urge all countries, especially those identified in this report, to take action now to safeguard this fundamental freedom."


Question:
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'['', 'A contract has been signed to transport the oil rig that ran aground on Lewis.']' == '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'The 17,000-tonne Transocean Winner hit rocks at Dalmore Bay in early August but has now been towed to Broad Bay.\nThe Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) said the Norwegian company Offshore Heavy Transport (OHT) would transport it to Turkey.\nThe firm is expected to float the rig onto the semi-submersible heavy lift vessel OHT Hawk. which is scheduled to arrive in Broad Bay in late September.\nTransocean Winner was being towed from Norway to Malta when it broke free in stormy seas on 8 August.\nFrom Malta it was due to be taken to Turkey to be scrapped.\nSince the grounding, local politicians have called for the rig to be dismantled in Scotland but it was confirmed earlier this week that it would continue its journey to Turkey.\nHugh Shaw, the Secretary of State\'s representative for maritime salvage and intervention, said: "There will be many technical challenges surrounding the operations, however I am satisfied that this is the safest option and it fully meets the requirements to minimise any future risk to safety or damage to the environment."\nThe rig\'s grounding sparked pollution fears owing to the 280 tonnes of diesel on board.\nInvestigations found two of its four fuel tanks were damaged in the incident which resulted in the loss of 53,000 litres of fuel, most of which is thought to have evaporated.\nThe remaining fuel has been safely removed.\nDozens of pieces of debris have also been found at the grounding site at Dalmore, with divers recovering about 40 pieces so far.\nMCA said a temporary exclusion zone of 1000m in Broad Bay would remain in place to minimise any risk to safety for other boats as well as divers and vessels helping with the salvage operation.\nA temporary exclusion zone of 750m also remains at Dalmore Bay while the salvage of debris continues.']' != '['represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!\n\n\nFor instance, <<The Oxfordshire-based team have missed the last two races due to financial problems, but will compete at the season-ending race thanks to a successful crowdfunding project.\n"It will be nice to be back in the car," Kobayashi said. "This team is working hard and never gives up."\nCaterham say they will announce their second driver "in due course".\nKobayashi, 28, has raced 14 times this season, but was dropped for the Belgian Grand Prix, and also criticised Caterham over repairs made to his car during the Russian Grand Prix weekend.\nFinnbarr O\'Connell, the team\'s administrator, said: "The team are delighted to have Kamui on board for the race weekend in Abu Dhabi."\nSwede Marcus Ericsson, who has driven alongside Kobayashi for most of the season, terminated his Caterham contract with immediate effect earlier this week.>>  to "Caterham have announced that they will retain Japanese driver Kamui Kobayashi for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix."', '2 July 2015 Last updated at 07:46 BST\nA total of 32.7kg of explosives were used to blow up the bridge over the Monongahela River, which had a structure that was falling apart.']'

Question: Taylor Swift is the highest-paid woman in music, according to Forbes' annual list, having earned more than double her nearest competitor Adele.

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The 26-year-old pop star has amassed earnings of $170m (£137.8m) over the past year, mainly thanks to a world tour named after her recent 1989 album.
Adele is ranked second with estimated pre-tax income of $80.5m (£65.2m).
Madonna comes in third place with estimated earnings of $76.5m (£62m), with Rihanna following closely behind.
Beyonce is placed at five, with pre-tax income estimated at $54m (£43.8m), according to the magazine.
Swift's pole position was virtually guaranteed earlier this year when she topped Forbes' list of the 100 highest-paid celebrities.
Katy Perry, ranked sixth this year, topped last year's rundown of female pop stars with estimated earnings of $135m (£109.4m).
Forbes bases its the estimates on industry information as well as interviews with managers and agents, along with data given by the artists themselves.
Here are the top 10 female pop stars on the Forbes list, which covers the period June 2015 to June 2016:
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

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It's the fourth year the comedian, 61, has topped the list thanks to syndication deals for his show Seinfeld, live tours and the series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.
Get Hard star Kevin Hart's film roles propelled him to second with $28.5m.
John Bishop is the only UK comedian on the list, in ninth place with $8m.
The Liverpudlian, who will perform a sold-out show at Sydney Opera House on Wednesday night as part of his Australian tour, has made it into the top ten for the first time.
"Like the others on the list, most of John's money comes from touring," said Madeline Berg from Forbes.
"While he only made 12 stops during our scoring period, his gross at each was astronomical - one of the highest on our list.
"He is one of few comedians to routinely play large venues, having graduated from the more standard club and theatre scene," she said, adding that his annual Christmas special for the BBC also gave his earnings a big boost.
In third place with $21.5m is ventriloquist and impressionist Terry Fator - a former winner of America's Got Talent who has been dubbed "the human jukebox". He is in the middle of a five-year residency at Las Vegas' Mirage Hotel, reported to be worth $100m.
Ventriloquist Jeff Dunham and Canadian Russell Peters are in joint fourth with $19m, while Parks and Recreation star Aziz Ansari is in sixth place with $9.5m.
Louis CK is in seventh with $9m, Gabriel Iglesias is in eighth with $8.5m and Dave Chappelle rounds out the top ten with $7.5m.
To make the list, the comics' primary source of income has to be from ticket sales.
Forbes' highest-earning comedian Seinfeld previously topped the list in 2013 for the third year in a row, although there was no list in 2014.
Seinfeld's earnings also took him to number 62 in the magazine's Celebrity 100 earlier this year. He is expected to earn more in future years, following a recent deal with US streaming service Hulu which is reported to have paid $160m (£104m) for the rights to Seinfeld.
Second place Hart was the only other comedian to make the Celebrity 100. His earnings rocketed this year thanks to films such as Think Like a Man Too and The Wedding Ringer, alongside the millions made from his 48 live shows.
*denotes joint place


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Question: A retired businessman from south-east London has pleaded guilty in a US court to selling parts for surface-to-air missiles to Iran.

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Christopher Tappin, 66, made the plea at a hearing in El Paso, Texas, in an agreement with US prosecutors and is due to be sentenced on 9 January.
His plea calls for a 33-month sentence which prosecutors have said they would not oppose him serving in the UK.
His wife said it was the "beginning of the end" of the family's ordeal.
Tappin, from Orpington, has been on bail since being extradited to the US in February.
After the hearing his wife Elaine, 62, said: "My overwhelming feeling remains one of anxiety and sadness.
"However, at last I dare hope that Chris will be back on home soil next year.
"I feel we are getting to the beginning of the end.
"It has been a very difficult time for us all and one that would have been infinitely harder had we not received such warm support from friends and strangers alike.
"For that I shall always remain extremely grateful."
Tappin is the principal carer for his wife of 30 years, who has the chronic lung condition Churg-Strauss syndrome.
The former president of the Kent Golf Union and former director of Surrey-based Brooklands International Freight Services previously denied attempting to sell batteries for surface-to-air missiles that were to be shipped from the US to Tehran via the Netherlands, saying he was the victim of an FBI sting.
He had pleaded not guilty but changed his plea earlier in an agreement with US prosecutors.
Tappin had faced up to 35 years in jail.
The case followed an investigation, which began in 2005 when US agents asked technology providers about buyers who might have caused suspicion.
Those customers were then approached by undercover companies set up by government agencies.
Briton Robert Gibson, an associate of Tappin who agreed to co-operate, was jailed for 24 months after pleading guilty to conspiracy to export defence articles.
Gibson provided customs agents with about 16,000 computer files and emails indicating that he and Tappin had long-standing commercial ties with Iranian customers.
American Robert Caldwell was also found guilty of aiding and abetting the illegal transport of defence articles and served 20 months in prison.
Plea bargaining is common in the US, with defendants often able to secure a more lenient sentence if they admit an offence and co-operate with prosecutors, rather than contest the charges in a trial.
But other extradited Britons - including so-called NatWest Three banker David Bermingham, who was jailed for 37 months over an Enron-related fraud in a plea deal four years ago - have claimed the system empowers prosecutors as "judge, jury and executioner".

