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Question: US President Barack Obama has declared a "major disaster" in New York state after storm Sandy smashed into the US East Coast, causing flooding and cutting power to millions.

A record 4m (13ft) tidal surge sent seawater cascading into large parts of New York City's subway system.
Across the city, a power sub-station exploded, a hospital was evacuated and fire destroyed 50 homes.
At least 32 people are reported dead across several US states.
At least eight million homes and businesses are without power, says the US Department of Energy. In all, about 50 million people could be affected by the storm, with up to a million ordered to evacuate their homes.
In New York City, 10 people were killed and the death toll could still rise, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said.
In New Jersey, three people were killed, including a couple killed by a falling tree when they got out of their car; their children, 11 and 14, who remained inside, survived.
A woman in West Virginia died when her car collided with a cement lorry, in heavy snow caused by the storm.
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said 2.4 million households in the state had been affected, double the number hit by Hurricane Irene in August 2011.
The devastation was "beyond anything I thought I'd ever see," Mr Christie told a news conference.
The tidal surge from the storm left fields of debris 7ft (2.25m) high and carried small railway goods cars onto elevated sections of the New Jersey Turnpike, he said.
It is likely to take more than eight days to restore services fully, Mr Christie estimated.
Power is likely to remain out in New York City for two to three days, said Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
Public transport remains closed until further notice, schools will not open again on Wednesday and all major airports are closed because their runways are flooded, the mayor told a news briefing.
Sandy, now downgraded from a hurricane but described as a "super-storm", is churning north and heading for Canada.
Lower Manhattan 'post-apocalyptic'Storm Sandy: Your storiesIn pictures: After Storm Sandy
Over the past week, Sandy has killed more than 80 people as it carved a path of destruction through the Caribbean.
The storm made landfall close to Atlantic City in New Jersey on Monday at about 20:00 local time (midnight GMT), with winds of more than 80mph (129km/h).
It collided with cold weather fronts from the west and north to create what some forecasters have dubbed a "Frankenstorm".
Much of Atlantic City was under water and 30,000 residents were evacuated.
In New York City, parts of Lower Manhattan were quickly inundated as the Hudson and East rivers overflowed. Seawater poured into road tunnels and the subway system. Images showed cars being swept along streets by the torrent.
What are the ingredients for a perfect storm?
"The New York City subway system is 108 years old, but it has never faced a disaster as devastating as what we experienced last night," city transport director Joseph Lhota said early on Tuesday.
City officials had earlier ordered some 375,000 residents out of Lower Manhattan and other areas under threat.
"Lower Manhattan is being covered by seawater," Howard Glaser, director of operations for the New York state government, was quoted as saying. "I am not exaggerating. Seawater is rushing into the Battery Tunnel."
The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel links Manhattan with the borough of Brooklyn, which is on Long Island.
The city's Consolidated Edison utility provider said an explosion at a sub-station, probably caused by flooding or flying debris, blacked out much of Lower Manhattan.
The company said about 500,000 homes in Manhattan were without power.
As dawn broke, residents emerged to see the havoc wreaked by the storm.
In other developments:
Mayor Bloomberg said the storm surge had surpassed the highest forecast, but he expected waters to start receding.
At 11:00 EDT (15:00 GMT) the storm's centre was over central Pennsylvania, about 145 miles (235km) west of Philadelphia with maximum sustained winds of 45mph (72km/h) with higher gusts.
Forecasters have said Sandy could linger over as many as 12 states for 24-36 hours.
President Obama has also declared emergencies in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Public transport has been suspended in the US capital, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston.
Amtrak has suspended passenger train services across the north-east, while nearly 14,000 flights were cancelled, according to Flightaware.com.
Up to 3ft (91cm) of snow was expected to fall on the Appalachian mountains in West Virginia, Virginia and Kentucky.
The disaster-estimating firm Eqecat has forecast that Sandy could cause economic losses to the US of between $10bn and $20bn (Â£6.2bn-Â£12.4bn).
Hurricane Sandy map and satellite images
In pictures: Sandy lashes East Coast

