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Question: Wales centre Jamie Roberts is undergoing return-to-play protocols after taking a blow to the head in Saturday's 36-22 defeat by New Zealand.

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Roberts, 29, suffered a cut to his head in a collision with All Blacks centre Malakai Fekitoa in the opening minute against the world champions.
He played for 78 minutes after the clash and hopes to be available for Saturday's final Test match in Dunedin.
"I had a few stitches, it was quite a nasty knock," said the Lions back.
Media playback is not supported on this device
"It's the nature of the beast, the head has taken quite a few knocks over the last decade.
"I'm feeling alright. Obviously there's a protocol to follow after a head knock so I'm doing that and fingers crossed I will be alright for selection on Saturday.
"I got to know Fekitoa quite well 30 seconds into the game. The rest of the game is a bit of a blur."
New Zealand have an unassailable 2-0 lead in the series and Warren Gatland's side are looking to avoid a tour whitewash.
They began the three-Test series with a 39-21 defeat at Eden Park, before a 40-7 thrashing by the Chiefs in a midweek game.
Wales have now lost 28 consecutive matches against the All Blacks, with their last win coming in 1953.
But Roberts says the Welsh football's team 3-0 win over Russia at Euro 2016 and their progress to the knockout stages has inspired the rugby side before this weekend's game in Dunedin.
"Most of the boys were watching it in the team room," he said.
"It's fantastic for the country and all the lads are pretty stoked, so all the best to those boys in the knockout stages.
"The football lads have inspired a nation, there's no doubt about that. It's pretty awesome stuff."

Captain Sam Warburton and fellow Wales forward Alun Wyn Jones have been sidelined by injuries while Dan Biggar is having an ankle injury assessed.
But Gatland is not worried about any of his players with the 10-match tour starting on Saturday, 3 June.
"We've pretty much got a clean bill of health," he said.
"There are no concerns with anyone in the squad at the moment.
"With the modern game everyone is carrying knocks from week to week and we're pretty pleased where everyone in the squad is at the moment."
Fly-half Biggar, 27, is to have tests on an injured ankle after limping off in Ospreys' 40-17 defeat by Scarlets in the Pro12 on Saturday.
Cardiff Blues flanker Warburton sustained a knee injury in April, ruling him out for six weeks but could play for his region before the end of the season.
Ospreys lock Jones has been out for seven weeks after injuring his shoulder playing for Wales in their 20-18 Six Nations defeat by France in Paris in March.
Ireland scrum-half Conor Murray made his comeback from a shoulder injury in Munster's 50-14 Pro12 win over Connacht.


Question:
this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

The query could be '['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'A 35-year-old man arrested following a road traffic collision near Coalisland, County Tyrone, has been released on police bail pending further enquiries.']' and should be close to '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:', 'Police said the man who died was Steven Thomas Conlan, 44.\nIt is understood he was from the area.\nPolice said the collision happened on Saturday morning on the Mountjoy Road in the village of Killeen.']' but very far from '['represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary\n\n\nExamples:\n\n\n"The shop in Belvedere, south-east London, was targeted by a robber wearing a helmet and black clothes on Thursday afternoon.\nNilima Dagar was serving a woman with a young child when the thief entered and pointed the shotgun at her.\nThe Met said Flying Squad officers were investigating the armed robbery and no arrests have yet been made.\nThe robber jumped over the till and took the cash while Mrs Dagar, 39, hid behind a safety door.\nShe said:  "He pulled out out a shotgun from a black holdall, he pointed the gun at me and asked me to open the safe and get the money out.\n"I locked myself behind a safety door, so he jumped over and took the money out of the till.\n"I was literally shaking".\nMrs Dagar said her children, aged six and 10, were now terrified and did not want her to go back to work.\nReturning to the shop, on Lower Road, made her feel "very vulnerable," she added.\n"I cannot trust anybody and was looking out the window and at anybody walking into the shop, wondering whether I will be safe."" == "CCTV footage of a shopkeeper being ordered to hand over cash at gunpoint by a masked man has emerged."', 'Police seized 4.5kg of cocaine on Wednesday, along with 10kg of benzocaine - a cutting agent used to bulk out the drug.\nTwo vehicles and five properties were searched in Portadown and Craigavon as part of the operation.\nTwo men, both aged 32, have been charged with possessing class A drugs and with intent to supply.\nThey were due to appear before Craigavon Magistrates Court on Friday.\nA 26-year-old woman was released pending a report to the Public Prosecution Service, and a 34-year-old man was released on bail pending further enquiries.']'

Question: Justin Bieber has been involved in a car collision in Beverley Hills, police have confirmed to the BBC.

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Video footage showed the singer striking a photographer with his car after he left a service at The City Church in Los Angeles on Wednesday.
The Beverly Hills Police Department said the vehicle had been travelling at an "extremely slow speed" when the collision took place.
The BBC has contacted the 23-year-old's team for comment.
"At 21:24 local time [05:24 BST] we received a radio call about a vehicle-pedestrian collision on Hamilton Drive," Sergeant Matthew Stout of the Beverly Hills Police Department told the BBC.
"We arrived on scene and found a 57-year-old pedestrian on the ground. He was transferred to local hospital with non life-threatening injuries.
"Justin Bieber remained on scene, co-operated with officers and was released."
Bieber was seen standing over and speaking to the injured man, who was reportedly a photographer, after the incident.
Sergeant Stout confirmed Bieber "got out of the car and attempted to render aid" after the collision.
The pop star was heard asking paparazzi to give the pedestrian some space and offering to help him immediately after the incident.
Bieber was seen kneeling down on the ground and asking the man: "Is there anything we can do to help you?"
The singer has been hitting the headlines in the last week after being banned from China due to "bad behaviour".
He has also cancelled his remaining world tour dates, citing "unforeseen circumstances".
The move affects 14 dates in Asia and North America which were coming up over the next three months.
His Purpose world tour included a date at London's Hyde Park and attracted attention when his rather demanding tour rider leaked online.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

He was a passenger in a Cadillac in Los Angeles when it collided with a Volkswagen Beetle at about 11:00 local time on Friday, according to celebrity news website TMZ.com.
It reported that Harris, who is from Dumfries, suffered a cut in the incident.
He had to pull out of a performance at the Omnia nightclub in Las Vegas.
A statement on the artist's official Facebook page said: "Adam's transport was involved in a collision this evening on the way to the airport.
"As a result he will be unable to perform at Omnia tonight.
"He has been examined by doctors and told to rest for a few days - Calvin HQ."
The Beetle was reportedly driven by a 16-year-old girl and had crossed the centre line before the crash.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Scotland defender Callum Paterson has joined Championship club Cardiff City on a three-year contract.

The 22-year-old's contract with Scottish Premiership side Hearts expired at the end of the 2016-17 season.
Full-back Paterson made over 150 first team appearances for the Tynecastle club.
"I'm absolutely delighted and buzzing to be part of this big club," Paterson said of his move to Cardiff.
"It's nice and early so I've got a lot of time to bed in, get to know my way around the area and introduce myself.
"It's great timing and I'm happy to be here."
London-born Paterson has won five caps for Scotland after making his debut against Italy in May 2016.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

French winger Gabriel Obertan has joined the Latics on a free transfer.
Hull City defender Alex Bruce, 32, and midfielder James Weir, 21, have joined on loan until the end of the season.
Bogle, 23, has scored 19 goals for Grimsby this season.
He, Mandron, 22, and Laurent, 21 have all agreed two-and-a-half-year deals, while midfielder Byrne, 20, has signed a three-and-a-half-year contract.
Obertan, 27, has signed a contract until the end of the season while Gilks, 34, has signed an 18-month contract.
Meanwhile, midfielder Jordi Gomez has joined Rayo Vallecano on a free transfer.
Gomez, 31, returned to the Latics at the start of the season, following their promotion back to the Championship, after his release by Sunderland.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: After months of rumours and speculation, the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, has formally handed power to his son, Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, as part of an ordered transition that appears to have been many months in the making.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