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Samuel Tree, 68, was sentenced to three and a half years while his wife Joan, 62, received 300 hours community work.
Their plastic Alpha 6 cost just a few pounds but sold for thousands.
The couple are the last of a group of fraudsters - who marketed their devices to governments and conflict zones around the world - to be jailed.
The Trees were found guilty at the Old Bailey in August of making an article for use in a fraud between January 2007 and July 2012.
Sentencing them at London's Kingston Crown Court on Friday, judge Richard Marks QC described the scam as "a bizarre and fantastic proposition as to be almost akin to something out of Alice in Wonderland".
Police said they were driven by "personal greed" and were part of a criminal network worth £80m.
The Trees, of Dunstable, Bedfordshire, sold their worthless devices to an agent for £2,000 each, who then pitched them to other countries' authorities.
Their trial heard the devices were nothing more than plastic boxes with a free-rotating metal antenna.
Police were first alerted to the scam by a BBC Newsnight investigation into the production and sale of the Alpha 6.
Samuel Tree claimed the detectors could track down missing people if a photograph of them was placed inside - a technique he said he had used to search for Madeleine, who went missing as a toddler in 2007, and two other children.
The judge said his wife played a "much lesser role" in the operation, while the court heard she "would not have been involved" but for her husband.
Caroline Hawley, BBC world affairs correspondent, in court
From their suburban home, "Treetops", Samuel and Joan Tree were involved in an extraordinary international scam that reached several continents and, according to the police, put lives in danger.
The couple appeared relieved at the leniency of their sentences, with Mrs Tree seen mouthing "thank you" to the judge.
They embraced and broke down in tears following the hearing, which marks the end of a series of trials of several British fraudsters who made and marketed bogus detectors to trouble spots around the world.
The profits were huge. The police say they will now attempt to recover their ill-gotten gains.
Police believe the scam began in 1999 and made the couple around £2m.
The investigation found the Egyptian government placed a £1m order for the gadgets, while the Thai authorities are believed to have paid £25,000 for a single handle.
Officers said one Alpha 6, assembled out of plastic imported from China, was bought for £500,000.
The bogus contraptions were based on a novelty "golf ball detector" called the Gopher which sold for around $20 (£12) in the US.
The couple's jailing brings to an end a series of trials following a four-year police investigation into what officers described as a "criminal network that turned over more than £80m".
Businessmen James McCormick and Gary Bolton were jailed last year for versions of the scam, which saw the devices used at check points in Iraq.
Bolton claimed his GT200 device could detect anything from cash and land mines to ivory and tobacco.
He worked closely with the Trees after meeting them at an arms fair, police said.
The fraudsters and their devices
The ADE-651 (supposedly shorthand for Advanced Detection Equipment) was sold to Iraq, Niger and other Middle Eastern countries by Somerset-based businessman, James McCormick, who is now serving 10 years in jail. The Iraqis spent £53m ($85m) on the devices at around £5,000 ($8,034) a time. Some sold for as much as £25,000 ($40,178).
The GT200 "remote substance detector", sold by Gary Bolton mainly in Mexico, Thailand, the Middle East and Africa. The device retailed at £5,000 ($8,034) but the highest price it achieved was £500,000 ($803,000). Bolton was sentenced to seven years.
The Alpha 6 manufactured by Samuel and Joan Tree and sold to Egypt, Thailand and Mexico, usually at £2,000 ($3,213) per device. The highest sale price was £15,500 ($24,906) Tree was given three and a half years behind bars while his wife was ordered to do 300 hours unpaid community work.
Det Con Joanne Law, from City of London Police, said the couple were "driven by personal greed".
"It's been a long and complicated inquiry and we've worked with law enforcement officers all over the world to make sure we disrupt this type of crime," she told BBC News.
"It can be incredibly dangerous if you're asking people to use equipment to detect explosives in the belief that that equipment works.
"They're putting their lives at risk and they're also putting members of the public at risk."
DC Law, who led the investigation, said the devices appealed to authorities because it was "an officer's dream" to find such an apparently cost-effective way of detecting a range of substances.
Despite the convictions, versions of the fraudsters' devices are still being used in many countries, including on Iraqi checkpoints and to protect sites in Pakistan, according to the BBC world affairs correspondent Caroline Hawley.
Correction 7 October 2014:  This report has been amended to clarify that Egypt placed a £1m order rather than ordering one million devices.


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Question: Four former county players are to take charge of the Antrim hurling squad on a short-term basis.

Terence McNaughton, Dominic McKinley, Neal Peden and Gary O'Kane have stepped in following the recent resignation of PJ O'Mullan.
Their first game will be in the Christy Ring Cup against Kildare on 23 April.
"They are stepping in on an interim basis and the situation will be reviewed after the Christy Ring," said a county source.
McNaughton, O'Kane and McKinley were all part of the Antrim team which made it to the 1989 All-Ireland final.
It means a second spell in charge for McNaughton and McKinley as they were joint managers of the Saffrons between 2007 and 2009.
In an effort to accommodate hurling and football fans, Antrim have given up home advantage for the Christy Ring opener against Kildare, in the hope a Dublin venue can be arranged.
On the same day Antrim's footballers play Louth in Croke Park in the Division Four final.

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Armagh native Lennon is expected to be ratified by the Red hands committee, a year after stepping down from the post.
He had a successful spell with Tyrone in 2014 and 2015, guiding them to a first ever Nicky Rackard Cup title and securing successive league promotions.
Since his departure, two managers and an interim manager have taken the reins.
Antrim man Dominic Kearns stepped down after just a few weeks in the job early last year, with Waterford man and former Antrim manager Kevin Ryan appointed at short notice.
He too stepped away before the end of the season, but said he had achieved his objectives in helping Tyrone retain their NHL Division 3A and Nicky Rackard Cup status.
Following Ryan's departure, long-serving player and assistant manager John Devlin took over on a temporary basis.
Lennon previously managed his native Armagh from 2006 to 2008 and was in charge of the Monaghan team that reached the NHL Division 3A final in 2012.
He has also managed the Armagh Under-21 footballers, and played hurling at all levels for Armagh and his club Derrynoose.


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Question: A 15-year-old son of musician Nick Cave has died after a fall from a cliff in Brighton, Sussex Police said.

