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Question: Sometimes inventing things isn't necessarily coming up with a completely new idea from scratch.

18 March 2013 Last updated at 09:43 GMT
Fran explains how an invention could simply be watching how people use things and improving them.
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As the fog rolled in across the track, he suddenly realised how he could fix the nascent air-cooling system he'd been working on, using water as a condensing surface.
This sudden moment of inspiration led to the invention of modern air-conditioning, a fortune for its inventor, and the foundation of a multi-billion dollar company.
The lone genius, beavering away in the seclusion of his lab is how most of us imagine the great moments of innovation have come into being.  But is this really the whole story?
Not entirely, according to author Steven Johnson. He believes Willis Carrier is very much the exception rather than the rule.
"It's not that the individuals disappear in this, it's just that they need to be part of something larger than themselves to be able to do the work that they do."
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Going to work with the crowd
This is not completely new ground for Mr Johnson. He has written seven books on how science, technology and human experience interact, including the best-selling Everything Bad Is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter.
He is the co-founder of three websites - the now defunct Feed magazine, Plastic.com and his current project: hyperlocal aggregator outside.in. He also has nearly 1.5m followers on social media site Twitter.
His latest book, Where good ideas come from: The natural history of innovation, is his attempt to explain the phenomenon of inspiration.
"[Good ideas] come from crowds, they come from networks. You know we have this clichÃ©d idea of the lone genius having the eureka moment.
"But in fact when you go back and you look at the history of innovation it turns out that so often there is this quiet collaborative process that goes on, either in people building on other peoples' ideas, but also in borrowing ideas, or tools or approaches to problems.
"The ultimate idea comes from this remixing of various different components. There still are smart people and there still are people that have moments where they see the world differently in a flash.
"But for the most part it's a slower and more networked process than we give them credit for."
The book spans a huge period in history, ranging from the invention of double entry accounting, and Gutenberg's printing press in the 15th century, through to Tim Berners Lee and the world wide web, and ultimately YouTube.com.
He had the idea for the book while writing The Ghost Map, about the cholera epidemic of 1854 in London, and the subsequent discovery of the origins of the disease. The story goes that a man named John Snow had had the idea to map cases of the disease, and using that map pinpointed the source of the outbreak - a water pump.
As he researched the story he realised that it simply wasn't true - that Snow had had the idea for some time before this and that he also had had a collaborator, a vicar named Henry Whitehead who was central to the investigation. This is what Mr Johnson calls the 'slow hunch'.
"I realised there was this theory about innovation, and the spaces that made innovation possible, that was lurking in the background of that story"
The book starts with a young Charles Darwin on a sun-drenched tropical beach in the Keeling Islands, as he formulates his theory on the creation of these coral islands - not simply pushed up by volcanic forces, but the result of the work of millions and millions of tiny organisms - the coral itself.
He is at the beginning of the 'slow hunch' that would result decades later in his theory of evolution. The coral reef also provides Mr Johnson with his analogy for the perfect innovation environment - a hugely diverse eco-system where despite the constant competition for resources, existence is dependent on collaboration.
This could be a city, a coffeehouse, an environment where ideas come into contact with each other - as Mr Johnson puts it, a liquid network.
"You know I think that there are two [perfect reefs] that really stand out. Clearly the web itself has been an amazing reef. Just the speed with which it's transformed itself over the last 15 years is just amazing.
"And so much of that is because it's wonderfully set up for other people to build on top of other people's ideas. In many cases without asking for permission.
"But I think that the other thing I want the book to be a reminder of is how much important innovation both in the commercial space and the private space comes out of the university system.
Universities, Mr Johnson argues, have in many ways exceeded the market in terms of the pace with which they generate ideas - despite the lack of the 'direct reward' found in the commercial arena.
"I think there's this abiding belief that markets drive innovation, corporations drive innovation, entrepreneurs driven by financial reward drive innovation, and while that's certainly true in many cases there's also this very rich long history of important world-changing ideas coming out of the more or less intellectual commons of the universities.
"The internet was not commercially useful to most ordinary consumers for 30 years really. It was in a sense a 30-year-hunch. It was providing other services in that time but in terms of the ordinary consumer and the payoff for investment it took a long time.
One of the other great preoccupations of the book is the concept of the 'adjacent possible', a phrase coined by the scientist Stuart Kaufman. In essence it means that invention is dependent on the right circumstances - as in a chess game, where there are a finite set of moves available at any given time.
"You can't invent a microwave oven in 1650, it's just beyond the bounds of possibility. There are too many intermediate steps on the way to something that complex.
"So the trick is to find the points of possibility in your own particular place and own particular space. And not jump too far ahead. It's kind of an argument for small modular steps using the ingredients available to you and not trying to reinvent everything.
So what should companies be doing to foster innovation in their workforces? Mr Johnson argues that creativity is a continuous process.
"Part of the problem is that one day a year they have a corporate retreat and they all go into the country, and they do brainstorming sessions and trustfalls and then they go back to work.
"But equally you don't want to have a non-stop creative process where nothing gets done.
"Corporations have an opportunity to cultivate hunches and hobbies and the sideprojects of their employees because those are such great generators of ideas."
Google is one company that has famously capitalised on giving space for workers to innovate, with its 20% time system. Employees are required to spend 20% of their time working on their own pet projects.
According to the company, about 50% of new features and products have resulted from it, including Adsense, Google suggest and social network Orkut.
"One of the lessons I've learned is that so many of these great innovators, Darwin is a great example of this, one shared characteristic they all seem to have is a lot of hobbies."
"I mean the web was a hobby for Tim Berners Lee, that's one of the wonderful things about it, it was a side project at his job at Cern."
Mr Johnson's open, collaborative environment is the antithesis of the closed rooms of corporate Research & Development and the increasingly litigious world of the intellectual property lawyer. For some companies betting on the slow hunch that may pay off in 30 years may seem a risk too far.
But for those who yearn to find the spark within ourselves, Mr Johnson rounds off the book with this advice:
"Go for a walk; cultivate hunches; write everything down; but keep your folders messy; embrace serendipity; make generative mistakes; take on multiple hobbies, frequent coffee houses and other liquid networks; follow the links; let others build on your ideas; borrow, recycle, reinvent."


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Question: British number one Johanna Konta lost to Venus Williams in the last 16 of the Italian Open in Rome.

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The 26-year-old world number six recovered from a set down to level but American Williams, 36, dominated the final set to win 6-1 3-6 6-1.
Seven-time champion Rafael Nadal reached the last eight of the men's event by beating Jack Sock 6-4 6-3.
Serbia's Novak Djokovic is also through after defeating Spain's Roberto Bautista-Agut 6-4 6-4.
However, world number three Stan Wawrinka suffered a 7-6 (7-1) 6-4 loss to big-serving American John Isner.
Fifth seed Konta had won her past three encounters with Williams, but the veteran controlled proceedings from the baseline, taking the first set in just over half an hour.
Konta rallied and won three straight games to claim the second set but Williams responded with another double break in the third to secure victory.
Williams, who has won seven Grand Slam singles titles, will take on Spain's Garbine Muguruza in the quarter-finals, after the 2016 French Open champion saw off Germany's Julia Gorges 7-5 6-4.
Elsewhere, Estonian qualifier Anett Kontaveit backed up her shock win over world number one Angelique Kerber on Wednesday by beating 16th seed Croatian Mirjana Lucic-Baroni 6-1 6-1.
Kontaveit will face sixth seed Simona Halep in the quarter-finals, after the Romanian beat Russia's Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 6-1 4-6 6-0.
Unseeded Daria Gavrilova stunned Svetlana Kuznetsova of Russia 2-6 7-5 6-4 to reach the last eight, where she will play Kiki Bertens - a 7-6 (7-3) 6-1 winner over Russia's Ekaterina Makarova.
Ukraine's Elina Svitolina beat Germany's Mona Barthel 3-6 6-0 6-0 to set up a tie with second seed Karolina Pliskova, after the Czech came through 6-1 7-5 against Switzerland's Timea Bacsinszky.
Nadal, 30, converted all three of his break points to end Sock's challenge in one hour and 20 minutes and set up a meeting with Austria's Dominic Thiem - a rematch of the Madrid Open final that the Spaniard won to enter the world's top four.
Thiem, 23, saved three match points to overcome American Sam Querrey 3-6 6-3 7-6 (9-7).
World number two Djokovic, 29, broke clay-court specialist Bautista Agut in the seventh game to take the first set before also breaking the Spaniard early in the second set.
Bautista Agut broke back and won three straight games, with Djokovic involved in an angry exchange with the umpire after being given a time violation.
However, the French Open champion rallied to reclaim the break and close out the match to set up a quarter-final against Argentina's Juan Martin del Potro, who saw off Japan's Kei Nishikori 7-6 (7-4) 6-3.
Switzerland's Wawrinka had no answer to the impressive serving of Isner, losing a first-set tie break 7-1 before falling to a straight-set defeat.
Unseeded Isner sent down 19 aces and landed 84% of his first serves as he set up a last-eight tie against Croatia's Marin Cilic, who beat Belgium's David Goffin 6-3 6-4.
Earlier, Germany's Alexander Zverev secured a 6-1 6-1 victory over Italy's Fabio Fognini, who beat world number one Andy Murray in round two.
Zverev will face fifth seed Milos Raonic in the last eight, after the Canadian beat Czech Tomas Berdych 6-3 6-2.