In a speech replete with references to empowering the youth of the nation, and the need for change, the emir enacted a transition that will see him leave the stage he has dominated for nearly two decades alongside his Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani, who is expected to be stepping down imminently.
In recent weeks, discreet communications were passed to various diplomats and leading businessmen to inform them that change was in the works, and although it was unclear exactly when the process would happen, the widely rumoured "before Ramadan" timeline proved to be true.
Now that the handover is officially complete, and once two days of meeting and greeting Qatar's well-to-do are over, the 33-year-old emir will need to turn his attention to a growing number of challenges.
And though it would not be fair to describe Sheikh Tamim as a novice in world affairs, he has yet to face complex issues without the support of his father, and the efforts of Khalid al-Atiyya, Qatar's energetic minister of state for foreign affairs. And of course the dominating presence of the PM and Foreign Minister Hamad bin Jassim.
It is widely believed that HBJ, as he is known, will step down as part of the cabinet reshuffle in which a number of new appointees are expected.
His departure will leave an unfillable gap. Hamad bin Jassim is one of the very best diplomats the region has to offer, hard-working, shrewd and full of charisma. He possesses all the tools needed to cajole and persuade.
His are big shoes to fill, and the skill of diplomacy is something that is as much innate to a person's character as it is to experience. Sheikh Tamim has certainly learnt the ropes quickly and may well grow to be a great emir, but with Hamad bin Jassim's departure, Qatar's clout on the foreign stage will undoubtedly suffer, and this at a time when the country is facing increasing criticism.
The region, once friendly and open to Qatar's influence, now views the emirate's intentions with suspicion, fear and even hatred. In the Gulf, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have grown distrustful of Qatar and its alliances and foreign policy initiatives. The UAE in particular has been angered by Qatar's growing relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood and has worked to try to blunt Qatari influence at every turn.
Some in Qatar have expressed hope that Sheikh Tamim will work to reset relations with neighbouring Gulf states, and bring Qatar closer into the fold of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) in the coming years.
In Libya, Tunisia and Egypt, the public mood has turned against Qatar, despite or perhaps because of the billions that Qatar has pumped into those North African countries. In responding to the Arab Spring, Qatar helped enable revolutions that saw three dictators fall, but its continued support for Islamists has angered many.
In Tahrir Square, Egyptians burnt Qatari flags and a leading comedian, Bassam Youssef, has taken several pokes at the Qataris for their involvement in Egyptian political and financial affairs.
Al-Jazeera, Qatar's once shining jewel, has also suffered, losing an estimated five million viewers. It is being criticised for appearing biased and lacking in editorial rigour, in effect becoming an extension of the Qatari government rather than an independent news organisation.
But it is in Syria that the Qataris face their greatest challenge. Where once they were confident that the regime of Bashar al-Assad would crumble in the face of international pressure and arms transfers to rebel forces, the war now looks to be moving in Mr Assad's favour.
Should his forces prevail, the consequences for Qatar, following two years of active support for the opposition and $3bn (Â£2bn) spent on weapons and humanitarian aid, are potentially devastating. Qatar's position and influence in the region would be irreparably damaged should the rebels it has backed so openly be defeated.
At the same time, Qatar's relationships with the West remain a mixture of engagement and confusion. Qatar needs Western military support, and intelligence co-operation, particularly with regard to the Syrian crisis. But distrust clouds Western interpretations of Qatar's intentions, and its relationships with hardline Islamists in Libya and Syria as well as the country's links with Hamas are troubling Washington and its allies.
Few doubt the ruling family will remain close to Western powers, particularly as it seeks to maintain deterrence vis-a-vis Iran, but Qatar will never be the fully compliant ally the West may wish it to be. And the West will never be entirely at ease with Qatar's Islamist links.
Though there is talk of Sheikh Tamim's conservatism and his fondness for the Muslim Brotherhood, there is no actual evidence for either charge other than the rumour and gossip so often associated with Gulf politics. And regardless of the prince's personal beliefs, it is likely that very little would change under his leadership.
Profile: Sheikh Tamim
That is because Qatar's main initiatives and policy tracks are more or less set in stone. The 2030 Vision, which outlines the development goals for the country, is already chaired by Sheikh Tamim (with significant input from his mother Sheikha Mozah and his father, the emir) and has a clear modernising social agenda.
Likewise, the football World Cup in 2022 will require social and legal reforms in the country, most notably around workers' rights and the construction of  stadiums and new cities for its large expatriate population to live in. Qatar has invested billions of dollars already in realising these visions, and Sheikh Tamim could not turn his back on these gargantuan projects even if he wanted to.
Nevertheless Qataris are a traditional people, and the emir will have to balance his subjects' need for maintaining the traditions of his people with modernising the rapidly growing country.
It is interesting that Sheikh Hamad made explicit mention of his confidence in the younger generation's "loyalty to your Arab and Islamic heritage". It is a delicate balancing act and one Sheikh Tamim must manage with sensitivity if he is to succeed in ensuring the country develops successfully.
However, lost in a story which has consumed the elite in Doha is an issue that will not go away. It concerns the push for constitutional reform and the first ever elections to Qatar's advisory council. The council is an appointed body and its term ends on 30 June 2013, but just before the abdication announcement by the emir, the council's term was extended.
Much criticism has been directed at Qatar calling for change in regions of the Arab world, but not practising what it preaches at home. Granted Qataris - there are just 250,000 - live privileged lifestyles, and the call for democracy comes from a tiny number of activists, but regional states still chafe at this particular inconsistency.
Time will tell if Sheikh Tamim decides to push forward with pluralistic change, but it would greatly assist the young emir in maintaining Qatar's regional aspirations and it would enhance his reputation with Arab youth calling for reform if this process was started in earnest.
Certainly, declaring elections early on in his reign would cement his legacy as an emir committed to the long-term prosperity of his nation.
Sheikh Tamim will be a man who stays close to his father's legacy; after all, Sheikh Hamad would not have felt secure enough to hand over his crown to a man who was not of his ilk.
Inculcated from a young age with the values of hard work, and of keeping an open mind, Sheikh Tamim is unlikely to fall far from the tree. Nevertheless how the new emir deals with an unstable region and a country undergoing significant social change will be fascinating to watch, as will the extent of his commitment to democratic reform.
Michael Stephens is a research analyst for Rusi in Doha (@MStephensgulf)

Abdullah, who had ruled since 2005 and was said to be aged about 90, had been suffering from a lung infection.
His 79-year-old half-brother, Salman, has been confirmed as the new king.
Within hours of his accession to the throne of the oil-rich kingdom, King Salman vowed to maintain the same policies as his predecessors.
"We will continue adhering to the correct policies which Saudi Arabia has followed since its establishment," he said in a speech broadcast on state television.
Abdullah had suffered frequent bouts of ill health in recent years, and King Salman had recently taken on the ailing monarch's responsibilities.
Prior to announcing Abdullah's death, Saudi television cut to Koranic verses, which often signifies the passing of a senior royal.
A statement said Abdullah had died at 01:00 (22:00 GMT Thursday).
Here in Saudi Arabia's second city, the streets were quiet this morning as many people flocked to mosques for Friday prayers. There is a subdued sadness in the air as Saudis take in the loss of their king.
People throughout the kingdom are mourning a man whom many viewed as a good monarch. A Jedawi I spoke to said that although it was known that Abdullah was ailing, to wake up to news of the king's death was distressing. Another Jedawi referred to the loss as like a family member passing away.
It is only after the king is later laid to rest, that people here and in the kingdom at large can begin to adjust to his passing.
Another of the late king's half-brothers, Muqrin, who is in his late 60s, has been named the new crown prince, according to an official statement.
Abdullah, Salman and Muqrin are all sons of the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, King Abdulaziz, usually referred to as Ibn Saud, who died in 1953.
King Salman called on the royal family's Allegiance Council to recognise Muqrin as his heir. He swiftly appointed Interior Minister Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as deputy crown prince, making him second in line to the throne, and named his own son, Mohammed bin Salman, as defence minister.
Other ministers, including foreign, oil and finance were kept in place, state TV reported.
The new king's profile was updated on his official Twitter account, where he wrote: "I ask God to help me succeed in my service of the dear [Saudi] people."
In keeping with traditions of Wahhabism - the ultra-conservative form of Sunni Islam followed by the kingdom - King Abdullah will be buried in an unmarked grave immediately after Friday prayers.
The Saudi religious establishment views every aspect of life and death as a submission to God's supreme will, and protocol permits no official mourning period. Government offices stay open and flags remain at full mast.
Saudi Arabia under King Salman faces a number of challenges. The first is ensuring the succession passes smoothly without any divisive jockeying for power within the ruling family. Then there is the ongoing threat from jihadists, both at home and across its borders.
Saudi Arabia is now sandwiched between an aggressive Islamic State (IS) to the north and al-Qaeda in Yemen to the south. Saudi warplanes have joined the US-led coalition in air strikes against IS, but this is deeply unpopular with many Saudis.
The government has yet to find a way to cope with mild calls for reforms, and is abusing anti-terror laws to silence reformers and punish its critics. Longer term, it faces a growing unemployment problem. About half the population is under 25 and there are nowhere near enough meaningful jobs for young Saudis.
But the country does at least have oil in its favour. With prices below $45 a barrel, Saudi Arabia is one of the very few exporting countries to still make big margins on production and exploration. That puts it in a powerful position on the world stage.
US President Barack Obama expressed his personal sympathies, and those of the American people, on Abdullah's death.
"As a leader, he was always candid and had the courage of his convictions. One of those convictions was his steadfast and passionate belief in the importance of the US-Saudi relationship as a force for stability and security in the Middle East and beyond," he said.
Vice-President Joe Biden tweeted that he would lead a delegation to Riyadh to pay respects.
UK Prime Minister David Cameron said Abdullah would be remembered for his "commitment to peace and for strengthening understanding between faiths".
Jordan's King Abdullah II cut short a visit to Davos, Switzerland, to travel to Saudi Arabia, as Jordan's royal court declared 40 days of mourning.
Israeli President Reuven Rivlin praised Abdullah's "grounded, considered and responsible leadership", while Iran offered Saudi Arabia its condolences and said its foreign minister would travel to Riyadh for an "official ceremony" on Saturday.
King Abdullah was the 13th of the 45 sons of King Abdulaziz. He is believed to have been born in August 1924 in Riyadh, although there is some dispute about his actual birth date.
When he came to the throne in 2005 he succeeded another half-brother, Fahd. However, he had already been Saudi Arabia's de-facto leader for 10 years because his predecessor had been debilitated by a stroke.
In recent months Abdullah's age and failing health had led to increasing focus on the issue of the Saudi royal succession.
The crown has traditionally passed between Ibn Saud's sons, but few are still alive.
King Salman's appointment of Mohammed bin Nayef - a grandson of Ibn Saud - as deputy crown prince effectively smoothes the line of succession for years to come.
Correspondents say Abdullah was seen as a reformer at home, albeit a slow and steady one.
He allowed mild criticism of his government in the press, and hinted that more women should be allowed to work.
King Salman spent 48 years as governor of Riyadh Province before becoming crown prince and defence minister.
BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner says it is thought unlikely that he will embark on any great changes.
In a recent meeting with the BBC in Jeddah, he appeared alert and well-briefed but walked with the aid of a stick, our correspondent adds.
Profile: King Salman


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Question: "I have always wanted to become a father," said Peter McKinniss, a teacher from St George in Bristol.

