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Question: For every Welsh rugby fan, and probably every New Zealander too, 19 December 1953 is a date forever etched in the consciousness.

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Why? Because it is the last time Wales beat the All Blacks in a Test match.
Since that memorable day in Cardiff, Wales have tried - and ultimately failed - 24 times against the Men in Black.
One of rugby's greatest rivalries is now one of the most one-sided in sport.
Back in the Queen's coronation year, though, Wales versus New Zealand was one of the most eagerly anticipated sporting clashes.
Still reeling from a defeat by club side Cardiff earlier in the week, the tourists were greeted by a crowd of 56,000 at the old Arms Park.
While most of us wonder whether we will ever experience Wales beating New Zealand in our lifetime, club and country captain Bleddyn Williams managed it twice in four days.
Wales trailed 8-5 in the last 15 minutes, with wing Gareth Griffiths playing on with a dislocated shoulder and Williams having torn thigh ligaments.
Flanker Sid Judd crossed to level the scores - at the time, tries were only awarded three points, before their value increased to four in 1971.
Soon after, Wales back-row forward Clem Thomas had the ball on the wing and caught the All Blacks flat-footed when he launched a diagonal kick into the New Zealand 25.
Wing Ken Jones latched onto the loose ball to score the winning try to complete Wales' third victory in four meetings with New Zealand.
Scorers - Wales: Tries: Sid Judd, Ken Jones; Cons: Gwyn Rowlands (2); Pen: Rowlands
New Zealand: Try: Bill Clark; Con: Ron Jarden; Pen: Jarden
Wales: G Williams (London Welsh), KJ Jones (Newport), GM Griffiths (Cardiff), BL Williams (Cardiff, capt), G Rowlands (Cardiff), CI Morgan (Cardiff), WR Willis (Cardiff), WOG Williams (Swansea), DM Davies (Somerset Police), CC Meredith (Neath), ER John (Neath), JRG Stephens (Neath), S Judd (Cardiff), JA Gwilliam (Gloucester), RCC Thomas (Swansea)
New Zealand: RWH Scott, AEG Elsom, JM Tanner, RA Jarden, BBJ Fitzpatrick, LS Haig, K Davis, KL Skinner, RC Hemi, IJ Clarke, RA White, GN Dalzell, RC Stuart (capt), WA McCaw, WH Clark
Referee: Dr Peter F Cooper (England)
All Black legend Don Clarke and fly-half Bruce Watt shared the points, with full-back Clarke kicking a penalty and the latter slotting over a dropped goal.
More than 60,000 saw the New Zealanders leave Cardiff with their first win in the Welsh capital.
This is regarded by many as one of the great All Blacks sides and only a 0-0 draw with Scotland denied them a clean sweep of all the home nations and France.
The fiercely contested game was played in dreadful conditions and scoring chances were limited for both sides.
New Zealand may have beaten Wales, but they were still beaten on Welsh soil by club side Newport 3-0 at Rodney Parade on the same tour in their only defeat.
John 'Dick' Uzzell's drop goal was the difference between the two sides and the Black and Ambers went down in rugby folklore as the third club side to beat the All Blacks, joining the 1935 Swansea side and Cardiff in 1953, while Llanelli would join this select group in 1972.
Scorers - New Zealand: Pen: Don Clarke; DG: Bruce Watt
Wales: GTR Hodgson (Neath), DRR Morgan (Llanelli), DK Jones (Llanelli), J Uzzell (Newport), DIE Bebb (Swansea), D Watkins (Newport), DCT Rowlands (Pontypool, capt), KD Jones (Cardiff), NR Gale (Llanelli), LJ Cunningham (Aberavon), B Price (Newport), BE Thomas (Neath), Dai J Hayward (Cardiff), AEI Pask (Abertillery), A Thomas (Newport)
New Zealand: DB Clarke, MJ Dick, PF Little, RW Caulton, DA Arnold, BA Watt, KC Briscoe, KF Gray, D Young, WJ Whineray (capt), AJ Stewart, CE Meads, WJ Nathan, DJ Graham, KR Tremain
Referee: RC Williams (Ireland)
Still probably the most controversial Welsh defeat between the two countries and it is still talked about now, at least in Wales.
Wales were the better team but were beaten with a last-minute penalty by full back Brian McKechnie after an incident that has gone down in Welsh rugby folkore and an example of the tactics the Men in Black would employ in search of victory.
Wales dominated possession and, with moments left on the clock, they led by two points.
Lock Andy Haden threw himself out of the lineout in an attempt to win a penalty, to the fury of the Welsh players. English referee Roger Quittenton penalised a push by Geoff Wheel on Frank Oliver.
Graham Mourie, the All Black captain, later admitted he had planted the idea in Haden's mind the night before the match. "I know that some of the players later regretted it and their part in it," he said.
"But it was equally true that in that crucial, unforgiving minute in the searing heat of Cardiff Arms Park the match was won."
While this defeat still rankles for the Welsh, New Zealand's class of '78 became the first All Black side to return home with a Grand Slam of wins over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Scorers - Wales: Pens: Gareth Davies (3), Steve Fenwick
New Zealand: Try: Stu Wilson; Pens: Brian McKechnie (3)
Wales: JPR Williams (Bridgend, capt), JJ Williams (Llanelli), RWR Gravell (Llanelli ), SP Fenwick (Bridgend), CFW Rees (London Welsh), WG Davies (Cardiff), TD Holmes (Cardiff), AG Faulkner (Pontypool), RW Windsor (Pontypool), G Price (Pontypool), GAD Wheel (Swansea), AJ Martin (Aberavon), J Squire (Pontypool), DL Quinnell (Llanelli), P Ringer (Ebbw Vale)
New Zealand: CJ Currie, SS Wilson, BJ Robertson, WM Osborne, BG Williams, OD Bruce, DS Loveridge, WK Bush, AG Dalton, BR Johnstone, AM Haden, FJ Oliver, GNK Mourie (capt), GA Seear, LM Rutledge. Replacement: BJ McKechnie for Currie
Referee: Roger C Quittenton (England)
Wales' wait for a win over New Zealand continued as the All Blacks edged a breathless encounter in Cardiff but the hosts certainly pushed the visitors all the way at the Millennium Stadium.
Wales, who had seen Tom Shanklin cross for a try in the first half, were 19-13 ahead just after half-time when hooker Mefin Davies was driven over from short-range for Wales' second try.
But wing Joe Rokocoko, who scored two of New Zealand's three tries, was a constant threat taking his try tally to an incredible 27 tries in 22 games for the All Blacks.
Gavin Henson reduced the deficit to a point with his second penalty five minutes from time, but Wales failed, once again, to land the knockout punch.
Scorers - Wales: Tries: Shanklin, Davies; Pens: S Jones (3), Henson (2)
New Zealand: Tries: Rokocoko (2), Muliaina; Con: Carter; Pens: Carter (3)
Wales: G Thomas (Toulouse, capt); T Shanklin (Blues), S Parker (Ospreys), G Henson (Ospreys), S Williams (Ospreys); Stephen Jones (Clermont-Auvergne), D Peel (Scarlets); G Jenkins (Blues), M Davies (Neath RFC), A Jones (Ospreys), B Cockbain (Ospreys), G Llewellyn (Narbonne), Dafydd Jones (Scarlets), C Charvis (Newcastle), M Owen (Dragons).
Replacements: Steve Jones (Dragons), Duncan Jones (Ospreys), R Jones (Ospreys), M Williams (Blues), G Cooper (Dragons), C Sweeney (Dragons), R Williams (Blues).
New Zealand: M Muliaina (Blues); D Howlett (Blues), C Laulala (Crusaders), A Mauger (Crusaders), J Rokocoko (Blues); D Carter (Crusaders), P Weepu (Hurricanes); T Woodcock (Blues), K Mealamu (Blues), G Somerville (Crusaders), C Jack (Crusaders), A Williams (Blues), R So'oialo (Hurricanes), R McCaw (capt, Crusaders), M Tuiali'i (Crusaders).
Replacements: A Oliver (Otago), C Hayman (Otago), R Thorne (Canterbury), M Holah (Waikato), B Kelleher (Waikato), M Nonu (Wellington), R Gear (Auckland).
Referee: Tony Spreadbury (England)