Edmund, 21, defeated Czech Rosol, 30, in one hour and 44 minutes.
Aljaz Bedene, Britain's number two, went out of the Barcelona Open, losing 3-6 6-3 7-6 (7-2) to Russian qualifier Karen Khachanov in the first round.
Britain's Johanna Konta lost 6-3 6-3 to Germany's Anna-Lena Friedsam in the first round of the Stuttgart Open.


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Question: A chronology of key events

1947 - End of British rule and partition of sub-continent into mainly Hindu India and Muslim-majority state of Pakistan.
1947 - The Maharaja of Kashmir signs a treaty of accession with India after a Pakistani tribal army attacks. War breaks out between India and Pakistan over the region.
1948 - India raises Kashmir in the UN Security Council, which in Resolution 47 calls for a referendum on the status of the territory. The resolution also calls on Pakistan to withdraw its troops and India to cut its military presence to a minimum. A ceasefire comes into force, but Pakistan refuses to evacuate its troops. Kashmir is for practical purposes partitioned.
1951 - Elections in the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir back accession to India. India says this makes a referendum unnecessary. The UN and Pakistan say a referendum needs to take into account the views of voters throughout the former princely state.
1953 - The pro-Indian authorities dismiss and arrest Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah, leader of the governing National Conference, after he takes a pro-referendum stance and delays formal accession to India. A new Jammu and Kashmir government ratifies accession to India.
1957 - The constitution of Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir defines it as part of India.
1950s - China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin).
1962 - China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin.
1963 - Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China.
1965 - A brief war between Indian and Pakistan over Kashmir ends in a ceasefire and a return to the previous positions.
1971-72 - Another Indo-Pakistani war ends in defeat for Pakistan and leads to the 1972 Simla Agreement.This turns the Kashmir ceasefire line into the Line of Control, pledges both sides to settle their differences through negotiations, and calls for a final settlement of the Kashmir dispute. The Agreement forms the basis of Pakistani-Indian relations thereafter.
Indian leader Indira Gandhi, left, and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto shake hands after agreeing to resolve disputes through talks
1974 - The Opposition Plebiscite Front in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir drops demand for a referendum in return for extensive autonomy in an agreement with the Indian government. Sheikh Abdullah becomes chief minister, and his political dynasty continues to dominate the National Conference and state after his death in 1982.
1984 - The Indian Army seizes control of the Siachen Glacier, an area not demarcated by the Line of Control. Pakistan makes frequent attempts to capture the area in the following decades.
1987 - Disputed state elections in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir give impetus to a pro-independence insurgency centred around the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). India accuses Pakistan of fomenting the insurgency by despatching fighters across the Line of Control, which Pakistan denies.
1990 - The insurgency escalates after the Indian Army kills about 100 demonstrators at Gawakadal Bridge. Attacks and threats lead to the flight of almost all Hindus from the Kashmir Valley area of the state. India imposes Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Jammu and Kashmir.
1990s - The insurgency continues, with Kashmiri militants training in Pakistan and India deploying hundreds of thousands of troops in Jammu and Kashmir. Violence against civilians by both sides is widespread.
1999 - India and Pakistan go to war again after militants cross from Pakistani-administered Kashmir into the Indian-administered Kargil district. India repulses the attack, accuses Pakistan of being behind it, and breaks off relations.
2001-2004 - Moves to boost relations between the two countries are punctuated by continuing violence, notably an attack on the parliament of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in Srinagar in 2001.
2010 - Major protests erupt in the Kashmir Valley of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir over the summer after a demonstrator is killed by the Indian army. The protests abate in September after the government announce measures to ease tension.
2011 August - Chief Minister Omar Abdullah announces an amnesty for the 1,200 young men who threw stones at security forces during the anti-government protests in the Kashmir Valley the previous year.
Indian State Human Rights Commission confirms presence of more than 2,000 unidentified bodies in unmarked graves near the Line of Control. Activists say many may be people who disappeared after being arrested by security forces.
2011 September - Indian forces kill three Pakistani soldiers in firing across the Line of Control. India accuses Pakistan of opening fire first.
2013 February - Kashmiri Jaish-e-Mohammed member Mohammad Afzal Guru hanged over role in 2001 Indian parliament terror attack, prompting protests in which two young men are killed.
2013 September - Prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet and agree to try reduce the number of violent incidents at their disputed border in Kashmir.
2014 August - India cancels talks with Pakistan after accusing it of interfering in India's internal affairs. The decision comes after Pakistan's High Commissioner in Delhi consulted Kashmiri separatist leaders in advance of the talks.
During a visit to the disputed border state of Jammu and Kashmir, India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war against India in Kashmir.
2014 October - Pakistan and India exchange strongly-worded warnings, after a flare-up of violence across their common border leaves at least 18 people dead.
BJP joins government
2015 March - India's ruling BJP party is sworn into government in Indian-administered Kashmir for first time in coalition with local People's Democratic Party, with the latter's Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as chief minister.
2015 September - Muslim separatist leaders in Indian-administered Kashmir close shops, businesses and government departments in protest at the enforcement of a colonial-era ban on eating beef.
2015 November - One person dies in violent protests following a visit to Indian-administered Kashmir by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
2016 April - Mehbooba Mufti, the leader of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), becomes the first female chief minister of Indian-administered Kashmir following the death of her father and party founder Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.
Curfew
2016 July - Authorities impose an indefinite curfew in most parts of Indian-administered Kashmir after the killing of popular militant by security forces of Burhan Wani, a popular militant and top commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen group, sparks violent protests.
2016 August - A curfew in most parts of Indian-administered Kashmir is lifted but schools, shops and most banks remain shut and mobile and internet services remain suspended. At least 68 civilians and two security officials have died and more than 9,000 people injured in over 50 days of  violence according to official tallies.
2016 September - India and Pakistan exchange a war of words after 18 Indian soldiers are killed in a raid by gunmen on an army base in Indian-administered Kashmir.
2016 September - India says it has carried out "surgical strikes" against suspected militants along the de-facto border with Pakistan in Kashmir but Pakistan rejects the claims.

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Here is the story of the two countries' entangled history, told through pictures.


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Question: Neil Lonsdale lives and works in Norfolk and is heading to Glastonbury for the first time this summer.

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But he's not happy because of Saturday night's headlining act Kanye West.
Neil started a "cancel Kanye West's headline slot and get a rock band" petition on Change.org, which at the last count had more than 40,000 signatures.
He reckons that Glastonbury should be about "guitar music" and that the hip-hop star's name on the bill is "a waste of a headline slot".
"Basically when I saw that Kanye West was announced as the headliner for Glastonbury this year, I just felt that he didn't really represent what a festival of Glastonbury's magnitude should be.
"I feel that his music doesn't really go with a festival experience."
Neil has been to other major music events like V Festival and Latitude.
"I think a lot of people want to go to a festival, stand in a field, all come together, have a sing have a dance. And I think that Kanye and his music might not be that."
Neil says he's aware festivals are "changing" and he admits "a lot of people will enjoy having Kanye" headlining the Saturday night on 27 June.
But the 31-year-old would rather see AC/DC, Fleetwood Mac, The Rolling Stones or The Who.
"It would be great to see Prince do a set.
"Oasis, or Blur, David Bowie would be a dream. A good solid performance, maybe Green Day. I've seen those a few times and they really know how to put on a show."
And, unsurprisingly, he's happy Foo Fighters are headlining the Friday night, describing that booking as "brilliant".
Is Neil surprised by the popularity of the petition?
"Not really. I've got absolutely no thoughts in my mind that this will change anything. It would be great if it did but equally the Eavis family have done great things for Glastonbury and they rarely fail. So you've got to trust them a little bit."
Neil's petition has been accused of being racist, but Neil says that's not the intent at all.
"That's always going to happen, unfortunately."
"Obviously Kanye is a black artist, but it's nothing to do with race. It's to do with the music which he produces and the way that he presents himself. There's two distinct arguments there.
"I don't like his music generally, it doesn't speak to me in the same way that a guitar band would.
"And then as a separate case, the way that he presents himself to the media, I think is negative on quite a few different levels."
Neil added that Kanye's use of "racial terms" during his All Day performance at the Brits should not be "promoted" and "sometimes that's what he does".
"The petition was started off as almost like a joke reaction to his announcement.
"I stand by my feelings about it, I don't think he would be the ideal headliner. But I know that he's going to play there regardless and in a way I'd be disappointed if the Eavis family did change it."
And for those who have signed the petition and aren't even going to Glastonbury? Neil says their opinions still counts.
"It's going to be, I presume, broadcast on the BBC as it has done for the last several years. They're not paying Â£225 for the ticket, but they are paying TV licences and they should have a say in what they get to watch."
And by the way, Neil is adamant that he won't remotely tempted to go and watch Kanye's performance after all.
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The 74-year-old Welsh singer and The Voice judge, famous for hits like Delilah, It's Not Unusual and Sex Bomb, will take to the stage at Great Tew Park, Oxfordshire in July.
Organiser Hugh Phillimore said: "We had a long, long negotiation with Sir Tom and finally he's coming to join us, so we are very excited about that."
Also on the bill are Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Lulu and Razorlight.
Other acts include The Fratellis, Blue, Billy Ocean and Chas & Dave.
Mr Phillimore added: "It's been an ambition of ours for a long time to get Tom on board.
"I started negotiating the line-up in August for my dream team."
Cornbury Festival, which is in its 12th year, takes place from 10 to 12 July.


