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Provided: ['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details:', "Crowds have gathered in Sydney's Martin Place to honour the victims of the Lindt cafe siege, one year on."] Match: ['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'The city was brought to a standstill on 15 December last year when a gunman held 18 hostages for 17 hours.\nFamily members of victims Tori Johnson and Katrina Dawson were in attendance.\nImages of the floral tributes that filled the city centre in the wake of the siege were projected on to the cafe and surrounding buildings in an emotional twilight ceremony.\nPrime Minister Malcolm Turnbull gave an address saying a "whole nation resolved to answer hatred with love".\n"Testament to the spirit of Australians is that with such unnecessary, thoughtless tragedy, an amazing birth of mateship, unity and love occurs. Proud to be Australian," he said.\nHow the Sydney siege unfolded\nNew South Wales Premier Mike Baird has also announced plans for a permanent memorial to be built into the pavement in Martin Place.\nClear cubes containing flowers will be embedded into the concrete and will shine with specialised lighting.\nIt is a project inspired by the massive floral tributes that were left in the days after the siege.\n"Something remarkable happened here. As a city we were drawn to Martin Place. We came in shock and in sorrow but every step we took was with purpose," he said on Tuesday.'] Hard Negative: ['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'Police said the boy was asked about alleged social media posts, but became threatening and intimidated officers.\nFacebook posts which local media say were written by the boy, who has not been named, defended and praised teen gunman Farhad Jabar\'s actions.\nJabar was shot dead by police after killing police veteran Curtis Cheng.\nNew South Wales Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione on Saturday said Jabar\'s actions were politically motivated and therefore linked to terrorism.\nThe boy detained on Tuesday was taken away in handcuffs for further questioning at Parramatta Police Station.\nHe told the Australian Broadcasting Corp. that police had taken offence to him filming them on his phone as they patrolled outside the school.\nMedia reports said he had written posts on Facebook saying the nearby Merryland police station "is next".\nThe arrest comes as classes resumed for the first time since Friday\'s shooting, and the end of school holidays.\nThe NSW Department of Education is offering counselling to Arthur Phillip High School students and staff.\nPolice accountant Curtis Cheng, 58, was gunned down on the street as he headed home for the long weekend.\nFloral tributes were laid for Mr Cheng outside the New South Wales Police Headquarters over the weekend, which is 300m from Arthur Phillip High, by friends, colleagues and even strangers.']

Question: A man known as the "naked rambler" has been jailed for two-and-a-half years after walking out of prison wearing only his boots and socks.

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Former Royal Marine Stephen Gough, 55, was found guilty by a jury at Winchester Crown Court of breaching an anti-social behaviour order (Asbo).
The order bans him from taking off his clothes in public.
He had refused to put on clothes as he left Winchester Prison after being imprisoned for a previous Asbo breach.
Judge Jane Miller QC suggested moves should be made to find Gough a closed nudist community to live in to prevent the cycle of imprisonment which has seen him jailed for much of the past eight years.
Gough earned his nickname when he completed a naked trek from Land's End to John O'Groats in 2003.
A BBC documentary team followed his journey.
He had previously argued there was nothing intimidating about him appearing "in his natural human state".

Darren Jackson, 51, was serving part of his life sentence at HMP Sudbury when he was reported missing on Tuesday.
Jackson killed Gill Ellis in Burnley in 1984, when he was a teenager, by stamping on her stomach and tearing a main blood vessel to her heart.
He was jailed in March 1986, went on the run in 1997 and was later freed but then recalled to Sudbury Prison.
Ms Ellis, from Burnley, was mugged as she walked across Hargher Clough Recreation Ground on her way home from a Christmas party in 1984, the Lancashire Telegraph reported.
As she lay unconscious, Jackson, also from Burnley, stamped on her stomach - splitting her pancreas and fracturing her ribs, the trial at Manchester Crown Court heard.
The prosecutor said Ms Ellis's liver had "virtually exploded".
Jackson was found guilty of murder and jailed for life.
In 1997, he escaped from HMP Ranby, in Nottinghamshire, and went on the run for three days before giving himself up after he was spotted.
He was released in 2007 - after serving 21 years of his sentence - but was later recalled to Sudbury Prison.
Police have described him as white, 6ft 4ins tall, slim, with short cropped grey hair and a tattoo on his wrist. His last known addresses was in Oldham and Burnley.


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Question: Edward Snowden's bid to guarantee that he would not be extradited to the US if he visited Norway has been rejected by the Norwegian supreme court.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

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The provided query could be "['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'The Parliamentary and Health Ombudsman found the hospital trust and Lambeth Council had failed to share information about "Mr C"\'s next-of-kin in time for them to attend his funeral.\nThe Ombudsman said this had caused Mr C\'s sister "shock and distress".\nThe council and trust have apologised, paying out £650 for distress caused.\nThe Ombudsman found "a series of errors" were made by the trust and the council, including the council\'s loss of an envelope containing documents relating to Mr C\'s financial affairs, letters between him and his family, and the key to his property.\nThe envelope was found behind a cabinet at council premises after Mr C\'s sister, Mrs B, independently learned of her brother\'s death through his GP and contacted the trust.\nThe Ombudsman concluded these oversights denied his family the chance to go to the funeral.\nFollowing the Ombudsman\'s investigation, the trust and council apologised to Mrs B and paid her £650 in recognition of the distress caused and for the loss of opportunity to attend her brother\'s funeral.\nShe received a further £374 to cover the two months when bills were unnecessarily paid by his estate.\nDetails of the case were made public as part of a wider report on complaints about the NHS.\nParliamentary and Health Ombudsman Julie Mellor said: "We are seeing far too many cases where grieving families are not being given answers when they complain to the NHS, forcing them to endure more anguish and distress."\nThe report contains basic details of 40 case studies among the 544 investigations of unresolved complaints the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman finished investigating in April and May 2015.\nA Lambeth Council spokesman said Mr C\'s case involved "a very unfortunate set of circumstances" and the council had since reviewed its processes "to ensure such a situation could not be repeated".\nA spokeswoman for King\'s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust said it had also reviewed its practices.\nThe spokeswoman added: "We would like to apologise wholeheartedly once again to the family involved in this case."']" and the positive "['this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', "A man who died in King's College Hospital was cremated without his family being informed of his death after Lambeth Council lost his records."]"

The former National Security Agency contractor filed the lawsuit in April, attempting to secure safe passage to Norway to pick up a free speech award.
It had already been rejected by Oslo District court and an appeals court.
Mr Snowden is a former NSA analyst who leaked secret US surveillance details three years ago.
As a result, he is facing charges in the US which could put him in prison for up to 30 years.
Mr Snowden's lawyers have previously said if he were extradited to the US, it would be "a foregone conclusion" that he would be convicted and jailed.
Mr Snowden has been living in Russia, out of reach of the US authorities, since the leaks in 2013.
He had hoped to travel to Oslo to receive the Ossietzky Prize, for "outstanding efforts for freedom of expression".
The award was due to be presented earlier this month.
But the Norwegian Supreme Court said it could not rule on the legality of any move to extradite Mr Snowden as the US had so far made no such request.

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The Federal Migration Service confirmed he had completed the relevant paperwork at Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport, where he has been for the past three weeks.
Mr Snowden is wanted by the US for leaking details of government surveillance programmes.
He has no travel documents, so has been unable to take up asylum offers from a number of Latin American states.
"He reached the conclusion that he needs to write an application for temporary asylum, and this procedure has just been done," said Anatoly Kucherena, a lawyer with strong links with the Kremlin who helped Mr Snowden with the paperwork.
"For now he is not going to go anywhere. For now he plans to stay in Russia," he said.
Meanwhile the White House reiterated its position that the fugitive should be expelled and face trial in the US.
By Daniel SandfordBBC News, Moscow
If there is a chance to grant Edward Snowden temporary asylum and then move him on to Latin America before September, that may be the best route for Russia.
But if that proves impossible, President Vladimir Putin will have to make a decision - does he continue to rub salt into America's wounds, or does he encourage Edward Snowden to leave quickly by making it clear that the asylum request is not going to work out.
What is still unclear is the extent to which the Russian intelligence agencies have been able to pump Edward Snowden for information, or even for the secret files themselves.
If they still want the information, there may be a trade-off involved - he gives the Russians what they desire and gets to leave the airport, and they decide that a poorer relationship with the US is the price they will have to pay for Mr Snowden's secrets.
"Mr Snowden should not be allowed to engage in further international travel except as necessary to return to the United States," spokesman Jay Carney said.
"He is not a human rights activist. He is not a dissident. He's accused of leaking classified information."
Mr Kucherena said the fugitive had stated in the application that he faced possible torture and execution if he returned  to the US.
If his application is accepted, he will be free to work and move freely in Russia, said the lawyer.
Russia's Interfax news agency quoted Mr Kucherena as saying he had asked Mr Snowden whether he would observe a request from President Vladimir Putin to not harm US interests if he is able to leave the airport.
"He replied: 'I will observe this condition'," Mr Kucherena told the agency.
Officials said Mr Snowden might be moved to an airport facility for accommodating refugees while his application was being processed, which should take no more than three months.
A presidential spokesman told Interfax that Mr Putin had not yet responded to the asylum request, and that the decision on whether it would be granted was not his to make.
But although the Russian government insists the decision will be made by a relatively junior official, the person in charge will be in no doubt what his boss would like him to do, says the BBC's Daniel Sandford in Moscow.
Who is Edward Snowden?
Where will Snowden end up?
Microsoft's work with NSA revealed
President Putin is clearly aware of the sensitivities involved, and the issue risks overshadowing talks with US President Barack Obama who is due to visit Russia in September, our correspondent adds.
Mr Snowden arrived in Russia on 23 June, having left Hong Kong, from where he had issued his leaks to the media.
He held a news conference at the airport on 12 July, where he said he was seeking asylum in Russia.
He has sent requests for political asylum to at least 21 countries, most of which have turned down his request. However, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela have indicated they could take him in.
But he is unable to leave the transit zone as he currently has no asylum documents or Russian visa, and the US has revoked his passport.
Some European countries are likely to close their airspace to any plane suspected of carrying the fugitive.
Meanwhile on Tuesday groups from across the political spectrum, including gun rights groups, churches and human rights groups filed a lawsuit demanding that the US National Security Agency hand over and destroy all the telephone communication data it has.
The lawsuit alleges the collection of phone records is an "illegal and unconstitutional programme of dragnet electronic surveillance". The US justice department has not commented on the case.
Mr Snowden's leaking of thousands of classified US intelligence documents has led to revelations that the National Security Agency is systematically seizing vast amounts of phone and web data.
The documents have also indicated that both the UK and French intelligence agencies allegedly run similarly vast data collection operations, and the US has been eavesdropping on official EU communications.


