Question: Represent this

Question: Midfielders Joe Ledley and Joe Allen and striker Hal Robson-Kanu are set to return from injury for Wales' Euro 2016 opener against Slovakia on Saturday.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

All three missed Sunday's 3-0 friendly defeat in Sweden but have resumed training at Wales' base in France.
Ledley's return is particularly significant, given the Crystal Palace player broke his leg on 7 May.
"If the situation stays the same, the three will be available this weekend," said Wales boss Chris Coleman.
Ledley resumed light training last week following the injury and his condition, along with the fitness of Robson-Kanu and Allen, has improved of late.
Robson-Kanu has had a leg injury while Allen has had a minor knee problem.
"All three players came through sessions yesterday, fully integrated with the squad, so it's positive news," Coleman continued.
"All three players are good, lacking game-time but physically they look very good."
Wales' match against Slovakia in Bordeaux will be their first in the finals stage of a major tournament since the 1958 World Cup.
Ledley, Allen and Robson-Kanu all played prominent roles in Wales' qualifying campaign but have seen their recent international involvement hampered by injury.
Wales' absence from major competitions means they were the fourth and bottom seeds when the Euro 2016 groups were drawn.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Slovakia were third seeds after beating reigning European champions Spain on their way to qualifying.
Jan Kozak's side also claimed an impressive friendly victory away against World Cup holders Germany on 29 May.
"We know it's a tough test against a very tough Slovakian team, who will probably be favourites because they're a good team and had some great results," said Coleman.
"If you look at the four teams in the group, then we are the underdogs.
"We knew that before we got to the tournament. That doesn't mean we can't get enough points that we can't progress because we're capable of that - we know that.
"We know why we're here, but what's coming is something we've never experienced. It's a huge challenge for us, and one we deserve. This is what we've been screaming for."
Who do you think should start at Euro 2016? Step into Chris Colemanâ€™s shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.

Didier Deschamps' side went ahead after 20 minutes through Paris Saint-Germain midfielder Blaise Matuidi before Vincent Aboubakar levelled.
Paul Pogba's cross allowed Arsenal's Olivier Giroud to restore France's lead only for Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting to net an 87th-minute equaliser, before Payet's direct free-kick settled it at the end.
The 29-year-old beat keeper Fabrice Ondoa with a magnificent curling effort.
France, who play Scotland on 4 June in their final warm-up match, open their Euro 2016 campaign against Romania on 10 June in Paris.
Elsewhere, Sweden were held to a goalless draw by Slovenia in Malmo.
Forward Zlatan Ibrahimovic, resting a sore calf muscle, was an unused substitute for Sweden, whose first game at Euro 2016 is against the Republic of Ireland in Paris on 13 June.
Sweden play Wales in their final pre-tournament friendly in Stockholm on 5 June before heading to France, where they will also face Italy and Belgium in Group E.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Ferrari driver Kimi Raikkonen has dismissed Formula 1's rules as "a joke" after a controversial weekend at the Hungarian Grand Prix.

Raikkonen was angered that Red Bull's Max Verstappen was not criticised for what the Finn saw as unacceptable defence of fifth place during the race.
A questionable interpretation of qualifying rules also annoyed Ferrari.
"It's pointless to have rules if they don't apply all the time, for all the people," the 2007 world champion said.
Raikkonen felt Verstappen had twice contravened a rule that dictates how drivers can defend a position in a race.
This happened first at Turn Two, when Verstappen moved back to defend the outside line after Raikkonen had tried to switch his attack from from the inside to the outside. Raikkonen hit the Red Bull and damaged his front wing.
Raikkonen said: "For me, he moved once right, I decided to go left but once the other guy moves back, I did everything I could to avoid any contact.
"Once I decided to go somewhere, you cannot just come there. It is good that I managed to somehow half-miss him."
The second incident later in the race was at Turn One, when Raikkonen locked his brakes trying to avoid Verstappen as the Dutchman moved to the outside to defend.
"It was a bit of a similar story, that second thing - obviously I made a move and once I decided to go, it's very hard to back off and try to avoid the other car, once the other car started to move after me.
"I tried to miss him and I just managed to miss him but it was two times that, in my feeling, he wasn't correct.
"But obviously, like I said, the stewards - or the people who decide how things go here, the stewards and some other guys - in many ways, it's a joke with the rules, you know?"
Verstappen said he believed he had been "fair".
"He moved right and then back to left when I was going there," the 18-year-old said. "And he took the front wing off.
"If he's not stopping moving then we'll hit each other. Because I moved first, so he moved after that, once I have decided to go outside and he turns after that wasn't fair."
The rule in question, article 27.6 of the sporting regulations, states: "More than one change of direction to defend a position is not permitted. Any driver moving back towards the racing line, having earlier defended his position off-line, should leave at least one car width between his own car and the edge of the track on the approach to the corner."
Raikkonen and the Ferrari team were also critical of a decision by race stewards not to move drivers who had failed to set a time within 107% of the fastest in first qualifying back down the grid, as defined by the rules.
The stewards said they made the decision because it was in the "exceptional circumstances" of a qualifying session hit by heavy rain and four red-flag stoppages.
"You have the 107% rule and the people who didn't go through first qualifying, they [the stewards] apply it for those cars but not for the rest," Raikkonen said.
"How can you suddenly have the same rule in the same qualifying applied two different ways? If somebody can explain how that works...
"But that's F1 these days, and something must change. It just looks bad to people outside, to you guys, and it's not fair. There's a rule, it should apply exactly the same way every time to everybody."
Subscribe to the BBC Sport newsletter to get our pick of news, features and video sent to your inbox.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

