Question:
represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story
Examples:
'['', "David Gormley's hat-trick floored Stirling Albion and put Clyde through to the last 16 of the Scottish Cup."]' == '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!', 'Media playback is not supported on this device\nThe Bully Wee\'s chances of progressing to a fifth-round tie away to Ayr United looked slim when Blair Henderson scored an early penalty for the Binos.\nBut Gormley levelled with a 20-yard beauty, tapped in a second and smashed a third into the roof of the net.\nClyde goalkeeper John Gibson was sent off after conceding a second penalty late on, which Henderson scored.\nIt led to a frantic ending with a few goalmouth scrambles that almost brought a Stirling equaliser, but Gormley\'s haul proved enough.\nIt was a 35-minute hat-trick for the striker who is now up to nine goals this season, he nearly added a fourth but for a good save by Stirling\'s Chris Smith early in the second half.\nAlbion got their penalty when Gibson felled Liam Caddis and it was calmly despatched by Henderson for his ninth of the campaign, with the keeper booked.\nStirling are managed by 2014 Scottish Cup winner Dave Mackay, whose team-mate at St Johnstone that day, Frazer Wright, is now at the heart of the Binos\' defence.\nHe could do nothing about the lethal right-footed strike by Gormley that went in off the underside of the bar to equalise.\nThe former Ayr striker\'s second was completely the opposite, being in the right place to finish off Peter MacDonald\'s effort that came off the inside of the post and trickled along the line.\nMacDonald also created Gormley\'s third, finding the forward who then faked a left-foot shot before turning on to his right and smashing high into the net.\nGibson received a second yellow for bringing down Darren Smith, which allowed Henderson to score another from the spot.\nClyde manager Barry Ferguson: "Just getting the win was the important thing. I thought we were magnificent in the first half. We thoroughly deserve to go through.\n"I\'m delighted for [David Gormley]. He was different class. He was great. Everybody, to a man, they were great.\n"They [Ayr] are a Championship team. They\'ll be overwhelming favourites. We\'ll go down and have a go at them."\nMatch ends, Clyde 3, Stirling Albion 2.\nSecond Half ends, Clyde 3, Stirling Albion 2.\nCorner,  Stirling Albion. Conceded by Chris Smith.\nFoul by David Gormley (Clyde).\nBlair Henderson (Stirling Albion) wins a free kick in the attacking half.\nAttempt missed. Ross Smith (Stirling Albion) header from the left side of the six yard box is just a bit too high following a corner.\nCorner,  Stirling Albion. Conceded by Dylan Caddis.\nSean Dickson (Stirling Albion) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.\nScott McLaughlin (Clyde) wins a free kick in the defensive half.\nFoul by Sean Dickson (Stirling Albion).\nSubstitution, Stirling Albion. Ross Smith replaces Frazer Wright.\nJordan McMillan (Clyde) wins a free kick in the attacking half.\nFoul by Conor Quigley (Stirling Albion).\nGoal!  Clyde 3, Stirling Albion 2. Blair Henderson (Stirling Albion) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.\nSubstitution, Clyde. Dylan Caddis replaces Peter MacDonald.\nSecond yellow card to John Gibson (Clyde) for a bad foul.\nPenalty conceded by John Gibson (Clyde) after a foul in the penalty area.\nPenalty Stirling Albion. Darren L. Smith draws a foul in the penalty area.\nPeter MacDonald (Clyde) wins a free kick in the attacking half.\nFoul by Conor Quigley (Stirling Albion).\nSubstitution, Stirling Albion. Ross Cameron replaces Calvin Colquhoun.\nJordan McMillan (Clyde) wins a free kick in the defensive half.\nFoul by Calvin Colquhoun (Stirling Albion).\nFoul by Matthew Flynn (Clyde).\nLiam Caddis (Stirling Albion) wins a free kick on the right wing.\nAttempt missed. Scott McLaughlin (Clyde) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.\nAttempt missed. Sean Higgins (Clyde) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.\nCorner,  Clyde. Conceded by Conor Quigley.\nAttempt missed. Darren L. Smith (Stirling Albion) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right.\nFoul by Jordan McMillan (Clyde).\nSean Dickson (Stirling Albion) wins a free kick in the attacking half.\nCorner,  Stirling Albion. Conceded by Sean Higgins.\nDavid Gormley (Clyde) wins a free kick on the right wing.\nFoul by Ross McMillan (Stirling Albion).\nAttempt saved. Scott McLaughlin (Clyde) right footed shot from long range on the left is saved in the top centre of the goal.\nSean Higgins (Clyde) wins a free kick in the defensive half.\nFoul by Liam Caddis (Stirling Albion).\nMatthew Flynn (Clyde) wins a free kick in the attacking half.\nFoul by Conor Quigley (Stirling Albion).\nSubstitution, Clyde. Matthew Flynn replaces Scott Ferguson because of an injury.']' != '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', "Albion beat Edinburgh-based Lowland League side Spartans on penalties in the first round but could be eliminated for fielding an ineligible player.\nCrusaders will be at home to Motherwell's Under-20s side who beat Queen's Park on Wednesday.\nTwo teams from the Republic of Ireland are participating for the first time.\nBray Wanderers will travel to Elgin City while Sligo Rovers have home advantage against Falkirk.\nThe matches are scheduled for 2/3 September.\nThis is the second season in which two clubs from Northern Ireland and two from Wales  are taking part in the competition which involves clubs from the Scottish Championship and Leagues One and Two as well as teams from the Highland and Lowland Leagues.\nLast year Crusaders lost 2-1 to Livingston while Linfield were beaten 2-0 at Queen of the South.\nThe competition was won by Dundee United who beat St Mirren in the final in March.\nSee the full draw for the second round of the Scottish Challenge Cup"]'

Question: Tyrone fighter Conrad Cummings will make the first defence of his WBO European title on the undercard of Carl Frampton's bill on 29 July in Belfast.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The provided query could be "['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.', "A 12-year-old boy, who was watching the event, on Sunday evening in the town of Cuajinicuilapa, is among the victims.\nAnother seven people were injured.\nThere are conflicting accounts of the incident - with some reports saying that it was caused by a row between rival groups at the fight, others that gunmen stormed the venue.\nOfficials told the AFP news agency that the shootout broke out after an argument between two groups who were watching the event.\nBut local media said that the victims were killed by unidentified gunmen, who stormed the arena just after 21:00 local time (03:30 GMT) and began shooting randomly.\nMexico's powerful criminal gangs are active in Guerrero, one of the country's most troubled states. Last year's disappearance of 43 students in the town of Iguala exposed the depth of the problem."]" and the positive "['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'At least 10 people have been killed in a shootout at a cockfighting event in the restive central Mexican state of Guerrero.']"

Middleweight champion Cummings takes on experienced Polish contender Robert Swierzbinksi at the SSE Arena in his first home fight in over a year.
He destroyed Austrian Gogi Knezevic in three rounds to claim his first professional title in March.
Frampton faces Mexican Andres Gutierrez in a world featherweight eliminator.
The former two-weight world champion has not fought since his loss to Leo Santa Cruz in their WBA title fight in Las Vegas in January.
Frampton initially expected to fight Santa Cruz for a third time this summer.
However that bout failed to materialise and he now fights Gutierrez, who has lost just one of his 35 fights, in a WBC world featherweight eliminator.
Cummings' former international amateur team mate Steven Ward is also set to feature on the Frampton undercard.
The 2010 Commonwealth Games silver medallist has been a professional for just over six months and will feature in a six-round light heavyweight contest, against an opponent yet to be named.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The Welshman's third mandatory title defence will be on a bill topped by Carl Frampton's WBA world featherweight title rematch with Leo Santa Cruz.
Selby wants to emulate UK fighters Lennox Lewis, Ricky Hatton, Joe Calzaghe and Amir Khan in Las Vegas.
"I always knew that's where I wanted to fight," said the 29-year-old.
"My mandatory challenger is experienced, dangerous and I will not take him lightly.
"I've had a strong training camp and I am 100 % focused on putting on a show for the American fans and the travelling fans."
Selby, from Barry in south Wales, is being lined-up to fight the winner of Frampton v Santa Cruz in 2017.
Northern Irishman Frampton claimed a points win over Santa Cruz of Mexico in July.
Montenegrin Dejan Zlaticanin defends his WBC lightweight title against Mikey Garcia of the United States in the third world title fight scheduled for the bill in January.
Selby had previously told the BBC he expected his next title defence to be in the USA.
Find out how to get into boxing with our special guide.


