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Question: A chronology of key events:

8th century - Present-day Senegal is part of the Kingdom of Ghana.
11th century - Tukulor people occupy lower Senegal valley.
Leopold Senghor (r), pictured with French President Georges Pompidou in 1971, was independent Senegal's first president
Death of a free-thinking pioneer
12-14th centuries - Rise of the Jolof empire.
1440s - Portuguese traders reach Senegal river estuary.
1588 - Dutch establish slave port on island of Goree.
1659 - French found St-Louis at the mouth of the Senegal river; it becomes a key slave-trading port.
1677 - French take over island of Goree from the Dutch.
1756-63 - Seven Years' War: Britain takes over French posts in Senegal, forms colony of Senegambia. France regains its holdings during American Revolutionary War of 1775-83.
1816 - Britain returns French holdings captured during Napoleonic Wars.
Late 1800s - France extends its influence, gains control of all the territory of Senegal.
1895 - Senegal becomes part of French West Africa.
1914 - Blaise Diagne elected as Senegal's first African deputy to French parliament.
1946 - Senegal becomes part of the French Union.
1956 - National Assembly established.
1958 - Becomes an autonomous republic, as part of the French Community.
1960 June - Senegal becomes independent, as part of Mali Federation.
1960 August - Senegal pulls out of Mali Federation, becomes separate republic with Leopold Senghor as president.
1962 - Attempted coup led by Prime Minister Mamadou Dia. Dia is imprisoned until 1974.
1963 - First constitution drawn-up.
1966 - Senghor's Senegalese Progressive Union becomes country's sole political party.
1978 - Three-party political system introduced.
1981 - Leopold Senghor steps down; Abdou Diouf becomes president in 1981.
1982 - Senegambian Confederation formed; Senegal and neighbouring Gambia aim to combine military and security forces.
1982 - Separatists in southern province of Casamance form Casamance Movement of Democratic Forces (MFDC).
1988 - Diouf re-elected.
1989 - Senegambian Confederation dissolved.
Abdou Diouf conceded defeat after 19 years in power
Senegal: Where democracy was the winner
Dispute over grazing rights in southern Mauritania sparks violent unrest in Senegal and Mauritania.
1992 - Diplomatic relations with Mauritania restored.
1993 - Diouf re-elected for third term
2000 March - Opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade wins second round of presidential elections, ending 40 years of Socialist Party rule.
2001 January - Voters back new constitution which shortens presidential term, limits holder to two terms, and gives president power to dissolve parliament.
2001 March - Government signs peace accord with separatist rebels in Casamance. But there is little follow-up as separatists go through splits and leadership changes.
2001 April - Abdoulaye Wade's Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) wins an overwhelming majority in parliamentary elections.
2001 December - Leopold Senghor, founding father of Senegal, dies aged 95.
2002 September - Joola ferry disaster: 1,863 passengers are killed when the Senegalese vessel capsizes off the Gambian coast.
2002 November - President Wade sacks the prime minister and the rest of the government; the move is said to be linked to the handling of the Joola ferry disaster.
2004 December - Casamance Movement of Democratic Forces (MFDC) and government sign pact aimed at ending secessionist struggle in province of Casamance.
2005 July - Former PM Idrissa Seck is charged with undermining state security, sparking clashes between his supporters and police. He is jailed for a time, but is released in February 2006 after the charge is dropped.
Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre
2005 October - Dispute with neighbouring Gambia over ferry tariffs on the border leads to a transport blockade. The economies of both countries suffer. Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo brokers talks to resolve the issue.
2006 August - The army launches an offensive against rebels from a faction of the Casamance Movement of Democratic Forces (MFDC).
Senegal and Spain agree to jointly patrol the Senegalese coast to curb the exodus of illegal migrants heading for Europe. Senegal is a favourite starting point for migrants setting off in rickety boats.
2006 December - Spain and Senegal agree a series of measures to curb illegal migration to the Canary Islands. Spain is to give 4,000 Senegalese temporary work permits over the next two years.
2007 February - President Wade wins re-election.
2007 June - President Wade's ruling coalition increases its parliamentary majority in elections boycotted by the opposition.
2007 September - Spanish authorities launch a campaign on national television in Senegal to discourage illegal migration.
A worker prepares to clear mines in the Casamance region where separatists have been waging a low-level war
Rebuilding war-ravaged Casamance
Senegal rebel leader priest dies
2007 December - President Abdoulaye Wade declares three days of mourning after Serigne Saliou Mbacke, leader of Senegal's richest and most powerful Islamic brotherhood, dies aged 92.
2008 April - Senegal's national assembly amends the country's constitution to allow the trial of Chad's ex-leader Hissene Habre, who is accused of human rights abuses during his eight years in power.
2009 March - Opposition parties win control of several cities in local elections, including Dakar, formerly a stronghold of President Wade.
2009 April - Belgium starts proceedings at the International Court of Justice in The Hague to try to force Senegal to bring former Chadian President Hissene Habre to trial for alleged human rights abuses during his time in power.
Prime Minister Cheikh Hajibou Soumare steps down after governing coalition suffers losses in local council polls. The president's son Karim is included in the new cabinet.
2009 May - A UN court accepts Senegal's pledge to keep in the country ex-Chad dictator Hissene Habre, ahead of his trial for rights abuses.
2009 September-October - Clashes between troops and rebels in the province of Casamance.
President's rule began with mass celebrations, but support dwindled
Abdoulaye Wade's rise and rule
How Abdoulaye Wade's star has faded
2010 April - Senegal marks 50 years of independence.
France gives up its military bases in the country.
2012 March - Macky Sall wins presidential elections.
2012 July - President Sall's coalition wins parliamentary elections.
2012 September - MPs abolish the upper house, the Senate, and the post of vice president in an effort to save money for flood relief. Critics say the aim is to weaken the opposition.
2013 April - Karim Wade, the son of former President Abdoulaye Wade, is charged with corruption over accusations - which he denies - that he illegally amassed a fortune from infrastructure and energy projects while serving as a minister under his father.
2013 July - The Senegalese authorities arrest former Chadian President Hissene Habre in Dakar and put him on trial him for crimes against humanity committed in Chad under his rule.
2014 April - Rebel leader Salif Sadio, who has been fighting for the independence of the Casamance region, declares a unilateral ceasefire.
2014 September - Ex-president Wade's son Karim is put on trial for corruption. Police use teargas to disperse hundreds of his supporters outside the court.
2015 January - Senegal expels leading Gambian opposition figure Cheikh Sidya Bayo to France, accusing him of being a threat to public order.
2015 February - Extraordinary African Chamber court orders former Chadian President Hissene Habre to stand trail in Senegal on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
2015 March - Karim Wade, the son of former President Abdoulaye Wade, is jailed for six years for illicit enrichment while serving as a minister under his father, in what critics say is a politically motivated case.
2016 March - Voters in a referendum approve a proposal to reduce the presidential term from seven years to five.

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A selection of photos from across the African continent this week:


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Question: Police in South Africa have said they are "working around the clock" to catch the killers of a couple who emigrated from south Wales.

The body of Christine Solik, 57, was found 50 miles (80km) from her home in the Kwazulu-Natal province three days before that of her husband, Roger, 66.
Police initially began a kidnap and robbery investigation after a neighbour found bloodstains in their home.
The couple from the Cynon Valley emigrated after their marriage in 1980.
Mrs Solik's mother, Sheila Savage, 83, from Abercynon, Rhondda Cynon Taff, said the family were "devastated".
A passer-by spotted the body of Mrs Solik in a river on Friday 17 February, and a search and dive unit discovered Mr Solik's body last Monday.
Police said Mrs Solik had suffered a head injury, and both of the couple's hands had been bound.
Several teams of officers, including a canine unit, are investigating the murders.
KwaZulu-Natal acting provincial commissioner Maj Gen Bheki Langa said officers would "not rest until the killers are brought to book".
The Times' Africa correspondent Aislinn Laing said people in South Africa were "horrified" by the deaths despite the country's high crime rate.
"In a small community like this it has caused a huge amount of alarm," she told BBC Radio Wales' Good Morning Wales programme.
The couple lived on a farm estate in the town of Nottingham Road, about 100 miles (160km) in land from Durban.
Mrs Savage said the couple had returned home to Mountain Ash in January in order for Mrs Solik to see her father, Glyn Savage, before he passed away.
Members of both families plan to travel from the UK to South Africa on Saturday as the couple's funeral is due to be held in Cape Town on Tuesday.
"They were wonderful parents, had four lovely children, who are obviously suffering now," said Mrs Savage.
"I remember we always had wonderful holidays out there - all of the family - we'd make a special effort."
In a joint statement issued on Tuesday, the couple's four children, Alexander and Gregory, 32, Jessica, 30, and Brendon, 29, said it was "hard to understand that... something so violent could happen".