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States of emergency have been declared in Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington DC and a coastal county in North Carolina.
Sandy currently has maximum sustained winds of 75mph (120km/h) and is moving north at 11mph.
It is expected to make landfall along the eastern US coast late on Monday.
At 14:00 EDT (18:00 GMT), the eye of the storm was about 335 miles (539km) south-east of Charleston in South Carolina, according to the National Hurricane Center.
Tropical storm warnings are in effect in both South and North Carolina, as well as Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds.
Sandy is expected to move along the US eastern seaboard, bringing a rise of coastal flooding.
Gale-force winds are expected to arrive along parts of the mid-Atlantic coast by Sunday evening, reaching Long Island and southern New England by Monday.
The NHC said further strengthening was possible on Sunday, before Sandy touches down anywhere between Virginia and southern New England late on Monday or early Tuesday.
"We're expecting a large, large storm," said Louis Uccellini, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Center for Environmental Prediction.
The US Navy base in Norfolk, Virginia, has reportedly sent a whole fleet of ships out to sea to avoid possible damage caused as the storm hits land.
The threat of the storm has already led to people stocking up on supplies and political rallies ahead of the 6 November presidential election being cancelled.
Loretta Moneez, whose home in Delaware lies along the projected path of the storm, said Sandy was causing sleepless nights.
"You're just listening to the howling winds and the rain and it's always a great concern about trees coming down," she told the BBC.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg has urged the city's residents to be prepared.
"If we have to make a mistake we would rather make a mistake on being cautious," he said.
Officials are already considering closing down public transport before the storm hits.
There is concern that the bad weather could affect the presidential elections by causing power cuts or preventing people from getting to the polls.
Republican candidate Mitt Romney cancelled an event scheduled for Sunday in Virginia, a key election state, because of the weather, said one of his aides.
On Friday, the White House declined to speculate on whether President Barack Obama's campaign plans would be affected, saying the storm's path was still uncertain.
Meteorologists have warned Sandy could merge with a winter storm over the sea, creating what they have dubbed "Frankenstorm".
Up to 10in (25cm) of rain, 2ft of snow and extreme storm surges are forecast.
Earlier in the week, Sandy caused havoc as it ploughed across the Caribbean, killing 11 people in Cuba and at least 44 in Haiti.
Haitian authorities say the death toll could rise further as further assessments were made in the country, which is still struggling to recover from a devastating earthquake in 2010.
"This is a disaster of major proportions," Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe told the Associated Press news agency. "The whole south is under water."
Four fatalities were reported across the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and the Bahamas.


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Question: South Sudan President Salva Kiir has accused the UN peacekeeping mission of acting like a "parallel government" in his country.

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His comments come after his government accused the UN of hiding rebels and guns at their camps - which it denies.
More than 70,000 civilians are seeking shelter at UN bases across South Sudan after fighting broke out last month.
The UN says both government soldiers and rebels have committed atrocities in one of the world's poorest countries.
What started out as a political dispute between Mr Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar on 15 December has escalated into full-scale conflict, with reports of ethnic killings.
Around 500,000 people have been displaced and the UN estimates that considerably more than 1,000 have been killed.
The UN is in the process of deploying an extra 5,500 peacekeepers to South Sudan, to bring its forces up to 12,500.
Read Mark's full report
Mr Kiir made his comments, broadcast on national TV, following the weekend capture of Bor from rebel forces.
The South Sudanese army also says it has recaptured the key town of Malakal after days of heavy fighting, though this is disputed by the rebels.
Friction with the UN followed an attempt on Sunday by the information minister to forcibly gain access to the UN base in Bor, where they believed armed rebels were hiding.
In a statement, UN chief Ban Ki-moon said he was "alarmed" and "disturbed" by the threat to staff of the UN Mission in South Sudan (Unmiss).
"We did not know that when the Unmiss was brought to South Sudan, they were brought as a parallel government with the government in South Sudan," Mr Kiir said.
"They fell short of naming the chief of the Unmiss as a co-president of the Republic of South Sudan.
"If that is the position of Ban Ki-moon, he should make it clear that he wants the UN to take over South Sudan."
Mr Kiir added that the UN should allow the government to search for guns among those seeking shelter in the camps - and hand over any guns, uniforms and government vehicles already in UN hands.
The Unmiss spokesperson told the BBC the UN was impartial and had a "zero tolerance policy towards weapons" in its camps.
"When people come to our sites with weapons, uniforms - military equipment of any sort - it has been given to us to make sure that the site have a civilian nature," Ariane Quentier told the BBC's Focus on Africa radio programme.
Ms Quentier said the UN was in discussion with the government about handing over such confiscated items and denied that the UN was sheltering rebels.
"It is very clear that we have a number of people that we cannot check individually but just the mere fact that we have 70-80% women and children is a clear indication that we're not sheltering rebels," she said, adding that she was sure relations with the government would improve.
"Like in every love story there are ups and downs - we may be a bit down these days but we are very confident that things will come back to normal."
Mr Kiir also accused other humanitarian organisations of supporting Mr Machar.
Talks to try to find a ceasefire are continuing in Ethiopia.
Mr Kiir reiterated his stance that he wants an unconditional end to hostilities - and will not release 11 political detainees, a key demand of  Mr Machar.
But he said the government had "space in its heart" to forgive Mr Machar.
He also urged his people to stop "the practice of a brother killing a brother" and "the practice of destruction".
Mr Machar has said he will not sign a peace deal unless Ugandan troops fighting alongside the government forces are withdrawn.
Nine Ugandan soldiers died in a rebel ambush at Gemeza a week ago, and 12 others had been killed in total since 23 December, Uganda's military spokesman, Col Paddy Ankunda, said on Twitter.
The Ugandan army was "not intent on staying for long in South Sudan", he said.