Arthur Cave was found with life-threatening injuries on the underpass of Ovingdean Gap at 18:00 BST on Tuesday.
He was taken to the Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton but died later from his injuries.
His death is not being treated as suspicious and the coroner is investigating, police said.
In a family statement, Nick and Susie Cave said: "Our son Arthur died on Tuesday evening. He was our beautiful, happy loving boy."
Arthur leaves behind a twin brother, Earl.
The reason for Arthur's fall is not yet known but friends have told the BBC he was up there with a friend and they seemed to be having a good time, even posting updates on social media.
His friends say he was a "really, really happy boy" who will be dearly missed.
One friend, Kimye Hajisabagh, told BBC South East Today: "I'm going to miss him so much. I can't believe it. It's horrible."
Stars of the music world have also paid tribute.
Singer Alison Moyet tweeted: "How my heart aches for Nick Cave & Susie & Earl at their loss."
Singer Brian McFadden tweeted: "Very sad to hear the news about Arthur Cave. My thoughts are with Nick and the rest of the family. Heartbreaking."

The man, 30, was drinking at a hostel before he and three other backpackers decided to jump, police said.
He plunged about 10m into the river and briefly resurfaced before disappearing beneath the water.
His companions, who decided not to jump, alerted authorities who launched a water and aerial search.
The man has not been seen since, police said.
"It's a very sad event obviously," Inspector Sean Cryer told a press conference in Brisbane on Monday.


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Question: Boris Johnson's appointment as the UK foreign secretary is raising eyebrows in Africa, writes Zimbabwean filmmaker and columnist Farai Sevenzo.

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Since the UK's EU referendum, political drama stranger than fiction has gripped observers all over the world - not just within Britain.
Unclear about what the Brexit vote would mean, Africans still took to the Twittersphere in grudging admiration of the smoothness of the transition of power, and wondered why David Cameron had not just rigged the referendum and awarded his point of view the customary 99.9% voter approval common in less ancient democracies on African lands.
In just three weeks from the vote, a new Prime Minister, Theresa May, took charge after the honourable departure of her predecessor and promised to be there for the less privileged, to understand the struggles of the working class and to get equal pay for women.
She said plainly that she gets that "if you're black, you're treated more harshly by the criminal justice system than if you're white".
Then she appointed Boris Johnson as her foreign secretary.
The former London mayor is a consummate politician, whose appetites are as varied as his wit and a favourite of the press for the colourful copy his life and personality consistently deliver.
But there is the whiff of a 1940s colonial district administrator about his utterances when it comes to people and cultures from beyond his social circles.
Born in 1964, his attitude is from an earlier century, full of the arrogance of Empire and the condescension of so-called "civilisers".
This is Mr Johnson in 2002 writing a column critical of then Prime Minister Tony Blair's trips abroad:
"It is said that the Queen has come to love the Commonwealth, partly because it supplies her with regular cheering crowds of flag-waving piccaninnies...
"They say he is shortly off to the Congo. No doubt the AK47s will fall silent, and the pangas will stop their hacking of human flesh, and the tribal warriors will all break out in watermelon smilesâ€¦"
Mr Johnson has since apologised for these words, but they remain etched in history as at worst a bully's insult to those cheering children and at best the kind of joke delivered to like-minded people in the Monday Club or at an apartheid golf course.
During the referendum debate, Mr Johnson suggested that US President Barack Obama, who supported the UK remaining in Europe, had removed a bust of Winston Churchill from the Oval office because of an intrinsic dislike of icons of empire.
"Some said it was a snub to Britain," he wrote. "Some said it was a symbol of the part-Kenyan president's ancestral dislike of the British Empire - of which Churchill had been such a fervent defender."
Both Britain's World War II leader and Mr Obama had American mothers - but it is the "part-Kenyan" difference Mr Johnson sought to highlight, rather than the glaring similarities of the men he was writing about.
In February 2015, Mr Johnson aimed his acid pen at Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe on the occasion of his 91st birthday celebrations:
"In scenes reminiscent of the more disgusting and luxurious behaviour of the emperor Commodus, he will cause various exotic beasts to be slaughtered for the feast," he wrote.
"A local farmer has procured two elephants, and after these rare and majestic creatures have been butchered for the delectation of the semi-deified Mugabe, there will be one more type of meat to come - an animal that you might think was semi-sacred, whose killing should be taboo, a creature that people would never normally dream of eating.
"Yes, a lion, the king of the animal kingdom, will lay down its life before the meat-maddened mob..."
Readers of colonial classics may be transported to Conrad and his Heart of Darkness best, but the language is derisory and mocking here, the word "savages" hovering dangerously on the tip of his pen if not his tongue.
In the piece, he went on to bemoan former Prime Minister Tony Blair's abandonment of white farmers in the former British colony: "Here we had people with close relatives in our own country - yes, our own kith and kin who had fought for this country in two wars and we did absolutely nothing."
The reader was left in no doubt where his real sympathies lay in the story of that broken country, for black Africans too had died in great numbers for his country in two world wars.
There is passion in the new foreign minister's words but accuracy, diplomacy and empathy are in short supply.
He needs to up his diplomatic game despite his full Brexit in-tray - no part of modern Africa will stand much of what are essentially obnoxious out-of-date views of a continent many see as a rising market, whose citizens are well-read and tech-savvy and whose writers, black and white, have won five Nobel prizes for literature.
African citizens should be under no illusions though - the Cameron administration had already axed the office of minister for Africa, outsourced development budgets to the Department for International Development and cut the number of "cultural exchanges" between the UK and the African continent.
The new International Development Minister, Priti Patel, was cynical about the department's existence and once openly campaigned for its abolition or metamorphosis into a trade body.
The UK's grip on her former colonies in Africa is loosening by the year - ask the Chinese.
There are genuine problems Mr Johnson must address on the African continent, from terrorism in North Africa to new trade deals to imploding political crises in South Sudan and Libya.
The finance minister of Zimbabwe has been pleading for a normalisation of relations with the UK after years of entrenched hostility, as a disgruntled population begins to find its voice of resistance.
At a time when the Ugandan army is entering South Sudan to evacuate people caught up in the fighting, African events will not wait for Mr Johnson to finalise Brexit.
Many Africans will be hoping the Foreign Office has a diplomacy 101 class suitable for the new minister, which, if anything, can remove the foot from his mouth.
Farai Sevenzo
"No part of modern Africa will stand much of what are essentially obnoxious out-of-date views of a continent many see as a rising market, whose citizens are well-read and tech-savvy and whose writers, black and white, have won five Nobel prizes for literature."
More from Farai Sevenzo:

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2 July 2015 Last updated at 17:41 BST
Born in London, raised in Zimbabwe and educated in the United States, she has caught the attention of fashion enthusiasts around the world.
She has worked with pop star Beyonce and is currently the senior designer for hip-hop artist Nicki Minaj's fashion collection.
The designer is now in the UK, as the main attraction at the Zimbabwe Fashion Week in Birmingham which opens on Saturday, 4 July.
She spoke to the BBC's Farayi Mungazi, who first asked her about the inspiration behind her clothing line.


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Question: Dog owners have been warned to keep their pets on leads after a substance believed to be palm oil washed up on beaches in Kent and Sussex.