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Clover Graham, an honorary liaison for the agency, was found with her throat slashed outside the Jamaican capital, Kingston.
Her son and his girlfriend were killed almost five years ago. They, too, had had had their throats cut.
Two men have been found guilty of their murder and are awaiting sentencing.
Police said they were pursuing a number of leads, but did not give any details.
Mrs Graham, 56, worked at a legal aid clinic in Kingston and also lectured at the University of Technology and the Norman Law School.
She was found dead on Sunday in bushes at the Caymanas Polo Club hours after she was reported missing by her family.
In November 2007, Mrs Graham's son, Taiwo McKenzie, and his girlfriend, Jhanel Whyte, were killed.
The couple, who were dubbed as the "Good Samaritans", had their throats cut in St Andrew parish, where they had gone to give medical supplies to an injured man.
It is not clear if the two cases are related.


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Question: A millionaire businessman who killed his escort girlfriend heard how she had bragged she would "fleece him", a murder trial has been told.

Peter Morgan, 54, of Llanellen, Monmouthshire, is accused of strangling Georgina Symonds, 25, in January 2016.
The father-of-two admits killing Miss Symonds but denies it was murder.
Newport Crown Court was told he had bugged her home, overhearing how she wanted to "do him over" for his money.
"I listened to her several times a day through a listening device. It was disguised as an adaptor. I put it in her lounge," he told police, in a filmed interview played to the jury on Monday.
The court has heard how Mr Morgan paid Miss Symonds, from the Allt-yr-yn area of Newport, up to £10,000-a-month to be his personal escort.
The former burlesque dancer had been living at a bungalow at Pencoed Castle, in Llanmartin, owned by Mr Morgan.
He had promised to sign it over to her as part of a divorce settlement.
Mr Morgan told detectives: "She was on the phone to someone and said as soon as the bungalow was put in her name she was going to London and start escorting again and would do me over.
"She said she wished I killed myself so she'd get the bungalow to herself."
An exchange of text messages between Mr Morgan and Miss Symonds were also read out in court.
The jury heard thousands of messages were recovered from Miss Symonds' device, sent in the months leading up to her death.
In one message she wrote: "Feeling down, need cheering up."
Mr Morgan replied: "No problem hun."
She wrote back: "I don't want lots, just to be treated," followed by "don't forget to give me my dollar today".
The trial heard earlier that the property tycoon planned to split his £20m empire when he divorced his wife "to be with her".
"I love George. I gave everything up for her. I've been married for 22 years so I gave up my marriage for her," he said.
He has admitted strangling the mother-of-one with baling twine from his farm, then wrapping her body in black plastic and hiding her in a workshop behind his farmhouse.
But he has denied murder because of diminished responsibility due to Asperger's syndrome.
The trial is continuing.

Mark Dixie, 46, was jailed in 2008 for repeatedly stabbing Miss Bowman then raping her as she lay dead or dying in Croydon, south London in 2005.
Dixie now admits raping a woman in her car in Croydon when he was 16.
The former chef also molested another woman near a railway bridge in 2002 and will be sentenced on 22 September.
'He got what he deserved', model's family say
The secret history of Sally Anne Bowman's killer
A previous hearing was told he ambushed a woman in an isolated car park in 1987 then raped her.
Following the sex attack, he tied her to the back seat of her car then set fire to the front seat.
"He later told police he had set fire to a Tampax," prosecutor Crispin Aylett QC told Southwark Crown Court earlier.
She managed to escape and raised the alarm.
Dixie has also admitted charges of indecent assault and GBH after hitting another woman on the head several times with a chef's steel - used to sharpen kitchen blades.
He attacked her near a railway bridge in Croydon and told his victim "I'm going to kill you".
Dragging her up the stairs he proceeded to assault her but was interrupted by another woman who heard the commotion.
"When she asked what was going on, Dixie said 'nothing, nothing, it's just a row with my girlfriend,'" the prosecutor said.
Dixie fled after the victim said: "help, help, he's attacking me".
Mr Aylett QC told the court Dixie had revealed the attacks to police after finally admitting in January 2015 that he had killed Miss Bowman.
Miss Bowman's murder was something Dixie had previously denied.
"He wrote to police indicating he wanted to tell them the truth of what had happened to Sally Anne, because at the trial he said that he was not responsible for her murder," Mr Aylett said.
During the original three-week murder trial Dixie claimed to have found Miss Bowman dead and proceeded to have sex with her lifeless body after he had been on a drink and drugs binge.
The 18-year-old's body was found next to a skip in Croydon in September 2005.


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Question: YouTube is to launch a subscription service offering original, exclusive videos - including feature-length films starring high-profile vloggers.

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Initially only available in the US, YouTube Red will cost $9.99 (Â£6.50) a month and have no adverts.
PewDiePie, Rooster Teeth and Lilly Singh are among the well-known names involved.
Analysts suggested it could be difficult to turn millions of fans who expect free access to pay up.
"It's great to see YouTube offer an alternative to an ad-only model," said Brian Blau, an analyst with Gartner. "Consumers want choice and options."
"But pay walls haven't always done well and uptake depends on how users balance the attractiveness of the exclusive content and the pain of sitting through lots of ads."
Ian Maude from Enders Analysis was also sceptical about the size of the audience it would attract.
"You are not going to see 50% buying this," he said. "It's going to be relatively small numbers."
"But," he added. "they might be able to hoover up some more money and from Google's perspective it gets them into the high-quality, high-production value game."
He said that YouTube, like other video-streaming sites, was seeking to become a platform that showed original content it bankrolled not just programmes made by other organisations.
"Google has deep pockets and a lot of money and it's a space it needs to be in so it makes sense to me that they would want to be there," said Mr Maude.
YouTube will offer US-based users a month's free trial of Red from 28 October. International pricing and launches will be announced soon.
"For years, YouTube's fans have been telling us they want more," the company wrote in a blog post.
"More choice when watching their favourite content, more ways to support their favourite creators and, above all, the option to watch their favourite videos uninterrupted."
YouTube Red original shows will include:
Scare PewDiePie - a reality adventure series as Felix reacts to situations inspired by his favourite games.
Sing it! - A comedy that satirises talent competitions
Lazer Team - A movie featuring four losers who find an alien ship carrying an strange cargo
A Trip to Unicorn Island - An in-depth look at the life of Lilly Singh as she embarks on a 26 city tour.
Single by 30 - a romantic drama about two high school friends who pledge to marry each other if they are still unwed at 30
Fight of the Living Dead - a reality show that puts popular YouTubers in a frightening zombie apocalypse to see how they cope
I Am Tobuscus - a comedy about a self-involved YouTube creator trying to be a big star
The roster also includes some as yet untitled items such as a show based around the science of video games that will be filmed for VR headsets, a reality series that puts YouTube stars into a murder mystery setting and an anthology looking at the absurdity of internet culture.
YouTube content will be able to be downloaded and watched offline, a contrasting approach to Netflix - its chief product officer last month said offline viewing wasn't something users wanted.
The subscription will include access to YouTube Gaming and a new YouTube Music app, also announced on Wednesday. Google's streaming music service, Google Play Music, will also be included.
This package deal of sorts could present a threat to Apple Music and Spotify whose services, which are solely audio, are roughly the same price.
While the free, ad-supported version of YouTube will remain as-is, the move represents the first time that YouTube will limit some material to paying customers only.
Those members will get productions featuring YouTube stars who regularly command audiences bigger than global broadcast giants, working with high-end production houses on the original content.
The first of these shows will be rolled out early next year.
Arguably the most well-known, PewDiePie - real name Felix Kjellberg - will be working with the executive producers behind blockbuster zombie series The Walking Dead on a "reality adventure series".
The show will include "thrills, chills and laughter as PewDiePie encounters terrifying situations inspired by his favourite video games".
Another show "takes popular YouTube talent and traps them in a frighteningly realistic zombie apocalypse. They must use their instincts and gaming skills to survive as they battle the elements for the ultimate prize of survival".
In all, the company announced 10 original projects, including one project that will be shot in 360 degrees and designed to be enjoyed using a virtual reality headset.
The move represents YouTube's gradual shift from being the first giant of the new media age to something resembling a more traditional media company, with executives deciding what content is made and promoted - albeit heavily influenced by online trends and viewing data.
Moving to a paywall model could be appealing to creators who could receive higher revenues from paying YouTube customers than they currently do from advertising revenue shared with YouTube.
However, that relies on YouTube's ability to get an audience not used to paying for content to commit to a monthly subscription. Or, tougher still, YouTube has to convince the parents of those fans to start paying instead.
And breathing down YouTube's neck is Facebook. After rolling out auto-playing videos to its news feed, the site recently started creating dedicated video areas, much like YouTube Channels.
Behind the scenes YouTube has been busy trying to convince advertisers that its viewers are comparatively more engaged than Facebook users in what they are watching - and that YouTube has stricter criteria over what exactly constitutes a "view".
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter: @DaveLeeBBC

