Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Extra-time goals from Scott Fraser and Blair Spittal helped Dundee United gain their place in the last eight of the league cup against a spirited Dunfermline.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

For instance, <<['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'The assault in the north-western city of Valencia was carried out by 20 people, he said. Two were killed, one was injured and seven were arrested.\nEarlier, a video posted on social media showed uniformed men saying they were rising against a "murderous tyranny".\nDespite the incident, the situation appears to be calm in the country.\nOn state television, Mr Maduro congratulated the army for its "immediate reaction" in putting down the attack in the early hours of Sunday, saying they had earned his "admiration."\nHe called the incident a "terrorist attack" carried out by "mercenaries", and said the security forces were actively searching for those who had escaped. "We\'ll get them," he vowed.\nMilitary vehicles were patrolling the streets in and around Valencia and at least one helicopter was being used in the operation.\nThe government said that those arrested included a first lieutenant who had deserted. It said the others were civilians wearing uniforms.\nKaty Watson, BBC South America correspondent\nThroughout these past four months of often violent protests in Venezuela, the country\'s army has, several times, reaffirmed its "unconditional loyalty" to President Maduro.\nThe opposition has tried to test that loyalty. When they organised an unofficial referendum last month to let Venezuelans have their say on the Constituent Assembly, one of the questions asked was whether people wanted the armed forces to defend the existing constitution.\nSo far, the army has remained by Mr Maduro\'s side but the video that surfaced on Sunday claiming to be from the 41st Brigade in Valencia and calling for military and civilian action to restore order to the country is an interesting development. One of course denied by the Maduro administration who said that most of the men in the videos were civilians, led by a deserter.\nBut with an economy being pushed to the brink, how long he can enjoy military backing? After all, soldiers have families and nobody can escape the food shortages and spiralling inflation faced by millions every day. And with criticism being heaped upon him for what opponents call a creeping dictatorship, you have to wonder when, not if, the tipping point will come.\nMr Maduro said they had been backed by anti-government leaders based in the US and Colombia.\nThere were some demonstrations of support to the uprising in Valencia but they were dispersed with tear gas, witnesses said. Elsewhere in the country, the situation remained calm.\nIn Sunday\'s video, a rebel leader who identified himself as Juan Caguaripano, said that his group - which he called the 41st Brigade - was taking a stand against the "murderous tyranny of President Nicolás Maduro".\n"This is not a coup but a civil and military action to re-establish constitutional order."\nViolent demonstrations since April have left more than 100 people dead in the country which, despite being oil-rich, is experiencing severe shortages of food and medicines, as well as inflation in excess of 700%.\nThe incident in Valencia came the day after the first session of the newly inaugurated Constituent Assembly, seen by the opposition is a way for the left-wing president to cling to power.\nBut Mr Maduro has repeatedly said that the new body would bring peace to the country.\nThe Constituent Assembly has the ability to rewrite the constitution and could override the opposition-controlled parliament, the National Assembly.\nOn Saturday, it immediately voted to dismiss Chief Prosecutor Luisa Ortega, a former ally of President Maduro turned major critic.']>>  to "['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'A search is under way in Venezuela for 10 men who escaped with weapons after an attack on a military base, President Nicolás Maduro says.']"

Michael Paton scored his first goal for Dunfermline in the first half to give them the lead.
Callum Morris headed an equaliser for the home side before the break.
The game went to extra-time but as the Pars ran out of steam Fraser and Spittal netted to settle the tie.
It was a long awaited win for Jackie McNamara's side as they make it into Monday's quarter-final draw.
Dunfermline though will rue two missed chances from Ryan Wallace that could have seen them take a Premiership scalp.
The League One side have been free-scoring so far this season with 41 goals in their opening 11 matches and within the opening two minutes top scorer Faissel El-Bahktoui fizzed in a shot from 20 yards that was straight at United goalkeeper Luis Swick.
They deservedly took the lead although they had a huge slice of fortune for the goal.
Paton collected a pass from Joe Cardle 25 yards from goal. His shot was straight at the United 'keeper, but inexplicably he allowed the ball to slip through his hands and into the net.
It was a dreadful mistake and a blow to a United side who were already lacking in confidence with only one win in their opening eight matches.
Slowly the home side crept into the game and Fraser and Charlie Telfer came close to an equaliser, before it eventually came from former Dunfermline defender Morris.
The Pars makeshift defence failed to clear a corner and Morris found space inside the six yard box to head home.
Wallace missed a glorious chance on the stroke of half time that would have put Dunfermline in front when he slipped the ball beyond the far post with the goal gaping.
The winger made a terrific run that beat the United offside trap. He took the ball around the keeper but with an open goal facing him he slipped the ball the wrong side of the far post.
United manager McNamara may well have had some strong words for his players and they certainly started the second period with a flourish.
Billy McKay and substitute Spittal both came close for the home side before Dunfermline goalkeeper Sean Murdoch pulled off a succession of saves to keep his side in the game.
Dunfermline also had their chances as El-Bahktoui curled the ball just wide of goal after Michael Moffat had his chance blocked.
With the last attack of the 90 minutes United were denied again when Murdoch saved from Simon Murray as the former Arbroath striker looked set to score with a header.
The home side eventually took the lead in extra-time thanks to a wonderful solo effort.
Fraser evaded the challenge of four Dunfermline defenders before guiding the ball beyond the helpless Murdoch and at last the home fans could breathe easy.
And the tie was put to bed when Spittal cut in from the left hand side before curling a left foot shot into the corner to send United into the next round.
Dundee United manager Jackie McNamara: "The important thing is we're in the next round.
"As you would expect we were nervous at the start but we grew into it.
"I thought Dunfermline started the game better than us. Once we settled down and moved the ball we caused them problems.
"Dunfermline tonight had a fantastic crowd up and they can be proud of their team."
Dunfermline manager Allan Johnston: "I thought it was a brilliant team performance from start to finish. We caused Dundee united a lot of problems and on another day I think we'd have got the win.
"We defended well for long periods, we broke well, created chances. The boys couldn't do anymore.
"With that type of performance against a Premiership team, I think the boys showed the quality they've got."
Match ends, Dundee United 3, Dunfermline Athletic 1.
Second Half Extra Time ends, Dundee United 3, Dunfermline Athletic 1.
Foul by Simon Murray (Dundee United).
David Hopkirk (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dunfermline Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is just a bit too high.
Attempt saved. Blair Spittal (Dundee United) left footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Foul by Scott Fraser (Dundee United).
Joe Cardle (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Luis Maria Zwick (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Joe Cardle (Dunfermline Athletic).
Foul by Adam Taggart (Dundee United).
Lewis Martin (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Scott Fraser (Dundee United).
Josh Falkingham (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Blair Spittal (Dundee United) left footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Second Half Extra Time begins Dundee United 3, Dunfermline Athletic 1.
First Half Extra Time ends, Dundee United 3, Dunfermline Athletic 1.
Adam Taggart (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Rhys McCabe (Dunfermline Athletic).
Attempt missed. Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dunfermline Athletic) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt saved. Adam Taggart (Dundee United) right footed shot from long range on the left is saved in the bottom right corner.
Goal!  Dundee United 3, Dunfermline Athletic 1. Blair Spittal (Dundee United) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the top left corner.
Goal!  Dundee United 2, Dunfermline Athletic 1. Scott Fraser (Dundee United) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Billy McKay.
Foul by Scott Fraser (Dundee United).
Joe Cardle (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Simon Murray (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Attempt saved. John Rankin (Dundee United) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Corner,  Dundee United. Conceded by Ben Richards-Everton.
First Half Extra Time begins Dundee United 1, Dunfermline Athletic 1.
Second Half ends, Dundee United 1, Dunfermline Athletic 1.
Andrew Geggan (Dunfermline Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
John Rankin (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Andrew Geggan (Dunfermline Athletic).
Scott Fraser (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dunfermline Athletic).
Blair Spittal (Dundee United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Michael Moffat (Dunfermline Athletic).
Corner,  Dundee United. Conceded by Lewis Martin.
John Rankin (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Michael Paton (Dunfermline Athletic).

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

The English striker scored three goals in four league games last month, with 16 goals in all competitions since arriving from Barnsley in the summer.
Hemmings was on target in the 2-1 derby win over Dundee United, the 4-2 win over Partick Thistle and scored two in the 3-1 Scottish Cup win over Falkirk.
Dundee can go fifth in the league with victory over St Johnstone on Friday.


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Question: The number of Scottish women who attend screenings for cervical cancer is falling, according to a national charity.

Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust said out of nearly 1.5 million women eligible for a smear test last year, only 76.6% had been screened.
The charity found attendance had dropped among all age groups.
It said incidences of cervical cancer could be cut by 21% in just one year, if uptake could reach 85%.
According to the charity, the five-year cervical screening uptake has been falling since 2001-2002 when it was at 86.5%.
The exception was 2009 when celebrity Jade Goody's death from the disease resulted in increased attendance.
Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust said its cervical screening awareness campaign #SmearForSmear, which targeted women aged between 25 and 29 last year, improved attendance from that age group.
It is relaunching the campaign at the start of Cervical Cancer Prevention Week to encourage more women to attend screenings.
It also aims to highlight a trend of declining attendance as age increases.
Last year in Scotland, screening coverage for 50-54 year olds was 82.1%, down from 89.3% nine years ago. Meanwhile, coverage for 55 to 59-year-olds fell from 86.8% to to 78.7%.
Cervical cancer facts and figures:
Source: Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust
Jo's chief executive Robert Music said: "Cervical cancer is a preventable disease and we cannot afford for screening uptake to keep falling.
"So it is a matter of urgency that we see positive actions to turn around the downward trend in cervical screening uptake and we are urging policy makers and health professionals to increase investment in targeted approaches to tackle barriers to screening for women of every age, ethnicity, location and circumstance."
Public Health Minister Maureen Watt said: "The earlier a cancer is detected the easier it is to treat.
"We know that screening is the best way to detect cervical cancer at its earliest stage.
"Through our Â£39m Detect Cancer Early programme we aim to increase the proportion of cancers detected at the early stage of disease and raise awareness of all cancers and screening programmes amongst the public and health professionals, and crucially, save more lives each year."
He added: "While 70% of eligible women took up their invitation to be screened for cervical cancer in the last three years, it is essential that every woman in Scotland eligible for screening takes up their invitation to attend."

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The 2014-15 report from Public Health Wales showed 78% of women in the target age of 25 to 64 had been tested.
Almost a quarter of the women received their results within four weeks.
Women are invited for screening for abnormal cells from the age of 25.
Rachel Jones, head of cervical screening Wales, said: "The positive figures suggested in the annual report are consistent across Wales, with coverage of screening exceeding 76% in each of the health boards."


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Question: Hosts Ireland's World Cup dreams were ended as three first-half tries set up France's emphatic victory in Dublin.

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An early Romane Menager try was followed by two more Caroline Ladagnous touchdowns as the French ran Ireland ragged to lead 21-0 at the interval.
Ireland produced intense second-half pressure but could only manage an injury-time Cliodhna Moloney try.
France will face England in the semi-finals in Belfast on Tuesday with Ireland now battling for fifth spot.
The French went into the game as strong favourites having demolished Japan and Australia in their opening two pool games in contrast to Ireland's narrow wins over the same opposition.
The formbook proved totally accurate as Ireland, semi-finalists three years ago, had no answer to France's ball-in-hand running game.
The somewhat one-dimensional home side's only attacking weapon was totally blunted by France's decision not to contest several mauls.
Ireland produced intense second-half pressure immediately but poor handling and outstanding French defence meant the home side could not register a score until replacement Moloney's late try.
The French won despite the sin-binning of lock Lenaig Corson but the victory may have come at a major cost as influential flanker Menager - arguably the player of the tournament so far - was forced off with an apparent injury early in the second half.
With Brian O'Driscoll among the watching crowd, the match started amid a tremendous atmosphere at the UCD Bowl but France quickly went about spoiling the Irish party.
Intense early French pressure eventually yielded Menager's seventh-minute try as she contorted herself to get the touchdown after Caroline Drouin's run had put the Irish defence on the back foot.
Monserrat Amedee, after her earlier penalty miss, slotted the conversion and things quickly went from bad to worse for the hosts as centre Ladagnous broke through some weak tackling to score in the 13th minute after a scrum infringement had put the Irish under severe pressure.
France's lead was pushed on to 21-0 before the half-hour mark as Ladagnous notched an outstanding team try after Elodie Poublan's sublime offload to winger Chloe Pelle had unhinged the Irish defence.
Ireland responded with an 18-phase period of pressure but to no avail as Eimear Considine knocked on.
The Irish also appeared flummoxed by France's decision not to contest mauls as the visitors comfortably maintained their 21-point lead to the interval.
Corson's sin-binning as Ireland produced intense pressure after the restart seemed to offer the hosts a potential route back into the contest but a spilled ball from scrum-half Nicole Cronin saw the French escape.
With France number eight Safe N'Diaye continuing to excel, including a couple of turnovers, the Irish couldn't breach the opposition line as Ciara Griffin was held up in the 64th minute by more dogged defence.
The Irish remained camped deep in French territory in the closing minutes and their effort was finally rewarded by Moloney's score in the final play.
But the try was scant consolation as France comprehensively avenged their Six Nations defeat by the Irish earlier this year.
Ireland captain Claire Molloy speaking on ITV:
"Credit to France, they ran around us in the first-half and we let them in too easily. We had too much of a mountain to climb and the French defence held strong.
"It's disappointing but we will have to build from that. We are delighted we got the try at the end."
France: Amédée; Pelle, Ladagnous, Poublan, Izar; Drouin, Rivolaen; Deshayes, Mignot (capt), Duval; Forlani, Corson; Ménager, Mayans, N'Diaye.
Replacements: Thomas, Arricastre, Carricaburu, Ferer, Annery, Le Pesq, Neisen, Grassineau.
Ireland: Tyrrell; Considine, Murphy, Naoupu, Miller; Stapleton, Cronin; Peat, Lyons, Egan; Spence, O'Reilly; Griffin, Molloy (capt), Fitzpatrick.
Replacements: Moloney, O'Reilly, O'Connor, Baxter, O'Brien, Muldoon, Fitzhenry, Galvin.

Gareth Williams' side started the day with a narrow 14-12 win against France after Ethan Davies scored late on.
Morgan Williams scored a hat-trick as Wales pulled off a surprise 28-15 win against back-to-back series winners and Olympic gold medallists Fiji.
In their final game, Wales drew 7-7 with Samoa to finish top of Pool B.
The day marks a turnaround for Wales, after the disappointment in Wellington a week earlier, where they were beaten by Canada and made just the Challenge Trophy semi-final.


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Question: A stone will be laid at the Ministry of Defence later to honour the first serviceman to be awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery in the air.

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Special events were held in Beaminster, Dorset, where 2nd Lt William Rhodes-Moorhouse is buried, on Sunday.
During World War One, he was wounded in the air during the second battle of Ypres, on 26 April 1915. He died the following day.
The stone will be unveiled at Whitehall to mark the centenary of his death.
A paving stone, which will form part of the war memorial in Beaminster, was also dedicated during a service at St Mary's Church in the town, on Sunday.
2nd Lt Rhodes-Moorhouse flew 35 miles (56km) back to base following his solo mission, despite having been hit in the thigh and losing three fingers on his right hand.
He insisted on giving his report before being treated in hospital.
His final words were: "If I'm to die, give me a drink and take my body home." Both his wishes were granted and he is buried on a hilltop in Beaminster.
Douglas Beazer, chairman of the Rhodes-Moorhouse VC Commemorations Group, said: "A month after his death king George V was told the deed that he'd accomplished selflessly and said this man must have the VC."
At the time of his death, 2nd Lt Rhodes-Moorhouse was a member of 2 Squadron Royal Flying Corps, which later became 2 Squadron Royal Air Force.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Lt Col James Power Carne led 700 men of the Gloucestershire Regiment in a fight against more than 10,000 Chinese in the Battle of Imjin River in 1951.
He was eventually captured and spent 19 months in solitary confinement, and was later awarded the Victoria Cross.
He has been depicted on one of ten stamps issued to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the start of the war.
During the battle, in April 1951, the 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment, stemmed an attack by the vastly superior forces of the communist Chinese army.
It was a key moment in the war and gave other United Nations troops time to regroup and block the advance of Chinese and North Korean forces.
The battle led to the regiment acquiring its nickname the "Glorious Glosters".
Col Carne, the battalion's commanding officer, moved among the soldiers and inspired confidence among them while under very heavy mortar and machine gun fire.
Armed with a rifle and grenades, he twice led assault parties to drive back the enemy.
After his capture, Col Carne was kept in solitary confinement in North Korea. He was eventually released in September 1953.
The following month, he was awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry and leadership.
While in captivity, he used a nail to carve a stone cross, which is now on display in Gloucester Cathedral.
General manager of the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Chris Chatteron, said: "We're very proud. Col Carne is one of the legendary figures of the regiment.
"The fact that he's recognised for the phenomenal sacrifice and bravery that he showed at the battle of the Imjin River is testament to, not just him, but all the Glosters that were on that battlefield."
The other nine stamps feature Ralph Monclar from France, William Hamilton Shaw and James Alward Van Fleet from the US and six South Korean veterans.
The Korean War began in June 1950 and ended with an armistice agreement in July 1953.


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Question: A legal challenge over the UK leaving the EU will be heard by the High Court in October, two judges have decided.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

A number of actions have been launched attempting to prevent the government from formally triggering Brexit without Parliament's authorisation.
During the opening hearing, government lawyers told the High Court Prime Minister Theresa May did not intend to trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty before the end of 2016.
Article 50 begins the Brexit process.
A hearing in October will allow time for a possible appeal to be completed before the government seeks to leave the EU in line with the 23 June referendum result, the court heard.
The hearing will take place over two to three days.
Government lawyers are expected to argue that the prime minister can use historic Royal Prerogative powers to start the process of withdrawing from the EU, a course the challengers say is unlawful.
They say Parliament must give its authorisation.
The judges heard that one of the law firms involved, Mishcon de Reya, had received letters of abuse which led to potential clients who had wanted to join the action withdrawing their names.
"It is racist abuse, it is anti-Semitic abuse and it is objectionable abuse," Lord Pannick QC, instructed by Mishcon, told the court.
The judges ruled that the lead case in the action should be that of Mishcon client Gina Miller, 51, an investment manager and philanthropist living in London who voted Remain in the EU referendum.
Other applicants include London hairdresser Deir Dos Santos, 37, as well as Britons living in France campaigning as Fair Deal for Expats.
Mrs May has said she will not trigger Article 50 - which sets in place a two-year process for leaving the EU - until the end of the year.
The recently-appointed Brexit Secretary, David Davis, has said Brexit should be triggered "before or by the start of next year".
EU leaders have urged the UK to do so as soon as possible.