"Obviously, being gay it wasn't considered a normal thing to do."
But Mr McKinniss' dream was realised a year ago when he and his partner Nick adopted their six-year-old son.
He said that following initial inquiries, the process took three years.
"After speaking to my partner we made the decision that we were probably in a time of our lives when we could actually take on children, plus the fact that the law had changed to say that we could," he said.
"We haven't faced any kind of criticism - we've been supported by our son's school, doctors, all members of the community.
"And no one's batted an eyelid to the fact that he's got two dads - they're all just very supportive."
For a long time, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people tended to be seen as a "last resort" when it came to placing children, Bristol City and North Somerset councils said.
But as figures of people putting themselves forward as adopters hit a 10-year low, the authorities are launching a campaign to encourage more LGBT people to foster and adopt.
The campaign is part of the nationwide LGBT Adoption and Fostering Week.
Clare Campion-Smith, Liberal Democrat councillor responsible for children and young people at Bristol City Council, said: "We are becoming a far more open and accepting society.
"It's been a long, hard struggle and we've still got a long way to go but I think it's very important that we are looking at people as people.
"It isn't a last resort. We are trying to get as many of the right people into our adoption and fostering as we can for the sake of the children."
An information evening aimed at encouraging potential LGBT adopters and foster carers to come forward is due to take place at the Colston Hall in Bristol from 18:00 GMT until 20:00 GMT.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The 27-year-old was killed when his car collided with a pick-up truck in Ontario, local media reports say.
Mr Anker, who was born in Essex, moved to Canada last year and married his girlfriend, Cyndi.
The group said in a Twitter post that he "inspired so many with his talent and was taken far too soon".


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Question: Manish Pandey scored a maiden one-day international century as India beat Australia with a ball to spare to avoid a whitewash in the five-match series.

David Warner (122) and Mitchell Marsh (102 not out) helped Australia set a daunting total of 330-7 in Sydney.
But Pandey's 104 not out led the charge to guide the tourists to victory by six wickets with two balls to spare.
India opener Rohit Sharma had earlier scored 99 on his way to claiming man of the series.
Rohit hit 441 runs in the five matches at an average of 110, including two centuries.
Australia had looked likely to add to their 18 consecutive ODI victories on home soil with another impressive batting display.
Opener Warner smashed his 122 off 113 balls and Marsh claimed his first ODI century with 102 off just 84 balls.
Once again in the series, India's bowlers struggled with only debutant Jaspit Bumrah giving some measure of control with figures of 2-40 off his 10 overs.
India got their reply off to a solid start with Rohit and Shikhar Dhawan (78) putting on 123.
Rohit was eventually caught behind by Matthew Wade off the bowling of John Hastings just one short of another century, but this time India avoided the batting collapse that had characterised the previous matches in the series.
Pandey, in only his fourth ODI, kept pace with the run chase and with support from skipper MS Dhoni (34) saw them home in a thrilling finish.

The 28-year-old damaged his right hand during the second one-day international defeat by India on Thursday in Cuttack.
Right-hander Hales sustained the injury after attempting a catch in the outfield and jarring his hand on the ground.
He will return to England on Saturday and will see a hand surgeon next week.
The ECB said England will announce Hales' replacement in the Twenty-20 squad for the three-match series against India, starting on January 26, in "due course".
England play the final one-day game of their three-match series with India in Kolkata on Sunday.
They are yet to win on this tour, having lost four and drawn one of the five-match Test series that came before.


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Question: Agent 007's expense account was not an issue when he had to save the world, but Sweden's would-be James Bonds are not in the same league.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

Government accountants are concerned about a lavish James Bond-themed party thrown for Sweden's spy agency, Sapo.
Sweden's Dagens Nyheter (DN) news website says the party for 1,000 Sapo staff in June last year featured casino tables, a gala dinner and big band.
But questions are being asked about the bill: 5.3m kronor (Â£508,000; $804,000).
The head of Britain's domestic intelligence service MI5, Jonathan Evans, was among the guests at the bash, DN reports.
Famous celebrities and comedians entertained the partygoers.
Such expenditure was controversial because in recent years Sapo, Sweden's police intelligence agency, has been through a big reorganisation involving budget cuts.
Sapo General Anders Thornberg admitted the organisation had made a mistake with a VAT (sales tax) claim after the event, DN reported. Sapo claimed 974,000 kronor in VAT refunds, exceeding the allowance.
Sapo should also have invited competitive bids for the event, under Sweden's public spending rules, but that was not done.

At a launch event planned with the precision of an MI6 operation, the American author received the first copy of the book from a team of Royal Marines who abseiled from the roof of London's St Pancras station.
Deaver's novel, which is set in the present day, is published on Thursday.
The book's release coincides with the anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth. The writer who created the original Bond novels in the 1950s would have been 103 on Saturday 28 May.
His niece, actress Lucy Fleming, told the launch event that her uncle would have been pleased by the way that Deaver "has kicked his dear old James Bond into the 21st Century".
Spy app
Carte Blanche was not "a pastiche", Deaver told the BBC.
"I took Ian Fleming's iconic character and made him younger - and the poor guy ends up in a Jeffery Deaver novel. I write rollercoasters, which means he doesn't get a minute's rest."
Earlier, the 61-year-old author had arrived at the launch event, at a champagne bar at St Pancras International, in a red Bentley with 007 emblazoned on the bonnet.
He was flanked by a female stunt rider on a 1960s BSA motor-bike.
Deaver is not the first writer to take on the Bond legacy. Sebastian Faulks and John Gardner are among other authors to have written officially-sanctioned Bond novels since creator Ian Fleming's death in 1964.
But he is the first to set Fleming's character in 2011. In Carte Blanche, Bond has served in the Royal Naval Reserve, including a tour in Afghanistan, before joining the secret service.
In an early chapter he uses a mobile phone application to eavesdrop on a target in Serbia.
"In the movies he got a bit gadget-oriented," said Deaver. "Fleming actually gave him relatively few gadgets - and I went back to that. Nowadays my BlackBerry has more capacity than the best computer in the mid-1950s."
Deaver was eight years old when he read his first James Bond novel. A self-confessed "Bond addict", he wrote his first unpublished novel aged 11 about "a British agent who sneaks into Russia to steal a Soviet bomber".
Eighteen months ago, Deaver - whose 28 novels have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide - accepted the offer to carry on the Bond legacy.
Deaver said: "Who would have thought that the dreams and aspirations of a young boy so many years ago would come full circle in the way that they have?"
But why does he think the publishing industry loves bringing back famous characters like James Bond, Dracula, Peter Pan and - later this year - Sherlock Holmes?
"The industry has always known that this is a market-driven business - business is the dirty little word that nobody wants to mention - but it is business.
"Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Mozart, Beethoven - they wrote on commission, it was a business to them.
Books are no different, and we are beholden to the audience to give them something they want."


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Question: Ireland and Scotland must secure a top-four place in February's 10-team Women's World Cup Qualifier to make next summer's tournament in England.

The qualifiers in Colombo, Sri Lanka, will have two groups of five with the top three from each going through to the Super Six stage.
Ireland are in Group A with India, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Thailand.
The Scots will take on South Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea in Group B.
Each side will play four matches in the first round of the Qualifier, with the top three sides carrying forward points they earn against teams which have also progressed to the Super Six stage from their group.
Then, in the Super Six stage, each side will play the three teams which have qualified from the other group.
The top four teams from the Super Six will join defending champions Australia, hosts England, former winners New Zealand and reigning ICC World Twenty20 champions West Indies in the World Cup, which takes place from 26 June to 23 July.
First round fixtures
Tuesday, 7 February: Sri Lanka v India (P Sara Oval); Ireland v Zimbabwe (MCA); South Africa v Pakistan (NCC); Bangladesh v Papua New Guinea (CCC)
Wednesday, 8 February:Sri Lanka v Ireland (NCC); India v Thailand (CCC); Pakistan v Bangladesh (P Sara Oval); Scotland v South Africa (MCA)
Friday, 10 February: India v Ireland (P Sara Oval); Thailand v Zimbabwe (MCA); Papua New Guinea v Pakistan (NCC); Bangladesh v Scotland (CCC)
Saturday, 11 February: Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe (NCC); Ireland v Thailand (CCC); South Africa v Bangladesh (P Sara Oval); Scotland v Papua New Guinea (MCA)
Monday, 13 February: Zimbabwe v India (P Sara Oval); Sri Lanka v Thailand (MCA); South Africa v Papua New Guinea (NCC); Pakistan v Scotland (CCC)
CCC = Colombo Cricket Club; MCA = Mercantile Cricket Association Ground; NCC = Nondescripts Cricket Club
NB Fixtures and start times are subject to change. The BBC is not responsible for any changes that may be made

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Colin Shields scored to move to within two goals of Tony Hand's modern-era total of 40, while Evan Mosey netted his third goal of the tournament.
The victory allowed them to move level on nine points with Japan at the top of the six team table.
There are no games on Thursday and Britain return to action on Friday when they face Netherlands at 19:30 BST.
They have already beaten Croatia and Estonia in the competition and face off against Japan in their final group game.
The winners of the six-team competition will qualify for next year's Division 1 Group A with the top two from that tournament advancing to the top tier of the 2019 World Championships.
Great Britain have narrowly missed out on promotion following second-place finishes in the third-tier competition in the past two years.


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Question: Two people have been charged after a man was stabbed to death in his home.