Deposits of the yellowish or white waxy substance have been found on beaches from Thanet to Worthing.
Palm oil is not harmful to humans but can be fatal for pets, particularly dogs, if ingested.
Adur and Worthing council said the palm oil spill stretched eastwards from Splash Point.
It tweeted that its cleansing and foreshore teams were testing the substance to see if it was palm oil and in the meantime strongly advised dog walkers and beach users to keep away from it.
Shepway council said it was informed about the substance on Sunday and had put up signs in the affected areas in Folkestone.
The substance was being tested by the Environment Agency, it said.
Thanet council said all its beaches were affected and warning signs had been erected from Minnis Bay to Pegwell Bay.
"Council officers are currently inspecting Thanet's coastline and cleansing teams have been mobilised to clear the deposits," it said.

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On Friday, a dog ate cereal it found on the ground close to Guiseley Football Club, Leeds, which had been laced with what is believed to be rat poison.
It was taken for treatment at White Cross Vets and has since recovered.
Dog chews also thought to be mixed with poison were discovered on Sunday on a footbridge in Guiseley.
West Yorkshire Police said it was investigating, with similar incidents reported in the area in October 2014.
Tracy July, who cleared up the cereal, said: "A child could have touched [the poison] and been in serious difficulties."


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Question: Alemarah, an app for Android phones created by Islamist fundamentalist group the Taliban, has been removed from Google's Play Store.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary:

The content of the app, in the Pashto language, included official statements and videos from the Afghan movement.
The hardline group blamed "technical issues" for its disappearance shortly after it launched on 1 April.
However the BBC understands it was taken down because it violated a Google app policy which prohibits hate speech.
It was discovered and reported by a US-based organisation called Site Intel Group which monitors jihadist activity.
Google declined to comment on specific app issues.
"Our policies are designed to provide a great experience for users and developers. That's why we remove apps from Google Play that violate those policies," it said in a statement.
A spokesman from the Taliban told Bloomberg the app was "part of our advanced technological efforts to make a more global audience".

Bomb Gaza - in which players control an Israeli military jet that attacks missile-firing Palestinian militants - is no longer available on the sites.
But Rocket Pride - which sees players attempt to outmanoeuvre Israel's Iron Dome missile defence system - is still available on Google Play.
Advocacy groups criticised the games.
"Games that glorify violence or normalise conflict when referring to an actual conflict that is happening as we speak are deeply problematic and deeply distasteful," Chris Doyle, director of the Council for Arab British Understanding, told the BBC.
"Google, Facebook or any other company that host such games, should be reviewing their policies and making absolutely all efforts to ensure that such games are not hosted on their platforms."
Amnesty International UK added that it thought the games were "in highly questionable taste" bearing in mind the "terrible suffering" caused by the conflict.
"[Gamers] should consider closing their war games app and instead read about real life right now in Gaza City, Rafah or indeed in southern Israel," said Allan Hogarth, the group's head of policy.
A spokesman for the Board of Deputies of British Jews said it needed to look into the titles in question before commenting.
The Daily Dot was one of the first news sites to bring attention to the phenomenon when it named several Android games relating to the conflict on Monday.
Many of the titles that are still online were released in the past few weeks and involve the player taking control of Israel's Iron Dome system to destroy incoming missiles.
"Intercept the rockets launched by Hamas by clicking on them and activating the Iron Dome. Hurry up, civilians are threatened and you will be held responsible if anything happens," reads the description of Iron Dome by Gamytech.
Apple's iOS store features a similar title - Iron Dome Missile Defense, released by Simon Rosenzweig on 30 July - however, its description is more vague, referring instead to an unnamed "enemy".
Google Play also features Rocket Pride by Best Arabic Games, in which the player is tasked with "supporting heroes besieged in the Gaza Strip from an oppressive occupier" by "controlling the resistance missiles and hitting the objectives assigned to them".
Google has, however, removed:
The games had attracted negative reviews from some other Android device owners before being deleted.
A spokeswoman for Google would not discuss specific apps, but said: "We remove apps from Google Play that violate our policies."
The firm's developer's terms and conditions ban apps that advocate "against groups of people based on their race or ethnic origin", and/or are judged to threaten other users.
A spokesman for Facebook was unable to provide comment or confirm who was responsible for removing Bomb Gaza from its platform.
Other titles relating to the conflict - including Raid Gaza, a Flash-based game - have also been released to run on desktop computers.
One industry watcher suggested the major mobile app store owners were relatively well positioned to tackle complaints.
"The difference between Google Play and Apple iOS is that on the Apple's store apps are vetted before they are listed, while on Play, Google curates but only takes things down after they are published," said Ian Fogg, a tech analyst at the IHS consultancy.
"But in both examples they are managed experiences, which makes them better at handling this kind of thing than random websites that allow an app to be downloaded to a PC."


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Question: It was a night on which Welsh sporting dreams began to be realised.

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It was tight, tense and seemingly destined for a draw until Gareth Bale rose to the occasion to head in their Euro 2016 qualifier winner against Cyprus. It means the men in red are on the verge of qualifying for Wales' first major tournament since 1958 and a win against Israel on Sunday will do that.
Here are the thoughts of some of those who battled alongside Bale to put them on the cusp of reaching Euro 2016 in France.
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So says captain and defender Ashley Williams: "He didn't have his best game, you know, to his standard - a lot of things didn't go for him and he can't be perfect all the time.
"But [it was] an unbelievable goal. I don't think anyone else in the squad would have scored that. He jumped so high.
"When he's on the pitch, he can always do that for you."
Tottenham Hotspur defender Ben Davies: "It was a great header, but it's nothing we as players haven't come to expect from him, really."
Swansea skipper Williams: "We would like to do it at home [for the fans].
"I thought they were unbelievable with their support again… they made a lot of noise and they really backed us and we needed it again at times.
"I even heard my name being sung!"
Williams' fellow defender BenDavies: "It was unbelievable to see that many Welsh fans over here (Cyprus)."
Reading's ex-Cardiff City defender Chris Gunter: "Hopefully if we do our jobs, then we can join in with everyone [celebrating] on Sunday."
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Ashley Williams: "Hopefully. That's what we've worked so hard for over the last few years.
"It isn't done yet, so until it is done - that's when we'll celebrate.
"I've said it before, it would be my proudest achievement to lead this unbelievable group of lads to France and it's still the same.
"You can't help but think about the final whistle going and winning - that'll drive us on a little bit more and I'm sure we'll enjoy it if and when that happens."
Arsenal's midfielder Aaron Ramsey: "We know what's on the line for Sunday so hopefully we can have that opportunity and put on a bit of a show to gather the three points.
"It would mean the world to me to qualify.
"Hopefully [we'll] be a bit better with the ball than we were tonight… we're in a great position to do it."
Ex-Swansea player Ben Davies: "Sometimes we have to grind results out and that's what we did.
"As a back five we wanted to keep a clean sheet and we did. Luckily we've got the quality up top to get us games.
"We've been in situations, all of us really, where we've had games where we have to win, but never really to take us to that promised land.
"It's going to be tough. It's going to be nerve-wracking, but we can't wait."
Former Cardiff defender Chris Gunter: "We've never been in this position of being one game away from qualifying.
"I think every game as we've gone through the group has been bigger and bigger and I think we've dealt with it really well.
"Believe it or not through the week, we haven't once talked about the points we need or what's to come.
"We have just focused on performing. If we perform well, then we feel that the results will come and that's been the case so far."