Question:
Represent the input
A chronology of key events:

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

1300s - Tutsis migrate into what is now Rwanda, which was already inhabited by the Twa and Hutu peoples.
1600s - Tutsi King Ruganzu Ndori subdues central Rwanda and outlying Hutu areas.
Late 1800s - Tutsi King Kigeri Rwabugiri establishes a unified state with a centralised military structure.
1858 - British explorer Hanning Speke is the first European to visit the area.
1890 - Rwanda becomes part of German East Africa.
1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda.
1923 - Belgium granted League of Nations mandate to govern Ruanda-Urundi, which it ruled indirectly through Tutsi kings.
1946 - Ruanda-Urundi becomes UN trust territory governed by Belgium.
1957 - Hutus issue manifesto calling for a change in Rwanda's power structure to give them a voice commensurate with their numbers; Hutu political parties formed.
1959 - Tutsi King Kigeri V, together with tens of thousands of Tutsis, forced into exile in Uganda following inter-ethnic violence.
The assassination of President Juvenal Habyarimana (r) sparked the 1994 genocide
Rwanda's mystery that won't go away
Kagame 'did not shoot down plane'
1961 - Rwanda proclaimed a republic.
1962 - Rwanda becomes independent with a Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, as president; many Tutsis leave the country.
1963 - About 20,000 Tutsis are killed following an incursion by Tutsi rebels based in Burundi.
1973 - President Gregoire Kayibanda ousted in military coup led by Juvenal Habyarimana.
1978 - New constitution ratified; Habyarimana elected president.
1988 - Some 50,000 Hutu refugees flee to Rwanda from Burundi following ethnic violence there.
1990 - Forces of the rebel, mainly Tutsi, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invade Rwanda from Uganda.
1991 - New multi-party constitution promulgated.
1993 - President Habyarimana signs a power-sharing agreement with the Tutsis in the Tanzanian town of Arusha, ostensibly signalling the end of civil war; UN mission sent to monitor the peace agreement.
1994 April - Habyarimana and the Burundian president are killed after their plane is shot down over Kigali; RPF launches a major offensive; extremist Hutu militia and elements of the Rwandan military begin the systematic massacre of Tutsis. Within 100 days around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus are killed; Hutu militias flee to Zaire, taking with them around 2 million Hutu refugees.
Around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in the 1994 massacre
Rwanda: How the genocide happened
1994-96 - Refugee camps in Zaire fall under the control of the Hutu militias responsible for the genocide in Rwanda.
1995 - Extremist Hutu militias and Zairean government forces attack local Zairean Banyamulenge Tutsis; Zaire attempts to force refugees back into Rwanda.
1995 - UN-appointed international tribunal begins charging and sentencing a number of people responsible for the Hutu-Tutsi atrocities.
1996 - Rwandan troops invade and attack Hutu militia-dominated camps in Zaire in order to drive home the refugees.
1997 - Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed rebels depose President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire; Laurent Kabila becomes president of Zaire, which is renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo.
1998 - Rwanda switches allegiance to support rebel forces trying to depose Kabila in the wake of the Congolese president's failure to expel extremist Hutu militias.
2000 March - Rwandan President Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu, resigns over differences regarding the composition of a new cabinet and after accusing parliament of targeting Hutu politicians in anti-corruption investigations.
2000 April - Ministers and members of parliament elect Vice-President Paul Kagame as Rwanda's new president.
2001 October - Voting to elect members of traditional "gacaca" courts begins. The courts - in which ordinary Rwandans judge their peers - aim to clear the backlog of 1994 genocide cases.
2001 December - A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to try to promote national unity and reconciliation.
2002 April - Former president Pasteur Bizimungu is arrested and faces trial on charges of illegal political activity and threats to state security.
2002 July - Rwanda, DR Congo sign peace deal under which Rwanda will pull troops out of DR Congo and DR Congo will help disarm Rwandan Hutu gunmen blamed for killing Tutsi minority in 1994 genocide.
2002 October - Rwanda says it has pulled the last of its troops out of DR Congo, four years after they went in to support Congolese rebels against the Kabila government.
2003 May - Voters back a draft constitution which bans the incitement of ethnic hatred.
2003 August - Paul Kagame wins the first presidential elections since the 1994 genocide.
2003 October - First multi-party parliamentary elections; President Kagame's Rwandan Patriotic Front wins absolute majority. EU observers say poll was marred by irregularities and fraud.
2003 December - Three former media directors found guilty of inciting Hutus to kill Tutsis during 1994 genocide and receive lengthy jail sentences.
2004 March - President Kagame rejects French report which says he ordered 1994 attack on president's plane, which sparked genocide.
2004 June - Former president, Pasteur Bizimungu, is sentenced to 15 years in jail for embezzlement, inciting violence and associating with criminals.
2005 March - The main Hutu rebel group, the FDLR, says it is ending its armed struggle. FDLR is one of several groups accused of creating instability in DR Congo; many of its members are accused of taking part in 1994 genocide.
2005 July - Government begins the mass release of 36,000 prisoners. Most of them have confessed to involvement in the 1994 genocide. It is the third phase of releases since 2003 - part of an attempt to ease overcrowding.
2006 January - Rwanda's 12 provinces are replaced by a smaller number of regions with the aim of creating ethnically-diverse administrative areas.
2006 November - Rwanda breaks off diplomatic ties with France after a French judge issues an international arrest warrant for President Kagame, alleging he was involved in bringing down Habyarimana's plane.
2006 December - Father Athanase Seromba becomes the first Roman Catholic priest to be convicted for involvement in the 1994 genocide. The International Criminal Tribunal sentences him to life in prison.
2007 February - Some 8,000 prisoners accused of genocide are released. Some 60,000 suspects have been freed since 2003 to ease prison overcrowding.
2007 April - Former President Pasteur Bizimungu is released from jail three years into his 15-year sentence after receiving a presidential pardon.
2007 October - Inquiry launched into 1994 presidential plane crash that sparked the genocide.
2007 November - Rwanda signs a peace agreement with Democratic Republic of Congo under which the latter will hand over those suspected of involvement in the 1994 genocide to Kigali and to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
2008 January - French police arrest former Rwandan army officer Marcel Bivugabagabo who is on list of war criminals wanted for trial by the Rwandan government.
2008 February - A Spanish judge issues arrest warrants for 40 Rwandan army officers, accusing them of genocide, terrorism and crimes against humanity.
2008 August - Rwanda accuses France of having played an active role in the genocide of 1994, and issues a report naming more than 30 senior French officials. France says the claims are unacceptable.
2008 September - President Paul Kagame's Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) wins large majority in parliamentary elections.
2008 October - Rwanda decides all education will be taught in English instead of French, officially as a result of joining the English-speaking East African Community.
2008 December - One of Rwanda's most famous singers, Simon Bikindi, is sentenced to 15 years in prison for inciting violence during the genocide.
UN report accuses Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo of directly helping Tutsi rebels fighting in eastern DR Congo. Rwanda denies supplying aid and child soldiers.
Theoneste Bagosora sentenced to life imprisonment at UN tribunal for masterminding genocide.
2009 January - Former Justice Minister Agnes Ntamabyariro is jailed for life by a Kigali court for conspiracy to plan the genocide and speeches inciting people to take part.
2009 February - Rwandan troops leave the Democratic Republic of Congo five weeks after entering to attack Hutu rebels.
UN war crimes court finds former army chaplain Emmanuel Rukundo guilty of genocide, sexual assault and kidnapping during genocide, sentences him to 25 years in jail.
2009 March - Rwandan MP and governing party member Beatrice Nirere found guilty of genocide and sentenced to life imprisonment in a traditional gacaca community court.
2009 November - Rwanda is admitted to the Commonwealth, as only the second country after Mozambique to become a member without a British colonial past or constitutional ties to the UK.
France and Rwanda restore diplomatic relations, three years after they were severed over a row about responsibility for the 1990s genocide.
2009 December - Rwanda is declared free of landmines - the first country to achieve this status.
2010 February - French President Nicolas Sarkozy visits to mark reconciliation after years of mutual recrimination over the genocide.
2010 April - Opposition leader Victoire Ingabire, who planned to run against President Kagame in the August elections, is arrested.
2010 June - Ex-army chief of staff Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa, a former ally turned critic of President Kagame, is wounded in a shooting while in exile in South Africa.
Kagame re-elected
2010 August - President Kagame wins new term in elections.
2010 October - UN report into 1993-2003 conflict in DR Congo says Rwandan forces took part in attacks on Hutu civilians which - if proven in court - could amount to genocide.
2010 December - Exiled military officers General Kayumba Nyamwasa and Colonel Patrick Karegeya form new political party - Rwanda National Congress.
2011 February - Opposition leader Bernard Ntaganda, accused of stoking ethnic tensions, is sentenced to four years in jail. Rights groups criticise the ruling.
2011 June - Former family minister Pauline Nyiramasuhuko becomes first woman to be found guilty of genocide by an international court.
2011 September - Former presidential candidate Victoire Ingabire goes on trial accused of genocide denial and working with a terrorist group.
2011 December - Hutu rebel leader Callixte Mbarushimana becomes the first suspect brought to the International Criminal Court (ICC) to be freed after finds rules that there is insufficient evidence for charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
2012 June - Rwanda shuts down "gacaca" community courts that for 10 years tried those accused of involvement in the 1994 genocide.
2012 July - The US, Britain and the Netherlands halt aid to Rwanda over UN accusations that it is fuelling a rebellion in the Democratic Republic of Congo by training rebel troops. Rwanda denies the charge.
2012 October - A Rwandan court sentences opposition leader Victoire Ingabire to eight years in jail on charges of threatening state security and "belittling" the 1994 genocide.
2012 December - The UN-backed International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) convicts former government minister and key organiser of the 1994 genocide Augustin Ngirabatware to 35 years in prison.
2013 February - The ICTR overturns the 2011 genocide convictions of former ministers Justin Mugenzi and Prosper Mugiraneza, to the dismay of Rwandan prosecutors.
Opposition leader Victoire Ingabire (r) was jailed following a trial she says was politically motivated
Rwanda politician's jail term raised
2013 September - French court frees former army deputy chief-of-staff Laurent Serubuga, turning down an extradition request on the grounds that genocide and crimes against humanity were not punishable by law in Rwanda in 1994.
2013 September -  Parliamentary elections. Governing RPF party gains a resounding victory.
2014 January - Leading opposition figure Patrick Karegeya dies in exile in South Africa, which becomes embroiled in a diplomatic row with Rwanda.
2014 March - Former Rwandan intelligence officer Pascal Simbikangwa is becomes the first man to be convicted in France in connection with the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
2014 October - Rwanda suspends BBC broadcasts in the Kinyarwanda language because of a film questioning official accounts of the 1994 genocide.
2015 February - An official inquiry in Rwanda calls for criminal and civil proceedings against the BBC over a documentary which questioned official accounts of the 1994 genocide. The BBC rejects the inquiry's findings.
2015 April - The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda holds its last hearings, 10 years after opening, and having convicted 93 individuals in connection with the 1994 genocide.
2016 January - President Kagame announces that he will stand for the presidency again in 2017, after winning a December referendum on constitutional changes allowing him to serve a third term.
2016 November - Rwanda opens an investigation into 20 French officials it says are suspected of involvement in the genocide of 1994.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