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In the end, a drawn series that fully pleased no-one may actually have been perversely fitting.
The Rugby Union Weekly team of former England and Lions winger Ugo Monye and BBC rugby reporter Chris Jones analysed every twist and turn of the series on the podcast during the tour.
Now, they reveal their end-of-tour awards, as discussed on the latest episode.
UM: Jonathan Davies was voted player of the series by his peers, and it's hard to disagree with this choice. Brilliant in all three Test matches, playing every minute, and was always a threat in attack and destructive in defence. Wales have dominated this award over the last three tours with Leigh Halfpenny winning it in 2013 and Jamie Roberts in 2009. Sean O'Brien, Maro Itoje, Sam Warburton and Taulupe Faletau get notable mentions.
CJ: Honourable mentions for Sean O'Brien, who until injury in the 3rd Test was a force of nature on the flank, Maro Itoje, whose energy and aura saw him become a cult hero with the Lions support, and Tadgh Furlong, who announced himself on the world stage.
But Jonathan Davies - a hero of 2013 - was wholly instrumental as the Lions unleashed an attacking edge to ally with a confrontational defence. Davies made a line break with his first touch in the first Test and was the best centre on either side across the series. On this evidence he would walk into the All Blacks side - which says a lot.
UM: Lions coach Warren Gatland walking into a press conference with a clown's nose was a stroke of genius. Clearly it was pre-planned… but by who? Whose idea was it? (Gatland said it was his)
CJ: Gnarled veteran Alun Wyn Jones leaving the pitch after the famous victory in Wellington and joining in with the Lions fans singing "Oh Maro Itoje". It was a sign of how the incredible travelling support was an inspiration to players young and old.
And how can we not mention Romain Poite….
UM: The third Test! A game which had everything, well everything bar a winner! A brilliant game played in great spirit by two fantastic sides.
CJ: The midweek meeting with the Highlanders was a roller-coaster game in front of a fervent crowd under the roof in Dunedin, but for sheer drama and jeopardy nothing can beat the Lions leaving it late to salvage the series at the Westpac Stadium in Wellington in the 2nd Test. The noise from the Lions fans flooding out of the ground afterwards and pouring into the city centre - soaking wet - will long be remembered. They now had some glory to go with a brilliant holiday.
CJ: Jack Nowell's brilliant team try against the Chiefs, and the Scotland-inspired score from Tommy Seymour against the Hurricanes were both beauties, but Sean O'Brien's stunning effort in the Test series opener in Auckland will go down in history.
Started by Liam Williams' break out from defence, and with Jonathan Davies and Elliot Daly both prominent, it showed the Lions could take the All Blacks on at their own game.
In fairness to the All Blacks they scored one or two decent tries of their own….
CJ: Rory Best, the experienced Ireland captain, led the midweek side with distinction in often-difficult circumstances (see 'Geography Six'). Off the pitch, by all accounts, Best was a driving force behind the squad bonding socially - which is good to hear.
UM: Sonny Bill Williams. Ultimately his red card proved the decisive moment in the 2nd Test.
CJ: The Lions' communications strategy. Pulling up a drawbridge between the media and the players is surely not the way forward.
Issues with the Head Injury Assessment (HIA) process have also threatened to stall the recent advances in concussion management.
UM: The front page of the New Zealand Herald depicting Gatland as a clown was highly disrespectful,  unjust... and proved to be incorrect.
UM: Gatland responding by saying he was a "happy clown" after the 2nd Test!
CJ: On the evidence of the last few weeks it remains the pinnacle for the supporters, and, most importantly, the players as well.
UM: I know a few off-field decisions, such as the 'Geography Six' upset a lot of people, myself included. But in excess of 20,000 travelling Lions fans making an away game - in the most hostile of rugby-playing countries - feel like home for the Lions speaks volumes. Best support in the world.
UM: The Lions aren't in danger. But perhaps a review is needed to work out how to satisfy commercial partners and sponsors while giving the players the best opportunity to be successful.
CJ: Administration from all sides - Lions, clubs, unions - has left them clinging on to a tenuous place in the congested rugby calendar.
The veil of security and protection around the Lions camp was also unnecessary. They are just rugby players; let them enjoy themselves.
CJ: When a 132-cap All Black pops into your hotel to come on the podcast….
Or when another World Cup winner shows you around his 48,000-acre farm….
CJ: The strength of the dollar and the weakness of the pound….
CJ: The Owens family.
Ken's wife Carys, young son Efan, and parents arrived on 31 May, following every twist and turn of the tour, as well as exploring New Zealand.
"We went to Paihia with Jonathan Davies' parents in a campervan," said Carys.
"That was the point when I rang Ken and said 'I want to move out here now'."
The rest of the family - sister, friends and family friends - then piled out for the Test series...
1. Mako Vunipola
2. Codie Taylor
3. Tadgh Furlong
4. Maro Itoje
5. Brodie Retallick
6. Sam Warburton
7. Sean O'Brien
8. Kieran Read
9. Conor Murray
10. Beauden Barrett
11. Rieko Ioane (includes performances for Blues and Maori)
12. Owen Farrell
13. Jonathan Davies
14. Waisake Naholo (includes performance for Highlanders)
15. Jordie Barrett (includes performance for Hurricanes)
CJ: David Williams, who decided to fly out for the final Test on the Sunday after the second Test victory.
He left Heathrow at 10pm on Thursday, arriving in Auckland on Saturday at 10am (the game was that evening), flying back from Auckland at 7pm on Sunday to arrive back at Heathrow on Monday at 2pm. That's four days away from home for a total of 33 hours in New Zealand.
Honourable mention to Ron and Jan from Slough, who saved for 11 years to follow the tour as a way of celebratating their 25th wedding anniversary, but also to every supporter who spent thousands and made the Lions what it is.
And we can't forget Alex Edwards, whose chance meeting with some friendly locals led to an overnight stay at the home of New Zealand stars Rieko and Akira Ioane.
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Question: A medieval manor house said to be the inspiration for Jane Eyre is to reopen after 10 years of restoration.

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Norton Conyers, in North Yorkshire, inspired the classic novel after Charlotte Bronte visited and heard the legend of a mad woman confined in the attic.
It is said it is where she came up with the idea for Jane Eyre's Mrs Rochester.
A collection of documents and items from the attic have been given to the North Yorkshire County Records Office.
The house is due to reopen to visitors from 14:00 GMT on Friday.
Norton Conyers has belonged to the Graham family since 1624.
Lady Graham said: "When the public come they will see all the main public rooms and some areas which have not been seen before.
"This includes the staircase which Charlotte Bronte described so well in Jane Eyre."
Archivists are working to establish who the woman in the attic might have been from the documents found during the renovation.
Charlotte Bronte's novel Jane Eyre was published in 1847
It tells the story of Jane, an orphan girl who - after being shunned by her aunt and sent away to school - is appointed as governess to the ward of Edward Rochester at Thornfield Hall
Jane falls in love with Rochester but discovers he already has a wife, Bertha - a lunatic who is kept in the attic
On the verge of marrying another man, Jane is lured back to Thornfield Hall to discover it has been burned down by Bertha with Rochester blinded in an unsuccessful attempt to save his wife
With Bertha dead, Jane and Rochester are free to marry

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Apethorpe Hall, near Oundle in Northamptonshire, was a favourite haunt of King James I.
The mansion has been bought for £2.5m by French professor, diplomat and academic, Jean Christophe Iseux, Baron von Pfetten.
English Heritage spent £8m renovating the hall, which fell into disrepair under a previous owner.
Part of the deal with Baron von Pfetten will see Apethorpe Hall open to the public for 50 days every year for the next 80 years. English Heritage will manage public access.
Built in 1470-80, Apethorpe played host to Queen Elizabeth I, King James I and King Charles I.
Its stately apartments were where James indulged in "more commodious entertainment... and princely recreation" with his favourite, George Villiers, later to become the Duke of Buckingham.
The hall eventually became the property of Wanis Mohammed Burweila, but he left the country after the Libyan Embassy siege in 1984.
History of Apethorpe Hall
Apethorpe then fell into decay and ruin, riven with dry rot with its Jacobean plasterwork ceilings starting to collapse
The building was eventually bought by a consortium led by former QPR president Harold Winton, but the government was not happy with its plans and issued a compulsory purchase order and Apethorpe was bought for £3.5m.
In 2008, the 51,000 sq ft hall, complete with stable block, gardener's cottage and 45 acres of land, was put on the market for £4.5m.
English Heritage chief executive Simon Thurley said Apethorpe was "by far the most important country house to have been threatened with major loss through decay since the 1950s".
Baron von Pfetten said he had spent the past 10 years renovating a 17th Century chateau in France and that his aim for Apethorpe was for it to "regain the place in British history it deserves".


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Question: An exhibition exploring the origins of ancient skeletons in Sussex, including a woman from sub-Saharan Africa buried in Roman times, has opened.