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Question: A fundraiser who helped a community after four people died in a mill fire has been made an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours.

Sylvia Jenkinson lost one of her closest friends in the explosion at Wood Treatment Ltd plant in Bosley, Cheshire, in 2015.
She said the whole community rallied to help the families of those left behind.
Dorothy Bailey, William Barks, Derek Moore and Jason Shingler all died in the huge explosion.
Her friend Dorothy would have been thrilled by the reaction, she said.
Mrs Bailey, 62, would not have believed the amount of love that flowed towards her after her death, Ms Jenkinson said.
"She would have been really, really happy to realise what people thought about her."
On the day of the fire, Ms Jenkinson had been on her way to a nearby school for a leavers service when she heard a sound like a "big bomb".
She realised the extent of the fire straight away, she said.
She had known most of the people involved in the fire, as had most of the people living nearby, and the fundraising started straight away with everybody joining in.
More than Â£230,000 was raised.
"I feel like I am accepting this award on behalf of Bosley," she said.
She had been absolutely shocked when the envelope with news of the honour arrived, she added.
"I felt thrilled, nervous, humble, privileged - the lot," she said.
"I could not concentrate on anything I was supposed to be doing."
The investigation into the fire continues.

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The Belfast-born star was recognised for services to music, and tourism in Northern Ireland, the inspiration for many of his hits.
There were only eight new dames in the list, compared with more than three times as many knights.
But overall, more than half (51%) of recipients were women, outnumbering men for only the second time in honours history.
The dames include Frances Ashcroft, professor of physiology at the University of Oxford, known for her groundbreaking research into type two diabetes; Prof Anne Glover, former chief scientific advisor to the European Commission, and businesswoman Zarine Kharas, founder of the JustGiving.com charity website.
There are also damehoods for the deputy governor of the Bank of England Nemat Shafik and forensic scientist Angela Gallop.
Spacey, who is soon to step down after 10 years as artistic director of the Old Vic theatre in London, said he felt like "an adopted son" after his honorary award for services to British theatre and international culture was announced.
While Morrison said: "Throughout my career I have always preferred to let my music speak for me, and it is a huge honour to now have that body of work recognised in this way.
Former Welsh rugby captain Gareth Edwards is knighted, and there are OBEs for ex-England footballer Frank Lampard, and England's record-breaking cricketer James Anderson.
Long distance runner Jo Pavey and Ebola nurse Will Pooley are among the MBEs. Journalist Caroline Criado-Perez, who successfully campaigned to keep a woman on a British banknote, is made an OBE.
The same honour goes to Oscar-winning actor Eddie Redmayne and entertainer Michael Ball, and Twelve Years A Slave actor Chiwetel Ejiofor and Paddington Bear creator Michael Bond become CBEs.
Ball, who described himself as "a proper royalist", said he was "chuffed to bits" and his 80-year-old father burst into tears on hearing the news.
There are 1,163 people on the list. Recipients range in age from 17-year-old Natasha Lambert, from the Isle of Wight, who was born with athetoid cerebral palsy and is recognised for her charitable fundraising, to 103-year-old allergy research pioneer Dr William Frankland.
1,163
people honoured
70%
for community work
103 age of oldest recipient, Dr William Frankland
17 age of youngest, Natasha Lambert
51% of recipients are women
Conductor Sir Neville Marriner and former Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Woolf - who chaired the inquiry into the 1990 Strangeways prison riot - have been appointed members of the elite Companions of Honour.
Gareth Edwards's knighthood is for sporting and charitable work, while former Wales fly-half Jonathan Davies said he was "extremely humbled" to be given an OBE in recognition of his fundraising for Cardiff's Velindre Cancer Centre.
Cricketer James Anderson, who became England's record highest Test wicket-taker in April, said: "I'm very proud of my recent achievements, and this just caps it off."
Lampard, who is Chelsea's all-time leading goalscorer but spent last season at Manchester City ahead of a move to the US, described his OBE as "an extremely proud moment for myself and my family".
Meanwhile, England women's former football captain Casey Stoney, currently competing in the World Cup in Canada, was named an MBE, along with boxing super middleweight champion Carl Froch.
Stoney told the BBC: "My first reaction was compete and utter shock. Then I was completely overwhelmed and then obviously very, very proud."
And Froch told BBC Radio Nottingham:  "It's fantastic for me, my sport, my city and my family. It was a massive honour and a big surprise."
Rugby Union star Jonny Wilkinson, whose name was wrongly reported to be in the last set of honours, becomes a CBE for his dedication to the game.
Laura Bates, founder of the Everyday Sexism Project, said the gender divide at the top of the list was reflective of wider society but she was encouraged to see so many women make the overall list.
The feminist writer, whose online project project to catalogue women's experiences of sexual harassment in the UK became a worldwide movement, was herself awarded a British Empire Medal.
Speaking of the lack of new dames, Miss Bates said: "This is a massive problem across society, but obviously I would like to see the [Honours List] balance redressed at the top, it's important."
Sir Jonathan Stephens, chairman of the Honours Committee, said there was "still a way to go", adding the committee works hard to ensure a wide pool of nominations.
Commonly awarded ranks:
Guide to the honours
The names of some high-profile winners were leaked, with newspapers reporting comedian Lenny Henry's knighthood and Sherlock Holmes actor Benedict Cumberbatch's CBE days ahead of the official announcement.
Sir Lenny, a long-time supporter of the BBC's Comic Relief, said the knighthood was "like being filled with lemonade", but also paid tribute to the thousands of people who have raised more than £1bn for the charity.
Broadcaster and chef Loyd Grossman is made a CBE for services to heritage. He is chairman of both the Heritage Alliance and the Churches Conservation Trust.
There are OBEs for BBC Radio 5 live presenter Nicky Campbell for his role as patron of the British Association for Adoption and Fostering, and Doc Martin and Men Behaving Badly actor Martin Clunes for services to drama, charity and the community in Dorset.
Steven Moffat, television writer and producer of Doctor Who and Sherlock, and actress Lesley Manville are both named OBEs for services to drama.
TV producer Nigel Lythgoe - dubbed "Nasty Nigel" on ITV talent show Popstars before going on to help create Pop Idol - is made an OBE for services to the performing arts, education and charity.
Will Pooley, 30, the first British person to contract Ebola, was named an MBE for his services in tackling the outbreak in Africa. The Suffolk nurse, who is now back in England, sparked an outpouring of support when he flew back to continue to help sufferers.
Also honoured for his major role in the Ebola crisis is Dr Oliver Johnson, who is made an OBE his overseas service in Sierra Leone. He paid tribute to "the efforts of extraordinary local health workers and international volunteers" while the Foreign Office said his swift actions in response to the initial outbreak saved many lives.
Among politicians on the list are Simon Burns, Conservative MP for Chelmsford for nearly 30 years, and former Lib Dem deputy leader Simon Hughes, who lost his seat in May. They were both given knighthoods for public and political service.
Also recognised with a knighthood is Michael Davis, chairman of the Prime Minister's Holocaust Commission, and Duwayne Brooks, who was with murdered black teenager Stephen Lawrence when he was killed in a racist attack in 1993 and is now a now a Liberal Democrat councillor, was made an OBE for public and political service.
GMB leader Paul Kenny said he saw his knighthood for his service to trade unions as a recognition of efforts to stand up against exploitation and bullying.
However, he went on to add that he would "swap it tomorrow for the introduction of the Living Wage", in an interview with the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.
The list acknowledges the work of a number of campaigners.
Gordon Aikman, a 30-year-old campaigner from Edinburgh, who was diagnosed with motor neurone disease, also receives the BEM. His campaign inspired Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling, opposing politicians during the Scottish referendum campaign, to undertake the ice bucket charity challenge.
In broadcasting, former director of the BBC World Service Peter Horrocks becomes a CBE.  Veteran cameraman Peter Cooper, who spent 46 years working in BBC News Northern Ireland, including capturing many famous images of the Troubles and the Peace Process, was made an MBE.
A knighthood for Andreas Whittam Smith, former editor of the Independent newspaper, recognises his public service, particularly his work for the Church of England.
There were also MBEs for Philippa Langley and Louis Ashdown-Hill, two historians instrumental in the discovery of Richard III's remains in a Leicester council car park, and the campaign which resulted in his reburial in Leicester Cathedral earlier this year.
In education, Nicholas Weller, executive principal at Dixons Academies in Bradford, received a knighthood for his dedication to teaching. The announcement came in a difficult week for the chain of schools, following the stabbing of a teacher during a science class at Dixons Kings Academy on Thursday. And restaurateurs Henry Dimbleby and John Vincent have been made MBEs for their work in improving school lunches.
Nearly three-quarters of the list is made up of people who have dedicated themselves to outstanding work in their communities.
Katie Cutler, from Gateshead, who set up a fundraising webpage to raise £500 for visually impaired mugging victim Alan Barnes, and went on to take in £300,000, was given the British Empire Medal.
Retired lollipop lady Hazel Joan, who worked at Maes-Y-Coed School in Cardiff, was given a British Empire Medal for services to children and road safety.
Vera Selby, Britain's first ever female professional billiards and snooker referee, was made an MBE for services to snooker and billiards. The 84-year-old from Newcastle is nine times British Women's Billiards Champion and five times British Women's Snooker Champion.
An MBE also goes to Jimmy Jukes, Pearly King of Camberwell and Bermondsey in south-east London, for his charity work with homeless ex-servicemen and women.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Theresa May's Philadelphia speech is hugely significant - arguably the biggest by a British prime minister in the US since Tony Blair's in Chicago.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