If the team had to change the gearbox as a result of damage from Silverstone, Rosberg would be hit with a five-place grid penalty in Hungary this weekend.
Mercedes said Rosberg would run the gearbox in practice on Friday at the Hungaroring "to make sure it is OK".
A spokesman added: "We are optimistic that it will be."
Rosberg was demoted from second to third place at Silverstone after Mercedes were found to have broken rules restricting radio information given by teams to drivers as they tried to help him fix the problem.
The German heads into the weekend with a one-point championship lead over team-mate Lewis Hamilton.
Mercedes have not won the Hungarian Grand Prix since the start of their domination of F1 following the introduction of turbo hybrid engines in 2014.
Hamilton holds the record, jointly with Michael Schumacher, for most wins at the Hungaroring, with four victories.
Rosberg has never finished higher than fourth at the track.
Subscribe to the BBC Sport newsletter to get our pick of news, features and video sent to your inbox.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Just 10 days after winning a first Aintree Grand National in nearly 40 years with One For Arthur, Scottish racing could lose one of its five racecourses.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The track at Musselburgh is only operating on a temporary licence from the British Horseracing Authority (BHA), which has expressed dissatisfaction with the course's "governance".
The sport's regulator will not give exact details of its concerns, however sources have said it is awaiting required business and budget plans.
Although there is no suggestion forced closure is imminent, it is unclear how long the regulator is prepared to wait. It also unclear what will happen if the matter is not resolved when the temporary three-month licence - the second to be issued - expires on 30 June.
Without official endorsement from the BHA, Musselburgh, which hosts horseracing in Scotland alongside Ayr, Hamilton, Kelso and Perth, could be forced to close.
Managers, who run the course with members of East Lothian Council as the Musselburgh Joint Racing Committee (MJRC), say there has been a breakdown in relations with the councillors who hold a majority on the committee.
John Prideaux, senior racecourse representative on the MJRC, has asked local MSP and leader of the Scottish Labour Party Kezia Dugdale to intervene. He has also called on the council to act.
He said: "Financial matters regarding both budgets and staff have not been handled in a timely way.
"Although there's a meeting of the MJRC in the diary, I've emailed the chief executive [of the council] on four occasions and he's not even responded.
"The course is common land, but they own the buildings and stables and we pay a commercial rent of £120,000 a year - we deserve better.
"At the moment, getting these issues sorted so that the BHA is happy is not even close, and I'm worried that their people will run out of patience with us. Closure can't be ruled out.
"This situation is such a tremendous pity. It's casting a cloud over Scottish racing when we should be celebrating a brilliant story at Aintree and looking forward to the Scottish Grand National at Ayr."
In response, East Lothian Council paid tribute to the racecourse's contribution to the local economy as "one of the country's top attractions".
It said it was "aware of some concerns" but "an investigation by the MJRC, under the chairmanship of Councillor John Caldwell, into these concerns is ongoing, and it would be inappropriate to comment further until the investigation is concluded".
In a statement, the British Horseracing Authority said: "While we cannot comment on the specifics of an individual racecourse licence application, more generally we can confirm that, from time-to-time, the BHA does attach conditions to the renewal of a racecourse licence to ensure that any issues it identifies as needing to be addressed are resolved satisfactorily and in a timely manner."
Musselburgh is scheduled to host five more fixtures, all of them flat racing, before 30 June and a further 13 before the end of 2017.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Records aplenty can be set by the Many Clouds team as the Oliver Sherwood-trained nine-year-old - the age group that has provided most winners, incidentally - goes for a repeat success in the £1m Crabbie's Grand National under jockey Leighton Aspell.
The horse, owned by businessman Trevor Hemmings, attempts to become the first since Red Rum in 1973 and 1974 to win back-to-back runnings of the famous steeplechase, first staged in 1839. In the history of the race, seven have been successful twice, though only Abd-El-Kader (1850 and 1851), The Colonel (1869 and 1870), and Reynoldstown (1935 and 1936) have done so in consecutive seasons.
Hemmings, meanwhile, is attempting to become the first owner to win the race four times, after previous successes with Hedgehunter (2005), Ballabriggs (2011) and Many Clouds. Aspell, who also rode Pineau De Re to victory in 2014, would be the first jockey to win three Nationals in a row.
The 39-year-old has partnered Many Clouds in all of his 24 races to date, most recently a breathtaking round of jumping to win a valuable race at Kelso.
Before Saturday's race, in which the horse carries only a pound more in the handicap than 12 months ago, Aspell said: "You don't want to tempt fate, but I'm on a good horse, the top weight, who's favourite and deserves to be favourite on everything he's done.
"I'm just hoping for a bit of luck - a horse can fall left or fall right, or a loose horse can turn up out of anywhere, and completely ruin your race in a flash - but hopefully I can get a good passage round. That's the main thing."
All set to be champion jump jockey for the first time, having emerged from the shadow of the now retired AP McCoy, Richard 'Dicky' Johnson has the dubious distinction of having contested the most Grand Nationals without winning.
Since Celtic Abbey became his first mount in 1997, unseating him at The Chair, Johnson has taken part 19 years on the trot, and has twice been runner-up, on What's Up Boys (2002) and Balthazar King two years ago.
This time he takes the mount on the Philip Hobbs-trained Kruzhlinin, a well-beaten 10th behind Pineau De Re in 2014 when under the care of Donald McCain, son of race legend Ginger. Kruzhlinin, along with The Last Samuri, was removed from McCain's stable in October by owners Paul and Clare Rooney.
Johnson has won more than 3,000 races - making him easily the second most successful jump jockey of all time behind McCoy, to whom he was runner-up in 16 championships.
He said: "Kruzhlinin ticks a lot of boxes. He's got a decent level of ability which is important and he travels well, along with the fact that he's a big strong horse.
"You can never be too confident, but he fits the right profile."
If things had worked out differently for rising star David Bass, he might have been performing on a very different stage on Grand National day.
From a musical family, the 27-year-old jockey played drums in a rock band before turning his attention to horse racing, and friends remain impressed by the wide variety of tunes emanating from the CD player in his car.
Enjoying his breakthrough season, with a half-century of winners now chalked up, he shouldn't have much problem getting a Grand National tune out of strongly fancied The Last Samuri, trained - like 1990 winner Mr Frisk - by Kim Bailey.
The pair were impressive winners of March's Grimthorpe Chase at Doncaster; so much so that if the official handicapper, who allotted the big-race weights in mid-February, had the opportunity to do so again now he would give The Last Samuri 12 pounds more than the 10st 8lb the horse has, a further pointer to an outstanding chance.
For his jockey, The Last Samuri represents a third go at the feature race in which he is yet to complete the course.
Media playback is not supported on this device
With every high-street betting shop clogged up with customers, many of them in the once-a-year camp, from first thing on Grand National day, the betting industry estimates a whopping £150m will be staked.
Though a whole host of the runners will be supported for all kinds of reasons, the bookmakers are approaching the big day with nerves jangling after facing the longest and most expensive payout queues ever when a string of fancied contenders dominated March's Cheltenham Festival.
Many Clouds did the bookies a big favour when landing the race at odds of 25-1 last year, but this time he is all set to jump off a heavily backed, short-odds favourite, meaning a repeat win would be, in the words of one industry insider, "the stuff of nightmares".
Ireland's champion jumps trainer Willie Mullins continues his quest to wrest the British title - determined, like its Irish counterpart, by prize money - from Paul Nicholls with a string of runners throughout the three-day Aintree Festival, including up to four in the Grand National.
After a lucrative run at the Cheltenham Festival, along with his number one jockey Ruby Walsh, Mullins goes into Aintree £250,000 or so behind Nicholls, who has taken the championship for nine of the past 10 seasons.
The value of the feature in particular (£561,300 to the winner, and six-figure sums to the second and third) makes it potentially hugely significant.
Should Mullins succeed, it would be the first time the title has gone across the Irish Sea since victories for Early Mist and Royal Tan in successive Grand Nationals helped Vincent O'Brien be champion in the 1952-53 and 1953-54 National Hunt seasons.
Nicholls, successful with the grey Neptune Collonges in 2012, is due to saddle six runners, headed by a class act in two-time King George VI Chase winner Silviniaco Conti.
Whoever wins the Grand National will, of course, create a mass of headlines, but were the winning rider female, the story of the world's most famous steeplechase is bound to go global.
Katie Walsh has achieved the highest placing by a female jockey in the race - finishing third on Seabass, trained by her father Ted, in 2012.
Walsh will again ride against her brother Ruby, who is on Sir Des Champs, when she partners Ballycasey for Willie Mullins.
Her sister-in-law Nina Carberry has been earmarked to ride Knock House, currently second reserve, for trainer Mick Channon, a former England footballer.
Carberry has ridden in the race on five occasions, completing the course four times, with a seventh place on Character Building, behind Don't Push It and McCoy in 2010, her best finish.
In a sport in which pedigree plays such a big part, the 31-year-old's can be said to be gilt-edged with Aintree in mind. Her father Tommy has both ridden and trained a Grand National winner, having partnered L'Escargot - trained by his wife's father Dan Moore - to victory over Red Rum in 1975, before saddling the 1999 victor Bobbyjo, ridden by his son - Nina's brother - Paul.
Last year, Australia's iconic Melbourne Cup was won by the fourth female jockey to take part when Michelle Payne was successful on Prince Of Penzance.
While Carberry needs two withdrawals to be guaranteed a ride this year, it can surely only be a matter of time before perhaps the most iconic racing prize in the northern hemisphere goes the same way.
As Radio 5 live spearheads the BBC's coverage of the 169th Grand National - and indeed of all three days of the Aintree Festival - we can look forward to a rare insight from two of our team in particular.
Veteran jockey Andrew Thornton, whose quest for 1,000 wins has reached the nervy 990s, is due to partner big-race outsider Rocky Creek, trained by Nicholls.
Thornton, 43, will be taking his 14th mount and hoping to complete the course for only the fourth time.
Meanwhile, Gary O'Brien, one of the quartet of commentators required to ensure the most detailed description possible of the sprawling National course, is a member of the trio of Bodeen Bandits, owners of outsider Vics Canvas, trained in Ireland by Dermot McLoughlin.
O'Brien is far too polished a pro to allow owning a runner to affect his work, though if the 13-year-old is in or near the lead when the runners pass him with two fences to jump, that composure may be considerably tested.
The Grand National is staged these days over four and a quarter miles and 74 yards of a course that has been subject to £1.5m of modifications following the deaths of two horses in the race both in 2011 and in 2012.
The principal change was to make the inner 'core' of the obstacles plastic rather than wooden, while there were also alterations to the landing sides.
Under not inconsiderable pressure at the time, officials had a brief to make things safer for all participants, while also "retaining the character" of the historic event. The feeling is that both were achieved.
While welfare issues jumped up the agenda again at the Cheltenham Festival after seven fatalities, in the past three Grand Nationals there have been none - though two in other races staged over the big fences during the three-day Festival - and also fewer fallers. Most horses that do not complete the course unseat their riders or are pulled up.
Last year, both new procedures and the jockeys taking part received praise after the race began without incident following a string of chaotic false starts in previous years.
One of the best-backed runners in the Grand National has been 2015 runner-up Saint Are. Twelve months ago, the 10-year-old, trained by Tom George and due to be ridden by Paddy Brennan, was just one and three quarter lengths behind Many Clouds and six lengths in front of the third. In with one of the lowest weights in the handicap, Saint Are looked better than ever when winning a race at Doncaster in February and Brennan will be looking for better luck than in the Cheltenham Gold Cup, when he and Cue Card fell when challenging at the third-last fence.
Top trainer Jonjo O'Neill prepares two big fancies, last year's fifth Shutthefrontdoor - is stamina an issue? - and Holywell, as he tries to emulate his 2010 winner Don't Push It. The one-time champion jockey reports the pair in such fine fettle "I nearly thought I'd come back and ride one myself".
For the first time in living memory, there is no runner from jump racing's northern circuit, a further example perhaps of the sport's widening North-South divide. The top 40 in the handicap make the cut, and principal northern hope Highland Lodge, winner of the Becher Chase over the famous obstacles in December for the Cumbrian stable of trainer Jimmy Moffat, narrowly missed it.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Scientists have made a breakthrough in the battle against a devastating tree disease that has forced officials to destroy almost 100,000 young trees in Northern Ireland.