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3 February 2016 Last updated at 19:19 GMT
Just as an appeal hearing was about to get under way, the Attorney General intervened and the case is to be put on hold for another three months.
In the meantime, the Attorney General's concerns about the case will be heard at a separate hearing.
Mark Simpson was in court.


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Question: Rangers manager Mark Warburton fears Hampden Park's new pitch will not have time to bed in before his side's Scottish Cup semi-final with Celtic.

The present surface was described as "dangerous" by Peterhead boss Jim McInally after his side's 4-0 Petrofac Training Cup final loss to Rangers.
New turf will be put down before this weekend's two semi-finals.
"You've got to question how a new pitch can bed down in such a short time," said Warburton.
"My concern is if we have any adverse weather on the Thursday and Friday then have Hibs and Dundee United playing on it on Saturday before we play Celtic on Sunday.
"I'm not sure how you bed in a new pitch in three days' time.
"I understand there's problems and you have to find a solution as swiftly as possible, but it is surprising."
Warburton had already expressed concerns about the pitch before kick-off and captain Lee Wallace and midfielder Harry Forrester picked up injuries against Peterhead.
McInally's comments came after four of his players picked up injuries in the final.
Hampden Park Ltd, which operates the venue, has confirmed it will put down new turf on Monday.
It comes only five weeks after the pitch was last re-laid - and will be the fifth patch-up job in seven years - after Hampden's pitch suppliers admitted the grass had failed to bed in properly.
"How much does it cost to relay the pitch?" asked Warburton. "With the amount of times it is being done, should you not go for the more expensive option in the beginning which proved to be the cheaper option in the long run?"
McInally, who was disappointed with his team's performance against Rangers, said: "The ground is so hard, there is a skim on top of it.
"If you soak it then it becomes a bit dangerous. I don't think it could be any worse, no matter what they do to it, but I'm no grass expert.
"Three of our players picked up groin injuries. Ryan Strachan has not missed a game all season but had to come off with a calf strain."

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Pressure has been growing on the Norwegian for some time.
Some fans believe the defeat by their rivals at Hampden Park was the final straw, with a number taking to social media to call for his sacking.
But it is understood that the Glasgow club will now concentrate on retaining the Scottish Premiership title with Deila in charge.
The 40-year-old's side were beaten by the Championship winners after a penalty shoot following a 2-2 draw with their city rivals.
However, despite the man himself admitting he faces an uncertain future, it would appear that Celtic intend to continue with Deila until at least the end of the season.
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They are eight points clear of Aberdeen at the top of the table with five games remaining.
And there is a fear that any change of manager now might disrupt their progress to what would be a fifth consecutive league title.
Deila, who previously led Stromsgodset to the Norwegian title, took over at Celtic after the departure of Neil Lennon in 2014.
He led Celtic to the league title, while they also lifted the Scottish League Cup, in his first season.
On the downside, they lost to Inverness Caledonian Thistle in last season's Scottish Cup semi-final and to Ross County in this campaign's League Cup last four.
Deila's side also lost to Malmo in a play-off to reach the Champions League group stage before finishing bottom of their Europa League section.


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Question: Scottish retailers have called for the business rates system in Scotland to be "fundamentally reformed", claiming up to a quarter of shops could close if the current arrangements continue.

The Scottish Retail Consortium (SRC) said a new "flexible, simple and competitive" system should be created.
It argued the existing system did not reflect current economic conditions.
The Scottish government said it was "doing everything" within its powers to support the economy.
It said that included "action to maintain a competitive business rates regime".
The call by SRC came in its submission to a review of rates which is due to report to the Scottish government in July next year.
SRC was one of a number of organisations which called last month for a hike in tax rates for big firms to be reversed.
In its submission to the review, the lobby group called for regular revaluations of business premises to ensure the system "better reflects the economic conditions", and a single assessor - instead of the current 14 - to carry out assessments.
The SRC also wants to see poundage rates reduced to ensure they are "at least competitive with the rest of the UK", as well as a commitment to set a Scotland-wide poundage rate rather than devolving that power to local authorities.
The organisation said there should also be a "fundamental review" of existing exemptions, with the aim of creating a simpler and fairer system with fewer exemptions and reliefs.
SRC director David Lonsdale said: "We now have the opportunity to create a modern business rates system which promotes economic growth, investment and productivity.
"We believe the review should create a rates system which is flexible, simple and competitive."
He added: "Scottish government figures show that 10,000 jobs and 1,700 shops have been lost in the last seven years in the industry.
"In that time revenue from rates has grown by 42.5%. This is not sustainable, and without urgent reform up to a quarter of Scotland's shops will be at risk of closure, with the consequent impact on the Scottish economy."
A Scottish government spokeswoman said: "We are doing everything within our powers to support our economy, including action to maintain a competitive business rates regime - for example, our small business bonus has already delivered over Â£1bn in savings for smaller firms.
"We commenced an external review precisely so we could engage with business and explore how rates can better reflect economic conditions and support growth.
"We warmly welcome the contributions of the business community to that process."

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Labour's Rebecca Long-Bailey said many firms faced "cliff-edge" rises when new valuations take effect in April and that the process had been mishandled.
The government says it has established a £3.6bn transitional fund to help businesses facing big jumps in rates.
A spokesman said the changes meant all businesses would get a "fair deal".
However, Ms Long-Bailey said: "The reality is that business rates are a ticking time bomb.
"It cannot be right for smaller town centre retailers to be facing massive hikes while the Amazons and ASOSs of this world have their business rates cut."
Labour's plan would include a fund worth £150m a year for the next three years for small and medium-sized firms at risk of bankruptcy due to "sharp and unmanageable" increases.
It would be distributed by councils under already established powers to provide discretionary relief, with the cost covered by central government.
Although many businesses are expecting small falls in business rates in April, around a third are expecting very sharp rises, with a fifth - mainly in the South East - expecting a rise of more than 40% immediately - and that is AFTER a government plan to use £3.6 billion pounds saved by the winners to offset the pain of the losers.
The Federation of Small Business is warning than half of those facing hikes will reduce, postpone or cancel investment, with nearly a fifth considering closing down or selling up.
Revaluations happen every five years, but the 2015 reset was postponed ahead of the last general election - hence the severity of the moves. Many of the newest and biggest retailers like Amazon and Asos are expected to benefit from reductions in rates on their out-of-town sites.
The government has signalled it may find extra money to help the hardest hit. Many small business owners will be watching next week's Budget to see if it delivers.
In the long-term, Labour said the system should be fundamentally reformed to ease the burden on high streets and town centres.
Meanwhile, a survey of 675 members of the Federation of Small Business (FSB) found that almost a fifth of businesses facing higher rates may consider closing their doors.
The research suggested more than a third (36%) of small firms expected their rates to increase, with 44% expecting bills to eventually rise by more than £1,000 a year, and just over a fifth expecting an increase of more than 40%.
FSB national chairman Mike Cherry said profitability among small businesses was falling: "The costs of doing business for small firms are now at their highest levels since early 2014. The last thing we need is a business rates burden so heavy that it threatens the future growth prospects of our entrepreneurs."
On Monday Ms Long-Bailey will join shadow chancellor John McDonnell and shadow communities secretary Teresa Pearce for a discussion with business organisations including the FSB, British Retail Consortium and the British Chambers of Commerce.
Andrew Silvester, deputy policy director at the Institute of Directors, said: "This is a 20th century system and in a 21st century economy, it looks painfully out of date."
Labour also called for business rates to be indexed to the lower CPI measure of inflation rather than RPI and to exclude investment in plant and machinery from future business rates valuations.
Christopher Richards, of the Engineering Employers Federation, said: "The inclusion of plant and machinery in business rates bills represents a tax on productive investment and undermines the international competitiveness of UK manufacturing."
A government spokesman said: "The revaluation is designed to bring rates into line with changes in the rental property market and ensures business rate bills more closely reflect the property market and that all businesses are getting a fair deal."


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Question: Lufthansa is to restart direct flights between Edinburgh and Düsseldorf after a gap of three years.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Low-cost carrier Eurowings, which is part of the Lufthansa Group, will start flying three times a week between the two cities on 27 March next year.
In 2012, Lufthansa Regional switched its Düsseldorf service from Edinburgh Airport to Glasgow.
Lufthansa continues to fly from Glasgow to Düsseldorf under its Eurowings subsidiary.
Welcoming the announcement, Edinburgh Airport chief executive Gordon Dewar said: "I am delighted that Edinburgh Airport has a direct new flight into the heart of Düsseldorf.
"This offers even greater choice and is further confirmation of Edinburgh Airport's position as a leader for business connectivity between Scotland and the continent."
Eurowings already serves Cologne from Edinburgh.
Lufthansa also flies to Frankfurt from the Scottish capital.