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Tashan Corpe, 27, died in Sedgemoor Road, Bath, on Sunday.
Police have charged 30-year-old Josh Farnham of Old Fosse Road, Bath, with murder, grievous bodily harm with intent and actual bodily harm.
Rachel Smith, 42, of Sedgemoor Road, has been charged with assisting an offender. Both appeared before Bristol Magistrates' Court on Wednesday.
Mr Farnham and Ms Smith were remanded in custody to appear before Bristol Crown Court on Thursday.
The crime scene is still cordoned off while officers gather evidence.
Det Insp Mike Buck from Avon and Somerset Police said: "Our thoughts are with Tashan's family at this tragic time."

Patrick Adams, 59, and Constance Adams, 55, were arrested by Dutch police on Friday on suspicion of carrying out an attempted murder in Islington in 2013.
They will now be extradited for police questioning in England.
In December 2013, a 51-year-old man was shot in the chest after being approached by a man and woman as he sat in a car on St John Street.
He was taken to an east London hospital where he required treatment for his injuries for more than a month.


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Question: Barry Hawkins had a nightmare turnaround from his gripping victory over Ronnie O'Sullivan to trail Hong Kong's Marco Fu 7-1 in their World Championship quarter-final.

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Hawkins won a draining final-frame thriller 13-12 over the pre-tournament favourite late on Monday night.
But the Englishman was way below his best from the start against the world number 14 on Tuesday.
He scored only 31 points as he lost the first five frames.
Hawkins got on the board in frame six, but Fu easily won the last two frames to earn a six-frame advantage after the first session.
The quarter-final tie is the best of 25 frames and the second session gets under way on Wednesday at 14:30 BST.
Fu played with fluency and impressive cue ball control to take full advantage of some sloppy play by 2013 runner-up Hawkins - the only man to have made the semi-finals, when the Crucible switches to one table - in each of the last three years.
But his chances of repeating that feat appear slim after being completely outplayed by London-based Fu, who recorded three half-centuries on his way to a 5-0 lead.
World number 11 Hawkins took a scrappy sixth frame, but two half-centuries gave Fu frame seven and he rounded off the session with his sixth score of more than 50.
The other afternoon match saw four-time champion John Higgins win four frames in a row to take a 5-3 lead in his all-Scottish meeting with Alan McManus.
McManus, twice a World Championship quarter-finalist in the early 1990s, lost the opener but was then in imperious form as he secured a 3-1 mid-session interval lead with breaks of 114, 78 and 56.
But the 45-year-old was out of sorts after the interval, appearing to be troubled by a neck problem.
And Higgins, who has gone on to lift the title on the last three occasions he has reached the last eight at the Crucible, made the most of some decent chances to take control.
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O'Sullivan, who won a record seventh Masters title in January, lost four frames in a row to lose 5-4 to King.
Ford hit his third competitive 147 - and the 10th on the tour this season - in frame two of a 5-2 win over Ebdon.
Jimmy White is also out of the event in Berlin, losing 5-4 to Robin Hull.


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Question: The majority of teachers and school leaders oppose Prime Minister Theresa May's plans for a new wave of grammar schools in England, a survey suggests.

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Eight out of 10 teachers and heads are against selection, the poll by the National Association of Head Teachers, the Association of School and College Leaders and charity Teach First finds.
A similar number did not believe a test at age 11 measured academic potential.
But Mrs May says schools should be able to select on the basis of ability.
Last week, she pledged to make Britain "the great meritocracy of the world" as she announced plans to lift a long-standing ban on new grammar schools.
The survey was carried out for campaign organisation the Fair Education Alliance, which has launched a petition calling for the ban on new grammars to be kept in place. It gathered responses from 2,500 teachers, school leaders and heads.
It found:
Russell Hobby, general secretary of the NAHT, said: "Increasing the number of grammar schools will lower standards and restrict opportunity.
"We cannot afford such an elitist policy in the 21st Century - as many students as possible need a high-quality academic education. This is a terrible distraction from the issues that matter most."
Malcolm Trobe, interim general secretary of ASCL, said: "We don't need more selection in the education system.
"What schools desperately need is enough teachers and enough funding, both of which are in critically short supply.
"The government should focus on these issues rather than obsessing about an education policy plucked from the 1950s. Our job is to work together to ensure the education system supports all young people to achieve."
A spokeswoman for the Department for Education said: "We know that grammar schools provide a good education for their disadvantaged pupils and we want more pupils from lower-income backgrounds to benefit from that.
"Our proposals will ensure that any new and existing selective schools will prioritise the admission of disadvantaged pupils and that they support other local pupils in non-selective schools to help drive up educational outcomes.
"As set out in the consultation document, we are clear that relaxing restrictions on selective education can and should be to the betterment, not at the expense, of other local schools."
Brett Wigdortz, founder of the Fair Education Alliance, said: "We are united in our desire to improve social mobility, but it's clear we must use proven policies to achieve this.
"We know great comprehensive schools and academies are delivering a stretching and ambitious education.
"We must aim to replicate this for every child, not selecting only a few to be supported to succeed, whilst leaving the majority behind."

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Ms Greening, who went to school in a Rotherham comprehensive, was previously secretary of state for international development.
She announced last month she was in a same-sex relationship, making her the first openly gay female Cabinet minister.
Her new department is to expand to take responsibility for universities.
Ms Greening, who replaces Nicky Morgan, said she was "looking forward to getting on with the job" when she arrived at the Department for Education.
She attended Oakwood comprehensive school - and along with David Blunkett who went to schools for the blind - becomes one of the few education secretaries to have attended a non-selective state school.
According to the Sutton Trust education charity, she joins a Cabinet with the lowest proportion of privately-educated ministers since Clement Attlee's Labour government of 1945.
Ms Greening studied economics at Southampton University and before entering the House of Commons in 2005 had worked as an accountant.
As well as being responsible for schools, colleges and universities, she becomes the minister for women and equalities.
She will inherit a higher education bill, which could raise tuition fees in England, with a second reading due next week.
The Association of School and College Leaders said that the new education secretary would face the "stark reality" of schools facing "real-terms funding cuts and a teacher recruitment crisis".
"We urgently need greater investment in the education system," said Malcolm Trobe, leader of the head teachers' union.
He also called for no delay in implementing a national funding formula for schools, announced by the previous education secretary.
Kevin Courtney, leader of the National Union of Teachers, said Ms Greening would have to tackle problems with teacher recruitment, excessive working hours and lack of school funding.
"Testing and assessment is in complete disarray," said Mr Courtney.
Russell Hobby, leader of the National Association of Head Teachers, called for the end of the "chaos and confusion" of this year's controversial primary school Sats tests.
He told the new education secretary that the "government has not won the argument on academies" and that good and outstanding schools should be allowed to remain part of their local authority if they chose.
Liberal Democrat education spokesman, John Pugh, called on Ms Greening to "put a stop to damaging proposals to scrap Qualified Teacher Status and parent governors, as well as plans to vastly increase numbers of academies".


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Question: Developers are planning to build a Â£70m power station on the site of a former colliery in Nottingham.

The plant, to be built on the Bilsthorpe Colliery site, would use waste to generate electricity, which would be fed into the National Grid.
Peel Environmental said the power would be generated by reacting organic material at high temperatures with oxygen or steam to create syngas.
The process, called gasification, is considered to be more energy efficient.
The company said it would handle around 120,000 tonnes of non-hazardous waste each year.
This would be generated by businesses and households in Nottinghamshire, with around 23,000 tonnes recycled into other products, while the remainder would be used to generate electricity.
The project is expected to create around 40 jobs at the site which ceased coal production in 1995.
The group hopes to submit a planning application to Nottinghamshire County Council in the autumn.

Developers St Francis Group submitted plans
 to Wyre Forest District Council for the Stourport Road site in April.
The first phase of the plans includes 200 homes, a care home, medical centre, hotel, shops and restaurants.
A spokesperson for the project, called Silverwoods, said building work is likely to start next year.
The second phase would include more homes and the construction of a link road in the town to the Worcester Road, the spokesperson said.
The developers bought the former sugar beet processing and production plant in 2006. British Sugar closed its Kidderminster operation in 2004.
All the buildings on the site have been knocked down apart from 70 metre (230ft) twin silos, which will soon be demolished.
The redevelopment is part of the South Kidderminster Enterprise Park.


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Question: There has been a wave of strikes and riots among migrant workers manning production lines in southern China, but can the government keep the "factory of the world" running smoothly?