Ash dieback was first discovered in Northern Ireland in 2012.
It is believed to have entered the region in a shipment of infected saplings.
It has been found at 94 locations in Northern Ireland, mostly in areas planted within the past seven years.
As a result, 95,000 young trees have been destroyed in an attempt to contain it.
Scientists in England have now identified an ash tree that shows tolerance to the disease.
Nicknamed Betty, it raises the possibility of selective breeding to develop trees that are resistant.
Earlier this year, Agriculture Minister Michelle O'Neill said that as well as being found in plantations, the disease had also been discovered in hedgerow ash in three locations close to infected sites.
A survey is to be carried out later this year to establish the extent of the spread in Northern Ireland.
Ash is one of the most common trees in the region's landscape.
The disease leads to leaf loss and lesions on the bark, and usually proves fatal.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Media playback is unsupported on your device
28 March 2013 Last updated at 08:49 GMT
The UN food agency says billions of the plant-devouring insects have swarmed the island.
They are worried the bugs could destroy essential rice crops, leaving half of the country's population short of food.
It's the worst plague to hit the island for over 60 years.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Northern Ireland's Michael Dunlop has completed a 'big bike' double on the Isle of Man by securing the second Senior TT success of his career.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

The 27-year-old was a start-to-finish winner, beating Ian Hutchinson by 31 seconds to take his overall tally of victories to 13.
The Hawk BMW rider set a new race record and set an absolute lap record of 133.962mph on his second lap.
The win means he is now one win behind Hutchinson and Mike Hailwood
He said: "If I knew I was so close to 134mph I would have pushed even harder.
"I was peeved after Wednesday and really wanted this one. It's a fantastic bike and the crowd was massive out on the course.
"I wanted to show the other boys what I was made of today."
Morecambe's John McGuinness was third, 33 seconds behind runner-up Hutchinson, who had clinched a hat-trick for the second year in a row earlier in the week.
Hutchinson said: "It's been a great week, so I can't complain. The Tyco BMW bike was amazing."
McGuinness added: "What can you say? It is a pleasure to be on the podium with two such excellent young riders. I love this place and I already can't wait to get back next year."
Dean Harrison was fourth, Bruce Anstey fifth and Conor Cummins sixth.
The blue riband event of the meeting started three hours later than scheduled after mist on various parts of the circuit caused a series of delays to the schedule for the final day of racing.
As has been the case throughout the practice and race fortnight, Dunlop and Hutchinson set the pace from the start, with Dunlop establishing a narrow 2.8-second lead over his rival at the end of the opening lap thanks to a speed of 133.256mph.
The fastest-ever lap of the Mountain Course helped him to extend his advantage to 9.3 seconds by the end of lap two, and the Ballymoney man maintained a steady pace to repeat his Senior triumph of 2014.
Among the high-profile retirements were Norton rider David Johnson, Gary Johnson and Peter Hickman, who held third place at the end of lap one.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The 45-year-old led throughout the four laps to win by 8.8 seconds on his Paton, with Martin Jessopp second.
Rutter was clinching his fifth TT win, the Midlands rider having previously won three TT Zero races for electric bikes and one Supersport event.
Peter Hickman secured his fourth podium of the week by finishing third.
"The bike looks great and sounds great. It never missed a beat," said Rutter, whose winning time was 7.4 seconds faster than the previous record set by Ivan Lintin 12 months ago.
"I just kept everything tucked in. I didn't want to over-rev it so I just nursed it home."
Rutter pulled out a four-second advantage over nearest rival, Italian Stefano Bonetti, by the end of the opening lap, thanks to the fastest lap of the race at 120.36mph.
The British Championship rider's lead over Jessopp at the end of lap two was 10.5 seconds, Bonetti's chances of becoming the first Italian to win a TT race since Giacomo Agostini in 1972 having ended when he retired at Creg Ny Baa.
Hickman overhauled Lintin, winner for the last two years, to occupy third spot after the third circuit and was 40.5 seconds behind Jessopp by the time they took the chequered flag.
Having never previously secured a rostrum place, Hickman has now finished second in the Superbike and Superstock classes, as well as taking third positions in the Supersport and Supertwins.
Fourteen-times North West winner Rutter took his first TT win in the Supersports back in 1998 and added TT Zero successes in consecutive years from 2011 to 2013.
Rutter also won a Supertwins race at last month's North West 200 on board Ryan Farquhar's KMR Kawasaki.
Dan Cooper and former British Superbike champion Josh Brookes completed the top six, with Michael Dunlop in seventh.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Fracking licences can only be issued for beauty spots in "exceptional circumstances", according to new rules issued by the government.

It said the regulations for the new bidding round for licences - the first in six years - are stricter than before.
And companies applying to frack near beauty spots will have additional obligations.
But some environmental campaigners say the new rules are not tough enough.
Fracking involves blasting water, chemicals and sand at high pressure into shale rock formations to release the gas and oil held inside.
Planning permission may be granted in National Parks, the Broads and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty if "it can be demonstrated they are in the public interest".
Eric Pickles, the communities secretary, will have the right to overturn planning decisions, if they don't satisfy the government's criteria.
But Greenpeace said: "In fact, so far as we can tell, the announcement actually makes it easier for developers to drill in national parks - by giving the communities secretary the automatic right to overrule local authorities who reject an application."
The National Trust gave the move a cautious welcome.
Richard Hebditch, assistant director of External Affairs for the National Trust said in a statement: "We welcome the new planning guidance which makes clear that applications should be refused in these areas other than in exceptional circumstances"
Forty percent of the National Trust's land is in National Parks and it owns large areas of land in other Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
"We hope it will reflect a much more cautious approach that recognises the risks of turning some of the most special places in the country over to industrial scale extraction of shale gas and oil," Mr Hebditch added.
Environmentalists argue that the process can cause contamination of the water supply and earth tremors. The industry rejects these criticisms, claiming that the process can be done safely.
Business and Energy Minister Matthew Hancock said it would be "irresponsible" not to explore the possibilities that shale offers.
"Unlocking shale gas in Britain has the potential to provide us with greater energy security, jobs and growth," he said.
"We must act carefully, minimising risks, to explore how much of our large resource can be recovered to give the UK a new home-grown source of energy."
"Of course there is local opposition in some places," Mr Hancock told the BBC.
"But broadly there is also public support for the argument that we need energy security."
When challenged on the BBC to name a community that is in favour of fracking, he couldn't immediately identify one.
The BBC's chief political correspondent, Norman Smith, said the government has brushed aside suggestions that the announcement on national parks is designed to quell discontent in conservative MPs constituencies, especially in the south east of England.
But campaigners also pointed to political motives.
"Sneaking out the 14th licensing round after MPs have gone off on their summer holidays shows just how politically toxic fracking has become," said Greenpeace UK energy campaigner Simon Clydesdale.
"With MPs in Tory heartlands feeling the heat and all but seven cabinet ministers threatened by drilling in their constituencies, there could be a high political price to pay for this shale steamroller at next year's general election."
Robert Gatliff, science director for energy at the British Geological Survey told the BBC it would still be some time before full scale drilling would start.
"The first stage, you'd review all the data you've got. Then you'd want to drill one or two exploration holes and then take samples of the shale and see exactly what the content is and see which have got the most in and which bits are likely to fracture best to get the most oil out."
An agreement to proceed with drilling would still be subject to planning permission and permits from the Environment Agency.
He said that surveys suggest there is up to 2000 trillion cubic feet of gas embedded under the UK, although "there's no way we'd get all that out."
"If you look at what happens in the US, and that's where you've got to look because that's where they've drilled thousands of holes, they're not getting more than 5%," Mr Gatliff said.
"In Britain we're so crowded and we've got these beautiful areas, that reduces the amount we can get out as well."
Tom Greatrex MP, Labour's Shadow Energy Minister, said: "With 80% of our heating coming from gas and declining North Sea reserves, shale and other unconventional gas may have the potential to form a part of our future energy mix."
But he added: "There are legitimate environmental concerns that must be addressed before extraction is permitted. Robust regulation and comprehensive monitoring are vital to ensure the public acceptability test is met."
In the UK test drilling has taken place in Lancashire and in the West Sussex town of Balcombe where last summer more than 1,000 people protested at a site operated by energy company Cuadrilla.
The north of England is the area containing the largest shale reserves.
The British Geological Survey has also pinpointed south east Scotland as containing significant resources.
The government is keen to promote fracking in the UK, and has already announced a number of incentives to help kick-start the industry, including tax breaks, payments of Â£100,000 per site plus a 1% share of revenue to local communities.
It argues that shale gas could be an important bridge to help secure energy supplies until renewable energy capacity is increased.
Others argue that while it may be cleaner than coal, it is still a hydrocarbon that emits CO2 linked to global warming.
The BBC's environment analyst Roger Harrabin said: "If environmentalists succeed in stopping fracking in the UK by stirring up local objections they will actually make the greenhouse effect worse in the short term."
"This is because Britain will continue to use gas for heating and as a backup to capricious wind and solar electricity. If the industry can't get British gas it will import liquefied gas - and the energy needed to turn gas liquid makes it worse for the climate than home-produced gas."
In the US, shale gas has caused energy costs to tumble, but questions remain about whether the American shale revolution can be replicated in the UK and elsewhere.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