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The face of the so-called Beachy Head Lady was recreated using craniofacial reconstruction.
Eastbourne Borough Council's museum service was awarded a grant of Â£72,000 by the Heritage Lottery Fund for the Eastbourne Ancestors project.
The aim was to identify the gender and age of each skeleton in its collection.
Detailed scientific analysis of more than 300 skeletons of people who lived in the south of England thousands of years ago has undertaken by scientists and archaeologists.
Testing of the bones and teeth has identified the national or regional origins, age, gender, state of health, diet, and in some cases, how they died.
Most of the skeletons are Anglo-Saxon, from about 1,500 years ago, but some are Neolithic and more than 4,000 years old.
The Beachy Head Lady was discovered in the East Sussex beauty spot in 1953, and she is thought to have lived around AD245.
Jo Seaman, heritage officer at Eastbourne Borough Council, said: "This is a fantastic discovery for the south coast.
"We know this lady was around 30 years old, grew up in the vicinity of what is now East Sussex, ate a good diet of fish and vegetables, her bones were without disease and her teeth were in good condition."
The Beachy Head Lady forms part of an exhibition at the Eastbourne Museum which is opens on 1 February at the Pavilion.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Fewshot example: "['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!', 'The UK and US leaders said they would not allow anyone to "muzzle free speech" after Islamist gunmen killed 17 people in terror attacks in Paris.\nThey are expected to discuss cyber crime and the economy during the prime minister\'s two-day visit.\nIt is likely to be his final Washington visit before May\'s general election.\nMr Cameron is also expected to raise the case of Shaker Aamer, the final British resident in Guantanamo Bay.\nThe UK is seeking the return of Mr Aamer, who has been held for 13 years without trial, to his family in Britain.\nThe two leaders will have a working dinner at the White House on Thursday and meet in the Oval Office on Friday.\nThursday\'s talks are expected to focus on the economy, amid uncertainty in the eurozone and controversy over a planned EU-US trade deal.\nAnalysis by BBC political editor Nick Robinson\nThis is the day when the argument about the British economy travels across the Atlantic.\nA day on which the UK Prime Minister David Cameron and US President Barack Obama have written a joint article in The Times boasting of how they\'ve worked closely together to restore economic growth and to improve "living standards" - language which Labour has tried so hard to own and will be frustrated to see the White House sharing with Downing Street.\nRead more from Nick.\nCampaigners say the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership poses a threat to democracy and the rule of law.\nBut in a joint article in Thursday\'s Times newspaper, Mr Cameron and Mr Obama said it would "support new opportunities for millions of workers".\nAfter the economy talks, the emphasis will shift to national security, including the threat from cyber attacks.\nIn their article, the leaders said the world had responded "with one voice" to the Paris attacks on Charlie Hebdo magazine, police officers and a kosher supermarket.\n"Along with our French allies, we\'ve made clear to those who think they can muzzle freedom of speech and expression with violence that our voices will only grow louder," they said.\nVowing not to be "cowed by extremists" the leaders said they would "defeat these barbaric killers and their distorted ideology".\nThey are also expected to discuss the fight against Ebola, the threat from Islamic State extremists, and Russia\'s actions in Ukraine.\nAccusing Russia of "trying to destabilise" Ukraine, they added: "If we allow such fundamental breaches of international law to go unchecked, we will all suffer from the instability that would follow."\nMr Cameron is not the only British politician currently in the US - the shadow chancellor Ed Balls, has also flown across the Atlantic, to launch the Commission on Inclusive Prosperity, which he c-chaired with for US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.\nIn an interview with the BBC Mr Balls said that the challenge for the US-UK "special relationship" was "not just to meet issues of international security but also to make sure that our economies not only grow but deliver rising living standards and we\'ve been seeing stagnating living standards in Britain and America".\nHe said that the biggest economic risk to the UK was "would be for us to leave the EU".\n"When I speak to people here in Washington, and in capitals round the world, people say, \'Britain leaving Europe? A referendum in a couple of years time? Why is David Cameron proposing to take such big risks with Britain\'s economic future?\' I think they\'re right," he said.']" == "['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'David Cameron and Barack Obama have vowed to defeat the "distorted ideology" of terrorism, ahead of talks in Washington.']"

The stamp includes an illustration showing how it would have been worn when it was in use more than 3,700 years ago in Flintshire.
The cape was discovered in a grave in 1833 along with other artefacts.
Other important objects featured on the stamps include the Iron Age Battersea Shield found in the River Thames.
The Gold Cape is on display at the British Museum and it has previously been on show in Cardiff and Wrexham.
It was discovered in fragments when workmen found a skeleton in a grave at the centre of a circular burial mound.
It was only when the British Museum acquired the artefact and experts set about putting together the fragments that the original form of the cape, fashioned from a single piece of gold, was revealed.


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Question: The US space agency (Nasa) has launched its latest mission to the Moon.

The unmanned LADEE probe lifted off from the Wallops rocket facility on the US east coast on schedule at 23:27 local time (03:27 GMT on Saturday).
Its $280m (£180m) mission is to investigate the very tenuous atmosphere that surrounds the lunar body.
It will also try to get some insights on the strange behaviour of moondust, which appears on occasions to levitate high above the surface.
In addition, LADEE will test a new laser communications system that Nasa hopes at some point to put on future planetary missions. Lasers have the capacity to transmit data at rates that dwarf conventional radio connections.
LADEE stands for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer.
Its programme scientist, Sarah Noble, says the mission is likely to surprise a lot of people who have been brought up to believe the Moon has no atmosphere.
“It does; it’s just it's really, really thin,” she told reporters.
“It’s so thin that the individual molecules are so few and far between that they don’t interact with each other; they never collide.
“It’s something we call an exosphere. The Earth has an exosphere as well, but you have to get out past where the International Space Station orbits before you get to this condition that we can consider an exosphere.  At the Moon, it happens right at the surface.”
Scientists are interested in understanding such wispy shrouds because they are actually the most common type of atmosphere in the Solar System.  Mercury has one, as do a lot of the moons of the giant planets. Even some big asteroids are likely to have one, too.
The dust phenomenon has puzzled researchers for decades. Apollo astronauts reported seeing a diffuse glow above the lunar horizon just before sunrise. The speculation has been that this glow was caused by electrically charged dust particles being lifted from the Moon's surface by ultraviolet light from the Sun. LADEE’s remote-sensing and sampling instrumentation will test this idea.
What it learns about the dust is also likely to inform engineers who are developing the systems to take humans back to the Moon and to other destinations where dust could be an issue, such as on asteroids.
This fine particulate material, which comprises remnant rock shattered through eons of meteorite impacts, is considered a major hazard.
“It’s not like terrestrial dust,” observed Butler Hine, Nasa’s LADEE project manager.
“Terrestrial dust is like talcum powder. On the Moon, it’s very rough. It’s kinda evil. It follows electric field lines; it works its way into equipment. One of the questions about dust on the Moon is an engineering question: how do you design things so that they can survive the dust environment.”
Apollo astronauts found the chaffing moondust would stick to everything. And there are concerns that if such material were breathed in, it could lead to respiratory problems.
Having been launched by its Minotaur V rocket, LADEE will be sent on a long spiral out to the Moon. This will take about a month.  A further month will then be needed to commission the spacecraft before its altitude is taken down to as low as 20km above the surface for a 100-day phase of science observations.
LADEE will end its mission by crashing into the Moon.
As well as its three science instruments, LADEE carries a demonstration laser telecommunications payload.
This system promises a big jump in data transmission rates.  Engineers are hoping the test terminal on LADEE will achieve download rates in the region of 600 megabits per second.  A number of receiving stations on Earth will be used, including the European Space Agency’s (Esa) optical ground station on Tenerife.
Esa is keen to participate in the LADEE comms project because it too has ambitions in this area. Today, Europe and the US will often download data from each other's probes, and there will need to be some cooperation if the new technology is to be used the same way in the future.
"We need some common standards, especially in optics," said Zoran Sodnik, the manager for Esa's Lunar Optical Communication Link project.
"There are a lot of ground stations that operate in radio frequencies, and Esa and Nasa have a long-lasting cross-support agreement.  But in optical comms, there are very few ground stations.  And if you don't try to agree on some standards, you will not be able to support the other agency's activities, and you would not be able to download the amounts of data that you would be able to download otherwise," he told BBC News.
John Grunsfeld, the head of science at Nasa, said he had no doubts that optical communications was the way of the future.
“Our Mars 2020 mission – we’ve already been having discussions about whether you could do laser comms on a rover on the surface of Mars.  I think there is no question that as we send humans further out into the Solar System, certainly to Mars, if we want to have high-def, 3D video, we’re going to have laser comms sending that information back.”

29 June 2016 Last updated at 09:06 BST
The two-minute test of the booster's motor was meant to give NASA more information, that should help them when they blast, off in 2018 with a deep-space Orion capsule.
The SLS and the Orion spacecraft are designed to fly astronauts to the moon, asteroids and eventually Mars.


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Question: Two men have been arrested on suspicion of murdering a man who died from suspected stab wounds at a house in Essex.

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Police were called to Beedell Avenue in Westcliff at 21:30 BST after reports a man had collapsed. When they arrived, the man, in his 50s, was already dead.
The arrested men, aged 30 and 46, from Westcliff, remain in custody.
Essex Police said they did not believe it was a "random attack".
A forensic examination of the property, made up of a number of bedsits, is continuing.

The victim, aged in her 30s, was discovered at about 16:00 GMT on Monday afternoon.
She told officers she was also raped by her attacker and was taken to hospital with non life-threatening injuries.
A man was arrested at 22:00 on the same evening. He is also being questioned over the rape of a woman in Southey Road, Seven Sisters, on 11 March.


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Question: Up to 1.8 million Scottish votes were "wasted" in June's general election because they had no impact on the result, a study claims.