A selection of photos from across the African continent this week:


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: England's Holly Clyburn is part of a chasing pack just one shot off Brooke Henderson's lead after the opening round of the Meijer LPGA Classic.

Canadian Henderson, 19, hit her lowest round of the year, an eight-under-par 63, at Blythefield Country Club in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Clyburn, 26, is one of six players tied for second after carding a 64.
Wales' Becky Morgan and Northern Ireland's Stephanie Meadow finished on two under par after rounds of 69.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The 15-year-old South Korea-born New Zealander finished with a five-under-par 67 to win by three shots.
She broke the age record of 16, set by Lexi Thompson in the Navistar LPGA Classic in Alabama last September.
Only four other amateurs have ever won on the Tour, and Ko became the first since JoAnne Carner took the 1969 Burdine's Invitational tournament.
In January, Ko won the New South Wales Open in Australia at 14 to become the youngest player to win a professional tour event, a mark broken by 14-year-old Brooke Henderson in June in a Canadian Women's Tour event in Quebec.
Ko also won the US Women's Amateur two weeks ago in Cleveland, Ohio.
Starting the final round at The Vancouver Golf Club one shot clear, she surged away from the field on the backward nine, shooting five birdies in six holes to finish at 13 under.
Inbee Park shot a 69 to finish second on 10 under, while US Women's Open champion Na Yeon Choi, Chella Choi and Jiyai Shin tied for third at eight under.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Maybe it has been the strange twists and turns of the Greek financial crisis that have brought the anomalies of who it is that runs the the IMF into sharper focus - whatever the reason the Fund's leaders certainly seem concerned.

"Our governance needs to be fully modernised to reflect an ever-changing world," said David Lipton, the IMF's first deputy managing director - spelling out the problem facing the organisation as he sees it.
"If you're China or a fast-growing country, you need to know that there'll be a series of changes that enable your role at the IMF to grow," he told the BBC World Service's In the Balance programme.
Since being set up in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference along with the World Bank, the IMF has played a critical and at times controversial role in stabilising the global economy.
It has intervened in national economies with huge loans and often a highly prescriptive set of loan conditions as it did in the 1997 and 1998 East Asian crisis, in Africa throughout the last three decades and most recently in the eurozone in Ireland in 2010, in Portugal in 2011 - and of course, now in Greece.
IMF loan agreements usually require severe cut-backs in government spending - austerity with a capital 'A' - tax reform, pensions reforms and a crackdown on corruption. The Fund rarely leaves a country with more friends than it had when it arrived.
But recently there has the increasingly noisy criticism of the IMF's pecking order. For many outside the Fund there is the nagging question which comes along with its loans and the calls for countries to reform their economies:  "Says who?"
Under the rules agreed when the IMF was established, every IMF managing director must be a European.  Currently it is Christine Lagarde -  and in fact five of the 11 IMF's leaders have been French. Meanwhile, the head of the World Bank must be an American, say those same rules.
So when unpopular measures are demanded by the IMF in exchange for funding for a country, there is a sense that the West, the world's richer economies, the ones that have been calling the shots for the last 70 years and are seemingly willing to ignore the rapidly shifting global economic landscape - are still calling the shots.
Harvard University's Prof Kenneth Rogoff, and formerly chief economist at the IMF said: "The number one issue for the IMF, is to dispense with the ridiculous requirement that the managing director be a European, and that the World Bank be run by an American."
"It's an incredible anachronism."
Prof Ngaire Woods, an expert in global governance and dean of the Blavatnik school of government, Oxford University, goes further: "I think the risk to the IMF is irrelevance and marginalisation."
"Emerging economies are using other things - anything but rely on the IMF. If you're sitting in Zambia, Brazil or China, it looks like an organisation that's still run by the USA and Europe."
Last year, saw the arrival of the New Development Bank - now known as the Brics Bank - whose members include Brazil, Russia, Indian, China and South Africa and whose stated aim is to foster greater financial and development cooperation along the emerging market countries.
Its offer is remarkably similar the that of the World Bank, but for a smaller audience and without the history.
And there is also the prospect now of the new China-backed AIIB or Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, which again will offer global development funding.
As the AIIB project has been pushed through, driven by Beijing's ambition and the raw spending power, the United States has pleaded with fellow Western economies to reject it: and it has had to stand by and watch as one by one they have approached the AIIB with open arms - including German, France and the UK.
The Bank now has 56 prospective founding members, a roll call of the world's biggest economies, with the notable exception of the US.
Perhaps the IMF is now also unsettled by the willingness of the Germans, French and Brits to participate, and thus  the possibility that new organisations may to eclipse its global role, and that of the World Bank.
So it could be with that in mind that the IMF's David Lipton was so clear in his expression of the need for change when talking to In the Balance: "I don't think that people have given up on us, but I do think that there is a threat that they will."
The Greek response to the stiff terms of the IMF's crisis loan, serves as a reminder that governments under pressure from their electorates, might start to choose to go elsewhere to borrow if alternatives are on offer.
David Lipton says he is confident that the next selection for head of the IMF will be strictly based on merit, with candidates coming from around the world.
For Sargon Nissan of the Bretton Woods Project, and a long-time critic of the IMF, this claim is pivotal: "We've been waiting for 20 years to hear this - it is very significant."
Yet, when asked if IMF staff ever regretted their role in the Greek financial crisis, David Lipton is equally clear: "Pardon me the US baseball metaphor, but when you go to bat you have to hit the pitch that's thrown at you. It's our job; and we take it with pride."
It will be interesting to see where their ball lands.
You can find this week's episode of In the Balance, along with the programme podcasts here.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article
Examples:

"['represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.', 'Jane Hutt said this would be on top of any cuts resulting from Chancellor George Osborne\'s spending review.\nWelsh councils have faced average cuts of 3.4% in funding from the Welsh government over the past two years.\nMs Hutt also called on the chancellor to agree to "fair funding" for Wales.\nThe UK government has said it will provide a "funding floor", designed to protect the Welsh government from being squeezed by the Barnett formula that sets budgets for the four UK nations.\nMs Hutt was speaking at a conference of council leaders, who had gathered at City Hall in Cardiff on Thursday to discuss the financial challenges with senior members of the Welsh government.\nLocal authorities have been making major cuts to departments other than social services, which are protected by law, and schools, which have been protected by the current Labour Welsh government.\nTwo years of reduced funding from the Welsh government followed a four-year freeze.\nFirst Minister Carwyn Jones has said he will do all he can to prioritise spending on health and education.\nHowever, he has warned he could not protect public services in Wales against what he called "enormous cuts" from Westminster.\nThe chancellor has asked non-protected UK government departments to find £20bn of savings ahead of his spending review announcement next Wednesday.\nMs Hutt also said she hoped to hear Mr Osborne announce funding for a "city deal" backing major transport and infrastructure projects for Cardiff and south east Wales.\nTen local councils and the Welsh government have set aside a combined £600m for the deal, and are waiting to hear whether the Treasury will match the pledge.']" == "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', 'Public services in Wales need an extra £1bn to respond to an ageing population and rising NHS costs over the next three years, the finance minister has warned council leaders.']"