Ministers will carry out new work on the environmental and health implications of the controversial gas drilling technique.
Full control over fracking is due to be devolved to Scotland after May's general election.
In the meantime, consent for unconventional oil and gas developments will be refused on planning grounds.
The announcement by Scottish Energy Minister Fergus Ewing came a day after the boss of the Grangemouth chemical plant said the UK must embrace shale gas.
Tom Crotty, from Ineos, said high energy prices were damaging the industrial sector.
Find out more....
UKOOG, which represents the onshore oil and gas industry, said the sector would boost Scotland's economy.
But environmental group WWF Scotland said fracking, where gas is extracted from rock, should be ruled out completely.
In the US, extensive use of the process has revolutionised the energy industry.
But opponents have said it causes earthquakes, pollutes water supplies, and could lead to inappropriate development in the countryside.
Mr Ewing said Holyrood ministers had taken a "cautious" approach to fracking, while the UK government had sought to develop it "quickly, at any cost".
He announced:
Mr Ewing told the Scottish Parliament that would all "take time", adding: "Given the importance of this work, it would be inappropriate to allow any planning consents in the meantime.
"I'm therefore announcing today a moratorium on the granting of planning consents for all unconventional oil and gas developments, including fracking."
Ken Cronin, chief executive of UKOOG, said Scotland faced having to import most of its gas from less stable countries in the coming years.
He added: "Onshore gas and oil will benefit the Scottish economy, not only directly, with jobs created through oil and gas extraction, but also indirectly, as oil and gas is a critical raw material for the chemicals industry at facilities such as Grangemouth."
But WWF Scotland director Lang Banks said: "There is overwhelming public opinion in favour of cleaner forms of energy and a sufficient body of evidence why unconventional oil and gas are neither good for people or the planet."
Labour's Lewis Macdonald said his party had outlined a list of conditions in the UK parliament which would need to be met before fracking could take place, many of which fell under Scotland's responsibility.
'Political posturing'
"The Scottish government needs to do much more if it is to meet public concern about this issue," Mr Macdonald said.
Conservative MSP Murdo Fraser said the SNP government was more interested in "political posturing" than making decisions based on scientific evidence.
He added: "The Scottish government would rather play politics than take decisions in  the best interests of the Scottish economy."
Liam McArthur, of the Liberal Democrats, said: "It's been fascinating to watch Labour and the SNP try to outdo each other in sounding sceptical about fracking, which they both support."
Green MSP Alison Johnstone welcomed the Scottish government's move, but added: "A moratorium is only a delay or a suspension."
On Monday, MPs overwhelmingly rejected a House of Commons amendment calling for a fracking moratorium by 308 votes to 52.
The UK government has agreed to tighten the restrictions on where the process can take place, with an outright ban on the activity in national parks, sites of special interest and areas of national beauty.
Full powers over fracking are to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament, after the Smith Commission on strengthening Holyrood recommended it should get control over onshore licensing and mineral access rights.
A spokesman from the Department of Energy and Climate Change said: "Any decision on whether shale developments can occur in Scotland is and always has been a matter for the Scottish government. The Scottish government has substantial control of onshore oil and gas activities through planning controls and environmental regulation as these are devolved.
"The government continues to carefully consider applications received as part of the 14th onshore licensing round. These include applications for licences in Scotland."


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Germany has registered 964,574 new asylum-seekers in the first 11 months of the year, putting it on course for more than a million in 2015.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence Examples:

"['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'The city\'s mayor said test results had showed no contamination, and locals could resume using water for drinking, bathing and cooking.\nThe ban was issued on Wednesday over fears that a leak at an asphalt plant could have tainted the water supply.\nLong queues formed at grocery stores as shoppers stocked up on bottled water.\nAbout 85% of Corpus Christi, which has a population of about 320,000, was under the restrictions.\nThe chemical behind the scare was Indulin AA-86, an asphalt emulsifier which can burn human skin in its concentrated form.\nThe leak took place at an asphalt plant leased to Ergon Asphalt and Emulsions by oil refiner Valero.\nMayor Dan McQueen told a news conference that investigations into the 24-gallon (91-litre) spill of Indulin AA-86 had determined that the water was safe to use.\nIt was not clear if the public water supply was ever contaminated by the chemical.\nOfficials said that none of the 28 drinking water samples analysed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tested positive for the contaminant.\nHowever, the EPA said there have been seven "unconfirmed" reports of symptoms possibly related to prohibited water use.\nMr McQueen said officials would seek possible damages from those responsible for the leak.\nThere has been some confusion over exactly when city officials were notified of the problems at the plant that prompted the water use ban.\nValero Energy Corp said in a statement on Saturday that it had alerted the city to "milky, sudsy water" at the plant on 7 December - a full week before the ban was announced.\nErgon said the issue arose when "soap solution" flowed back into a pipe through which the plant receives water.\nIt said the pipe is not directly connected to the city\'s water main, but that the two are interconnected.\nCorpus Christi locals have been warned to use water conservatively to avoid overtaxing the system.\nThe EPA will continue collecting and testing water samples in the city over the coming days.']" == "['', 'Residents of Corpus Christi, Texas, have been told it is safe to drink tap water again, after a chemical leak sparked a four-day ban.']"

The number of migrants arriving has not slowed despite the winter cold, with a record high of 206,101 in November.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel said in August that the country expected 800,000 asylum-seekers over the year.
Documents leaked in October suggested the government was privately anticipating the arrival of up to 1.5m.
Germany has registered more asylum-seekers than any other nation in Europe, although at about 1% of its population, less per capita than several smaller nations.
Registered asylum seekers are not always accepted however, and rates of success vary from country to country. Fewer than 10% of applicants last year in Hungary - which has one of the highest shares of asylum-seekers in Europe - resulted in a positive decision.
The rate in Germany was 42%, while in Sweden - which registered the highest number of applications per capita - it was 77%. Across the EU, the success rate about 45%.
The number of arrivals in Germany so far this year is four times the total for all of 2014. The figures for November do not contain a breakdown by nationality, but in previous months Syrians, for whom Germany has adopted an open-door policy, have been the largest group at around a third.
The country looks set to receive less than a top estimate of 1.5m reported in October by German newspaper Bild, citing leaked government documents. A spokesman for the government denied any knowledge of the document.
Germany's interior ministry said on Monday the time taken to process applications had been brought down from an average of around seven months in 2014 to five months this year - in part by speeding applications from Syria and from what it defines as "safe countries of origin" - such as West Balkan states.
Meanwhile, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) said the number of migrants crossing the Mediterranean to Europe fell by more than a third in November, due to poor weather and a Turkish crackdown on people smugglers.
In November, some 140,000 migrants and refugees made the perilous journey across the Mediterranean to Europe, marking a 36.5% drop from October, when a record 220,535 landed on Europe's shores, the UNHCR said.
It remains unclear how the trend will feed into arrival figures in Germany.
Chancellor Angela Merkel's decision to welcome Syrian refugees has won her plaudits in some quarters but sparked a backlash in others, with some senior ministers openly questioning the approach.

Schweigeminute, by Raoul Haspel, has been number one on the iTunes and Amazon download charts in Austria.
Haspel says it is a protest against the conditions at Austria's main asylum centre, Traiskirchen, where hundreds of migrants have been sleeping outside.
Amnesty International has denounced the conditions at the camp as "inhumane".
Last week the human rights group said about 1,500 people were sleeping in the open air, describing the centre as insanitary and lacking in medical care.
Austria's interior ministry said it was working to try to improve the situation at the camp.
The minute of silence, which is so far only available on pre-order for â‚¬0.99 (Â£0.63), is also catching on in Germany and Switzerland.
Speaking to the BBC, Raoul Haspel, said he wanted to give people a platform to protest Austrian and European policies on asylum seekers and refugees.
He said conditions at Austria's main asylum processing centre at Traiskirchen, near Vienna, were "horrible".
The proceeds from the recording will go to a local Vienna initiative, which works providing aid to migrants and refugees at Traiskirchen.
Government officials say every week about 1,600 people request asylum in Austria, the BBC's Bethany Bell reports from Vienna.
They expect 80,000 claims by the end of this year.
The EU's statistics agency Eurostat says Austria received more than 28,000 asylum applications in 2014. In the first three months of 2015, it had received more than 10,000.
Syrians, Kosovans and Afghans were the three biggest groups claiming asylum in Austria in early 2015, the agency says.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Anthony Hamilton reached his first ranking event final in 15 years by clinching a place in the German Masters final.

The world number 66 followed up his earlier wins over Mark Selby and Barry Hawkins by beating world number two Stuart Bingham 6-4.
Hamilton, 45, whose last final was at the 2002 China Open, will face Ali Carter in Sunday's decider.
Carter, the 2013 winner, beat defending champion Martin Gould 6-2.
The world number 14 took control after establishing a 3-1 lead, winning a tense sixth frame on the black to go 4-2 ahead before wrapping up victory.
"It was workmanlike, but on the whole a good performance," he told World Snooker.
"I made a couple of really good clearances but there was a lot of pressure.
This is one of my favourite events and to win it would be extra special."
Hamilton led 5-1 at one stage but Bingham fought back to 5-4 with breaks of 80 and 55 before Hamilton, who has never won a ranking title, sealed it with a break of 77 in the 10th frame.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

O'Sullivan, a five-time world champion, narrowly beat Liang 5-4 in a repeat of the 2009 final.
The 40-year-old had not played a World Tour match since losing to Barry Hawkins in April's World Championship.
Defending champion Kyren Wilson is out after a 5-2 defeat by Michael Holt, who faces O'Sullivan in the second round.
Follow all of the first round results from the Shanghai Masters here.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Apple jumpstarted the US bond market on Tuesday with the announcement that it would sell up to ten tranches of corporate bonds.

The tech giant is expected to sell up to $12bn (Â£8.3bn) worth of bonds with both fixed and floating interest rates.
The bonds are expected to do well because many investors currently have cash amid general market turmoil.
Apple's offer is the largest of several corporate bonds issued on Tuesday after a quiet couple of weeks for the market.
Issuing bonds, which pay an interest rate to investors, is currently relatively cheap with interest rates all but non-existent.
Investors may find Apple's bonds particularly appealing in comparison to the dividend yield from the company. This is the fifth time since 2013 that Apple has made a multi-billion dollar corporate bond offering.
IBM, Toyota, Comcast and BNY Mellon all made bond offerings on Tuesday.