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Question: Fulham came from two goals down to beat Reading at Craven Cottage.

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Lucas Piazon gave the visitors an early lead from close range and Orlando Sa doubled the lead soon after half-time.
But Fulham replied with three goals in six minutes as first Ross McCormack showed great skill to volley home.
Moussa Dembele levelled five minutes later, Alexander Kacaniklic completed the turnaround as he finished Dembele's pass before the Frenchman got the fourth midway through the second half.
The victory was Fulham's first win in five games as they moved into the top half of the Championship.
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Reading dominated the first half and took an early lead when Piazon ended a fine move from the Royals. Sa found Matej Vydra, and the on-loan Watford striker threaded a perfect ball into the Brazilian, who finished from five yards for just his second goal in English football.
Nick Blackman, Piazon and Sa all had good chances as Fulham failed to have a shot on target in the first half.
But the game was set alight in seven second-half minutes, with Kit Symons' side turning their fortunes around to get their first home win in a month.
First Sa dispossessed Tom Cairney and brilliantly rolled the ball in off the far post from a tight angle on the right to double the Royals' lead and send them marching towards a fifth win in six league games.
But the home side were sparked into life by record signing McCormack, who flicked the ball up and volleyed past Ali Al-Habsi two minutes later.
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Fulham had to wait five minutes for their equaliser, when Dembele finished from close range after Lasse Vigen Christensen's cross from six yards out, and the French forward helped make it 3-2 just 51 seconds later by providing a lovely through ball for Kacaniklic to slot home.
The victory was completed when Paul McShane's mistake was pounced on by McCormack and his back-heeled pass was tucked away by Dembele to end Reading's five-game unbeaten run in the Championship.
Fulham manager Kit Symons:
"We needed to get a win and we did. I'm a Championship manager and if you win you're all right and if you lose you get booed and your job is under threat. That's how the industry is. It's a really difficult job and that's the nature of it. I'm under no illusions.
"The club are in talks with [Moussa Dembele]. We'd like him to sign a new deal. The reality of it is he is at a football club where he will develop.
"He's far from the finished article - he needs to keep working hard and he knows that."
Reading manager Steve Clarke:
"I was disappointed with the way we conceded the first goal. When you go 2-0 in front you should go on to win the game. We conceded three goals in six minutes and the whole complexion of the game changed in those six minutes.
"I didn't say anything to the players because after a game like that sometimes it's better to say nothing and reflect calmly on the game when you have a better frame of mind.
"You hope it's a one-off. I'd like to think it is if you look at our defensive record. It was rock solid before this so hopefully this is an isolation and we come back into good habits."

However, the draw did extend Chelsea's lead at top of the Premier League to nine points.
Liverpool keeper Mignolet made up for his first-half embarrassment when he was beaten by David Luiz's superb free-kick from 25 yards.
Georginio Wijnaldum's close-range header in the second-half gave Liverpool a draw they fully deserved, ending a run of three home losses in a row.
However, it could have been much better for Chelsea and worse for Liverpool when Costa went to ground 14 minutes from the end.
Referee Mark Clattenburg pointed to the spot but Mignolet dived low to his right to save the Spain striker's spot-kick.
Arsenal 1-2 Watford: Arsenal's Premier League title hopes suffered a huge blow with a shock home defeat as Watford secured their first top-flight win over the Gunners since 1988.
Bournemouth 0-2 Crystal Palace: Crystal Palace finally earned a Premier League victory under Sam Allardyce as goals by Scott Dann and Christian Benteke secured the points against Bournemouth away at a rain-swept Vitality Stadium.
Burnley 1-0 Leicester City: Burnley secured their fifth home Premier League win in a row with victory over Leicester at Turf Moor, thanks to Sam Vokes' late goal.
Middlesbrough 1-1 West Bromwich Albion: Middlesbrough came back from a goal down but were left frustrated as a hard-working West Brom claimed a point at the Riverside Stadium.
Swansea City 2-1 Southampton: Swansea boosted their Premier League survival hopes and secured back-to-back wins for the first time this season with a spirited victory over Southampton.
Sunderland 0-0 Tottenham: Title-chasing Tottenham had to settle for a point at the Stadium of Light as Sunderland climbed off the bottom of the table with a hard-fought draw.


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Question: Rail passengers in south Wales should see services return to normal after a 48-hour First Great Western (FGW) strike ended.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

Strikes started on Wednesday evening, after last-minute talks with the Rail, Maritime and Transport union broke down, and ended at 18:30 BST on Friday.
The dispute was over plans to scrap guards and buffet car services on FGW's new Hitachi Inter City Express trains.
Reduced services were in place during the walkout.

As RMT members continued a 72-hour walkout, which began on New Year's Eve, Govia Thameslink (GTR) said the "door remained open for productive talks".
A spokesman for Southern's parent firm said "the transfer to driver-controlled operation" had almost been completed.
The RMT union said its members remained "rock solid in defence of rail safety".
Train fares rise by an average of 2.3%
Many services across the network have been cancelled during the latest three-day walkout with some routes having no trains at all.
Another strike lasting for six days and involving both the RMT and Aslef unions is set to begin on 9 January.
It will involve train drivers from both unions, with most routes not expected to have any services.
The train drivers' union Aslef is continuing with a ban on overtime, adding to the disruption.
The politics behind the Southern rail dispute
What's the Southern Rail strike about?
How bad have Southern rail services got?


Question: Represent the next text

Question: Australian Treasurer Scott Morrison is set to announce the budget on Tuesday, which will double as the unofficial start of an election campaign.

Small tax cuts and spending on health, infrastructure and education are likely to be part of Tuesday's package.
The cost of these will likely be offset by pension changes and closing tax loopholes for multinational companies.
The budget is expected to form the backbone of the Liberal coalition's manifesto for an election.
Meanwhile Australia's Reserve Bank cut interest rates by 0.25% to a historic low of 1.75% on Tuesday in a bid to fight deflation.
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull has said he will dissolve both houses of parliament after the budget and call an election by 11 May. Australia will almost certainly go to the polls on 2 July.
The opposition Labor party says the reforms - also believed to include a hike in tobacco prices and pension concessions for the wealthy - are too modest and favour the rich. It has been piling on the pressure with a raft of populist policy suggestions, say analysts.
For a moment on Monday, Mr Morrison appeared to forget the date for his own budget, insisting in parliament it was two days away.
He might well be wishing he had 24 hours up his sleeve. A lot is riding on his economic plan, which doubles as the government's pitch to voters. As the official announcement of an early election draws near, the resurgent opposition Labor Party has been piling on pressure with its populist policies.
It appears this year's budget is about two things: neutralising Labor's lines of attack for the election, while emphasising a few key differences that play up the government's economic management credentials.
Of course, there are also the minor issues of setting up Australia's economy for future prosperity and reducing a ballooning deficit.
Five things to watch on Australia's budget day
The budget announcement begins at 19:30 AEST (10:30 GMT) - the treasurer and the prime minister say it will create additional jobs and grow the economy.
The government will create a A$5bn (US$3.8bn; Â£2.6bn) fund for critical infrastructure in cities, Mr Morrison announced on Monday.
There will almost certainly be small cuts in the company tax rate and those earning more than A$80,000 will also benefit as the earning threshold for the second-highest tax bracket is pushed higher.
Additional spending on health and education is also being promised, but at more modest levels than in the opposition Labor party's proposals.
Labor has already announced a number of policies, including a plan to end "negative gearing" tax concessions for property investors buying existing homes that would raise money to pay for its spending.
The government opposes Labor's policy to end negative gearing and says it will cause house prices to crash.

