Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details:

Question: Three French gay rights groups have accused the Russian republic of Chechnya of a policy of genocide towards gay people in a complaint filed at the International Criminal Court.

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They have blamed Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov and state officials for a "wave of persecution".
They cited the case of a teenaged male thrown out of a ninth-storey window, allegedly because of his sexuality.
Chechen officials have denied that gay people even exist in the republic.
Russian President Vladimir Putin earlier this month backed an inquiry into the reported crackdown on gay people in Chechnya.
But the three French groups have rejected Russia's internal investigation, and want the International Criminal Court in The Hague to start work before Russia withdraws from its jurisdiction in November.
Reports of arbitrary arrests of gay men first surfaced last month in the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta.
The three groups highlighted the case of a 17-year-old gay youth allegedly thrown to his death from a ninth-floor window by an uncle supposedly anxious to salvage the family's honour.
They have accused President Kadyrov of setting up torture camps to exterminate homosexuals, Le Monde (in French) reported. It quoted the leader of Idaho France - one of the three groups instigating the ICC case - as saying the court was the only way they could pursue their grievances.
Last week five gay rights activists were detained in Moscow as they tried to deliver a petition to the office of Russia's prosecutor general.
Police said they were held because their action was unauthorised.
The activists said more than two million people had signed the petition to investigate alleged torture and detentions of gay people in Chechnya.
President Kadyrov has insisted that there are no "people of non-traditional orientation" (a term sometimes used to describe LGBT people in Russia) in the predominantly Muslim republic.
Chechen officials also say the local police have not received any official complaints from alleged victims.

It is the mass extermination of a whole group of people, an attempt to wipe them out of existence.
But at the heart of this simple idea is a complicated tangle of legal definitions.
So what is genocide and when can that term be applied?
The term was coined in 1943 by the Jewish-Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin who combined the Greek word "genos" (race or tribe) with the Latin word "cide" (to kill).
After witnessing the horrors of the Holocaust, in which every member of his family except his brother was killed, Dr Lemkin campaigned to have genocide recognised as a crime under international law.
His efforts gave way to the adoption of the UN Convention on Genocide in December 1948, which came into effect in January 1951.
Article Two of the convention defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such":
The convention also imposes a general duty on states that are signatories to "prevent and to punish" genocide.
Since its adoption, the UN treaty has come under fire from different sides, mostly by people frustrated with the difficulty of applying it to specific cases.
They argue that the definition is too narrow. Others say the term is devalued by misuse.
Some analysts contend that the definition is so narrow that none of the mass killings perpetrated since the treaty's adoption would fall under it.
The objections most frequently raised against the treaty include:
But in spite of these criticisms, there are many who say genocide is recognisable.
In his book Rwanda and Genocide in the 20th Century, former secretary-general of Medecins Sans Frontieres, Alain Destexhe, says: "Genocide is distinguishable from all other crimes by the motivation behind it.
"Genocide is a crime on a different scale to all other crimes against humanity and implies an intention to completely exterminate the chosen group.
"Genocide is therefore both the gravest and greatest of the crimes against humanity."
But Mr Destexhe believes the word genocide has fallen victim to "a sort of verbal inflation, in much the same way as happened with the word fascist".
He says the term has progressively lost its initial meaning and is becoming "dangerously commonplace".
Michael Ignatieff, director of the Carr Centre for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University, agrees.
"Those who should use the word genocide never let it slip their mouths. Those who unfortunately do use it, banalise it into a validation of every kind of victimhood," he said in a lecture about Raphael Lemkin.
"Slavery, for example, is called genocide when - whatever it was, and it was an infamy - it was a system to exploit, rather than to exterminate the living."
The differences over how genocide should be defined have also led to disagreements on how many genocides actually occurred during the 20th Century.
Some say there was only one genocide in the last century: the Holocaust.
However, others say there have been at least three genocides under the 1948 UN convention:
In Bosnia, the 1995 massacre at Srebrenica has been ruled to be genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
And others give a long list of what they consider cases of genocide, including the Soviet man-made famine of Ukraine (1932-33), the Indonesian invasion of East Timor (1975), and the Khmer Rouge killings in Cambodia in the 1970s.
The International Criminal Court in 2010 issued an arrest warrant for the President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, on genocide charges.
He is accused of waging a campaign against the citizens of the Sudanese region of Darfur.
Some 300,000 people are said to have died and millions have been displaced in seven years of fighting there.
More recently, in March 2016, the US said so-called Islamic State (IS) was carrying out genocide against Christian, Yazidi and Shia minorities in Iraq and Syria.
IS, or Daesh, was "genocidal by self-proclamation, by ideology and by actions, in what it says, what it believes and what it does," Secretary of State John Kerry said.
The jihadist group seized large swathes of territory in Syria and Iraq in 2014, and has since become notorious for its brutality against perceived opponents.
The first case to put into practice the convention on genocide was that of Jean Paul Akayesu, the Hutu mayor of the Rwandan town of Taba at the time of the killings.
In a landmark ruling, a special international tribunal convicted him of genocide and crimes against humanity on 2 September 1998.
More than 30 ringleaders of the Rwandan genocide have now been convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
In August 2010 a leaked UN report reportedly alleges that Rwandan Hutus, perpetrators of the 1994 genocide, may themselves have been victims of the same crime.
In 2004, the ICTY widened the definition of what constitutes genocide.
General Radislav Krstic, the first man convicted by the ICTY of genocide in Bosnia, had appealed against his conviction for his role in the killing of more than 7,000 Muslim men and boys in Srebrenica.
But the court rejected his argument that the numbers were "too insignificant" to be genocide - a decision likely to set an international legal precedent.
Since then a Bosnian Serb military commander has been cleared of being involved in Srebrenica.
It remains to be seen whether cases still pending will aid clarity on what is and what is not genocide.
The Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic is currently on trial at The Hague accused of war crimes and genocide. He denies the charges.
President Bashir continues to travel outside Sudan, to countries who are signatories to the International Criminal Court, without being detained as ordered by the arrest warrant.
If his case is ever brought to trial it will be the first time that genocide charges are brought against a serving head of state.


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Question: Leave campaigner Bernard Jenkin MP has written to the UK Statistics Authority chairman Sir Andrew Dilnot to challenge the government's claim that 44% of UK exports go to the European Union.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The claim: EU countries buy 44% of everything we sell abroad.
Reality Check verdict: The 44% figure is probably a bit of an overstatement, but not by more than about two percentage points.
"The true figure is bound to be less than that, given the 'Rotterdam effect'," Mr Jenkin says.
The Rotterdam Effect is the phenomenon of some exports being classified based on the port from which they are shipped rather than their final destination.
The concern is that some exports from the UK are classified as going to the Netherlands, when they are, in fact, going to Europe's biggest port, in Rotterdam, to be shipped around the world.
Sir Andrew replied saying that while it is hard to quantify the level of the Rotterdam Effect, it was unlikely to involve more than 50% of goods exported to the Netherlands which would not knock more than two percentage points off the government's figure of 44% of UK exports going to the EU. That "suggests that the statement in the government leaflet is not significantly affected by it".
It may seem odd that the impact is so small, given that the Netherlands is the third biggest customer for UK exports, behind the USA and Germany. But remember that the Rotterdam Effect only affects exports of goods, while the 44% figure is for both goods and services.
Sir Andrew did suggest that a more prominent note in the statistics about the Rotterdam Effect would be helpful. In evidence to the parliamentary committee chaired by  Bernard Jenkin, he said that would be particularly important to people interested in the level of exports to the Netherlands rather than the whole EU.
Read more: The facts behind claims in the EU debate