Users will soon see a new Watch tab that will offer a range of shows, some of which have been funded by the social network
Watch will be personalised so that users can discover new shows, based on what their friends are watching.
Viewers will also be able to see comments and connect with friends and dedicated groups for shows.
"Watching a show doesn't have to be passive," said the company's founder Mark Zuckerberg in a Facebook post.
"It can be a chance to share an experience and bring people together who care about the same things."
Video has been available on Facebook for some time, but until now, it has mostly been dominated by amateur clips or short segments from news organisations.
The world's largest social network added a video tab last year, and has hinted for some time that it might make the move to producing original content.
Watch could open up new revenue potential for both Facebook and programme makers, while users can expect to see targeted advertising before and during the shows.
Facebook says it hopes its selection of shows will address both niche and broad interests.
If the choice at launch is anything to go by, its focus will be factual entertainment - cookery, fitness and travel-themed programmes that play well on a smartphone screen, rather than flagship dramas like House of Cards or Game of Thrones, which are both more expensive to produce and better suited for playback on TVs.
Product director Daniel Danker - an ex-BBC iPlayer executive - told me that his goal was for anyone to be able to make shows for Watch.
For now, only a small set of approved publishers can include ad breaks, but he said the list would broaden over time, although it was too soon to say if it would extend to all.
That could prove critical to wooing content-makers away from YouTube.
For the moment, Google's video streaming site still offers an easier way for popular vloggers and others outside the mainstream media industry to make money from their efforts.
But Mr Danker signalled that Facebook is willing to take its time exploring what works on Watch and would not even commit to it being rolled out beyond the US before the end of the year.
Facebook is entering an increasingly complex and crowded market, and will face competition from traditional TV networks as well as other online services like YouTube and Netflix.
Disney yesterday announced that from 2019, it will scrap its existing deal with Netflix and create its own direct-to-consumer streaming-video services.
It will also set up a sports-themed ESPN streaming service next year.
Facebook already has content lined up, including Major League Baseball, Women's basketball, parenting shows and a safari show from National Geographic.
According to Reuters news agency, it has also inked deals with millennial-oriented media groups Vox Media, BuzzFeed, ATTN, Group Nine Media and others to produce shows.
Watch will have a limited release in the US before it is rolled out more broadly.


Question: Leicester Riders and Great Britain forward Drew Sullivan insists next month's BBL Trophy final against Newcastle will not be about revenge.

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Riders were beaten by Newcastle in January's BBL Cup final in Birmingham.
And following Leicester's two-legged semi-final win over Sheffield Sharks, the sides will meet in another showpiece final later this month.
"If we do our job and win it's not like the cup gets taken away from them," Sullivan told BBC Radio Leicester.
"They would still have the Cup and we would have the Trophy, so it's not a revenge game.
"It's for us to play our style of basketball and see where the dust settles at the end of the game.
"We have a team that can complete with them and can beat them, but we should only be focused on that game and nothing else."
The BBL Trophy final will take place at Glasgow's Emirates Arena on Saturday, 27 February.

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The Riders beat Newcastle Eagles 84-73 in front of a sell-out crowd of 2,400 at their recently opened £4.8m Leicester Arena home on Friday.
Asked if it was Leicester's best triumph, Paternostro said: "I think so.
"With the new arena here and the way we won it at the end here it feels great."
Talking to BBC Radio Leicester, Paternostro continued: "When we moved into this arena, you couldn't have written a better script than that. This is special."
It is the second time in four seasons that the Riders have topped the British Basketball League standings at the end of the regular season.
They go into the play-offs as top seeds and face Leeds Force in their two-leg quarter-final this weekend.
Paternostro said Leicester, who have collected the BBL Trophy after losing the BBL Cup final earlier this season, will be focused on post-season success.
"We will enjoy this one, then when the play-offs start we will be ready to roll," he said.


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Question: The Supreme Court has rejected a legal bid by objectors to the HS2 high-speed rail link to force further scrutiny of the government's plans.

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The challenge had focused on whether the government followed the rules when assessing HS2's environmental impact.
But the court unanimously rejected the claims against the scheme.
The BBC understands this is now the end of the first stage of the legal challenges, as there is no right of appeal to Europe.
But there could be future challenges on the second phase of the scheme - beyond Birmingham - when the exact route is announced.
The Â£50bn project is intended to allow trains to run at 225 mph (362km/h) from London to Birmingham from 2026, with branches to Manchester and to Leeds  via Sheffield - planned by 2032.
By Richard WestcottBBC transport correspondent
Opponents of HS2 haven't had much joy in the courts so far.
They've brought 19 legal challenges against the scheme and lost 18 of them. Their sole victory meant the government had to re-do a consultation about compensation but, in reality, it didn't change much.
Still, campaigners are vowing to fight on by complaining to the European Commission, although the government is in confident mood.
In theory, judicial reviews can scupper a scheme by delaying it to death.
If judges decide that the government has messed up on some part of the process and must do it again, prices can rack up, timetables can slip and confidence can wane.
The government has just told me: "It can be an expensive mistake to resort to legal challenge... We hope the judgment in this case will reassure everyone with an interest in HS2 that the department is acting in a lawful manner, thereby avoiding the need for further costly litigation."
I doubt it'll deter future legal challenges, though.
Objectors to the project have said the scheme will cause an unacceptable level of environmental damage, loss of homes and disruption to many communities.
Responding to the ruling, transport minister Baroness Kramer said the government's handling of the project had been "fully vindicated", particularly as the appeal had addressed technical issues that had "no bearing" on the need for the new link.
"The new north-south line will provide extra space for more trains and more passengers to travel on the network, delivering additional capacity where it is most needed," she said.
"HS2 will also generate thousands of jobs across the UK and provide opportunities to boost skills."
Baroness Kramer said ministers would now continue with the "crucial business" of getting the scheme ready for construction in 2017.
The legal challenge was made by a number of objectors, including the HS2 Action Alliance (HS2AA), Heathrow Hub campaigners and local councils along the proposed route.
David Elvin QC, appearing for HS2AA, told the Supreme Court at a hearing in October that the case concerned "the most important strategic rail decision this country has taken at least for a generation".
Mr Elvin said the government had failed to consult as widely as it had promised and to consider alternatives to its preferred scheme, urging the judges to overturn an Appeal Court majority upholding the project.
However, on Wednesday the court rejected his application for a declaration that government transport chiefs had breached an EU directive by failing to carry out a strategic environmental assessment (SEA).
The seven judges also dismissed a further challenge brought by local councils - led by the London Borough of Hillingdon - citing a second EU directive, the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIAD).
Following the ruling, HS2AA campaign director Emma Crane said: "We are very disappointed, but it is absolutely not the end of the road. We believe this is a wrong decision."
She added that ministers were "effectively sidestepping their obligations" and the group would be making "a complaint to the European Commission to say the UK government has not complied with its European law obligations on the environment".
"We are speaking to our lawyers," she said.
Meanwhile, the government has agreed to give opponents of HS2 more time to respond to the environmental statement accompanying the project, after 877 pages were left out of the original document by mistake.
The deadline to respond is now February 27, an extra 17 days, following a House of Lords committee ruling earlier this week.
The deadline had been extended by 17 days last week after a Commons committee made a similar ruling.
It could mean a delay to the first big debate on the government's main HS2 bill.

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The initial plan is for a new line from London to Birmingham, with later extensions to Manchester and Leeds.
The Stop HS2 campaign group had called on Mr Grayling to urgently review the project on cost grounds, and the effect on towns and cities near the route.
But Mr Grayling told BBC Radio 4's The World This Weekend: "I have no plans to back away from the HS2 project."
After Mr Grayling's remarks, Stop HS2 campaign manager Joe Rukin told the BBC the transport secretary's comments were "hardly a ringing endorsement" of the project.
The new transport secretary also said he wanted to reach a quick decision on where a new runway should be built to meet growing demand for air travel to and from London.
On rail, Mr Grayling told the BBC: "The thing that's important for people to understand is that HS2 is not simply a speed project, it's a capacity project.
"We have lines at the moment which have seen huge increases in the number of passengers, the amount of freight in recent years."
He said the West Coast main line was becoming "really congested" and was limiting the capacity of services to places such as Northampton and Milton Keynes.
Mr Grayling added: "Of course it makes sense if we're going to build a new railway line for it to be a fast railway line, to increase travel times or reduce travel times from north to south - that's logical.
"But actually we need a better transport system for the 21st century and HS2 is part of increasing the capacity of our transport system."
On flight capacity for the South East, the Airports Commission published a report last year that said a new runway was needed by 2030, and recommending that Heathrow's plan for a third runway should go ahead.
An alternative option would be to build a second runway at Gatwick - an idea supported by London's mayor, Sadiq Khan.  Another suggestion has been doubling an existing runway at Heathrow.
Mr Grayling said: "I am very clear that I want to move rapidly with a decision on what happens on airport capacity. It is a decision that will be taken collectively by the government.
"We have a quasi-judicial role so I'm not going to say today whether I prefer Gatwick or Heathrow, there's two options at Heathrow. I'm going to look at this very carefully in the coming weeks."
MPs are due to vote on the first phase of the HS2 project later this year. Their approval of the bill should allow construction to start on the London to Birmingham section.
The company building the line, HS2 Ltd, is also set to hand out Â£11bn worth of contracts in the coming months.
Last week Stop HS2 called on the government of new Prime Minister Theresa May to undertake a fresh review of the rail project, saying a failure to do so would be "irresponsible".
Mr Rukin, the pressure group's campaign manager, said the project had failed a recent Department for Transport review, on the issues of both costs and the scheduling of work.
That was one reason why HS2 should not be allowed to commence with its tendering processes, he argued.