Jonah Lomu was like nothing sport had seen before and changed so much of what came after: a real-time superhero, a supersized black-shirted blur, an indestructible force of nature who has gone at an age that is impossible to tally with how he charges on in our memories.
Seventeen rugby players have scored more international tries. A far greater number have already won far more international caps. None will be remembered like Lomu because none transformed their sport and the world around them as this shy kid from the hard yards of suburban south Auckland once did.
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There have probably been four other sportsmen who have shifted the paradigm in the last 50 years. Muhammad Ali did it with his speed and sweet mouth in heavyweight boxing. Michael Jordan revolutionised basketball with his air and all-court ambition, Tiger Woods golf with first his strength and then his relentless finesse. Usain Bolt saved sprinting from the dogs and dragged it to the heavens.
Lomu is in their company. There had been big wingers before and fast ones. Never before had those talents coalesced in the same man: 6ft 5in, 19 stone, capable of running 100m in 10.8 seconds, a step and a shimmy in there as well if ever they were needed.
He was 20 when he arrived at the 1995 World Cup, the youngest ever All Black the year before but with only two caps behind him and a lot of doubt that he was ready for the big boys.
The big boys, it turned out, were the ones who weren't ready. In the space of one month in South Africa, Lomu reduced the finest players on the planet to skittles and speedbumps.
The old sporting cliche talks of men against boys. This was men against a fairytale giant. England captain Will Carling referred to him as a freak, and in the most benevolent way, that is what he appeared to be.
How to stop him? If he had the ball, no-one could. Show him outside and he would show you his heels. Go low and he went over you. Go high and he went over you slightly higher.
That semi-final detonation of England is both familiar and freshly shocking every time you watch it. Four tries, the first after two minutes, off a horrible bouncing pass that forced him to stop and retreat.
Retreat? It was like winding back a trebuchet. Carling, Tony Underwood and Mike Catt, all splattered in his path, all stooges as the demolition man smashed through the thin white line.
The reverberations carried far beyond Cape Town. An amateur game that was struggling with the morality and money of turning professional was opened up to an avalanche of new audiences and commercial deals. Across the world - not just in the old rugby heartlands, but in places that had never seen the game, let alone understood it - people watched with wonder.
Kids who played rugby wanted to be him. Kids who had never played rugby wanted to start. Even now the echoes live on, in Wales captain Sam Warburton, who first fell in love with the game in those weeks; in the proliferation of giant wingers like Warburton's team-mate George North or rampaging All Black progeny Julian Savea; in the way that the World Cup is now the third biggest sporting event in the world and attracts corporate gold and global attention that 20 years ago appeared impossible.
And that was only a little of it. Because Lomu was a contradiction as well as a revolution, as shy and humble off the pitch as he was terrifying on it.
This was a man who cried on national television in New Zealand after not inviting his parents to his wedding, who was happier talking about the power of the speakers in his souped-up car than the might of his own body.
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His Chevrolet Camaro was the fastest street-legal car in the country; his stereo was so loud that he once claimed it could set off burglar alarms 100 yards away. Less than the ostentatious bragging of a sporting superstar, this was instead entirely reflective of the Auckland homeboy he still was: unchanged by his fame, most content doing what he had always done.
The big man never went big-time. In the hours after BBC Sports Personality of the Year programmes you would see him throwing shapes on the dancefloor not just with his fellow big names but with any of us unheard-of staff underlings who managed to sneak in. I once saw Lomu apologise to a half-cut colleague who spilled his drink on him. We were almost disappointed.
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All the time he was battling the disease that would first slow him and then stop him as no tackler could.
He was diagnosed with the rare kidney disorder nephrotic syndrome before he had even left home for the 1995 World Cup, fought through another World Cup four years later despite its debilitating effects and was then forced out of the international game forever aged just 27.
He always believed he could come back, even after his kidney failed in 2003 and left him so crippled that he had to teach himself to walk again, even after the transplant from his friend and Kiwi radio presenter Grant Kereama in 2004.
Instead the organ gradually stopped functioning. By the time of New Zealand's march through the World Cup in England in October, he was back on six hours of dialysis a day, his ambitions reduced to a simple yet vastly more powerful desire: to see his five- and six-year-old sons reach their 21st birthdays.
That he has gone now, when so much remained, is the personal tragedy inside the wider sadness experienced by all those who witnessed what he did on the sporting field.
Lomu always said that his disease meant he only ever performed at 80% of his potential. On a dark winter's day when his young demise has reminded us all of our own mortality and human limits, let us wonder afresh at that: a man who redefined what was possible, a sportsman we will carry with us into the nights that come.
Listen again to BBC Radio 5 live's Jonah Lomu: The Man Who Changed Rugby


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Question: A gunman went on the run for almost 20 years after fearing he would be "made an example of" in the wake of the Dunblane shooting, a court heard.

Paul Hill, 42, was jailed for six months at the High Court in Edinburgh after handing himself in last year.
He had fled to England and lived in Ireland and the Channel Islands after firing two shots in the air outside the Falls of Dochart Inn in Killin in 1996.
Hill's defence QC said the incident was "a one-off, impetuous, reckless act."
The court heard earlier that Hill had been out for an evening with his parents, his sister, and a friend, when an altercation started between Hill's father and another man.
A witness, Crichton Davies, told Hill to go home but Hill, whom he described as "really wound up",  began to struggle with him.
During the struggle, Hill produced a small handgun, and fired it into the air.
He fired the gun in the air a second time as Mr Davies tried to free the weapon from his grasp.
The gun was never recovered, but Hill handed himself in to police the next day.
He was originally charged with attempted murder and released on bail but failed to appear for trial in 1997.
Two months after the incident outside the pub,  gunman Thomas Hamilton had opened fire in a primary school in Dunblane, killing 16 children and a teacher before killing himself.
Defence counsel Brian McConnachie QC told the court: "Just very shortly before his trial the events in Dunblane had taken place and, perhaps somewhat unwisely, the solicitor then acting for him suggested he would be made an example of because of the circumstances."
Mr McConnachie said the gunshot incident was "a one-off, impetuous, reckless act which had never been repeated".
Hill, of Killin, Perthshire, admitted struggling with Mr Davies, and recklessly discharging the gun.
He also admitted failing to appear for a court hearing in February 1997, and fleeing from home, all to  avoid detection and arrest.
Judge Lord Ericht said he recognised that the offence Hill was convicted of was "much less serious" than the original charge.
He said: "Nonetheless, the discharge of a firearm is a serious matter.
"You have also defied the authority of the court by failing to attend for trial and evaded arrest since then."

Michael Ross was 15 when he shot Shamsuddin Mahmood, 26, in the head in Kirkwall's Mumataz Restaurant.
The former Black Watch sniper was jailed for a minimum of 25 years in 2008 after being convicted of murder.
Ross has been told by the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission there is not enough evidence to support a miscarriage of justice claim.
Mr Mahmood was shot in full view of a room full of diners, including families with children, by a masked gunman.


