Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details!

Question: Several ancient dinosaurs evolved the brainpower needed for flight long before they could take to the skies, scientists say.

Non-avian dinosaurs were found to have "bird brains", larger than that of Archaeopteryx, a 150 million-year-old bird-like dinosaur.
Once regarded as a unique transition between dinosaurs and birds, scientists say Archaeopteryx has now lost its pivotal place.
The study is published in Nature.
A recent discovery in China which unveiled the earliest creature yet discovered on the evolutionary line to birds, also placed Archaeopteryx in less of a transitional evolutionary place.
Bird brains tend to be more enlarged compared to their body size than reptiles, vital for providing the vision and coordination needed for flight.
Scientists using high-resolution CT scans have now found that these "hyper-inflated" brains were present in many ancient dinosaurs, and had the neurological hardwiring needed to take to the skies.
This included several bird-like oviraptorosaurs and the troodontids Zanabazar junior, which had larger brains relative to body size than that of Archaeopteryx.
This latest work adds to previous studies which found the presence of feathers and wishbones on ancient dinosaurs.
"Archaeopteryx has always been set up as a uniquely transitional species between feathered dinosaurs and modern birds," said lead author Amy Balanoff, of the American Museum of Natural History and Stony Brook University.
By studying the brains of closely related dinosaurs, she said that Archaeopteryx "might not have been so special".
"Large forebrains are typically correlated with things like increased cognition and parental care of the young, while not flying, they were definitely doing other things with these enlarged brains.
"A lot of these characteristics that are distinctive within birds evolved much earlier in the history of Theropods . It's  interesting that the brain followed this pattern as well. The large brain evolved before flight earlier than was previously thought," Dr Balanoff told BBC News.
Epidexipteryx - a very small feathered dinosaur discovered in China and first reported in 2008 (above). It had four long tail feathers but there is little evidence that it could fly.
Jeholornis - this creature lived 120 million years ago in the Cretaceous. It was a relatively large bird, about the size of a turkey. First discovered in China, and reported in 2002.
Sapeornis - lived 110 to 120 million years ago. Another small primitive bird about 33 centimetres in length. It was discovered in China and was first reported in 2002.
Xiaotingia, a chicken-sized dinosaur which dates back 155 million years to the Jurassic Period, reported in 2011.
Aurornis, which means "dawn bird" lived about 160 million years ago, about 50cm tail to beak reported in China in 2013.
By compiling CT scans, the scientists created 3D reconstructions of dinosaur skulls as well as modern bird brains. They also calculated the total volume of each digital brain and determined the size of major anatomical regions such as the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, optic lobes and cerebellum.
"The story of brain size is more than its relationship to body size," said co-author Gabriel Bever, of the New York Institute of Technology.
"If we also consider how the different regions of the brain changed relative to each other, we can gain insight into what factors drove brain evolution as well as what developmental mechanisms facilitated those changes."
Adrian Thomas at the department of zoology at Oxford University, who was not involved with the study, said the picture now is much more complicated than "dinosaurs couldn't fly and Archaeopteryx could".
"There were a whole group of more or less distantly related feathered dinosaurs, some were gliding down from trees, some were flapping, and it all seemed to be happening at the same time.
"Rather than a straight [evolutionary] path that led Archaeopteryx to birds, the picture now is that there were lots of dinosaurs exploiting the advantages of gliding and flight. The birds are the ones that carried on successfully to the present day," Prof Thomas told BBC News.
But he added that the "processing power required for flight is relatively simple" compared to walking and running.
"So it is interesting, but not a great surprise, to see increased brain size in these dinosaurs associated with their highly agile lifestyles."