But rather than focusing my mind on external threats, his comments got me thinking about all the internal battles the EU is facing.
The notion behind a common foreign policy, never mind a joint military, is for the EU to speak with one forceful voice on the world stage.
But the 28-member bloc is currently a cacophony of fractious squabbling: over how to deal with Russia, how to battle illegal immigration, how to face off the prospect of deflation and of course, how to handle Greece... to cite just a few of the divisions.
Greece and its woes were at the top of the agenda at a meeting of eurozone finance ministers in Brussels on Monday.
Greece's outspoken finance minister, Yanis Varoufakis, has just darkened storm clouds even further by threatening to hold a referendum if the Greek government's reform programme is now rejected.
Defence Minister Panos Kammenos went so far as to rage that Greece would then "flood" Europe with refugees, including potential Islamic State members.
President Juncker's Commission hasn't helped smooth the choppy EU waters much either.
While tiny Greece believes it's being sacrificed on the altar of the German austerity model, the EU Commission recently let influential EU members France and Italy off the hook again for not sticking to budget deficit rules.
Their finances cannot be compared directly to Greece, but the incident served to heighten tensions, a feeling of injustice and suspicions of divergent visions inside the EU.
Forming an EU army is not a new proposal. And every time it resurfaces, it is quashed almost immediately.
Note the swift rejection by the British government.
Perhaps, in making headlines with EU army talk, Mr Juncker is following in the time-honoured tradition favoured by world leaders of trying to divert attention abroad when all is not well at home.
It's an extremely useful tool.
President Francois Hollande, for example, has suffered the worst popularity ratings on record of any French leader.
He is well known for making big gestures on the world stage, such as recently standing alongside Germany to work out the Minsk ceasefire agreement on Ukraine with Russia.
However, speaking with one voice will never come easy to 28 very different nation states.


Question:
represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

The query could be '['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'The General Dental Council is calling for tougher controls on who is allowed to carry out teeth whitening in the UK.']' and should be close to '['Represent this', 'Thousands of people have their teeth whitened every year in High Streets and shopping centres, by staff with no formal dental training.\nAfter complaints about poor treatment, the council says teeth whitening is a dental procedure so only dental professionals should administer it.\nHowever, teeth-whitening companies say it is a cosmetic not dental process.\nThe law in this area is unclear as teeth whitening was uncommon when the 1984 Dentists Act came into force.\nThe act says only dentists can perform dental procedures.\nTeeth whitening is a way of lightening the natural colour of teeth using bleaching methods.\nPeople often want it because their teeth have become discoloured through drinking, eating, smoking and with age.\nOne of the most common forms of teeth whitening is through laser treatment.\nThis involves putting a bleaching gel on the teeth, which are then exposed to an LED light for 15 to 30 minutes.\nGeneral Dental Council (GDC) chief executive and registrar Evlynne Gilvarry said: "Over the last few years we have received hundreds of complaints from the public and dental professionals about poor tooth whitening."\nBBC Radio 5 live Breakfast spoke to Paula, who regrets having her teeth whitened at a beauty salon.\nShe said: "My teeth lost their shine, they were almost opaque. My gums went white, and my teeth were so sensitive after the treatment that even just the fresh air hurt them."\nPaula went to dentist Dr Wyman Chan to put right the work.\nHe said: "The enamel on Paula\'s teeth had been stripped away, so I had to put an alkaline substance on her teeth to heal it.\n"Her gums were also damaged by the bleach, which had not been properly applied."\nDr Chan says lots of patients have come to him after having a bad experience of teeth whitening.\n"If you go to a non-dental professional, any dental problems would be missed. And they really have no idea about what they\'re doing," he said.\nBut Edward Mills, from the company Smart-Smile, told 5 Live Breakfast: "I have never had a single complaint from a customer.\n"I welcome further regulation of the industry, but think the GDC should only clamp down on non-dentists who use peroxide-based whitening treatments, and not the chlorine-dioxide treatments, which I use, because they are safe."\nThe GDC says it does not distinguish between treatments and only dentists and dental-care professionals should be allowed to whiten people\'s teeth in the UK.\nThe council successfully prosecuted the director of a national chain of tooth-whitening salons in March this year - and is warning it will bring similar proceedings in the future.\nIts view is supported by the Department of Health, which says tooth whitening should be performed by a suitably trained and competent dentist or dental-care professional.\nA survey conducted by the GDC and exclusively revealed to 5 live Breakfast found more than 80% of the 1,021 adults polled thought teeth whitening should be carried out only by a registered, trained and qualified dental professional.']' but very far from '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'Its website now has a checklist to help patients recognise and avoid rogue companies offering dodgy deals.\nQuestions to ask include whether the surgeon who will be carrying out the operation is certified and insured and what to expect in terms of recovery.\nPatients should also consider if their own expectations are realistic.\nDawn Knight, 48, from County Durham, underwent botched eye surgery at a private clinic in 2012.\nShe had wanted a blepharoplasty or eye lift to remove some excess skin from her lids.\nBut the surgeon took too much skin away, which meant she was unable to close her eyes and had problems with her vision.\nShe has since had corrective treatment on the NHS.\nShe says: "My experience has been one long nightmare, and I feel a sense of loss for all the time I\'ve spent trying to correct the problems I\'ve suffered.\n"I had no idea my surgeon was not insured to work in the UK or that he was self-employed.\n"People need to know the risks of procedures.\n"The fact that medical knowledge is needed for these procedures gives people a false sense of security, and it\'s easy to be misled."\nThe new online resource is funded by the Department of Health, in the wake of the breast implant scandal of 2012, when it emerged tens of thousands of British women had been fitted with unsafe silicone implants that were prone to rupture.\nThe website advises: "Never feel rushed or pressured into giving your consent. Be wary of surgeons or staff who try to convince you to go ahead."\nThere were more than 51,000 cosmetic procedures performed in the private sector in Britain last year alone.\nMr Stephen Cannon, vice-president of the RCS, said people should do their research and think twice before opting for a cosmetic procedure.\n"The vast majority of cosmetic surgery is carried out in the private sector and many people do not realise that the law currently allows any qualified doctor - surgeon or otherwise - to perform cosmetic surgery, without undertaking additional training or qualifications," he said.\n"Our advice is that if you are thinking of having some kind of work done, make sure you consult a surgeon who is trained and experienced in the procedure you are considering.\n"Look them up on the General Medical Council\'s register."']'

Question: The 2017 men's and women's World Squash Championships will have equal prize money for the first time.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Media playback is not supported on this device
The men's and women's champions will each take home $45,000 (£30,675).
The tournaments will both take place in Manchester from 9-17 December - just the second time they have been held side-by-side.
Professional Squash Association chief Alex Gough says the parity in prize money is "a huge step forward that everyone in the sport can be proud of".

Prize money for the event will be $46.3m (£35m) - an increase of $4m (£3m) on the 2015 event.
Both the men's and women's singles champions will earn $3.5m (£2.6m) - a record payout for the tournament, which runs from 29 August to 11 September.
The average increase per round for the singles competition is 10% above the 2015 US Open.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: BBC Sport's football expert Mark Lawrenson is pitting his wits against a different guest each week this season.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Lawro's opponents for the latest round of Premier League fixtures are Ice Cube and Kevin Hart, stars of new action comedy film Ride Along 2.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Hart: "I love this. Before we start I just want to say that I am an expert at football predictions."
Ice Cube: "Yeah, I got the Panthers to win the Super Bowl."
Hart: "No, no, not THAT football."
Ice Cube: "You mean this has got nothing to do with the Patriots or the Raiders? Oh, it's actual 'with your foot' ball."
Hart: "He's got it now. We are totally ready and in tune with what we have to do."
Ice Cube: "We have a great affiliation with Manchester City. We are down with City."
Hart: "Call them Man City. Trust me, it makes us look like we know what we are talking about."
You can hear more from Ice Cube and Kevin Hart on Football Focus at 12:10 GMT on Saturday on BBC One and the BBC Sport website.
Our scoring system has changed this season and a correct result (picking a win, draw or defeat) is now worth 10 points. The exact score earns 40 points.
Last week, Lawro got four correct results from 10 matches, with no perfect scores.
His score of 40 points saw him draw with  Creed stars Michael B Jordan & Tony Bellew, who also picked four correct results with no perfect scores.
Make your own predictions now, compare them to Lawro and other fans and try to take your team to the top of the leaderboard by playing the BBC Sport Predictor game.
All kick-offs 15:00 GMT unless otherwise stated
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 0-2
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 0-1
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 1-0
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 1-1
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Ice Cube: Can you be down with United and City? I am going to mash them - they could be Man City United.
Kevin Hart: 2-0
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 1-0
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 1-4
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 0-0
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Ice Cube: "We're going for City, baby, and Kevin is going to play the last 45 seconds of the first half."
Kevin Hart: Yes, and let me tell you something - I have got quite the boot on me. 0-3
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 1-2
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
Ice Cube & Kevin Hart: 2-2
Match report
Lawro was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.
Lawro's best score: 160 points (week 19 v Guy Mowbray)
Lawro's worst score: 20 points (week one v Graeme Swann)