The Labor Party won Saturday's state election with a state-wide swing of more than 2%.
The Coalition government was the first in the state since 1955 to lose office after serving only one term.
The state's former premier, Denis Napthine, has announced that he will stand down as Liberal leader.
Prime Minister Tony Abbott has shrugged off criticism that his government's unpopularity contributed to the Victorian Coalition losing power.
At a press conference on Monday, Mr Abbott said his government had made a positive contribution to Mr Napthine's election chances.
"I am very satisfied that we did what we could for the prosperity of Victoria," he said.
But political analysts said the election result had profound implications for the Liberal Party at upcoming state and federal elections.
Victorian Liberals including former premier Jeff Kennett are pointing the finger at the government for the loss.
Mr Kennett told local media the Abbott government was a "shambles'' and said it was major factor in the defeat of the state government.
He said Mr Napthine should have called the prime minister to account.
"Tony was putting tax on him after tax on him. He wouldn't have done it in [the state of] NSW,'' said Mr Kennett.
The criticism comes as the federal government prepares to release its mid-year budget update, which is expected to be much worse than expected because of factors including falling iron ore prices.
A Deloitte Access Economics study compiled by leading economist Chris Richardson predicts an underlying cash balance in 2014-15 of A$34.7bn ($29.6bn, Â£18.8bn), about A$5bn worse than the government's own official forecast in the May budget.
The government is also having trouble passing key spending austerity measures factored into the budget through a hostile Senate.
It is under increasing pressure to improve a Defence Force pay deal, as parliament enters its final sitting week for the year.
At a press conference on Monday, Mr Abbott backed down on planned cuts to allowances for Defence Force staff.
However, he said there would be no increase to a 1.5% pay rise for defence personnel, which has been criticised for being below inflation.


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Question: A shortage of HIV testing could undermine global efforts to diagnose and treat people with the infection, warn experts from the World Health Organization.

They looked at responses to annual surveys that the WHO had sent to 127 countries between 2012 and 2014 asking about capacity and usage of blood tests that check HIV status and health.
They found worrying gaps in provision.
They warn that United Nation targets for HIV could be missed as a result.
The targets say that by 2020, 90% of all people living with HIV should know their HIV status, 90% of those diagnosed should receive antiretroviral therapy and 90% of these treated patients should have "durable viral suppression" (a measure of effective treatment).
Laboratory testing is vital to meet and monitor these aims.
But Vincent Habiyambere and his colleagues say in the journal PLoS Medicine that some low and middle-income countries, including African countries where the HIV burden is high, are not yet geared up for the challenge.
The surveys were sent to:
• all 47 countries in the WHO African Region
• 33 countries in the WHO Region of the Americas
• all 21 countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
• eight high-burden HIV countries in the WHO European Region
• all 11 countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region
• seven high-burden HIV countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region
Over the three survey years, 55 (43%) countries responded to all three surveys, 35 (28%) to two surveys, 25 (20%) to one survey, and nine (7%) responded to none of the three surveys.
Testing provision did improve over the years, but shortfalls remained in some parts of the world.
Reasons for the gaps in provision included lack of reagents, equipment not being installed or maintained properly and inadequate or absent staff training. In some laboratories, machines were not serviced regularly. In others, machines broke down and were not covered by contracts to be serviced or fixed.
Dr Habiyambere and his team say: "A national laboratory strategic plan to strengthen services must be developed, implemented, and monitored by governments and their national and international partners.
"The focus of the international community, to ensure optimal use of laboratory technologies, should be on those countries where interventions for scaling up access to HIV diagnostic technologies are most needed."
They acknowledge that they did not look at private sector testing and that some countries might rely more heavily on this than others.
In an accompanying editorial, HIV experts Peter Kilmarx and Raiva Simbi say the findings show some programmes may have been "overly focused" on buying equipment without planning for how it would be used and maintained.
In Zimbabwe, for example, only 5.6% of HIV patients on drug treatment in 2015 received regular blood checks to monitor their viral load - far fewer than the goal of 21%.
This was largely down to problems with resource mobilisation and specimen transport as well as equipment procurement, they say.
"Strong leadership, resources, planning, and management are needed to scale up laboratory services," they conclude.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary:

20 July 2016 Last updated at 08:43 BST
Better education, the availability of drugs that fight the spread of the virus and the prevention of HIV transmission to newborn babies have all played a role.
But it is proving stubborn to get rid of.
As South Africa hosts a major HIV-Aids conference, the BBC's Karen Allen has been to one of the country's HIV hot spots in KwaZulu-Natal.


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Question: The Great Manchester Run will go ahead on Sunday following talks over security after the Manchester Arena attack.

Europe's largest 10km run had more than 35,000 runners last year and there will also be a half-marathon this time.
"Manchester is a truly resilient city and we look forward to successfully hosting these great sporting events," said city councillor Luthfur Rahman.
Earlier, Chelsea cancelled their Premier League victory parade, which was due to take place on Sunday.
The club say it would be "inappropriate" with the UK terror threat at its highest level after Monday's bombing killed 22 people and injured 64.
Greater Manchester Police and the city council had already said athletics' Great CityGames could take place in Manchester on Friday evening.
Now they have given the go-ahead for the Great Run, with additional security measures expected to be in force.
Rahman, the council's executive member for culture and leisure, said: "The Great CityGames and Great Manchester Run are two of the real highlights of Manchester's sporting calendar.
"We know that thousands of Mancunians have been looking forward to taking part, or cheering the athletes on, so I am pleased and proud to confirm that these fantastic events will be held as planned this weekend."
Olympic long jump champion Greg Rutherford is among those lined up to take part on Friday, with Sunday's field including Ethiopia's triple Olympic champions Kenenisa Bekele and Tirunesh Dibaba.
Chelsea had planned an open-top bus tour with the trophy and hoped to add the FA Cup in Saturday's final with Arsenal.
The Gunners have also said they will not stage a parade should they win.
A screening of the match at the club's Emirates Stadium has been cancelled and fans will be given refunds.
Chelsea said players will make a donation to a fund supporting victims of the attack and they will wear black armbands for the final at Wembley, with a minute's silence beforehand.
"Everyone associated with Chelsea Football Club offers our heartfelt condolences to those affected by Monday's terror attack in Manchester," said a club statement.
"Our thoughts go out to all the victims and their families and friends."
Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis said the safety of supporters and staff was paramount and the club had been in close contact with the security services.
"After taking their advice we have reluctantly taken the decision to cancel the screening and potential parade," he said.
Spectators at all major events can expect to see more armed police and face longer security checks.
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A rough sleeper who helped victims of the bomb attack is to be given six months' free accommodation by David Sullivan, West Ham United's co-chairman.
Sullivan and his eldest son Dave were moved by reports of a man named Steve who tended to children when the bomb went off at a concert being given by American singer Ariana Grande.
West Ham's joint owner tracked down the homeless man after putting out an appeal on BBC Radio 5 live while his son took to social media.
They are now working out a plan to pay his rent for the next six months, while also providing him with new clothes and opportunities to find work .
"Steve was just one of hundreds of people who forgot about their own safety and rushed to the aid of others, and we were both moved by his story," David Sullivan told 5 live.
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A minute's silence was observed before the Europa League final between Manchester United and Ajax in Stockholm on Wednesday and both wore black armbands.
The opening ceremony was considerably reduced as a mark of respect for the victims.
England and South Africa stood shoulder to shoulder for a minute's silence before the first match of the one-day cricket series at Headingley.
Both teams wore black armbands as they took the field in Leeds, with all 15 members of the England squad lining up on the pitch alongside the tourists and umpires for a sombrely observed silence.
Formula 1 is expected to observe a silence before this weekend's Monaco Grand Prix.
F1's teams, the majority of which are based in Britain, have also agreed to have #Manchester on their cars.
British driver Lewis Hamilton said he would be thinking of the victims.
"I am carrying them in my heart this weekend," said Hamilton. "It is difficult to think about it and it is just crazy to think where we are in the world."
Salford are to waive admission prices for their next rugby league match in return for donations to the appeal fund.
Fans can obtain free tickets for the Red Devils' Super League match against Catalans Dragons at the AJ Bell Stadium on Friday night but will be asked to make a donation in return.
"Like everybody, I was shocked and outraged by the events of Monday night," said Salford owner Dr Marwan Koukash, a Palestinian refugee who became a self-made millionaire after coming to England to study.
Supporters attending this weekend's football play-off finals at Wembley are being urged to arrive at least an hour before kick-off.
Blackpool take on Exeter City in League Two on Sunday while Huddersfield Town face Reading in Monday's Championship match. Both games start at 15:00 BST.
Fans are asked not to bring bags, with extra security in place. A minute's silence will be held before both games, with players and match officials wearing black armbands.
Police Scotland will be reviewing its security, including arrangements for Saturday's Scottish Cup final.
Premiership Rugby said there will be a minute's silence before Saturday's final between Exeter and Wasps at Twickenham.
And in the Women's Super League Manchester City Women's home game against Chelsea Ladies on Thursday night will go ahead after discussions with police. The game, which will kick off at 19:00, is the first professional sports fixture to take place in the city after the attack.
Security around the Indianapolis 500 in the US will be beefed up this weekend. "One thing fans may notice this year, there will be an increased presence of armed law enforcement folks wandering through the grounds," Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Doug Boles said.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