Eighteen years ago - in 1999 - Mr Blair first advocated active military interventionism to overturn dictators and protect civilians.
Now, Mrs May has repudiated much of what he said then.
She talked of "the failed policies of the past", before making her crucial declaration of new foreign policy doctrine: "The days of Britain and America intervening in sovereign countries in an attempt to remake the world in our own image are over."
Of course, by saying that she was also overturning the approach of her predecessor, David Cameron. The current prime minister has also dismissed her predecessor's armed intervention in Libya.
Its aftermath - a failed state, far from recovery - haunts Britain still.
This declaration of an apparently radical shift in policy by the prime minister should be read in conjunction with what appears to be an extraordinary British U-turn over Syria, which was set out in colourful terms by her foreign secretary only a few hours earlier.
Boris Johnson conceded the most bitter and recent failure of British foreign policy when he openly acknowledged what amounts to a fundamental defeat over Syria.
He called Britain's stance "catastrophic", shifting from the pledge of support over many years to the non-jihadist opponents of President Assad, to a position where Britain - together with the United States - retreated from the field and left it open to Russian military dominance.
Mr Johnson told a committee in the House of Lords that President Assad should now be permitted to run for election as part of a "democratic resolution" of the civil war - although he did also make clear there could be no sustainable peace in Syria as long as he remains.
He admitted the downsides of doing "such a complete flip-flop", but said the UK had been unable at any stage to fulfil its mantra that the Syrian president should go.
Mr Johnson was accepting Russia's victory - and at the same time swallowing the bitter pill of defeat for London and for Washington.
He said that had flowed from the refusal of the House of Commons, in August 2013, to back punitive British military action against President Assad for his use of chemical weapons - something the Syrian leader still denies.
Within days, President Obama had followed Britain in retreat.
Public appetite in both countries for almost any military intervention overseas had drained away after the years of intervention in Afghanistan, in Iraq, and in Libya.
It is very difficult to see circumstances in which Britain or the US will send forces against a sovereign government in the future.
Extremists - non-state actors - are almost the only acceptable target now.
The Foreign Office does not believe their political master was as explicit as I suggest, and believe that the essentials of British policy on Syria have not fundamentally changed.
Certainly, the prime minister did leave herself some wriggle room.
She argued against the sort of increased isolationism which President Donald Trump has championed, and urged the maintenance of the "special relationship" as a way to provide joint leadership in the world.
She said the two nations should not "stand idly by when the threat is real".
Nevertheless, the political presentation of British foreign policy by the prime minister and foreign secretary has deployed a distinctly new and sometimes startling language.
The direction being set in response to past failures and disappointments is different.
It may be largely a public recognition of some brutal realities, which have been emerging over several years, but it is new and important.

David Cameron and Barack Obama don't have the political intimacy of Ronald Regan and Margaret Thatcher, or the controversial common cause of George W Bush and Tony Blair.
But the president's willingness to speak so plainly, and powerfully, in support of staying in the EU is much, much more than a simple favour.
The most powerful politician in the world, could hardly have said more clearly that David Cameron is right, and his rivals are wrong.
Senior sources on the other side believe it's almost futile to try to match Remain's levels of support from the Establishment. But the Leave campaign has passion and enthusiasm that's rarely matched by their opponents.
And it is far from clear that the intervention, still two months away from the vote, will make very much difference. In the privacy of the polling booth, who will suddenly think of the American president when deciding which box to tick?
But Mr Obama's endorsement is a powerful emblem of the emerging early reality of the referendum campaign. The ranks of the powerful are assembling, for the most part, behind the case to Remain. The challenge for the Outers is to persuade us to ignore those siren calls.
PS. Downing Street is cockahoop tonight, not just because of President Obama's backing for the Remain campaign, but because of his elegant slapdown of Boris Johnson.
Mr Johnson raised eyebrows by referring to the president's Kenyan roots, questioning whether that meant he had Britain's best interests at heart. He also reminded Sun readers that Mr Obama had removed a bust of Churchill from the Oval Office, a story that didn't escape the British press at the time.
Mr Johnson's comments were branded offensive and insensitive by many but the president didn't resort to even mentioning them. Instead, he spoke about how much he loved Winston Churchill, and why he had moved the bust of the former prime minister to his private residence, where he sees it every day.
The president didn't just back the prime minister's case, but smoothly and - without breaking a sweat - took the most well-known leader of the Leave campaign down a peg or two.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Tigers are an endangered species, under threat from the destruction of their homes and from illegal poaching by people who want to make money from their fur and teeth.

11 April 2016 Last updated at 06:42 BST
But now there's some good news. The number of tigers living in the wild has increased from 3,200 in 2010 to 3,890 today.
It is the first time in conservation history that tiger numbers have gone up.
A big meeting is taking place in India on Monday. The governments of countries where tigers live, like India, Russia and Nepal, are meeting to see what else they can do to make even more improvements to the number of tigers living in the wild.
It is hoped that by the time the next Chinese Year of the Tiger comes round in 2022 the number of tigers living in the wild could double.
However, experts who protect the tigers are still not completely convinced. 100 years ago there were as many as 100,000 tigers in the wild. So even though these new figures are an improvement, there is still work to be done.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

This decision marks a huge step in the fight against poaching, with some animal conservation charities calling the decision "historic" and a "game-changer" for the future of elephants.
China is currently the biggest buyer and seller of ivory in the world - in fact some people think around seven out of every ten pieces of ivory in the world ends up for sale there.
The decision came as part of a big convention called Cites, which took place earlier this year in Africa.
China's State Council has said that the sale and processing of ivory will stop by 31 March - meaning that registered traders of ivory will be stopped from buying and selling it - aiming to stop the trade of ivory in China by the end of the year.
Poachers hunt animals such as rhino, elephants and tigers to sell their body parts.
Rhino horn and ivory, which is found in elephant tusks, can be illegally sold for huge amounts of money.
They're sold in different countries where they can be carved into ornaments, jewellery and even chopsticks.
Some people buy them to show off how rich they are, and others believe they have magical healing powers and use them as medicines, but scientists say these medicines don't work.
If poaching continues at its current rate, creatures like elephants and rhino may be gone in our lifetime.
Speaking about China's decision, executive director of the Wildlife Conservation Society in Asia, Aili Kang, said: "I am very proud of my country for showing this leadership that will help ensure that elephants have a fighting chance to beat extinction."


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The poor neighbourhood of Complexo do Alemao in the north of Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro has long been a byword for violence.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