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Lawro picked the winner in two of the four quarter-finals and six of the eight last-16 ties.
He enjoyed a 42% success rate in the group stage, correctly guessing the outcome of 15 of the 36 games.
The only group he failed to get a single result in was Group F, which saw Hungary and Iceland spring a surprise by finishing first and second.
Before the tournament Lawro chose 11 of the 16 teams that went through to the first knockout stage, including France, his pick to win the tournament on 10 July.
Along with more than 375,000 of you, Lawro is taking part in the new BBC Sport Predictor game. He is going head-to-head with pundits, presenters and commentators from across BBC Sport. He's doing well, though he's not top as things stand:
You can make your own predictions and take on your friends and other fans using the BBC's Euros Predictor.
Lawro was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.
Match report and highlights
Lawro's prediction: 1-1 (Wales to win on penalties)
Match report and highlights
Lawro's prediction: 0-2


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Immigration officials in the Bahamas say 152 illegal migrants from Haiti have been detained after their boat ran aground in bad weather.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The boat grounded on Saturday near Mangrove Cay, Andros Island, in heavy seas caused by Tropical Storm Isaac.
Officials have ordered a search of the nearby waters as they fear more migrants may have been on board and could have drowned.
In June, 11 Haitians died when their boat capsized off the Bahamas.
The survivors told officials at least 170 people had been aboard the boat.
They said they had left Cap-Haitien, in Haiti, on 18 August.
Doctors said the migrants were in good health, except for some who showed signs of dehydration.
It is not clear whether they were heading to the Bahamans or if their final destination was the United States.
Fatal accidents at sea involving migrants from Haiti, the Western hemisphere's poorest nation. are not uncommon.
In December, 38 migrants were found dead after their boar sank just off the eastern tip of Cuba.
And in 2009, US Coast Guard officials called off their search for about 70 migrants from Haiti whose boat capsized off the Turks and Caicos Islands.

The US National Hurricane Center in Miami says Earl is threatening to bring heavy rains, flooding and high winds to Honduras, Belize and Mexico.
A hurricane watch has been issued for part of the coast of Mexico.
At least nine people died on Monday due to extreme weather in Haiti and the Dominican Republic as the storm passed over the Caribbean.
Six of the victims were passengers on board a bus that caught fire in the Dominican town of Nagua when it was hit by tumbling power lines.
Three people drowned when their tour boat capsized.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details:

Question: A motion of "no confidence" in the Football Association has been passed by MPs debating the organisation's ability to reform itself.

While the motion is largely symbolic, MPs have warned legislation will be brought in if changes are not made.
Sports Minister Tracey Crouch has said the FA could lose £30m-£40m of public funding if it does not modernise.
Culture, Media and Sport (CMS) Select Committee chairman Damian Collins said: "No change is no option."
He added: "The FA, to use a football analogy, are not only in extra time, they are at the end of extra time, in 'Fergie time'. They are 1-0 down and if they don't pick up fairly quickly, reform will be delivered to them."
I would have thought with the state of the NHS, the lack of building, not enough cash for defence, that [MPs] would put energy into that not the organisation of football
FA chairman Greg Clarke has said he will quit if the organisation cannot win government support for its reform plans.
"I watched the debate and respect the opinions of the MPs," he said.
"As previously stated, we remain committed to reforming governance at the FA to the agreed timescale of the minister."
Collins suggested ministers should intervene to overhaul English football's governing body because "turkeys won't vote for Christmas" and it will not reform itself.
Crouch warned the FA that if it played "Russian roulette" with public money it will lose.
The minister also said the government would be prepared to consider legislation if the FA fails to present plans for required reforms before April. However she felt the debate - which was sparsely attended by MPs - was premature given her desire to see the FA's proposals.
Media playback is not supported on this device
The committee has published two reports since 2010 recommending greater representation at the FA for fans and the grassroots game, as well as more diversity in positions of authority. It also wants to dilute the perceived dominance of the Premier League.
Collins has said the FA was given six months to meet the government guidance on best practice for sports governance but had failed to do so. That guidance called for things such as a move towards gender equality on boards, more independent oversight, more accountability and term limits for office bearers.
He was joined by fellow Tories and Labour MPs - keen to ensure the "national game" is run correctly - in bemoaning the current state of the FA.
The cross-party motion stated that MPs have no confidence in the FA's ability to comply fully with its duties as its existing governance structures make it "impossible for the organisation to reform itself".
It was approved unopposed at the end of a backbench business debate, which was attended by fewer than 30 MPs.
The FA is effectively run by its own parliament, the FA Council, which has 122 members - just eight are women and only four from ethnic minorities. More than 90 of the 122 members are aged over 60.
Shadow sports minister Rosena Allin-Khan said: "Not only is diversity not in the heart of the FA ,it isn't in its body, or even its soul."
Labour MP Keith Vaz, whose constituency of Leicester East is home to the Premier League champions Leicester City, added: "A quarter of all professional footballers are black, however only 17 of the 92 top clubs have an ethnic minority person in a senior coaching role."
However, Keith Compton - one of 25 FA life vice-presidents and a director of Derbyshire FA - questioned why the FA was being discussed in Parliament.
"It is pity that the MPs have got nothing better to do," he told BBC Radio 5 live.
"I would have thought with the state of the NHS, the lack of building, too many people living in boxes,  not enough cash for defence, that some people would put energy into that not the organisation of football.
"Football is reforming all of the time."
Asked whether there should be more female and ethnic minority involvement in FA decisions, he said: "That's not really the responsibility of the council. If those people were interested enough, and we had enough people, we would have enough women and other people on the FA.
"I have heard people say supporters aren't represented but that is not true. They have one representative. People want the council to be reduced and now I am hearing it should be increased."
Responding to the interview, former FA chairman David Bernstein said: "I think if you want an argument for change, you've just heard it."
And Yunus Lunat, the first Muslim to get a seat on the FA Council before leaving three years ago, said new recruits were needed.
"No-one is disputing the contribution the previous generation has made but there comes a time when you have got to recognise that you are not the most suitable people for the role," he said.
BBC sports editor Dan Roan
The debate may have been attended by fewer MPs than is needed for a full football match, but the fact a motion of no confidence in the FA was passed still gives it an embarrassing bloody nose, ramping up the pressure on the governing body.
The few MPs who spoke seemed to mostly agree with each other, demanding greater diversity on the council, independent directors and fan representation on the board, and raising concerns over the clout and money of the professional clubs, especially the Premier League.
But the people who really matter here are the government.
The sports minister said the debate was "premature" and reiterated that she may consider the nuclear option of legislation to force through reforms - but only if a threat to cut funding does not work. That however, remains some way off and the FA is confident it can comply with a new code of governance. If it fails, chairman Greg Clarke has vowed to step down and then it really will be in the last-chance saloon.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Football Supporters' Federation chairman Malcolm Clarke: "We're very pleased to see so many MPs back our proposals for a minimum of five fan representatives on the FA Council, representation on the FA board, and increased diversity.
"Supporters are integral to the health of our national sport yet are still shockingly under-represented in the FA hierarchy - the FA Council has only one supporter representative, yet the Armed Forces and Oxbridge have five.
"It is also important to acknowledge that the FA Council has stood up to rampant commercialism within the game and protected fans' interests - such as when the FA Council stopped the 'Hull Tigers' name change."
Sports minister Tracey Crouch: "The FA's current model does not, in my opinion, and clearly that of other colleagues, stand up to scrutiny. Reform is therefore required."
Judith Cummins (Labour, Bradford South): "At best they're dragging their feet, at worst they're wilfully failing to act."
Andrew Bingham, CMS Select Committee member: "The issues of Sam Allardyce, who manages the (England) team for 67 days, one game, walks away with allegedly around £1m, it is destroying people's faith in football."
Nigel Huddleston (Conservative, Mid Worcestershire): "I have a great deal of respect for Greg Clarke but I sense his hands are tied and a sense of institutional inertia pervades the governance of football in this country."
Media playback is not supported on this device