The Dow Jones industrial average rose 218.25 points, or 1.39%, to 16,192.09.
The S&P 500 jumped 30.57, or 1.65% to 1,895.35, while the Nasdaq climbed 98.44, or 2.27% to 4,435.96.
Despite an announcement from several oil producing nations that they would consider freezing production, oil price fell on Tuesday. Brent crude dropped 3.4%, while US crude fell 2.1%.
Russia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Venezuela agreed to maintain output at January levels if other oil producing countries did the same.
The announcement marked the first move between Opec and non-Opec producers to stem the price fall since the price of oil began to slide nearly 19 months ago.
ExxonMobil rose 0.23% and Apache gained 2.6%, while oil services giant Halliburton advanced 2.8%.
Wall Street's big winners were security firm ADT and deal site Groupon.
Shares in ADT closed nearly 50% higher after private equity firm Apollo Global Management agreed to buy the electronic security company $7bn.
Groupon rose 41% after e-commerce giant Alibaba disclosed a stake of 32.9 million shares after the market closed on Friday, making it the fourth-largest shareholder.
Apple and Amazon shares both rose 2.8%.
Apple announced earlier in the day that it planned to sell up to $12bn in corporate bonds.
Wall Street was closed on Monday for the Presidents' Day holiday.


Question: A man has been jailed for seven years after being found guilty of raping and sexual abusing two young girls in Fife.

William Walls, 47, from Cowdenbeath, raped and indecently assaulted the first victim on numerous occasions when she was aged between four and 12.
He raped the second girl when she was about nine and sexually abused her on numerous occasions between the ages of seven and 11.
The offences happened between 1981 and 1987.
Walls was sentenced at the High Court in Glasgow.
Det Insp June Peebles, of Police Scotland, said: "William Walls' predatory behaviour had a dramatic and damaging effect on the lives of his young victims.
"He sexually abused these children for his own gratification over a period of nine years.
"It is very difficult for victims of sexual abuse to find the courage to come forward to police to report these matters."
She added: "Non-recent abuse is particularly difficult since many people have the view that because it happened years ago, then it should be left in the past and nothing done about it.
"Today's sentencing is positive for all victims of non-recent abuse and demonstrates that regardless of how long ago abuse took place, the seriousness of such crimes does not diminish."

Aaron Hughes, 35, was jailed for life in 2014 for drugging and raping a sleeping three-year-old.
While in prison, Hughes was charged with 10 sexual offences against three teenage boys and pleaded guilty to some of the charges at Newport Crown Court.
On Friday, a minimum tariff of 11 years was imposed, to run concurrently to his existing sentence.
At a previous hearing in April, Hughes pleaded guilty to one charge of rape he carried out in 2008.
He also admitted three charges of sexual activity against two 13-year-old boys and one charge of causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity, which were all committed in 2004.
Prosecutors did not seek a trial on five further counts of sexual activity with a child.
Following the sentencing, South Wales Police Det Insp Stuart Wales said: "We would like to thank the many witnesses who supported this investigation and pay tribute to the three complainants who each demonstrated significant fortitude and courage throughout."
In 2014, Cardiff Crown Court heard Hughes had been given the three-year-old child by babysitter Claire Semmens, who herself was jailed for 16 years after admitting two charges of causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity and possessing indecent images.
He was caught when police did a routine check on his computer because they believed he had breached a court order by downloading indecent images of children.
He was jailed for life for sex attacks on the toddler.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: The actor Barrie Rutter is to step down as artistic director of theatre company Northern Broadsides.

Rutter, who was born in Hull, founded the company in 1992 and has since overseen more than 70 productions.
In a statement, he said he took his decision to leave in April 2018 after Northern Broadsides was not granted an increase in Arts Council funding.
Some of the Halifax company's successes include casting Lenny Henry in Othello and Mat Fraser in Richard III.
Mr Rutter, who was awarded OBE in 2015, said: "I have decided that after 25 wonderful years it is the right time for me to stand down.
More on this story and others from around Yorkshire
"I leave the Supporters of Northern Broadsides in the hands of a robust and creative staff."
A statement from the board said: "The company recognises the significant contribution Barrie Rutter has made to theatre, the arts in general and the lives of his colleagues over the years.
"In establishing Northern Broadsides 25 years ago, he created a vibrant and visionary organisation that is committed to ensuring that his legacy survives into the future."
It added: "Barrie Rutter will be missed both on and off the Broadsides stage, but we wish him well in his next adventures."
The actor set up Northern Broadsides because he wanted to deliver a broadside to the established theatrical order.
It came after he worked at the National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company but became frustrated at missing out on Shakespeare's great roles because he had the wrong voice.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

Evans will step down from his current post in June 2016 to succeed Chichester's Jonathan Church.
Evans said he was "truly delighted" to be taking on the role at the West Sussex venue.
Chichester Festival Theatre opened its doors in 1962 under the artistic leadership of Laurence Olivier.
With its distinctive Grade Two listed hexagonal structure, it is one of the largest theatres in southern England.
"Under the leadership of Jonathan Church and executive director Alan Finch, Chichester has developed into the most incredible theatrical powerhouse which has fed and nourished the local community in the South East as well as the theatre ecology throughout the UK and internationally," Evans said.
"I look forward to collaborating with the team in West Sussex to develop that work further as the organisation evolves into this next exciting chapter in its history."
Church, who leaves Chichester in September 2016 to run Australia's Sydney Theatre Company, added: "I could not be happier with this fantastic news. Daniel is a first-rate director with a real passion for theatre and I'm really pleased to be leaving Chichester Festival Theatre in such good hands.
"As someone who has lived and worked in Sheffield, I can truly appreciate everything that he has achieved there.
"Sheffield's Crucible Theatre has the only other large-scale Guthrie thrust stage in the UK, so Daniel's experience will sit wonderfully with our audience here in Chichester and be welcomed with great excitement by our staff."
Evans, who was born in 1973 in South Wales, took over as artistic director of Sheffield Theatres in 2009, and reopened the Crucible Theatre in 2010 after a Â£15m refurbishment.
He launched his inaugural season with a revival of An Enemy of the People with Anthony Sher. His programming included seasons of plays by David Hare, Brian Friel, Michael Frayn and Sarah Kane.
His tenure has seen the company win 10 UK Theatre Awards including best musical production (This Is My Family), best new play (Bull) and best touring production for the past three years for The Full Monty, Translations and Twelfth Night.
His production of American Buffalo with Damian Lewis this year completed a West End run at Wyndham's Theatre.
The role of artistic director of Sheffield Theatres will be advertised in January 2016.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A man has appeared in court for a second time charged with murder after the death of a man at a takeaway in Aberdeenshire.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Shahzad Shah, 56, died following an incident at Mirchi Indian takeaway in Mintlaw on Monday 11 April.
Hidayet Ozden, 52, of Falkirk, appeared at Peterhead Sheriff Court charged with murder and assault.
He made no plea or declaration, was fully committed, and was released on bail.

The 30-year-old is expected to appear at Edinburgh Sheriff Court on Monday.
Earlier this month, a 16-year-old man was arrested in connection with the incident.
Peter Stewart, 43, and his brother James, 45, told police they had travelled from Aberdeen to buy a car and were subsequently stabbed in the Wardieburn area of the city on 8 April.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Which politician has captured the curve, summed up a growing mood, in a ferocious speech?