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Question: A teenager who was obsessed with serial killers and school shootings has been detained for at least 10 years for the attempted murder of her friend.

The girl, who cannot be named for legal reasons, was convicted of attempted murder at Winchester Crown Court.
She lured her victim to a quiet area of their Hampshire school and stabbed her in the chest in April.
Mr Justice Fraser said the girl, who was 14 at the time, had a "far darker side to her personality".
She was given a 14 year sentence and will only be considered for parole after 10 years.
Her trial at Winchester Crown Court heard the girl was obsessed with mass murders and had compiled a "kill list" of 60 people.
Mr Justice Fraser said the "intelligent, articulate young girl" had watched snuff movies online and had previously planned to kill her mother and brother.
She turned up for school on 25 April wearing a bandana and with her mouth cut to resemble the Joker from the Batman film The Dark Knight, the jury heard.
She told her 15-year-old victim she had a present for her and to "close your eyes and put your hands out".
The attacked girl stepped back and although the knife went through her blazer and shirt she only suffered a superficial puncture wound to the chest near her heart.
Prosecutors said the girl bore a grudge against her victim who she believed had set up fake Instagram and Tumblr accounts in her name.
In a statement read out by the prosecution barrister James Newton-Price, the victim's mother said her daughter is haunted by the attack and has since been diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder.
She said: "It's a nightmare no-one wants for their child and we're living it."
A psychiatric report found the attacker did not have a mental illness but instead had a personality problem and struggled with empathy.

Cedric Anderson entered a primary school on Monday in San Bernardino, California, and gunned down estranged spouse Karen Elaine Smith, 53.
On Facebook, he referred to the special needs teacher as "my wonderful little wife", "sexy" and a "pure spirit".
But some online posts by Anderson, also 53, hinted at a darker side.
The couple, who had reportedly been in a relationship for years, wed in January, but were separated within a few weeks.
Anderson initially seemed to be a smitten husband, rhapsodising about his bride and proclaiming himself "blessed".
"She has no guile or pretense," he wrote in one post of Ms Smith. "She has no ill will toward anyone. (It amazes me!).
"I praise God for such a wonderful Lady!"
But in February Anderson exposed a violent streak as he boasted on Facebook of having "almost personally attacked 3 Coaches to get my son Jared a scholarship".
"A father is like a lion. He will kill you for his Blood!" he wrote.
On 12 March, he shared a New York Post video of a man kicking an elderly woman in the face on a bus, entitled: "Can you hear me now?"
Anderson wrote along with the video: "Deranged? Yea!"
Ms Smith's mother, Irma Sykes, told ABC News: "We thought he was a fine person. Until they were married and then he showed the other side of him.
"Which we had never seen before. We were shocked. He began to pick on my daughter and talk down to her.
"And they had dated for four years. And after about three weeks, my husband and I decided, you need to get away from him.
"He is not the kind of person you thought he was."
In 2013 Anderson was charged with assault and battery, brandishing a weapon and disturbing the peace, but the charges were dismissed a year later.
In 1993, he was charged with two misdemeanour counts of battery in Kern Superior Court, the Los Angeles Times reported.
However, court records show both charges were dismissed six months later.
Somehow, the man who posted a selfie on Facebook a month ago celebrating "date night!!!" with his new wife was able to walk into the classroom on Monday morning where she was teaching and gun her down in cold blood with a Smith and Wesson .357 revolver.
Without saying a word, he discharged 10 shots and stopped to reload, police said.
Two children in the North Park Elementary School special needs class of 15 students were injured in the crossfire, authorities said.
Jonathan Martinez, eight, died and a nine-year-old was in hospital in a stable condition.


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Question: A 47-year-old man has been charged with murder after a fatal stabbing in Bedford.

Ian Brunner, of Byron Crescent, Bedford, is accused of killing John-Mark Duffy, 39, on Monday.
A post-mortem examination revealed Mr Duffy, who died in an ambulance in Byron Crescent, had suffered a stab wound to the chest.
Bedfordshire Police say they are looking for the weapon involved. Mr Brunner is due at court in Luton later.
In a statement, Mr Duffy's brother, Anthony, said: "John-Mark was one of the friendliest people you could ever meet; he'll be deeply missed by all of his family who loved him dearly."
Bedfordshire Police have appealed to residents, particularly those in Ashburnham Road, Alexandra Road and Conduit Road, not to touch a knife or any other sharp instrument if they find one discarded.

The body of Christopher Laskaris, who was known as Adam to his friends, was discovered at St John's Close in Hyde Park, Leeds, on 17 November.
Philip Craig, 37, and 22-year-old Dempsey Pattison, both from Leeds, have been charged over the death of the 24-year-old.
Mr Craig was also charged with a burglary offence.


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Question: A father who is claimed to have kept his daughter locked up against her will in Saudi Arabia has until Sunday to return her to Britain.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

Amina Al-Jeffery, 22, who was born and brought up in Swansea, was taken to Jeddah in 2012 by her father, Mohammed, who said he did it to "save her life".
Mr Al-Jeffery denied the allegations at the High Court.
In August, Mr Justice Holman said she had been "deprived of her liberty" and her father must facilitate her return.
Swansea West MP Geraint Davies said Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson must "secure Amina's right to liberty" if her father did not comply with the court order.
Delivering the court order last month, Mr Justice Holman said Mr Al-Jeffery "must permit and facilitate the return of Amina if she so wishes to Wales or England and pay the airfare" by 11 September.
However, the judge accepted there was "little or nothing this court could do" to enforce the order if Mr Al-Jeffery "was determined not to comply with it".
But he said Mr Al-Jeffery might face contempt of court proceedings if he returned to Britain without having complied.
Ms Al-Jeffery, who has dual nationality, said her father took the action against her will after she "kissed a guy".

Bashir Naderi, 20, had his deportation temporarily halted by a judge hours before he was due to board the plane in October.
He has lived in Wales for 10 years after his mother paid traffickers to bring him to the UK.
Girlfriend Nicole Cooper said the support had been incredible.
"I do not think it will have a huge impact on his case, but it is helping us: it symbolises that it is not just us, as a family, that are fighting for Bashir," Ms Cooper told BBC Wales.
"We didn't even know before this happened how people are treated, it has been horrifying to realise in such a horrific way that people go through this."
Singers Cerys Matthews and Charlotte Church are among those who have signed the petition demanding Mr Naderi be allowed to remain in Wales.
Mr Naderi, his girlfriend, family, friends and Cardiff Central MP Jo Stevens handed over the 500-plus page document to a Home Office official in London on Friday.
His solicitors are also hoping to submit his case for staying in the UK to the Home Office, but Ms Cooper said it could take up to three months for a decision to come back.
"They are going to push the Home Office for a quicker decision - he has been waiting for this for 10 years," she said.
"The last two months have just been the worst, the petition is something which is a more positive thing coming out of this situation."
Mr Naderi, who celebrated his 20th birthday on New Year's Day, has lived in Cardiff since he was 10 but could be sent back to Afghanistan if his case is refused.
The Cardiff and Vale College student recently told BBC Wales that he saw his father murdered by Taliban fighters outside his home when he was nine.
"It happened right in front of me. If someone is being murdered right in front of you, you don't forget it," he said.
After the death, his mother sold the family plot of land so her son could be smuggled out of the country and brought to the UK. He does not know whether she is still alive.
Mr Naderi said he had no other family back in Afghanistan and feared for his own safety if he was forced to return.
"I just want to stay in this country. This is my home town where I belong with my family," he said.
Mr Naderi was arrested in October after reporting for a monthly sign-in at the Home Office and taken to a detention centre in Oxfordshire to await deportation.
He was given an initial 14-day reprieve just hours before he was due to be forced on to a plane, after a judge ordered his release.
He still has to report to the Home office every week while his case is being reviewed.
"Every time I go in I am scared, I am frightened I am not going to come out again," added Mr Naderi.
The Home Office said: "We do not routinely comment on individual cases."


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The number of households in Wales is expected to rise by 10.5% within the next two decades, a report has shown.

Cardiff is projected to have 195,300 households by 2039, up 32% from 147,600 households in 2014.
But academics pointed out the rise is lower than previous projections.
The Statistics for Wales report has been based on population projections by the Welsh Government, along with household estimates by councils.
The biggest increase is in Cardiff, where earlier this month the council approved plans for a new Â£2bn "garden village" with almost 6,000 homes on the outskirts of the city.
This was followed by Swansea with a 17% rise - up from 105,600 households in 2014 to 123,200 by 2039.
Powys is the only council area where the number of households is projected to fall - down 2% to 57,600.
The report also showed one-person households will be the most common and are anticipated to rise by 27%.
It is estimated the average household size will drop from 2.29 people per household to 2.17.
Dr Neil Harris, senior lecturer at Cardiff University's School of Geography and Planning, said it showed urban areas were "buoyant and growing" while areas with lower projections were more "stable".
But he pointed out that the data was based on recent five-year trends continuing in the same way, and stressed that a rise in households did not necessarily equate to an increase in population.
"Nevertheless, in urban areas, there would be demand for more schools, better public transport, more investment in utility infrastructure," he said.
"However, in a city like Cardiff, the council is already planning for this scale of development.
"In stable areas, there would be potentially less pressure on housing stock but if there is a reduction in the population then certain services could face a challenge to sustain themselves."