Chinese officials are not renowned for giving straight answers. But in Guangzhou, China's manufacturing megacity, they are quite candid about the need to give equal rights to migrant workers.
Is this one of the biggest challenges China is facing, I ask Chen Hao Tian, an official representing the government of China's third city.
"Yes," he says simply.
Migration from the countryside has provided the cheap labour that has fuelled China's boom. Half of the 14 million residents here are migrant workers.
But in recent months, each week has brought news of strikes in factories in Guangzhou and other cities across Guangdong province.
There has been rioting, too. In Zengcheng, an outlying suburb, migrants from Sichuan fought against locals, overturned cars and torched buildings in a sudden outburst this summer.
Chinese factory workers want better pay - and in Guangzhou a number of strikes have achieved this objective.
But another problem for the migrant workers is discrimination under the legal system, which denies them the same rights and access to public services as the city dwellers they live alongside.
The frustration of factory workers matters to Guangdong, which wants to keep migrants coming to the province to keep its factories growing.
But Mr Chen, a senior official at Guangzhou's reform and development commission, says the city is beginning to address the problem.
"Migrant workers live and work in this city and we must provide them with basic rights and benefits," he says.
"If they can't educate their children or find decent housing, they'll be dissatisfied with the government."
I arranged a clandestine meeting with a group of migrant workers who were among hundreds who took part in a recent walkout from their factory.
It was a bold act in a country where the authorities traditionally maintain an iron grip on social order. But in Guangdong province, strikes over pay have been increasingly tolerated - perhaps as an outlet for migrant anger.
"Our country is developing so quickly, but we migrant workers seem not to be sharing in the fruits of that progress," says Yang, a 22-year-old worker from a village in Hunan province.
"The pressure is building up inside us."
Another worker, Deng from Shaanxi, has concerns about his two children, who he has sent away to live with relatives in the country.
"I hope that when my kids grow up, there will be no difference between urban and rural," he says.
He is referring to China's hukou or household registration system, designed under Chairman Mao to manage population movements.
Under Chinese law, everyone is registered in their home town or village and must access education, housing and welfare there.
Migrant workers cannot change their hukou to an urban one.
For Deng, this has prevented him sending his two children to local schools. City schools that accept migrant children often make them pay extra, almost a year's salary, as a "voluntary" payment.
Most migrants can't afford it, so in many cases their children do not go to school at all.
People with rural registration also get charged more than locals for healthcare, housing and other basic welfare.
Factories are meant to support migrants without a local hukou registration, but many employers fail to purchase proper employee insurance.
And this social discrimination, mixed with the rising cost of living and frustration with employers, is a recipe for social conflict.
"There is a lot of conflict, and if it's not managed there will be a lot of unrest and disharmony," says Professor Peng Peng of the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences.
He is one of a chorus of academics and journalists who have been highlighting the issue.
Providing migrant workers with further rights, and higher incomes, should also be good for the global economy, because it means they can become more active consumers - buying goods produced in China by both local and Western companies.
Guangdong is generally known as progressive place that has led China's economic liberalisation. But the government's social reforms have begun slowly.
"We can't abolish hukou overnight," Mr Chen of the Guangzhou government tells me. "There is a huge cost associated with that."
Research has shown that each new hukou permit issued to a migrant worker will end up costing the city 1.2m yuan (Â£122,000; $188,000) in the long term, because of the extra resources used up by migrants and their children.
There are also the fears of other city residents to take into account - for example, that schools and hospitals will be stretched.
"That's why we're creating a points system - it's just like the system that countries such as the UK or USA use for migration," says Mr Chen.
"We want to attract immigrants here to Guangzhou based on their skills."
In practice, anyone who wants a new hukou must satisfy a long list of qualifications, including educational attainment, property ownership, and community service.
Crossing Continents is on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday, 15 December at 11:00 GMT and Monday, 19 December at 20:00 GMT
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Only 3,000 new permits have been issued so far, out of a population of seven million migrant workers. Most poor migrants remain shut out.
Dee Lee, who runs a non-profit helpline for factory workers, takes hundreds of calls a day. Many young callers tell stories of an affront, big or small, to their sense of dignity.
"Workers in the past would say they didn't care about discrimination, they just want to earn enough money and go back [home]," he explains.
But most workers now were born after 1980. They have been brought up in a China of micro-blogs and web cafes. They would rather spend their time at pop concerts than digging fields.
They want to be consumers - and that is something China's leaders and the West now welcome.
So the "rural" status on their registration cards looks increasingly anachronistic.
"The migrants enjoy their life in the city, and they won't go back to the countryside," says Mr Lee.
"The pressure is going up day by day. Tension is rising, and the government has acknowledged that."
Listen to the full report on Crossing Continents on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 15 December at 11:00 GMT or Monday, 19 December at 20:00 GMT. You can listen again via the BBC iPlayer by downloading the podcast.

Every Chinese New Year as people board trains, planes, buses, cars and mopeds to head home for the warmth of the family reunion, they arrive battered and beleaguered, each with their own tale of travelling woe.
The 20-hour journeys with standing room only. The pickpockets. And just the sheer overwhelming numbers of people, thronging every platform, forming every queue.
So when the whole country seemingly becomes one large crowd it might seem unlikely that China would be shocked by pictures of a large crowd.
But then the Guangzhou Railway Station crowd was a particularly special one.
The snarl-up began on Monday with bad weather further north causing the cancellation or delay to some services out of Guangzhou.
As word spread of the increasingly large throng of waiting passengers, even more people began turning up extra early for their trains and the problem only intensified.
At the peak, 100,000 people were crammed shoulder to shoulder on the giant square in front of the station, spilling out into side roads.
"We are like dumplings in a bowl," one man told me. He faced a three-hour wait to clear security and then, once finally aboard his train, an eight-hour journey home.
"I am very tired," another young woman said "but when I think about my mother and father at home I feel warm and I want to be with them sooner."
Despite the extraordinary scenes of congestion, this was as much a picture of railway efficiency and resilience, as chaos and delay.
Despite more than 1,000 extra police officers being drafted in for the crowds, there was little trouble for them to deal with.
I saw one passenger slugging a uniformed police officer with his bag, enraged that he had been stopped from climbing over a metal barrier, but for the most part, there was that old, resigned acceptance that all this is part of the fabric of Chinese New Year.
And, by Wednesday, the authorities had begun to get to grips with the problems on the network itself, bringing in extra trains, or diverting passengers to other train stations, and all the while thousands upon thousands of new passengers continue to arrive, shepherded through the concourse in long, snaking lines, through security and onto trains which, for the most part, were kept running to time.
This year, for many of the migrant workers who make up a large proportion of the crowds, there is another, far deeper concern than the issue of just another hectic trip home.
China's industrial landscape is changing. The factories, once the centrepiece of the economy, are relocating to countries where wages are lower and, in addition, many migrants now see increasing opportunities in the smaller towns and cities closer to their homes.
So, many migrants are packing their bags for the last time and deciding that, after travelling home this year, that is where they will stay.
China manufacturing shrinks for sixth month in a row
Factory bosses report that, at the same time as they face falling demand for their products, they find it increasingly hard to man their production lines, even as wage costs rise ever higher, eroding their competitive advantage even further.
This major economic shift has been marked by the first fall in China's migrant population in three decades, down by almost 6 million in 2015.
Xu Xifei and Wu Jianying have been migrant workers for more than 10 years, spending most of the year in Guangdong Province while their children stay home in the village.
They say the shoe factory where they work is losing out to overseas competition and, with living costs rising fast, it is becoming increasingly hard to make enough money to survive.
"Did not President Xi Jinping say that if you work hard and stick to your dreams you will get your reward?" Mr Xu asks me.
"Well we did work hard, we did have a dream, but we have nothing to show for it."
The backlog of passengers at Guangzhou has now mostly been cleared after extra trains were laid on.
So China's crowds of stoical migrants are on the move again, but into an increasingly uncertain future.


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Question: Planned strikes by Cardiff bus drivers are set to go ahead while the city hosts two Rugby World Cup fixtures.

Unite members at Cardiff Bus suspended pay row strike action earlier this month after a revised deal was offered to the union, but it has now been rejected in a workplace ballot.
A 48-hour strike will begin on Thursday - the day Wales takes on Fiji at the Millennium Stadium at 16:45 BST.
New Zealand v Georgia, at 20:00 on Friday, will also be affected.
The union, which has 540 members at the firm, initially rejected a 5% deal at the start of September but later suspended three days of planned industrial action after Cardiff Bus made what it called an "improved" offer.
On Monday, the firm said it had been rebuffed and, as a result, a "limited" service would be in operation on Thursday and Friday.
Cynthia Ogbonna, managing director of Cardiff Bus, said: "We have continued to work tirelessly to reach a positive resolution for all parties involved and are extremely disappointed that this has not been achieved."
Customers were advised to check the company's website and social media feeds and to call its customer service helpline for further updates.
"We are extremely apologetic for again inconveniencing our customers, and we will do our best to ensure that we keep Cardiff moving during this time," Ms Ogbonna added.

Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union members were due to walk out over pay from 17:00 BST on Thursday.
The strike would have coincided with concerts by One Direction at the Millennium Stadium and the Manic Street Preachers at Cardiff Castle on Friday.
Arbitration service Acas said a planned 48-hour strike next week has also been called off.


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Question: Not since the era of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S Truman have the Democrats won three presidential victories in a row.