On Monday, 22 people were killed and 64 injured when a bomber detonated a device as people left Grande's show at the 21,000-seater Manchester Arena.
A statement said the US singer's Dangerous Woman tour would be suspended until 7 June.
It added that Grande, 23, wanted to pay "proper respects to those lost".
As well as two dates in London, concerts in Belgium, Poland and Germany have been cancelled.
Grande's management said: "We ask at this time that we all continue to support the city of Manchester and all those families affected by this cowardice and senseless act of violence.
"Our way of life has once again been threatened but we will overcome this together."
After the attack, the singer posted her condolences on Twitter, saying: "Broken. from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words."
The singer returned to her hometown of Boca Raton, Florida, on Tuesday in a private plane. It is hoped that the tour will continue on 7 June in Paris.
Children were among the dead in the Manchester attack, which targeted the foyer of the arena.
Greater Manchester Police said it believed 22-year-old Salman Abedi, a former city student, had blown himself up.
The attack has led to the UK terror threat being raised to critical - its highest level, which means an attack may be imminent.
Police say they are hunting a network of people over the attack, and have made five arrests in the UK.
Refunds will be granted to all ticketholders at the point of purchase for the cancelled shows, tour promoter Live Nation said.
The first victim of Monday's bombing to be named was 18-year-old Georgina Callander, a devoted fan of Grande.
The health and social care student had posted a message to Grande on Twitter before the event, which read: "SO EXCITED TO SEE YOU TOMORROW."
On her Instagram page the Lancashire resident also had a picture with the actor-turned-singer, which had been taken in 2015.
Other public events have been cancelled in London in the wake of the bombing.
Chelsea Football Club cancelled their open-top bus, Premier League victory parade, which was due to take place on Sunday.
The London premiere of the new Wonder Woman film, due for 31 May, has also been cancelled.
Warner Bros said it would not be proceeding with press junkets or a red carpet event "in light of the current situation".


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Question: A 27-year-old man has been shot in the chest in a Liverpool street.

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Merseyside Police said he was found wounded at the junction of Strathcona Road and Picton Road, Wavertree, just after 01:00 BST.
A 29-year-year-old man arrested in connection with the shooting was later released on police bail.
The injured man is in a "serious but stable condition", police said.

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Paul Edward Burns, of no fixed abode, is accused of threatening to kill Edward Gibson, and of disorderly behaviour, during an incident at the Royal Victoria Hospital.
Mr Gibson, 28, was shot in his stomach and thigh in an alleyway beside Divis Tower on Friday.
He died in hospital.


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Question: Five fishermen have been rescued after their boat started sinking off Shetland.

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A lifeboat from Lerwick and the Coastguard helicopter were sent to help the Lerwick-registered Ocean Way, which reported taking on water at 06:50.
As rescuers arrived the fishermen jumped into the sea, less than a minute before the vessel sunk.
The crew were pulled one by one aboard the lifeboat before being taken back ashore to Lerwick.
Alan Tarby, the coxswain of the Lerwick lifeboat, described the rescue. "Just as we got along, the boat started to sink and the boys all jumped off the boat into the water alongside the lifeboat and we sort of fished them into the boat and hoisted them aboard.
"The final moments of the boat were of it sticking out the water. It slid into the water so quickly. It went down within seconds - it was less than a minute from when they decided to jump to when she disappeared."
Mark Rodaway, commander for the UK Coastguard, said: 'This was a difficult rescue in awful weather."
He added: "The lifeboat was finding it hard to get alongside. But I'm pleased to say that all five fishermen were rescued."
A Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) investigation is under way.

An Italian man was winched to safety from rocks by a Royal Navy search and rescue helicopter which was assigned from Prestwick in Scotland.
His French friend was rescued by the coastguard.
Neither man required medical treatment following the incident on Tuesday night.


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Question: Oldham manager John Sheridan was sacked by Notts County for gross misconduct after an "appalling" verbal outburst in which he threatened officials during a defeat by Wycombe, the club says.

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The then County boss was sent off in the home defeat in December for a foul-mouthed rant at the fourth official.
Chairman Alan Hardy said such behaviour would not be tolerated by any employee.
"This is a family friendly club which aims to be a pillar of the local community," he told the club website.
Sheridan was given a five-match touchline ban following the incident and was sacked earlier this month after a 4-0 loss to Cambridge United - the club's ninth successive League Two defeat.
The former Chesterfield, Plymouth and Newport manager, who took over as Latics manager 10 days after leaving Meadow Lane, was dismissed by referee Eddie Ilderton following his outburst during the Wycombe game on 10 December.
In the referee's report, Ilderton said Sheridan repeatedly swore at fourth official Matthew Donohue and also threatened to "knock him out".
Hardy added: "Comments of the type made by Mr Sheridan were utterly appalling and wholly unacceptable, completely undermining the community spirit and focus we are striving to develop here.
"It was our decision to terminate the contract based on what I read in the referee's report regarding the incident.
"In light of the recent disclosure of the referee's report, I thought it appropriate to communicate the exact reasons behind the course of action we took."
Kevin Nolan was appointed as Notts County's new manager on 12 January, the same day Sheridan took charge at Oldham.

Johnson, 27, was arrested on Monday on suspicion of having sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl and later bailed after questioning by police.
Poyet said: "It was a very difficult day yesterday. I never had one like that, very difficult."
Johnson has been suspended by his club pending the investigation's outcome.
Johnson, who has also represented Middlesbrough, Manchester City and England during his career, was arrested before he was scheduled to travel with Sunderland to Hull for Tuesday's Premier League fixture, which ended in a 1-1 draw.
Poyet subsequently had a bust-up with Hull City boss Steve Bruce during the game.
The Sunderland boss was sent off during the match for kicking a drinks holder in reaction to midfielder Jack Rodwell's yellow card and also exchanged words with Bruce.
Bruce later described the confrontation with Poyet as "grown men acting like children".
A spokesman said the Football Association was awaiting the referee's report before deciding if any action would be taken against either manager.


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Question: Rail staff have been threatened and spat at by frustrated passengers following months of delays and cancellations at London Bridge railway station, a union has said.

The assaults and abuse of staff occurred during continuing disruption caused by major engineering works.
The Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union has written to train companies demanding action.
Network Rail said it was looking to make improvements.
Passengers jumped over barriers on 4 March because of serious overcrowding and there were more problems on Monday because of a broken-down freight train.
RMT general secretary Mick Cash said: "It is disgusting that staff charged with crowd control are being threatened, spat on and assaulted with hot coffee.
"We want measures put in place immediately to protect our members from this threatening and abusive behaviour."
One commuter, David from Highgate, told Vanessa Feltz on BBC London 94.9: "You have aggressive time-conscious passengers who are trying to go to work and there are not enough staff."
Rejecting the claim that somebody could be seriously injured in the disruption, Chris Denham, from Network Rail, said: "Although it's very busy and it has been very difficult, safety has been our absolutely priority."
Network Rail and the train companies have held a meeting on site at London Bridge, looking at what further improvements can be made.

Several MPs are to put their concerns to Southern and Network Rail at a transport task force meeting.
Southern was severely criticised before Christmas after passengers faced major delays because of signal faults.
The operator said services had been hit by infrastructure and train problems and staffing issues.
At the time, it apologised "for the level of service" passengers had experienced but said it was "working very hard on the prevention of further issues".
Commuters in the South East have also suffered months of disruption because of rebuilding work at London Bridge.
Conservative Maria Caulfield, who represents Lewes, said the meeting on 18 January would give the region's MPs a chance to question Network Rail and Southern about the situation.
"As it is in the first few weeks of the new year we'll be able to see what improvements they've made."
Ms Caulfield, tweeted that it was "almost quicker to fly to space station by rocket than get home to Lewes by train" the day after British astronaut Tim Peake took six-and-a-half hours to reach the International Space Station.
She told the BBC constituents were missing flights from Gatwick and important meetings because of problems on the network.
Southern services were also branded "an appalling joke" in parliament on 17 December by Labour MP for Streatham Chuka Umunna, and criticised by Reigate's Conservative MP Crispin Blunt.
In May, figures from the Office of Rail and Road revealed a fifth of trains operated by Southern did not meet arrival time targets.


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Question: Jay Z, his wife Beyonce and her sister Solange say they are a "united family" despite a fight seen in a leaked video.

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The video, which was leaked to US celebrity website TMZ, showed Solange lashing out at Jay Z in a lift after the Met Gala on 5 May.
"Jay and Solange each assume their share of responsibility for what has occurred," said a joint statement.
"They both have apologized to each other and we have moved forward as a united family."
The hotel employee who leaked the footage has been identified and dismissed, it emerged on Thursday.
New York's Standard Hotel said it was "shocked and disappointed" by the leak and said it would it would hand over "all available information to criminal authorities".
The employee was dismissed for "breaching the security policies of the hotel and recording the confidential CCTV video," it added.
The three-minute video shows Solange - herself an R&B singer - enter the lift with Jay Z, Beyonce and their entourage.
She then confronts the rapper, whose wife stands by without interfering.
A bodyguard holds Solange back, although she again tries to kick Jay Z. There is no audio on the recording.
The full statement was released by the family to the Associated Press.
It reads:  "As a result of the public release of the elevator security footage from Monday, May 5th, there has been a great deal of speculation about what triggered the unfortunate incident.
"But the most important thing is that our family has worked through it. Jay and Solange each assume their share of responsibility for what has occurred.
"They both acknowledge their role in this private matter that has played out in the public. They both have apologized to each other and we have moved forward as a united family.
"The reports of Solange being intoxicated or displaying erratic behaviour throughout that evening are simply false.
"At the end of the day, families have problems and we're no different. We love each other and above all we are family. We've put this behind us and hope everyone else will do the same."