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The campaign claim: Immigration levels could be controlled if the UK left the EU. This would relieve pressure on public services.
The current claim: Immigration levels can't be radically reduced by leaving the EU. Fears about immigration did not influence the way people voted.
Reality Check verdict: During the campaign, some Leave campaigners sent a clear message that the referendum was about controlling immigration. Some are now being more nuanced, saying the UK's decision to leave the EU would not guarantee a significant decrease in immigration levels.
Immigration was the key issue of the EU referendum campaign, and Vote Leave's focus on it was a key part of their strategy.
One of the main claims of the campaign centred around control of immigration levels.
Responding to the latest Office for National Statistics (ONS) figures, which showed that overall net migration stands at 333,000, MEP Nigel Farage said: "Mass immigration is still hopelessly out of control and set to get worse if we remain inside the EU."
Though Mr Farage was not part of the official Vote Leave campaign but campaigned in favour of leaving the EU, similar claims were later echoed by Vote Leave campaigner Gisela Stuart.
She said voting to remain meant there would be "no control" over migration from the EU, "no matter how great the pressure on schools, hospitals and housing becomes or how much wages in our poorest communities are pushed down".
Similarly, leading pro-Leave campaigner and Tory leader front runner Boris Johnson said that the only solution to the scale of immigration which the UK was facing, was to leave the EU.
He claimed a vote to stay in the union would mean people "kissing goodbye permanently to control of immigration".
The Leave campaign also repeatedly linked EU migration with pressure on public services.
On the 20 May, Vote Leave produced a document which it claimed outlined the pressure that migration from the European Union would put on the NHS -  a 28% to 57% increase in demand for accident and emergency services.
As we discovered, an increasing population would put additional demand on A&E but the extent of that increase had not been demonstrated.
But in an article published in the Daily Telegraph on Monday, Mr Johnson denied a victory for leaving the EU could be linked to immigration.
He wrote: "It is said that those who voted Leave were mainly driven by anxieties about immigration. I do not believe that is so."
And speaking to the BBC's Newsnight programme on Saturday, MEP Daniel Hannan insisted the public had not been misled over how much control the country would have over immigration post-Brexit.
In a heated exchange with Evan Davis, he said: "We never said there was going to be some radical decline ... we want a measure of control".
"Frankly, if people watching think that they have voted and there is now going to be zero immigration from the EU, they are going to be disappointed."
The campaign claim: We send £350m a week to Brussels, which could be spent on the NHS instead.
The current claim: The claim was a mistake, and we will not be able to spend that much extra on the NHS.
Reality Check verdict: Some of those who campaigned for Leave are now distancing themselves from this claim. Some have gone as far as admitting that it had been a mistake.
One of the most controversial claims of the campaign was that the UK sends £350m a week (or £50m a day) to Brussels, which could be spent on the NHS instead.
Vote Leave's Gisela Stuart was among those to make the claim, saying "Every week we send £350m to Brussels. I'd rather that we control how to spend that money, and if I had that control I would spend it on the NHS."
Many bodies including the UK Statistics Authority pointed out that we do not send that much a week because the rebate is deducted before any money is spent.
Over the weekend,  Nigel Farage said making the claim had been "a mistake".
On Sunday's Andrew Marr Show, Iain Duncan Smith was shown a Vote Leave poster saying: "Let's give our NHS the £350m the EU takes every week," but he denied that promise had been made and said instead that the NHS would receive "the lion's share" of money that would no longer be spent on the EU.
The actual amount sent to Brussels each week in 2014 was £276m, a little over £100m of which is spent on things in the UK such as subsidising farmers and funding research, which the Leave campaign also promised to continue funding until 2020.
The campaign claim: Some on the Leave side suggested the UK does not need preferential access to the single market.
The current claim: The UK should get preferential access to the single market but will not have to accept freedom of movement to get it.
Reality Check verdict: The position has shifted from claims the UK could trade under World Trade Organisation rules to one which suggests the UK will continue to have preferential access to the single market, but at the same time having some control over immigration levels.
During the campaign, some Leave campaigners said that the UK outside of the EU would not need preferential access to the single market and would just trade under World Trade Organization rules.
This was the basis of research by Economists for Brexit, who said the UK should unilaterally remove all tariffs on imports.
But writing in the Telegraph on Monday, Boris Johnson quoted German employers' organisation the BDI as saying there would continue to be free trade and access to the single market.
The BDI later denied this.
If the UK wanted to retain preferential access to the single market, many European politicians say it would have to continue to accept freedom of movement.
Boris Johnson said that British people would continue to be able to live, work and study in the EU, while at the same time the UK would be able to introduce a points-based system to control migration.
Leader of the House of Commons Chris Grayling said that we would be able to have a free trade agreement with the EU while at the same time controlling the flow of people coming into the country.
The UK can certainly aim to secure such a deal.
But no country so far has managed a deal that allows full preferential access to the single market without having to accept freedom of movement.
Read more: The facts behind claims in the EU debate


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Question: Allowing people to keep more of their savings instead of paying for care in old age is a "fairer deal" for "people who have played fair", Labour has said.

Less than four weeks from the assembly election, the parties are promising reforms to the current system.
People can currently keep £24,000 of their assets before having to pay to go into a care home.
Labour want to increase that figure to £50,000, while the Conservatives want a £100,000 limit.
Labour said it was estimated about a fifth of people in residential care in Wales were paying for it themselves, and 28% of those in nursing homes.
Health Minister Mark Drakeford said his party was "committed to giving people extra help in their old age, giving a fairer deal to people who have played fair and paid in".
"There are more than 15,000 people, aged over 65, living in either care or nursing homes across Wales," he said.
"People regularly raise with me the amount of this care they have to self-fund.
"By more than doubling the capital limit to £50,000, thousands of people in Wales will be able to keep £26,000 more of their hard earned savings to help them meet their needs in later life."
In March, the Conservatives announced they would raise the limit to £100,000.
Leader Andrew RT Davies said he would lead "a government that delivers dignity and security in old age".
Plaid Cymru want to scrap social care charges altogether, at a cost of £226m over two assembly terms.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Lord Bichard, a former benefits chief, said "imaginative" ideas were needed to meet the cost of an ageing society.
And although such a move might be controversial, it would stop older people being a "burden on the state".
The peer is a member of a committee investigating demographic changes and their impact on public services.
The panel was told that the transfer of wealth from young to old in the UK was the highest in Europe.
Lord Bichard, a former head of the Benefits Agency and top civil servant at the Education Department, who is probably best known for chairing the 2004 inquiry into the Soham murders, said the debate on rising healthcare and pension costs needed to be broadened out.
"Are there ways in which we could use incentives to encourage older people, if not to be in full time work, to be making a contribution?," he asked the rest of the committee.
"It is quite possible, for example, to envisage a world where civil society is making a greater contribution to the care of the very old, and older people who are not very old could be making a useful contribution to civil society in that respect, if they were given some incentive or some recognition for doing so."
The 65-year-old crossbench peer, who has taken on a number of roles including the vice presidency of the Local Government Association and the chairmanship of a national after-school film club since retiring from the civil service in 2001, suggested the government should use the pensions system to "incentivise" retired people.
"We are now prepared to say to people who are not looking for work, if you don't look for work you don't get benefits, so if you are old and you are not contributing in some way or another maybe there is some penalty attached to that."
He asked: "Are we using all of the incentives at our disposal to encourage older people not just to be a negative burden on the state but actually be a positive part of society?"
Prof Martin Weale, a member of the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee, said the proposal was "outside the normal range of what is discussed", but added it was an "interesting point".
Asked about his suggestion after the meeting, Lord Bichard said it was a new idea but he intended to look into it further as part of his work for the committee.
He acknowledged it would be difficult for politicians to sell to the public, but added: "So was tuition fees."
Pensioners' rights campaigners reacted angrily to Lord Bichard's idea.
Dot Gibson, general secretary of the National Pensioners Convention, said: "This amounts to little more than national service for the over 60s and is absolutely outrageous.
"Those who have paid their national insurance contributions for 30 or more years are entitled to receive their state pension and there should be no attempt to put further barriers in their way."
Michelle Mitchell, director general of the charity Age UK, said: "Older people are a hugely positive part of society - over a third of people aged between 65 and 74 volunteer, a percentage that only drops slightly for the over 75s.
"In addition, nearly a million older people provide unpaid care to family or friends saving the state millions of pounds."
She added that almost a third of working age parents rely on grandparents to provide childcare - and more than 900,000 people are working past the traditional retirement age "either because they want to or because they can't afford to retire".
But she added: "We must not forget that retirement is a vastly different experience depending on your personal circumstances. For example, 40% of all people over 65 have a serious longstanding illness and 1.7m of our pensioners live in poverty.
"For many of those, retirement can be an unrelenting struggle of trying to survive on a low income in poor health."
Ros Altmann, director general of Saga, said: "This is a very strange idea indeed. Those who have retired have already made huge contributions to our society and are already the largest group of charity and community volunteers."
Prof James Sefton, of Imperial College, London, a former adviser to the Treasury, told the committee young people were effectively subsidising the older generation - and he could not understand why they were not protesting about it.
"I think they should be angry. I think the deal they are getting is poor," he told the peers.
"There are a lot of transfers going on within the system, from the young towards the old and I think awareness of it is very poor and I think eventually it will come out."
He said research he was carrying out at Imperial College, with Dr David McCarthy, suggested "the current generation are very heavy contributors to the public purse, whereas previous generations have benefited from the public purse".
This was mostly down to high house prices, high youth unemployment, rising public debt and the cost of education, added Prof Sefton, who is also a quantitative analyst at UBS bank.
The older generation benefits from public funds, in the form of healthcare and pensions, but younger people have to rely more on "private transfers" of wealth, such as family money, to a far greater extent than in other European countries, he added.
Update 26 October 2012: Lord Bichard has asked us to clarify that he was floating an idea at the committee rather than making a firm proposal. This report has been slightly amended to take account of that.


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Question: Nearly two-thirds of football referees in England say they experience verbal abuse on a regular basis, according to a new survey seen by the BBC.