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These African troops will have a more robust mandate than the 12,000 UN soldiers already in the country.
South Sudan's government has said it opposes the move, despite the UN resolution threatening an arms embargo if it blocks the new deployment.
Fighting between rival forces in July left hundreds of people dead less than year after a peace deal was signed.
The UN force struggled to keep civilians safe as more than 35,000 people rushed to its base in Juba.
More than 100,000 South Sudanese have now fled to neighbouring countries in the wake of the latest unrest, the UN refugee agency says.
Unlike the peacekeeping force in place, the African force, which will be under the auspices of the UN mission, will be able pro-actively to engage those threatening civilians.
But it is not clear how the mission will be able to go ahead without South Sudan's co-operation.
The US-drafted resolution says it will "use all necessary means, including undertaking robust action where necessary, and actively" patrol to enforce peace.
It will also ensure the protection of Juba and the airport and "promptly and effectively engage any actor that is credibly found to be preparing attacks or engages in attacks".
When African leaders agreed the regional force plan last month, they said the soldiers were likely to come from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan and Uganda.
The African Union explained the mission would be similar to the deployment of a 3,000-strong special force that took on and swiftly defeated the M23 rebels in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2013.
In this case the rival forces are not rebel groups - but rival sides in a unity government recently formed after a two-year civil war.
More on South Sudan's crisis:
In July it was bodyguards for then Vice-President Riek Machar and President Salva Kiir's presidential guards who fought each other, sparking days of violence.
Political differences between the two men ignited civil war in December 2013 - and they only agreed to settle their differences under intense international pressure, signing a peace deal last August.
Mr Machar, who only returned to Juba in April, fled the city during the latest fighting, demanding the deployment of a neutral force to keep the peace and guarantee his safety.
Correspondents say this new African force appears to meet these demands but Mr Kiir removed Mr Machar as vice-president a few weeks ago and his government opposes the deployment of the force.
The success or failure of the protection force is contingent on the ability of the international community to compel South Sudan to comply, argues UN analyst Mark Leon Goldberg.
"This new resolution will be only a fig leaf of a solution unless diplomatic pressure is brought to bear on the government of South Sudan sufficient to convince it to co-operate with this new force," he says.
South Sudan became independent from Sudan in 2011 but its short history has been marred by civil war.


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Question: A former police officer has been jailed after admitting a string of online child sex offences.

Nicholas Pool admitted 14 charges, including possessing indecent images and attempting to incite a child to engage in sexual activity.
He was dismissed by Cumbria Police at a misconduct hearing in February after he admitted three other incitement crimes.
Appearing at Carlisle Crown Court, Pool of Newton Rigg, Penrith, was jailed for three-and-a-half years.
Michael Rawlinson, defending, said the married father-of-one was "full of remorse".
However, Deputy Chief Constable Michelle Skeer said Pool had brought "shame" on the police.
The court heard he had attempted to incite a 12-year-old girl to engage in sexual activity during an online chat. However, it was really an undercover police officer.
After he was arrested in December 2016, police found 47 indecent images - some classed as the most serious category A - on his laptop.
The offences occurred when he was off-duty as a PC based in south Cumbria between 2013 and 2016.
Pool must sign the sex offenders register for life and was also made subject to an indefinite sexual harm prevention order.
Deputy Chief Constable Skeer said: "Nicholas Pool has brought shame upon himself and the constabulary.
"This case highlights that predators can be from any walk of life, and that no matter who you are or where you work, we will seek to ensure that they are brought to justice.
"As well as being in possession of some horrific images, he was conversing with young girls in a sexualised manner, demonstrating how important it is for parents to be aware of who their children are speaking to online."
Mr Rawlinson said Pool's wife had filed for divorce and he had not seen his one-year-old child since being in prison.