Is our Sun falling silent? By Rebecca Morelle
In January, Rebecca Morelle examined what might be behind the current, baffling silence of the Sun. Our parent star is usually a churning cauldron, exploding with dazzling flares and spewing huge clouds of charged particles into space. But scientists have to go back about a century to find a period when the Sun was as inactive as it now is. Yet the Sun is currently at solar maximum, when activity should be at its peak. "I've been a solar physicist for 30 years, and I've never seen anything quite like this," solar physicist Richard Harrison told the BBC.
Is our Sun falling silent?
Oklahoma drought kindles Dust Bowl fears. By David Shukman
In the Oklahoma Panhandle, the most remote area of the state, recent rainfall has been so meagre that fears have been kindled of a return to the apocalyptic Dust Bowl scenes of the 1930s. In an echo of that devastating period, the panhandle has experienced fearsome dust storms that have wrecked crops and engulfed towns. BBC News science editor David Shukman travelled to the area to learn what the parched conditions mean for the economy and the rural communities hit by the worst drought in decades.
Oklahoma drought kindles Dust Bowl fears
The confusion over fusion. By Matt McGrath
The BBC's Matt McGrath reported on some of the new teams trying to crack the decades-old problem of nuclear fusion with different approaches. US defence giant Lockheed Martin is one of those backing a new effort to harness the process that powers the Sun for energy here on Earth. But what are their chances given the failures and disappointments of the last 50 years?
The confusion over fusion
How do we really make decisions? By Toby Macdonald
With every decision we take, there is a battle in our minds between intuition and logic. The intuitive part of your mind is a lot more powerful than you may think. BBC Horizon director Toby Macdonald delved into the science of decision-making for this fascinating article about the hidden auto-pilot in our brains that is actually responsible for most of the things that we say, do, think and believe.
How do we really make decisions?
The book that helped save UK's forests. By Mark Kinver
John Evelyn is best known as the diarist who recorded some of the defining moments in English history, including the Civil War, the great plague and the fire of London. But it his book Sylva that is perhaps most influential. Some 350 years after its first publication, the survival of the nation's woodlands depend on management programmes that were inspired, influenced or even instructed by Evelyn's book.
The book that helped save UK's forests
A glimpse of computing's future? By Paul Rincon
For the modest sum of $15m (Â£9m), a start-up near Vancouver will sell you a black box the size of a garden shed with its logo emblazoned on the side in white neon. Inside the box is - they claim - nothing less than a real quantum computer. Quantum computing exploits weird physics to solve difficult classes of problem faster than their conventional counterparts. However, not everyone is convinced by the company's claims.
A glimpse of computing's future?
Radars of the lost shark. By Roger Harrabin
The sea around Cocos Island, Costa Rica, are a globally important hotspot for sharks. They are also the setting for a game of cat-and-mouse between government patrols and illegal fishermen intent on luring sharks from the protected waters. Now, wealthy donors such as Hollywood actor Leonardo DiCaprio have funded a powerful radar system that could help rangers keep track of unauthorised vessels. But will it be enough to stop this island paradise being stripped of its rich marine life?
Radars of the lost shark
Mapping the ballet of the skies. By Jonathan Webb
Each year in Britain, starlings swirl in their hundreds and thousands, in shapes that defy mathematical description. Even using computer models, physicists and mathematicians have struggled to explain the synchronised, rapidly fluctuating movements of starling flocks. So how on earth do they co-ordinate these aerobatic displays, and what purpose do they serve?
Mapping the ballet of the skies
X-rays shed light on 'early bird'. By James Morgan
James Morgan reported on how an old technique inspired by Leonardo da Vinci could help us understand how birds evolved. The extinct species known as Archaeopteryx is transitional between birds and dinosaurs. Now, the simple and ancient concept of the pinhole camera is being adapted for the 21st Century in a bid to capture the clearest images of fossil specimens and answer a 150-year-old riddle: could Archaeopteryx fly, or not?
X-rays shed light on 'early bird'


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Scientists have categorised the Earth's rarest minerals.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