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

Under the new rules, passed by the governing body at its annual general meeting on Thursday, a panel will review footage from the weekend each Monday looking for cases of simulation.
Any player unanimously found guilty of diving would be given a suspension.
The FA also announced it has passed reforms it proposed in March, following criticism over the way it is run.
Media playback is not supported on this device
The FA defines the new offence for which players will be punished as "successful deception of a match official".
Only incidents that result in a player winning a penalty or lead to an opponent being sent off - through either a direct red card or two yellow cards - will be punished.
The FA says it will act "where there is clear and overwhelming evidence to suggest a match official has been deceived by an act of simulation, and as a direct result, the offending player's team has been awarded a penalty and/or an opposing player has been dismissed".
Its panel will consist of one former match official, one ex-manager and one ex-player.
The announcement follows what the FA said was "a period of consultation with stakeholders over the past few months".
The rule change also required approval from the Premier League, the EFL and the Professional Footballers' Association.
Speaking in December, Burnley manager Sean Dyche said he thought diving would be eradicated from football "in six months" if retrospective bans were introduced.
Such bans have been in place in Scottish football since 2011.
BBC Scotland's Richard Wilson:
The Scottish Football Association compliance officer - Tony McGlennan - reviews incidents in matches and determines whether or not notices of complaint should be raised.
If a player is deemed to have dived during a game and the match officials did not recognise that at the time, the player will be issued with a disciplinary notice.
The player can then either acknowledge guilt and accept the punishment offered by the compliance officer, or appeal.
If it is the latter, a hearing is convened with an independent three-man panel - including people from legal and football backgrounds - who consider the case made by the compliance officer and the player before making a ruling.
In December, five ex-FA bosses asked the government to intervene and change an organisation they described as being held back by "elderly white men".
Sports Minister Tracey Crouch had said the FA could lose £30m-£40m of public funding if it did not modernise.
In March, the FA announced proposed reforms to:
These were passed after a vote by shareholders at Thursday's annual general meeting, having already been approved by the FA Council in April.
However, the proposals were criticised when first announced in March for not going far enough.
Lord Herman Ouseley, the chairman of anti-racism group Kick It Out, said he had "no confidence in the FA's proposals" and described the reforms as a "sham". He added that certain minority groups would continue to be under-represented, and that "by prioritising women on boards, all other protected groups are being left behind".


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The results have been published for more than five million GCSE entries - which will be five million different stories of exam dreams, dramas and disasters.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

But the overall national picture for GCSE grades is very similar to last year. The proportion getting A* to C grades has nudged up from 68.8% to 69%.
That represents an improvement for more than 10,000 exam entries. But the overall message - and the even smaller decline in the proportion of top A* and A grades - is that there is "stability".
This isn't an accident. The annual exam results are not like going outside and measuring the temperature as a natural phenomenon which might fluctuate.
It's more like setting the central heating to an agreed level and then holding up a thermometer to see if the temperature is where it should be.
Well, perhaps that's not a complete analogy, but the national exam statistics, with their neat similarity to last year, are a work of design rather than nature.
The huge annual challenge for the exam system is to balance a number of competing demands. There has to be room for some slight ups and downs, but there mustn't be grade inflation, standards have to be maintained over time and - at the very heart of the process - it has to be a fair reward for the hard work of individual pupils.
Add to this complex equation the need to adjust grades between different exam boards.
Head teachers' leader Brian Lightman has complained that below the smooth surface of the national statistics, there can be doubts about the reliability of individual results.
He has warned of "volatility", with heads unable to explain sudden dips and spikes, problems that remain unnoticed from a national perspective.
"It is devastating for a student who has been on course for a certain grade to miss what they were expected to achieve and it is mystifying to their teachers," said Mr Lightman.
The lingering question is if one year's results are reverse engineered to be very similar to the year before, does this mean distorting some of the results to make sure that they fit? Are there winners and losers in some subjects and at some grades?
Ofqual has always argued that fairness for individual students is not compromised by the demands of the wider results system.
But it's a massively complicated challenge for exam boards and regulator - made even more difficult by the conflicting legacies of previous grading systems.
Once there was a system of fixed quotas which prevented any rise in grades and then a system which allowed grades to rise every single year. Now there is a system which holds out the possibility of change, but which manages to keep things the same.
Another factor that gets overlooked in the headlines, is that the results can be changed by who is taking the exam.
This year's nudge upwards in the pass rate has come alongside an older cohort.
There are fewer 14 and 15 year olds taking the GCSEs early, because the league tables now only recognise the first attempt.
And another change in government policy means that pupils who missed out on GCSE maths and English last year are having to re-sit the exam this year. This means that more than 300,000 exam entries were from 17 year olds.
But if the changes at the overall level are measured in fractions of a percentage point, there are some very striking differences between England, Northern Ireland and Wales.
Northern Ireland's pupils are stretching their lead over everyone else, jumping by 0.7% to 78.7%. It raises the question how such results can be achieved when only 66% make the grade in Wales.
Not only is the Northern Ireland figure far ahead of England, it is ahead of the highest-achieving part of England, which was London with 72%.
England's education system has been in a state of almost constant reform since the late 1980s, but the latest results show it is Northern Ireland that is stretching further ahead.
When these regional differences are overlaid with the gender gap, it means that young women in Northern Ireland are doing much better than anyone else.
The scores from the GCSE top grades show the gap. Among entries from female pupils in Northern Ireland, 11.4% achieve A* grades. Among male pupils in Wales, the figure is 4.5%.
In England, 5.2% of entries from male pupils and 7.9% of female achieve these highest A* grades.
This sets a pattern for A-levels and university entry, with Northern Irish women the most likely in the UK to get university places.
Whether or not it is going to be consolation for England's school leaders, such comparisons are soon going to be impossible.
Because in a couple of years England's GCSEs will begin to be graded from 9 to 1 rather than A to G, ending a common system with Wales and Northern Ireland.
Another curious aside is that many of the pupils taking GCSEs this year in England did not take their Sats tests five years ago, because of a primary school teachers' boycott. What difference did it make in the long term?
It would take another exam to answer that one.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Continuing changes to secondary education mean the situation can be confusing.
With only a few days to secure a sixth-form place or take an alternative path, such as an apprenticeship or vocational college course, getting the right advice is key.
Vicky Coleman, an adviser with the National Careers Service, is offering advice to readers.
My daughter is in year 10 and has received her results today. She is devastated that she got C and D grades in her science exams - and a C in English literature.  Can these exams be sat again?
Diane, Gloucestershire
I'm sorry that your daughter did not get what she was expecting, although she should still be really proud of the C grades she has received. As she is only in year 10, she still has plenty of time to resit exams if she so wishes.
It is possible to retake maths, English language and English (combination of literature and language) in November but unfortunately it is not possible to resit English literature on its own at this time. However your daughter can resit all of her exams next summer including science and English literature, it could help to speak to her school if she would like to resit, as they would be able to give her more information on their processes for resits.
Most colleges and sixth forms will accept young people with four or five GCSEs at C grades and there are lots of other opportunities now post-16 such as apprenticeships and vocational qualifications. Your daughter still has lots of doors open to her and she should be very proud of what she has achieved so far.
I have a better grade than I have expected, as a result of very hard work. My question is, I want to try better sixth forms than the ones I have got. How do I go about doing this, as I did not apply to these schools originally?
Adannaya, Edmonton
Firstly, a huge congratulations on your grades. It's fantastic to hear that all of your hard work has paid off. If you would like to go to a different sixth form or college, you would need to speak to them directly to see if you can get a place. The website Ucas Progress is great for looking for level-three courses in your local area. There is also a course-search facility on the National Careers Service website. After you have found colleges or sixth forms that would be of interest to you, I would suggest giving them a phone call over the next week to find out about places and their admissions process.
My daughter has received her GCSE results and is disappointed with some of her grades. She had very good course work results and studied hard for the exams but in four subjects in particular she is gutted.  These are geography where she was predicted A* and she got a B, English language where she had extra tuition and was expecting an A and got B, history predicted high A got a B and music predicted A and got C.  Is there anyway to find out what went wrong?
Mrs Chawner, Stourbridge
I'm sorry that your daughter is disappointed with some of her grades. B and C grades are still really good and she should be really proud of her achievement. It may be a good start to speak to her teachers. As they know your daughter personally, they may have some ideas as to why she didn't get the grades that she was expecting.
It could also be an option to get her papers re-marked. There is usually a cost associated with this and grades can go down as well as up - so it may help to take a look at how close she was off higher or lower grades before making this decision. If you would like to go ahead with this, you would need to speak to the exam officer at her school.
It's important to remember that her grades are still very good. They leave the door open for her to pursue a number of different options. So although she is disappointed, there's nothing to suggest that any barriers to her future career have been created. If she wanted to explore specific careers and their entry requirements, it could help for her to take a look at the job profile section of the National Careers Service website.
My daughter got all A*s apart from in drama where the visiting assessor gave her a B for her GCSE performance. She has a merit at grade eight drama with the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. It seems ridiculous. Why are the grade boundaries in drama totally different to any other subject?
Brian, Northwood
Congratulations on your daughter's magnificent exam results. She must have worked very hard. I'm sorry that she didn't get the grade that she was hoping for in drama. Grade boundaries vary between different exams so that they are standardised in level of difficulty. I know this may seem frustrating, but it ensures fairness across subjects. It may help to speak to her drama teacher to get a better understanding of why your daughter didn't get the grade that she was hoping for.
Fairly pleased about my results of seven A* grades, five As and one B in English language. However, on my results paper it said that my English coursework was a C, when my English teacher said it was a firm high A? Could there be a mistake with my results?
Natasha, Surrey
Well done on your results! Those are excellent. You must be very happy. A proportion of coursework gets sent to external examiners to make sure that grading is standardised. It could be a possibility that although your teacher graded the coursework as an A, the examiner has actually marked this at a C. If you feel that your coursework was not marked correctly you may want to look into getting the paper remarked. If this is something that you would like to do, you would need to speak to the exam officer at your school. There is usually a cost associated with this and grades have a tendency to go down as well as up. So you may want to consider this carefully. It could help to take a look at the mark for your coursework to see how close to the grade boundary you were.
My son got nine A* grades and three As in his GCSEs as well as a B and a C in AS-level maths papers. He is having the B remarked as he was one point off an A and will resit the C.  In the past he could have resat the exams in January but this is no longer possible. Why are there no longer resits in January?  Surely it would be less pressure for students to resit then as they would only have to revise for a couple of exams instead of eight or nine.
Victoria, Upminster
Those are some brilliant grades there! You both must be very proud. As your son is already enrolled it should be a possibility for him to resit the AS maths next January if he wishes. Those students starting in September 2013 will now have to wait until the summer. If he would like to resit I would suggest he speak to his exam officer at his school who would be able to give you both more information on how he would go about doing this. If this is not an option at his current school you could both take a look at the Ucas Progress website to find an alternative.
You also asked why resits are no longer available in January. I agree that a change can take some time to get used to - but that doesn't necessarily mean things will be harder for students. Having the exams at one point in the year will take some of the pressure off students throughout the rest of the year. This will also give them more of an opportunity to learn things that they will remember and learn in the long run as opposed to 'cramming' for one or two exams.
If you are concerned, it may help to speak to an adviser who you can discuss your son's options with. The National Careers Service is open from 08:00-22:00, seven days a week if you would like to talk further.
My daughter has received her GCSE results today. The nature of the courses she did over the last two years were modular, and she has just received the marks for the last module giving her an overall mark for all the modules.  I understand that this year they are tightening up the marking, making it harder to achieve a higher grade. Are they saying that the modules examined this summer are being marked to stricter guidelines than those taken earlier in the course? Surely, all modules must be marked according to the same standard. You should not be changing the standard for those modules taken at the end of the course.
Allan, Billericay
I understand you are concerned that your daughter is being treated fairly and it's great that you are seeking more information. Because exam papers differ between exam boards and each year, the level of difficulty can vary slightly. The awarding process has to take this into account to ensure that grades are fair from year to year. Senior examiners judge the difficulty of each paper by looking at samples of candidates' work from the current year and previous years, as well as statistical data about candidates' performance. They then decide on where the grade boundaries should be, using the 'raw marks' - the marks the candidates scored on the exam paper. For example, a candidate might need 40 raw marks out of 50 for an A grade one year, but 42 out of 50 the next, depending on the level of demand of the paper.
In short, the process is put in place to make it fair from paper to paper and not to put students at a disadvantage. If you are concerned it could help to speak to an exam officer at your daughter's school. There is also the exam results helpline (0808 100 8000) open over the exam period.
My son, taking the first of his science GCSE's at end of year 10, achieved two Bs and two Cs for the four papers, with an overall result of 69.75%, yet only got an overall mark of C. His friend also got a C, yet only achieved three Cs and a D. How can they both get the same overall grade? And how can an overall mark of near on 70% only be a C grade?
Russell, Chelmsford
I understand the change from marks to grades can be very confusing so it's great that you are seeking some advice on this. It's hard for me to say exactly why your son's friend got the same overall grade without seeing his individual marks. It could be that although he got three Cs, they were each very high marks - just off a B grade. This could make his total mark come out at a C, even with the D in one paper.
If you feel that your son's paper has been marked incorrectly, you could consider getting his papers re-marked. You should think about this carefully if you want to proceed as a cost will usually be attached to this and grades have been known to go down as well as up. If this is something that you want to consider, you would need to speak to the exam officer at his school. It could also be a good idea to speak face to face to someone at his school anyway, who would be able to go through his individual marks.
Whatever you both decide to do, you should be very proud of your son's grades. A C grade is fantastic - especially at the end of year 10.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: A man with a rare type of leukaemia whose wife raised £400,000 to cover his medical costs in the USA is "well under way" with his cancer treatment.