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

"Your iron industry is dead, dead as mutton. Your coal industries, which depend greatly on the iron industries, are languishing. Your silk industry is dead, assassinated by the foreigner. Your woollen industry is in articulo mortis, gasping, struggling. Your cotton industry is seriously sick. Your shipbuilding industry, which held out longest, is come to a standstill."
The Latin, the silk and the mutton are a dead giveaway. Not Trump, but Lord Randolph Churchill in 1884 denouncing Free Trade.
The system he preferred - "Fair Trade" - is coming back into fashion.
We have heard a lot about the revolt against the political elites, the backlash by those "left behind" by globalization; a lot about the movements and political personalities this has brought to the fore; a lot about the implications for immigration. But not so much about the economics of it all.
It many signal a new rejection of one of the global elite's most cherished policies - free trade.
This is the notion that the fewer economic barriers around the world, and the less countries protect their own goods and trade with special policies, the richer we all end up.
The opposite is protectionism - making foreign goods more expensive by putting taxes on their import , tariffs, in order to make home-grown products cheaper by comparison.
While few embrace the word protectionism, growing numbers of politicians are openly embracing the principle behind it.
Donald Trump has said he would put a swingeing 45% tax on goods from China and 35% on many from Mexico.
Many economists mock this as crazy stuff, but it is a sentiment that goes down well with many Americans.
I remember well talking to a wide variety of people at "the biggest little flea market in the world" in Kentucky, including a man sadly selling Western-style cowboy belts made in China.
Just about everyone I spoke to complained about "the jobs going to Mexico and China".
Trump is not alone, and this is a sentiment not only of the right.
Bernie Sanders has made it very clear he is opposed to NAFTA, the free trade bloc with Mexico and Canada, and the planned Asia Pacific agreement.
Trans-Pacific Partnership: What is it and why does it matter?
He has been saying it for a while. This is him in 2011: "Let's be clear: one of the major reasons that the middle class in America is disappearing, poverty is increasing and the gap between the rich and everyone else is growing wider and wider, is due to our disastrous unfettered free trade policy."
The fringe has come to the fore. That changes the mood of the mainstream too.
The person still most likely to end up in the White House, Hillary Clinton, was once a fierce defender of the Asia deal.
She now says: "I do absorb new information. I do look at what's happening in the world. Take the trade deal. I did say, when I was secretary of state three years ago, that I hoped it would be the gold standard.
"It was just finally negotiated last week, and in looking at it, it didn't meet my standards…. I want to make sure that I can look into the eyes of any middle-class American and say: 'this will help raise your wages'. And I concluded I could not."
What the US does will set the tone for the rest of the world. And the enthusiasm for free trade is being increasingly questioned in the rest of the world.
The "Vote Leave" campaign here advocates free trade, and says it will continue if we vote to exit the European Union.
But opponents point out that, in at least a couple of possible futures, new tariffs would be imposed on us.
One passionate Brexit campaigner, the entrepreneur and inventor Sir James Dyson, faces that prospect with equanimity.
He told the Telegraph: "If, as David Cameron suggested, they imposed a tariff of 10% on us, we will do the same in return. We buy more from Europe than they buy from us, so we would be the net beneficiary, and based on these numbers it would bring £10bn into the UK annually."
A debate that seemed all but settled with the repeal of the Corn Laws  in the UK could about to become one of the most central issues in politics.
In Our Time: The Corn Laws
It is worth remembering that argument split the Conservative Party between its economic liberal and nationalist wings.
Again the left has its own concerns. Jeremy Corbyn may be campaigning with 75% commitment to remain in the EU, but he is against the Free Trade deal (TTIP) with the US.
TTIP: The EU-US trade deal explained
The EU itself is, formally, a great supporter of free trade, while there is a suspicion that on the sly countries like France give advantage to their own industries, whenever  they can get away with it.
But Europe's fastest growing economy has announced this week a more open breach with the internationalist philosophy.
The determinately populist ruling party in Poland, has just declared a "Farewell to Neoliberalism".
The deputy Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, declares the nation is too dependent on foreign money: "We want the invisible hand of the market supported by the visible hand of the state".
The Hungarian Prime Minister has been following a similar path for some time.
This reaction, in the US and Europe, is part of the aftershock of the 2008 economic crisis and the sense of frustration and powerlessness felt by many voters.
But free trade is not just questioned in the West. China has recently imposed 46% tariffs on certain types of steel.
While it is attempting to close down loss-making "zombie industries" the primacy of the party is all, and it will not allow unfettered international competition threaten social stability.
And the Chinese are the main target of such measures by countries around the globe.
Researchers believe free trade has been under attack for several years. The 2015 report from the Centre for Economic Policy Research's Global Trade Alert, says: "the 'level playing field' has taken a battering this year … governments imposed 539 trade distortions in the first ten months of this year, of which the G20 were responsible for 443".
Another report from last year, by the EU, also finds backsliding, claiming the G20 is breaking its promises: "(the) pledge to refrain from adopting new trade-restrictive measures - and to roll back those in place - has not been honoured.... What is more, trade restriction has shifted eastwards, with Russia, China, India and Indonesia among the main offenders".
This is a huge challenge to the rebalancing of the world economy which we cover with the dustsheet rubric "globalisation".
National politicians have always put their own country's economic interests first.
But for decades those in power have argued economics is not a zero-sum game, and what benefits one benefits all.
While the game hasn't quite changed to "beggar thy neighbour" those who want to look after the left-behinds, or at least court their votes, may clamour for a contest where the richer nations reassert their self-perceived right to be top dog.

Logos, it seems, are as important as the politician and policies they represent, so sometimes in an attempt to change their image political parties rebrand, as the Tories did when they went from torch to tree.
And sometimes other parties try a cheeky rebrand for them, as in the case of Labour using the altered version of the Lib Dem dove in 2010.
But political rebranding is no longer the preserve of the politicos, pollsters and ad agencies. A new age, it seems is upon us, as we hurtle towards the first general election.
Politics is playing out as much on social media as on the pages of the broadsheets. And the fun has already started...
The Lib Dems' yellow dove logo appears to be an easy target. Last week saw it become the butt of Twitter jokes across the country, after an unfortunate incident where their campaign bus hit a pigeon.
Another Twitter user, slightly ahead of the pack, offered one suggestion for a new Lib Dem in comment on how he saw their chances in October last year.
The Lib Dems have also jumped on the logo bandwagon, briefly changing their website logo to reflect reality TV star Joey Essex's remark that he had thought Nick Clegg's party were called the Liberal Democats before meeting the Lib Dem leader.
The other parties, however, haven't entirely escaped involuntary social media rebrands - such as the Tories' tree being unceremoniously turned upside down and set on fire:
And the SNP's 2014 Scottish referendum 'Yes' campaign logo being reworked and the Conservatives also being offered a cheeky top hat alternative logo.
UKIP haven't emerged unscathed either.  Some offered a Venn diagram suggesting they fall between Labour and the Conservatives, whilst another reflected on Nigel Farage's recent comment that the NHS failed to diagnose his testicular cancer accurately, telling him he had an infection.
This week is all about manifestos, and perhaps in the hope of avoiding uninvited rebrands similar to that of their 2010 manifesto below, Labour have gone for an entirely text-based front cover.
Written by Kerry Alexandra


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A New Zealand-born Australian man has gone on trial in southern China for attempting to smuggle crystal methamphetamine out of the country.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

If found guilty, Peter Gardner, 25, could be executed. He told the court he did not know it was in his bags.
Mr Gardner was arrested last November in Guangzhou allegedly carrying over 30kg (66lb) of the drug in his luggage.
China has strict drug laws - anyone found carrying more than 50g of meth faces a potential death penalty.
China carries out more executions than the rest of the world put together, according to Amnesty International, but actual numbers are difficult to verify as the government does not release the figures.
Mr Gardner - who has joint New Zealand and Australian citizenship and was travelling on his New Zealand passport - was stopped at Guangzhou's airport while attempting to get on a flight to Sydney.
He was transporting two sealed pieces of luggage containing the drugs, said the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
His Australian girlfriend, Kalynda Davis, was also detained but was released without charge in December.
In a live online broadcast of the court proceedings on Thursday, Mr Gardner was heard testifying off-screen that he had made "a really big mistake" and brought "a big shame" to his family.
"I have broken the law and there's no getting out of it," he said.
He said he had come to China to buy muscle-building supplements, and indicated he did not know what he was carrying as he was told not to look inside the bags.
Mr Gardner also said he had no previous drug convictions and would be willing to help identify Chinese suspects in the case.
New Zealand's foreign affairs and trade ministry told the BBC that consulate staff in Guangzhou were supporting Mr Gardner.
Mr Gardner's case follows the high-profile executions of two Australians, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, in Indonesia for drug trafficking.
Last September, Australian officials said several of its citizens were facing the death penalty in China for drugs charges, with a number of them caught in Guangzhou, known as a methamphetamine hub.
China has been waging a crackdown on the illegal drug trade, which has found profitable routes to Australia and other parts of the region.
Authorities have made several high-profile arrests, including minor celebrities such as Jackie Chan's son, Jaycee.
Last year more than 168,000 suspects of narcotics crime were arrested and police seized nearly 70 tonnes of drugs, including about 26 tonnes of methamphetamine, according to state news agency Xinhua.
Australia, meanwhile, has said crystal meth presents the highest risk to Australian communities of any illegal substance.
It says increasing amounts of the drug's ingredients are being seized on its borders, much of it imported from India and China.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The diplomat was arrested in neighbouring Mozambique in May. Local media named him as Park Chol-jun.
North Korean embassy officials said he was sent home on 11 December.
Rhino horn is highly prized on the Asian black market, where it is believed to have medicinal properties.
South Africa's News24 reported that the man was driving a car with South African diplomatic registration, containing 4.5 kg (nearly 10lb) of rhino horn and $99,300 in cash, at the time of his arrest.
News24 said police in Mozambique released him on $30,000 bail before letting him return to South Africa. He was given a month to leave South Africa in November, they said.
It is not the first time North Korean diplomats have been caught attempting to buy, sell or smuggle goods illegally. A North Korean envoy was expelled from Bangladesh for gold smuggling in March.
Several Vietnamese diplomats have also been caught buying, smuggling or receiving rhino horn in South Africa in recent years.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Ryan Lowe's brace saw Crewe Alexandra come from behind to beat Sheffield United in extra time and progress to the EFL Cup second round.