None of 2,500 species described is known from more than five locations, and for a few of them the total global supply could fit in a thimble.
The researchers say it is important to hunt down these oddities because they contain fundamental information about the construction of our planet.
Some will also undoubtedly have properties that are useful in technological applications.
The list appears in a paper about to be published in the journal American Mineralogist.
It is authored by Dr Robert Hazen, from the Carnegie Institution in Washington DC, and Prof Jesse Ausubel of The Rockefeller University, in New York.
"Scientists have so far tracked down 5,000 mineral species and it turns out that fewer than a 100 constitute almost all of Earth's crust. The rest of them are rare, but the rarest of the rare - that's about 2,500 minerals - are only found at five places on Earth or fewer," Dr Hazen told BBC News.
"And you ask: why study them; they seem so insignificant? But they are the key to the diversity of the Earth's near-surface environments.
"It's the rare minerals that tell us so much about how Earth differs from the Moon, from Mars, from Mercury, where the same common minerals exist, but it's the rare minerals that make Earth special."
Minerals are combinations of chemical elements arranged into crystalline structures. Earth's rocks are built from different aggregations. Think of feldspar, quartz and mica - these are the ubiquitous species that everyone knows.
But cobaltominite, abelsonite, fingerite, edoylerite - these are examples that will not form unless the "cooking conditions" are absolutely perfect.
The atomic ingredients must sum exactly, the temperature must be precise to the degree, and the pressure will have to be defined in the narrowest of margins.
And then, some will immediately fall apart when they get wet or the sun shines on them.
Edoylerite, metasideronatrite, and sideronatrite are examples of vampire-like minerals that decompose on exposure to light.
Hazen and Ausubel have put their list of 2,500 species into four broad categories of rarity that speak to the conditions under which they form, how rare their ingredients are, how ephemeral they are, and the limitations on their sampling.
"Fingerite is like a 'perfect storm of rarity'," said Dr Hazen.
"It occurs only on the flanks of the Izalco Volcano in El Salvador - an incredibly dangerous place with super-hot fumeroles.
"It's made of rare elements - vanadium and copper have to exist together, and it forms under an extremely narrow range of conditions. If you just change the ratio of copper to vanadium slightly, you get a different mineral. And every time it rains, fingerite washes away."
The new catalogue allows scientists to begin to gauge just how large the reserves of a particular mineral ought to be, and where those reserves might be. And for the technologically useful ones, this will have enormous value (although it is often possible to synthesise these minerals industrially).
But the exercise also provides important insights on Earth itself. Many of these minerals would be absent altogether if not for the presence of biology, which moderates the chemical environment in which minerals forms.
In that context, the paper contributes to the Deep Carbon Observatory project, an international venture that seeks to understand carbon's role in the Earth system.
It is thought there are just over 100 carbon-bearing minerals out there waiting to be found.
Dr Hazen actually has an entry named after him in the catalogue.
Hazenite is only known from Mono Lake, California. It forms when the phosphorus levels in the lake get too high, and the microbes in the water, in order to survive, have to start excreting it from their cells.
The resulting tiny, colourless crystals are essentially microbial "poop".
"Yes, it's true - hazenite happens," said Dr Hazen.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The fossils, drilled from rocks that were once beneath the seafloor, resemble living fungi.
Scientists say the discovery could push back the date for the oldest fungi by one to two billion years.
The find suggests that fungi arose not on land but in the deep sea. If not a fungus, the organism could be from an extinct branch of life that has not been described before.
Prof Stefan Bengtson of the Swedish Museum of Natural History led the research team.
He said, in the past, scientists may have been looking in the wrong place for the oldest fossil fungi - on land or in shallow seas rather than in the deep sea.
"The deep biosphere (where the fossils were found) represents a significant portion of the Earth, but we know very little about its biology and even less about its evolutionary history," Prof Bengtson told BBC News.
The fossils are almost indistinguishable from those found in similar environments on land, although they are much older.
They are made up of jumbles of tangled threads some hundredths of a millimetre thick.
Scientists have already discovered such structures - known as mycelia - in similar rocks of a much younger age and identified them as fungi.
There is a "clear possibility" that they are the world's oldest fossil fungi - twice as old as generally accepted in the fossil record, Prof Bengtson said.
If they are not fungi, they are probably an extinct branch of eukaryotes "or even giant prokaryotes", he added.
Eukaryotes are any cell or organism with a clearly defined nucleus, while prokaryotes have no nucleus.
The fossils were collected by drilling into ancient rock formed from bubbly lava that was once beneath the sea bed in what is now the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.
Known as the Ongeluk Formation, the location was underwater at the time the organisms would have been alive.
The fungi may have colonised cavities of rock deep beneath the sea floor.
Co-researcher, Magnus Ivarsson, said it would have been an extreme environment far away from sunlight.
"Fungi in this environment most probably lived in symbiosis with microbes utilising chemically stored energy for their metabolism," he said. "They may not even have needed free oxygen."
The research is published in Nature Ecology & Evolution.
Writing in the journal, Nicola McLoughlin of Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa, who is not connected with the study, said the fossil challenges current thinking on when and where eukaryotes evolved.
It "raises the question of whether we have been looking in the wrong place for the earliest eukaryotes and fossil fungi in particular", she said.
Follow Helen on Twitter.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: The mother of a man who went missing more than a fortnight ago has told how she first heard about his disappearance on Facebook.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

Chris May, 28, was last seen at his home in Kelvedon, Essex, on 25 May.
His Volkswagen Golf was found abandoned in the village of Fairstead, according to Essex Police.
Mother Lorraine said it was out-of-character for her son not to remain in contact with family and friends "all the time".
They first feared something was wrong was when a friend posted on Facebook asking whether anybody had seen him, Mrs May said.
The post was made about seven hours after he was last seen.
Mrs May said: "I thought that was strange. That was what started us thinking, where is he?"
By the following day the family had become increasingly concerned and called the police.
Mrs May said: "It is really hard. I am trying to hold it together for the rest of the family because everyone comes to Mum and Mum can normally put it right but this is something I can't fix.
"He's never done anything like this before. He is normally in contact with family and friends all the time."
His sister, Charlene, said Mr May seemed to be in good spirits and was looking forward to starting a new job.
"All we want is to know he is safe," she said.
If there had been an argument or if he needed to go away for a few months he would have told them, she added.
Police said Mr May's car was found in Fairstead, near a popular area for geocaching, a treasure hunt where participants use GPS devices to search for hidden boxes.
The force wants to speak to geocachers who were in the area on 25 May.

Lachie Stewart, 30, from Easter Ross, was thought to have been travelling to Delhi when he lost touch with his family earlier this month.
However, a Facebook page set up as part of efforts to find him, said he had been found on Saturday.
Mr Stewart had been working on a contract in Bhogpur in India before his disappearance.
His family and friends had made contact with the Foreign Office after becoming increasingly concerned when he failed to make contact by his  birthday on Thursday.
Details about his whereabouts have not been released.