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The Electoral Reform Society found 66.4% of votes did not go towards electing an MP under Westminster's first-past-the-post (FPTP) system.
It said there had been a "sea of wasted votes and a surge in tactical voting".
It added it was time for a proportional system for Westminster elections, similar to the one used at Holyrood.
Under the FPTP system, Labour won 27% of the votes cast in Scotland but got just 12% of the seats, while the SNP won 37% of the votes cast but returned almost 60% of the seats, according to the ERS research.
In its report, the society argued Scotland was "shifting back to multi-party politics".
It pointed out that 21 of the 59 Scottish seats changed party in this year's general election - more in relative terms than any other region or nation in the UK.
But it warned Scotland was at risk of witnessing a "lottery election", with slim victories meaning many seats hinged on just a handful of votes.
It called for Westminster to adopt a more proportional voting system, such as Scotland's Single Transferable Vote (STV) used in local elections.
Electoral Reform Society Scotland director Willie Sullivan, said: "Electors should be able to vote for parties they agree with on the broad sweep of policy, instead of feeling the need to vote tactically based on one significant issue such as independence or Brexit because they fear 'winner takes all' dominance.
"A proportional system would allow for this, create a much broader discussion of politics ensure all votes are of equal value with citizens feeling empowered to take part."
Mr Sullivan also argued there were relatively few "stable waymarks" in the current political landscape.
He said: "Shock changes can take place very quickly and are exaggerated by the electoral system.
"Victories are precarious, and the possibility of another election in the medium term could mean all-change again soon.
"Large swings, often local in effect, show that no party can expect very long in the sun.
"Banff and Buchan where a majority of over 14,000 for the SNP turned into a majority for the Conservative party of 3,600 highlights this."
He added: "Scotland returned four of the UK's top 10 smallest majorities. Those MPs' bottoms rest on very wobbly seats."

The results of the UK-wide poll were released shortly after voting ended at 22:00 on Thursday.
The SNP won six seats at the 2010 election, but the poll suggested that number could increase to 58.
It also forecast that the Conservatives would be the largest party across the UK with 316 seats, while Labour would have 238.
The first results from Scottish constituencies are expected to be declared shortly. Turnout is expected to have been high across the country.
SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon tweeted: "I'd treat the exit poll with HUGE caution. I'm hoping for a good night but I think 58 seats is unlikely! #GE15"
Senior Liberal Democrat sources have admitted that former Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander will lose his seat, while Labour sources at counts across the party's former strongholds have said they too are braced for defeat at the hands of the SNP.
Scottish Labour's Tom Harris told BBC Scotland he was going to lose in Glasgow South, while the party's leader Jim Murphy is said to be under serious threat from the SNP in East Renfrewshire.
There have also been suggestions that Labour is on course to lose all seven of its seats in Glasgow, and that former SNP leader Alex Salmond will win in Gordon.
Senior Labour sources also say they will lose Edinburgh North East, Edinburgh East and Edinburgh South West.
If these predictions are true, it could suggest the exit poll conducted by GfK, NOP and Ipsos MORI on behalf of the BBC, ITV News, and Sky News is largely accurate, as it was in 2010.
The exit poll interviewed 22,000 people in 141 polling locations in 133 constituencies.
It had the Liberal Democrats on 10 seats, Plaid Cymru 4, UKIP 2, Green 2 and others 19.
It suggested Labour's vote could drop by about 18% on average in Scottish constituencies, coupled with an increase of more than 30% in the SNP vote.
If the exit poll is accurate, David Cameron could be on course to remain prime minister as the head of a minority government without the need for a coalition - although he might have to rely on the support of the DUP or the Lib Dems.
Reacting to the results, Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson said the poll should come with a "health warning".
She told BBC Scotland's election night programme: "I remember 1992. Exit polls can get it pretty badly wrong. I'm going to wait until 3am or 4am before I start making predictions."
Exit poll suggesting Conservative lead - and SNP with an incredible 58 seats. Might it be literally incredible? Personally, I still bear the scars from 1992.
All four political partisans on our panel tonight are highly sceptical about the exit poll.
Derek Mackay for the SNP says it's about managing expectations - downwards - for his party.
Willie Rennie of the Liberal Democrats concedes he has the opposite problem.
The biggest problem with the exit poll is to use a system designed for two parties and trying to extend it the six parties.
We will get the real results soon enough.
Read more from Brian
Kezia Dugdale, deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Party, said she hoped the poll was "badly, badly wrong" because Scotland could not afford another five years of the Tories.
Willie Rennie, leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, told the broadcaster: "This is underplaying our potential. We very much target our focus on certain constituencies."
The SNP's previous best result in a general election was when it won 11 MPs in October 1974, with 30.4% of vote.
A final poll of polls compiled by the Press Association ahead of the vote had put the Tories on 276 seats, Labour on 271, Lib Dems on 28, SNP 48, UKIP three and Greens one.
More than four million people in Scotland were registered to vote - about 94% of the adult population - and early indication have been that turnout is higher across the country than in 2010.
Several constituencies have reported turnout in excess on 70%.
There were more than 5,000 polling places in Scotland with schools, village halls and community centres transformed for the day to allow people to cast their votes.
Strict rules meant the BBC - in common with other broadcasters - was not allowed to report details of campaigning until after the polls closed.
BBC Scotland is delivering extensive coverage of the election results across online, TV and radio.
It will report live from Scotland's 32 counting centres, and there will be analysis, background, reaction and debate as we find out the results from each of Scotland's constituencies.
And the results of the ballot will also appear on the side of the building, which sits on the banks of the River Clyde in Glasgow.


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Question: A 14-year-old Indian girl who became pregnant after allegedly being raped is due to undergo a late-term abortion.

The operation is scheduled for Friday, doctors said.
Earlier in the week, the Supreme Court overturned lower court rulings barring the girl from the procedure if doctors believed there was a "serious threat to her life if the child is not aborted".
A team of doctors appointed to examine her, said on Thursday that she was not in a fit state to have the baby.
The girl, a high school student in the western state of Gujarat, is 25 weeks' pregnant. Indian laws allow termination of pregnancy until 20 weeks' gestation.
Last week, the Gujarat high court rejected a petition brought by her father to allow abortion on legal grounds.
The teenager's family has alleged she was drugged and raped by a doctor in February.
They said she kept quiet about this as her attacker had threatened her. She had not spoken about it until it was discovered that she was pregnant. The doctor has been arrested.
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act allows abortions between 12 and 20 weeks only if continuing the pregnancy put the life of the mother at risk or if there is a chance of the child being born with physical or mental abnormalities.
India introduced tough anti-abortion laws in 1994 to address the skewed sex ratio which was caused by the country's preference for the male child and large-scale abortion of female foetuses after gender selection tests.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Anna Yocca, 32, was released on Monday after spending more than a year in jail after the incident, which led to charges of attempted murder.
She was released after pleading guilty to a lesser charge of attempting to procure a miscarriage.
The 2015 attempt led to complaints about access from pro-choice groups.
Tennessee is one of the US states where no abortion provider offers the procedure after the foetus reaches 16 weeks.
Under state law, the medical procedure must be performed by a licensed doctor, and a 48-hour waiting period is required.
Yocca's child survived after her husband rushed her to the hospital when she began to bleed.
The baby boy, who was born at 24 weeks, will require life-long medical attention, sheriff officials say.
Strict Texas abortion law struck down
'Mike Pence' gifts to Planned Parenthood surge


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Question: The driver of a fake Dutch ambulance "rammed to the roof" with £38m of cocaine and heroin claimed he had "no clue" what was in the back, a court heard.

Dennis Vogelaar denies being part of a £1.6bn plot to smuggle "top quality" drugs into the UK.
Co-defendant Leonardus Bijlsma said: "I can't read" when asked about a diary of names and addresses found in a car, Birmingham Crown Court heard.
Both deny conspiracy to supply drugs.
Prosecutors allege the "lucrative criminal conspiracy", fronted by a bogus ambulance company in Holland, may have seen up to £420m of drugs reach the UK, with a street value four times higher.
When National Crime Agency (NCA) officers swooped on a meeting near a scrap yard in Smethwick in June, they found an ambulance with six hiding places, according to Robert Davies, prosecuting.
Inside were neatly-stacked packets of drugs including 193kg of cocaine with a street value of more than £30m, and 74kg of heroin worth £8m in individual deals.
Officers also found 19,920 ecstasy tablets and 2kg of MDMA (ecstasy) crystal powder.
Bijlsma and Vogelaar, both of Amsterdam, were arrested along with two other men - Olof Schoon, aged 38, and 51-year-old Richard Engelsbel.
The jury has already been told that Schoon and Engelsbel have admitted conspiracy to supply drugs.
In interview, 56-year-old Bijlsma told officers he had left school aged 14 and had only been in the UK to look at an old BMW to scrap.
CCTV was played in court showing how, on one occasion in May, the same ambulance seized by the NCA in Smethwick was driven to the Moorside Industrial Estate in Colchester.
The footage also showed Bijlsma and Schoon arriving separately in a Mercedes car just minutes before, then meeting the ambulance crew at a lock-up.
The Crown has alleged that the industrial unit was just one of several locations where the drugs were unloaded for distribution.
Mr Davies described the firm and its operations as nothing more than "a veneer" for the smuggling operation which sometimes even boasted fake patients.
The trial, set to resume on Tuesday, continues.