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More than 2,000 referees - the majority at grassroots level - responded to questions about the abuse they receive and how well the Football Association's Respect programme is working.
Nearly one in five said they had experienced physical abuse.
"There is no room for complacency and we remain vigilant," said the FA.
It told the BBC: "More extreme incidents such as referee assaults thankfully remain few and far between.
"Across an estimated 1.2 million games last season the number of reported incidents amounted to a tiny fraction of 1% - which puts the scale of the problem into context."
But Dr Jamie Cleland from the University of Loughborough, one of the academics involved in the research, warned: "These findings are quite concerning for the FA because without referees the grassroots game would not exist.
"Referees are the bedrock of the amateur game because you need a referee to turn up in order for the match to go ahead and so these are a warning sign for the FA."
Case study: 'He threatened to kill me'
The 5 live Investigates programme has been given exclusive access to the research, which was carried out by academics at Loughborough, Portsmouth and Edge Hill universities.
A total of 2,026 referees across England, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey responded to the survey. Thirty-two percent are currently at Level 7 - junior referees aged 16 or over. The second biggest response, 30%, was from those at Level 5 - senior county referees. The survey also included a small number of responses from referees within the Football and Premier Leagues.
Findings reveal that 22% experience verbal abuse at every match, while 38% said they were abused every couple of games. In addition, 19% had been the victim of physical abuse at some time.
Donald Distin from Devon, who has been a referee for 15 years, was attacked by a player as he showed a red card during a game last year. "He just punched me. My feet left the ground and I was on the floor," Mr Distin told the programme.
"The bruising went all the way down through my chest and my face. My eye was bloodshot - it was horrific. I couldn't see my grandson because he was so upset."
The player was subsequently jailed over the attack.
Mr Distin told the programme he still experiences abuse at matches. "I did a game the other day - it was a local derby and there were 10 cautions and two sending-offs. I sent someone off the field of play and he came towards me and said 'I'm going to kill you', as well as a load of expletives."
During the 2014-15 season there were 100 assaults on match officials and 374 incidents of improper conduct including physical contact and threatening and/or abusive language.
Officials were also asked about the FA's Respect Programme which began seven years ago to improve behaviour among players and spectators. More than half, 54%, said the campaign had been successful.
Comments included: "Respect levels, in general, have been very good from my experience. The knowledge of the Respect campaign has been good at most clubs."
Another said: "I referee adult football and there has been a marked improvement in behaviour. There are fewer incidents of irrational behaviour."
But nearly a third felt that the campaign had been unsuccessful.
"What we've seen from within the data is a real outpouring of emotion from referees. They are saying that the campaign has been somewhat successful but they are then providing a diary-like analysis of the experiences that they are receiving if not at every match, every couple of matches," added Dr Cleland.
One official told the survey: "Behaviour of players and coaches has not improved in the slightest and all this shaking of hands pre-match is meaningless, totally meaningless."
Another added: "At the level I referee, I don't believe the Respect campaign has made much of a difference. The behaviour of players and spectators, shouting, swearing etc, if anything has got worse since I started refereeing."
An FA spokesperson told 5 live Investigates that "incidents of dissent are never pleasant and the notion that they are in any way part and parcel of the game is one that the Respect Programme was established to dispel".
The spokesperson highlighted a 23% decline in dissent cautions over the past seven seasons and added: "With a significant drop in the occurrence of this type of caution over the life of the programme, it is clearly working."
But they also conceded that one serious assault is one too many.
"The FA engages directly with referees through its own research and gave its support to the independent study which - when drilled down - indicates that only 7% of referees feel that Respect isn't working outright."

The Brighton and Hove Supporters Club (BHASC) and the Gay Football Supporters' Network (GFSN) compiled a dossier detailing abuse.
They submitted the report to the Football Association on Tuesday.
Media playback is not supported on this device
The report says they have been subjected to some form of homophobic abuse in at least 57% of their matches.
Brighton is well known for having a substantial lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community and is often referred to as "the gay capital of Britain".
The report says chants range from "does your boyfriend know you're here", to "you're just a town full of faggots".
A joint-statement from the BHASC and GFSN reads: "It wouldn't be described as 'banter' if the taunts and chants were about skin colour and something would have been done by now to stop it.
"Brighton & Hove Albion Supporters' Club has spent over 15 years trying to get the authorities to take this regular abuse of one club's fans seriously.
"We would like our fans to be able to go to games with kids or their grandparents and not hear much of the stuff we are subjected to - it's our basic human right.
"Our campaigning with the help of the Football Supporters' Federation has led to 'homophobic abuse' being included in the list of unacceptable behaviour in ground regulations, yet many clubs, their stewards and their fans do not seem to know what constitutes 'homophobic abuse'."
The FA stepped up efforts to fight homophobia in football by providing clubs with a toolkit, backed by Minister for Sport Hugh Robertson, in February.
The resource was sent to the 92 clubs in the Premier League and Football League as part of the Football v Homophobia campaign and 29 of the 92 clubs signed up to the scheme in the first month.
The 43-page document carries advice on how to create good relations with the LGBT community.
In addition, all 92 professional clubs last year signed the government's voluntary Sports Charter against homophobia and transphobia.
Former Leeds winger Robbie Rogers told the Guardian this week that remaining in football after publicly declaring your homosexuality is "impossible".
The American also admitted he was concerned by the reaction of opposition fans and the media, adding: "I wouldn't want to deal with the circus. Are people coming to see you because you're gay?"


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Question: Premiership club Gloucester have signed full-back Jason Woodward from relegated Bristol for next season.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The New Zealand-born 26-year-old was called up to an England strength and conditioning training camp on Sunday.
He made 17 Premiership appearances for Bristol in 2016-17, scoring four tries and contributing a total of 85 points.
A former Under-20 World Cup winner with New Zealand, he also played for Super Rugby side Hurricanes, after spells at Melbourne Rebels and Wellington Lions.
Gloucester's director of rugby David Humphreys told the club website: "Jason is a player who we have been aware of for some time now, even before he played against us this season, and we are delighted to have agreed a deal to bring him to the club.
"Jason's arrival gives us some great selection options at a number of positions. He has been a stand-out player for Bristol since his move to Europe in November."
Woodward also previously studied and played at Gloucestershire-based Hartpury College, where the Cherry and Whites train.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The Buckinghamshire-born youngster, 21, has been associated with Wasps since their High Wycombe days, when he joined from Beaconsfield.
Howe, who has two tries in 13 first-team appearances, played for England's Under-20s as they won the Junior World Championship title in 2016.
"Tom is a hungry, young player," said Warriors director of rugby Gary Gold.
"He will add further depth to our options in the back three. He has shone for Wasps when presented with the opportunity. Hopefully, he can use the resources around him at Sixways to flourish."
Howe has also had loan spells in the Championship with Jersey Reds, and in National League One this season at Coventry.
Wasps have also allowed a player to join Warriors' Premiership relegation rivals Bristol.
Loosehead prop Tom Bristow has joined Bristol for the rest of the season, making him available for Sunday's Worcester-Bristol match at Sixways.
Worcester will start Sunday's game two points ahead of Bristol, who beat them when the two sides first met this season at Ashton Gate on Boxing Day.
Meanwhile, Wasps back-row forward Alex Rieder has signed a new, undisclosed-length contract with the Premiership leaders.


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Question: Detectives have been granted more time to question seven suspects detained in two separate counter-terrorism operations in London on Thursday.

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Khalid Mohammed Omar Ali, 27, was arrested on 27 April near Parliament Square in Whitehall.
In an unrelated incident, six people were arrested following evening raids in Willesden and Kent, including 21-year-old Mohamed Amoudi.
The maximum terror suspects can be held for with judicial approval is 14 days.
Police have been given authorisation by a court to detain all the suspects for several more days.
Mr Ali was found carrying knives near the Houses of Parliament and was detained by armed police.
He is a British national who is believed to have gone to school in Tottenham, north London, but was not born in the UK.
The Metropolitan Police said he had been detained on suspicion of terrorism offences.
He had been on the force's radar for some time and it is thought police acted after a concerned family member contacted them.
It also emerged on Saturday that he had spent time in Afghanistan, returning to the UK at the end of last year.
The second operation took place at a house in Harlesden Road, which had been under observation by police.
It was revealed on Saturday that Mr Amoudi had previously been quizzed by British authorities under suspicion of trying to travel to Syria to join so-called Islamic State
He was arrested alongside a 20-year-old woman, a 16-year-old boy, and a man and woman both aged 28, as well as a 43-year-old woman, who was arrested at another raid in Kent.
All of them were detained on suspicion of the commission, preparation and instigation of terrorist acts.
A 21-year-old woman was also shot during the raid and remains in hospital. She is likely to be questioned when she is well enough to be discharged.
The Met said the two incidents were unrelated.
Neil Basu, deputy assistant commissioner, said that in both cases he believed the force "contained the threats that they pose".
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The 31-year-old was arrested in Norfolk by Metropolitan Police counter-terrorism officers shortly after 06:00 GMT on Thursday.
He was being held for questioning at a police station in central London.
The Met said searches were being carried out at two addresses in Norfolk and one in north London.
The arrest relates to suspected activities overseas, police said.


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Question: Muse have announced details of a new single, album and six UK tour dates.