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"We are incredibly grateful that our family will be growing by two," the pair wrote, and "we thank you for your well wishes".
The post, signed "The Carters", has a photo of Beyonce with a baby bump, wearing lingerie and a veil.
The couple already have a daughter, Blue Ivy, who has just turned five.
Pregnant Beyonce photo mesmerises America
Beyonce has been nominated in nine categories for the 2017 Grammy Awards, extending her lead as the most-nominated woman in Grammys history.
The star, 35, is due to headline the Coachella music festival in southern California in April.
The announcement gave no indication of the babies' due date.
In 2011, Beyonce revealed her pregnancy to fans during the MTV Awards.
She opened her performance of Love On Top by announcing: "I want you to feel the love that's growing inside of me."
During the closing bars of the song, she opened her jacket to reveal her baby bump. The camera then cut to Jay Z, who was being congratulated by Kanye West.
Blue Ivy went on to inspire a song on Beyonce's self-titled album, and appeared several times in last year's Lemonade.
Jay Z revealed in the lyrics to his track Glory that Beyonce suffered a miscarriage before the birth of Blue Ivy.


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Question: Yana Egorian won Russia's second gold medal at Rio 2016 with victory over compatriot Sofiya Velikaya in the women's sabre final.

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The 22-year-old had to come from behind to claim a 15-14 win over Velikaya, 31, the silver medallist from London 2012.
Ukranian Olga Kharlan took bronze with a 15-10 win over France's Manon Brunet.
Fencing governing body the FIE cleared all 16 Russians to compete, after the International Olympic Committee rejected a blanket ban on the country.
The call had come from the World Anti-Doping Agency in the wake of an independent report into state-sponsored doping in the country.
The FIE said it had "re-examined the results from 197 tests taken by Russian athletes in 35 countries, including Russia, between 2014 and 2016" and all were negative.
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Wiebe, 27, beat Kazakhstan's 38-year-old Manyurova 6-0 to add to her gold from the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
She is Canada's second female wrestling Olympic gold medallist, after Carol Huynh's -48kg win at Beijing 2008.
In the bronze-medal bouts, China's Zhang Fengliu beat Belarus' Vasilisa Marzaliuk, and Russia's Ekaterina Bukina saw off Cameroon's Annabel Ali.
The win for Wiebe gave Canada a first wrestling medal of any colour at Rio 2016.
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Question: Jay-Z's digital-only album 4:44 has gone platinum within five days - despite limits on who could access it.

The music was only available on Tidal, the star's own streaming service, and to customers of US mobile firm Sprint.
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) platinum certification, which requires more than one million sales, is rare for digital-only albums.
The RIAA only started counting digital streams last year, with 1,500 plays considered equal to one album sale.
4:44 will reportedly be available on Apple Music and iTunes this week.
Sprint was a significant contributor to 4:44's early success, giving away large numbers of the album to its users for free.
The firm is a major shareholder in Tidal, which launched in March 2015.
It is not the first time Jay-Z, whose real name is Shawn Carter, has partnered with a phone company to generate a sales splash.
His 2013 limited-release album Magna Carta Holy Grail, which was initially only made available to some Samsung users, also went platinum.
On the face of it, this is hugely impressive. In the space of five days, Jay-Z has sold more than one million copies of 4:44 in the US - instantly giving him the sixth biggest-selling album of the year.
His first-week sales are now expected to double those of Kendrick Lamar's Damn! - previously the year's fastest-selling album, shifting 603,000 copies back in April.
But then Variety magazine noticed something odd: The photograph of Jay-Z receiving his platinum award was taken before 4:44 was released.
How could the RIAA be so sure he'd pass the sales barrier? Well, it turns out that Jay-Z had done a deal with mobile company Sprint (a major shareholder in his streaming company Tidal), who gave away copies of the album to their subscribers.
Crucially, they paid for each of those copies, making every "free" album chart-eligible. But the RIAA rules state that the wholesale price of the album only needs to be $2 (£1.55) to register as a sale - so Sprint probably paid Jay-Z less than it would cost to air an advert during the Super Bowl (up to $3.8 million for 30 seconds).
Jay-Z has generated a lot of buzz with the 10-track album, which addresses racial politics and appears to confirm that his mother is "in a same-sex relationship".
On the title track, the star responds to Beyonce's Lemonade album - which appeared to chart a breakdown in her marriage to Jay-Z - and apologises for cheating.
"Look, I apologize, often womanize," he raps. "Took me too long for this song / You mature faster than me, I wasn't ready."
The American rapper has been looking to translate his chart success to his music streaming venture Tidal.
Jay-Z has had 13 solo platinum albums, which his label Roc Nation says is more than any other hip-hop artist.
Last year Tidal said it had three million subscribers but some have questioned the accuracy of those numbers.
Spotify, which now has more than 140 million active monthly users, remains the market leader but has yet to turn a profit.
The number of subscribers paying for its premium service, which does not have advertising, rose by 20 million in 2016 to 48 million.
Apple Music, a key competitor, has doubled its number of subscribers over the last year to 27 million. Unlike Spotify it does not offer a free tier.

Die With You is a simple ballad, which the superstar performs alone, seated behind a black baby grand piano.
"I wake up just to sleep with you," she sings to the cameraman who, at the end of the video, is revealed to be her husband, Jay Z.
The couple celebrate their seventh anniversary this weekend.
Both of them are co-owners in Tidal, which was relaunched last week in a star-studded New York ceremony.
Artists including Arcade Fire, Daft Punk, Jack White, Kanye West, Madonna, Rihanna and Usher all appeared at the event, signing a declaration that promised to "re-establish the value of music" and protect "the sustainability of the music industry".
The paid-for service pitches itself as "the first artist-owned global music and entertainment platform" and promises musicians a greater share of royalties when their music is streamed on the site.
Key to attracting consumers away from rivals like Spotify, Deezer and Rdio is the promise of exclusive content, of which the Beyonce track is the first high-profile example.
Other exclusives include footage of The White Stripes' first ever TV appearance, on Detroit public television, and Daft Punk's feature film Electroma.
Beyonce's shook up the music industry in 2014 when she released her fifth album on iTunes overnight.
The "stealth release" strategy broke iTunes sales records - in just 48 hours, it sold 68,000 copies in the UK, charting at number five in its debut week.
Several artists, including Kendrick Lamar, Drake and U2, have since released "surprise" albums.


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Question: The SNP's attempt to be made the official opposition at Westminster has been rejected by the Speaker of the House of Commons.

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The Scottish National Party had argued that its Commons leader enjoyed the support of more MPs than Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn.
There are currently 54 SNP MPs but only 40 of Labour's 229 MPs expressed support for Mr Corbyn on Tuesday.
Speaker John Bercow said he had sought expert advice.
He said Labour "currently constitutes" the official opposition and its leader is recognised by the Speaker "for statutory and parliamentary purposes" as the leader of the opposition.
Mr Bercow was replying to a point of order raised by SNP MP Pete Wishart, who told the Speaker that Labour had lost two-thirds of its shadow cabinet and its leader no longer commanded the majority of his backbench MPs.
The SNP MP said: "It can now longer provide shadows for large departments of State. It is in clearly in no shape to assume power and meet these key responsibilities and obligations as outlined in Erskine May (the parliamentary rulebook)."
The SNP said it would be able to fill all of the relevant shadow posts to the government.
Mr Corbyn has still not appointed a shadow Scottish secretary.
The previous incumbent, Ian Murray, has not been replaced after becoming one of more than 20 members of Labour's shadow cabinet to quit earlier this week in an effort to force Mr Corbyn to resign.
Mr Corbyn subsequently lost a vote of no confidence by 172 votes to 40 but said the ballot had "no constitutional legitimacy" and that he would not "betray" the members who voted for him by resigning.
His allies have challenged Mr Corbyn's critics to trigger a formal leadership contest if they want to replace him.
Earlier, Labour's shadow chancellor John McDonnell - who has remained loyal to Mr Corbyn - said the SNP would "always play a few stunts and you can't blame them for that".
The SNP won 56 seats at last May's election, but Michelle Thomson and Natalie McGarry have since withdrawn from the party whip amid police investigations.