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) said the number of people aged 85 and over has risen by 1,000 each year for a decade.
The proportion of the NI population older than 85 is, at 2%, lower than in other UK countries, said NISRA.
But over the decade ending in 2015, Northern Ireland had the largest level of growth (37%) among this age group.
A record number of people in the UK - some 14,570 - were aged 100 or older, the latest official data shows.
That number has quadrupled over the last two decades, according to Office for National Statistics figures for 2015.


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Question: Tributes have been paid to a 25-year-old man who died following a car crash in Rhondda Cynon Taff on Friday.

A black Ford Fiesta and a black Renault Kadjar were involved in the collision on the B4278 between Penrhiwfer and Tonyrefail at 11:35 BST.
Stephen Woodland, who was driving the Fiesta died, while a 43-year-old driver of the other car and her daughter, three, were taken to hospital.
Mr Woodland's family said they were "heartbroken".
In a statement, they described how they were "coming to terms with the tragic loss" of the father-of-two, and added their "thoughts are also with the other family involved".
Police said the injuries sustained by the mother and daughter are not thought to be serious and appealed for witnesses.

The service for Margaret Elizabeth Challis, 66, from Merthyr Tydfil, is being held at Georgetown Chapel, in the town.
She died in a collision on the A470 near Storey Arms, Brecon, on 6 March.
Her service follows last week's funerals for Alesha O'Connor and Rhodri Miller, both 17 and from Barry.
A funeral for Corey Price, 17,  also from the Vale of Glamorgan town, is on 25 March.


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Question: The Apec summit, held this year in Manila, dominated headlines and online discussion in the Philippines - but not always in the way the hosts might have hoped.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

For example, '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'The National Lottery windfall has been won with a ticket bought somewhere in Denbighshire for the 1 April draw.\nIt matched the Lotto Millionaire Raffle draw - AQUA 6323 7030 - but no-one has come forward.\nThe mystery ticket holder has until the end of September to submit their claim - otherwise the money will go to lottery good causes.\n"We\'re urging everyone who bought a Lotto ticket in this area to check their old tickets again or look anywhere a missing ticket could be hiding," said Andy Carter from the National Lottery.\n"Try checking in the pockets of clothing, in wallets, bags and down the back of the sofa - someone out there could literally be sitting on a fortune."']' should be close to '['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.', 'The search is on for the winner of an unclaimed winning lottery ticket worth £1m.']'

Along with the official agenda at the annual trade gathering, Filipinos were talking about everything from traffic woes to the homeless, and gave some world leaders the title of #APEChotties.
One trending hashtag was #APECtado - a play on the Tagalog word "apektado" which means affected by.
The term was used widely by Manila residents to express dissatisfaction at the inconvenience caused by the summit and privileges received by delegates such as dedicated traffic lanes and faster internet speeds.
Manila's infamous traffic snarls worsened - with one woman giving birth on the pavement after her ambulance was stuck in traffic - and the disparity between the clogged public lanes and delegates' lanes quickly became the subject of ridicule online.
Some took issue with the grumbling.
"Complaining about APEC is such an uneducated thing to do, and also a tinge self-centred.... think about the good of the other two to three billion [who] are helped by this thing, and maybe suffer a little bit of inconvenience for a week," said Kaya Cosio.
Another resident Francis Asilo said: "The lives of the heads of state are more important than our conveniences. We only have our families who depend on us. They have entire nations."
But others pointed out that the source of frustration among residents stemmed from deeper issues of dissatisfaction with governance.
Kenneth Manuel pointed out, in a post that went viral, that the event showed that Filipinos "are second-class citizens in our own nation".
"If you have to suspend work and classes to avoid traffic on an international summit, it's evidence that there's something wrong with public transportation... It hurts that street lights get fixed and public cleanliness is at its maximum for this summit, but we have been so used to being patient, silently suffering, for the poor services they provide."
"We all deserve Manila at its best every day, not only when foreigners come to visit."
See more: The BBC's Rico Hizon gets stuck in Manila traffic
Filipinos were also enraged by a move by local officials to round up homeless people off the streets in the days leading up to the meet.
Human Rights Watch  called it "abuse" and an attempt "to put a cynical veneer of 'cleanliness' on the city for Apec delegates". It also alleged the local government was detaining the homeless against their will.
But authorities said the move had nothing to do with the summit and was part of outreach operations to help them, and denied they were detaining people.
While authorities had done this before, most notably before the visit of Pope Francis in January, residents this time criticised the Philippine government of hypocrisy and for attempting to whitewash the capital's image.
Homeless people were also reportedly pushed out by Apec road clearances into Luneta Park in Manila.
Used to celebrity figures in politics, Filipinos revelled in a little ogling of world leaders, with Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Mexico's President Enrique Pena Nieto gaining attention in particular.
The two men quickly became objects of affection with the hashtags #APEChotties and #APECbae trending on Twitter.
One particularly popular meme was comparing them to Disney princes - Mr Trudeau as Prince Eric from The Little Mermaid, and Mr Nieto as Prince Charming from Sleeping Beauty.
Filipino President Benigno Aquino even acknowledged the trend, reportedly telling Mr Trudeau at a bilateral talk: "You have a lot of fans here."
Mr Aquino was not left out from the cartoon comparisons either.
Filipinos also cheered for engineer and entrepreneur Aisa Mijeno who shared the stage with US President Barack Obama and Chinese internet tycoon Jack Ma in a segment of Apec's CEO Summit.
Ms Mijeno is the founder and developer of the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) project, which aims to bring affordable and safe lighting to poor rural communities. Its key product is a lamp which uses water and salt to generate light.
Mr Ma, chairman of e-commerce juggernaut Alibaba, later offered to mentor her.
Ms Mieno's appearance quickly earned her her very own hashtag - #APECdarling.
Additional reporting by Patricia Suzara

It is widely expected that the ruling in the case brought by the Philippines will go against China, but that hasn't stopped its ambassadors making a push to convince the world that China is in the right.
English-language state media has released cutesy English-language videos discussing the history of the area and has entire website sections dedicated to analysis and discussion of the issue.
But over the last few months, Chinese ambassadors across the world have been targeting the foreign press as well, writing signed articles in national newspapers to put forward China's case.
The Philippines has gone to the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to ask for a technical ruling about the extent of the territorial waters that can be claimed on the basis of the possession of various coastlines, islands and rocks.
The ruling is not widely expected to favour China, and may even go so far as to invalidate its most expansive claim - the "nine-dash line" that encompasses up to 90% of the disputed Sea.
China has said it will neither take part in the tribunal nor accept the authority of its ruling.
Q&A: South China Sea dispute
China's Island Factory
Mysteries and maritime claims
Chinese jets "intercept" US spy plane
Flying close to China's new islands
The articles are not identical, although it would be fair to say that they are very similar. Unsurprisingly, they all adhere strictly to the official government position on the dispute.
It's perhaps no shock that the Chinese ambassadors to regional players like the US and Australia might be keen to make their case to the people of the country they're stationed in. They have done so in the past and so it makes sense that with the judgement due on 12 July, they are doing so again.
You might wonder what influence small countries like Cyprus, thousands of miles away from the action, might be expected to have though.
Some of the countries the signed articles have appeared in:
Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, New Zealand, Malaysia, Fiji, Australia
Cyprus, UK, Iceland, Macedonia, Germany, France
Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Ghana, Sierra Leone
US, Jamaica
So what's the big deal? The job of an ambassador is to promote the interests of their home country abroad, after all.
"In the past, there were such media pushes, but usually only to accompany visits of Chinese leaders to specific countries. It is rare to see this sort of global approach," says Professor Kerry Brown, an expert in Chinese politics from King's College London.
"It is almost certainly a concerted push from the centre to have ambassadors and representatives write these, and to proactively send out such messages."
The BBC contacted several Chinese embassies to ask if the articles were centrally commissioned, but received no response.
Many of the articles start with a general observation such as this one: "The South China Sea issue is a hot topic nowadays in the international media" (from the Fiji Sun) or this:  "In recent times, the South China Sea issue has caught the international limelight" (from the Cyprus Mail.)
They then go on to make the following points:
- There is misinformation and/or misunderstanding around China's claims
- The islands (called Nansha islands by the Chinese) have been China's since ancient times
- The arbitration process was started unilaterally by the Philippines
- Bilateral, local negotiations are the way forward
- Territorial sovereignty is not within the scope of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Some take the form of essays, whilst others are divided into bullet points.
It's tempting to view them as being templated, but it could just be that they all closely follow the official government rhetoric on the matter, which might be expected on such a sensitive issue.
There are some regional variations - the Chinese Ambassador to the UK, Liu Xiaoming, is far more forthright when he warns "Stop playing with fire in the South China Sea," whereas an article in the Malaysian Star calls for the Malaysian approach to the South China Sea to be used as a model for other disputes. (Malaysia also claims islands in the area but is far less vociferous about its claims than countries like the Philippines.)
These articles fit into a wider pattern of China wanting to demonstrate that international opinion is on their side - or at least, that some of it is.
China has shown no pickiness in who it's courted for support in the South China Sea dispute - the government claims that more than 40 countries have offered China their backing.
That list also includes geographically diverse and distant countries like Sierra Leone and Slovenia.
"[These articles] show firstly just how nervous China is about the impact of the ruling when it comes, and also how much more proactive their attempt is now to use the western press and media to get their message across," says Kerry Brown.
"I suspect we will see more of this."