Brussels Airlines began the service from George Best Belfast City Airport last March but said it would cease the five-times-a-week service soon.
The service is said to have been struggling. When it was launched, Invest NI said the route was "strategically important" for exporters.
The route was previously offered from Belfast International but had ceased.
In a statement, Brussels Airlines said: "We stop flying the route at the end of March, as it did not perform as we had anticipated.
"Passengers who had already been booked have been offered alternative options."
The airline said it reviewed its route network on a regular basis.
"Route results, route potential and optimal fleet utilization are, amongst others, some main drivers of these reviews," the airline added.
"In this context we have decided to suspend our Belfast-Brussels route from the summer season onwards.
"Passengers with reservations for flights from April onwards will be contacted. They will be offered refunds or alternative flight solutions."
This is a second blow for Northern Ireland air connectivity within a few months.
In January, the year-round direct flight between Belfast International and New York was ended by United Airlines.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Wasps' Carlo Festuccia is to retire from rugby at the end of this season - at the age of 36.

The Italy international hooker, who won 54 caps, will bring to an end a 19-year career in professional rugby.
But he will be unable to make a final Wasps appearance after picking up a hand injury in Wasps' A-League Semi Final against Gloucester.
Festuccia first joined Wasps in their days at Adams Park in 2013, then left at the end of last season.
Having returned to Italy to join Zebre, he returned to Coventry in January on a deal until the end of the season.
He came in as cover after injuries to Tom Cruse and Academy hooker George Edgson, the naming of Tommy Taylor in England's 34-man Six Nations squad and Edd Shervington's return to farming after coming out of retirement in December.
Since then, he has made four appearances - three in the Premiership - to take his tally of games to 68.
"It was a very easy decision for me to come back to Wasps when I spoke to Dai Young earlier this year," he said.
"To end my career at this club that I love, with us competing at the top of the Premiership, has been a good way for me to finish."

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Agulla has scored 13 tries in 45 top-flight games for Bath since joining in June 2012 following his release by Leicester Tigers.
The 31-year-old has won 63 international caps for Argentina.
"It's with a heavy heart that I leave Bath, but now is the right time for me to look at other opportunities and experiences," he told the club website.
Bath are ninth in the Premiership table with one game left to play, having won only eight matches this season.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: Seoul is planning to ban mobile phone ride-sharing app Uber just as the firm aims to accelerate expansion in Asia.

The city's council is citing concerns including background checks on drivers, vehicle upkeep, and the impact on the traditional taxi trade.
Uber was launched in South Korea's capital last August.
Seoul's city council said it created unfair competition for taxi drivers, but Uber said the comments indicated Seoul remained "trapped in the past".
Uber, one of a growing number of smartphone apps to enable ordinary people to share services such as spare rooms, meals and lifts, is shaking up taxi services in many cities.
In a statement, Seoul city council said: "We are looking into related laws to block Uber and similar apps that arrange such illegal transportation activities.
"Uber is charging customers while avoiding the regulatory process, which creates unfair competition for taxi drivers."
In a statement, Uber said: "Comments like these show Seoul is in danger of remaining trapped in the past and getting left behind by the global 'sharing economy' movement."
In South Korea the company currently operates only a luxury service, which is significantly more expensive than Seoul's traditional taxis.
Uber said it only used registered limousine companies to provide this service and that all drivers complied with safety regulations and were fully insured.
Over the past year Uber has been introduced in Singapore, Bangalore and Hong Kong. It began in Beijing last week.
But traditional taxi drivers in many cities have criticised authorities for allowing the more lightly regulated trade.
Recently, licensed taxi drivers across Europe and in the US staged protests against the company's regular service, which links private individuals with potential passengers.
Cab companies say these services are undercutting their business. A Belgian court has ruled the app illegal there.
The criticism does not appear to be damaging the company's fortunes. In June it raised $1.2bn in new capital on terms that valued it at $18bn (Â£10.5bn).
Uber currently operates in 150 cities in 41 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East Africa and the Asia-Pacific.

It announced an alliance with India's Ola and South East Asia's GrabTaxi which allows customers to book private cars and taxis in each other's regions, starting next year.
It comes after Lyft announced a partnership with China's largest ride-sharing firm Didi Kuaidi in September.
US-based Uber has aggressively expanded globally in recent years.
Lyft, and the three other companies combined will cover nearly all of South East Asia, India, China and the US to include almost 50% of the world's population, said Lyft - which currently operates only in the US.
"By establishing strategic partnerships with local market leaders Didi, GrabTaxi and Ola, we're able to remove many of the pain points and language barriers that often come with foreign travel, the company said in a blog post on Thursday.
Starting early next year, Lyft users travelling to countries in the regions it has partners in, will be able to access the relevant service provider in English through the Lyft app and pay in US dollars.
The same applies to users of Ola, GrabTaxi and Didi Kuaidi, who will be able to access Lyft services through their company's app and pay in their native currencies.
The companies will also share new technology information, products and knowledge of local markets and regulations.
Uber, which operates in 67 countries, already allows users to use the same app to book rides globally.
But, it has been marred with bans and legal battles in cities around the world, stemming from breaking transport regulations.
Lyft's announcement also comes on the same day as reports that Uber is trying to raise $2.1bn (Â£1.4bn) in new funding that would take the start-up's valuation to $62.5bn. Analysts said the money would likely be used to grow its global expansion.


Question:
this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article
E.g.
['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article:', 'Sinn Féin was the  Northern Ireland political party with the biggest income last year, according to newly published figures.'] == ['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', "The accounts, made available by the Electoral Commission, show Sinn Féin had income of almost £1.2m in 2014.\nThe party's expenditure was nearly £140,000 more than that.\nThe DUP also spent more than it brought in - the party's income was just over £480 000 and its expenditure was slightly more than £560,000.\nThe SDLP brought in a little more than £440,000 and spent almost £20,000 less.\nThe Ulster Unionist Party's income was just over £340,000 and its expenditure just under £320,000."] != ['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'The prospect of accepting it had caused a row between UKIP\'s only MP, Douglas Carswell, and party officials.\nBritain\'s political parties have to rely on donations to fund their campaigning activities. But opposition parties are entitled to millions of pounds a year in public funds to help pay for their activities in Parliament. This is called Short money.  It takes its name from former Labour MP Ted Short who was instrumental in its introduction as leader of the House of Commons in 1974 and 1975.\nTo qualify for Short money, a party must have at least two MPs or one MP and more than 150,000 votes. The amount payable to qualifying parties is £16,956.86 for every seat won at the most recent election plus £33.86 for every 200 votes gained by the party. There is also a travel fund of £183,336 which is shared between the parties in line with the same formula. In addition, the Leader of the Opposition\'s office is entitled to about £777,500 to help with running costs. The parties receive a monthly payment.\nThe exact amount each party will receive in this Parliament is still being calculated by the House of Commons authorities. But here are some rough estimates based on the funding formula.\nLabour is in line to get at least £6.2m a year - about the same as it received in the last Parliament. The SNP will get something in the region of £1.2m - a big increase on the £187,000 it received in the last Parliament, in recognition of the massive increase in votes and seats it saw at the general election.\nThere is a crumb of comfort for the Lib Dems, who did not receive Short money in the last Parliament because they were part of the government. They are likely to get about £540,000 a year this time.\nUKIP and the Greens are in the unusual position of having gained millions of votes between them but ending up with just one MP each. That means Green MP Caroline Lucas and UKIP\'s Douglas Carswell could be the most well-funded MPs in British history.\nUKIP, which was not entitled to Short money in the last Parliament, will be entitled to about £650,000.\nThe Green Party is in line to get about £212,000 - a big increase on the £66,019 the party received in the final year of the last Parliament.\nPlaid Cymru will get roughly the same as it got in the last Parliament, when it received £81,000. The DUP received £166,000 and that is expected to remain the same. The SDLP retained three seats on a slightly lower vote\nYes. Caroline Lucas said: "The Green Party will be taking its Short money allocation because we take very seriously our responsibility to the million plus voters who backed us.\n"It will be used to employ staff to help me, as the sole Green MP, hold the government to account as effectively as possible."\nThe original idea was to create more of a level-playing field for opposition parties. The governing party has access to the full might of the civil service machine to formulate its policies. To hold ministers properly to account, opposition party MPs should be able to employ researchers and carry out detailed policy work. That was the thinking. It is meant to be used on policy research for frontbench spokesmen and to pay staff salaries in the Whips and leader of the opposition\'s offices. It is not meant to be used for political campaigning or paying staff salaries at party HQ.\n"Very little information is published about the qualifying parties\' use of their Short money allocation in carrying out their parliamentary business," according to a paper by the Commons library.\n"There has been some concern over the years about whether Short Money is being used appropriately," it adds.\nThe parties are required to submit a report from an independent auditor at the end of every financial year to verify that their Short money was spent "exclusively in connection with the party\'s parliamentary business".\nDouglas Carswell is a longstanding campaigner against what he sees as the undemocratic and corrupt nature of Westminster politics. He fell out with UKIP party officials when they suggested he use the Short money to employ 15 members of staff. "I am not a US senator, I don\'t need 15 staff," said Mr Carswell. "UKIP is supposed to be different."\nNot as far as we know.\nShort money is only available to parties whose MPs who take the oath in the Commons. Initially, this meant that Sinn Fein, whose MPs do not take up their seats, were not entitled to it. But in 2006, MPs agreed to allow opposition parties "who have chosen not to take their seats" to access public funds to pay staff wages for MPs "in relation to the party\'s representative business" Sinn Fein uses the money for press, publicity and other representative functions. The Democratic Unionist Party has repeatedly called for this arrangement to be brought to an end.\nA similar scheme, Cranborne Money, after the then Leader of the House of Lords, was agreed on 27 November 1996, to provide financial assistance for opposition parties, in the House of Lords.']