John Buwalda and Jan Polak were found guilty of plotting to smuggle the Class A drugs using a light aircraft following a trial at the Old Bailey.
They were arrested near Rochester Airport in Kent shortly after flying from the Netherlands on 30 June.
Both will be sentenced in February and were told to expect long jail terms.
Polak, 61, a Polish national living in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, was arrested outside a Holiday Inn carrying 48lb (22kg) of cocaine.
Buwalda, 52, from Hilversum, was then found in a bathroom in the hotel by National Crime Agency (NCA) officers.
NCA officer Jim McMorrow told the trial Buwalda "was sitting on the toilet. He had a white top on and his trousers were by his legs".
Buwalda told officers he worked for the Chinese Europe Medical Post Grad Academy, which trained dentists.
He is said to have told officers he flew the academy's Piper Alpha aircraft into the UK on 30 June to network at the University of Greenwich, but admitted he spoke to no-one at the university beforehand.
The Old Bailey heard he transported the drugs in red metal boxes which he claimed were wing weights used to prevent gusts of wind from lifting the wings while the aircraft is on the ground.
He said he took them into the hotel to "show off and look the part of a pilot".
Polak claimed he worked for a cosmetics company and denied knowing the packages contained illegal drugs.
He claimed he had been approached by an unknown man in London who asked him to deliver a parcel in exchange for money.
The drugs were handed over inside Buwalda's hotel room.


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Question: The UN has declared its highest level of emergency in Iraq as a humanitarian crisis follows the advance by Islamic State (IS) militants in the north.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

Kurdish officials said the situation in Dohuk city, with 150,000 refugees, was now critical.
But the US said a rescue mission to aid thousands who fled to Mount Sinjar was unlikely as it had found fewer people and better conditions than expected
The UN estimates that 1.2 million Iraqis have been internally displaced.
The three other countries that have the same emergency status are Syria, South Sudan and the Central African Republic.
The declaration by the UN of a "Level 3 Emergency" would "facilitate mobilisation of additional resources in goods, funds and assets" to support the humanitarian operation, said UN special representative Nickolay Mladenov.
The situation of displaced people on Mount Sinjar remained critical, he said.
The UN had estimated that tens of thousands of people, most from the Christian and Yazidi religious minorities, were besieged on the mountain after being forced to flee their homes.
But US forces sent to Mt Sinjar found fewer people than expected - partly because thousands had left the mountain each night over the past days.
The US says it will continue to provide humanitarian assistance and it conducted its seventh air drop of food and water on Wednesday. It has also continued to conduct air strikes on IS targets.
Bayan Abdul Rahman, who represents the Kurdish regional government in the UK, said the number of trapped refugees should be no excuse for inaction. They should be rescued whether there were "5,000 or 50,000" of them, he said.
The situation in the region was "fluid" and there was no guarantee that IS fighters won't attack again, he added.
Hamad, a Yazidi who managed to escape with his family, told the BBC that his mother had died during their long journey to Dohuk.
"There was no food. We were exhausted after a lot of walking and climbing high, steep roads," he said, adding that his mother eventually said she could go no further.
"We refused to leave without her. After a few hours of thirst, hunger and exhaustion, she fell and passed away."
Kurdish officials in Dohuk told the BBC's Frank Gardner some 150,000 refugees had arrived, overwhelming the local population who are trying to feed them.
In another development, the governor of Anbar province - large parts of which have been under militant control for months - has asked for US air support and other assistance, Reuters reports.
France says it will arm Iraq's Kurds, who are already getting US military aid to fight IS. Meanwhile, the UK has pledged to join a rescue mission for displaced civilians.
The rapid IS advance across Iraq has thrown the country into chaos.
On 29 June, the group said it had created a caliphate, or Islamic state, stretching from Aleppo in Syria to the province of Diyala in Iraq.
Iraq's military response to the threat has been hampered by political chaos in Baghdad.
Prime Minister Nouri Maliki's coalition won the most seats in April's elections but parliament has not agreed to give him a third term.
Earlier this week, Iraq's president asked the deputy speaker of parliament, Haider al-Abadi, to form a new government but Mr Maliki vowed to contest the move in court.
Former Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari, who served under Mr Maliki until last month, said Iraq's prime minister has no choice but to "accept the wishes of the majority of Iraqis".
"We are hopeful Maliki will be more realistic and save face," he told the BBC.
Mr Zebari also dismissed fears that Iraq could fall apart, saying the Kurdish leadership had "decided to be part of the new government".

The move was a "serious breach of Iraqi sovereignty" Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi's office said in a statement.
About 150 Turkish soldiers have been deployed near in the town of Bashiqa to train Iraqi Kurdish forces, earlier reports said.
Mosul has been under the control of the Islamic State (IS) group since last year.
The statement called on Turkey to "respect good neighbourly relations and to withdraw immediately from the Iraqi territory".
Turkey enjoys close relations with autonomous Kurdish regions in Iraq, although it views Syrian Kurdish groups over the border as hostile, analysts say.
The fall of Mosul was a key moment in the rise of IS and a Iraqi government offensive to retake the city has been repeatedly put back.
This week saw the UK carry out its first air strikes against IS in Syria and Germany voting to send military support to the coalition fighting IS in the country.


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Question: A 21-month-old girl who died after sustaining "car crash-like injuries" had suffered an "overheating fit" on the day of her death, a court was told.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article
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Ayeeshia Jane Smith died of a tear to her heart in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, in May 2014.
Post-mortem tests showed Ayeeshia had bruises on her head, neck and buttocks.
Her mother Kathryn Smith and her partner Matthew Rigby, from Nottingham, deny murder, causing her death and child cruelty.
Det Sgt James Brady, from Staffordshire Police, told Birmingham Crown Court that Miss Smith had told him Ayeeshia had suffered three "overheating fits" since 2014.
She also told him the child suffered from alopecia, the court heard.
On the day of Ayeeshia's death Mr Brady said Miss Smith had left the child on the potty and went into the kitchen.
"Mum went into the kitchen to get some juice and returned back and found the child with blue lips and fitting," he said.
Christopher Hotten QC, prosecuting, asked if Miss Smith had presented the fits as being similar to those the child had suffered previously.
Mr Brady said: "Yes, it was described as the same as before, implying it was the same as the previous fits."
A pathologist told the jury "out of 100 children [of the same age and build], 98 would be heavier" than "thin" Ayeeshia.
On examination, Ayeeshia was found to have a bleed on the brain in the months before her death, linked to an incident in which Ayeeshia was hospitalised after collapsing in February 2014.
Further injuries were also discovered, including a large bruise to her back and buttocks and bruising to her left eyelid and left leg.
The trial continues.

Mark Jones, 45, of Cwmbran, Torfaen, has pleaded not guilty to murder at his trial at Newport Crown Court.
The jury heard Mr Jones changed his story during a series of police interviews over a number of months.
Initially, Mr Jones said he tripped over a toy and dropped Amelia Jones the day before she was taken to hospital.
He told police he dropped his granddaughter on 16 November 2012, but then said in a later interview that another person, who cannot be named for legal reasons, dropped her the following day while "messing" with their phone.
The trial has been told that baby Amelia suffered a fractured skull, brain swelling and eight rib fractures.
She had been injured at least three different times, the court heard.
The trial continues.


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Question: Artes Mundi winner Theaster Gates says he will share his £40,000 prize with the nine other shortlisted artists.

Chicago-based Gates took first prize for his installation which he says challenges the dominance of Christian ideology in the western world.
He said: "Winning this award is my validation that this new body of work has a place in the world."
The artist told BBC Wales' arts and media correspondent Huw Thomas about his plan to share his winnings.
Gates' work includes a bull sculpture said to deter bad spirits and protect crops in Africa and a goat which refers to a supposed American masonic initiation ceremony.
First Minister Carwyn Jones presented Gates with his prize at the National Museum Cardiff on Thursday night for his installation, A Complicated Relationship between Heaven and Earth, or When We Believe.
Describing his winning work, Gates said it "contemplates how objects have been used as signifiers of power and perhaps reopens them to be real instruments for accessing belief".
Held every two years, Artes Mundi was founded in 2002 by Welsh artist William Wilkins and supports contemporary visual artists from around the world who are still gaining international recognition.
Gates' winning work and other shortlisted works are on display at National Museum Cardiff and Chapter arts centre as well Ffotogallery, Penarth.