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Question: Welsh cyclist Owain Doull hopes his first major race for Team Sky can help him win selection for the Tour of Flanders in April.

The 23-year-old will ride alongside fellow Welshmen Geraint Thomas and Luke Rowe in Australia's Tour Down Under from 14-22 January.
Doull left Team Wiggins to join Team Sky for the 2017 season.
"My big aim for the year is that big week in April in the Tour of Flanders," Doull told BBC Radio Wales.
The Olympic gold medallist says the race, which starts and finishes in Adelaide, will be "a big step up" for him.
He continued: "I've raced on the road to a decent level before, but never anything world tour.
"I'm looking forward to getting my first proper race with Sky under my belt and doing my job and trying to put a good performance in for the team."
Team Sky's leading riders for the southern hemisphere race, including Colombian Sergio Henao and Dutchman Danny van Poppel, will look to thrive in the race as well as Thomas and Doull.
"We'll be going into the race with multiple options with Sergio and G [Thomas] potentially for the overall title and Danny for the flat days, so there won't be any days off," Doull said.
"We're working hard for the whole period, but I think that's one of the aims of doing the race anyway is to get a good workload in before the bigger races later in the year."
Doull is aware of the impact the Tour Down Under can have on his career, much like how Thomas and Rowe have benefitted from their own experiences in the competition.
"Speaking to people like Luke and Geraint, they say it's a really good way to start your year," he said.
"You have to come out to Australia quite early, do a couple of weeks of training then obviously straight into the first world tour race of the year.
"It's going to be good to get a good one under my belt quite early. It's a nice way of doing it as well, getting away from the cold and the winter of Cardiff and escaping to the sun and getting a consistent block of work done.
"There's no distractions and no problems like ice on the road."
Find out how to get into cycling with our special guide.

Thomas, 30, won gold at the 2014 Games in Glasgow, staged in July and August.
But the 2018 Games on the Gold Coast in Australia will take place in April, likely to coincide with several Team Sky races such as Paris-Roubaix.
Fellow Welsh riders Luke Rowe and Owain Doull will also be missing because of their Team Sky commitments.
"Unfortunately I think the three of us will be out of it," Thomas told BBC Wales Sport.
"Where they fall in April is the wrong time for us. Luke and Owain will still have the cobblestone classics in Belgium, which will be their main target.
"At the end of the day, Team Sky pay us to race bikes for them and we've got to do what they say. Especially as it's in Australia, it's not like you can fly in and out over a weekend."
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The absence of Thomas, Rowe and Doull in Australia will be a setback for Wales, who won five cycling medals at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
As well as Thomas' road race gold and time trial bronze, Elinor Barker won silver in the women's points race and bronze in the scratch race, while para-cyclist Matt Ellis claimed bronze in the men's tandem 1km time trial B with pilot Ieuan Williams.
Welsh Cycling published its athlete nomination policy for the 2018 Commonwealth Games on Monday.
Performance director Matt Cosgrove said the policy would "give Team Wales the greatest chance of medal success on the Gold Coast".
However, Wales' medal chances will be seriously hindered by the absence of Thomas, Rowe and Doull.
The opening ceremony of the 2018 Games will take place on 4 April, 2018, and the closing ceremony will be on 15 April.
Those dates would clash with a number of important Team Sky races, including the Tour of Flanders and Paris-Roubaix, while later in April there would be other UCI World Tour events such as the Tour de Romandie.
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Thomas was able to ride at the 2014 Commonwealth Games because it took place after the Tour de France - and he says it remains a career highlight.
"In cycling you hardly get a chance to race for Wales so every chance you do get is amazing and you want to make the most of it," added the double Olympic gold medallist.
"To come away with two medals and win the road race was unbelievable, and something I'll always consider one of my biggest victories."
Thomas and team-mate Rowe are expected to play prominent roles for Team Sky at future Tours, while Doull could feature having joined from Team Wiggins.
Doull, 23, emulated Thomas in winning team pursuit gold at the Rio Olympics but announced at the 2016 BBC Cymru Wales Sports Personality of the Year ceremony that he would not compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Track cyclists such as Barker are expected to be included in Wales' cycling team for the Gold Coast event when it is named in 2017.
Find out how to get into cycling with our special guide.


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Question: Plans to improve the notorious Haudagain roundabout in Aberdeen with a new dual carriageway link have gone on show.

The roundabout at the bottom of Anderson Drive is a bottleneck.
Transport Minister Keith Brown urged local residents and road users to have their say on the proposals.
Any work on the Haudagain roundabout would not get under way until 2018 when construction of the Aberdeen bypass is complete.
Mr Brown said: "The bottleneck at Haudagain has caused congestion for motorists using the A90 for many years.
"This option, which is the original preferred option, will provide the best journey time savings, reducing congestion and the risk of accidents.
"It will also provide safe crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists.
"We will consider all comments made as we further develop our proposals for Haudagain with a view to publishing draft orders in summer 2015 so that we are ready to start work in spring 2018."
The exhibition opened at the Lord Provost Henry E Rae Community Centre at noon, and continues on Friday.
Meanwhile, Transport Scotland said three tenders had now been received for the contract to build the Aberdeen bypass.

The Â£22m road bridge linking Danestone and Tillydrone is aimed at easing congestion in the north of the city.
It was supposed to be completed late last year but issues with re-routing underground utilities have caused a series of delays.
The new crossing, which is expected to the called 'the Diamond Bridge' - will be opened on Thursday 9 June.


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Question: Famous Parisian landmark the Eiffel Tower was closed to tourists on Friday after staff walked out on their jobs complaining about the growing number of pickpockets operating on the monument.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.
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They say pickpocket gangs, four or five strong, have become a regular presence, mingling with tourists visiting the tower and stealing what they can.
Every day there are several victims, particularly among Asian visitors.
Chinese tourists in particular are reputed to carry a lot of cash.
The management of the Eiffel Tower said it was sorry for the disruption and that it was working closely with Paris police to try to reinforce security.
The tower is normally open every day of the year, but sometimes closes briefly for bomb threats or strikes.
Workers at the Louvre staged a similar walkout in 2012, complaining of a rising problem of pickpockets in the Paris museum's galleries.
According to numbers released on Thursday, Paris authorities said violent theft was down 25% and pickpocketing was down 23% in the first four months of 2015, compared with the same period last year.