Question: Middlesex and England Lions batsman Dawid Malan hit an unbeaten 109 as South beat North by 10 wickets in the one-day series opener in Dubai.

North opted to bat but were unable to get a foothold, folding for 202 all out with Tom Curran taking three wickets.
But Malan and fellow South opener Daniel Bell-Drummond (92) had no such problem, reaching the total with more than 16 overs left to play.
The second of the three matches will be played on Sunday.
Malan, who was called up to England Twenty20 squad to face Sri Lanka in June but has yet to make his international debut, hit 16 fours and a six from 109 balls after being dropped in the third over off the bowling of Tim Bresnan.
After surviving that scare amid a probing early spell from Bresnan and Mark Wood, South kicked on with only Northampton spinner Graeme White able to slow the scoring.
The South's bowlers impressed earlier in the day with pace bowler Toby Roland-Jones and leg-spinner Mason Crane taking two wickets apiece. Steven Finn struggled however, conceding 43 runs for no wicket in his eight overs.
The three-match series is designed as a warm-up for county cricket's 50-over competition, the Royal London One-Day Cup, as well as helping players prepare for international cricket.
Eight players earned an automatic place on each team - with North represented by players from northern counties and South from southern counties - through the Professional Cricketers' Association's Most Valued Player ratings formula, while the remaining players were chosen by the England selectors.
The PCA MVP rankings system identifies the match-winners and key influencers of matches throughout the domestic season.
It takes into account conditions, quality of opposition, captaincy and strike rates as well as runs scored and wickets taken.
South are coached by England assistant Paul Farbrace, while bowling coach Ottis Gibson oversees the North squad.

The home side lost early wickets but were given a chance by a fifth-wicket stand of 82 between Will Bragg (84) and Graham Wagg (34).
The Welsh county finished on 195 for 7 with Tim Groenewald claiming three for 36.
Earlier Somerset collapsed to 188 all out, with Wagg taking five for 50.
Somerset start their Championship campaign away to Durham on 10 April in division one while Glamorgan have a first-class friendly against Cardiff MCCU on 11 April before facing Leicestershire the following week.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: The father of a man who murdered five sex workers 10 years ago has called on his son to admit the killings.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Steve Wright is serving a whole life jail term for killing the women, who went missing from streets of Ipswich over a six-week period.
Tania Nicol, 19, was the first of the five to go missing, on 30 October 2006.
Wright's father, Conrad, 80, said admitting the murders was the "only thing" his son could do but added that he wouldn't forgive him for the crimes
The 58-year-old killer admitted having sex with four of the five women but pleaded not guilty to murdering them.
He was convicted after a trial in 2008 but has always protested his innocence.
The naked bodies of Miss Nicol, Gemma Adams, Anneli Alderton, Paula Clennell and Annette Nicholls, were found around Ipswich over a 10-day period in December 2006.
Wright's father said: "The Steve I know... he'd go to cricket at the weekend, and he'd come with me and look after the other two dogs we had then, he'd go down the road to the pub...he wouldn't say 'boo' to a goose."
Urging him to admit the killings, he added: "Well it's the only thing he can do, I mean he's a man... but he doesn't do it does he?
"It's the only thing he could do to excuse himself is to stand up and admit it.
"I wouldn't forgive him, you can't forgive him - their lives were taken away, you don't forgive anybody for that anyway."
Mr Wright said if he saw his son again he would ask him for the truth.
He said: "Well it would answer a few questions, wouldn't it? I would go. I don't even know where he is.
"I would ask him to tell me all about it. 'Why, why are you here, Steve?'
"And knowing him, he'd probably say, 'well, I don't know,' he would, and that would be his answer.
"And I'd say well you've murdered people and he'd sit back and say: 'Have I? I can't remember'."

16 November 2015 Last updated at 12:38 GMT
A jury at Birmingham Crown Court has found two men not guilty of the abduction and murder of the 18-year-old, who went missing on 14 December 1991.
John and Marilyn Payne said they felt terrible guilt they had still not found their daughter and asked the public to come forward if they had any information which could help them lay her to rest.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The number of people waiting for routine surgery in England is at its highest level for a decade, figures from NHS England show.

It is estimated more than four million people were waiting for operations in June - a figure last seen in 2007.
The rise is partly because of growing demand and the NHS performing more procedures.
But some doctors argue the higher numbers reflect growing strain on the health service.
The NHS in England is failing to meet its target to operate on 92% of people within 18 weeks.
Since June last year there has been an increase of more than 21% in the numbers waiting longer than 18 weeks to 373,182.
NHS England said: "Last month 1.4 million patients started consultant-led treatment, and more than nine out of 10 patients were waiting less than 18 weeks.
"We're working hard to cut long waits, and the number of patients waiting over a year for treatment has dropped by nearly 13,000 since March 2011 to being just over 1,500 now."
The confirmed figures shows that 3.83 million people are waiting to have surgery, but missing data means the NHS believes the figure may in fact be "just over four million patients".
Other targets missed include the four-hour target in A&E and urgent referrals for cancer care.
John Appleby, the director of research at the Nuffield trust, said: "These figures show that the NHS continues to be systematically unable to meet its main targets.
"This puts the NHS on the back foot as we approach winter, with problems both at the 'front door' of A&E departments and at the 'back door', as hospitals struggle to send people home or onto further care."

Hospitals are meant to see 95% of patients in four hours, but just 87.8% were, NHS England data revealed.
That is a slight drop on the January figures, which were the worst since the target was introduced in 2004.
And in another sign of growing A&E pressures, a unit in Lancashire is being forced to close overnight from next week because of a staffing crisis.
Bosses running the Chorley A&E said they had to take the step because they did not have the doctors to staff the unit.
There is a national shortage of A&E doctors and Chorley said this had been exacerbated by the national cap on agency staff which has been brought in.
The cap limits the amount hospitals can pay for locum staff to no more than 55% above normal shift rates. It has been phased in since November as the government has demanded the health service curb the rising bill for agency staff, which has been cited as one of the major factors behind the deficits being racked.
The Chorley unit - part of the Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - tried to apply the cap but found it could not fill its rotas.
It relied heavily on locum staff because it did not have enough permanent doctors and so this month has stopped using the cap, under the emergency clause in the regulations, but still could not find the staff.
There have been suggestions other trusts have got round it by paying permanent doctors extra to fill shifts.
Trust medical director Prof Mark Pugh said: "We simply cannot staff the rotas and it is an unacceptable risk to patient safety to attempt to provide an emergency service with no doctors available to see people."
Dr Cliff Mann, of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine, said Chorley was not the only unit affected. "A&E units rely on locums more than others because we have problems filling posts with permanent staff and we have to provide a 24/7 service.
"This is not a unique situation."
The news emerged as NHS England published its monthly performance report for February.
As well as the problems in A&E, the 111 phone service, ambulances and cancer care also missed key performance targets.
The 18-week target to see patients needing routine treatments, such as knee and hip operations, was met although a number of trusts did not submit data.
Candace Imison, of the Nuffield Trust, said: "Today's figures are the very visible symptoms of a system facing both inexorably increasing patient numbers and severe financial strain."
NHS England's Richard Barker said the problems in A&E were also related to a later-than-normal spike in flu cases and problems hospitals were experiencing discharging patients because of problems accessing social care support in the community for vulnerable patients.
"Despite these pressures, for the year as a whole more than nine out of ten patients have been admitted, treated or discharged in under four hours, while long trolley waits have halved compared with last year," he added.
Across the rest of the UK the four-hour target is also being missed, according to latest figures. Performance in Wales and Northern Ireland is worse than in England, while in Scotland just below 93% of patients were seen within target during February.
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Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: UK scientists say they have reached a milestone in the fight against malaria by creating a genetically modified mosquito that is infertile.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article! Examples:

"['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', "Mushers and their dogs have begun gathering in the Highlands ahead of the 34th Aviemore Sled Dog Rally.\nThe Siberian Husky Club of Great Britain helps to organise the event, which includes races near the shores of Loch Morlich.\nThis year's rally will be held on Saturday and Sunday."]" == "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', '.']"