E.g. ['represent this text', 'Just as the so-called Islamic State (IS) group seemed to be putting down roots in the Libyan coastal city of Sirte - its only stronghold outside Syria and Iraq - various forces began lining up early this year to remove it. By early June the city was surrounded.\nBBC Monitoring looks back over the past four months to see what people have been saying on social media and what IS itself has been publishing as the campaign to retake the city developed.\nIt is one year since Islamic State seized Sirte. The group appears to be trying to demonstrate that it is in control by releasing a video showing its morality police enforcing their strict interpretation of Islamic rules, including one which demands that men wear their trousers short.\nWhile it publishes pictures showing alms being handed out to the poor, IS also distributes images of public floggings. Pictures on social media show "crucified" corpses in the main roundabout after executions by IS.\nMeanwhile, Libyan prime minister-designate Fayez Seraj seeks to gain approval for a cabinet. The UN is encouraging him to bring order to a country in chaos since Muammar Gaddafi was toppled in 2011.\nLibya is torn between two rival governments, one based in the east of the country and one in the west, allowing IS to prosper in the central area.\nIS wants to show that life goes on as normal in Sirte, posting images of public services department workers pruning trees, sheep-grazing, bee-keepers at work and an open-air showroom with dozens of cars on sale.\nIS branches in Syria, Iraq and Libya regularly publish scenes of everyday life to recruit members and give the impression that they are effectively administering the land under their control.\nSocial media users, however, post pictures of people having fun on the beach in the days "before the terrorists arrived". "God willing, Sirte will return to how it was," says one user.\nCommunication between Sirte and the outside world is difficult, because of notoriously unreliable internet connections as well as IS restrictions. Some residents appear defiant, one tweeting: "I\'m staying, #Daesh (IS), and I will continue to spread news of my city #Sirte to the world via Twitter, even if you cut our necks".\nIS names the new leader of its Libyan branch to replace his predecessor who was killed in a US air strike in November 2015. Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir al-Najdi is thought to be a foreigner, like his predecessors. His name suggests he is from Saudi Arabia.\nThe presence of foreign fighters is a source of friction, with locals complaining that the outsiders look down on them, and the IS fighters complaining of racism. One social media user asks: "Why does #Daesh prefer foreign commanders to Libyans?"\nWeeks later, IS calls a reconciliation meeting between locals and foreign fighters.\nThe meeting is advertised in a flyer, which has been circulated on social media and which also invites city residents to the public execution of two of the group\'s own Libyan commanders, apparently to set a disciplinary example.\nA separate IS letter to residents says racism towards foreign fighters will not be tolerated and warns the people of Sirte to show loyalty to the creed of Islam rather than to their tribe or city.\nThe author vows to "fix this Libyan problem before it is too late".\nSeparately, an IS video featuring Sirte-based militants from Mali, Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal encourages West Africans to travel to Libya to join the group - another sign that IS may be struggling to co-opt locals.\nFollowing the bomb attacks on Brussels claimed by IS, the group\'s media arm shows pictures of sweets being handed out in Sirte in celebration of the assaults.\nDays later the new "unity" government arrives in Tripoli.\nIts arrival in the capital represents another stage in efforts to stabilise and unify the country which is split among rival factions, including IS. The ministers arrive by boat because opposing forces have blocked the city\'s air space.\nIS publicises the religious education of residents with pictures of a graduation ceremony for hundreds of ordinary people at a big conference centre in Sirte.\nThis appears to be the culmination of a major series of events that IS forced people to attend in an attempt to make everyone conform to its strict interpretation of Islamic law.\nSome take to social media to complain.\nAccording to local Twitter accounts, attendance of the course was mandatory for all males aged 15 and above, with all shops and businesses closed between afternoon and evening prayers, and movement in the street prohibited during this time.\nOne account said that two young men were arrested for failing to attend the course, but were released days later.\nOne tweet comments wryly that IS itself, rather than the local population, was "most in need of this kind of course".\nAmid reports of an impending military advance on Sirte, hundreds of families reportedly flee the city in the latest of several waves over recent months.\nAl-Wasat website says fleeing residents told troops at roadblocks west of the city that their cars were searched by Libyan, Tunisian and Chadian IS members, who prevented them from taking their furniture, cooking utensils and gas cylinders.\nReports from the city suggest that the hospitals are barely functioning, the staff themselves having fled or staying away out of fear.\nOver the next few days IS forces advance west towards Misrata, seizing territory including the strategic town of Abu-Qurayn, where they carry out a series of suicide attacks.\nIS appears to be trying to seize the initiative to pre-empt any attack on its stronghold.\nThe unity government, having gained the support of some significant factions, announces the formation of a coalition to crush IS.\nThe anti-IS operation is headquartered in the town of Misrata, whose forces are a key component of the coalition.\nMisrata has ample supplies of weapons and its fighters were crucial in the overthrow of Gaddafi.\nThe Misrata militia also has Islamists leanings - like many of the other militia - and has been accused of brutal behaviour.\nThe headquarters soon starts reporting battlefield developments to local TV channels and posting updates on its Facebook page under the name Operation Solid Structure, a reference to a Koranic verse which is often invoked by IS itself.\nIS publishes pictures supposedly showing tribal leaders pledging their support for the self-styled caliphate.\nHowever, it becomes clear that these large tribes - Wlad Sliman, Warfala and Gaddadfa - won\'t or can\'t provide realistic support to IS with reports over the next few days of clashes between tribesmen and IS militants in nearby towns.\nAn informant from the town of Abu Hadi, a few miles south of Sirte, tells the Libyan news website Al-Wasat that young men from the Gaddadfa tribe had attacked a convoy of IS "Islamic Police" hunting for tribesmen.\nThere have been numerous reports in Libyan media saying that since it took root, IS has dealt harshly with these tribes.\nIS militants reportedly arrested and executed scores of Gaddadfa tribesmen, the people of former leader Gaddafi.\nThe large Warfala tribe has reportedly seen many of its towns taken over by IS, and tribesmen who had worked for the police, military or judiciary have been executed.\nThe government in Tripoli manages to convince one the most successful commanders in eastern Libya - Lt Al-Mahdi al-Barghathi - to become minister of defence.\nOn his way to assume his duties in the capital, he visits the strategic oil port of Sidra and secures the support of the Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) - the men who are supposed to guard Libya\'s oil wealth, but who have turned into a rogue private army.\nTheir support is key to encircling Sirte from the east, while militia from Misrata attack from the west. The odds are now stacked in favour of Operation Solid Structure.\nA defiant message from IS spokesman Abu-Muhammad al-Adnani appears to prepare supporters for the loss of one of its strongholds. He mentions Sirte alongside Raqqa in Syria and Mosul in Iraq, underlining the importance of its Libyan bastion.\n"Will we be defeated if we lose Mosul or Sirte or Raqqa or all the cities and go back to how we were before? No. Defeat is only losing the desire and the will to fight."\nHe warns that IS will fight to the death, enacting a scorched earth policy in the event of being dislodged from any of its strongholds.\nThe government-led advance recovers  towns from IS to the east, west and south before entering Sirte.\nWithin days the anti-IS forces, surprised by their own progress, corner IS militants holding out in a small area in the centre of the city.\nOperation Solid Structure announces that it has started test broadcasting on an FM frequency previously used by IS\'s Al-Bayan Radio. The unity government-backed forces claim that they have been jamming IS radio.\nSince the beginning of June, fighting between the two sides has continued with IS carrying out a series of suicide bombings and government forces bombarding IS positions in the centre of the city.\nBBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.'] == ['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', '.']

Last month, it hit the headlines again when six people were killed in the space of just two days.
Among them was a 10-year-old boy shot dead by police who allegedly mistook his mobile phone for a gun.
The spike in violence comes less than five years after police special forces moved into the favela to retake it from the drug gangs which had been running it for years.
The narrow and winding streets of Complexo do Alemao, which house an estimated 70,000 people, were thought to be inaccessible to security forces.
So when aerial TV footage showed scores of drug dealers fleeing the favela on foot and motorcycles it was seen as a major turning point in Rio's struggle against organised crime.
The security forces established a permanent presence in the neighbourhood as part of their policy to "pacify" Rio's favelas, but over the past months shootouts between drug gangs and the police have again become commonplace.
Beth McLoughlin spoke to four residents about what it is like to live in Complexo do Alemao.
"I love this place, but I have often thought about moving away.
"I used to work as a motorbike taxi driver, but I had to give it up because it was too dangerous when there were gunfights. I was responsible not just for me but for my passenger as well.
"You hear a lot of gossip as a motorbike taxi driver. A woman got me to take her to a house because her husband was there with another woman.
"You get to know everyone.
"I have lost a lot of friends to the drug gangs. It's difficult when people you grow up with die.
"I chose a different path. My brother died after he got shot in a police operation. It makes you stronger in one way, but in another way, you are crying inside.
"My mother gets ill because of the shootouts, but I'm used to it. I've started my own business now, selling food inside the community."
"When I was growing up here, we used to play in the street freely.
"It was the opposite to what people think a favela is like. There weren't so many guns around in those days.
"At Barraco 55 [community centre], we have music practices and there is a hostel so foreigners can bring their skills to the community.
"It's a way of showing the good things about the community to people.
"Before the army came, I believed it could make things better. A lot of things were promised.
"Now, we have a health centre but most of the time there are no doctors, because they are too afraid [to come to the favela].
"When teachers don't come to the schools, classes get cancelled, and those children end up on the streets where there is more chance they will work for drug gangs.
"Last year, I was coming back from a class, and I had to hide behind a car because of a shootout. It's a horrible situation.
"But residents get used to this routine, they just carry on with their daily lives."
"In the favela we like to celebrate, but the police banned our baile funk [dance] parties, I think they don't like to see people in favelas having fun.
"Now, we have to ask them if we want to hold an event. Sometimes they say yes, sometimes they say no.
"In 2007, no one would set foot in Complexo do Alemao. I set up an IT company to bring internet to people, but we couldn't even get the communications companies to come in.
"Post still doesn't get delivered to a lot of houses. You have to pick it up at the residents' association, or give the address of a relative.
"Postmen are afraid to enter because of the gunfights.
"I've never hidden from people where I live. I like it there, it's close to everything."
"Complexo do Alemao is like a small city, everyone knows each other.
"I moved here when I was a child, I came from a community where dead bodies were dumped just outside my front door by drug gangs.
"Alemao was a lot calmer in those days.
"They filmed some scenes of a soap opera here in 2012. Tourists started to come. It was bizarre, they wanted to see where drugs were sold.
" It was peaceful at first [when the security forces moved in], but then the police started to get nervous and police operations started happening here at any time of day or night.
"Now it's the worst it's ever been."

Ivan da Silva Martins played a small part as a gang member in the film.
He is now 34 and is thought to control drug trafficking in the Vidigal favela.
The film was released in Brazil in 2002, exposing to the rest of the world the bitter reality of crime, violence and poverty in Rio's favelas.
Mr Martins was one of many boys and teenagers recruited from the city's poorest quarters to work as actors in the film.
He is now believed to be feared by the Vidigal community where police says he is known as Ivan the Terrible.
City of God director Fernando Meirelles said he had gradually lost contact with all the young actors, but told O Globo newspaper that he was "saddened by the news".
The film begins in the early 1960s and follows the life of a young boy who becomes a drug lord in Cidade de Deus (City of God), a favela in the outskirts of Rio.
It became a surprise blockbuster and received four Oscar nominations.
Fifteen years later, violence is again on the rise in Brazil, particularly in Rio de Janeiro.
The policeman shot dead on Sunday, Sgt Hudson Araujo, was the 91st officer killed this year in the state of Rio.
Brazil is now going through the worst recession in its history.
The finances of many states, including Rio, have collapsed and there is no prospect of a solution for Brazil's serious political crisis.
The families of police officers say their loved ones are paying a heavy price for trying to fight crime without the resources and equipment required.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Two Suffolk landmarks are to benefit from restoration projects after receiving grants worth £400,000.