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Mr Bercow said this week he would be "strongly opposed" to US President Donald Trump addressing Parliament, accusing him of "racism and sexism".
James Duddridge said Mr Bercow had "overstepped the mark" although he did not expect his motion to be debated.
The Speaker is the highest authority of the House of Commons and is expected to remain politically impartial.
Who is John Bercow?
Mr Duddridge told the BBC: "I've done this because Speaker Bercow for a long time has been overstepping the mark and with his comments on the state visit [of President Trump] he has clearly expressed views.
"That is not the role of the Speaker, and it is impossible for him to chair debates as Speaker adjudicating on things he has expressed a view on.
"I've tabled a motion to the House of Commons. I expect over the week of recess for people to be supporting that but they can't actually sign it until the first day back.
"But to be frank, I think there's a very real possibility that once the level of discontent is known and Speaker Bercow sees the writing is on the wall he will go of his own accord."
BBC Parliamentary correspondent Mark D'Arcy said other senior backbenchers doubt that Mr Duddridge's tactics would work.
He said Mr Bercow has a reservoir of support on the backbenches - particularly among pro-Brexit Conservative backbenchers - and was seen to have enabled MPs to challenge the government far more effectively.
Mr Duddridge, Conservative MP for Rochford and Southend East, had already written to the prime minister, asking for MPs to be given a free vote if there was a vote of no confidence in the Speaker.
Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke tweeted on Thursday that he disagreed with President Trump's executive order barring migrants from seven countries but added: "John Bercow has politicised the office of Speaker and his position is untenable."
But fellow Conservative Claire Perry said on BBC One's Question Time: "I think for us to try and remove a speaker over something that he said would be really rather drastic. He's entitled to his opinions, perhaps he just shouldn't have addressed them on this particular issue."
Meanwhile an early day motion calling for officials to withhold permission for Mr Trump to address Parliament, has now been signed by 204 MPs - largely from the Labour Party.
That motion was sponsored by the Labour MP Stephen Doughty - whose point of order about it on Monday prompted Mr Bercow's initial comments.
President Trump has accepted an invitation from the Queen for a state visit to the UK, which can include an address to both Houses of Parliament, later this year.
However, responding to a point of order in the Commons on Monday, Mr Bercow said he was opposed to Mr Trump speaking to MPs and peers saying it was "not an automatic right", but an "earned honour", to applause from Labour and SNP MPs.
He has since said it was time "to move on to other matters".
In March 2015 a bid to change the rules on electing Commons speakers - which was seen by some as a bid by the Tory leadership to oust Mr Bercow - was defeated by 228 votes to 202.
Mr Bercow is one of three "key holders" to Westminster Hall - where Mr Trump's predecessor Barack Obama spoke in 2011 - along with the Speaker of the House of Lords, Lord Fowler, and the Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary peer in charge of certain parts of the Palace of Westminster.
All three must agree in order for an address to take place there.
No date for Mr Trump's visit has been announced.


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Question: A man who tried to murder his pregnant girlfriend in a "horrifying" street attack has been jailed for 18 years.

Babur Karamat Raja, 41, repeatedly stabbed Natalie Queiroz in Sutton Coldfield town centre on 4 March.
A court heard the 40-year-old and her child were ultimately saved by the intervention of four passers-by.
Raja carried out the attack, his barrister said, because his mother "literally drove him mad" through her disapproval of the relationship.
Birmingham Crown Court was told that Raja stabbed Ms Queiroz, who was eight months pregnant, after being forced to choose between his conservative Muslim mother's faith and the "love of his life".
The court heard that Ms Queiroz's breast implants "were probably what saved her life" during the frenzied assault.
Prosecuting barrister Benjamin Aina QC also said that had Raja plunged his knife just 2mm further into the abdomen of his helpless victim "it would have killed the (unborn) baby".
The court heard the child was born unharmed and was doing well.
Jane Humphryes QC said in mitigation that Raja's family turmoil "tipped him over the edge", leading to a temporary mental illness or "adjustment disorder", leaving him with little memory of what he had done.
She said: "His mother had not been happy he was in a relationship with a white woman, and told him he must leave her or she would not be in contact."
Ms Humphryes added: "This man of impeccable character is driven literally to distraction, forced by his own mother to choose between her and his chosen partner and their unborn baby."
In a victim impact statement read to the court, Ms Queiroz said: "I am destroyed, I feel deceived and betrayed. I cry every single day.
She said there were "dark days", adding: "I find it difficult not to be in constant fear."
Raja apologised to his victim in a letter to the judge and to those he injured as they tried to help her.
Sentencing Raja for his "merciless" assault on Ms Queiroz, Judge Simon Drew QC said: "Once you chose your mother over your partner and child, you resolved not only to terminate your relationship, but to terminate them."
In a statement released following the sentencing, Ms Queiroz said: "As far as myself, our families and all our friends were concerned, Bobby and I had an exceptionally happy and loving relationship, living together and looking forward to the birth of our child - a child which he very much wanted right from the start of our relationship.
"The attack he committed on me was completely unprovoked and totally unexpected. Luckily I was saved and my baby was born alive.
"I want to take this opportunity to give my heartfelt thanks and pay tribute to the courageous people who came to the aid of myself and my unborn child, along with the West Midlands Police officers who were at the scene, the paramedics, the crew of the Midlands Air Ambulance and the staff at both the Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Birmingham Women's Hospital, without all of whom (my child) and I would not have survived."
Raja pleaded guilty last month to attempted murder and also admitted a charge of attempted child destruction, possession of a knife in public and the wounding and assault of two passers-by.

Stuart Thomas stabbed hairdresser Katrina O'Hara twice in the chest with a large kitchen knife at her salon in Blandford Forum, Dorset, on 7 January.
The jury had heard Thomas, 49, had been arrested days before for harassing Ms O'Hara, 44.
He was convicted of murder and jailed for life with a minimum of 26 years.


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Question: Scientists have transformed the humble spinach plant into a bomb detector.

By embedding tiny tubes in the plants' leaves, they can be made to pick up chemicals called nitro-aromatics, which are found in landmines and other buried munitions.
Real-time information can then be wirelessly relayed to a handheld device.
The MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) work is published in the journal Nature Materials.
The scientists implanted nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (tiny cylinders of carbon) into the leaves of the spinach plant.
They then delivered the nitro-aromatics into the water taken up by the roots and directly to the leaves in droplets. It takes about 10 minutes for the spinach to take up the water via the roots into the leaves.
To read the signal, the researchers shine a laser onto the leaf, prompting the embedded nanotubes to emit near-infrared fluorescent light.
This can be detected with a small infrared camera connected to a small, cheap Raspberry Pi computer. The signal can also be detected with a smartphone by removing the infrared filter most have.
Co-author Prof Michael Strano, from MIT in Cambridge, US, said the work was an important proof of principle.
"Our paper outlines how one could engineer plants like this to detect virtually anything," he told the BBC News website.
Prof Strano's lab has previously developed carbon nanotubes that can be used as sensors to detect hydrogen peroxide, TNT, and the nerve gas sarin.
When the target molecule binds to a polymer material wrapped around the nanotube, it changes the way it glows.
"The plants could be use for defence applications, but also to monitor public spaces for terrorism related activities, since we show both water and airborne detection," said Prof Strano.
"Such plants could be used to monitor groundwater seepage from buried munitions or waste that contains nitro-aromatics."
Using the set-up described in the paper, the researchers can pick up a signal from about 1m away from the plant, and they are now working on increasing that distance.
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They say heat-generating "tattoos" will enable them to be guided into dangerous or remote areas via remote control
Neural signals from the locust's brain will then be processed by an on-board low-power processing chip that will decode the information and send a wireless alert back to the authorities.
And the result will appear on a simple LED: red for present, green for absent.
Baranidharan Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering in the School of Engineering and Applied Science Washington University, has studied the way locusts smell for several years.
And the Office of Naval Research in the US has now given him a $750,000 (Â£565,000) grant to continue his research.
Olfaction, better known as the ability to smell, is considered a primary sensory quality in insects whereas it is more of an aesthetic sense for humans, according to Prof Raman.
But locusts have a similar sense of smell to humans in that they can identify a particular smell even when it is mixed in with other odours.
Prof Raman said they had "robotic noses" that could be trained to pinpoint and recall a smell such as dangerous chemicals.
He told the BBC: "It took only a few hundred milliseconds for the locust's brain to begin tracking a novel odour introduced in its surroundings. The locusts are processing chemical cues in an extremely rapid fashion.
"Even the state-of-the-art miniaturised chemical-sensing devices have a handful of sensors. On the other hand, if you look at the insect antennae, where their chemical sensors are located, there are several hundreds of thousands of sensors and of a variety of types," he said.
Meanwhile, Srikanth Singamaneni, associate professor of materials science, who specialises in nanomaterials, will be creating a plasmonic "tattoo" made of a biocompatible silk that will be applied to the locusts' wings to generate mild heat and help steer them towards particular locations by remote control.
The tattoos will also be able to collect samples of volatile organic compounds in their proximity for other testing methods.
Prof Raman estimates the prototype will be ready for rigorous testing in a year and if successful the locusts could be ready in less than two years.
He also believes this new sensor technology could help to detect medical conditions in humans that are currently diagnosed by smell.


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Question: The chief of police in Haryana has appealed for any leads after reports that at least 10 women were raped during the recent caste protests in the northern Indian state.

Director General of Police YP Singhal said the police would take action if they received any information.
At least 30 people died and vehicles, shops and buildings were damaged.
The demonstrators were mostly from the Jat community who were protesting against India's caste quota system.
What is India's caste system?
Why India's farm communities are angry
At the scene: Defiant India protesters stand ground in Haryana
They say it puts them at a disadvantage in government jobs and at state-run educational institutes.
The Jats are currently listed as upper caste but want job quotas similar to those granted to lower castes.
"We can't confirm reports of any rapes, but we will take action if we receive any complaints," Mr Singhal told a press conference on Friday.
"We are willing to investigate but we need information," he said, asking those who had any leads to come forward.
A newspaper report on Wednesday said rioters set fire to dozens of cars on a highway connecting Haryana to Delhi during the protests, forcing their occupants to flee. The rioters then stripped and raped 10 women in the nearby fields, it added.
News television channels showed images of clothes strewn along the highway and media reports quoted local people as saying there were reports of large-scale atrocities.
Media reports alleged the police and administration authorities had advised the victims to not register any complaint to "save their honour" - charges denied by senior police and administration officials.
On Wednesday, the Punjab and Haryana High Court asked the state government to investigate the allegations.
On Thursday, the high court said the victims could directly lodge complaints with the chief judicial magistrate if they did not want to go to the police.
Large-scale violence began in Haryana on 19 February and for the next few days, members of the Jat community went on the rampage, setting fire to vehicles, shops and building belonging to non-Jats.
Demonstrations were also held in Delhi, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Overland transport links to Haryana were brought to a halt by the protests, despite a curfew and the deployment of the army.
More than 10 million people in the capital, Delhi, had to go without water after the protesters also sabotaged a key canal supplying water to the city.
The protests were called off on Monday after Jat leaders accepted a government offer.
State authorities say the situation is now under control, all roads have been secured and the violence has subsided.