The British band will kick off their Psycho tour in Belfast on Sunday, before playing venues in Glasgow, Newport, Exeter, Manchester and Brighton.
The album, which is released on 8 June, will be called Drones.
"The world is run by drones utilising drones to turn us all into drones. To me, drones are metaphorical psychopaths," said Matt Bellamy.
The first single from the album, Dead Inside, will be out on 23 March.
Download 2015 headliners say they'll premiere some of their album tracks on their YouTube channel in early March.
Muse have sold 17 million albums worldwide.
Their last album, The 2nd Law, topped the chart in 21 countries including the UK.
It was their highest ever debut in the USA, entering the chart at number two.
They've also announced that Marmozets will be supporting them on their Psycho tour.
15 March - Belfast Ulster Hall
16 March - Glasgow Barrowlands
19 March - Newport Centre
20 March - Exeter Great Hall
22 March - Manchester Academy
23 March - Brighton Dome
1. Dead Inside
2. Drill Sergeant
3. Psycho
4. Mercy
5. Reapers
6. The Handler
7. JFK
8. Defector
9. Revolt
10. Aftermath
11. The Globalist
12. Drones
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter, BBCNewsbeat on Instagram and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

1 November 2015 Last updated at 09:22 GMT
The last gig of the 'On The Road Again' tour took place at Sheffield Arena, following sell-out gigs worldwide.
Lots of emotional fans, many dressed up for Halloween, gave their opinions on whether this was farewell for good or not.
The boys will play the BBC Music Awards in December, they will be taking a year off from March 2016, following release of their fifth studio album.


Question: Represent the natural language

Question: Pledges made to double the number of female and minority members of the organisation behind the Oscars have been welcomed by Hollywood figures.

Actor Don Cheadle called the measures "a step in the right direction".
Oscar nominee Matt Damon also praised the initiatives, but added the industry had "a long, long, long way to go".
Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs announced the changes following a backlash over the lack of diversity in this year's Oscar nominations.
The all-white line-up in the four acting categories prompted director Spike Lee, actress Jada Pinkett Smith and her husband Will Smith to announce they would not be attending next month's awards.
Three new seats will be added to the Academy's board of governors to improve diversity in leadership, while voting rights will be stripped from those who have not been active in the industry for the past decade.
"The Academy is going to lead and not wait for the industry to catch up," Cheryl Boone Isaacs said in a statement.
"These new measures regarding governance and voting will have an immediate impact and begin the process of significantly changing our membership composition."
Speaking at the Sundance Film Festival in Utah, Cheadle said he applauded the Academy's attempts to do something about an issue that has threatened to overshadow this year's ceremony.
"But people really have to have access to tell the stories they want to tell," he continued.
"So what we really need is people in positions to greenlight those stories, not a hunk of metal."
Writing on Twitter, Selma director Ava DuVernay - whose omission from last year's best director shortlist was the source of some controversy - said "shame [was] a helluva motivator".
"Marginalised artists have advocated for Academy change for DECADES," she continued, claiming their calls had been met with "deaf ears [and] closed minds".
The film-maker said the new measures represented "one good step in a long, complicated journey for people of colour [and] women artists".
Spike Lee also expressed qualified support for the new measures, describing them as "a start".
"I commend the Academy for what they've done," he continued, while reiterating his own pledge that he would not be attending on 28 February.
Damon, who is up for best actor for his role in The Martian, said the moves were "a wonderful first step" but said Hollywood must do "much, much, much more'' to more accurately reflect society.
Meanwhile, the producer of this year's Academy Awards telecast has confirmed that Chris Rock will host the 28 February ceremony as planned.
The comedian had faced calls to relinquish the role in protest against the lack of diversity in this year's nominees.
Rock, said producer Reginald Hudlin, was hard at work rewriting material for next month's show to reflect the fact that "things [had] got a little provocative".
Hudlin, who was Oscar-nominated as producer of 2012's Django Unchained, said he was confident Rock would "deliver something that people will be talking about for weeks".
Dustin Hoffman, Sir Michael Caine and Oscar nominee Charlotte Rampling are among those to have offered opinions in recent days on the Oscars diversity row.
Their ranks have been joined by Dame Joan Collins, who has turned to Twitter to express her displeasure at Lee's description of the Oscars as a "lilly white" [sic] event.
"I'm a voting Oscar member [and] I nominated Idris Elba for [his] great performance in Beasts [of No Nation]," she told her followers on Saturday.
"So I resent members being called Lilywhite#wrong."
Nelson Mandela's daughter Maki, meanwhile, has called the protests about the lack of black actors in this year's nominees "very significant".
"You have to understand that the struggle of oppressed people anywhere in the world is a struggle of oppressed people around the world," she told John Pienaar on BBC Radio 5 live's Pienaar's Politics.
"You can't say that I am only concerned about my own backyard."

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!

The comedian, who is fronting Friday's Comic Relief activities, will pick up the Harvey Lee Award for Outstanding Contribution to Broadcasting.
Awards chairman Gideon Spanier said "no one has done more... to speak out against what he calls the 'appalling' lack of diversity in broadcasting".
Henry's contribution to television will also be recognised.
Best known for TV shows such as Three of a Kind and Chef!, Henry became a household name in the 1980s. He has since won critical acclaim for his theatre performances and become a vocal campaigner for diversity.
"His campaigning has at last started to pay off, as all the major broadcasters have pledged to meet new targets in the last few months," said Spanier.
Henry is currently part of BBC director general Tony Hall's working group - including broadcaster Floella Benjamin and DJ Nihal - to improve diversity at the corporation.
Last year, delivering a lecture to Bafta, the comedian said funds should be set aside to boost the presence of BAME (black, Asian and minority ethnic) people in the broadcasting industry.
He put the presence of those from BAME backgrounds in the creative industry at 5.4%, a figure he described as "appalling".


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: A man has been injured following a shooting on the outskirts of west Belfast.

Ambulance crews were called to Glasvey Gardens in Twinbrook at about 20:40 GMT on Wednesday night.
The man suffered gunshot wounds to both of his knees and has been taken to the Royal Victoria Hospital for treatment.
Sinn FÃ©in MLA for the area, Jennifer McCann, said there could be "no excuse" for the attack.

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The arrest is linked to an incident at Glendara in the city on Tuesday, 3 January.
Part of the Foyle Road between Lone Moor Road and Bishop Street was closed off on Tuesday in connection with the arrest.


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Question: Four Chinese miners who had been trapped underground for 36 days have been rescued, Chinese state media say.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The men were trapped by a cave-in at a gypsum mine in eastern Shandong province on 25 December.
China's CCTV showed dramatic footage of one of the men appearing on the surface and then being taken to hospital.
In all, 29 people were initially trapped by the collapse: 15 have now been rescued and one confirmed dead, while 13 are still missing.
The four miners - who were detected more than 200 metres (656ft) below the ground - were led to safety late on Friday; their eyes were covered by masks as they appeared on the surface, reports say.
Local media say the men are being examined in a local hospital.
More than 400 rescue and emergency workers were in the operation.
For several weeks, they were tunnelling down to the surviving men, and water and liquids were passed down through a narrow borehole.
On Friday, the miners were winched up - one-by-one - in a specially made capsule.
Footage from inside the mine earlier showed the four men sitting together. One of them was heard saying: "I feel relieved and secure now. We will remember you (rescuers) forever," CCTV reports.
Local official Zhang Shuping hailed the operation.
"What a relief," he said, adding that the rescued miners were in a stable condition.
Mr Zhang said the search for the miners still missing would continue and rescuers would use light detection equipment to try to locate them.
The mine collapse near the town of Pingyi in December was so violent that it registered at China's earthquake monitoring centre.
Local media later reported that police had enacted "enforcement measures" against several bosses at Yurong company which owns the mine, while local party officials had been sacked.
The company chairman Ma Congbo, drowned himself by jumping into a mine well several days after the incident.
China has a long history of industrial accidents. This incident came days after a landslide caused by construction waste in southern China left dozens of people missing and presumed dead.
The nation's mines have long been the world's deadliest, but safety improvements have reduced deaths in recent years.
Gypsum is a soft sulphate mineral that is used in building and construction.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

To give you a sense - "['', 'Angus Cameron targeted three separate girls over the course of almost two months in St Andrews.\nCameron, 66, was  sentenced to three years supervision and placed on the sex offenders register for three years.\nA court was told that he was caught after his victims, aged 15 and 16, went to guidance teachers, who contacted police.\nDepute fiscal Eilidh Roberton told Dundee Sheriff Court that all three girls were in uniform at the time of the attacks.\nShe said the first assault took place on a 15-year-old girl on a date in December last year.\nMiss Robertson added: "The first girl felt him grabbing her inner thigh and squeezing as he went by.\n"She shouted out \'oh my god - he just touched me\'."\nThe assaults were repeated on two more occasions, in January and February this year.\nIn the second incident he touched a 16-year-old girl\'s inner thigh and groin, before touching a 15-year-old girl on her inner thigh.\nMiss Robertson said: "At the third attack the girl said \'that man just grabbed my leg\'.\n"The girls were able to give an accurate description of the accused and he was traced by police.\n"During police interview he was asked why he had done it and he replied, \'for a wee bit of a thrill.\'"\nCameron, of Culzean Crescent, Kirkcaldy, admitted three charges of sexual assault under the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act.\nSheriff George Way imposed a community payback order with three years supervision and a requirement to take part in a sex offender groupwork programme.\nHe was also banned from entering St Andrews for a year and placed on the sex offenders register for three years.']" should be close to "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', 'A Fife pensioner sexually assaulted three girls as they walked in uniform "for a thrill", a court heard.']"