Mike Brandon, 31, from Bristol, is being treated in Philadelphia after his British consultant said all NHS routes were "exhausted".
Kate Brandon said it had been "by far the hardest three weeks of our lives."
She said her husband had spent the last week in intensive care but was now back on the "wonderful oncology unit".
Mr Brandon was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia two years ago.
In May, his wife raised enough money using a social media campaign to fund his taking part  in "revolutionary" cancer trials at the University of Pennsylvania.
Mrs Brandon said: "We were told that paradoxically the sicker that people become during this treatment, the more likely they are to have a good outcome.
"This knowledge has helped carry us through this excruciatingly difficult time. Boy, did our boy get sick."
Mr Brandon said: "There are plenty of things about a leukaemia diagnosis that are tough: the constant worry about things that may never happen, the strain of the things that have definitely happened, and the stress it places on those closest to me.
"When my leukaemia relapsed in March, we were told that it was time to plan our last days together, but Kate point blank refused. We would fight on, and we have."

The appeal, launched on a donations website, received more than 2,000 contributions within three days.
Bracknell, who played Zoe Tate in the ITV series from 1989 to 2005, set up the campaign for treatment in Germany.
The 52-year-old mother-of-two has been working as a yoga instructor in recent years.
Her character in the soap was known for storylines which raised awareness about mental health and LGBT issues.
Bracknell, whose real name is Alison and is known to her family as Ali, only discovered she was battling terminal lung cancer five weeks ago.
She and her partner Jez Hughes wrote about the news and their hopes to save her life on the fundraising page.
They explained that doctors said the cancer was "terminal, not curable, not operable" but their research led them to want to try a new treatment being used in Germany.
Mr Hughes wrote: "The downside is that these cutting edge treatments aren't yet available on the NHS outside of clinical trials and are very expensive... This is why we are fundraising here."


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A Scottish health board has offered adults with hearing loss taster classes in lip reading.

NHS Highland will hold the sessions in Dingwall from 14 September until the end of the month.
The classes on techniques will be run as part of this year's Lip Reading Awareness Week, which runs from 14 to 19 September.
Speech and language therapist Liz Kraft said the skill could help people feel less isolated.
What's happening in Scotland today? Keep in touch through our live page.
She said: "Deaf, deafened or hard of hearing people, who do not use sign language, and are not part of the deaf community, can struggle to stay in touch with their own language and be part of any community.
"Lip reading and managing hearing loss classes have been shown to be of huge benefit and allow anyone with hearing loss to do the very best they can to help themselves."

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Media playback is not supported on this device
More than 150 people have taken part in the Love to Move scheme run by the British Gymnastics Foundation (BGF).
And research by Age UK found the scheme to have "demonstrable benefits in the physical, emotional and cognitive aspects of older people".
The organisers now aim to train more people to deliver the programme and make it more widely available.
"This age and dementia-friendly programme is astonishing people with its life-changing benefits," said BGF manager Patrick Bonner.
"So many people involved are seeing their lives improving as a result and it is unthinkable that people are regaining functions which were thought to be lost because of participating in the Love to Move classes."
I thought the programme would, at best, just be able to slow down the rate of dementia progressing, but I am finding some participants appear to be regaining functions which were thought to be lost
In South Korea and Japan, results have been so positive the programme has been completely state-funded and runs in every care home across the two countries.
Exercise in any form can have a multitude of health benefits for those with mental and physical illnesses. Dementia is no exception.
When the BGF discovered a chair-based exercise programme was working wonders throughout care homes in Japan and South Korea, it was determined to bring it to the UK.
Based on results published in 2016 from the original Japanese programme, it was clear to the BGF that these simple exercises - based around cognitive stimulation, memory arousal and music - could have a huge impact on the lives of dementia sufferers.
By taking the core principles of the Japanese scheme and adapting them to suit British culture, the BGF developed the Love to Move programme in a pilot scheme.
Can you tap your head and rub your stomach at the same time? Even if you can, it takes a lot of concentration.
By practising it, you are increasing your ability for the right and left sides of your brain to process information independently of each other.
The Love to Move programme is based on the concept of bilaterally asymmetrical movement (performing different movements with the right and left sides of the body at the same time).
By increasing the capacity to perform bilateral movement, the brain increases the number of connections it makes between its neurons, resulting in an increase in cognitive ability.
For people with dementia, the Love to Move programme has been proven to increase their capacity to process everyday tasks such as feed themselves, do crafts and play bingo, as well as socialising with friends and family.
Do you know a family member, a friend, a co-worker, who has dementia? Chances are you do.
Download the booklet here
Whether they've just been diagnosed, or have had the illness for a number of years, those close to them would give anything to see an improvement in their health.
The BGF understands this and is keen to share its exercises with the public in the hope they can provide those affected, both now and in the future, with a practical and gentle way to improve their health.
The BGF has created a downloadable booklet containing some of the key exercises for people to try with top tips from head coach Kim Hall.
The guide aims to give an insight into the structure and history of the programme, as well as showing some of the key co-ordination exercises.
Over a period of two years in the Cambridgeshire region, the Love to Move programme has delivered sessions focusing on improving co-ordination, posture, movement and core strength.
In conjunction with the pilot scheme, staff from one care home were asked to complete feedback forms for a sample of residents who took part in the exercise classes.
Two residents involved were keen not to go off with their visitors…they did not want to miss the class, so they got them to join in as well!
Key results from pilot scheme feedback:
Results from the pilot scheme indicate exercises such as hand rotations, finger and thumb tapping, drawing shapes in the air and nose and ear grabbing, are effective ways to enhance co-ordination, whereas exercises focusing on balance and core have better equipped participants to sit, unaided, in their chairs.
Those with more severe cognitive decline were seen to develop a more positive emotional state.
By joining the classes, it was visible to the care home staff that participants were visibly enjoying themselves, appeared more relaxed and even remembered the class and looked forward to the next one.
Social interaction is often difficult for those with dementia, especially for those who would not normally have the opportunity to mix with other residents in the same home.
The pilot scheme gave these residents the opportunity to build bonds with one another, provide encouragement to their fellow Love to Movers, and socialise after the session.
As with any pilot scheme, the aim is to learn, adjust and expand; and this is what the BGF hopes for.
I feel stronger. I have difficultly moving, but I've started to move more than I have before
The findings from Age UK reveal sessions need to take place in a social, fun environment, be lead by confident, patient staff and include time for refreshment afterwards.
The BGF aims to replicate Japan's success and offer the Love to Move programme to all care homes up and down the country.
They say a large amount of staff training is required, in addition to a nationwide awareness campaign and a group of trained coaches to deliver the sessions.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Australia's upper house has begun debating a bill that is likely to trigger a double dissolution election.