The 2016 election presents the party with a rare opportunity to pull off a historic hat-trick.
America's political geography gives the Democrats an enormous advantage.
So, too, does the country's changing demography, because constituencies that favour the Democrats are growing in electoral influence.
Despite the Republicans' current strength in congressional and gubernatorial politics - presently, the GOP holds the House of Representatives and the Senate, along with 31 governors' mansions - the party is weak in presidential politics.
It has lost four of the past six presidential elections. In five of those, the Democrats have won the popular vote.
The "blue wall" is especially advantageous.
That is the name given to the 18 states, as well as the District of Columbia, that have voted Democrat in every presidential election since Bill Clinton's first victory in 1992.
California (55), Connecticut (7), Delaware (3), Hawai'i (4), Illinois (20), Maine (4), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (11), Michigan (16), Minnesota (10), New Jersey (14), New York (29), Oregon (7), Pennsylvania (20), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (3), Washington (12), Washington DC (3), Wisconsin (10).
What makes the blue wall such a towering edifice is the size of its building blocks: some of the country's most populous states, like California, New York, Illinois, Michigan and New Jersey.
To win the Electoral College, the institution that elects the president on a state-by-state basis, the victorious candidate requires 270 votes.
For the past six elections, the states that make up the blue wall have yielded 242, just 28 short of the target.
The Republicans have a wall of their own: 13 states that have voted for the GOP's presidential candidate in the past six elections.
But those states amount for only 102 Electoral College votes between them.
To some, then, the "Red wall" looks more like a flimsy picket fence.
Alabama (9), Alaska (3), Idaho (4), Kansas (6), Mississippi (6), Nebraska (5), North Dakota (3), Oklahoma (7), South Carolina (9), South Dakota (3), Texas (38), Utah (6), Wyoming (3).
The Blue Wall is by no means insurmountable.
Though it held firm at the 2000 and 2004 elections, George W Bush emerged the victor.
Many of these blue states, like New Jersey, Massachusetts and Illinois, have Republican governors, and the GOP has not given up hope of turning them red.
Pennsylvania, with its 20 Electoral College votes, is particularly high on the their target list.
But the wall does grant the Democrats an inbuilt advantage in the Electoral College.
Just consider this statistic. Since 1992, the Republicans have achieved an average of 211 Electoral College votes. The Democrats' average is 327.
Demographics also appear to favour the Democrats: the support they are now receiving from minorities, Millennials (voters under 30) and women.
The Democrats have opened up a huge lead among minority voters, a growing and increasingly important part of the electorate.
At the last presidential election, 71% of Latinos voted for Barack Obama, up from 67% in 2008. Some 73% of Asian-Americans also voted Democrat, along with 93% of African-Americans.
Younger voters, who tend to be more liberal-minded on issues like same-sex marriage and immigration, are also leaning towards the Democrats.
Some two-thirds of Millennials voted for Obama in 2012.
A majority of women have also favoured the Democrats in recent presidential elections. Fifty-five per cent of women voted for Obama in 2012, while the figure for unmarried women was even higher at 67%, partly because the Republican Party has become associated with restrictions on abortion.
Obviously all is not lost for the GOP, not least because the party has demographic advantages of its own.
In 2012, 59% of white voters plumbed for Mitt Romney. Among the so-called silent generation, those born between 1925 and 1945, the Republicans have a lead of 47% to 43%. But America is becoming less white, and that presents problems for the Republicans.
Their prime strategy since the civil rights era of the 1960s, after all, has been to target white voters, regardless of their income levels.
Next year, the GOP will be hoping that the so-called "Obama coalition" of minorities, Millennials and women, does not become the "Hillary Coalition," if, as expected, she wins the Democratic presidential nomination.
Black voters will not turn out in such high numbers for Hillary, they reckon.
The GOP also hopes to make inroads into a Latino vote deterred from backing Republicans because of the party's tough line on immigration.
Party strategists believe there is truth in Ronald Reagan's famous observation: "Latinos are Republicans. They just don't know it yet."
As for the Millennials, a string of recent polls suggest that their support for the Democrats is waning - although a survey conducted in April by the Harvard Institute of Politics suggested that 55% of voters under the age of 30 would prefer the White House to remain in Democratic hands.
There are Democrats who believe that the Hillary coalition could be even more formidable than the Obama coalition.
Campaigning to become America's first female president, she will hope to attract higher levels of support from white women, more than half of whom voted Republican in 2012.
She might attract more male white voters than Obama.
Yet Democrats run the risk of over-confidence, a mistake made by Republicans following the back-to-back victories of George W Bush.
In those heady days, strategists like Karl Rove spoke assuredly of an emergent permanent Republican majority, only to see Obama score two victories.
More recently, GOP morale has been boosted by the work of the political journalist John Judis, who predicted at the start of the century an "emerging Democratic majority".
In January, Judis penned a revisionist essay headlined "The Emerging Republican Advantage," which argued that the Republican triumph at last November's congressional mid-term elections was "the latest manifestation of a resurgent Republican coalition".
The Republicans were even more dominant among white voters, he observed, which was problematic for the Democrats because they still required between 36% and 40% of the white working-class vote to win the presidential election.
But it is always a mistake to equate strength in congressional politics with success in presidential politics.
Often the party with a lock on Capitol Hill has suffered a near lockout at the White House.
Between 1968 and 1992, for instance, the Democrats dominated the House of Representatives.
For that entire era, a Democrat sat in the powerful speaker's chair.
But during that era, the Democrats won just one presidential election, when Jimmy Carter edged out Gerald Ford in 1976.
The electorate that votes in congressional elections is different in size and make-up to that which turns out in presidential polls.
History suggests it will be hard to win three consecutive victories.
Since the war, the Republicans have only managed it once, when George Herbert Walker Bush followed Ronald Reagan into the White House.
Could Hillary Clinton do what no Democrat has done for more than 65 years?

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Donald Trump will be the Republican candidate, something few would have predicted a little more than 12 months ago.
And after the Democrats' convention in Philadelphia, we know Hillary Clinton will be their candidate.
Whatever happens from this point on, the outcome will be historic. This is how:
When Barack Obama first walked through the White House front door in January 2009, he was aged 47, and was the fifth-youngest president in history. Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest, at 42 years and 322 days.
The next one will be a fair bit older, whatever happens.
Donald Trump celebrated his 70th birthday on 14 June. If elected in November, he would be the oldest president in history (Ronald Reagan was 69 when he took office).
Hillary Clinton, meanwhile, turns 69 some two weeks before the election, and would become the second-oldest president on inauguration. She would replace William Henry Harrison, who became president in 1841 (and was the last president born on British soil).
Trump v Clinton is the first presidential contest between New Yorkers since 1944, when the governor of New York, Thomas E Dewey, ran against the incumbent, Franklin D Roosevelt.
Whoever wins this time will become the first New Yorker in office in 71 years when the inauguration takes place next year.
(And yes, we know Mrs Clinton was born in Chicago, but she was a senator from New York and lives in the state.)
If Mr Trump wins, we could be looking at the least amount of money spent by a winning candidate for some time.
Federal Election Commission records show he spent $91m (Â£69m) up to 22 July, of which $50m is his own money.
No other candidate since Al Gore in 2000 ($126m) has spent as little. Hillary Clinton is on some $275m so far, by the way.
Of course, Mr Trump could break out the chequebook given that he has more campaigning to do between now and November, but it looks likely he will come a long way under what Barack Obama spent last time round - almost $556m.
A Trump win would be significant for another reason - no-one has been elected president in more than 60 years without experience as a governor or in Congress.
Even then, the last president with no political experience, Dwight Eisenhower, was Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in World War Two, before he was elected to office in 1953.
Before that, Herbert Hoover, who was president from 1929 to 1933, was previously an engineer and humanitarian.
No previous candidate has ever owned a chain of casinos and hotels. But Mr Trump says his experience doing deals, and the fact he is not too tied to the Washington establishment, stand him in good stead.
The long years Hillary Clinton has been on the Washington scene may make it easy to forget one fact: She would be the first female president if elected. She is already the first female candidate for a major US party.
The closest we have got before is when Republican John McCain surprisingly picked Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his running mate in 2008, and when Democrat Walter Mondale named Geraldine Ferraro as his vice-presidential pick in 1984.
Neither won the presidency.
Amazingly, only two Democrats have directly succeeded another Democrat as US president. The most recent was James Buchanan, who was president from 1857 to 1861.
Harry Truman and Lyndon Johnson were both vice-presidents who were named president when their predecessors died. They both then went on to win the next election.
A Clinton win, therefore, would bring even more significance to the Democratic Party.


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Question: Sensitive details held by police and prosecutors in England are being lost because evidence is still being shared on computer discs, watchdogs say.

Police and prosecution watchdogs looked at criminal justice computer systems and found the testimonies of  underage and vulnerable victims and witnesses had been kept on portable discs.
In one case a DVD interview of a 12-year-old sex offence victim was lost.
The CPS said it and the police were reviewing their handling of such data.
The joint report from HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary said there was a "widespread issue" involving the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) "misplacing discs containing sensitive evidence and information".
This included CCTV, 999 recordings, suspect interviews and the testimony of vulnerable and underage victims and witnesses.
The report said in the case where the DVD interview of a 12-year-old sex offence victim was lost a new system for tracking evidence had to be introduced.
"Many officers informed us that it was common to receive several requests from the CPS to supply further copies of discs because the original copy submitted could not be found," the report said.
The report also cited one case where the CPS was fined £200,000 by the Information Commissioner's Office in November 2015 after laptops containing videos of police interviews with victims and witnesses were stolen from a private contractor's studio.
It also said that some police forces were using computer systems that had been in place for up to 20 years.
Inspectors, who visited six forces and their corresponding CPS regions, said police and prosecutors needed "to urgently review arrangements for the handling of hard media".
However, they said "good progress" had been made towards a full digital system, highlighting examples of the installation of wi-fi in magistrates' courts and a prosecutor app which allows cases to be updated from court in real time.
A CPS spokesman said the majority of prosecutors now worked digitally.
"The CPS is already working, with its partners, to create a unified digital case management system, which when completed will make the use of discs obsolete," she said.
"In the meantime, new standards have been developed for the handling of electronic hard media.
"CPS areas are working closely with their local police forces to jointly review their handling and transportation of such material."
The CPS added that the sensitive material on the stolen laptops was not accessed and it had strengthened arrangements for handling sensitive material after the theft.
The forces inspected were Kent, Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Northamptonshire, West Midlands, and the Metropolitan Police, and the corresponding CPS regions in the South East, Merseyside and Cheshire, North West, East Midlands, West Midlands and London.
They also observed magistrates' and crown court cases, and interviewed representatives from the police, CPS, courts service, Ministry of Justice and Home Office.

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A Freedom of Information request revealed 13 breaches of data protection law at the agency's headquarters in 2014.
A director's home address was revealed on the public register following a "mix-up" of documents being scanned.
Case correspondence was also mistakenly scanned onto the register.
A new personnel system also allowed staff access to information on the duration of colleagues' sickness absences.
Companies House, which currently employs 904 people in Cardiff and registers the information companies are legally required to supply, said it had "an incident process in place that all staff adhere to" when a breach of data protection law happens.
In January, a High Court judge ruled that a mistake by Companies House caused a 124-year-old south Wales company to go into administration.


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Question: A motorist died when the car he was in left the road in Berkshire.

The 29-year-old man was driving a BMW 3 Series car which crashed off the A339 in Newbury shortly before 08:00 GMT.
Thames Valley Police said he was pronounced dead at the scene. His next-of-kin has been informed.
The road has reopened, having been closed in both directions while police investigation work was carried out. Police have appealed for information.