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: One of the busiest periods for visitors in Inverness and the surrounding area will draw to a close this weekend.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Saturday will see the final day of the World Orienteering Championships, and Belladrum Tartan Heart Music Festival.
The same day sees the start of Historic Scotland's Celebration of the Centuries event at Fort George near Ardersier.
The event, which features 250 re-enactors depicting 2,000 years of history and draws crowds of several thousand people, continues on Sunday.
Hundreds of competitors watched by thousands of spectators have been competing in the World Orienteering Championships and the Scottish 6 Days Orienteering event in and around Nairn, Forres and Glen Affric.
The competitions started on 31 July.
Kaiser Chiefs will close Belladrum near Beauly. About 15,000 people have been at Bella, which opened on Thursday night.
The Black Isle Show was also held this week at Muir of Ord.

People travelling to the event found traffic tailing back more than three miles from the site's entrance.
For the first time, the annual festival began on a Thursday night. It was previously a two-day event.
The festival's organisers apologised for the delays said the problems had been caused by the "sheer weight of traffic" in the area.
About 15,000 people are expected to attend the festival, which was headlined by The Proclaimers on Thursday night.
The Manic Street Preachers will headline on Friday night, followed by the Kaiser Chiefs on Saturday.
Long queues to get in occurred throughout the day, but some of the longest were reported on Thursday evening.
Police motorcyclists with blue lights flashing rode up and down the three-mile line of cars, vans and campervans headed for the festival's car park.
Music fans caught up in the tailbacks took to the Belladrum facebook page to complain.
One said: "Turned back for home to Inverness after three hours stuck in traffic."
Another said: "Thursday night has backfired."
Belladrum promoter Joe Gibbs said the festival had got off to a "flying start" on Thursday.
But he added: "We are sorry there were delays in traffic on the main roads in the area of Belladrum. Delays were not due to any problems getting into festival car parks, where all traffic operations ran smoothly.
"The cause seems to have been sheer weight of traffic on the roads. Besides Bella, other events were taking place in the immediate area such as the Black Isle Show and the fine weather brought an ingress into the festival that was more concentrated and earlier than usual.
"After the event we will be discussing with the relevant agencies ways of alleviating this in future years."
This week is seeing one of the busiest times for visitors in the Highlands in recent years.
As well as Bella, the Black Isle Show - the largest agricultural event in the north of Scotland - was held on Wednesday and Thursday at Muir of Ord not far from Beauly.
The World Orienteering Championships are taking place in Nairn and Forres with many of the hundreds of athletes and thousands of spectators staying in and around Inverness.
Thousands of people will also be attending the Celebration of the Centuries event at Fort George near Ardersier, on the Moray Firth coast between Inverness and Nairn, on Saturday and Sunday.
BBC Alba will show three live shows from Belladrum from Thursday to Saturday with the programmes hosted by Gaelic TV presenters Fiona MacKenzie and Niall Iain MacDonald.


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Question: Post-mortems in France have explained the mystery of how two men found dead together after a meal perished.

Lucien PÃ©rot, 69, who had been drinking, choked on a 44g (1.5oz) beef rib he could not chew, reportedly because he had several teeth missing.
Olivier Boudin, 38, who had a pre-existing genetic heart condition, had a heart attack seeing his friend die.
There had been intense speculation over what had happened after their bodies were discovered last Thursday.
The men had been sharing a meal in Perot's garden in Authon-du-Perche, south-west of Paris, and drinking heavily. PÃ©rot was found to have 2.4g/l of alcohol in his blood.
One was found sitting on a chair and the other lying down, prosecutors said.
The two men had grown close and developed a "father-son" relationship, local residents said.
Many were relieved to discover that they had died of natural causes, reports said.
"It's clear that it did not involve an external intervention," one neighbour told Le Parisien newspaper.
"They did not have enemies, lived simple lives and were not types who would get themselves killed by the mafia," she added.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

10 September 2016 Last updated at 11:18 BST
When a family returned to their home town to see the damage to their house they heard the faint callings of a cat.
The animal needed to drink after being trapped for so long but was in a reasonably good condition considering what it had been through.
There were also reports of another cat being rescued on the same day in a nearby village.


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Question: David Cameron has achieved his long-held goal.

Intervening against the extremist forces who call themselves the Islamic State in Syria - it seemed impossible less than a month ago.
But in the weeks since the Paris attacks, the prospect of extending bombing strikes into Syria from Iraq has taken on a reluctant inevitability.
Planes may be dropping bombs by tonight.
But for the prime minister, with this, his third big foreign intervention - Libya, Iraq, now Syria - pulling together a wider plan to achieve real peace is a far more complex task, one he acknowledges the UK cannot complete on its own.
Yet by choosing action, that's a task he faces new pressure to help deliver.
For Labour too though the months ahead will be wracked with tensions that have been wound even tighter by the last few days' events.
The decision to take military action is never taken lightly.
But its political consequences could be heavy indeed.
Pass one political test, another immediately follows.

Mr Johnson, the Mayor of London, announced on Sunday that he would be backing the campaign for Britain to leave the EU.
His intervention in the debate - made, as he termed it, with "deafening eclat" - was even said to have helped cause the pound to slide on the international money markets as traders thought it made the possibility of a so-called Brexit more likely.
He has arguably the highest profile of any of the governing Conservative Party except the Prime Minister David Cameron, but those outside the UK may be wondering: who is he, and is that actually his hair? Read on.
Profile: Boris Johnson
How could 'zip wire prat' become prime minister?
Read more about the UK's referendum on the EU
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson, to give him his full name, was born in New York and is descended from Turkish, French and German stock. He describes himself as a "one-man melting pot".
He first made a name for himself in journalism, including a stint as Brussels correspondent for the right-wing Daily Telegraph newspaper and editor of The Spectator magazine. His humorous persona led him to become a fixture on various television programmes, including the satirical BBC panel show Have I Got News For You.
He still has a lucrative and entertaining column in the Daily Telegraph, in which august forum he explained the reasons for his decision on the EU.
As a politician, he has been a Conservative member of parliament for two constituencies, Henley from 2001 to 2008 and then Uxbridge and South Ruislip from 2015.
Lest you think he was putting his feet up between parliamentary mandates, he is also currently serving the second of two terms as mayor of London, no mean feat in a city where the centre-left Labour Party has dominated in recent decades.
That's indicative of the position Mr Johnson has carved out for himself as one of the most charismatic politicians in the UK who has wide appeal beyond Conservative heartlands - polling has suggested that his stance on the EU referendum may sway some undecided voters.
Just look what happens when you type his name into Google.co.uk.
Not quite. He has previously courted controversy for his remarks about (among others) the populations of Liverpool, Portsmouth and Papua New Guinea, not to mention run-ins with his own party leadership and TV chef Jamie Oliver.
Last October he accidentally flattened a 10-year-old schoolboy at what was meant to be a friendly game of photo-op rugby in Japan.
But none of this seems to have affected his standing among the party faithful or the public at large. Even getting stuck on a zip-wire during the London Olympics in 2012, a sure-fire route to derision for any other politician, only enhanced his eccentric image.
Mr Johnson finally ended months of speculation about which side of the EU debate he would back in an immaculately impromptu media scrum outside his home in North London, having reportedly informed the prime minister of his decision earlier the same day.
He said that he had come to his decision as a result of deeply held convictions and "after a huge amount of heartache". His father Stanley, a former Conservative member of the European parliament, said that his son had performed a noble and potentially "career-ending move", ruining any chance of serving in Mr Cameron's cabinet.
But Mr Cameron has already said he won't run for another mandate when his current one ends in 2020. Some observers of British politics point out that even if the UK votes to remain in the EU, positioning himself in the "Out" camp won't do Mr Johnson any harm with grassroots Conservatives, many of who are Eurosceptic and will have the final say in choosing a new leader.
In this, some suggest, he is implementing his long-standing policy on cake: "My policy on cake is pro having it and pro eating it."
No, that's Donald Trump. Also a pioneer of unorthodox political hair, but they don't get on.
When Mr Trump commented that parts of London are "so radicalised the police are afraid for their lives", Mr Johnson retorted: "The only reason I wouldn't go to some parts of New York is the real risk of meeting Donald Trump."
No, I've confused you now by mentioning Donald Trump. Same hair though.
No, that's Julian Assange.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Warmer temperatures are threatening to shrink the habitat of the snow leopard and weaken their struggle against extinction, a report says.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