Aaron Hughes, 35, was jailed for life in 2014 for drugging and raping a sleeping three-year-old.
While in prison, Hughes was charged with 10 sexual offences against three teenage boys and pleaded guilty to some of the charges at Newport Crown Court.
On Friday, a minimum tariff of 11 years was imposed, to run concurrently to his existing sentence.
At a previous hearing in April, Hughes pleaded guilty to one charge of rape he carried out in 2008.
He also admitted three charges of sexual activity against two 13-year-old boys and one charge of causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity, which were all committed in 2004.
Prosecutors did not seek a trial on five further counts of sexual activity with a child.
Following the sentencing, South Wales Police Det Insp Stuart Wales said: "We would like to thank the many witnesses who supported this investigation and pay tribute to the three complainants who each demonstrated significant fortitude and courage throughout."
In 2014, Cardiff Crown Court heard Hughes had been given the three-year-old child by babysitter Claire Semmens, who herself was jailed for 16 years after admitting two charges of causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity and possessing indecent images.
He was caught when police did a routine check on his computer because they believed he had breached a court order by downloading indecent images of children.
He was jailed for life for sex attacks on the toddler.


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Question: A man who avoided prison after being convicted of a street attack has been jailed for refusing to perform unpaid work, then boasting about it online.

David Newlands, 24, was given 150 hours community service for punching a vulnerable man in Glasgow last year.
He refused to perform the unpaid work and was twice given another chance.
Judge Norman Ritchie jailed Newlands for nine months after hearing he posted on Facebook: "I'm out bro, easy." The judge added: "As they say, LOL."
Newlands, who is currently serving an eight-month sentence for assault and breach of the peace, will serve the latest sentence when his current sentence ends.
Newlands was among eight people who ended up in court after Ivor Miller, a 27-year-old man who has learning difficulties, was called "a beast" and chased until he threw himself out of a flat window.
During that hearing at the High Court in Glasgow in January, judge Ritchie described the group as "a pack of animals".
Newlands, from Glasgow, was given a community sentence but refused to carry out unpaid work.
The court heard that he later posted on Facebook: "A got a high court conviction n they never sent me eh jail instead gave me a community order ..told them to stick it...so got sent back to court n what do they dae?
"The judge says mr Newlands I would refer to you as an idiot..n then what does he dae? He geez me it again...probation am no dayn it simple!!!"
After being returned to court, Newlands admitted breaching the order.
Judge Ritchie told him: "It's always interesting to see a different view on sentencing as in 'I'm out bro easy.' As they say lol."
The judge added: "I gave you two chances. You didn't take the chances. I hope you don't think I'm doing this out of anger. In truth it enlivened what was otherwise a dull day."

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Bridget Leggat, 55, called police while her son was in prison, claiming to be the girl and made false rape claims in a bid to blacken her name.
Leggat was caught when the calls made in April and May 2013 were traced.
She admitted attempting to defeat the ends of justice and was ordered to carry out 240 hours of unpaid work.
At Glasgow Sheriff Court, Leggat, from Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, was also told she will be supervised for 12 months.
Her son, 30-year-old son Donald Kennedy, from Glasgow, was jailed for six years and four months last year after he admitted having sex with an underage girl and breaching an order banning him from contacting children.


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Question: UKIP has published a separate Welsh manifesto, in common with other political parties, for the 2017 general election.