English Heritage has awarded £186,000 to the medieval ruins of Greyfriars monastery in Dunwich and £102,000 to the remains of Clare Castle.
Suffolk County Council is giving £112,000 to the projects.
The council manages Clare Castle Country Park and Dunwich Greyfriars but wants to transfer both sites to community groups.
Geoff Abell, of Dunwich Greyfriars Trust, said the ruins of the monastery were "a key part of Dunwich's fascinating heritage".
Dunwich has been called 'Britain's Atlantis' as much of it fell victim to coastal erosion.
Mr Abell said: "The village is very pleased that English Heritage and Suffolk County Council are funding substantial restoration works that will secure the future of this beautiful place."
English Heritage said it hoped the work would enable the sites to be removed from its Heritage Risk register.
John Ette, English Heritage team leader for Suffolk, said: "Clare Castle and Dunwich are nationally important monuments which make a significant contribution to our national story."
The restoration projects are expected to be completed by the winter.

Friends of Wombwell Cemetery will use the lottery cash and heritage grants to turn the crumbling church into a community hub.
Some of the money will also go towards putting on guided walks and displays at the graveyard near Barnsley.
Mike Bretton, chairman of the group, said he hoped the revamped building would be open by the end of the year.
He said: "We've had two or three [attempts] at trying to get this off the ground and finally the gods have smiled on us and we've ended up with all this lovely money, which we can use to the benefit of the community and preserve our heritage.
"We need a community facility in Wombwell and we've got the backing of the community."
The group received £78,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £43,400 from WREN, as well as grants from other organisations totalling £23,000.
Planned repairs to the chapel include replacing the floor and windows, installing heating and creating an exhibition space.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A North Yorkshire Police worker has been disciplined after a 10-month delay in dealing with child abuse details.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article
For example, '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'They will be helped to find their feet with a new orientation course that shows them how the parliament works.\nOffices will be allocated and security passes will be given out, but candidates will have to wait to see who will be the next presiding officer.\nThe election for that post is to be held on Thursday.\nThe post was previously held by Tricia Marwick of the SNP - but it is thought unlikely that the SNP will want to lose one of its 63 MSPs to the role this time around, given that they are two seats short of a majority in the 129-seat parliament.\nNicola Sturgeon, who is set to continue as first minister, has already ruled out forming a coalition with another party.\nInstead, she said the SNP would govern as a minority administration, as it did between 2007 and 2011.\nThat would see the SNP seek support from politicians in other parties in order to pass legislation in the parliament.\nSpeaking to the BBC\'s Good Morning Scotland programme, Deputy First Minister John Swinney said he was confident the SNP had "common ground" on a range of topics with other parties in the parliament.\nHe said: "In that spirit, the government will enter the new parliamentary term with a determination to implement the manifesto on which it won the election, and to work with other parties to enable us to do so.\n"Since 2007 the opposition have on occasions supported us and on occasions opposed us. When we were working without a majority back in 2007 we sought agreement on a whole range of different topics. As a majority government after 2011 we also sought agreement on a variety of subjects with other political parties.\n"So really the working practice of the government will be no different in the period going forward - we will work with others to seek the maximum agreement around our policy programme."\nThe Conservatives came second in the election with 31 seats, Scottish Labour won 24 seats followed by the Scottish Greens on six and Liberal Democrats on five.\nScottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson told Good Morning Scotland that her objective for the next five years was to take the independence question "off the table" and to "make the SNP focus on the things that matter to people" such as education, the NHS and policing.\nShe added: "Yes, absolutely there is a mandate for a third term SNP government, and I respect that. But the voters were pretty clear - that mandate is a qualified mandate, it is not a majority any more, and that does mean that the SNP has to find common cause with other parties too.\n"I think particularly in yesterday\'s interview that the first minister did on the BBC, she seemed to suggest that she had a mandate to carry out everything in her manifesto without compromise whatsoever, and she would only seek common cause if it meant all of us changing our minds in order to fall in behind her.\n"I understand the point she is making, but that is kind of not how it works. There\'s going to have to be serious people in the parliament that are making serious decisions about where compromises can be made in order to take our country forward, and that is healthy, that is democratic, that was always how our parliament was supposed to work."\nThe campaign over, it was back to work for our elected tribunes today. The old hands exuding confidence and familiarity. The new boys and girls anxiously finding their way around, constantly fearful that some brute is about to pinch their tuck.\nIt is, in truth, an elegant, genteel return. Thursday before we get a new presiding officer. Maybe Elaine Smith? Johann Lamont? Ken Macintosh? John Scott? Murdo Fraser? The retiring incumbent, Tricia Marwick, was on hand today, tendering helpful advice.\nAs things stand, the middle of next week before Nicola Sturgeon is confirmed as parliament\'s nominee to the Queen for first minister. To be clear, Ms Sturgeon can carry on governing for now with the previous mandate, Her Majesty being understandably disinclined to countenance a vacuum in Scottish governance.\nDespite the cheery chat today, there is some offstage growling already under way anent the power structure in parliament.\nFor example, the Greens, understandably buoyed by their advance, are prone to say that they now hold the balance of power. Up to a point, Lord Copper. They no more hold the balance than do Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Tories - or indeed any couple of rebellious MSPs within said parties.\nRead more from Brian']' should be close to '['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'The new MSPs elected in the Scottish Parliament election are spending their first day in the job at Holyrood.']'

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) investigation came after details of DVDs including images of naked children were not acted on.
It led to an intelligence officer being disciplined for misconduct, although no details of the punishment were given.
Deputy Chief Constable Tim Madgwick said the force would "fully accept" the IPCC recommendations.
The report said the force should "ensure a more robust and formalised approach into supervising/monitoring the progression of intelligence".
The Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre's operation Spade was looking into the supply of the DVDs to the UK from Canada.
It sent North Yorkshire Police intelligence from the operation in November 2013 but it was "not progressed" until the last week in September 2014.
The investigation found an officer in the Force Intelligence Bureau had failed to adequately deal with the material.
Operation Spade material had named 25 suspects, said the IPCC.
Kathryn Stone, IPCC Commissioner, said: "North Yorkshire Police have acted promptly to put in place new ways of working following our investigation."
Mr Madgwick said the force took its safeguarding responsibilities "extremely seriously".

Cases have included officers snooping on their children and ex-wives, social media blunders and breaching data protection regulations.
More than 100 staff were sacked and nearly 200 resigned as a result of breaches in England and Wales.
Avon and Somerset Police reported the highest number of incidents with 289.
In one case revealed by the force, a chief inspector received management action for being "negligent when disclosing personal information".
A PC was subject to a complaint, also with Avon and Somerset Police, when they disclosed the name of an individual "to the media after they had made it known that they wished to remain anonymous". The complaint was later withdrawn.
*Data relates to a longer period than other forces' statistics
Source: Press Association Freedom of Information request
Police forces from across England and Wales recorded a total of 2,031 cases of data protection breaches between January 2009 and October 2013, figures obtained by the Press Association showed.
Investigations led to 186 resignations, while 113 were sacked. At least 34 of those investigated were inspectors or chief inspectors, while 474 were civilian officers.
Of 43 police forces contacted, 35 responded with information.
Javed Khan, chief executive of Victim Support, said: "It is very worrying to think that the personal data of victims of crime - who are often extremely vulnerable - might be being accessed and used inappropriately by people in a position of trust."
Avon and Somerset Police's corporate information spokesman, Ian Marsh, said: "We take an extremely robust approach to the recording and investigation of alleged Data Protection Act breaches.
"We recognise police integrity is of the upmost importance to the public and would like to reassure people that any potential breach is investigated fully."
The force said that the figure of 289 incidents relates to a 55-month period and that in 72 of the episodes there was no case to answer because no breach had been committed.
Mr Marsh added that "in the spirit of being open and transparent" the force gave the figure for the number of police officers, special constables and police staff, but claimed other forces may not have included the same level of detail in their responses.
In Lancashire, a PC "received management action" after an allegation that she wrongly divulged information about the death of her estranged husband to her daughter shortly after he died.
A special constable with Dorset Police resigned after he posted a video of himself walking around Poole police station on YouTube. The video featured other officers and contained information on the station layout.
Two staff with Gloucestershire Constabulary were censured for posting information on a social media site and inappropriate comments made about a work-related case, while another was investigated for altering details on police systems without justification or explanation.
Merseyside Police revealed that in 2009 there were 154 data breaches - almost all of which were connected.
A force spokesman said the high figure for that year was attributable to an internal investigation into people in the force "viewing a computer record relating to a high-profile arrest".
A sergeant with North Wales Police was censured for accessing the records of his son and ex-wife, while in Cleveland a special police officer was handed a written warning after divulging confidential information relating to a murder.
The Information Commissioner's Office, which upholds information rights among public bodies, said it had fined two forces Â£220,000 in recent years after "serious failings" were uncovered.
In March, a married police community support officer, Peter Bunyan, from Cornwall, was jailed for seven years after being convicted of eight counts of misconduct in public office.
And last month, award-winning former Warwickshire Police officer David Hilton, from Derbyshire, was given a four-month suspended prison sentence after pleading guilty to five counts of misuse of a computer and one of harassment of a woman.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Manchester City midfielder Samir Nasri could be out for the rest of the season with a hamstring injury.