Governor General Peter Cosgrove has recalled both houses of parliament to Canberra for an additional sitting, at Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's request.
The recall is to allow debate of a bill to re-establish a commission overseeing the building industry.
The upper house, known as the Senate, has already rejected the bill once.
It is expected to be rejected for a second time, giving the prime minister a trigger to call the election.
The double dissolution is a mechanism in the Australian constitution that allows the government to call for an election if a piece of legislation is blocked twice in the upper house.
The mostly likely trigger for an early election is the Australian Building and Construction Commission (ABCC) bill, which seeks to re-establish a watchdog to monitor union activity in the construction industry.
Analysis: Shaun Davies, BBC Australia editor, Sydney
There's little doubt that Australia is headed to an early election on 2 July.
It seems inevitable that the Senate will reject the ABCC bill for a second time, which means the prime minister will have his trigger for a double dissolution.
Both the government and opposition have been in campaign mode since Mr Turnbull announced his audacious plan to prorogue parliament to debate the bills.
But Mr Turnbull will officially call the election only after the government's budget is delivered on 3 May.
Election rules would require Mr Turnbull to hold the election well before 2 July should he dissolve parliament immediately.
Changes to voting rules that will disadvantage so-called micro-party senators do not come into effect until 1 July - and clearing out senators hostile to the government appears to be a key Turnbull objective.
A second piece of legislation, the registered organisations bill, seeks to hold unions to higher standards of transparency. It could also provide the double dissolution trigger.
The government needs support from six of eight independent and minor party senators, known as crossbenchers, to get the ABCC bill passed. Labor and the Greens do not support the bill.
But several key crossbenchers have indicated they are likely to oppose the legislation.
Senator Ricky Muir of the Motoring Enthusiasts Party told The Australian newspaper that the government was not serious about passing the bill but was seeking "a double-dissolution at all costs".
The opposition repeatedly attacked Mr Turnbull's decision to recall the parliament using an obscure provision in the constitution that has not been used for 40 years.
Labor Senator Stephen Conroy accused Governor General Peter Cosgrove of demeaning his office by calling back parliament to debate the bills.
Senator Conroy said the decision to recall both houses of parliament was a "tawdry political stunt".
"Since 1961â€¦ the parliament has only been prorogued four times, under extraordinary circumstances, and never, never to set the scene for an election," Senator Conroy said.
"A strong governor general would never have agreed to this."
Mr Turnbull said that Senator Conroy had "disgraced" himself.
"I look forward to the leader of the opposition publicly dissociating himself from those appalling remarks," Mr Turnbull said.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Senators voted against the higher education reform bill on Tuesday night by 33 votes to 31.
The legislation would have cut university funding by 20% and allowed institutions to set their own fees.
The reforms are the biggest changes to the sector since the introduction of higher education fees 25 years ago.
Ministers say they will now introduce new legislation that will be "nine tenths of the previous bill".
Students who attend Australian universities are charged higher education (HECs) fees, although government loans and subsidies are in place to relieve the costs for some.
The new bill was introduced on Wednesday, but Education Minister Christopher Pyne told a press conference it would not be debated until next year when parliament resumes.
Instead of applying the ten year government bond rate to student loans, ministers will now seek to apply an interest rate equal to the nation's inflation rate.
The government also wants to establish what it has described as a university transition fund worth about A$100m ($84.6m; Â£54m) and create a new scholarship scheme to support disadvantaged and rural and regional students.
New parents will also be given more time to pay back their university fees.
Mr Pyne said he was confident the cross benchers would support the new bill, adding: "We had a defeat this week and I don't think there is any shame in that at all."
He said the Opposition Labor Party's campaign claiming students would struggle to pay back huge debts would "totally be obliterated".
The government's failure to convince cross bench senators to pass the bill is its biggest failure so far in a tough legislative term, which ends on Thursday.
Cross bench senators have also blocked the government's attempts to unwind regulations that critics say potentially exposed consumers to bad financial advice.
Independent senator Jacqui Lambie has threatened to vote against all government legislation unless ministers agree to a pay rise for Defence Force personnel that is in line with inflation.
David Leyonhjelm, a senator from the Liberal Democratic Party, has also vowed to block legislation if MPs are not allowed to properly debate his same-sex marriage bill.
Mr Leyonhjelm last month introduced a bill that would amend the Marriage Act to allow weddings between same-sex couples, transgender and intersex Australians.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: The international court of arbitration in the Netherlands has agreed to take up a decade-long maritime boundary dispute case between Australia and East Timor.

East Timor wants the court to decide who owns a large undersea oil and gas field.
East Timor says a 2006 treaty for revenue sharing was unfairly forced upon the newly independent nation.
Australia says the international court has no jurisdiction over the dispute.
On Monday, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) "held that it was competent to continue with the conciliation process" brought by East Timor against Australia in April.
The Greater Sunrise oil and gas field lies between the two nations.
East Timor - also known as Timor Leste - welcomed the decision by the PCA - the world's oldest arbitration tribunal.
"Just as we fought so hard and suffered so much for our independence, Timor-Leste will not rest until we have our sovereign rights over both land and sea," said Xanana Gusmao, the independence resistance hero and former prime minister.
Australia's Foreign Affairs Minister Julie Bishop said her country accepted the decision.
"We are committed to working together to strengthen our relationship and overcome our differences in the Timor sea," she said.

Google Maps now refers to the reef by its international name, Scarborough Shoal. Previously, the area was also named as part of the Zhongsha Islands.
Both China and the Philippines claim the shoal and its rich fishing grounds.
The Philippines has filed a case against China's claims at a UN tribunal - but Beijing has refused to take part.
Google Maps removed the Chinese name from the reef following an online petition that said the name gave credence to China's claims to the shoal, known as Huangyan Island by China and Panatag Shoal by the Philippines.
Scarborough Shoal was the scene of a tense stand-off between the Philippines and China in early 2012, when vessels from the two countries refused to leave the area for a number of weeks.
"We understand that geographic names can raise deep emotions which is why we worked quickly once this was brought to our attention," Google said in a statement emailed to the BBC.
Google's policy on disputed regions say that it considers "guidance from authoritative references, local laws and local market expectations", and strives to include "all points of view where there are conflicting claims".
China claims ownership of large parts of the South China Sea, including the Scarborough Shoal, which lie a little more than 100 miles (160km) from the Philippines and 500 miles from China, and the Spratly Islands.
Last week, a United Nations tribunal in the Hague began deliberations on whether it can hear a legal challenge over territorial claims in the South China Sea.
The Philippines filed the case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2013, but China has refused to take part in the proceedings.
Even if the Philippines is successful in its attempts to pursue China at the UN tribunal, China would not be obliged to abide by the ruling.
Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said on Tuesday that China "will never accept the unilateral attempts to turn to a third party to solve the disputes", and urged the Philippines to negotiate with China directly.
Aside from the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam and Taiwan also have competing claims with China over various islands, reefs and shoals in the region.