Several days of rain sparked a torrent of mud and rock, engulfing homes in Lidong village, Zhejiang province.
The landslide occurred shortly before 23:00 on Friday night and buried almost 30 houses.
Parts of the village remain flooded, hindering rescue efforts. Reports say 12 people are still missing.
Local officials said one person had been rescued so far and is in stable condition.
As well as rescuers, sniffer dogs and machinery, psychologists have also been dispatched to the area to help family members of the victims, local officials said.
Most of the missing are children and the elderly, according to local media, which also said that compensation had been agreed for those who lost homes in the disaster.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: Dundee United have secured the services of Andrew Robertson and Aidan Connolly, teenagers who helped Queen's Park reach the Division Two play-offs.

Defender Robertson, 19, and midfielder Connolly, 17, have both signed two-year contracts with the Scottish Premier League club.
And manager Jackie McNamara expects them to feature next term despite only one season of senior football each.
"I will look for both to make an impact as soon as they come in," he said.
"My desire is to improve Dundee United and I see these young players as two assets who will do that.
"They know that at Tannadice there is the opportunity to get involved at first-team level should they promote themselves correctly.
"I believe that both have an exceptional chance of becoming important players for Dundee United."
Connolly follows in the footsteps of his midfielder father, Paddy, who started his career at Tannadice before playing for Airdrieonians, St Johnstone, Morton, Ayr United, Stirling Albion, Brechin city and Albion Rovers and who is presently assistant manager with Alloa Athletic.
The teenager made a swift impact at Hampden, making 25 appearances and scoring six goals since breaking into the team in November.
Robertson made 40 appearances in his first season in the first team and had also attracted the interest of St Johnstone and McNamara's former club, promoted Partick Thistle.
Queen's Park, who missed out on promotion to Division Two after losing to Peterhead, had voiced fears of missing out again on compensation for the duo should they head for Hampden.
United used a loophole concerning the Spiders' amateur status to avoid a compensation payment for full-back Barry Douglas, .

The 32-year-old Northern Ireland international arrives from FC Edmonton, having joined the North American Soccer League outfit in February.
Shiels moved to Dundalk last summer at the end of his four-year spell at Ibrox.
In 2012 he was a League Cup winner with Kilmarnock and was on the short-list for Scotland's player of the year.
He helped Rangers win three promotions and the Challenge Cup.
Dunfermline finished fifth in the Championship last season, four points adrift of the final play-off place.


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Question: Leicester City have signed Brighton striker Leonardo Ulloa for a club-record £8m on a four-year deal.

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The fee for the 27-year-old Argentine, who scored 16 goals for the Seagulls in all competitions last season, could reach £10m based on appearances.
Brighton chairman Tony Bloom said the Championship club accepted a record fee after Ulloa made it clear he wanted to play in the Premier League.
"It was then a case of ensuring we received our valuation," he said.
Ulloa joined Brighton on a four-and-a-half-year deal from Spanish side Almeria for about £2m in January 2013.
Championship winners Leicester's previous record buy was Ade Akinbiyi, whom they bought for £5.5m in July 2000.
Brighton's previous record sale was midfielder Liam Bridcutt's £3m move to Sunderland in January.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

The 23-year-old Portuguese winger, Wolves' top scorer last season, has undergone a successful operation to repair the injury which troubled him towards the end of last season.
His absence is expected to last between six and 10 weeks, which would rule him out until at least early September.
Costa was the first signing following Wolves' Chinese takeover last summer.
Shortly after Chinese group Fosun took over, he signed from Benfica, initially on loan, before completing a £13m move on a four-and-a-half-year deal in January.
That made him Wolves' club record signing, prior to Saturday's £15m-plus arrival of Ruben Neves, from Porto.


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Question: A baby was removed from its vulnerable mother unlawfully, a judge has ruled.

The child, who cannot be named for legal reasons, was taken into foster care in Gloucestershire while on a supervised visit with its father.
The parents should have been given 14 days notice, and "serious errors" were made by the local authority, a family court ruled.
Gloucestershire County Council has apologised and said it had now updated its policies.
Judge Stephen Wildblood, in the family court in Gloucester, found the authority's actions were unlawful and had breached the family's human rights.
He said the authority did not pay sufficient regard to a care plan and a court's care order, it failed to comply with regulations, and no legal advice was sought before the child was taken into care last month.
The mother, who is in her early 20s, told the BBC it had been "incredibly traumatic and distressing" and that she hoped no other family had to suffer in the way that she and her child did
In a statement the council said it apologised "unreservedly".
"In our attempts to safeguard the welfare of this child, members of our children's social care team breached the terms of a previous court order.
"We also apologise to the child and the parents for our actions in this case and for any distress caused.
"This should never have happened and we have updated our policies and put in place safeguards, including ensuring that the assistant director or other senior officer will have oversight of all cases where action to remove children, who are subject to care orders, are being considered."
The child, who is aged under two years old, has since been returned to its mother.

Ben Butler, 36, was given a minimum 23-year jail term for inflicting catastrophic head injuries upon Ellie in the family's Sutton home in 2013.
The Court of Appeal ordered the 2014 judgement should be made public following a court challenge.
It was also revealed Butler has appealed against his conviction.
The original ruling was made by Mrs Justice Eleanor King following a behind-closed-doors hearing at the High Court which took place after Ellie had died, but before the murder trial.
Mrs Justice King had been asked to make "findings of fact" about the case by Sutton children's services, who wanted help to decide the future of Ellie's younger sibling.
The family court judge concluded that on the balance of probabilities, Butler had been "responsible for Ellie's death" and she had suffered a fractured skull.
However, the full judgement was not revealed.
Last month, another family court judge, Mrs Justice Pauffley, rejected an application from media organisations to reveal the judgement, saying it could prejudice any re-trial if Butler mounted an appeal.
But three Court of Appeal judges ruled the details could be released, although redactions would have to be made first.
Editors from the Guardian, Daily Mail, Telegraph and Times newspapers and bosses from the BBC, ITN and Sky News had argued publication of the case was in the public interest.
It is thought the judgement will be released next week.
Butler was jailed in June for murder and child cruelty.
According to legal documents, his solicitors lodged an appeal against his conviction and sentence on 13 July.
Ellie's mother, Jennie Gray, was jailed for 42 months after being found guilty of child cruelty and admitting perverting the course of justice.
Next week, a coroner will decide whether to resume the inquest into Ellie's death.
Her grandfather, Neal Gray, who she lived with for several years before being returned to her parents, has called for a public inquiry.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details:

Question: Large condensation trails in the sky caused by aircraft could be eliminated by re-routing flight paths, say scientists.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Researchers are concerned about the climate change potential of these wispy, man-made clouds.
But a new study suggests that making changes to existing flight routes could curb their warming impact.
Avoiding a major contrail on a flight to New York from London would only add 22km to the journey, experts say.
Contrails are formed when planes fly through very cold, moist air and the exhausts from their engines condense into a visible vapour.
These can be very large in size: they can be up to 150km in length and can last up to 24 hours.
Scientists have been arguing about the climate impact of contrails for many years, as the clouds that they form impact both cooling and warming.
Contrails reflect sunlight back into space and cool the Earth but they also trap infrared energy in the atmosphere, adding to warming. Researchers believe that the warming effect is more significant than the cooling.
Now scientists at the University of Reading have tried to work out how this impact could be reduced by altering the flight paths of long and short haul aircraft.
Previous work has suggested that planes could fly at lower altitudes to limit the trails, but this means burning significantly more fuel and adding to CO2 emissions.
Is jet travel becoming the dirtiest way to cross the planet?
The Reading study attempted to see if the benefits of curbing contrails would outweigh the extra fuel burned if flights were re-routed at the optimum flying altitude.
"You think that you have to do some really huge distance to avoid these contrails," lead author Dr Emma Irvine told BBC News.
"But because of the way the Earth curves you can actually have quite small extra distances added onto the flight to avoid some really large contrails."
The researchers found that short haul aircraft are more fuel efficient and can add up to 10 times the length of the contrail to their journeys and still reduce overall warming potential.
So if a flight from the UK to Spain is predicted to create a 20km long contrail, as long as the plane flew less than 200km extra to avoid it, the overall warming impact would be reduced.
For large planes on longer routes, this reduces to three times the contrail length.
But longer routes over oceans and unpopulated areas, offer more flexibility to minimally alter flight paths.
The researchers found that large contrails could be avoided on flights between London and New York by adding just an extra 22km to the route.
"The key things you need to know are the temperature of the air and how moist it is, these are things we forecast at the moment, so the information is already in there," said Dr Irvine.
"Whether the forecasts are accurate enough to do this is another question."
On average, 7% of the total distance flown by aircraft is in the type of air where long lasting contrails form. But at present, calculations on the impact of aviation on global warming don't include them.
The European Union has attempted to include flights in its emissions trading scheme with limited success.
Long haul flights originating or arriving in the EU will be subject to carbon restrictions from 2017. But the Reading team say that these efforts will still miss out on a significant source of warming from aviation.
"The mitigation targets currently adopted by governments all around the world do not yet address the important non-CO2 climate impacts of aviation, such as contrails, which may cause a climate impact as large, or even larger, than the climate impact of aviation CO2 emissions," said Dr Irvine.
"We believe it is important for scientists to assess the overall impact of aviation and the robustness of any proposed mitigation measures in order to inform policy decisions. Our work is one step along this road."
The research has been published in the journal Environmental Research Letters.
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.