The plan is to wipe out the insects that spread malaria to people via bites, Nature Biotechnology reports.
Two copies of the mutant gene render the malaria-carrying female insect completely barren.
But one copy is enough for a mosquito mum or dad to pass it on to offspring.
This should perpetually spread the infertility gene throughout the population so the species dwindles or dies out.
However, the Imperial College London team say more safety tests are needed, meaning it will be a decade before the mutant mosquitoes can be released into the wild.
The mutant mosquito can still carry and transmit malaria to people via bites.
But their genetic make-up means they should breed with and replace other malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
Any offspring with one copy of the gene would carry on passing the trait to future generations, while any female offspring that inherits both copies would be unable to reproduce.
In this way, the host of the malaria parasite should eventually become extinct.
In the Imperial team's experiments with Anopheles gambiae - a breed of mosquito that is rife in sub-Saharan Africa where the bulk of human malaria deaths currently occur - the mutant mosquitoes were kept with wild-type ones so they could mate.
The gene for infertility was transmitted to more than 90% of both male and female mosquitoes' offspring across five generations, thanks to technology called gene drive, say the researchers Dr Tony Nolan and Prof Andrea Crisanti.
Normally, one copy of a recessive gene has a 50% chance of being passed down from parents to their offspring. Gene drive - a DNA cutting and pasting machine that can manipulate genetic code as it is passed from parent to offspring - boosts this inheritance rate.
Some experts fear that wiping out mosquitoes may upset the natural balance of the environment.
But Prof Tony Nolan said their method should not make a big dent in the overall mosquito population - just the ones that transmit malaria.
"There are roughly 3,400 different species of mosquitoes worldwide and, while Anopheles gambiae is an important carrier of malaria, it is only one of around 800 species of mosquito in Africa, so suppressing it in certain areas should not significantly impact the local ecosystem."
Prof David Conway, an expert in malaria at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said the work held promise: "The key achievement here is that a novel genetic drive mechanism can force these modifications to be passed on, using a trick that would not occur in nature."
But he said more work was needed to check that the mosquitoes don't evolve resistance to the genetic modification.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

First identified in 1976, Ebola fever kills a majority of the people it infects.
The researchers say that this is the first Ebola vaccine to remain viable long-term and can therefore be successfully stockpiled.
The results are reported in the journal Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences.
Ebola is transmitted via bodily fluids, and can become airborne. Sufferers experience nausea, vomiting, internal bleeding and organ failure before they die.
Although few people contract Ebola each year, its effects are so swift and devastating that it is often feared that it could be used against humans in an act of terroism.
All previously developed vaccines have relied on injecting intact, but crippled, viral particles into the body.
Long-term storage tends to damage the virus, paralysing the vaccine's effectiveness.
The new vaccine contains a synthetic viral protein, which prompts the immune system to better recognise the Ebola virus, and is much more stable when stored long-term.
The vaccine protects 80% of the mice injected with the deadly strain, and survives being "dried down and frozen," said biotechnologist Charles Arntzen from Arizona State University who was involved in its development.
He said the next step is to try the vaccine on a strain of Ebola that is closer to the one that infects humans.


Question: represent text

Question: Swindon Town have signed Liverpool's Chilean goalkeeper Lawrence Vigouroux for an undisclosed fee.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

The 22-year-old has agreed a three-year contract at the County Ground, having played 36 games for the League One club during a loan spell last season.
He was initially sent back from his season-long loan last October after paying a £50 fine for turning up late to training in one pence pieces.
After apologising, he resumed his spell, which ended in March through injury.
Vigouroux began his career at Tottenham Hotspur before moving to Anfield in 2014.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

The undisclosed fee for the 22-year-old Portuguese is understood to eclipse the £6.5m spent on strikers Kevin Doyle in 2009 and Steven Fletcher in 2010.
Both players were signed while Wolves were a Premier League club.
Cavaleiro is Wolves' second signing of deadline day, after defender Richard Stearman returned on loan from Fulham.
Morocco midfielder Romain Saiss joined on Tuesday from French Ligue 1 club Angers for an undisclosed fee on a four-year deal, while Wolves are also reported to have had two bids rejected for Derby County striker Chris Martin.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: Commuters using Southern's London to Brighton rail services have staged a protest over continuing disruption as another strike on the network looms.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!

One woman said her 70-minute commute was three hours every night last week. Another woman, six months pregnant, said hers took four hours.
Croydon South MP Chris Philp said one of his constituents had lost their job.
Southern, which is in dispute with the RMT union, said it was operating under difficult circumstances.
Other commuters described being "turfed off trains", left with no social life, seeing two services cancelled in a row, seeing their work suffer and feeling "incredibly stressed" and "utterly powerless".
The union is in dispute with Southern over the introduction of driver-only trains on which guards will no longer open and close doors.
Mr Philp said: "It's a combination of GTR [Govia Thameslink Railway], the franchise holder of Southern, who have been doing an appalling job not just in the last few weeks, but over the last two years.
"This has been the worst-performing railway network in the country and it's been getting worse and I think they should actually lose the franchise."
However, the Conservative MP added: "GTR have done a terrible job running it but the RMT union are also at fault."
He said the next planned strike was totally unnecessary and added: "No-one's going to lose their job."
The RMT, which has planned its next strike for Tuesday, argues that guards are vital for safety and the dispute is not about operating doors.
Amid claims that increased staff sickness is a form of unofficial strike action, the RMT blamed staff shortages on "gross mismanagement".
A statement from GTR said: "We are doing our best to run as many trains as possible under very difficult circumstances.
"Every train that is cancelled costs us a significant financial penalty."
The rail operator has repeated its call for the RMT to engage in talks.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

As RMT members continued a 72-hour walkout, which began on New Year's Eve, Govia Thameslink (GTR) said the "door remained open for productive talks".
A spokesman for Southern's parent firm said "the transfer to driver-controlled operation" had almost been completed.
The RMT union said its members remained "rock solid in defence of rail safety".
Train fares rise by an average of 2.3%
Many services across the network have been cancelled during the latest three-day walkout with some routes having no trains at all.
Another strike lasting for six days and involving both the RMT and Aslef unions is set to begin on 9 January.
It will involve train drivers from both unions, with most routes not expected to have any services.
The train drivers' union Aslef is continuing with a ban on overtime, adding to the disruption.
The politics behind the Southern rail dispute
What's the Southern Rail strike about?
How bad have Southern rail services got?


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details!

Question: Aldershot cruised to a 2-0 victory over Boreham Wood, ending a run of three straight defeats.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Scott Rendell brought up a century of goals in the National League in the 35th minute, touching home at the near post after good work from Bernard Mensah down the left.
Boreham Wood struggled to get back into the match and went 2-0 down with 14 minutes remaining as Idris Kanu picked up a long ball, cut inside from left and lashed it past Grant Smith.
The victory ends a run of five games without a win for the Shots, who climb three places up to ninth, while Boreham Wood drop to eighth.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Aldershot Town 2, Boreham Wood 0.
Second Half ends, Aldershot Town 2, Boreham Wood 0.
Mark Ricketts (Boreham Wood) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Aldershot Town. Josh Wakefield replaces Bernard Mensah.
Substitution, Boreham Wood. Matt Paine replaces Bruno Andrade.
Goal!  Aldershot Town 2, Boreham Wood 0. Idris Kanu (Aldershot Town).
Substitution, Boreham Wood. Rhys Murrell-Williamson replaces Conor Clifford.
Substitution, Aldershot Town. Matt McClure replaces Shamir Fenelon.
Substitution, Boreham Wood. Jamie Lucas replaces Ricky Shakes.
Second Half begins Aldershot Town 1, Boreham Wood 0.
First Half ends, Aldershot Town 1, Boreham Wood 0.
Goal!  Aldershot Town 1, Boreham Wood 0. Scott Rendell (Aldershot Town).
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.

John Rooney's second half goal secured a 1-0 victory for the Dragons to ease the pressure on manager Gary Mills.
Lincoln also ended a run of three games without a win on Saturday when they beat Braintree Town 3-0 at home.
Wrexham beat Lincoln 3-1 in last season's corresponding fixture at the Racecourse.


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Question: A £250,000 bronze sculpture in Durham city centre is hidden from tourists, according to its trustees.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

Mary Hawgood, vice-chairwoman of The Journey trustees, said not enough people see it at its current position at Durham's Millennium Place.
She said it should be moved to near Durham Cathedral.
A spokesman for Durham County Council said the square was a key gateway for the region and many festivals and exhibitions took place there.
Mrs Hawgood added: "The Millennium Place has not developed in the way we were told it might.
"As you go down the path to the main door [of Durham Cathedral], there's a lovely big area where the Journey would look perfect and it could be the end of the journey."
"We can afford [to move] it, so it's no cost to anybody else."
Durham sculptor Fenwick Lawson's publicly funded artwork, which was installed on 22 September 2008, pays tribute to the story of St Cuthbert's coffin.
The coffin was taken from Lindisfarne, after the monks fled from a Danish invasion, and transported it to different locations, ending at Durham Cathedral at the end of the 10th Century.