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Flights, trains and ferries into and out of France are all running a normal service, but have warned passengers to allow extra time for border controls.
French financial markets will also open as usual on Monday, stock exchange operator Euronext has confirmed.
However, some major tourist attractions, including the Eiffel Tower and Disneyland Paris, remain closed.
The Eiffel Tower is closed until further notice, as a security precaution, while Disneyland Paris is expected to reopen on Wednesday.
The theme park said the decision had been taken "in support of our community and the victims of these horrendous attacks".
Department store Galeries Lafayette briefly opened its three stores in the capital on Saturday to show "its will to resist in the face of terror", but later closed them, saying it was difficult to provide a good service for customers.
However, it plans to reopen them as normal on Monday.
Smaller businesses have also continued to operate.
Mihaela Iordache, who manages the 10 Belles coffee shop, just around the corner from the attacks in the 11th arrondissement, said she planned to donate all of Sunday's profit to the Red Cross for the work it does with immigrants.
She said Saturday was very quiet, but people "went crazy" at home and had come out on Sunday. "They're queuing out on to the street from the cafe", she told the BBC.
The Euro 2016 football finals in France are expected to go ahead as planned next summer.
The tournament final is due to be held on 10 July at the Stade de France, outside where three suicide bombs were detonated on Friday.
Cancelling the finals would be "playing the game of the terrorists", tournament organiser Jacques Lambert told French radio station RTL.
Despite initial appearances, some have warned that both tourist and business visits to Paris will inevitably suffer in the aftermath of the attacks.
"Companies have to continue to do business, but for some period of time they'll give employees a lot of leeway about travelling to Europe and Paris in particular," said Kevin Mitchell, who runs US advocacy group the Business Travel Coalition.
Tourist visits to Paris had already been affected by three days of attacks in early January, when Islamist gunmen murdered 18 people after attacking satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, a Jewish supermarket and a policewoman on patrol.
The Paris tourist office said the number of hotel stays had fallen 3.3% in the first three months of the year as a result.


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Question: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), which seeks to reduce regulatory barriers between the US and the European Union, is at the end of its 14th round.

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15 July 2016 Last updated at 10:22 BST
Analysts are worried Brexit will slow talks and make a deal this year unlikely.
It's already an agonisingly slow process - negotiations have been going on for three years - and it's unlikely a deal will be struck  before the end of the Obama administration.
Critics of TTIP warn a deal would jeopardize European standards, such as food safety, and leave public services at risk of privatization.
We take a look at some of the reasons why the talks are so complicated.
Video journalist: Jeremy Howell

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Mr Trudeau is set to meet new Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadker, just a month after meeting Enda Kenny in Canada.
He is in Europe with his family ahead of a key G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany later in the week.
The Canada-EU free trade deal is expected to be a focus of the talks. Trade unions, farmers and environmental groups are concerned about the deal.
The European Parliament needs the approval of member states' national parliaments before the trade deal can fully come into effect.
It proposes a significant reduction of trade tariffs between the EU and Canada, and officials hope it will generate an increase in trade worth $12bn (€10.9bn; £9.8bn) a year.


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Question: Southport have signed goalkeeper Callum Burton from League Two club Shrewsbury Town on a month's loan.

The 18-year-old played three games in the Conference over the festive period during a loan spell with Nuneaton Town.
Burton has recently returned from an England goalkeeper training camp, having represented the national team at various youth levels so far.
The deal was completed in time for him to be included in the squad for Saturday's home game against Chester.

Plymouth-born centre-back Ellis, 28, has made just 12 appearances since joining the Cumbrians from Shrewsbury on a permanent basis last summer.
It is his second spell at the New Lawn, having spent the 2009-10 season with Rovers on loan from Torquay United.
The deal follows fellow defender Charlie Clough's move to Barnet for an undisclosed fee on Monday.


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Question: Lock Alun Wyn Jones puts his 100 Wales caps partly down to his relentless training, which has even seen him square up to team-mate Jamie Roberts.

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Jones, 30, reaches the milestone at Eden Park on Saturday as Wales target a first win over New Zealand since 1953.
While lauding Ospreys' captain, Roberts admitted they had confronted each other a few times in training over the years.
Asked who won, British and Irish Lions forward Jones joked: "I backed down - have you seen the size of that head?"
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Saturday's game in Auckland comes 10 years to the day since Jones made his Test debut in Argentina.
Since then he has won two Grand Slams, a Six Nations championship, three Pro12 titles and an Anglo-Welsh Cup.
He has also been capped six times by the Lions and had the honour of leading the 2013 tourists in their series winner in Australia.
While describing his 100th cap as "just another game", the ever modest Jones says he sometimes sees his dedication to training as a badge of honour.
"It's got me into trouble at times as well, but I think that's what I've got to try and be," he said.
"A lot of people see the 80 minutes on the Saturday.
"They don't see the 40 minutes on a Monday, the hour on a Tuesday, the recovery which could be active on the Wednesday, and the Thursday and Friday session as well.
"I think every day is a selection day. I think it's a good ethos to have."
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It is perhaps that commitment which has led to a few run-ins with Roberts.
The centre commented: "I've squared up to him a few times in training, which have all been fun. But we're good mates now and we sit next to each other on the bus.
"He's a special bloke, a special player. He thoroughly deserves that accolade. He is a leader, a guy who as a senior member of the squad I still look to and think this guy sets the standards really in his energy he brings to the side."
Jones has made 198 appearances for Ospreys and insists that is as significant, if not more so, as his latest milestone for Wales.
"For me, it's more noticeable what I've achieved in the black jersey with the Ospreys," he said. "Another two there and I've got 200 appearances for the Ospreys as well.
"That in a way is as meaningful to me as this because if I hadn't achieved with the Ospreys at a domestic level I'd never be here anyway.
"So it's a credit to all the people that have given me an opportunity from grassroots."
"To date, it will obviously have to be the first cap and the Lions tour as well," said Jones.
"There are a couple of Grand Slams and a [Six Nations] championship in there, but it would have to be those two for significance.
"I always dreamt of getting one cap for Wales; I never dreamt of 100.
"I always wanted to play for Swansea - I play for the Ospreys now so that's close enough."
Ospreys missed out on qualifying for next season's European Champions Cup and Jones says helping the region rebuild is one of his targets - while he also sets his sights on more international honours.
"It's going to be tough next year on a domestic level, it's probably something we needed.
"We draw a line in the sand and start again now with the Ospreys.
"And obviously the World Cup is there [in 2019]. I don't know if I'll get the opportunity to do that again, but those are definite itches that are my goals.
"We'll see what happens. I don't want much do I?"