Leon Clarke put the hosts ahead early on when he met John Fleck's floated ball on the volley.
But Lowe powered an effort past United goalkeeper George Long late on to force extra time.
And the veteran striker doubled his tally to win the game for the Alex when he converted Ben Nugent's knock-down.
Match ends, Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 2.
Second Half Extra Time ends, Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 2.
Attempt saved. Chris Basham (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Alex Kiwomya.
Foul by John Fleck (Sheffield United).
George Cooper (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Mark Duffy (Sheffield United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Chris Dagnall (Crewe Alexandra).
James Wilson (Sheffield United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra).
Foul by Chris Basham (Sheffield United).
George Cooper (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Mark Duffy (Sheffield United) hits the bar with a right footed shot from outside the box.
Foul by Dominic Calvert-Lewin (Sheffield United).
George Ray (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Chris Basham (Sheffield United) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Foul by Marc McNulty (Sheffield United).
Zoumana Bakayogo (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
John Fleck (Sheffield United) hits the bar with a left footed shot from outside the box.
Second Half Extra Time begins Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 2.
First Half Extra Time ends, Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 2.
Attempt missed. Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Goal!  Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 2. Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by George Cooper.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Alex Kiwomya.
Attempt saved. John Brayford (Sheffield United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt saved. Mark Duffy (Sheffield United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by James Wilson.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Chris Basham.
First Half Extra Time begins Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 1.
Second Half ends, Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 1.
Foul by Chris Basham (Sheffield United).
Ben Nugent (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Perry Ng.
Goal!  Sheffield United 1, Crewe Alexandra 1. Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner following a corner.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by George Long.
Attempt saved. Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt missed. Dominic Calvert-Lewin (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Perry Ng (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Dominic Calvert-Lewin (Sheffield United).
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Ben Nugent.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Media playback is not supported on this device
The U's are the lowest-ranked team left in the competition, while League One side Rochdale, who knocked out Nottingham Forest, welcome Stoke City.
Holders Arsenal visit Brighton, and Chelsea will play Bradford City, who defeated Millwall in a reply.
Manchester City host Middlesbrough and Bournemouth travel to Aston Villa. Ties will be played 23-26 January.
"It's a game to look forward to," said Cambridge United head coach Richard Money. "It is reward for everyone's hard work at the club.
"Everyone's suffered during nine years out of the Football League but a lot of people have worked hard and now we've got a draw like this."
Liverpool face a home game against Championship outfit Bolton Wanderers, while West Ham will travel to Bristol City.
Sheffield United, who beat Queens Park Rangers in the third round, visit fellow League One side Preston North End.
Manchester United, 2-0 winners at Yeovil on Sunday, have won the FA Cup a joint-record 11 times.
Cambridge, who are 14th in League Two, beat Luton 2-1 at the Abbey Stadium in the third round.
Manchester United and Cambridge last met in the League Cup in 1991, when the Reds won the two-legged tie 4-1 on aggregate.
Media playback is not supported on this device


Question:
represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details
E.g. given '['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.', 'A man accused of the manslaughter of teenager Jason McGovern will have to wait until at least the end of the month before learning if he is to face a fourth trial.']' it should be close to '['Represent', "Mr McGovern, 19, died after being attacked on a night out in Omagh, County Tyrone, on New Year's Eve 2012.\nMark Donnelly, 23, had pleaded not guilty to manslaughter.\nLast month, a jury failed to reach a verdict in a third trial of Mr Donnelly.\nA decision was expected on Friday on whether to mount a fresh prosecution against Mr Donnelly, of Greencastle in County Tyrone.\nThe judge at Dungannon crown court had previously given the prosecution until Friday to consider its position.\nBut, at the time, the prosecution indicated that may not be sufficient time for a review and a decision on proceedings to be made.\nThe decision is now expected to be made by 1 July.\nTwo juries have failed to agree a verdict on the charge against Mr Donnelly and a third trial was aborted for legal reasons."]' but not to '['this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', "Ivor Bell, 79, from Ramoan Gardens in west Belfast is facing two charges over the murder of the mother-of-ten.\nThe IRA kidnapped 37-year-old Mrs McConville from her home in Divis flats in 1972.\nMr Bell's lawyers have said at previous hearings that he denies the offences.\nIvor Bell was due to be arraigned on Friday at Belfast Crown Court but the arraignment was adjourned for a second time after his defence team said he was waiting to be examined by a Dublin-based consultant on whether he was fit to plead or not to the charges.\nThe Judge granted Mr Bell a variation in his bail to allow him to stay at an address in County Donegal for a week later this month to celebrate his wedding anniversary.\nThe case is next listed for hearing on 19 November."]'.

Question: Former team captain Carlos Tevez has denied Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini's claims that he refused to come on from the substitutes' bench in the team's 2-0 defeat by Bayern Munich in the Champions League on Tuesday.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:
For instance, <<['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'The company confirmed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had requested further information into several of its accounting methods, including its records for Singles Day.\nSingles Day is the world\'s largest shopping day, beating Black Friday.\nAlibaba said the SEC told it the probe was not an indication by the agency that the firm had broken the law.\n"Earlier this year, the SEC informed us that it was initiating an investigation into whether there have been any violations of the federal securities laws," said a spokesperson for Alibaba.\n"The SEC advised us that the initiation of a request for information should not be construed as an indication by the SEC or its staff that any violation of the federal securities laws has occurred."\nThe investigation includes Alibaba\'s accounting for its logistics unit, Cainiao Network, and the reporting of operating data from Singles Day.\nInvestors consider the Cainiao Network to be a separate business. It was valued at $7.7bn (Â£5.2bn) during a round of fundraising earlier this year.\nAlibaba\'s shares were listed in the US in September 2014. Its share price fell 4% on Wednesday.']>>  to <<['Represent this', 'Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba is being investigated by US regulators over its accounting practices.']>>

Media playback is not supported on this device
Premier League managers, former players and City fans have been giving their opinion on the dispute and how it affects Tevez's future.
Tottenham manager Harry Redknapp: "I felt sorry for Roberto Mancini. To be put in that situation was not right. It wasn't fair. You wonder what the likes of [former Manchester City managers] Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison would have made of it.
"I don't know what you can do. He [Tevez] holds all the aces. If you want to give him away someone will come forward and give him a fortune.
"He is a great player but I can't condone what happened. It is unbelievable, what kind of a message does that send? I thought Roberto Mancini was magnificent after the game. He doesn't deserve that."
Players get disappointed and players have egos but you deal with it
Stoke manager Tony Pulis: "Players get disappointed and players have egos but you deal with it.
"I'm sure they will deal with it in the right and proper manner."
Wigan manager Roberto Martinez told Sky Sports News: "These things happen continuously. Football is a game of emotions and behind each player there is a person and sometime they react and make mistakes.
"Those sort of situations happen very often and sometimes they come out in the press."
Former Northern Ireland and current Barnet manager Lawrie Sanchez told BBC Radio 5 live: "Manchester City fans will be looking for a statement from the manager explaining what they have decided to do.
"There are massive egos involved in football when you get to that level of competence and ability - and an ego comes with it.
"It is part of what got you there but sometimes you have to realise it is not tennis or golf but a team sport. You have to give 100% for the team."
Former Nottingham Forest manager Dave Bassett told BBC Radio 5 live:
"It's not a surprise. It has been coming. In this day and age players are aware of their power and if they want to sulk they are well capable of it.
"I'm inclined to believe Roberto Mancini's version of events. Now Tevez is doing a damage limitation exercise because of the backlash he has received and all he is worried about is his image.
"It would be fantastic if the club owners told Tevez he had to see out the rest of his contract in the reserves but it will be interesting to see if they have the bottle to do it."
Former Manchester City player Francis Lee told BBC Radio 5 live: "It is a severe breach of your contract and what you are supposed to do for the football club, I just can't believe it.
"The world of football is full of big stars but, to my knowledge, none of them have ever done something like this before.
"This was done with some reason relating to his wanting to get away for the club because if you refuse to play you are well on your way to going.
"You have done it to your team-mates. You work with them every day.
"They are your best friends, you go through everything together, and then you go and do something like this and you have basically kicked them in the unmentionables."
Former Blackburn, Sunderland and England full-back Michael Gray told BBC Radio 5 live: "I have never known anything like that in my career. There have been players who have told the manager they have not wanted to play but nobody selected on the substitutes' bench who then refused to come on.
"Last season he was the talisman for City but things change and Sergio Aguero has come in and [Edin] Dzeko has worked hard in pre-season and now Carlos Tevez has to wait his turn. It is unprofessional.
If I was a manager that guy would never kick a ball for me again
"If you are on the bench you have to be ready to come on and do a turn for the team."
Former Manchester United, Birmingham and Blackburn midfielder Robbie Savage told BBC Sport: "As a footballer, if you are paid £1 or £200,000-a-week, if your manager asks you to go on and do a job for your team, your team-mates and the fans and you refuse to, that is a disgrace.
"If I was a manager that guy would never kick a ball for me again.
"It is a complete disrespect to your manager and, more importantly, your team-mates.
"Carlos Tevez could have altered that game last night because he is a top-class player."
Editor of King of the Kippax fanzine and spectator at the Allianz Arena Dave Wallace tells BBC Sport: "With today's technology, tablet computers and mobile phones, people at the match were getting messages from home saying he had refused to come on.
"A lot of City fans paid a lot of money to get over there and every reaction I have had from them is that he is totally out of order.
"Most fans think that is the end of Carlos Tevez at City and that is a great shame.
"It is not just a one-off, this has been going on for a while. The club has bent over backwards for him, going back to the beginning of 2010 when we gave him compassionate leave and lost vital games at that time.
"I think he has to go where we can get the money for him, I don't think we should do a cut-price deal or a loan deal."
toffeedaz on Phil McNulty's blog: "Millions of professional people have to deal with personal issues away from work, but they put them to one side when the boss asks them to put in their shift.
"Professionals aren't paid because they can do a job. They're paid because they actually do the job required from them."
bellsouth on Phil McNulty's blog: "Honestly I don't think he refused to come on, I think he didn't feel he needed to warm up anymore as he had warmed up previously.
"Part of the issue is clearly language, Mancini's English is not great and Tevez hasn't bothered to master the language despite being in England for years now."
mightybluoze on Phil McNulty's blog: "Tevez is a walking symptom of everything that is wrong with modern football.
"An undoubted talent buried beneath petulance, limitless greed, and disrespect for his team mates, his employers, and very much last in his book, his fans."
Chief executive Gordon Taylor: "It is a serious employment issue. All the various options need to be considered because he is a human being and this is his career we are talking about.
Media playback is not supported on this device
"It looks as though he will be coming away from Manchester City unless there is some good mediation because Carlos has upset a lot of people, not least the manager and the fans. It looks a very difficult situation to retrieve if he is going to stay.
"In football you have a contract to go out and do the best you can and that didn't happen so there are going to be serious repercussions."
Daily Mail chief football writer Matt Lawton on Twitter:"Never mind Man City. I doubt we'll ever see Tevez play in England again. Toast. Wondering if Man Utd are working on a 'welcome' poster."
The Times Football correspondent Oliver Kay on Twitter: "Always disliked the off-pitch circus that surrounds Tevez. Always felt he gave his all on the pitch. No sympathy after tonight."
Daily Telegraph football correspondent Henry Winter on Twitter:"However galling for Mcfc (& damaging for Financial Fairplay) club need to bite bullet/pay up Tevez contract. Get rid now. Anything else undermines Mancini."
Daily Mirror football writer Darren Lewis on Twitter: "Tevez has been a sub at West Ham, United and City and he is trying to tell us he misunderstood the signal for "get stripped son, you're on." Have to be honest, I think Tevez will play for City again. Too good a player, too much money involved. Easy to say it won't happen. I don't think it should. Whole thing stinks. But if there are injuries, suspensions, etc...
The Guardian football writer Daniel Taylor: "This is a man who craves recognition as the biggest fish in his pond. And this season, at City, he has merely been part of the shoal."
FrontRow Legal specialist sports lawyer Richard Cramer speaking to BBC Sport: "Mancini has come out and said he will never pay for this club again. That in itself could be regarded as breach of contract on the part of Manchester City.
"It is called a repudiatory breach - to say to a player that you will never play for this club again effectively deprives the player of the opportunity to carry out his work.
"In hindsight Mancini would be better saying absolutely nothing and taking the appropriate disciplinary action against Tevez that would have been a two-week fine and a suspension.
"There is a set procedure within a player's contract, usually consisting of a written warning, then a final written warning and then the last resort of dismissing a player.
In exchange for a contract reportedly worth £250,000-a-week, the very least City should expect from Tevez is an agreement to play for the team and their supporters when requested by the manager
Read more in Phil's blog
"What we don't know is if Tevez is subject to ongoing disciplinary proceedings. But, if it is true that he refused to play yesterday, that borders on gross misconduct which would entitle City to sack him.
"If they find that Tevez's act is beyond the realms of those of a normal player, City may just be able to construct a case against Tevez claiming he is deliberately putting himself in breach of contract, forcing the club to dismiss him for gross misconduct and that entitles them to recover some of the losses.
"But that is unusual. If City want some compensation for him the best way to pursue that would be to sell him in the January window at the market value."
Field Fisher Waterhouse LLP Employment law partner at Peter Holt: "The fundamental issue here is whether Tevez, by refusing to do what he was employed to do and play football - does that constitute a fundamental breach of contract?
"If it is a breach of contract, as an employer City have the option of terminating Tevez's contract with immediate effect.
"One option they may want to consider is to follow the route that Chelsea took when they cancelled Adrian Mutu's contract.
"Mutu made his way to Italy and ended up playing for Fiorentina. Chelsea then sued Mutu for compensation for the loss of the sell-on transfer value i.e. the transfer fee they would have received had it not been for his breach of contract.
"The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld Chelsea's claim and Mutu was ultimately ordered to pay Chelsea 17m euros [£11.5m at the time] for breach of contract.
"Whether that caluation would apply to Tevez is another matter."