As many as 80 scientists from eleven universities are tracking nearly 1,000 different types of gases and particles in the atmosphere.
Pollutants are being measured on the ground, at the top of BT Tower and from a research plane circling the capital.
The project is timed to provide reams of data during the Olympic Games.
It is also intended to help improve air quality forecasting in the years ahead.
One aim is to investigate how much pollution is generated by the capital itself - principally from vehicles - and how much blows in from the industrial centres of continental Europe.
London is frequently in breach of international air quality standards set by the EU and World Health Organisation.
In the two days before the Opening Ceremony of the Games, levels of ozone soared well above the WHO's recommended safe limit of 60 parts per billion over an eight-hour period.
More recently, with cooler and windier weather conditions, pollution levels have been low.
Ozone and other gases such as nitrogen dioxide, together with microscopic particulates, are known to cause a range of damaging health effects, especially respiratory problems.
The project is known as ClearFlo and one of the scientists leading it, Dr James Lee of the University of York, told the BBC that the air contained a "complex cocktail" of chemicals.
"We're trying to find out how pollutants are formed. A lot of the major ones that affect human health are not emitted directly from the backs of vehicles," he said.
"Instead they are formed by a complicated series of reactions that are triggered by sunlight and go on to form other chemicals."
Dr Lee's own research is focused on the precise role played by a short-lived "radical" known as hydroxyl.
Hydroxyl is produced when sunlight hits ozone, at which point it then acts as a catalyst to generate another pollutant, nitrogen dioxide.
The chemical is one of hundreds being monitored by an array of scientific instruments set up in the playground of a school in North Kensington.
The site was picked because the air is typical for a residential area, being 'well-mixed' and not in the middle of a pollution hot-spot.
It is also beside long-term monitoring devices run by King's College London so readings can be compared.
Dr Lee said: "We want to try to understand how the pollutants are formed so we can produce better forecasts of when air quality will be poor.
"The point of that is so that we can advise on the best strategies for abatement in the future."
The instruments are fitted to a mix of shipping containers, vehicles and trailers and are designed to be easily shipped around the world.
Many of these sets of monitoring devices have been deployed to some of the cleanest parts of the planet - Tasmania, the Cape Verde islands and even Antarctica.
So the researchers have a detailed picture of what unpolluted air looks like - and what they are finding in London is very different.
The ground-level measurements are being gathered alongside with data from instruments at the top of the BT Tower - and from Britain's largest atmospheric research plane.
The same aircraft has been used to fly through weather systems including storms - and I reported from it in May.
Now its instruments, fitted to the fuselage and wings, are harvesting samples of contaminated air for realtime analysis and more detailed study on the ground.
The goal is to create a three-dimensional image of the pollution - what's known as the "London plume", a manmade cloud that rises above the capital and then drifts away with the wind.
A key question for London is the source of the pollution. The city's traffic, heating boilers and domestic cookers contaminate the atmosphere but pollution is also occasionally carried over London from the industrial heartlands of northwest Europe.
The flight I joined took off from Cranfield near Bedford, flew over Portsmouth and then skimmed along the English Channel and North Sea coast up to the Wash - sometimes just 50ft above the waves.
The aircraft provides the only feasible way of gathering data at different altitudes.
It was a bizarre sight flying so low over the sea that the plane was lower than the tops of the white cliffs of Dover - and virtually beside giant tankers and a cross-Channel ferry.
Dr Grant Allen of the University of Manchester, on board the flight, explained the point of flying circuits so far from London.
"The idea is to measure the air that's coming off the sea and into London, and the air that comes out the other side.
"That allows us to tell what's happening in the middle - what's being added to the air as it passes over London."
The issue is of more than academic interest. London is repeatedly in breach of EU limits on air quality so identifying the source of pollution matters.
Dr Allen said: "Last year London broke the limits over 30 days of the year - that's very significant and we have to pay fines to the EU.
"So part of this project is to assess whether we're breaking those limits because of the pollution generated in London itself or whether it's pollution that might be coming into the UK from the Continent."
During spells of high pressure, the movement of air tends to come from the East so any pollution from major cities or industrial areas in France and Germany could head our way.
So far the Olympic Games have passed without any pollution problems. Changeable conditions and occasional rain tend to disperse any contaminants.
But if the temperatures rise and the sun comes out - exactly what most people look forward to - the circumstances will be ideal for a build-up of pollution.
For people with respiratory problems, and chronic conditions like asthma, having an accurate forecast could prove extremely useful.
Dr Janet Barlow of the University of Reading, an urban meteorologist, hopes to use the data to enhance the current models for air quality.
"If you think about the sunshine, it's just like turning up the gas on a pot of chemical soup such that the soup starts bubbling up," she said.
"Sunlight can drive some of the chemical reactions that create things like ozone and if you imagine walking around in a hot urban environment, and being exposed to ozone as well, it can have a really bad impact on your health."
The ClearFlo project is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (Nerc) and is coordinated by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science. The research aircraft is jointly owned by Nerc and the UK Met Office, the latter supporting the project's flights.


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Question: The Rio Paralympic Games are fast approaching and Britain's top disabled athletes are hoping that the coming year can bring success.

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The Games, which run from 7-18 September, will see around 4,350 athletes from more than 160 countries travel to Rio, Brazil, to compete in 526 medal events in 22 different sports.
Britain enjoyed a hugely successful London Paralympics in 2012, winning 120 medals, including 34 golds, to finish third on the medal table behind China and Russia.
With a team of more than 200 expected to be named for the Games, here's a look at some of the Paralympic athletes hoping to make an impact in 2016 on the biggest stage of all.
Despite being only 17, Moore has been playing wheelchair basketball for eight years and is now a key part of the GB women's squad who will be playing at next year's Rio Paralympics.
Charlotte has a busy life, combining her first year of A Level study in Biology, Chemistry and PE with training alongside the rest of the GB players who are based at the University of Worcester.
The teenager, who is paralysed from the waist down, enjoyed double medal success in 2015, first helping the GB Under-25 Women to the world title before securing bronze at the European Championships.
"Having so many others on the team around the same age as me has been really good," she said.
"I would love to be selected to Rio and try and put in the same sort of performance that I did at the Europeans but under that bit more pressure."
In January 2013 the then 27-year-old Giglia was working as fitness coach when she suffered a stroke which left her with restricted movement down her right side.
Keen to get back into sport, cycling formed part of her recovery and after being spotted by British Cycling, she joined their development programme in 2014.
She made her major international debut in 2015, racing in both the World Track and World Road Championships, and finished the year on a high at the Manchester Para-Cycling event, winning a gold in the C3 pursuit race.
"At the moment, I don't allow myself to think too much about Rio because you never know what is going to happen" said Giglia.
"I never dreamed I would get to this level but it has allowed me to turn what was a bad situation into a good one. It gives me something to live for and I hope what I am doing can give other people hope that that can do something with their lives."
The Norwich teenager is Britain's top ranked junior and is hoping to make his Paralympic debut in Rio at the age of 18.
Hewett was born with a heart problem, which required surgery when he was six months old, and then aged seven he was diagnosed with a condition called Perthes Disease, which affects his hip joint.
Hewett's 2015 saw him make his debut in the Wimbledon wheelchair doubles event in July and also win singles titles in Berlin and Italy and the British Open doubles title.
"It has definitely been a roller-coaster year," he said. "I had some good wins over top 10 players but also some sloppy performances so there is a lot to take out of it for next year.
"Getting to Rio would mean a lot. I've had to overcome a lot but this has been my goal and it would prove that all the hard work and the sacrifices my family and I have made were worth it and a medal would be a dream come true."
Having won team bronze at London 2012, Wilson wants to add an individual medal to that if he is selected for Rio.
The 20-year-old was the youngest member of the GB table tennis squad in London, missing out on a medal in the singles before linking up with Will Bayley and Aaron McKibbin for the team event.
Wilson, who has a condition which affects the growing ends of the bones, is expecting to find out whether he has been selected for Rio early in 2016.
He said: "After London, I suffered with a shoulder injury, and that meant a lot of rehabilitation. I also had knee and shoulder operations, so it has required a lot of patience and a lot of waiting around."
"That has helped me improve in the gym and improve psychologically and everything is coming together now."
Watching Hannah Cockcroft and David Weir win gold medals at the 2012 London Paralympics proved a key moment in the life of Coventry teenager Kare Adenegan.
Having been left out from participating in sports at school for health and safety reasons, the Games made her realise that she could take part in sport, despite her cerebral palsy, and she quickly discovered that there was an athletics club in her city.
In October, aged 14, she was the youngest member of the GB team at the IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, winning two bronze medals.
"The World Championships were a stepping stone and I learned a lot about technique and tactics which should be beneficial for future competitions. The thought that I might be competing at Rio Paralympics is extremely exciting" says Adenegan.
He may only have made his England debut a few months ago, but Crossen is already targeting gold with Great Britain at the Rio Paralympics.
The 25-year-old defender, from Stockton-on-Tees, impressed in June as England finished fifth at the Cerebral Palsy World Championships, their best ever, to secure a place for GB in Brazil.
He admits he almost gave up football "10 times" after a stroke at the age of 22 left him with restricted movement on his left side.
Crossen said: "I am going for gold. Definitely a medal is the aim going into it. I am not going there to be a tourist, I am going for a medal.
"I would say we have got the third-best team in the world. I know the rankings don't say that but I think we could beat anyone on our day."