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It happened on the Coolkill Road in Middletown on Tuesday afternoon. The road has been closed.
The injured man was driving the vehicle. His injuries are not believed to be life-threatening.
Last week, a man was killed and a woman seriously injured after a tree fell on their car on the Keady Road in Armagh.


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Question: Flybe has confirmed plans to end its service between the Isle of Man and London Stansted, less than a year since it was launched.

The Exeter-based airline has been operating up to three flights a week since introducing the route in March.
Flybe's chief commercial officer Paul Simmons said passenger numbers made the flights harder to justify environmentally and economically.
Flights will cease from 26 March 2016. Other routes are unaffected.
Routes between Ronaldsway and Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester will remain.
Mr Simmons said: "We have a disciplined approach to the routes we operate, which means we continually review our network."

Flights from the island to five UK destinations were cancelled earlier in March, after the "virtual airline" Citywing went into liquidation.
Eastern Airways will operate the new service having already taken over two services to Belfast and Newcastle.
Isle of Man Airport's Director of Ports Ann Reynolds said the renewed link was "very important".
A spokesman for the airline said the company's priority had been "to protect vital routes to Belfast City and Newcastle", but they were now "in a position to link the island with Glasgow again".
He said daily flights between Ronaldsway and Glasgow will begin on 2 May.


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Question: Britain's Chris Froome leads the Tour de France after finishing second on stage three from Anvers to Mur de Huy.

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Froome will wear the race leader's yellow jersey for a British record 15th day on Tuesday's fourth stage.
The Team Sky rider, 30, finished just behind Spain's Joaquim Rodriguez at the end of a stage marred by two crashes that saw the race briefly stopped.
Overnight leader Fabian Cancellara completed the race after falling but later joined five others in abandoning.
The Swiss rider was thrown head-first into a ditch in the first crash and had lost nearly 12 minutes to his rivals by the time he reached the stage finish.
It was later confirmed he suffered two fractured vertebrae in his lower back after somersaulting over his handlebars as his yellow bike cartwheeled off the road in a spectacular crash about 60km from the finish.
The pile-up was sparked by William Bonnet who slid off and was taken to hospital in a neck brace. According to cyclingnews.com the Frenchman broke a bone in his neck, which will require surgery.
Australia's Simon Gerrans, South African Daryl Impey, Dutchman Tom Dumoulin and Dmitry Kozontchuk of Russia, also abandoned the race.
The race was neutralised by race directors, meaning the riders continued at a sedate pace to allow those caught up in the crash to catch up.
However, with all doctors at the race tending the wounded, the race was eventually stopped, around 50km from the finish.
Cancellara, who fractured his back earlier in the season, was in obvious pain as the stage resumed 10 minutes later with a neutralised ascent of the first categorised climb of this year's race.
He sat at the back of the peloton, grimacing, and when racing began he was quickly dropped - along with several other riders who suffered injuries - and struggled on the final ascent.
The Mur de Huy is the finishing climb in the one-day Spring Classic La Fleche Wallonne and features gradients approaching 25%.
Rodriguez knows the climb well, having won Fleche Wallonne in 2012, and his experience showed as he surged to victory in the closing 400m of the 1.3km ascent.
Froome, who briefly led on the ascent, was awarded the same finishing time as Rodriguez but, crucially, he finished 11 seconds clear of defending champion Vincenzo Nibali and 2013 runner-up Nairo Quintana, while two-time winner Alberto Contador was a further seven seconds adrift.
Germany's Tony Martin is second overall after agonisingly missing out on the yellow jersey for a second day because of the reintroduction of bonus seconds.
Froome's second-place finish earned him six bonus seconds and he leads Etixx - Quick-Step rider Martin by one second.
"It's an amazing feeling to be in the yellow jersey," said Froome, who had jointly held the British record with Sir Bradley Wiggins.
"I wouldn't say its too early to take the yellow jersey. I'd definitely rather be in this position than having to make time up on my rivals."
Team Sky principal Dave Brailsford added that being race leader in Tuesday's potentially precarious cobbled stage would have its advantage.
"It means we're car number one," he said, referring to the rule which says the support car of the leading rider will be first in line, meaning if Froome does encounter a problem on the cobbles they can quickly assist him.
Stage two result:
1  Joaquim Rodriguez (Spa) Katusha            3hrs 26mins 54secs
2  Chris Froome (GB) Team Sky              same time
3  Alexis Vuillermoz (Fra) AG2R              +4secs
4  Daniel Martin (Ire) Cannondale           +5secs
5  Tony Gallopin (Fra) Lotto                 +8secs
6  Tejay van Garderen (US) BMC Racing         +11secs
7  Vincenzo Nibali (Ita) Astana                        same time
8  Simon Yates (GB) Orica
9  Nairo Quintana (Col) Movistar
10 Bauke Mollema (Ned) Trek
Selected:
12 Alberto Contador (Spa) Tinkoff - Saxo)      +18secs
General classification:
1  Chris Froome (GB) Team Sky                   7hrs 11mins 37secs
2  Tony Martin (Ger) Etixx - Quick-Step          +1sec
3  Tejay van Garderen (US) BMC Racing              +13secs
4  Tony Gallopin (Fra) Lotto                      +26secs
5  Greg Van Avermaet (Bel) BMC Racing            +28secs
6  Peter Sagan (Svk) Tinkoff - Saxo             +31secs
7  Rigoberto Uran (Col) Etixx - Quick-Step     +34secs
8  Alberto Contador (Spa) Tinkoff - Saxo           +36secs
9  Geraint Thomas (GB) Team Sky                 +1min 03secs
10 Zdenek Stybar (Cze) Etixx - Quick-Step +1min 04secs

The 30-year-old Welsh rider was second overall in the event 2015, losing to Simon Spilak in the final time trial.
Christian Knees, Vasil Kiryienka, Danny Van Poppel, Leopold Konig, David Lopez, Michal Golas, Ian Boswell will support Thomas in Sky's eight-man squad.
Thomas signed a contract extension with Team Sky in May.
The nine-day Tour de Suisse starts on 11 June and features three consecutive summit finishes, with a 16.8km time trial on the penultimate stage before ending with a mountain stage around Davos.
Thomas' showing in Switzerland last year confirmed his ability in stage races before a successful Tour de France, where he helped Chris Froome seal overall victory.
The 2016 Tour de France starts on Saturday, 2 July


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Question: A man who carried out a "vicious" bottle attack on someone who tried to break up a fight in Renfrewshire has been jailed for five-and-a-half years.

Daryn Dolan, 26, hit Kieran Barstow, 24, with a bottle which smashed, before using it to repeatedly injure him.
The attack in Ferguson Street, Johnstone, happened on 19 June last year following a row over a noisy car.
Dolan pleaded guilty to a charge of assaulting Mr Barstow to his severe injury and permanent disfigurement.
Jailing him at the High Court in Edinburgh, Lord Glennie told Dolan that he had no other option but to send him to prison for the "vicious" assault.
The court had previously heard that Dolan, of Linwood, Renfrewshire, was the passenger in a car whose engine was being revved.
Mr Barstow's friend, James McCarthur, asked the driver to keep the noise down.
Mr Barstow was then attacked when he tried to stop a fight which subsequently broke out between a woman that was in the car and a girl he was with.
Dolan ran off after the attack and was not placed by police until 20 August.
The victim suffered cuts on his face, scalp, arms, right foot and bruising to his right hand. He also required surgery to repair a 15cm cut to his jawline.

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Steven Davidson, 23, admitted shaking the baby girl to her severe injury and danger of life at a house in Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire, on 3 October 2012.
The child cannot sit upright or communicate and needs constant care.
Davidson was jailed for seven-and-a-half years in March. Judges at the Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh have now cut the term by nine months.
The decision follows an earlier ruling by appeal judges to reduce a seven-and-a-half-year sentence imposed on Stephen Sweeney.
The 27-year-old, from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, was jailed for a shaking attack on a five-week-old baby boy at a holiday village at Dunoon, in Argyll, in September 2013.


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Question: Rangers halved their annual losses to £3.3m and increased turnover during their Championship-winning season.

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But auditor Greig McKnight warned: "In order to continue operations for the next 12 months, the group is dependent upon raising additional finance."
And chairman Dave King reported that: "Further funding may be required during the 2017-18 season."
The annual report reveals turnover rose by almost £6m to £22.2m and losses fell from £7.7m for the year to 30 June.
Rangers have been involved in a dispute with Sports Direct, with the club trying to end their relationship with the retailer run by Rangers shareholder Mike Ashley.
The contract with Rangers Retail Limited reportedly earns the club only four pence from every pound spent on merchandise.
"During the year under review the board secured the much-needed capital to fund the football operating deficit that was necessary to ensure promotion and to repay the Sports Direct loan of £5m," said King.
"Our supporters understand the difficulties that have been overcome and the challenges that still lie ahead and their unwavering loyalty has been the one constant through these years of change.
"This support and backing is vital if Rangers is to regain a position of domestic dominance and re-enter the European arena.
"A vast amount of time and resources have been tied up in dealing with the Sports Direct debacle.
"It remains our hope and belief that a solution to the issues we have with Sports Direct can be found and that this club will once again have a significantly profitable retail arm.
"This is a priority and we are determined to achieve an outcome whereby Rangers is treated with the appropriate levels of respect and value that were absent when the original deals were entered into."
Rangers made 11 summer signings, including recruiting midfielders Joey Barton and Niko Kranjcar.
"Further funding may be required during the 2017-18 season, the quantum of which is dependent on future football performance and European football participation," added King.
"The board of directors has received undertakings from certain investors that they will provide financial support to the group and have satisfied themselves as to the validity of these undertakings and that the individuals have the means and authority to provide such funding as and when it is required."