The 28-year-old, who previously said he would be missing for three months, has now stated that he will be out for between four and six months.
Nasri posted a picture of himself with former Arsenal team-mate Marouane Chamakh on his Instagram account.
"Just had surgery everything went really well hopefully will be back in 4 to 6 months," he wrote.
Nasri has made eight appearances for City this season - scoring once in the 2-0 win at Everton in August - but has started only two games.
The France international has not featured since coming on as a second-half substitute in the 5-1 Premier League win over Bournemouth on 17 October.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Bristol City forward Aaron Wilbraham's contract with the club has been extended by a further year.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary:

The former Milton Keynes Dons and Crystal Palace player, 36, triggered an appearance clause in his previous deal.
Wilbraham has featured in every one of the Championship club's matches this season, making 41 appearances in all competitions and scoring seven goals.
"I'm absolutely delighted. It's gone really well and I'm feeling fit still," Wilbraham told BBC Radio Bristol.
"At the start of this season, there was a discussion that I would not be involved as much as the season before.
"As it's turned out, I've played a lot more than people expected."
Bristol City are 19th in the table, six points clear of the relegation zone with eight matches remaining.

The 29-year-old former Leyton Orient and Stevenage player joined the Reds in May 2014.
He has since made 76 appearances, scoring two league goals and recovered from a broken ankle last season.
"His experience, a willingness to work hard and his energy are all important attributes to have at this level," head coach Dermot Drummy said.
Meanwhile midfielder Bobson Bawling has also agreed a one-year contract with the West Sussex club, with the option of a further year.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: When Australia's Senate rose for recess on 18 March, it seemed Malcolm Turnbull had missed his chance to hold a double dissolution election.

Unique to Australia, the double dissolution mechanism is ostensibly designed to break a political deadlock. If the Senate twice rejects a piece of legislation from the lower house, this becomes the double dissolution "trigger".
In practice, the double dissolution has usually been deployed for short-term political gain, allowing the government to hold an early election when conditions are favourable.
The present government has two potential triggers - the previously rejected ABCC (Australian Building and Construction Commission) and Registered Organisations bills that target alleged union corruption. Neither made the list of legislation that the Senate considered during its most recent sitting.
The deadline for calling a double dissolution during this term of government is 11 May. The Senate was not scheduled to sit again until 10 May.
The double dissolution option appeared to have dissolved.
But the prime minister's audacious use of an obscure provision in the constitution that allows the governor general to recall both houses of parliament caught his political opponents and pundits by surprise.
The Senate now has three additional weeks to debate the bills. This is ample time to ensure that they either are passed or rejected, and there is upside for Mr Turnbull in both cases.
If he convinces crossbench senators to support him, he will win a dramatic victory in the Senate, steal back political momentum and lay the ground for an election campaign later in the year.
But the double dissolution scenario seems more likely and this option holds several benefits for Mr Turnbull. Although his ratings have slipped, he is still far more popular than his opposition counterpart Bill Shorten and polls have the Coalition government well in front of Labor.
A double dissolution will also mean that all Senate seats are contested at the election, rather than the usual half. The Senate passed new rules on Friday that will make it difficult for so-called micro parties, who have been a thorn in Mr Turnbull's side, to secure upper house seats.
The Coalition could grab the balance of power in the Senate and do away with the pesky micro party senators in one hit.
The downside for Mr Turnbull is that he has effectively given notice of polling day 15 weeks in advance. If the double dissolution is called on 11 May, Australia will be faced with a marathon seven-week election campaign.
Double dissolutions have not always worked out for the government either -  the Coalition lost government at the 1983 election after Labor unexpectedly made the popular unionist Bob Hawke its leader.
Mr Turnbull's momentum has been flagging, and long election campaigns are unpredictable. He may have snatched back the narrative, but whether he can keep hold of it is another matter.

But he was seemingly unaware that satirical US show Veep had used a strikingly similar phrase to mock the emptiness of modern politics.
In Veep, a US presidential hopeful uses the phrase "continuity with change".
The show's creators said they were shocked at the coincidence.
Veep centres on a fictional US vice president, played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus, who in one episode has the phrase "continuity with change" plastered on the side of a campaign bus.
Ms Louis-Dreyfus tweeted that she was "dumbfounded".
Simon Blackwell, the writer and executive producer for the popular political TV show, told the Guardian he laughed when he heard Mr Turnbull use the "most meaningless election slogan we could think of".
"We needed it to be hollow and oxymoronic, to say absolutely nothing but seem to have depth and meaning. It couldn't be too daft though - it had to be funny but still believable," Mr Blackwell said.
An unofficial election campaign has begun in Australia after the prime minister announced an early poll would be called if the Senate fails to pass two labour reform bills in coming weeks.
Mr Turnbull and his ministers used the words "continuity and change" on several different occasions on Tuesday, after Mr Abbott said in an interview that the government would run its election campaign based on his policies.
On Wednesday Mr Turnbull appeared keen to further distance himself from Mr Abbott, voicing support for the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, an organisation the former prime minister had wanted to scrap.
Meanwhile the prime minster's audacious move to recall parliament using a relatively obscure provision in the constitution drew a social media reaction from another political television show on Monday.
The House of Cards Twitter account wrote in the voice of its Machiavellian lead character President Frank Underwood: "I admire your methodology, Prime Minister. If you don't like how the table is set, turn over the table."


Question: Represent the following document:

Question: A man has been charged with raping a woman at Slough Cemetery.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The victim, aged 56, was knocked to the ground from behind and suffered a head injury in the attack on Stoke Road on Monday evening.
Christopher Rode, 30, of Granville Avenue, Slough, is also accused of causing grievous bodily harm with intent, making threats to kill and an unrelated cannabis possession charge.
He is due to appear before Slough Magistrates' Court later.

Paul Edward Burns, of no fixed abode, is accused of threatening to kill Edward Gibson, and of disorderly behaviour, during an incident at the Royal Victoria Hospital.
Mr Gibson, 28, was shot in his stomach and thigh in an alleyway beside Divis Tower on Friday.
He died in hospital.