Themes of migration and global politics are tackled on the shortlist for the biennial Â£40,000 prize.
Welsh artist Bedwyr Williams imagines a futuristic city built on the slopes of Cadair Idris.
Curator Karen MacKinnon said: "These artists question what it means to be human in our world and in our time."
With the final touches still being carried out to some exhibits at National Museum Wales, she added that the artists brought "humour, surrealism and provocation".
"What connects this diverse exhibition is relevance and urgency, as they comment on and question the spirit of our age."
Two of the shortlisted artists have work at Chapter Arts Centre.
They have been selected from more than 700 nominations submitted from 90 countries.
SHORTLISTED ARTISTS
John Akomfrah (UK)
Ghanaian-born filmmaker and founder of the Black Audio Film Collective. Akomfrah's video installation over two screens looks at five centuries of migration and religious persecution.
It was inspired while he was teaching in Barbados in 2009 and he saw a cemetery containing 17th Century graves of Sephardic Jewish refugees who had fled Brazil: "I was asking 'how did they get here?'"
Neil Beloufa (France/Algeria)
His video installation World Domination, projected onto a relief of a dinosaur, uses ordinary people from different continents "play acting" as presidents, discussing different issues but instructed to declare war.
Ms MacKinnon called it "dark but very funny," while Beloufa talks of "how easy they get crazy and escalate it".
Amy Franceschini/FutureFarmers (USA/Belgium)
Those at the preview were given the "social media" of seeds of grain to take away with them.
This is only the start of the voyage for this artwork in what is being called "an act of reverse migration."
Seeds taken from museums, farms and found on historic sites have been brought to Cardiff on board a 19th Century Norwegian rescue vessel cum laboratory.
They will embark on a journey to London and onto the Middle East, meeting more farmers and artisan bread-makers and exchanging seeds.
Lamia Joreige (Lebanon, work both at National Museum Wales and Chapter)
The starting point for Mathaf (Arabic for museum) from this visual artist is the collection of the destroyed National Museum of Beirut, in particular a fragment of Roman mosaic, damaged by a hole from a sniper's bullet.
A concrete cast of the bullet hole, pictograms shot by a pinhole camera and an inventory of objects saved in the museum's archive.
A separate video installation of a river brings social history and the gentrification of a neighbourhood.
Nastio Mosquito (Angola, at Chapter)
Poet, musician, video and digital artist Nastio is premiering The Transitory Suppository, depicting the fictional depot A L Moore of a country called Botrovia.
Bedwyr Williams (UK/Wales)
A 20-minute video on a wall, slowly computer-animated, Tyrrau Mawr shows an imaginary city which has sprung up on the slopes of Cadair Idris near Dolgellau, one of Wales' most recognisable peaks.
His narration, laced with dark humour, tells snippets of stories of the inhabitants, as the cityscape slowly turns from night to day.
"I wondered about this business of rapidly building huge cities in completely undeveloped places like in the oil rich countries in the Middle East or in China," Gwynedd-based Williams says of the work.
"I've also been playing this game Clash of Clans with my son on my iPhone and I've becoming a little hooked on building imaginary fortresses."
It is the first time since Cardiff-based painter Sue Williams in 2006 that a Welsh artist has made the shortlist.
Analysis by Huw Thomas, BBC Wales arts and media correspondent
Imposing video installations by Bedwyr Williams and John Akomfrah dominate the Artes Mundi exhibition, while the conscientious work of the FutureFarmers exemplify the prize's theme of the human condition.
The challenge for the organisers is to make an impression on an audience that has become a little weary of contemporary art prizes.
Beyond the exhibition spaces at National Museum Wales and Chapter, Artes Mundi's work in communities will add value to an event which would otherwise risk entombing a bold contemporary art prize within the walls of traditional artistic institutions.
The home crowd will be pleased to see Williams on the shortlist, only the third time in the prize's 12-year history that a Welsh artist has been selected.
But he faces considerable competition for the Â£40,000 prize when the jury considers its artistic verdict in the new year.
The exhibition runs from 21 October until 26 February 2017, with the prize announced on 25 January.
The last winner, Theaster Gates in 2015, chose to split the prize fund equally between the whole shortlist.


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Question: A towering bonfire has been built across the road from a County Antrim petrol station.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

The bonfire, made of wooden pallets, has been built on a grass verge at Prince Andrew Way in Carrickfergus.
The NI Fire and Rescue Service said it was working with the local community "to provide safety advice in relation to the Castlemara bonfire".
The bonfire, estimated to be about 50ft (15m) tall, is roughly twice the height of a two-storey house.
Bonfires are traditionally lit in loyalist areas of Northern Ireland on the eve of the annual 12 July celebrations marking King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
The council-led Mid and East Antrim Bonfire Liaison Group has also been involved in talks about the bonfire, concerns about which were first reported by the Irish News.
Assistant Chief Fire Officer Alan Walmsley advised bonfire builders to keep the structures "at a manageable size and sited in a clear, open space at a safe distance from buildings and overhead cables".
"A bonfire should be a minimum distance of five times its height from property," he said.
"It should not contain any potentially hazardous materials or tyres and never use flammable liquids such as petrol or paraffin as these can produce explosive vapours."
Ch Insp Stephen Humphries said the police would work closely with partner agencies and local communities to address concerns linked to bonfires.
"Constructive dialogue and engagement involving the community, politicians, public bodies and police is the approach most likely to result in workable solutions on bonfire issues," he said.
"The physical removal of bonfire material is not a matter for police, however we will assist other statutory bodies to carry out their duties subject to the prevailing circumstances."

A heavily-tattooed driver - who claimed he could not give a blood sample due to his fear of needles - makes the front page of this week's Coleraine Times.
The Coleraine man pleaded guilty to dangerous driving and other motoring offences after he caused a crash near the Causeway Hospital in June.
It was alleged that despite having several tattoos, he refused to provide a blood specimen saying the last time he gave blood he had been left with a bruise.
On its inside pages, the paper carries a special report on teenage involvement in Northern Ireland's "massive wave of cyber crime".
The head of the PSNI's Cyber Crime Centre says the majority of offences detected by his officers have been carried out by 14-17 year olds.
DCI Dougie Grant claimed the bulk of hacking is carried out by young people whose parents believe they are playing computer games in their bedrooms.
He said that over a six-week period, the PSNI team visited 75 addresses and in 70 of the cases the suspect turned out to be a young person.
County Fermanagh's "stairway to heaven" has unleashed hell on the surrounding landscape, in this week's Impartial Reporter.
Cuilcagh Mountain Boardwalk - a wooden walkway designed to protect an environmentally important bog - has become a favourite attraction for daytrips.
But a local farmer complains to the paper that visitors have "done more damage to the area in the last 12 months than farmers have for the past 100 years".
He says day-tripping drivers are "ruining the grass verges, they are damaging the road, they are throwing out their rubbish and cups of tea on the ground".
Inside, the paper milks it by dedicating 11 pages to the Fermanagh County Show, where it seems some cows are just better than udders.
"There are good cows and there are great cows. This is a great cow," declared the judge of show's All-Ireland Dairy Cow contest.
The top prize was awarded to 'Priestland5235 PS James Rose EX95', who was by all accounts, outstanding in her field.
The "spring of rib", milk-pumping bovine produces an impressive 60 litres a day.
Despite her name, there was no divine intervention in the result - the magnificent beast is called after her home, Priestland Farm, on the north coast.
There is great excitement in County Tyrone as plans are unveiled for new shopping centre in Dungannon.
The Tyrone Courier leads with a photo of the "long vacant" site on Ann Street on the edge of the town centre.
The paper understands that Marks and Spencer has been earmarked as the anchor tenant of an 11-unit complex.
It says the possibility of a future hotel development at the site is also under consideration.
In other property news, the Courier reports that a County Kildare estate, part-owned by a Dungannon family, is being put on the market for £53m.
The Mallaghan family bought the dilapidated Irish aristocratic mansion, Carton House, in the 1970s and spent millions transforming it into a luxurious hotel and golf course.
Conor Mallaghan tells the paper his family is "extremely proud" of the restoration but said it was "now time to pass its stewardship to a new owner".
A sham wedding with a difference features in this week's edition of the Andersonstown News.
"My Big Fat Gael Weddin' saw two men "get married" in west Belfast to highlight the "solidarity" between the campaigns for same-sex marriage and an Irish language act.
Conall Mac Corraidh and Chris Mac Phaidín got hitched on the steps of the Cultúrlann - a former church turned Irish language arts centre on the Falls Road.
Same-sex marriage remains illegal in Northern Ireland, and the issue, along with calls for an the Irish language act, have caused irreconcilable differences at Stormont.
Speaking ahead of Thursday's ceremony, Mr Mac Corraidh told the paper: "It will be your standard, run-of-the-mill wedding with all the frills, suits, music, bridesmaids, rings, but I have to stress that it's a fake wedding."
The Andersonstown News also says that Irish language classes are becoming very popular in one of Northern Ireland's "most unionist towns".
The classes started when west Belfast priest, Fr Martin Magill, was transferred to a rural parish in Ballyclare, County Antrim.
"One of the things that surprised me was that, when the class got up and running, Catholics would have been in the minority of the people attending," the priest tells the paper.
"There's a greater number of people from other denominations and no denominations."
The father of an 11-year-old boy, who was seriously injured in an accident on their family farm, says he has no doubt Northern Ireland's new air ambulance saved his life.
The Mourne Observer says Conor McMullan sustained a fractured skull after he was crushed against a wall by a tractor on the farm near Castlewellan, County Down.
He became the first patient in Northern Ireland to benefit from the helicopter service, even before its official launch this week.
The Observer reports that the boy was airlifted to a Belfast hospital within eight minutes - a journey which would have taken at least 45 minutes by road.
The paper also carries photographs of flash flooding in Downpatrick, which has cost town centre businesses thousands of pounds' worth of damage.
Shops along Scotch Street, Church Street and Market Street bore the brunt of flooding after "torrential downpours" on Monday afternoon.
A cafe worker tells the paper she saw a "river running down the street", while the owner of a carpet shop says it is the 14th time his business has been flooded.
In County Armagh, a family's nine-year battle over their young son's grave makes the front page of the Portadown Times.
Jamie Stevenson was 15 when he died.  He is buried in what the council describes as a "lawn only" section of Kernan Cemetery.
His parents want a grave "surround" and personal tributes left on his burial plot - but council staff want to remove all such items from lawn only graves.
"There are people who want grass because it suits them for the council to cut it," his mother tells the paper.
"But we maintain our son's grave - the council doesn't need to do it."
In the paper's court coverage, an alleged knicker thief is accused of burgling the same house on three different dates.
The 28-year-old man is to stand trial for stealing a number of unusual items from the house in Portadown on three separate days in March.
The Portadown Times reports that on the third occasion, he is alleged to have stolen "a pair of ladies underwear and strawberries".