Futuristic lawman Judge Dredd reached his 40th birthday this week, and his comic adventures have been produced in Oxford for the last 17 years.
His creators told us the satirical take on authority in his stories are as relevant now as ever, while illustrator D'Israeli showed us how he draws the man from Mega-City One.
Why are Oxford students running around with a broom handle between their legs?
It's not a weird university society initiation ceremony, it's not even April Fools, it's the British Quidditch Cup.
The group of students are competing against teams across the UK this weekend.
Peking University HSBC Business School has bought the former Open University site in Boar's Hill.
It said the new facility, at Foxcombe Hall just outside Oxford, would open in summer 2018 and teach students from China, the UK and the European Union.
The search for a solution to the car parking delays at Oxford's hospitals continues, but this week the chief executive of the trust said there were plans for five new multi-storey car parks.
Dr Bruno Holthof said: "Ideally we would like to have more car parking spaces, if the planners will allow it."
The number of patients at the hospital has increased 37% over 10 years, while the number of spaces is unchanged.
A large marble container used as a flowerpot at Blenheim Palace for 200 years has turned out to be a 1,700-year-old Roman sarcophagus worth Â£300,000.
Following the revelation of its origin, it was removed from the garden and sent for restoration.
The project was overseen by Nicholas Banfield at Cliveden Conservation, who said it was in "remarkable condition considering it has withstood seemingly aggressive environments".


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Question: Looking at recently released official data on crimes against women it is clear that there are no major surprises  - at least as far as the figures for Delhi go.

More women were raped in Delhi than in any other of India's large cities in 2012, according to the National Crime Records Bureau in its latest figures.
It says that the city of Delhi, home to 7.5 million women, recorded 585 cases of rape in 2012, compared with a total of 484 cases from the cities of Mumbai (232 cases), Calcutta (68), Chennai (94) and Bangalore (90 cases). Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta are megacities with populations of more than 10 million people.
Delhi also recorded the highest number of crimes against women out of the big cities: the capital accounted for 14.18% of crimes against women out of 53 cities surveyed in its latest report.
The report said 5,194 cases of crimes against women were reported from Delhi during 2012, up from 4,489 cases in 2011.
As far as India is concerned,  244,270 incidents of crimes against women were reported from all over the country last year.
Scrutiny of sexual violence in India has grown since the rape and murder of a student on a Delhi bus in December. The gang-rape of the student sparked widespread protests and prompted the government to alter laws relating to rape in India.
It is common knowledge that many incidents of rape and other crimes against women go unreported.
But, going by recent reports, most cities are seeing an increase in recorded cases after the tragedy in Delhi and the introduction of new anti-rape laws.
So this year's figures of crimes against women in Delhi - and the rest of India - which will be announced in 2014, will be far more significant than the latest set.
I will be surprised if we didn't see a sharp rise in incidents of all crimes against women, helping us to understand better how bad the situation is.
But more significantly, the figures for 2103 will also begin to tell us whether the new anti-rape laws have spurred more victims to report crimes and the police to record and investigate them with alacrity.

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The claim: Many young male migrants arrived in Sweden over the past few years, when the country accepted unprecedented numbers of refugees, and there has been a huge rise in sexual crime in Sweden especially in the southern port city of Malmo.
Reality Check verdict: Malmo, along with other urban centres in Sweden, has one of the highest levels of reported rapes in proportion to population in the EU, mainly due to the strictness of Swedish laws and how rape is recorded in the country.
The rate of reported rapes in Malmo has not dramatically risen in recent years and has in fact declined from its peak in 2010,  before the recent large increases in refugees.
It is not possible to connect crimes to the ethnicity of the perpetrators as such data is not published.
Mr Farage said there had been no specific terrorist attacks in Sweden since large numbers of refugees arrived there, but, instead, he claimed Sweden had seen a dramatic rise in sexual crime and its southern port city of Malmo - the third largest city in the country - had become Europe's and possibly the world's "rape capital".
So, has there been a big rise in sexual crime in Sweden and have the numbers of rapes increased in Malmo since Sweden took in an unprecedented numbers of refugees?
The first thing to say is that the part of the claim referring to the number of refugees is certainly true.
Sweden has been one of the biggest recipients of refugees in the EU in recent years.
According to Eurostat, the agency that collects statistical data from all EU countries, in 2015 Sweden had over 162,000 asylum applications or 1,667 asylum seekers for every 100,000 citizens.
A large majority of the 2015 asylum seekers - 114,470 - were male, 45,790 of them between 18 and 34 years of age.
"Sexual offences" is a very broad term, which refers to a range of all sex-related crimes in Sweden.
Rape is one of the sexual offences, but other crimes such as paying for sex, sexual harassment, indecent exposure, sexual exploitation, molestation and trafficking are included in the numbers as well.
During 2015, the year in which Sweden took the largest number of asylum seekers, the number of reported sex crimes and rapes actually decreased by 11% and 12% respectively compared with 2014 - 18,100 sex offences were reported to the police, of which 5,920 were classified as rape.
This was preceded by a rise of both sex offences and rapes reported to the police in 2014.
The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Bra) says this rise is due to the changes to the legislation in 2013, which made it tougher.
Similar increases in the number of reported cases were seen in 2006, after new sex offence legislation came into force in April 2005.
Since then, Sweden has recorded every reported case of sexual violence separately.
That means, as Susanne Lekengard from Bra explains, that if a person comes to the police and reports being raped by a partner or husband every day for the past year, the police will record each of these events.
In many other countries these incidents would be recorded just once: one victim, one type of crime and one record.
Also, paying for sex became one of the crimes counted in the statistics.
Sweden does not publish the ethnicity or national background of perpetrators of any crime, including sexual offences.
According to Bra, the number of reported rape cases in proportion to the population in the municipality of Malmo has not seen a sharp increase since the biggest group of refugees arrived.
Reported rapes per 100,000 inhabitants peaked in 2008, 2010 and 2011, and the figures were higher for those pre-refugee influx years than in 2015 and 2016.
In addition, the reported rape figures were not higher in the Malmo municipality, compared with two other major urban municipalities in Sweden: the capital Stockholm and Gothenburg in the west.
It is very hard to compare sex-related offences and rape across the world.
Police procedures and legal definitions vary widely around the world, making an international comparison meaningless.
The 2012 UN international rape rate comparison showed Sweden to have the highest rate of rape in Europe and the second highest in the world, but the report did not contain data for a total of 63 countries that did not submit any statistics, including, for example, South Africa, where other earlier surveys indicated a very high rape rate.
The most recent Eurostat data for the 28 EU countries also puts Sweden in the top spot.
But the agency warns that comparisons between different countries should be avoided because of differences between their legal and criminal justice systems, recording practices, reporting rates, efficiencies of criminal justice organisations and types of offences included in the categories.
There has also been a public debate in Sweden over the past two decades to raise awareness and encourage women to go to the police if they have been attacked.
This has resulted in a higher report rate than in other countries in Europe.
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Question: Two patient representatives have quit the independent review group looking at the safety of mesh implants.

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Olive McIlroy and Elaine Holmes, who both suffered severe complications following mesh implant surgery, claimed the final report had been watered down.
It follows claims that an entire chapter has been removed from the report ahead of its publication.
Scotland's Health Secretary Shona Robison has said she will meet with the women to discuss their concerns.
Correspondence seen by the BBC shows that one expert member of the review group has written to its chairwoman to raise concerns about the report.
The letter states that an entire chapter, which highlighted concerns about the use of mesh in some procedures and contained tables displaying the risks of treatment, had been taken out.
Transvaginal mesh implants are medical devices used by surgeons to treat pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in women, conditions that can commonly occur after childbirth.
What's the issue with mesh implants?
Over the past 20 years, more than 20,000 women in Scotland have had mesh or tape implants but some have suffered painful and debilitating complications.
There are more than 400 women currently taking legal action against Scottish health boards and manufacturers as a result of mesh implant surgery.
In 2014, campaigners gave evidence to the Holyrood Petitions Committee. Several of them were in wheelchairs, unable to walk because of surgical complications.
As a result Alex Neil, the Scottish government's health secretary at the time, wrote to health boards requesting a suspension in the use of mesh implants by the NHS in Scotland pending the review group's investigation into their safety.
An interim report was delivered in October 2015 and the final conclusions are expected to be published soon.
However, Ms McIlroy and Ms Holmes - who are part of the Scottish Mesh Survivors campaign - have resigned as patients' representatives on the group, saying the report had "changed beyond recognition from the interim report".
The women said they were saddened and appalled to discover that an entire chapter had been removed from the review group's final report.
They said the group and its final report now lacked integrity and independence.
Their resignation letter to the chairwoman of the review group states: "The remit suggests 'consensus' - if patient-friendly, shared-decision tables are destroyed and replaced with clinician's directive counselling then obviously there will not be consensus.
"The ridiculous amount of tables now included in Chapter 5 only serves to confuse, not explain.
"There is no clinical interpretation to explain what the results actually mean to the lay person and if the findings are scientifically and or clinically significant."
Elaine Holmes, from East Renfrewshire, told BBC Scotland she had seen a draft of the final report and it was like "night and day" when compared to the previous one.
She said: "We looked at one chapter and it was completely biased.
"It would speak of the benefits of mesh but not the risks.
"For the non-mesh equivalent, which is called colposuspension, it would talk about the risk but not the benefits. It was just so biased it was unbelievable."
Ms Holmes said that despite contributing to the review group for almost three years her voice had been ignored.
Olive McIlroy, from Renfrew, also said the new report was "unrecognisable" from the one 18 months ago.
She said: "To me it is that they just diluted the content in favour of mesh procedures.
"It seems to me unacceptable that they can risk even one patient suffering severe complications.
"It's not about the numbers, it's about the severity of the complications when things do go wrong."
Ms McIlroy added: "The colposuspension non-mesh procedures have been going on since the sixties.
"There is no litigation with them, there is no campaign of patients who have been severely adversely injured through the procedure."
She said that was not the case with mesh implants.
"Alarm bells are ringing all over the world," she said.
"It's not just us and it's not just here.
"We are not trying to sensationalise or make a point, we are just trying to get at the truth and they don't want the real truth to come out."
Labour MSP Neil Findlay, who has been campaigning on the issue, said: "This is a truly astonishing turn of events.
"Elaine and Olive took part in the mesh review group in good faith and, despite their pain and disability, put their heart and soul into it to try and ensure that no more women would be horribly injured like they were."
He added: "The mesh scandal is a global scandal but in Scotland we had the chance to lead the world in protecting women from life-changing injuries, but instead of doing so the government has shown themselves to be complicit in one of the biggest medical cover-ups in the history of Scotland's NHS."
Scottish Conservative MSP Jackson Carlaw said: "Nicola Sturgeon promised me in parliament only a few weeks ago that the sudden resignation of the previous chair of the review and her replacement with a health board official with a direct interest in mesh implants would have no impact on the independent conclusions reached.
"Now we find that the conclusions in the interim report appear to have been abandoned, even while mesh is reclassified across Europe as a "high risk procedure", in favour of what Elaine & Olive and thousands of Mesh survivors believe is a "whitewash"."
The latest resignations come after the chair of the review group stood down in December.
Public Health expert Dr Lesley Wilkie quit just months before the final report was due to go out.
In December, the BBC revealed that hundreds of mesh implant operations had been performed in Scotland despite ministers recommending their suspension.
Figures obtained by the BBC revealed that 404 women had received mesh and tape implants since the health secretary called for the suspension in June 2014.
The Scottish government said the position had been made clear.
Those boards still using mesh implants said they discussed all the potential risks with patients before surgery.
In a statement, the Health Secretary Shona Robison said: "I have been made aware of the resignations of two of the inquiry's members.
"I intend to meet with them so I can hear their concerns directly.
"The independent review continues its work to produce its final report and we expect them to publish it this Spring. I am grateful to all members for their expertise and considerable efforts over the years."