Police said the couple were murdered by an upper caste grocer on Thursday when they told him they needed time to pay for biscuits they had bought from him.
The grocer has been arrested.
Dalits, formerly known as untouchables, form the lowest rung of India's caste hierarchy.
Police told the Press Trust of India news agency the incident took place in Mainpuri district early on Thursday as the couple were on their way to work.
They were stopped by Ashok Mishra,  the owner of a village grocery, who demanded that the couple pay the money for three packets of biscuits that they had bought for their three children a few days ago, reports say.
The couple reportedly told him they would pay after they received their daily wages later in the evening.
"While Mishra kept shouting for the money, the couple started walking towards the fields. Mishra then ran to his house nearby and returned with an axe. He hacked Bharat repeatedly and then attacked Mamta who was trying to rescue her husband. The couple died on the spot," Nadeem, a local villager, told The Indian Express newspaper.
The Dalit community in the village have blocked roads and protested over the incident.
Earlier this month four low-caste Dalit men were assaulted by cow protection vigilantes while trying to skin a dead cow in western Gujarat state.
Many Hindus consider cows sacred and the slaughter of the animal is banned in many Indian states.
In March, a Dalit man was murdered for marrying a woman from a higher caste in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.
The woman's father handed himself in and admitted to carrying out the attack on a busy road in daylight, police said.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: Ospreys and Wales prop Paul James faces a spell on the sidelines after the loose-head underwent eye surgery.

The 33-year-old joins Wales forwards Alun Wyn Jones and Justin Tupuric on the Ospreys injured list.
James captained Ospreys in their Pro 12 defeat by Scarlets but was referred to an eye specialist after a problem was picked up following Saturday's game.
"We'll continue to consult with the specialist," said Ospreys medical performance manager Chris Towers.
"Paul had an operation on Thursday. We are still awaiting further details of his after-care.
"As part of Paul's routine post-match medical check on Saturday, the doctor identified an eye problem and referred him to a specialist for consultation.
"His advice was that surgery was required to prevent the issue worsening."

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Back-row Henderson has a hamstring tear while wing Bowe is recovering from a serious knee injury.
Rob Herring (hamstring), Paul Marshall and Alan O'Connor (both illness) are available to face Zebre on Friday.
Nick Williams (shoulder), Luke Marshall (ankle) and Ian Humphreys (hip/back) could also return against the Italians as Ulster's injury woes begin to ease.
The trio are rated doubtful but Sammy Arnold will be sidelined for up to three weeks because of a "low grade" hamstring tear.
Dan Tuohy will have exploratory surgery on a "significant" ankle fracture before a date is determined for his return.
Wiehahn Herbst will have a further assessment on a toe injury while Willie Faloon is set to see a specialist for a prognosis on a chronic foot injury.
The return of Ireland internationals Henderson and Bowe would be a massive boost for an Ulster side sitting fourth in the Pro12 standings.


Question:
represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details!
E.g. "['represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'Widnes are still without a win in the 2017 Super League season after Albert Kelly scored two tries for Hull FC.']" == "['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'Aaron Heremaia\'s fourth-minute try was the only time the visitors were ahead and Hull led by six points at the break thanks to Kelly and Mahe Fonua.\nDanny Houghton, Jamie Shaul and Kelly\'s second try of the night saw the hosts move up to second in the table.\nLloyd White ran in a late consolation for Widnes but they have now lost four of their opening five matches.\nHull move level on points with leaders Castleford who travel to Salford on Sunday.\nThe visitors went in front when Heremaia threw a dummy to open up the Hull defence and go over, while White added the extras.\nBut Hull hit straight back as a Marc Sneyd\'s cross-field kick was caught by Fonua, who set up Kelly to score.\nFonua dived in for his first try of the season following a pass by Kelly as the home side led 14-6 at the break.\nHull scored two tries in three minutes when Houghton pounced on Sneyd\'s kick-through, before Mark Minichiello\'s break down the left freed Shaul to go over.\nSneyd added the extras on both occasions to go with the six points he scored in the first half.\nTwo minutes later, Minichiello was held up but Kelly powered over after a smart dummy and Sneyd put over the conversion.\nWhite converted his own try with eight minutes remaining, but it was too little too late for winless Widnes.\nHull coach Lee Radford:\n"First and foremost I\'m pleased with the result. How we started the second half went a long way towards dictating the scoreline.\n"I\'m pleased with the way we went about our business. There was some fluency in what we did, which I said would come.\n"It sets us up nicely for the fixture next week. Wigan at Wigan is a tough fixture and it\'s one we\'re looking forward to."\nWidnes coach Denis Betts:\n"We keep giving sides 18 points by rolling over in patches in the game. We are making it easy for sides.\n"We were up against a side running pretty hot with threats from all over the field, but I felt we handled them well for big patches of the game.\n"We went toe to toe with them in the first half, which shows we\'re not far off but then we hit a patch and look like a side that looks like it doesn\'t know what it\'s doing."\nHull: Shaul, Fonua, Tuimavave, Griffin, Michaels, Kelly, Sneyd, Taylor, Houghton, Bowden, Manu, Minichiello, Thompson.\nReplacements: Connor, Ellis, Green, Washbrook.\nWidnes: Thompson, Marsh, Bridge, Armstrong, Runciman, Heremaia, Craven, J. Chapelhow, White, Buchanan, Houston, Whitley, Cahill.\nReplacements: T. Chapelhow, Leuluai, Olbison, Johnstone.\nReferee: Chris Campbell (RFL).']" != "['represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.', "The Broncos needed to better Salford's result at Batley to keep their hopes of a Super League return alive, but the Red Devils won 42-14 to finish fifth.\nRhys Williams scored three of London's nine tries against Featherstone, who lost all seven games in the Qualifiers.\nBoth clubs will play in the Championship again in 2017."]"

Question: Homeowners living in high flood-risk areas of the UK should now be able to save hundreds of pounds on their insurance premiums.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

A new scheme called Flood Re has been designed to cut bills for those whose homes are in danger of flooding.
Up to now, thousands of householders have been paying large additional premiums to make sure their homes and possessions are protected.
About 350,000 homes could benefit - although thousands will be excluded.
The cost will ultimately fall on ordinary policy-holders, who will pay an extra Â£10.50 on their premiums on average.
As many as 15,000 homeowners made insurance claims for storm and flood damage last winter.
Insurance companies should now be able to lower premiums, as they can pass on the flood risk element of policies to the reinsurer Flood Re.
Householders who are eligible will also see their policy excesses - the amount they have to pay towards a claim - capped at Â£250. Previously, some people had to pay several thousand pounds towards repairs.
However, houses built since 2009 will not be covered by the scheme. This was done to discourage developers from building on land at risk of flooding.
Businesses are also excluded, as are landlords who take out insurance policies on homes they do not occupy themselves.
The scheme has also been criticised by a group of climate change experts, who said it did not offer good value for money.
"It achieves very poor value for money because it is trying to subsidise the costs of flooding, rather than addressing the causes and trying to prevent flooding in the first place," said Daniel Johns, head of adaptation on the Climate Change Committee (CCC).
Initially 17 insurance companies are taking part in the scheme.  If necessary, they can pass on any flood risk to Flood Re, which has been funded by the insurance industry as a whole.
Its costs will be covered by an industry levy of Â£180m a year. Most insurance companies are expected to pass on that cost to their customers, raising average bills by around 2%.
But Brendan McCafferty, chief executive of Flood Re, said flood-risk consumers should benefit from greater choice and more competition.
"This should make flood cover more affordable and accessible to those in high flood risk areas over time," he said.
However, consumers will not need to contact Flood Re directly, as this will be done by existing insurance companies.
Shira Kimmerling, whose home in Hebden Bridge was flooded on Boxing Day 2015, was previously unable to afford insurance.
But she told the BBC that, under the Flood Re scheme, she would now be able to pay for cover.
"I think it's wonderful news," she told the Today programme on Radio 4.
"But after all, it's not a very sustainable and cost-effective plan in the long term. We need to invest in flood resilience."
Those who have already taken out household policies are being advised by the Association of British Insurers (ABI) to talk to their providers.
If they want to switch to a cheaper policy, they should ask if it is possible to avoid cancellation charges.
But the ABI also said there was no rush to change policies immediately.
One of the firms taking part, Axa Insurance, said it would embark upon a proactive contact campaign "to ensure that the impact of Flood Re for the most exposed is felt as soon as possible".