You can find out more about UKIP's UK pledges here - this guide looks at the focus of the Welsh manifesto.
The manifesto is entitled "Wales Into The World".
"Make no mistake: this is a Brexit election," a preface to the manifesto says, claiming Theresa May wants to "pull the wool over the eyes of the British people" and is "pretending" to be a Brexiteer.
"Wales needs to safeguard the interests of future generations. We need an outwardly looking Wales ready to make the most of the opportunities that a global economy creates," the preface, written by UKIP group leader Neil Hamilton, said.
"Wales has been totally abandoned by mainstream politics," says the UKIP Wales manifesto.
"For many life can be tough."
It says that, outside Cardiff, the idea of a "metropolitan utopia that offers highly-paid professional careers is an alien concept to most".
The manifesto says Wales needs to move away from a public sector and subsidy-based economy.
As well as UK-level pledges to raise the personal allowance to Â£13,500 and raise the threshold for paying 40% income tax to Â£55,000, Welsh pledges include:
Education in Wales is under the control of Welsh ministers and the assembly. UKIP would need to lead or have a role in the Welsh Government to put its aims into practice.
Pledges in the manifesto include:
The NHS is also devolved.
The party says that it is committed to an NHS free at the point of delivery, and says a public service should not "have a monopoly on public expenditure to the detriment of all other services".
UKIP says the NHS "cannot be a monetary black hole" and managers who run it "should not be permitted to continue to blame their failure to perform on a lack of funding".
The party promises to:
The manifesto pledges to:
Pledges include:
The manifesto pledges:
UKIP promises to be the voice of Welsh farmers and fisherman in the post-Brexit era.
The manifesto's pledges on agriculture, which also largely cover areas that are devolved, include:
On energy, the manifesto says relying on wind-power is "not sensible". It pledges:
Wales does not need to accept free movement of people, the manifesto says.
UKIP argues that Wales should have the freedom to control its own borders and deliver an immigration policy in-line with what the party says are the wishes of the Welsh electorate.
"Wales exported more to the EU than it imported in 2015," the manifesto said. "Wales does not need EU membership to trade with it."
Wales and the UK do not need a trade agreement with the EU, but UKIP claimed a "bespoke agreement on our terms" is likely.
The manifesto says the party would ensure Brexit negotiations give control over VAT, allowing the party to remove VAT from hot-takeaway food, sanitary products and energy bills.

A party spokesperson said the timing made it "impractical" to put together and finance "a meaningful campaign".
At the recent Cornwall Council elections four Mebyon Kernow councillors were re-elected.
It lost deposits in all six seats at both the last general elections.
More on Mebyon Kernow not fielding candidates, and other news
On 18 April the prime minister called a snap general election for 8 June - three years earlier than scheduled.


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Question: Turkey has insisted that its forces cannot remain idle during the fight to drive so-called Islamic State militants from the Iraqi city of Mosul.

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PM Binali Yildirim said it might be necessary to take action because Iraq and the US had not kept their promises.
He said both countries had allowed Shia militias and Kurdish separatists to take part in the operation.
Iraqi PM Haider al-Abadi on Saturday told the US that there was no need for Turkish forces as yet.
Fighting on the sixth day of the offensive on Saturday was reported to be intense, as the Iraqi military seized more ground.
Visiting US Defence Secretary Ash Carter has promised significant resources would be set aside for rebuilding Mosul once it had been recaptured from Islamic State (IS).
Correspondents say Mr Abadi's refusal to countenance the prospect of Turkish involvement in the Mosul offensive could upset Turkish President Recip Tayyip Erdogan, who has warned of sectarian bloodshed if the Iraqi army relies on Shia militias to retake Mosul, which is mostly a Sunni Muslim city.
Mosul was once part of the Ottoman empire and Turkey sees the city as squarely within its zone of influence.
"I know that the Turks want to participate, we tell them thank you, this is something the Iraqis will handle," Mr Abadi said after meeting Mr Carter in Baghdad on Saturday.
"If help is needed, we will ask for it from Turkey or from other regional countries," he said.
Mr Carter meanwhile indicated his conditional backing for a possible Turkish role in the campaign, pointing out that there was an agreement in principle that could allow for eventual Turkish participation.
"Turkey... has an interest in the ultimate outcome in Mosul. Many other parties do as well. It's a complicated city," he said.
Meanwhile hundreds of people in Iraq are being treated for the effects of toxic gases after a sulphur plant was set alight in fighting with IS.
The US military says IS fighters set the plant on fire earlier this week, as they fled an advance by pro-government forces on their Mosul stronghold.
On Saturday, US soldiers at a base near Mosul donned protective masks as wind blew smoke towards them.
Reuters said another 1,000 people were being treated for breathing problems.
Advancing Iraqi forces on Saturday entered the town of Qaraqosh, about 30km (20 miles) south of Mosul, the IS capital.
Qaraqosh, Iraq's largest Christian town before the war, is said to be largely empty but IS has laid landmines on the approaches to Mosul.
The militants have been attacking with suicide bombers elsewhere, driving vehicles laden with explosives at high speed towards government lines.
On Friday the militants attacked the city of Kirkuk, 170km (105 miles) south-east of Mosul, leaving at least 35 people dead and 120 wounded, according to medical sources.
Is the IS group finished?
Voices from Mosul as battle nears
Dodging ghosts of IS in the desert