Conservation charity WWF says more than a third of the animal's mountain living areas could become uninhabitable because of climate change.
It says plants and trees there are not able to survive in warmer temperatures.
The report describes snow leopards as one of the most beautiful and enigmatic big cats.
"But it is also one of the most elusive and endangered," it says.
WWF says that the animal is threatened not just because of climate change but also because of a combination of other factors including:
Climate change will exacerbate most of these threats, the report says, further increasing the pressure on snow leopards and reducing them to unsustainable numbers in many areas.
"The Himalayas region will face a major crisis if we choose to ignore climate change. Not only do we risk losing majestic species such as the snow leopard, but hundreds of millions of people who rely on water flowing from these mountains may be affected," WWF-UK's Snow Leopard Programme Lead Rebecca May said.
The charity says that India, Nepal and Bhutan's success in increasing the number of endangered species such as tigers and rhinos could be replicated for snow leopards

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The report estimates that there are just 7,100 of the world's fastest mammals now left in the wild.
Cheetahs are in trouble because they range far beyond protected areas and are coming increasingly into conflict with humans.
The authors are calling for an urgent re-categorisation of the species from vulnerable to endangered.
According to the study, more than half the world's surviving cheetahs live in one population that ranges across six countries in southern Africa.
Cheetahs in Asia have been essentially wiped out. A group estimated to number fewer than 50 individuals clings on in Iran.
Because the cheetah is one of the widest-ranging carnivores, it roams across lands far outside protected areas. Some 77% of their habitat falls outside these parks and reserves.
As a result, the animal struggles because these lands are increasingly being developed by farmers and the cheetah's prey is declining because of bushmeat hunting.
In Zimbabwe, the cheetah population has fallen from around 1,200 to just 170 animals in 16 years, with the main cause being major changes in land tenure.
Researchers involved with the study say that the threats facing the fabled predator have gone unnoticed for far too long.
"Given the secretive nature of this elusive cat, it has been difficult to gather hard information on the species, leading to its plight being overlooked," said Dr Sarah Durant, from the Zoological Society of London, UK, and the report's lead author.
"Our findings show that the large space requirements for the cheetah, coupled with the complex range of threats faced by the species in the wild, mean that it is likely to be much more vulnerable to extinction than was previously thought."
Another of the big concerns about cheetahs has been the illegal trafficking of cubs, fuelled by demand from the Gulf states, as reported by the BBC earlier this year.
The young cats can fetch up to $10,000 on the black market. According to the Cheetah Conservation Fund, some 1,200 cheetah cubs are known to have been trafficked out of Africa over the past 10 years but around 85% of them died during the journey.
At the recent CITES conference in South Africa, governments agreed to put new measures in place to tackle this issue, clamping down on the use of social media to advertise cheetahs for sale.
However if the species is to survive long term then urgent efforts must be made to tackle the wider question of protected areas and ranges.
The new study argues for a "paradigm shift in conservation", moving away from the idea of just declaring an area to be protected and towards incorporating "incentive-based approaches". This, in essence, means paying local communities to protect a species that many see as a dangerous predator.
"The take-away from this pinnacle study is that securing protected areas alone is not enough," said Dr Kim Young-Overton from Panthera, another author on the report.
"We must think bigger, conserving across the mosaic of protected and unprotected landscapes that these far-reaching cats inhabit, if we are to avert the otherwise certain loss of the cheetah forever."
To fully recognise the scale of the threat that the cheetah now faces, the report is calling on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to change the categorisation of the fastest animal on its Red List from vulnerable to endangered.
This would help focus international conservation support on a species that the authors fear is heading for extinction at an increasing pace.
The report has been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Question: A chronology of key events

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1493 - Voyager Christopher Columbus claims Puerto Rico for Spain.
1508 - Spanish settlement begins; Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon arrives.
1898 - Under the Treaty of Paris, Puerto Rico is ceded by the Spanish to the US at the end of the Spanish-American War.
1900 - US Congress institutes civil government in Puerto Rico under the Foraker Act. US maintains strict control over island affairs, prompting demands for more local control.
1917 - Jones Act grants US citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
1946 - US appoints Jesus T Pinero as Puerto Rico's first governor.
1947 - Partial self-government granted, enabling Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor.
1948 - Munoz Marin elected as governor by popular vote. As leader of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), he serves four terms.
1950 - October - President Truman signs the Puerto Rico Commonwealth Bill, paving the way for a Puerto Rican constitution. Nationalists oppose the new law and resort to violence. In November two US-based nationalists attempt to assassinate President Truman in Washington DC.
1951 - Puerto Ricans vote overwhelmingly in favour of US commonwealth status in a referendum.
1952 - 25 July - Puerto Rico's constitution is proclaimed, establishing a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs.
1954 - Nationalists open fire in the US House of Representatives, injuring five congressmen.
1963 - World's largest radio telescope inaugurated at Arecibo Observatory.
1967 - Referendum on island's political status: 60% of voters back continued commonwealth status.
1985 - Landslide in Ponce kills 129 people.
1993 - Spanish and English declared as official languages.
Nearly 49% of voters back continued US commonwealth status.
1998 September - Hurricane George sweeps across the territory causing serious damage. President Clinton declares Puerto Rico a disaster zone.
1999 April - Off-target bombs kill a security guard on Vieques, an island which is home to a US Navy bombing range, triggering large-scale protests.
2000 November - PPD's Sila Calderon elected as first female governor.
2001 June - President George W Bush agrees to halt the use of the Vieques bombing range by May 2003.
2003 1 May - US Navy closes its bombing range on Vieques.
2004 December - Ruling party's Anibal Acevedo Vila is confirmed as the territory's next governor after nearly two months of legal wrangling over a 0.2% margin of victory.
2005 July - Voters in a referendum back the idea of replacing the island's Senate and House of Representatives with a one-house legislature.
2005 September - Fugitive pro-independence rebel leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios is killed in a shoot-out with US federal agents. The handling of the incident causes anger on the island.
2006 March - US Supreme Court rejects an appeal calling for Puerto Ricans to have the right to vote in US presidential elections.
2006 May - Budget shortfall leads to the closure of schools and many government agencies. Thousands of people take to the streets in protest.
2006 November - Puerto Rico adopts its first sales tax, aiming to address major budget deficits.
2008 March - Governor Acevedo Vila pleads not guilty to corruption charges in connection with alleged irregularities over the funding of election campaigns between 2000 and 2004.
2008 June - Mr Acevedo Vila calls on the UN to back Puerto Rico's right to self-determination.
2008 November - Luis Fortuno of the pro-statehood New Progressive Party wins gubernatorial election and is inaugurated in January.
2009 May - tens of thousands of workers march through San Juan in protest at possible job layoffs after Governor Fortuno announced a major programme of public spending cuts in March.
Former governor Anibal Acevedo Vila found not guilty on all counts in a corruption trial linked to allegations of raising and hiding thousands of dollars in illegal election campaign contributions.
2009 October - Whole neighbourhood near San Juan evacuated after an explosion at an oil refinery triggered a major fire. The blast was measured to a strength of a 2.8-magnitude earthquake.
2010 October - Dozens of Puerto Rican police are held on drugs charges following the biggest police graft probe in FBI history.
2011 June - President Barack Obama becomes first president since John F. Kennedy to make an official visit to Puerto Rico.
2011 December - Governor Fortuno gives go-ahead for 2012 referendum to help decide island's political status.
2012 August - Voters in referendum reject proposed constitutional changes that would have reduced the size of the territory's legislature and given judges the right to deny bail in certain murder cases.
2012 November - Voters back a non-binding referendum to become a full US state. The measure requires US Congressional approval, but President Obama says he will respect the vote. US Congress begins to consider at least two bills on the status of Puerto Rico.
Popular Democratic Party candidate Alejandro Garcia Padilla beats incumbent Governor Luis Fortuno in a very close gubernatorial race. He is sworn in as governor in January 2013.
2013 April - President Obama proposes another, federally-funded referendum on the status of Puerto Rico in order to break the Congressional impasse on the issue.
2013 October - Puerto Rico faces a mounting debt crisis, raising the possibility that it might require federal assistance.
2014 July - Governor Alejandro Padilla pledges to hold another plebiscite on Puerto Rico's status by 2016.
2015 June - Governor Padilla warns that Puerto Rico cannot pay its $72bn debt, and is close to defaulting on a large round of payments. Ultimately, the island narrowly avoids default.
2015 August - Puerto Rico defaults on its large debt for the first time, missing payments worth more than $50m.
2015 October - President Obama urges Congress to devise a plan for Puerto Rico's massive debt in order to avoid a "humanitarian crisis".
2015 December - Puerto Rico narrowly avoids default on a debt payment, as the government said it was struggling to find money for government services and future debt payments.
Governor Padilla says he will not seek re-election, and would instead focus his efforts on the debt crisis.
2016 January - Puerto Rico defaults for a second time, as the economy continues to struggle. Around $37m was left unpaid. Governor Padilla continues his push for the island to be granted greater bankruptcy protections by the US

Here is the story of the two countries' entangled history, told through pictures.