Typical cases will include broken garden fences, dislodged roofing tiles and minor damage to cars hit by debris.
Insurers say they should be able to deal with all the calls fairly easily, as they are used to this type of weather "event".
"Their first priority will be to work as quickly as possible to deal with claims, and help customers recover," said Mark Shepherd, a policy adviser to the Association of British Insurers (ABI).
Should I contact my insurer immediately, or wait for a couple of days?
Insurers advise that you should contact them as soon as possible. Most companies offer a 24 hour emergency helpline. But it is important that serious damage is inspected as soon as possible.
Am I covered for storm damage?
Most household, business and and comprehensive motor policies cover both flood and storm damage. If damage is serious, and you need to move out of your home temporarily, most policies will cover the cost up to a specified limit. Typically you can spend up to 20% of the total insured value to cover alternative accommodation and heating costs.
Can I arrange for repair work to be done immediately?
If work needs to be done to stop further damage occurring, you can go ahead and get the repair work done. But keep receipts. Photos are also a good idea.
Who will assess the damage?
If the damage is serious enough, your insurance company will appoint a loss adjuster. He or she is independent of the insurance company, but paid by it. A loss adjuster should contact you within 24 hours, and visit your home within three days. But bear in mind that many loss adjusters will be extremely busy for the next few weeks. The loss adjuster will give you a timetable for the repair work, and tell you who will be doing it.
Should I appoint my own loss adjuster?
If you decide to appoint your own, you will have to cover the costs yourself. The insurance company will not pay. So be certain to ask for their charges before you hire them. And remember that the insurer's own loss adjuster may have a different opinion to yours.
If a roof tile comes off, and causes damage to somebody else's property, am I covered?
Most buildings insurance policies contain liability cover, up to a certain amount. Individuals are advised to contact their insurance company for further advice.
Will insurance premiums go up as a result of this storm?
Insurance companies say they are not expecting premiums to go up "across the board" as a result of the St Jude storm. But anyone making a claim may lose their no claims discount next year, and so may have to pay a higher charge.
How much will this storm cost insurance companies?
It is still too early to say. The great storm of October 1987 cost insurance companies £2bn in today's money. But floods in the summer of 2007 cost more than that: £3bn.


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Question: A chronology of key events

1993 January - Independence after Czechoslovakia splits. Parliament elects Michal Kovac of the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (MDS) president. Vladimir Meciar, also of the MDS, is prime minister in coalition government.
Site was originally inhabited by Celts, Romans
1994 March - New coalition led by Jozef Moravcik of Democratic Union of Slovakia formed following no-confidence vote in Meciar government.
1994 December - Meciar heads another coalition following new elections.
1995 March - Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Hungary signed, guaranteeing the existing border and ethnic minority rights.
1995 November - New law restricting official use of any language other than Slovak gives rise to international condemnation.
1998 March - Constitutional stalemate as President Kovac ends term and parliament fails to agree on a successor. Prime Minister Meciar assumes presidential powers, prompting protest demonstrations and EU condemnation. He takes the opportunity to dismiss nearly half the country's ambassadors and overturn several Kovac decisions.
1998 June - Decision to start up first reactor at Mochovce nuclear plant not far from Austrian border angers Vienna.
1998 September/October - Meciar loses premiership following elections. Mikulas Dzurinda, heads new coalition, pledges to strengthen democracy and put Slovakia back on the road to European integration.
Vladimir Meciar pursued a populist, nationalist agenda as prime minister
Strongman of Slovak politics
1999 January - Parliament ends nearly a year of constitutional crisis by passing a new law allowing for president to be directly elected by the people.
1999 May - Pro-Western candidate Rudolf Schuster wins country's first direct presidential elections.
1999 July - Parliament approves law to improve the status of minority languages.
2001 February - Parliament approves far reaching changes to the country's constitution, a key step towards gaining membership of the EU and Nato. The new constitution decentralises power in Slovakia, increases the authority of the state audit office, strengthens the independence of the judiciary and gives greater recognition to minority rights.
2002 January - Eight new regional parliaments created under amended constitution, one of the key requirements for EU entry.
2002 September - Mikulas Dzurinda wins second term as premier in a centre-right coalition government.
2002 December - EU summit in Copenhagen formally invites Slovakia to join in 2004.
2003 May - Slovaks vote in referendum in favour of EU membership. Turnout is just over the required 50 per cent.
2004 February - Police and troops brought in to end rioting by Romany population protesting against cuts in benefits in parts of eastern Slovakia.
2004 March - Slovakia admitted to Nato.
2004 April - Ivan Gasparovic elected president, defeating former Prime Minister Meciar in second round of voting.
2004 May - Slovakia is one of 10 new states to join the EU.
2005 May - Parliament ratifies EU constitution.
2005 November - Slovakia joins European Exchange Rate Mechanism, a significant step on the way to membership of the eurozone.
2006 January - Slovak military plane crashes in Hungary, killing 42 people.
2006 April - Floods as Danube bursts banks.
Court intervenes to end strike by doctors and nurses over pay and sell-offs in the healthcare sector.
2006 June-July - Left-wing opposition leader Robert Fico becomes prime minister in a coalition government with Vladimir Meciar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia and a right-wing party.
2006 October - Robert Fico announces withdrawal of Slovakia's troops in Iraq by the end of 2007.
Mikulas Dzurinda, prime minister between 1998 and 2006
Slovakia's running prime minister
2007 November - Scandal involving land deals leads to firing of Farm Minister Miroslav Jurena and plunges the three-party ruling coalition into crisis.
Police seize enriched uranium that could be used for a ''dirty bomb'' and arrest two Hungarians and a Ukrainian.
2007 December - Slovakia withdraws its last troops from Iraq.
2008 July - EU gives formal approval for Slovakia to adopt the euro in January 2009.
2009 January - Slovakia adopts the euro.
2009 April - Ivan Gasparovic becomes first Slovak president to win re-election, defeating centre-right challenger Iveta Radicova in the second round of voting.
2009 July - Slovak parliament passes new language law allowing fines to be imposed for using a minority language in government buildings. Hungary condemns new law, saying it discriminates against Slovakia's Hungarian minority.
2010 March - President Gasparovic vetoes controversial patriotism law due to come into force on 1 April. The law would require schools to display symbols of Slovak statehood in every classroom and to play the national anthem every Monday morning.
2010 May - Slovakia protests at Hungarian parliament's decision to allow ethnic Hungarians living abroad to apply for Hungarian citizenship. It retaliates by threatening to strip any Slovak who applies for dual nationality of their Slovak citizenship.
2010 July - Iveta Radicova of the SDKU-DS party appointed prime minister at the head of a four-party centre-right government following parliamentary elections in June.
2011 October - Ruling coalition collapses when one of the four governing parties refuses to back Slovak ratification of an expanded eurozone bailout fund.
Two days later, parliament ratifies the eurozone bailout plan after the government agrees to hold an early general election in March 2012.
2011 December - Leaked secret service wiretap reports nicknamed "the gorilla files" point to shady deals between centre-right politicians and a local financial group.
2012 March - Leftist opposition party Smer, led by former prime minister Robert Fico, wins landslide victory in general election, taking over half of the seats in parliament.
2013 November - Regional elections see far-right, anti-Roma Our Slovakia party leader Marian Kotleba win the governorship of the province of Banska Bystrica.
2014 March - Andrej Kiska wins presidential election.
2014 - Mr Fico denounces European Union sanctions against Russia over Crimean annexation, reflecting his government's long-standing policy of rapprochement with Russia.
2015 - Mr Fico takes a firm stand against European Union migrant quotas.
2016 March - Mr Fico's Smer party emerges as largest party after parliamentary elections dominated by migrant issue, but loses majority. Far-right Our Slovakia party led by Marian Kotleba enters parliament for first time.
2016 June - Government survives confidence vote called by opposition over alleged irregularities in dealings of Mr Fico and Interior Minister Robert Kalinak with a leading businessman.
2016 July - Slovakia assumes EU rotating presidency.

Here is the story of the two countries' entangled history, told through pictures.


Question: Represent text.

Question: Firefighters have given out high-visibility jackets to migrants in a bid to cut the number of crashes on a busy road in the Fens in Cambridgeshire.

Crews from Wisbech found migrants living in poor conditions at the side of the A47 were often involved in accidents with vehicles.
The fire service decided to give out free luminous jackets to keep people "visible and safer" in the dark.
The BBC reported on conditions in the makeshift roadside camps in 2014.
Reporters found one squatter had died while crossing the busy road to get to the camp.
"We spend a great deal of time out and about in our communities identifying and supporting the most vulnerable people and this is no different," Wisbech station commander Phil Pilbeam said.
"After identifying the trend in the incidents we were responding to, we discussed and came up with the idea of providing hi visibility jackets for free to those who'd benefit from them."
The firefighters worked with a local group, the Rosmini Centre in Wisbech, "for support in how to engage the community".
"Hopefully, this initiative will allow us to work more with the variety of communities in Wisbech and improve access to them to share safety messages and important information in the future," Mr Pilbeam added.

The man is the 13th migrant to die trying to get to Britain since late June, and the fourth in 10 days.
The man's nationality is not confirmed, although the BBC has been told by people in the migrant camps in Calais he was Eritrean.
A spokesman for Eurotunnel said a man was found unconscious beside the tracks at 01:00 BST on the French side.
A train driver was receiving "psychological support", he added.
"This is another very regrettable incident and shows how dangerous it is to try and cross the tunnel illegally," he said.
On Tuesday it was reported that a 20-year-old Iraqi man had been found dead in a UK-bound lorry.
Last week, a teenager, thought to be from east Africa, was killed by a freight train near the Channel Tunnel entrance in Calais.
Days earlier a man died when he was electrocuted at the tunnel entrance.
The situation in Calais is part of a wider migrant crisis across Europe, with huge numbers of people heading north from the Mediterranean.