The Briton has struggled with injury over the past 18 months and missed the 2015 Doha World Championships.
He returned to form by setting the world's best time this year - 10.68 seconds - in July, but says Jarryd Wallace is the leading contender.
"In my eyes he's the one to beat," Peacock, 23, told BBC Sport.
"I went into London 2012 as clear fastest; it's a very a different pressure this time, but I'm more relaxed."
The final of the Games' blue riband event is held on Friday night (23:59) and is stacked with talented sprinters despite the loss of USA's multiple world champion Richard Browne to injury, and the absence of Oscar Pistorius, who is serving six years in jail for killing girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp.
Aside from American Wallace, who has run 10.71, German Felix Streng (10.89) and Amu Fourie of South Africa (11.00) have also performed well this season.
Brazil's Paralympic pin-up Alan Fonteles Oliveira is also being backed by some to recapture the form which saw him become a triple world champion in 2013.
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"The sport has moved on hugely in the last four years, it's evolving and people seem to be getting faster," said Peacock.
"There were two people sub-11 seconds in 2012 and now there's at least six the last year so it'll definitely be a different experience to London."
Peacock's injury struggles were caused by problems with the connection between the stump in his amputated right leg and the carbon fibre blade.
After taking time out to heal, and adapt his running technique, the sprinter says he is ready to produce his best form.
"I took so much confidence and experience from 2012 which was so special, but I then had some losses in 2014 and missing the Worlds in 2015 was really difficult.
"But that taught me quite a lot about myself and I know how to deal with the pressure now."
ParalympicsGB have been set a target of 121 medals, one more than they secured at London 2012.
Peacock believes the squad can take confidence from the achievements of Team GB, who won two more Olympic medals in Rio than at London 2012.
"GB winning so many Olympic medals was great and watching someone like [cyclist] Jason Kenny really stuck with me," he said.
"It made me really remember the importance of the confidence factor; knowing what you're capable of and knowing you can win which is something we'll all draw on."
Peacock also feels that, despite a slow start to ticket sales and concerns about budget cuts by the organising committee, the event will be a success.
"Come the day the Games open, people will be really surprised," he said. "When they see the performances of British athletes, going out getting gold medals it will all be forgotten about.
"The Paralympics nailed it for Britain in 2012 and what I want now is for 2016 to nail the Americas.
"I want the people of South America to see what Paralympic sport is about - it's true sport and there are some real great performers out there."


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The search for missing airman Corrie Mckeague is set to be expanded after weeks of looking through landfill failed to find any trace of his body.

Mr Mckeague, 23, has not been seen since a night out in Bury St Edmunds last September, when CCTV showed him entering a bin loading bay.
Police have so far spent nine weeks searching a Cambridge landfill site for any sign of the RAF Honington gunner.
Earlier, it was revealed the search had so far cost more than £1m.
The investigation into Mr Mckeague's disappearance is one of the most expensive undertaken by Suffolk Police, the Cambridge News reported.
On Friday afternoon Suffolk Police said officers searching the landfill had been through all the rubbish from the location and time he disappeared.
"However, towards the edges of the area it has also been noticed that the waste may have naturally shifted from the original deposition area," the force said.
"Police are expanding the search parameters to take this into account."
More news from Suffolk and Cambridgeshire
The airman, from Dunfermline in Fife, vanished after going out with friends from RAF Honington, where he is based.
He was last seen entering a bin loading bay known as the "horseshoe" at about 03:25 BST.
A waste disposal lorry collected a bin from that area less than an hour after Mr Mckeague was spotted on CCTV.
Nine weeks ago specialist officers began sifting through waste at the landfill site in Milton, Cambridgeshire, where they believe his body may be.
So far, Suffolk Police said it had sifted through more than 3,000 tonnes of waste at the 120-acre (48.5 hectare) site.
While officers have yet to find any trace of him, late last month officers said they had started to find rubbish at the site "from the right time period" from when he went missing.
A force spokeswoman confirmed that search costs "above and beyond staffing" were currently running at about £544,250 and taking into account salaries and "specialist resources", the investigation costs exceeded the £1m mark to date.
Police initially estimated the search of the vast landfill site could take 10 weeks.
The spokeswoman was unable to say at this stage whether it could take longer.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence
E.g.:
['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'David Drumm will now remain in custody in Boston until his hearing in federal court on Tuesday.\nHe moved to the US in 2009, the same year Anglo Irish collapsed and was bailed out by Irish taxpayers.\nMr Drumm, who ran Anglo Irish Bank from 2005 to 2008, subsequently filed for bankruptcy in the US.\nHowever, the bankruptcy bid failed and a Boston court ruled that he could be held liable for debts of 10.5m euros (Â£8.34m).\nIt was alleged during the case that the 48-year-old former bank boss secretly transferred money and assets to his wife, so they could not be seized during bankruptcy proceedings.\nIt was reported in January that the Republic of Ireland was seeking his extradition.\nBailing out the bank cost Irish taxpayers around 30 billion euros (Â£22bn: $34bn), close to one-fifth of annual output.\nIts downfall played a large role in the collapse of the Irish economy in 2008 and the ensuing bailout from its eurozone partners two years later.'] == ['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', "The former boss of Anglo Irish Bank has been arrested on an extradition warrant, the US Attorney's Office in Massachusetts says."]

The 21-month-old from Sheffield, South Yorkshire, went missing during a family holiday in July 1991.
A fresh excavation of farmland began on Monday, following new evidence that he may have been killed and buried there.
Police said they found "a vast number" of animal bones and small pieces of fabric which were "of slight interest".
A 19-strong team of South Yorkshire Police officers, forensic specialists and an archaeologist have been scouring the arid stretch of olive grove, which has been used for farming for generations.
More on this story and more on BBC Local Live: Sheffield and South Yorkshire
Ben was last seen playing on the land and it is close to where he vanished while his grandfather was renovating a property 25 years ago.
His family believe he was abducted, but police are now investigating whether he was accidentally run over and killed by a bulldozer.
Det Insp Jon Cousins, from South Yorkshire Police, said the team - joined by local search and rescue volunteers - had made good progress in recovering potential evidence.
He said: "We found, as expected, a vast number of bones yesterday. Each one was examined immediately, and each one was discounted there and then as being an animal bone.
"There are some other items that are of slight interest - the odd piece of fabric. That is being analysed and looked at, but there is slight interest.
"Everything is being carefully looked at."
He added: "We want to make sure: do they or do they not relate to any of the items Ben was wearing on that day?"
On the day Ben went missing he was wearing a white and green shirt and a pair of leather sandals.
The recovered items have been forensically collected and photographs sent to colleagues back in the UK before a decision is made on whether they require further examination and testing.
The search is expected to last about a week.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story:

Question: Mining, arthritis and X-rays may not be an obvious combination to inspire art, but they have come together for a new show in Salford.

Bedrock is a collection of sculptures, prints and photographs that stem from artist Nicola Dale's discovery of an archive of X-rays in the University of Manchester's medical school.
She says the find, made while working as artist-in-residence at the Arthritis Research UK Centre of Epidemiology (ARCE), instantly piqued her interest "partly because they'd been forgotten and also because they were from local people".
"They were X-rays of miners from the early 1950s, mostly from the Walkden Miners Clinic [in Salford].
"They were old and kind of crumbly - the same thing has happened to the mining industry. So the two things collided in my mind. It was like a little gem, it struck a chord."
She admits the connection is "complicated, but the way I think about it is through the idea of illumination".
"You need light to read the X-rays, the miners needed light to work and there's that flashbulb moment when you get an idea."
The X-rays were the starting point for more than her artwork. They were originally collected by Dr John Lawrence to research the relationship between occupation and arthritis.
That research underpinned the Kellgren and Lawrence classification system for osteoarthritis, which is still used globally today.
Caroline Wallis was one of the people with arthritis who helped Dale understand the condition.
She says she was "intrigued" when she heard about the artist's ideas.
"At first thought, it is an unusual combination, but when you actually think about it, it really isn't after all.
"The miners suffered pain in their joints, albeit from a different cause, and people such as myself with rheumatoid arthritis also suffer with painful joints.
"Both can suffer deformity and disability."
Dale says while she needed to find out more about arthritis, she "didn't know anything at all about mining".
Speaking to miners, they told her "about the gruelling days underground and how they would wait for that moment where they could go out into the light".
"Every miner I spoke to initially said 'why are you interested in this?' But then they thought it was amazing someone was interested in mining and they were desperate to tell their stories.
"I spent five hours in the pub with one of them and he told me everything - about the politics, about his career, about what the other guys were like."
David Mort spent 12 years as a coal miner, mostly at Golborne Colliery near Wigan, and got in touch with the artist after hearing her appeal for help on BBC Radio Manchester.
He says he "just tried to give her as much information about the structure of a mine and, more importantly, the people and camaraderie that was fostered during my time there".
"I didn't give her my opinions on what her work should look like."
Alex Channon, who worked for 25 years at Salford's Agecroft Colliery, also helped Dale.
He says he was "surprised" when she got in touch, but also "delighted that someone from outside the mining industry and community had such an interest".
"The combination of mining and arthritis is interesting and very relevant for many ex-miners who suffer from the condition."
He says he was also pleased about the subject matter because any exhibition about coal mining will "help to keep alive the heritage generally and particularly in the Lancashire area".
Dale says she asked some of the miners to try to imagine what her artworks might look like, which they did with varying degrees of success.
"One said, 'if I made mining into an artwork, it'd be Satan's den'.
"Another guy said he thought of the mine as a pair of lungs and you had to think about how the ventilation worked down there.
"One of the bigger sculptures is based on his idea."
There was one final inspiration that fed into Dale's work - epidemiology.
ARCE director Will Dixon says her "inspirational artwork encapsulates epidemiology" and a "truly wonderful celebration of this important archive".
"Drawing on the strong heritage of arthritis research in Manchester and Salford, it captures the insight derived from populations, as well as highlighting the importance of individuals," he said.
Dale says that description is "very kind" as capturing epidemiology and its "number-crunching" was difficult, but "I do like a challenge".
She wanted her audience to "actually understand what they are, what they look like and the weight of them".
"Basically, with epidemiology, they do all these studies and then turn it into numbers.
"I tried to take these dry, cold numbers and statistics and make them something lovely to look at.
"People might not necessarily know that the works have come from statistics but they have."
Bedrock is at Artwork Atelier on Greengate, Salford, from 21 to 24 January