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The YPG are widely regarded as one of the most effective forces in the fight against IS and attacks on them have prompted calls from the UN, US and EU for Turkey to show restraint.
Ankara says it is retaliating against what it calls provocations by the YPG but it has long warned against the group making territorial advances in northern Syria near its border.
Turkey views the YPG as an extension of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), a Turkish-Kurdish rebel group fighting for autonomy since the 1980s.
A ceasefire between Turkey and the PKK ended last year and clashes have since claimed hundreds of lives on both sides.
While Turkey is fighting against the PKK on its soil, neighbouring Syrian Kurds continue carving out a self-declared autonomous region known as Rojava, and the YPG has gained the trust of Turkey 's international allies in the fight against IS.
The PKK is officially considered a terrorist organisation by the EU and the US but Turkey has failed to convince its Western allies to regard the YPG likewise.
The US state department and Pentagon have in the past pressed Turkey to stop shelling the YPG and urged Syrian Kurds not to expand their areas of operation.
The EU has also called on Turkey to stop shelling Syrian territory and refrain from further complicating the efforts of world powers to halt the hostilities.
The UN has urged Turkey to comply with international law in Syria.
A US-backed alliance between the YPG and some Syrian Arabs called the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) has been advancing and taking over strategic areas from various armed Islamist groups despite Turkey 's ongoing bombardments.
It scored a notable success by driving IS out of the crossroads town of Manbij this month.
The jihadists were forced to retreat to the town of Jarablus on the Turkish border, which is believed to be the next focus of the advance against IS.
Turkey is wary of the Kurds trying to take control of another border town to the west, Azaz, which it sees as part of a planned "buffer zone" in northern Syria.
Kurds accuse Turkey of using the US-led coalition against IS as a cover to attack the PKK in both Turkey and Iraq, and now against the YPG in northern Syria.
The Kurds say Turkey's bombardment of their positions is helping IS to attack Kurdish-held frontline areas in Syria and Iraq.
Turkish bombardments have also angered Iraqi Kurds, since IS has increased its attacks against Iraqi Kurdish forces in the Makhmur area near the city of Mosul.
"Turkey shamelessly and openly backs IS and al-Qaeda terrorists against Kurdish freedom fighters," Sadi Pria, a top Iraqi Kurdish official in Irbil, has said.
Syrian Kurds, including those leading the YPG, share the PKK's aspiration to establish an autonomous democratic confederation but the YPG denies Turkey's claim that it is an extension of the PKK.
PKK leaders have repeatedly warned of a "total civil war" inside Turkey in retaliation for attacks against Syria 's Kurds.
Meanwhile, the Turkey-PKK battlefield has expanded from guerrilla fighting in the mountains to urban warfare in the heart of Turkey 's predominantly Kurdish cities, including in Diyarbakir .
Turkey says it will continue to bombard the Syrian Kurds as long as it feels threatened by them.
The YPG will most probably ignore Turkey 's threats and continue its advances to capture more areas. In July 2015, the group took over the strategic border town of Tal Abyad despite Turkey 's warnings not to do so.
On the other side of the border an escalation of the Turkey-PKK conflict is highly likely in the form of urban and rural warfare, especially after winter.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring  on Twitter and Facebook.


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Question: A gene that allows present-day people to cope with life at high altitude was inherited from an extinct species of human, Nature journal has reported.