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Question: A man has been arrested after a cyclist was killed in a crash with a car on the A62 in West Yorkshire.

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The crash between a Rover 45 and the bicycle, happened at about 18:40 BST on Tuesday near to a waste management site on Gelderd Road in Leeds.
West Yorkshire Police said the 41-year-old cyclist was treated by paramedics but died at the scene.
The 29-year-old car driver is being held on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving.
Police have appealed for witnesses to come forward.

Officers said a woman died after her car skidded on ice on Southport New Road, Tarleton at about 05:30 GMT and crashed into a tree.
She was taken to hospital but died later from her injuries.
There have been five crashes on the M6 and one in which a man was seriously injured in Hesketh Bank.


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Question: National League club Torquay United have signed Millwall centre-back Paul Rooney on a 28-day youth loan.

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The 19-year-old has played one first-team game for the Lions since joining them from Irish club Bohemians in July.
"He's a player I came across when on a scouting mission a few weeks ago," Torquay player-manager Kevin Nicholson said. "It's a great opportunity for him to come and test himself."
Rooney could make his Gulls debut in Saturday's FA Trophy tie at Braintree.

Liechtenstein international Buchel, 27, did not make a first-team appearance for the U's last season and spent time on loan at League Two Barnet.
Shearer signed a 12-month contract on Tuesday after being released by Mansfield Town.
Midfielder Josh Ashby, 21, has signed a new one-year deal while he recovers from a knee injury.


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Question: There's lots of talk about the start of a "global war" against online child abuse.

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David Cameron says efforts to track and stop paedophiles will match the battle against terrorism.
A new global child protection fund is being set up to tackle the dark net, a "hidden" part of the internet where criminal activity can go untraced.
The UK is the first and "major" donor, contributing Â£50m over the next five years.
So what is the money being spent on? Here are the three main ways:
It will become illegal for an adult to ask anyone under 16 for a sexual image of themselves.
It's already an offence to exchange pictures with a child but the legal loophole on being able to ask for one is now being closed.
Anyone found guilty will face two years in jail.
Google, Facebook Twitter and Yahoo will use digital fingerprints to track down offending images and videos.
These firms will work with The Internet Watch Foundation to use these fingerprints, which are known as a "hash value."
New systems are also being developed to help warn children if the person they are chatting to online is not who they say they are.
It will monitor IP addresses and analyse the kind of words used by suspects to determine whether they are the age they claim to be.
Browsers will be blocked - so abusers won't be able to use the likes of Internet Explorer, Chrome and Firefox to access web addresses where abusive material can be found.
GCHQ  (it stands for Government Communications Headquarters and gathers information by listening in on phone chats and looking at emails) will join up with the National Crime Agency.
Intelligence experts and organised crime specialists will share information to track abusers.
A recent example: a gang in the Philippines was found to be arranging the sexual abuse of children, then live-streaming it to paying customers in other countries. A British police officer examined a sex offender's computer and from there, the gang was tracked down and prosecuted.
Emma Hardy, from the Internet Watch Foundation, told Newsbeat: "What we need to do is work globally on this issue so we all need to work to take down child sexual abuse images - that's you sitting at home, and me.
"If you stumble across child sexual abuse images on the internet there is a defence for you in the law to report it.
"With every new bit of technology there is always scope for someone to work out how to abuse it in some way.
"But what we have to do is work with the big technology giants like Google and Facebook, using fingerprint technology and removing abusive images."
You can get confidential advice on abuse via Radio 1's Advice Pages.
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube

In the wake of last week's report we are looking at ways that people are tackling this issue. How can we solve the issue?
It could be a simple change in your day to day routine or an advance in the world of business or technological innovation.
Use the tool below to send us your ideas for solutions.


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Question: Bosnia has commemorated 100 years since the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the act that triggered World War One.

Cultural and sporting events, including a concert by the Vienna Philharmonic, marked the occasion in the city.
Gavrilo Princip, who shot the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, continues to be a divisive figure in Bosnia.
The shots fired by the Bosnian Serb on 28 June 1914 sucked Europe's great powers into four years of warfare.
Bosnia's Serbs, Croats and Muslim Bosniaks are still divided over the role Princip played in bringing tensions to a head in Europe in 1914, with counter-commemorations organised by Bosnian Serbs.
In Austria, Franz Ferdinand's great-granddaughter and family held events at the family castle at Artstetten, near Vienna, where he is buried.
Countdown to WW1
The World War One Centenary
Leaders of Serbia and some Bosnian Serbs boycotted the official events, which they said were designed to incriminate Serbs.
On Friday, Serbs in eastern Sarajevo unveiled a statue of Princip, seen by them as a national hero who ended years of occupation of the Balkans by the Austro-Hungarian empire.
In the eastern town of Visegrad, actors re-enacted the murder of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, and the Belgrade Philharmonic played music by Vivaldi.
The commemorations in central Sarajevo took on a completely different tone to those in the east of the city, says the BBC's Guy De Launey.
The Vienna Philharmonic played a selection harking back to Hapsburg days, including Haydn's Emperor Quartet, he added.
The concert was held at the newly-restored national library, which was destroyed during the 1992 siege of the city by Bosnian Serb forces in the Bosnian War.
Austrian President Heinz Fischer attended the concert, which was the centrepiece of official events marking the anniversary.
Commemorations closed with an open-air musical memorial event in Sarajevo.
Twenty-eight European Union leaders gathered on Thursday to mark 100 years since the beginning of World War One at Ypres in Belgium.
Gavrilo Princip's living legacy
Ten interpretations of who started WW1
Gavrilo Princip: Remembering an assassin
Meanwhile, the UN cultural organisation Unesco asked all vessels at sea to fly their flags at half-mast on Saturday to mark the assassination anniversary.
The organisation is trying to highlight its convention on underwater cultural heritage, designed to increase safeguards for thousands of sunken ships vulnerable to deliberate destruction and looting.
The agreement only applies to century-old wrecks so over the next four years, thousands of British, German and other ships lost in World War One will be added to the list.

European leaders gathered in the Polish port of Gdansk for a midnight ceremony at the site where the first shots of the war were fired.
The Gdansk commemoration was seen as a slight to Russia's Victory Parade on Saturday, which has been boycotted by Western leaders because of Ukraine.
There will also be ceremonies in Paris, London, Berlin, as well as Washington.
The commemoration in Gdansk was marked with a 21-gun salute on the stroke of midnight. Beams of light illuminated a monument to Polish defenders in Westerplatte and the national anthem was played.
In a speech, Poland's President Bronislaw Komorowski said the war had started with the co-operation of two totalitarian regimes led by Hitler and Stalin.
He went on to say that the victory over Nazi Germany in 1945 did not bring freedom but instead communism and the Iron Curtain. Such division finally ended, the president said, with the integration of the region into the European Union.
The event was attended by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and the presidents of several countries including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania and Ukraine.
But many other Western leaders - who are boycotting Moscow's event and for whom the Gdansk commemoration was partly organised - did not attend.
Among those in Gdansk was Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko who said it was possible to draw parallels from history and the current situation in Europe.
"Annexation and invasion, under the pretext of defending ethnic minorities... could all become the new reality," he said.
Relations between Russia and the West have been soured by Russia's annexation of Ukraine's southern Crimea peninsula last year and support for rebels in Ukraine's eastern Donetsk and Luhansk regions.
Moscow denies it is arming the rebels and sending troops across the border.
Russia, which lost more citizens to the war than any other nation, will stage its biggest-ever military parade during its Victory ceremony in Moscow's Red Square on Saturday.
Later on Friday, there will be a ceremony in Germany where President Joachim Gauck will lay a wreath at a cemetery for Soviet soldiers. The German parliament will meet in special session.
In London, a remembrance service will be held at the Cenotaph and 200 beacons will later be lit across the country.
In France, where VE (Victory in Europe) Day is a national holiday, President Francois Hollande will lay a wreath at the tomb of the unknown soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.
In the US, a ceremony will be held at the national World War Two memorial in Washington followed by a flypast of vintage fighter planes.
It was on 8 May 1945 that Allied forces accepted the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, marking the end of the war in Europe. But it was not the end of WW2. It would take another three months before Japan surrendered.


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Question: Two men arrested in connection with a graffiti attack on the house of the mayor of Coleraine have been released.

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The message, 'Curry my yougrt (sic), oil my AK-47', was sprayed on a wall outside DUP councillor George Duddy's house on Sunday.
The police said the attack on Mr Duddy's home at Drumaquill Road was a hate crime.
The men, aged 26 and 37, were released on police bail on Wednesday night, pending further enquiries.
A number of properties in the Coleraine area were searched on Wednesday and items were taken away by police for examination.
Part of the graffiti refers to comments made in the Northern Ireland Assembly when DUP MP Gregory Campbell said: "Curry my yoghurt can coca coalyer."

The men, aged 51 and 24, were detained on Friday. A 25-year-old man who was arrested on Thursday has also been released.
Mr McKay, who was 36, was shot dead at his home on the Longlands Road last month. His funeral took place on Friday.
At least two armed men were involved in the attack.