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In the end, a drawn series that fully pleased no-one may actually have been perversely fitting.
The Rugby Union Weekly team of former England and Lions winger Ugo Monye and BBC rugby reporter Chris Jones analysed every twist and turn of the series on the podcast during the tour.
Now, they reveal their end-of-tour awards, as discussed on the latest episode.
UM: Jonathan Davies was voted player of the series by his peers, and it's hard to disagree with this choice. Brilliant in all three Test matches, playing every minute, and was always a threat in attack and destructive in defence. Wales have dominated this award over the last three tours with Leigh Halfpenny winning it in 2013 and Jamie Roberts in 2009. Sean O'Brien, Maro Itoje, Sam Warburton and Taulupe Faletau get notable mentions.
CJ: Honourable mentions for Sean O'Brien, who until injury in the 3rd Test was a force of nature on the flank, Maro Itoje, whose energy and aura saw him become a cult hero with the Lions support, and Tadgh Furlong, who announced himself on the world stage.
But Jonathan Davies - a hero of 2013 - was wholly instrumental as the Lions unleashed an attacking edge to ally with a confrontational defence. Davies made a line break with his first touch in the first Test and was the best centre on either side across the series. On this evidence he would walk into the All Blacks side - which says a lot.
UM: Lions coach Warren Gatland walking into a press conference with a clown's nose was a stroke of genius. Clearly it was pre-planned… but by who? Whose idea was it? (Gatland said it was his)
CJ: Gnarled veteran Alun Wyn Jones leaving the pitch after the famous victory in Wellington and joining in with the Lions fans singing "Oh Maro Itoje". It was a sign of how the incredible travelling support was an inspiration to players young and old.
And how can we not mention Romain Poite….
UM: The third Test! A game which had everything, well everything bar a winner! A brilliant game played in great spirit by two fantastic sides.
CJ: The midweek meeting with the Highlanders was a roller-coaster game in front of a fervent crowd under the roof in Dunedin, but for sheer drama and jeopardy nothing can beat the Lions leaving it late to salvage the series at the Westpac Stadium in Wellington in the 2nd Test. The noise from the Lions fans flooding out of the ground afterwards and pouring into the city centre - soaking wet - will long be remembered. They now had some glory to go with a brilliant holiday.
CJ: Jack Nowell's brilliant team try against the Chiefs, and the Scotland-inspired score from Tommy Seymour against the Hurricanes were both beauties, but Sean O'Brien's stunning effort in the Test series opener in Auckland will go down in history.
Started by Liam Williams' break out from defence, and with Jonathan Davies and Elliot Daly both prominent, it showed the Lions could take the All Blacks on at their own game.
In fairness to the All Blacks they scored one or two decent tries of their own….
CJ: Rory Best, the experienced Ireland captain, led the midweek side with distinction in often-difficult circumstances (see 'Geography Six'). Off the pitch, by all accounts, Best was a driving force behind the squad bonding socially - which is good to hear.
UM: Sonny Bill Williams. Ultimately his red card proved the decisive moment in the 2nd Test.
CJ: The Lions' communications strategy. Pulling up a drawbridge between the media and the players is surely not the way forward.
Issues with the Head Injury Assessment (HIA) process have also threatened to stall the recent advances in concussion management.
UM: The front page of the New Zealand Herald depicting Gatland as a clown was highly disrespectful,  unjust... and proved to be incorrect.
UM: Gatland responding by saying he was a "happy clown" after the 2nd Test!
CJ: On the evidence of the last few weeks it remains the pinnacle for the supporters, and, most importantly, the players as well.
UM: I know a few off-field decisions, such as the 'Geography Six' upset a lot of people, myself included. But in excess of 20,000 travelling Lions fans making an away game - in the most hostile of rugby-playing countries - feel like home for the Lions speaks volumes. Best support in the world.
UM: The Lions aren't in danger. But perhaps a review is needed to work out how to satisfy commercial partners and sponsors while giving the players the best opportunity to be successful.
CJ: Administration from all sides - Lions, clubs, unions - has left them clinging on to a tenuous place in the congested rugby calendar.
The veil of security and protection around the Lions camp was also unnecessary. They are just rugby players; let them enjoy themselves.
CJ: When a 132-cap All Black pops into your hotel to come on the podcast….
Or when another World Cup winner shows you around his 48,000-acre farm….
CJ: The strength of the dollar and the weakness of the pound….
CJ: The Owens family.
Ken's wife Carys, young son Efan, and parents arrived on 31 May, following every twist and turn of the tour, as well as exploring New Zealand.
"We went to Paihia with Jonathan Davies' parents in a campervan," said Carys.
"That was the point when I rang Ken and said 'I want to move out here now'."
The rest of the family - sister, friends and family friends - then piled out for the Test series...
1. Mako Vunipola
2. Codie Taylor
3. Tadgh Furlong
4. Maro Itoje
5. Brodie Retallick
6. Sam Warburton
7. Sean O'Brien
8. Kieran Read
9. Conor Murray
10. Beauden Barrett
11. Rieko Ioane (includes performances for Blues and Maori)
12. Owen Farrell
13. Jonathan Davies
14. Waisake Naholo (includes performance for Highlanders)
15. Jordie Barrett (includes performance for Hurricanes)
CJ: David Williams, who decided to fly out for the final Test on the Sunday after the second Test victory.
He left Heathrow at 10pm on Thursday, arriving in Auckland on Saturday at 10am (the game was that evening), flying back from Auckland at 7pm on Sunday to arrive back at Heathrow on Monday at 2pm. That's four days away from home for a total of 33 hours in New Zealand.
Honourable mention to Ron and Jan from Slough, who saved for 11 years to follow the tour as a way of celebratating their 25th wedding anniversary, but also to every supporter who spent thousands and made the Lions what it is.
And we can't forget Alex Edwards, whose chance meeting with some friendly locals led to an overnight stay at the home of New Zealand stars Rieko and Akira Ioane.
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Question: Councillors fear they will be powerless to stop 80 new phone boxes being installed across central London.

Telecoms firm Maximus Networks wants to place phone boxes on Oxford Street, Victoria Street and Baker Street.
But Westminster Council believes the real purpose of the application is to create advertising space.
It now wants the law changed to offer more power to prevent boxes being installed. Maximus Networks has not responded to requests for comment.
Councils currently have limited powers to prevent phone boxes being built, particularly on sites where they once stood.
A company seeking to install a phone box must apply for a licence from telecom regulator Ofcom.
If granted, the licence offers permitted development rights and means conventional planning permission is not required.
Each of the Maximus Networks boxes would provide 1.3m x 2m of advertising space and would not need local authority consent.
Daniel Astaire, cabinet member for planning and public realm at Westminster Council, told BBC London: "The whole thing is utterly bonkers.
"They have plans [to install phone boxes] at Covent Garden, the Strand, Buckingham Palace Road. It's utterly preposterous."
Mr Astaire called for Ofcom to review why it had given the licence to the company at all.
He said Maximus Networks was "only established in December 2015" and "has never filed accounts" with Companies House.

The building was originally estimated to cost £5m to build but due to "significant inflation in the construction industry" over the past 18 months more money is needed.
The primary school is set to be built near the Wyndham Park estate where new homes are being built.
County councillors approved the extra funding at a meeting on Monday.


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Question: British number two Heather Watson was beaten in the opening round of the Katowice Open in Poland.

The 23-year-old world number 55 lost 6-2 3-6 6-4 to Kristyna Pliskova of the Czech Republic, ranked 88.
After the first two sets were shared, Watson lost her first two service games in the decider to go 3-0 down.
She battled back but missed three break-point chances to make it 3-3 and Pliskova held her nerve thereafter to secure the victory.
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The British number three, 26, prevailed 7-6 (7-4) 1-6 7-5 in a match which lasted two hours and 16 minutes.
Broady saved three break points in the third set to make the last four.
After beating the world number 31, she will now face Eugenie Bouchard, the Canadian sixth seed who breezed past Turkey's Cagla Buyukakcay 6-1 6-4.
Broady posted on social media afterwards: "Had to fight hard again to get the win today and make it through to the semi-final here in Kuala Lumpur #keeprolling."
The Briton, now ranked 96 in the world, also reached the semi-finals of last September's WTA event in Quebec.
She moved into the top 100 for the first time in February after winning an ITF tournament in the United States.
That came a month after she beat former world number one Ana Ivanovic in the first round of the ASB Classic in Auckland, her first victory over a top-20 ranked opponent.