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The variant of the EPAS-1 gene, which affects blood oxygen, is common in Tibetans - many of whom live at altitudes of 4,000m all year round.
But the DNA sequence matches one found in the extinct Denisovan people.
Many of us carry DNA from extinct humans who interbred with our ancestors as the latter expanded out of Africa.
Both the Neanderthals - who emerged around 400,000 years ago and lived in Europe and western Asia until 35,000 years ago - and the enigmatic Denisovans contributed DNA to present-day people.
The Denisovans are known only from DNA extracted from the finger bone of a girl unearthed at a cave in central Siberia. This 40,000-50,000-year-old bone fragment, as well as a rather large tooth from another individual, are all that is known of this species.
The tiny "pinky" bone yielded an entire genome sequence, allowing scientists to compare it to the DNA of modern people in order to better understand the legacy of ancient interbreeding.
Now, researchers have linked an unusual variant of the EPAS1 gene, which is involved in regulating the body's production of haemoglobin - the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood - to the Denisovans.  When the body is exposed to the low oxygen levels encountered at high elevations, EPAS1 tells other genes in the body to become active, stimulating a response that includes the production of extra red blood cells.
The unusual variant common among Tibetans probably spread through natural selection after their ancestors moved onto the high-altitude plateau in Asia several thousand years ago.
"We have very clear evidence that this version of the gene came from Denisovans," said principal author co-author Rasmus Nielsen, from the University of California, Berkeley.
He told BBC News: "If you and I go up to high altitude, we'll immediately have various negative physiological effects. We'll be out of breath, we might suffer from altitude sickness.
"After a little while, we'll try to compensate for this by producing more red blood cells. But because we're not adapted to the high altitude environment, our response would be maladaptive - we would produce too many red blood cells.
"The blood becomes too thick and raises our blood pressure, placing us at risk of stroke and pre-eclampsia (in pregnant women)."
But Tibetans are protected against these risks by producing fewer red blood cells at high altitude. This keeps their blood from thickening.
The Tibetan variant of EPAS1 was discovered by Prof Nielsen's team in 2010. But the researchers couldn't explain why it was so different from the DNA sequences found in all other humans today, so they looked to more ancient genome sequences for an answer.
"We compared it to Neanderthals, but we couldn't find a match. Then we compared it to Denisovans and to our surprise there was an almost exact match," he explained.
He says the interbreeding event with Denisovans probably happened very long ago.
"After the Denisovan DNA came into modern humans, it lingered in different Asian populations at low frequencies for a long time," Prof Nielsen said.
"Then, when the ancestors of Tibetans moved to high altitudes, it favoured this genetic variant which then spread to the point where most Tibetans carry it today."
He says it remains unclear whether the Denisovans were also adapted to life at high altitudes. Denisova Cave lies at an elevation of 760m - not particularly high. But it is close to the Altai Mountains which rise above 3,000m.
Prof Nielsen said it was a "clear and direct" example of humans adapting to new environments through genes acquired via interbreeding with other human species.
Previous research has shown that ancient humans introduced genes that may help us cope with viruses outside Africa.
And a study of Eurasian populations showed that Neanderthal DNA is over-represented in parts of the genome involved in making skin, hair and nails - hinting, perhaps, at something advantageous that allowed Homo sapiens to adapt to conditions in Eurasia.
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This migration led to the colonisation of the entire planet by our species, as well as the extinction of other human groups such as the Neanderthals.
The skull from Manot Cave dates to 55,000 years ago and may be the closest we've got to finding one of the earliest migrants from Africa.
Details appear in Nature journal.
"The skull is very gracile - there is nothing that makes it any different from a modern skull," Prof Israel Hershkovitz, from Tel Aviv University, told the Nature podcast.
"But it also has traits that are found in older specimens."
He added: "This is the first evidence that shows indeed there was a large wave of migrants out of East Africa, crossing the Sahara and the Nubian desert and inhabiting the eastern Mediterranean region 55,000 years ago. So it is really a key skull in understanding modern human evolution."
Physical features of the skull, such as a distinctive "bun-shaped" region at the back, resemble those found in the earliest modern humans from Europe.
This "implies that the Manot people were probably the forefathers of many of the early, Upper Palaeolithic populations of Europe", Prof Hershkovitz said.
Chris Stringer, research Leader in human origins at London's Natural History Museum, commented: "Manot might represent some of the elusive first migrants in the hypothesised out-of-Africa event about 60,000 years ago, a population whose descendants ultimately spread right across Asia, and also into Europe."
Prof Stringer, who was not involved with the study, added: "Its discovery raises hopes of more complete specimens from this critical region and time period."
The find is also of interest because this individual lived at around the time when modern humans are thought to have interbred with Neanderthals.
All non-Africans possess a small amount of Neanderthal ancestry, pointing to an interbreeding event just after modern humans left their homeland but before they diversified into different populations.
The Middle East is a good candidate region for this event, because it was the first waypoint on the migration and previous discoveries show Neanderthals were there at the same time as moderns.
Details of another ancient human find were unveiled this week in the journal Nature Communications.
A human jawbone dredged up by fishermen 25km off the coast of Taiwan revealed a primitive-looking fossil which appears to date to within the last 200,000 years (though possibly as much as the last 450,000 years).
"The jawbone is short and wide, with a very thick body and large teeth, raising interesting questions about its classification," said Chris Stringer.
He said the Penghu jawbone could represent a late example of Homo erectus, an archaic human ancestor which may still have been present in mainland north-east Asia 400,000 years ago.
It shows some similarities with other human remains from Africa, Java and Europe, but with distinctive characteristics that preclude its easy inclusion in existing categories.
Another possibility is that it represents one of the Denisovans, an ancient Asian relative of the Neanderthals, known only from DNA extracted from teeth and a finger bone found at a cave in central Siberia.
"If Penghu is indeed a long-awaited Denisovan jawbone, it looks more primitive than I would have expected - unfortunately no ancient DNA has been reported from it," said Prof Stringer.
"As the authors note, this enigmatic fossil is difficult to classify, but it highlights the growing and not unexpected evidence of human diversity in the Far East, with the apparent co-existence of different lineages in the region prior to, and perhaps even contemporary with, the arrival of modern humans some 55,000 years ago."
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Question: Explorer Henry Worsley has died after developing a serious infection as he tried to cross Antarctica unaided.