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Question: "I'm just a simple engineer from Michigan," says John German, the man who helped discover the Volkswagen emissions scandal.

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Speaking to Wake Up To Money on BBC Radio 5 live, Mr German revealed he had told VW about his findings in May 2014, but the company had failed to fix the problem.
He now thinks cars produced by other brands should be investigated for the emissions-cheating "defeat device" software found in some VWs.
John German is the US co-lead of the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), a not-for-profit organisation dedicated to reducing vehicle emissions.
He told Wake Up To Money the story of how they got started with their investigation.
"There's been a consistent stream of data suggesting that diesel cars in Europe have high NOx (nitrogen oxides and dioxides) emission," he says.
"So we had this bright idea - let's look at US where the emissions standards are more stringent.
We thought the cars there would be clean, and we could take the results to Europe and say, 'hey look, they're clean in the US, why can't you do it in Europe?'"
'Something wrong'
On 20 September, VW's then chief executive, Martin Winterkorn, issued a public apology, admitting to "breaking the trust" of customers.
But as Mr German explained, his ICCT organisation had been investigating VW since 2013.
To put it simply, Mr German and his team abandoned standard emissions lab tests and instructed researchers to take their cars - a VW Passat and Jetta, and a BMW X5 - out on the roads to simulate ordinary driving conditions.
What they found - with a machine in the cars' boot and probe down the exhaust pipe - was explosive.
"When [the researchers] first saw it they thought there was something wrong with their equipment," says Mr German.
"We found high - very high - emissions in the real world.
"The Passat had emissions five to 20 times the standard. The Jetta was worse. It was 15-35 times the standard.
"And then when they got to the X5, they were recording very, very low emissions again - so they were like 'OK - it wasn't our equipment'."
The data was clear enough, but Mr German didn't want to pre-judge an enquiry.
"While we suspected it might be a defeat device we never said that, and we turned our data over to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and let them do the investigation.
"The words 'defeat device' are not something you ever say unless you're certain."
'Completely inexplicable'
Mr German finished his report and turned over all his team's data to the EPA in May 2014.
He says he also sent a courtesy copy to Volkswagen.
Then in December 2014, the EPA announced VW was issuing a software fix to solve some vehicles' emissions problems.
Mr German says: "[VW] swore up and down to the agencies that this would fix the problem.
"But CARB went out in May [2015] and tested some of the vehicles with the fix and the emissions were still very high.
"VW tried to offer a lot of other explanations for the high emissions for a very long period of time. It wasn't until September 2015 that they finally admitted to the agencies there was a defeat device."
Mr German resists being drawn when asked what action should be taken against VW. "I'm just a simple engineer from Michigan - I don't get into that," he says.
But he is clear on one thing.
"This is the part that I find to be completely inexplicable. VW had a chance to fix it, and yet they continued to try and hide the fact they had a defeat device."
Having discovered the fault in VW, Mr German now thinks wider questions needs to be asked.
"We do not have any data or information that suggests any other manufacturer also is using a defeat device," he says. "But it absolutely needs to be investigated."

3 June 2016 Last updated at 13:34 BST
With the help of a melting ice cream, Ikenna carries out his own social experiment to prove the US president made the right choice.


Question: Represent

Question: Aung San Suu Kyi, whose party won historic elections in Myanmar, is to take a place in the new cabinet.

Ms Suu Kyi is barred from the presidency herself and had been widely expected not to take a ministry.
But her name was on a list of 18 submitted to parliament by President-elect Htin Kyaw.
The BBC's Jonah Fisher in Yangon says she will head up foreign affairs, energy, education and be minister in the president's office.
There are no other women appointed to the cabinet, he adds.
Myanmar's constitution, drafted by the outgoing military rulers, prevents Aung San Suu Kyi from becoming president because her two sons have British passports.
Despite weeks of negotiation, the NLD was unable to persuade the military to remove or suspend the clause.
Analysis: Jonah Fisher, BBC News, Yangon
Aung San Suu Kyi had already made it clear that whatever her title she was going to run the new government.
She could have done that just by becoming minister in the president's office, sitting next to her friend and proxy Htin Kyaw and telling him what to do.
But that clearly wasn't enough.
Ms Suu Kyi has had four and a half months to reflect on who should steer one of her biggest priorities, education reform.
She's also had time to consider who should oversee the vital energy portfolio, and who should represent a resurgent Myanmar, also known as Burma, at summits abroad. And after all that time the answer was staring back from the mirror.
Aung San Suu Kyi decided that there could be no-one else, and that she would have to directly run three of the most time-consuming ministries.
Only time will tell how that works in practice. But given there are only five working days in a week these ministries could well be guided by someone who shows up for just one day in five.
Even with the most efficient support team around you, it's hardly a platform to deliver much-needed ambitious change.
Fifteen of the names on the ministerial list were chosen by Ms Suu Kyi, a Nobel laureate and former political prisoner, and three by the commander-in-chief of the army.
Parliament is expected to vote later in the week to confirm the posts.
The NLD has a huge majority in both houses of parliament, although the military automatically occupies 25% of seats.
If she does become foreign minister, under the complex political structure Ms Suu Kyi will have to stand down as an MP and refrain from all NLD activities.