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

Rosita McKenzie, 56, from the city's Portobello, is to have her pictures of Edinburgh people showcased in the Central Library on George IV Bridge as part of the Edinburgh Art Festival.
Completely blind from the age of 12, Mrs McKenzie homes in on "people's personalities" to capture the right shot.
The exhibition begins on 12 August.
Speaking to the BBC Scotland news website she said she never thought she would be able to take photographs.
She said: "This whole process helps me to burn something into my memory, something I can use to recall as images in your head can become less clear.
"People explain to me more about the things that are around me when I have my camera.
"I can imagine what the person looks like as for example with [artist] Mary MacIver I have hugged her and touched her hair.
"It is also her personality, which says so much to me as she is very shy so I took a picture of her from behind.
"I have had photographers say that I have captured things they would not have been able to for example I took a picture of a bridge of the Edinburgh Canal and in the bottom right hand corner there was half an image of a jogger.
"I can then have the pictures produced into raised drawings."
Mrs McKenzie said she uses a digital camera which is on an automatic setting to ensure the picture is in focus.
She also sometimes has an assistant to help her on a photo shoot but she always takes the picture.
Other highlights of the festival include the reopening of the City Art Centre after a major refurbishment, an exhibition of work by Stone Roses guitarist John Squire and the opening of the City Observatory
From 17th century Dutch landscapes to new work by international artists, 500 years of painting will feature in this year's event, which will take place in 48 galleries, 11 of which are participating for the first time.
Unveiling the programme, director Joanne Brown, said: "The seventh annual Art Festival showcases the strength and diversity of the visual arts in Edinburgh ensuring a platform during the summer festival period for this vibrant part of the city's cultural life."
Inspired by the legendary jazzman Miles Davis, former Stone Roses guitarist Squire's exhibition of new work, entitled Nefertiti, will come to The Henderson Gallery.
At the City Observatory, on Calton Hill, a specially-commissioned installation by Kim Coleman and Jenny Hogarth will see the public allowed access to the historic building for the first time in a number of years.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A heavily armed man who was overpowered on a train in France is a 25-year-old Moroccan known to the intelligence services, officials say.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said the man, named by French media as Ayoub El-Khazzani, had links to the "radical Islamist movement".
He was restrained by passengers, including three Americans, two of whom are members of the US armed forces.
They have been praised by the French and American presidents.
Mr Cazeneuve said on Saturday that the identity of the suspect had not been "established with certainty", but official sources later said he had been identified through fingerprints.
The suspect, who is being questioned near Paris, was flagged up to French authorities by their Spanish counterparts in February 2014.
He is reported to have lived in France, Spain, and Belgium and to have travelled to Syria.
What we know
The incident happened on a high-speed Thalys service near the northern city of Arras on Friday.
When a French passenger tried to enter a toilet, he encountered the gunman and tried to overpower him.
A gun was fired and a French-American passenger was injured by the bullet.
The gunman was carrying a Kalashnikov rifle, an automatic pistol with ammunition clips, and a box cutter knife, Mr Cazeneuve said.
One of the Americans, Spencer Stone, seized the gunman, while a second, Alek Skarlatos, grabbed his guns, according to accounts from the passengers.
A friend of theirs, Anthony Sadler, and Chris Norman, a British man who lives in France, also helped restrain the attacker.
Mr Norman told reporters on Saturday that he initially hid when he saw the gunman running down the aisle, before deciding that "perhaps the only chance was to act as a team".
"He had a Kalashnikov - I don't know how many magazines he had. My thought was: 'I'm probably going to die anyway so, let's go'," he said.
"I jumped up and I was actually the fourth person to begin working on the terrorist."
With Mr Stone holding the gunman in a headlock, the passengers hit him until he fell unconscious.
The gunman injured Mr Stone with a knife. Mr Stone and another man, who received cuts to his neck, were treated in hospital.
"I don't know why [the gunman] could not fire, but I think it was because his gun was jammed," said Mr Norman. "We were all enormously lucky."
Mr Stone and Mr Skarlatos are members of the US Air Force and the National Guard respectively.
Mr Stone has now been discharged from hospital and has joined his countrymen. They were all due to spend the evening at the US embassy in Paris.
US President Barack Obama has telephoned the three men to commend their "extraordinary bravery".
US Secretary of Defence Ashton Carter praised the three, saying that the two servicemen had shown why "on duty and off, ours is the finest fighting force the world has ever known".
The 554 passengers included French actor Jean-Hugues Anglade, the star of Betty Blue and Nikita, who was lightly wounded breaking glass to sound the alarm.
In an interview with Paris Match magazine, Mr Anglade said train staff had entered a private cabin and locked it when they heard gunshots, leaving the passengers alone.
"I thought it was the end, that we were going to die, that he was going to kill us all," he said.
However Agnes Ogier, the boss of Thalys, denied Mr Anglade's allegations, saying train staff had "fulfilled their duties".
One member of staff found himself under fire and took five or six passengers with him into the baggage car, where he sounded the alarm, she said.
French President Francois Hollande telephoned Mr Obama on Saturday to thank him for the "exemplary conduct" shown by the three US citizens.
British Prime Minister David Cameron also praised their "extraordinary courage".
The American men and Mr Norman were awarded medals for bravery by authorities in Arras.
Anti-terror investigators in Paris now have 96 hours to question the suspect.
The suspect boarded the Thalys train in Brussels, and Belgian prosecutors also opened an anti-terror investigation on Saturday morning.
France has been on edge since the attack on the Charlie Hebdo magazine and a Jewish supermarket in Paris in January, which left 17 people dead.

Three men and a girl of 16 were found with bomb-making materials by anti-terrorist police in a raid on a flat in the southern city.
Home-made explosives similar to those used in the Paris attacks of November 2015 were discovered.
Reports suggest the girl had made jihadist declarations online.
Since the beginning of 2015, at least 230 people have been killed in jihadist attacks in France.
Last week, a soldier received minor injuries when a machete-wielding man tried to enter the Louvre museum in Paris.
The man, a 29-year-old Egyptian named Abdullah Hamamy, was shot and critically injured.
Photos from the scene in Montpellier show debris outside the door of the flat that police stormed on Friday morning.
Early reports suggested that one of the Montpellier detainees was a would-be suicide attacker.
A local news site, M6 Info, said the four were planning to attack a tourist site in Paris but a police source told AFP news agency that investigators had not been able to establish the exact target.
The suspects were arrested after buying acetone, a police source told AFP. Acetone is an ingredient used in the making of triacetone triperoxide (TATP), a high explosive.
TATP, the same explosive used in bomb vests worn by militants in the Paris attacks, was found in the city along with the acetone, a judicial source said.
According to AFP, the female suspect had been spotted on social networks saying she wanted to leave for the Syria-Iraq conflict zone or mount an attack in France instead.
She recorded a video in which she pledged allegiance to so-called Islamic State (IS), M6 Info reports.
Meanwhile, France's top constitutional court struck down a law which penalised those who consult jihadist websites.
The Constitutional Council found that the law infringed on people's freedom of communication unnecessarily.
Separately, prosecutors in Denmark charged a 16-year-old girl with attempted terrorism for allegedly planning to bomb two schools in and around Copenhagen, one of them Jewish.
The girl, a convert to Islam, was arrested in Kundby, near the capital, in January last year, and had been held in custody ever since.
Prosecutors believe she was trying to prepare TATP herself. She will go on trial in Holbaek in April.
A 25-year-old man arrested in the same case has been released without charge.