The 28-year-old, who previously said he would be missing for three months, has now stated that he will be out for between four and six months.
Nasri posted a picture of himself with former Arsenal team-mate Marouane Chamakh on his Instagram account.
"Just had surgery everything went really well hopefully will be back in 4 to 6 months," he wrote.
Nasri has made eight appearances for City this season - scoring once in the 2-0 win at Everton in August - but has started only two games.
The France international has not featured since coming on as a second-half substitute in the 5-1 Premier League win over Bournemouth on 17 October.

The 26-year-old German suffered the injury in the 1-1 Premier League draw with West Brom and was taken off on a stretcher after 56 minutes.
Kirchhoff, who can also play at centre-back, missed the start of the season with a similar injury before returning at the start of September.
Sunderland are bottom of the table after two points from seven games.
It is the latest injury setback for the Black Cats after winger Adnan Januzaj was ruled out for a minimum of six weeks with an ankle injury.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A man has died and a woman suffered life-changing injuries after being hit by a train.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

They were struck at Holmes Chapel station in Cheshire at about 12:30 BST. One was airlifted to hospital and the other taken by ambulance.
The man later died and the woman remains in hospital.
British Transport Police said the matter was being treated as unexplained and circumstances were being investigated.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

The mother, in her 20s, suffered minor injuries in the hit-and-run on Lonsdale Avenue, East Ham on Friday afternoon.
Police said the moped rider was reportedly driving at speed and performing wheelies before the crash.
The baby, who was in a buggy when he was struck, was taken to hospital with non-life threatening injuries.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Five women wearing the Islamic headscarf have been prevented from entering a nursery school in Corsica by other parents, local media report.

Police intervened to calm the incident in Bonifacio, local media reported.
Staff and pupils at French schools are banned from wearing religious symbols - but parents are not.
Tensions between Muslims and other locals have been simmering in southern France, particularly after a jihadist in a lorry murdered 86 people in Nice.
Monday's incident in Bonifacio took place as children returned to school after the summer holiday.
The parents who blocked the women said they were unhappy because their children were reprimanded if staff saw their Christian crosses.
Tensions have been simmering in southern France and Corsica, especially following the jihadist massacre of 86 people by a lorry driver on the seafront at Nice on 14 July.
Up to 30 towns and villages imposed bans on women wearing full-body swimsuits known as "burkinis" but the top French court has since said the action breaches basic freedoms.
Last month two villagers and three men of North African origin were hurt in a brawl on a beach in the Corsican village of Sisco. The local prosecutor said the three North African men, from a nearby town , had wanted the beach for themselves.
The Islamic veil across Europe
Why do some people find the burkini offensive?
France, where the separation of state and religion is enshrined in law, introduced in 2004 a series of bans on overt religious symbols in various public and state-run places.
In May a top EU court adviser said EU employers may be able to ban Muslim staff from wearing headscarves to work as long as it was part of a general prohibition on all religious symbols.
The full-face Islamic veil, or niqab, has been banned in public places in France since 2011.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

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For instance, <<['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.', 'This is a response to the accusation that the corporation is "imperial in its ambitions" made by Chancellor George Osborne (along with several newspapers).\nPartnerships with cultural bodies, sharing news with local newspapers, opening up the iPlayer to third party content - the mood music is all about co-operation rather than competition.\nAnd with Â£650m being cut from the BBC\'s income by shifting the cost of free TV licences for the over-75s on to the corporation, there is little scope for any expansion.\nHowever, one of the first pieces of information to emerge from this review is the plan to increase broadcasting to North Korea, the Middle East and Russian-speaking populations.\nThe global broadcasting landscape is changing fast. Russia and China have been rapidly expanding their international services.\nThe corporation has also seen its services jammed and blocked in a number of countries.  The BBC says it needs to respond especially in countries without a free press and in places that are in turmoil.\nThe World Service has a global reputation - but what does that mean to the next generation? The speed of change in technology and competition could quickly erode any broadcaster\'s audience.\nThe problem is the BBC is going to have to change and that is going to cost money.\nThe technological tidal wave of the digital revolution is impossible to predict. Ten years ago as the BBC bid for its current charter, there were no smartphones or tablets, YouTube was only a few months old, Amazon was essentially a bookseller.\nQuite what any media organisation needs to do to stay relevant in such a shifting landscape is anyone\'s guess.  As Armando Iannucci said in his recent speech in Edinburgh about media experts: "Their guess is as good as yours, only more expensive."\nApple is challenging Radio One, Amazon has Top Gear\'s team, Netflix is outbidding the BBC in drama.\nIn the BBC\'s "Blue Room" - a store of technology about to be released on to the marketplace - you can play with Amazon\'s voice-activated media player, Facebook\'s virtual reality system, Oculus Rift and Apple\'s carplay radio stations.\nThe BBC\'s prediction is that over the next 10 years its income will shrink from 20% of UK TV revenues to 12%.\nThe plans for bigger and bolder drama and giving people the chance to "binge" watch is a recognition of the new competitive environment.\nThe BBC\'s problem is looking after its core audience and responding to a technological transformation. "Having to ride two horses" is the phrase used in Tony Hall\'s speech.\nTake news for example.\nAround five million people a night still watch the Six O\'Clock News, but for a growing part of the audience the news is a phone-only service.\nThe future, Tony Hall says, is to move from "rolling" to "streaming" - the question is how long you keep the "rolling" part going when you need to fund new "streaming" services.\nOlder audiences still want services such as the News Channel and they are heavy consumers of the BBC and a growing part of the population.  Younger, digital first consumers  expect something different.\nServing two such radically different audiences will take money and the BBC has just taken a Â£650m cut.  Those "tough choices" mentioned in the speech is the theme that has not yet been announced.\n"We will inevitably have to either close or reduce some services," said Lord Hall.\nThis speech was the BBC showing its friendly co-operative forward-facing persona. The question of which services it has to close or change radically is the topic that was left hanging in the air.\nThe language of the speech about the BBC being a "curator" or a "platform" for British content was aimed at organisations and politicians who see the broadcasting landscape being utterly transformed by largely American technology companies.\nThis, however, is far from the end of the debate about the future of the BBC. Expect more announcements in the weeks to come.\nToday was the good news, trying to make the positive case for the BBC - the consequences of cuts and technological change will come later.']>>  to "['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', '"This is not an expansionist BBC" is perhaps the key political line in Monday\'s announcements from director general Tony Hall, as he set out the corporation\'s plans ahead of the BBC\'s charter renewal in 2016.']"

Robert Menard will face charges of incitement to hatred or discrimination. Media say the trial is set for 8 March.
He has denied that his remarks were discriminatory.
The Beziers mayor is an ally of the anti-immigrant National Front party led by Marine Le Pen.
The case is centred on two statements from the mayor, Le Monde newspaper (in French) reports.
On 1 September, France's first day back at school, he said on Twitter he was witnessing the "great replacement", a widely used term to describe the alleged eviction of the country's white and Christian population by Muslims in parts of France.
Then, on 5 September, he said on French news channel LCI: "In a class in the city centre of my town, 91% of the children are Muslims. Obviously, this is a problem. There are limits to tolerance."
French law prohibits any gathering of data based on people's religious beliefs or ethnicity.
Mr Menard defended his comments, saying: "I just described the situation in my town... It is not a value judgement, it's a fact. It's what I can see."
He prompted outrage among opponents in October by putting up anti-migrant posters and calling for a local referendum ahead of the arrival of asylum-seekers in his southern French town, AFP news agency reports.
Under the headline "That's It, They're Coming", is an image of a crowd of migrants, all of them men, outside the cathedral in Beziers.
Mr Menard was for 23 years the head of the media rights group, Reporters Without Borders.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Dozens of people have protested against the "outrageous" docking of a Chilean naval vessel, dubbed the "torture ship", in UK waters.