The meeting comes days after officials announced the next general election would be held in late 2015.
Ahead of the meeting, US President Barack Obama held telephone talks with both President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.
He urged Thein Sein to ensure the polls were "inclusive".
Friday's gathering in the capital Naypyitaw was reportedly to focus on the peace process, national reconciliation and political reform.
Senior officials attending included the president, both vice-presidents, the two parliamentary speakers, the military chief and representatives from various ethnic political parties.
Ms Suu Kyi, whose party the National League for Democracy (NLD) is the official opposition, has called for such a meeting in the past.
Afterwards, a presidential spokesman said they had agreed the parliament would discuss amendments to the constitution but gave no details. The opposition wants to repeal clauses that reserve parliamentary seats for the military and prevent Ms Suu Kyi from standing for president.
Having been wooed by Thein Sein to join parliament and validate his reforms Aung San Suu Kyi has spent the last two years as an increasingly frustrated outsider.
The meetings with the president have dried up and Ms Suu Kyi's repeated requests for talks with the head of the army have gone unanswered. With just a year to go to the general elections, Myanmar appeared to be sleepwalking towards yet another crisis.
Now the talks are on but many will view them with cynicism.
The Burmese government is well known for making grand gestures just before high-profile diplomatic visits. In the past it was groups of political prisoners being released. Now most of them are out of jail, there will be those who see these discussions in a similar light.
In two weeks President Obama will be in Naypyitaw to attend the most prestigious summit the country has ever seen. It seems the threat of a few pointed words forced the Burmese leaders into action.
Last week, officials announced that the general election would take place in either late October or early November 2015.
The NLD boycotted the last general election in 2010, because of rules it said were unfair. That poll, the first in the nation in 20 years, moved Myanmar away from decades of outright military rule. It now has a civilian government dominated by a military-backed party.
Thein Sein, the elected president, initiated a series of reforms after the election that led to the Suu Kyi-led pro-democracy opposition rejoining the political process.
A by-election in 2012 saw the Nobel peace laureate - who spent years under house arrest as she called for democracy in the nation - elected to parliament in a landslide win for the NLD.
Despite her personal popularity, she is banned from running for president in next year's election for constitutional reasons.
Thein Sein's government, meanwhile, is facing criticism that the reform process has stalled.
Earlier this week the UN special rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, Yanghee Lee, told the general assembly that while progress had been achieved, there were also signs of backtracking, citing unresolved ethnic conflicts, the incarceration of political prisoners and violence in Rakhine state.
Mr Obama is expected to make his second presidential visit to Myanmar, also known as Burma, in November.
The White House said Mr Obama had asked Thein Sein to take "additional steps" towards resolving the conflict in Rakhine.
In 2012 violence broke out between Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, killing about 200 people. Since then tens of thousands of people have been displaced, mostly from the minority Rohingya community.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: India captain Mahendra Dhoni is predicting a good wicket that will not unduly favour spin when his team play England in the third Test in Kolkata.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Dhoni was recently accused by the groundsman at Eden Gardens of asking for a dry pitch that will assist spin.
But Dhoni said ahead of the start on Wednesday: "The wicket looks good. We'll have to see whether anything happens. It depends on clay content.
"I don't think it will be much help for the spinners initially."
The four-Test series is level at 1-1 with two matches left to play. India won the first Test in Ahmedabad by nine wickets, but England responded by winning the second in Mumbai by 10 wickets.
And the 31-year-old insisted that fast bowlers will play a crucial role in what could prove to be a decisive match.
"The fast bowlers at this time of year get a bit of swing on the ball both at the start of play and before stumps," he added.
"I think the role of fast bowlers will be very crucial in this game."
Ahead of the encounter, Dhoni reportedly asked for the Kolkata pitch to help the spinners from the first day.
Groundsman Prabir Mukherjee described the request as "immoral" - but has since resolved his concerns.
Dhoni did not confirm or deny that he had made any demands on Mukherjee regarding the pitch, despite being asked to clarify whether the reports were true.
But the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) did call in another groundsman to "assist" Mukherjee in the build-up to the Test - a move which led to the latter announcing he was going on a month's sick leave.
Mukherjee, who has been the groundsman at Eden Gardens for 20 years, was back there on Sunday stating that any differences had been "sorted out".
However, Dhoni did admit that he was keen to play the Test on a pitch that was likely to ensure a result.
"We lost the last game, but we still want to play on wickets that suit the sub-continent," he said. "That's what the sub-continental challenge is all about.
"If you come to India, why do you want to play on wickets that are flat for the first three or four days? And sometimes, we have seen that even five days are not enough to get a result.
"I feel the challenge is to play on tracks that turn and assist the spinners. It doesn't matter if we lose a few games or if we win the series, because that will be the crucial thing.
"A cricketer who has played for five or six years can say: 'OK. I went to the sub-continent and the wickets were turning and bouncing. I scored runs or I failed.' Whatever it may be."
England: Alastair Cook (capt), Nick Compton, Joe Root, Jonathan Trott, Kevin Pietersen, Ian Bell, Eoin Morgan, Matt Prior (wk), Jonny Bairstow, Samit Patel, Graeme Swann, Monty Panesar, James Anderson, Tim Bresnan, Stuart Broad, Steven Finn, Graham Onions, James Tredwell.
India: Mahendra Dhoni (capt, wk), Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Cheteshwar Pujara, Sachin Tendulkar, Virat Kohli, Yuvraj Singh, Ajinkya Rahane, Ravichandran Ashwin, Pragyan Ojha, Harbhajan Singh, Zaheer Khan, Ishant Sharma, Murali Vijay, Ashok Dinda.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The 28-year-old damaged his right hand during the second one-day international defeat by India on Thursday in Cuttack.
Right-hander Hales sustained the injury after attempting a catch in the outfield and jarring his hand on the ground.
He will return to England on Saturday and will see a hand surgeon next week.
The ECB said England will announce Hales' replacement in the Twenty-20 squad for the three-match series against India, starting on January 26, in "due course".
England play the final one-day game of their three-match series with India in Kolkata on Sunday.
They are yet to win on this tour, having lost four and drawn one of the five-match Test series that came before.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Romania's president has appointed Education Minister Sorin Cimpeanu as interim prime minister after protests led to the downfall of Victor Ponta.

The protesters have blamed widespread corruption for the deaths of 32 people in a nightclub fire and want widespread political reform.
President Klaus Iohannis has said he will hold further talks before making a final decision on a new prime minister.
He said he would consult civil society groups as well as political leaders.
"I will, for Friday afternoon, call a group that represents both the civil society and what we call the street. It is important to me to know their views and options," he announced.
Mr Cimpeanu will take over the role of prime minister until a new leader is nominated and approved by parliament. Without parliamentary approval, early elections will have to be called.
Mr Ponta, who is facing trial on corruption charges, had earlier gone on national TV to say he hoped his resignation would "satisfy the people who came out in the streets".
But tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets in Bucharest and other cities on Wednesday, for the second night running, demanding change.
The protesters' initial anger was directed at the authorities because they said the Colectiv nightclub, where Friday night's fire took place, had only been able to open because of bribery.
More than 100 people are still being treated for their injuries and there are fears the number of fatalities could rise.

The case, concerning Mr Ponta's work as a lawyer in 2007-2008, is being handled by the anti-corruption agency DNA.
He allegedly used forged invoices from a law firm to buy two luxury apartments and a Mitsubishi Lancer car, Romanian media report.
The DNA has arrested several well-known politicians in recent months.
Former government ministers, media moguls, judges and prosecutors are all under investigation.
They include Elena Udrea, a former minister of tourism and former presidential candidate.
The DNA investigation has also spread to Mr Ponta's mother, sister, brother-in-law Iulian Hertanu and senator Ilie Sarbu, who is his father-in-law.
Mr Ponta took office in 2012, leading the centre-left Social Democratic Party (PSD). It is the largest group in parliament, and emerged out of the old Communist Party.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Boxer Floyd Mayweather was the world's highest-paid sportsman of the past 12 months, according to figures from business magazine Forbes.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence
For example, ['represent this text', 'A selection of your pictures of Scotland sent in between 16 and 23 September. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.'] should be similar to ['this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article\n\n\nExamples:\n\nGiven Hundreds of people have attended a vigil to remember two teenage athletes who died when they were struck by a car. it matches with Lucy Pygott, 17, from Hartley Wintney, and 16-year-old Stacey Burrows from Farnborough were out on a training run when they were hit by a Ford Focus.\nA torch-lit procession, held exactly a week after the crash on Queen\'s Avenue, was followed by a two-minute silence.\nBoth girls were members of Aldershot, Farnham and District Athletic Club.\nLucy was this year\'s England Under-20 3,000m champion and European Youth Championships bronze medallist.\nStacey was the Hampshire Under-17 3,000m champion.\nThe club, which is based at the Aldershot Military Stadium, said the large number of flowers left at the crash scene have been moved to the stadium\'s car park as they were causing vehicles to stop on the road.\nA serving soldier was arrested on suspicion of drink driving, two counts of causing death by dangerous driving and two counts of careless driving while unfit through drink or drugs.\nHe has been bailed until February. but not with Avon and Somerset Police said it happened at about 23:00 BST on Wednesday when a Renault Clio lost control on Feeder Road and went into the water.\nThe victims were named locally as John and Joan Tipler, who were in their 70s and lived in the area.\nIt is believed the driver lost control after suffering a suspected medical episode.\nIn January of last year two men died in the same stretch of canal when their car crashed into the water.\nThe sister-in-law of Joan Tipler paid tribute to her, saying she was "always one of the family and would do anything for anybody".\nPauline Searle said Joan\'s daughter was on her way back from Portugal after hearing the news about the incident.', '.']

The annual sporting rich-list showed Mayweather, who also topped last year's list, earned US$300m (£194m).
Most of that came from his 'super-fight' with Manny Pacquiao, whose $160m (£103.4m) takings made him the second-highest earner.
Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo was third with $79.6m (£51.4m).
The figures include salaries, bonuses, prize money and appearance fees, plus estimates of endorsement income for the past 12 months.
Golfer Tiger Woods remains in the top 10 thanks to his $50.6m (£32.7m) worth of endorsements. The American earned just $600,000 (£387,000) in winnings because of injury and poor form.
Click here for full list
Northern Ireland's Rory McIlroy appears at 12 on the list thanks to his two majors wins in the last 12 months that brought in $48.3m (£31m).
Formula 1 world champion Lewis Hamilton is 15th with $39m (£25m), although a lucrative new contract could push him up the list next year.
Wales and Real Madrid player Gareth Bale is the highest-placed British footballer, with his $35.5m (£22m) earnings putting him at 18.
England football captain Wayne Rooney at 34th, with $26.9m (£17m).
Scottish tennis player Andy Murray is 64th with $22.3m (£14m).

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The 26-year-old pop star has amassed earnings of $170m (£137.8m) over the past year, mainly thanks to a world tour named after her recent 1989 album.
Adele is ranked second with estimated pre-tax income of $80.5m (£65.2m).
Madonna comes in third place with estimated earnings of $76.5m (£62m), with Rihanna following closely behind.
Beyonce is placed at five, with pre-tax income estimated at $54m (£43.8m), according to the magazine.
Swift's pole position was virtually guaranteed earlier this year when she topped Forbes' list of the 100 highest-paid celebrities.
Katy Perry, ranked sixth this year, topped last year's rundown of female pop stars with estimated earnings of $135m (£109.4m).
Forbes bases its the estimates on industry information as well as interviews with managers and agents, along with data given by the artists themselves.
Here are the top 10 female pop stars on the Forbes list, which covers the period June 2015 to June 2016:
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