In June last year the then Scottish health secretary, Alex Neil, urged the 14 health boards to stop the procedures while a review was carried out.
Some women with the implants, which are used to ease incontinence, have suffered painful complications.
Members of the petitions committee now want a chamber debate on the matter.
They also want the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), which is carrying out an investigation into the use of mesh implants, to appear before MSPs.
In addition, the committee is keen for the new health secretary to answer its questions.
Petitions committee member, Jackson Carlow, said that while he had been "enormously encouraged" by Mr Neil's call to stop use of the implants he was "disturbed" that some health boards had not halted the procedure.
He said he was also worried that the MHRA was set to recommend that the benefits of the operation outweighed the risk.
Mr Carlow said: "They have come to that conclusion despite the fact there is evidence of under reporting and there are concerns that the MHRA is not aware of all women who have experienced problems.
"This seems to me to be potentially quite a dramatic obstacle to what many of us thought was progress."
He added that what was seen by the committee as "tremendous progress" could be "going into reverse".
The MHRA had said its research showed that while a small number of women had experienced distressing effects, the benefits of the tapes and meshes "outweighed the risks" and could help in dealing with upsetting conditions such as urinary stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
Neil Findlay, who was at the committee along with several women who have had the implants, said: "Since the cabinet secretary announced his alleged suspension of mesh we know that this is still being fitted inside the bodies of women in Scotland, but it is now called a clinical trial.
"Since then we have also witnessed multi-million pound compensation claims being paid out to several people, with thousands more sitting in the pipeline."
Mr Neil called for a review of the mesh implant procedure -  which is carried out on about 1,850 women each year in Scotland - after the petitions committee heard moving evidence from members of the Scottish Mesh Survivors campaign.
On Tuesday the committee was due to hear from Adam Slater, a New Jersey trial lawyer who helped to secure a multi-million dollar compensation deal for mesh users.
However, he was unable to give evidence via video conference due to the bad weather in New York.
The committee confirmed that his appearance would be rescheduled.


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Question: Three artists from the UK, Spain and Israel have been shortlisted for this year's BP Portrait Award at London's National Portrait Gallery, in a record-breaking year for entries.

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British artist and three time runner-up Michael Gaskell is listed for a photo-realist painting of his niece Eliza.
He is up against Spanish painter Borja Buces Renard's My Mother and My Brother on a Sunday Evening and Israeli artist Matan Ben-Cnaan's Annabelle and Guy.
The winner will be announced in June.
The works will then go on display at the National Portrait Gallery from 18 June to 20 September, along with 52 of the other entries.
On top of the Â£30,000 prize, the winner also receives a commission worth Â£5000 to paint a portrait for the National Portrait Gallery's permanent collection.
This year, artists were allowed to submit images of their portraits digitally for the first time.
Organisers said this accounts for the striking increase in entries - 2,748 portraits, up from 2,377 last year.
The judging panel this year includes historian Simon Schama, artist Peter Monkman, and the National Portrait Gallery's Acting Director, Pim Baxter, who said "it was good to see even more international artists entering".
He added: "My fellow judges and I were impressed by the different styles of portraiture, some quite new to the exhibition, and intrigued by the different 'stories' behind the portraits."
Now in its 36th year and sponsored by BP for 27 years, the competition received portraits from 92 different countries.
Leicester-based Gaskell has been selected for the BP Portrait Award exhibitions five times, and was second prize winner on three occasions.
He was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery in 2012 to paint a portrait of climate scientist Sir James Lovelock.
His shortlisted portrait is of his 14-year-old niece Eliza, and was influenced by the work of the 15th Century painter Hans Memling.
"I hope this painting conveys a sense of Eliza's growing confidence as she develops into a woman, but retains some of the self-consciousness which was also present at the time," said Gaskell.
Buces Renard, who works and lives between Madrid and Florida, has painted his mother and brother in the living room of his parents' house on a typical Sunday.
His father had not been able to join for such Sunday gatherings in some time, due to an illness which led to his death a few weeks after the painting was finished.
"Making this weekly event slowly disappear, I wanted to portray this emotion in my painting," he said.
Ben-Cnaan is from the north of Israel.
His portrait features his friend Guy and step-daughter Annabelle, though he describes it as allegorical and partly inspired by the biblical story of Jephthah.
"The rough wall and rugged gravel echo the grittiness and grief in Guy's (Jephthah's) character, whilst the fig tree, casting an ominous shadow, presages Annabelle's fate," he said.

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The Ditchling Museum of Art and Craft, which celebrates the village's creative heritage, is among the six nominees for this year's Art Fund Prize.
The other nominees include the Hayward Gallery on London's South Bank.
Norwich's Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts and the open-air Yorkshire Sculpture Park complete the shortlist.
The winning venue will receive £100,000 at a ceremony on 9 July.
Art Fund director Stephen Deuchar said UK museums had a "strong year" in 2013 and picking six nominees was "no easy task".
"It is almost as if imaginative and innovative curatorship, combined with the highest standards of presentation, is no longer the exception but the rule," he said.
The nominees are:
The award was launched in 2003 as the Gulbenkian Prize and became the Art Fund Prize in 2008. Last year's winner was the William Morris Gallery in north-east London.


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Question: League Two side Grimsby have signed midfielder Luke Summerfield on a two-year contract following his release by National League club York.

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Summerfield made 34 appearances in League Two last season, but left the Minstermen in May after he turned down a new deal following their relegation.
The 28-year-old joined York in 2014 after two seasons with Shrewsbury.
"I only hear positive things about the club and meeting everyone here has made the decision very easy," he said.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

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The 24-year-old, who can also play on the wing, has had spells with West Bromwich Albion, Crawley and Torquay.
Hurst spent part of last season on loan at Guiseley and was on the books at National League North side AFC Telford earlier in the 2016-17 campaign.
Dover have not disclosed the length of Hurst's deal at Crabble but he can make his debut against York on Saturday.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A trunk road has been blocked by two separate crashes, one of which resulted in a tractor driver suffering life-threatening injuries.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!
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The A12 was closed northbound in Bucklesham, Suffolk, following a crash between a tractor and a car just after 09:00 BST.
Suffolk Police said the drivers of both vehicles were taken to hospital.
The road was also blocked in Mountnessing, Essex, following a crash involving two cars and a motorbike.
Essex Fire and Rescue Service said three crews were at the scene on the London-bound carriageway, along with an air ambulance.
An Essex Police spokeswoman said the crash happened just before 12:00 BST and four people, whose injuries were not believed to be life threatening, had been taken to hospital.

The car left the motorway near the Milnathort junction at about 12:00, ending up upturned on an embankment.
A man in the car with her was able to leave the vehicle without assistance. Neither of them are thought to have life-threatening injuries.
Police said there had been a number of minor accidents in the area, possibly due to ice.
They urged drivers to take extra care.