The club received £1m in transfer income after the sales of Nadir Ciftci, John Souttar and Ryan McGowan.
But United's revenue fell by 21% to £4.61m through reduced prize money and match-day attendance income.
The club say they expect to make £1.5m in cost-savings this season as they bid for promotion from Championship.
Administrative costs rose during the period by more than a third to £1.8m. The board say these were mostly football-related as the club took steps to avoid relegation.
United sacked two managers in that time, parting company with Jackie McNamara and Mixu Paatelainen respectively.
The Terrors are currently second in the Championship table, seven points behind league leaders Hibernian.
A club statement read: "The latest annual accounts show the adverse economic effect of a season of poor football results which led to eventual relegation.
"Revenue dropped by 21% to £4.61m through reduced prize money and the associated drop in match attendance income related to sitting at the foot of the Premiership from October 2015 through to the season end in May 2016.
"Broadcast revenue was also down as the club featured in fewer live televised cup games."


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Question: Luton have signed Huddersfield Town left-back Jack Senior on a two-year deal and Newcastle midfielder Alex Gilliead on loan until 7 January.

Senior, 19, has signed for undisclosed terms after failing to make a first-team appearance for the Terriers.
Gilliead spent last season on loan with League Two side Carlisle, scoring five goals in 41 appearances.
One of the 20-year-old's goals came in the Cumbrians' 4-3 win over the Hatters at Kenilworth Road in November 2015.
"Coming from Newcastle and the north-east and moving south, it's a big move for me, a new challenge," he told the club website.
Luton are currently second in League Two, having won four of their first five league matches.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

Hunt, 32, came through the youth ranks at Bolton and has signed until the end of the season with the option of a further year, for an undisclosed fee.
Binnom-Williams has made two League Cup appearances for Palace and was on loan at Burton earlier this season.
The 20-year old can play at left-back or in the centre of defence.
Hunt, who made 21 appearances for Mansfield after joining the Stags last summer, has also had stints with Bristol City, Preston and Rotherham since leaving Bolton in 2010,
The east London club have also extended the loan deal of Hull winger Calaum Jahraldo-Martin until the end of the season, but defender Cole Kpekawa has been recalled from his spell at the Matchroom Stadium by parent club Queens Park Rangers.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


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Question: Mae arbenigwr ar ddaearyddiaeth iaith wedi dweud wrth raglen Manylu ar BBC Radio Cymru fod angen i Lywodraeth Cymru weithredu mewn ffordd "drawsnewidiol a chwyldroadol", os ydyn nhw am gael unrhyw obaith o gyrraedd eu targed o gael miliwn o siaradwyr Cymraeg erbyn 2050.

Yn ôl yr Athro Rhys Jones, Pennaeth yr Adran Ddaearyddiaeth ym Mhrifysgol Aberystwyth, mae'n rhaid i'r llywodraeth ystyried gwneud "penderfyniadau anodd", gan gynnwys deddfu i newid statws iaith nifer o ysgolion.
"Mae angen ystyried ble mae deddfwriaethu, a gorfodaeth, efallai, yn mynd i orfod digwydd," meddai.
"Bydden i'n tybio bod angen ewyllys wleidyddol gryf i ddatgan, er enghraifft, bod angen newid iaith rhai ysgolion o fod yn ysgol Saesneg i fod yn ysgol cyfrwng Cymraeg.
"Os y'n ni am gyrraedd y nod yma, mae angen rhywbeth newydd i ddigwydd ac mae angen i ni newid, er enghraifft, beth yw statws ysgol."
Dywedodd llefarydd ar ran Llywodraeth Cymru eu bod nhw yn y broses o lywio'r strategaeth iaith derfynol.
Ym marn yr Athro Rhys Jones, mae her enfawr yn wynebu Llywodraeth Cymru.
"Os wnawn ni bethau yn yr un ffordd ag y'n ni wedi gwneud o'r blaen, wel, na, wnawn ni ddim cyrraedd y targed o filiwn o siaradwyr.
"Mae eisiau i rywbeth eitha' trawsnewidiol a chwyldroadol i ddigwydd er mwyn i ni allu cyrraedd y nod."
Mae Manylu hefyd wedi bod yn ymweld ag ardal Llangadog yn Sir Gaerfyrddin, er mwyn gofyn barn trigolion yr ardal am y targed o filiwn o siaradwyr Cymraeg.
Mae'r pentref wedi bod yn un o gadarnleoedd traddodiadol yr iaith yn y sir, a bu Gwynfor Evans - Aelod Seneddol cynta' Plaid Cymru - a'i deulu yn byw yno am ddegawdau.
Er bod 55% o'r trigolion yn dal i siarad Cymraeg, yn ôl Cyfrifiad 2011, roedd y ffigwr 7% yn is nag oedd e' yn 2001.
Mae rhyw 100 o blant yn Ysgol Gynradd Llangadog, a Chymraeg yw iaith addysgu yn yr ysgol.
Ond dyw cynnal yr iaith ddim heb ei heriau, yn ôl y Pennaeth, Aled Rees.
"Yn sicr, ry'n ni wedi gweld mwy o fewnfudo, ac ry'n ni wedi gweld mwy o blant yn dod aton ni o gefndiroedd di-Gymraeg, ac mae hynny'n gosod her."
"Ry'n ni am sicrhau fod pob plentyn yn gwbl rugl yn y Gymraeg a'r Saesneg - yn gwbl ddwyieithog - erbyn eu bod nhw'n gadael ni ym Mlwyddyn Chwech.
"Beth sy'n gwneud pethau'n fwy anodd yw os yw plant yn dod aton ni'n hwyrach - ymhellach i fyny'r ysgol."
Fe wnaeth Chloe ddechrau yn Ysgol Llangadog ym mis Medi 2015.
Roedd hi bron yn naw oed, wedi bod i ysgol cyfrwng Saesneg, a'r teulu'n hanu o Sir Warwick yn Lloegr. Ond nawr mae'n rhugl yn y Gymraeg.
Yn ôl ei mam, Claire, mae wedi ei synnu fod ei merch wedi gallu dysgu'r iaith mor gyflym.
"Roedd hi'n cael gwersi Cymraeg ddwywaith yr wythnos yn Ysgol Llangadog pan ddechreuodd hi yno," meddai.
"Fe gymerodd hi at yr iaith mor rhwydd. Mae'n caru'r iaith, a'r peth gorau wnes i oedd ei hanfon hi i ysgol Gymraeg."
Er bod pennaeth yr ysgol wrth ei fodd gyda'i chynnydd, er mwyn cyrraedd miliwn o siaradwyr Cymraeg erbyn 2050, mae'n rhybuddio na ddylai Llywodraeth Cymru ddibynnu ar frwdfrydedd disgyblion fel Chloe a'u teuluoedd.
"Does dim amheuaeth ei bod hi'n darged uchelgeisiol. Ac ry'n ni'n croesawu hynny achos mae e'n dangos fod y Llywodraeth wir am wneud gwahaniaeth," meddai Mr Rees.
"Ond y tu hwnt i'r ysgolion hefyd, mae angen fframweithiau yn eu lle i sicrhau fod yr iaith yn llewyrchu yn y gymdeithas, a bod hi ddim yn cael ei gweld fel iaith y dosbarth yn unig."
Mewn datganiad dywedodd Llywodraeth Cymru eu bod nhw yn y broses o lywio'r strategaeth iaith derfynol, a fydd yn gosod y cyfeiriad hirdymor i gyrraedd y nod.
Ac mae'n debyg y bydd y strategaeth honno yn cael ei chyhoeddi ym mis Gorffennaf.
"Mae cyrraedd miliwn o siaradwyr yn darged sy'n fwriadol uchelgeisiol," meddai'r llefarydd.
"Mae heriau o'n blaenau ond gallwn wynebu'r rheiny heb os, gan wybod ein bod yn adeiladu ar sylfaen gref."
Manylu am 12:30 ar Radio Cymru ddydd Iau 22 Mehefin a dydd Sul 25 Mehefin am 16:00.Mae'r rhaglen hefyd ar gael ar yr iPlayer

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Yn ystod dadl yn Neuadd San Steffan ar ddyfodol darparwyr newyddion lleol, fe wnaeth Liz Saville Roberts godi pryderon bod toriadau i bapurau bro yn peryglu'r traddodiad o gael gwasg ddwyieithog yng Nghymru.
Daw wrth i'r unig bapur newydd Cymraeg cenedlaethol, Y Cymro, gyhoeddi ei fod yn chwilio am rywun i'w brynu.
Galwodd Ms Saville Roberts, a weithiodd fel newyddiadurwr i bapur y Caernarfon and Denbigh Herald, am fwy o rôl i Lywodraeth Cymru i gefnogi newyddion lleol.
"Rwy'n credu ei bod yn ddyletswydd ar Lywodraeth y DU i gynnal ymchwiliad i ddyfodol y cyfryngau print yng Nghymru, er mwyn asesu lefelau presennol o ddosbarthu a chyflwr cyhoeddiadau cyfredol," meddai.
"Ni allwn adael i'n cyhoeddiadau gau i lawr gan wneud dim am y gwagle difrifol a adewir ar ôl yn ein cymunedau."
Yn ei hapêl i weinidogion, fe aeth AS Dwyfor Meirionnydd ymlaen i restru'r holl bapurau bro yn ei hetholaeth, gan ymddiheuro i'r gwasanaeth sy'n cofnodi popeth sy'n cael ei ddweud yn nhrafodaethau San Steffan, Hansard, am yr enwau anghyfarwydd Cymraeg.