The Esmeralda docked at West India Docks in Canary Wharf as part of an organised visit.
Used as an interrogation centre during the 1973 military coup, protestors said the ship should not be in UK waters.
The Ministry of Defence said its arrival was routine and symbolic of the UK's relationship with Chile.
The Foreign Office said it was "aware of the allegations of human rights abuses" related to the vessel and judicial proceedings were "ongoing".
The protestors said people were tortured on board, including British Priest Father Michael Woodward, whose body has never been recovered.
Jimmy Bell, who arrived in the UK as a refugee in 1974 said: "It is shameful that the British Government is allowing this torture ship into British Waters."
He said: "Men were tortured, women were raped and people were actually killed. The Navy refused to recognise what they've done and they continue to use this vessel in a diplomatic way and it's an outrage.
"We have no problem with the Chilean Navy coming to the UK, it's the use of this vessel, which was a torture centre that we have a problem with."
Sarah De Witt, who now works as a social worker in London, but was taken as a political prisoner, said: "I was tortured, beaten up. I was given injections.
"I survived, but many of my friends were killed."
The ship is now used as a naval training ship, and tours the world to promote Chilean interests.
During a previous visit to UK waters, Amnesty International said using the vessel as a "goodwill ambassador" was an "affront to the victims of torture".
In 1973 General Pinochet led a military coup to oust the then Chilean leader, President Allende, and went on to represent the military regime
He ordered many purges which saw more than 3,000 supporters of the Allende regime killed, tortured and forced into exile
He closed down the Chilean Parliament, banned all political and trade union activity, and in 1974 appointed himself president
Under a new constitution he reluctantly stepped down as president in 1990, remaining commander-in-chief of the army until 1998

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

Spanish police chasing criminals have made several incursions into British waters in the past two days, it added.
The Royal Navy escorted the Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera (SVA) - the Spanish police's drugs and money laundering squad - out of the waters.
Minister Hugo Swire said the incursions were "completely unacceptable".
He said: "On 9 August Spanish state vessels repeatedly entered British Gibraltar Territorial Waters without notifying Gibraltarian authorities.
"We understand that the Spanish were in pursuit of vessels who may have been committing crimes. However it is completely unacceptable and unlawful under the international law of the sea to enter our waters without notifying us."
He described the "repeated incursions into British Gibraltar Territorial Waters" as a "clear violation of UK Sovereignty by another EU country".
The UK would be raising the issue as a matter of urgency with the Spanish authorities, he added.
In one incident, the Spanish are understood to have been pursuing smugglers who were in British waters when they dumped suspected bales of drugs off the side of a fast-speed inflatable boat.
Spanish police also allegedly flew a helicopter over the Sandy Bay beach area of the peninsula, in a move described as "extremely dangerous" by the Gibraltar government.
And the Spanish have allegedly also boarded a boat and questioned crew while in British waters.
The government of Gibraltar said it was "astonished and appalled" by the incidents.
Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Fabian Picardo, said the incursions were a dangerous display of "bravado".
He also said police in Gibraltar should have been asked to assist in catching the criminals once the chase seemed destined to go into British-controlled waters, blaming the failure to do so for the escape of one suspected drug smuggler.
He added: "I am sure I am speaking for the whole of Gibraltar when I say that we consider this has been a serious and unnecessary failure on the part of the Spanish SVA which has had outrageous consequences in respect of the violation of our sovereignty."
In April 2013, the Spanish ambassador was summoned to the Foreign Office after a "serious incursion" by Spanish ships into waters off Gibraltar, which the BBC was told was a minor collision between a Spanish Guardia Civil vessel and a Royal Gibraltar Police vessel.
And in February that same year, the Foreign Office issued a formal protest after a Spanish warship entered waters around Gibraltar and disrupted a Royal Navy training exercise.
Spain disputes UK sovereignty over Gibraltar, which has been controlled by Britain since 1713.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Scientists have successfully decoded the genome of quinoa, one of the world's most nutritious but underutilised crops.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The South American grain is a hugely popular "super-food" because it is well balanced and gluten-free.
However, prices for quinoa have rocketed in recent years as demand exceeded supply.
Researchers believe the genetic code will rapidly lead to more productive varieties that will push down costs.
Experts say that quinoa was first domesticated more than 7,000 years ago around Lake Titicaca in the Andean highlands and centuries later became known as the "mother grain" of the Inca empire.
After the arrival of the Spanish, the crop was marginalised and never fully domesticated or bred to its full potential.
The crop grows at high altitudes and in cool temperatures, factors which have limited its production outside of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, although many countries grow small amounts.
However the nutritional composition and the fact that quinoa is gluten-free, high in protein and moderate in carbohydrate has seen international demand for the foodstuff soar.
Prices tripled between 2006 and 2013 principally because quinoa's adoption as a "super-food" in Europe and the US.
Although fears were expressed that such rapid rises would hurt poorer people in South America who depend on quinoa, research showed that the increase in price actually benefitted people in the region.
Now an international team of scientists say that they have taken a major step forward in understanding the genetic makeup of the crop.
Using a combination of techniques, the researchers have produced the highest quality quinoa gene sequence to date.
"By sequencing the genome we have provided the foundation to enable breeders to work much faster and more powerfully," project leader Prof Mark Tester, from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), told BBC News.
"Especially the seeds, they will be able to develop a lot more varieties for different conditions, they will help us make a designer plant."
The researchers say they have already make a key discovery because of the genome.
Quinoa seeds contain saponins, bitter and toxic compounds that protects the plant from predators. Removing the saponins for human consumption drives up the costs of processing.
"We've pinpointed one of the genes that we believe controls the production of saponins in quinoa which would facilitate the breeding of plants without saponins to make the seeds taste sweeter," said Prof Tester.
"For the saponins, that benefit can now be delivered to farmers through conventional breeding. We are putting the breeding into turbo charge, we are putting the breeding on steroids."
The researchers at KAUST were drawn to quinoa because of its ability to tolerate salt. The Saudi institute was interested in the crop because they believe it has great potential to grow in poorer soils, such as those in the Middle East, including those with a high salt level.
The scientists believe that the genetic understanding now gained will allow them to breed shorter, stockier plants that don't fall over as easily, and these benefits could be gained without the use of genetic modification.
They believe that these new breeds will see quinoa grown in more parts of the world - and that greater supply will push down the price.
"We need the price of quinoa to go down by a factor of five," said Prof Tester.
"If we get to a similar price to wheat it can be used in processing and in bread making and in many other foods and products.  It has the chance to truly add to current world food production."
Other scientists in this field have welcome the news that the quinoa genome has been sequenced.
"The quinoa DNA sequence information is extremely valuable for identifying key genes controlling important agronomic traits and for identifying genetic variability among the cultivars," said Dr Sven-Erik Jacobsen from the University of Copenhagen.
"Now breeders can go into quinoa genomic library for the information that will help speed up the breeding process."
Researchers believe that genetic sequence of the grain will boost the production and popularity of the grain and it may no longer be the preserve of middle class foodies in richer countries.
"They can keep enjoying it," said Prof Tester.
"But they just might get a little bit annoyed that what they're eating is not so unusual and everyone else is eating it too!"
The study has been published in the journal Nature.
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The authors warned a loss of diversity meant more people were dependent on key crops, leaving them more exposed to harvest failures.
Higher consumption of energy-dense crops could also contribute to a global rise in heart disease and diabetes, they added.
The study appears in the journal PNAS.
"Over the past 50 years, we are seeing that diets around the world are changing and they are becoming more similar - what we call the 'globalised diet'," co-author Colin Khoury, a scientist from the Colombia-based International Center for Tropical Agriculture, said.
"This diet is composed of big, major crops such as wheat, rice, potatoes and sugar.
"It also includes crops that were not important 50 years ago but have become very important now, particularly oil crops like soybean," he told BBC News.
While wheat has long been a staple crop, it is now a key food in more than 97% of countries listed in UN data, the study showed.
And from relative obscurity, soybean had become "significant" in the diets of almost three-quarters of nations.
He added that while these food crops played a major role in tackling global hunger, the decline in crop diversity in the globalised diet limited the ability to supplement the energy-dense part of the diet with nutrient-rich foods.
Amid the crops recording a decline in recent decades were millets, rye, yams, sweet potatoes and cassava.
The study by an international team of scientists also found that the homogenisation of the global diet could be helping accelerate the rise in non-communicable diseases - such as diabetes and heart disease - which are becoming an increasing problem worldwide.
Crop failure fears
Co-author Luigi Guarino, of the Global Crop Diversity Trust, added: "Another danger of a more homogeneous global food basket is that it makes agriculture more vulnerable to major threats like drought, insect pests and diseases, which are likely to become worse in many parts of the world as a result of climate change.
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is designed to protect the genetic diversity of the world's food crops
"As the global population rises and the pressure increases on our global food system, so does our dependence on the global crops and production system that feeds us.
"The price of failure of any of these crops will become very high," he warned.
Last month, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that called on EU nations to adopt measures to preserve crops' biological and genetic diversity so that plant breeders provide adaptable varieties able to cope with projected climatic changes and the need to increase yields.
MEPs said they were concerned that the global plant breeding market was currently "dominated by just a few large multinational undertakings which invest only in a limited number of varieties".
They added that estimates from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) suggested that "the diversity of cultivated crops declined by 75% during the 20th Century and a third of today's diversity could disappear by 2050".
Another study published in February warned there was a risk that the severity of some wheat disease epidemics may increase in coming decades as a result of the impacts of climate change.
In order to improve the resilience of the global food system to future shocks, Mr Khoury said an expansion in the diversity of the globally important crops was needed.
"We also need to ensure the genetic diversity is available to people," he suggested.
"That diversity comes from old varieties and the wild species that are related to the crops.
"A good example is if you are a breeder of maize [corn] in southern Africa where the crop is the main staple, then the diversity you will want will typically come from where the crop originated, which is Mesoamerica [Mexico to Belize].
"It is important already and will be increasingly important in the future that the people producing varieties suitable for southern Africa actually have access to varieties from Mexico."