The ex-Army officer, from London, had been rescued 30 miles shy of his goal.
His wife Joanna said she felt "heartbroken sadness" after he died of "complete organ failure".
Mr Worsley, 55, was trying to complete the unfinished journey of his hero, Sir Ernest Shackleton, 100 years later, but in his final audio message, he said: "My summit is just out of reach."
In that last broadcast, sent from Antarctica on Friday, he told supporters: "When my hero, Ernest Shackleton, was 97 miles from the South Pole on the morning of January the 9th 1909, he said he'd shot his bolt.
"Well, today I have to inform you with some sadness that I too have shot my bolt."
Mr Worsley said his journey had ended because he did not have the ability to "slide one ski in front of the other".
"I will lick my wounds, they will heal over time and I will come to terms with the disappointment," he added.
Prince William has led the tributes to Mr Worsley, who was raising money for the Endeavour Fund, a charity which helps wounded servicemen and women and is managed by the Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry.
The duke, who was patron of the expedition, said he and Prince Harry had lost a friend, as he paid tribute to Mr Worsley's "selfless commitment" to fellow soldiers.
"He was a man who showed great courage and determination and we are incredibly proud to be associated with him," he said.
The princes pledged to ensure Mr Worsley's family, which includes his two children, Max, 21, and Alicia, 19, received the support  needed "at this terribly difficult time".
Mr Worsley was airlifted off the ice on Saturday, on day 71 and 913 miles (1,469km) into his trek.
Initially, it was thought he was dehydrated and malnourished. It was only discovered he was suffering from a serious infection - bacterial peritonitis - when he was treated at Union Glacier base camp.
He was then flown to a hospital in Punta Arenas, Chile, to undergo surgery but died on Sunday.
Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen. According to the NHS, most cases come from injury or infection in another part of the body.
On Instagram, David Beckham said he was "lucky to have met Henry", who had "served our country for so many years".
And adventurer Bear Grylls tweeted: "We are devastated by this loss. One of the strongest men & bravest soldiers I know. Praying for his special family."
Gen Sir Nick Carter - the head of the Army and a close friend of the explorer - said Mr Worsley had "extraordinary traits of courage and determination" but he did it all with the "most extraordinary modesty and humility".
Polar explorer Pen Hadow told the BBC that Mr Worsley, by going solo with no resupply, had embarked on the "hardest form of travel quite possibly on the surface of the earth".
He said his body would not have had enough time to replenish itself during the rest periods, which meant "losing a small percentage of your capability every day". But he said the "single hardest challenge" on such a journey was "managing your mind-set".
Mr Worsley began the coast-to-coast trek in November, pulling a sledge containing his food, tent and equipment.
The plan was to cross the continent "unassisted and unsupported" - with no supply drops or help from dogs or any other source.
The first solo and unsupported crossing of the continent was achieved by Norwegian Borge Ousland in 1997. But Mr Worsley's record attempt differed as Mr Ousland used a kite to help drag his supply sled.
British explorer Felicity Aston became the first woman to cross the Antarctic alone in January 2012 but she had supply drops.
Henry Worsley retired from the British army having attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in October 2015 after a 36-year career, serving with the Royal Green Jackets and later the Rifles.
His military career saw him awarded an MBE for distinguished service on operations in Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan.
Since childhood he had a passionate interest in the lives of the Antarctic explorers of the Edwardian era - Sir Ernest Shackleton, Captain Robert Scott and Roald Amundsen.
In 2008, Mr Worsley led an expedition to commemorate the centenary of Shackleton's "Nimrod" journey, which pioneered a route through the Transantarctic Mountains to a point just 97 miles (156km) short of the South Pole.
To commemorate the centenary of Scott's and Amundsen's expeditions, Mr Worsley returned to Antarctica in 2011, leading a team of six soldiers retracing the original 1912 journey to the South Pole.
He led the Amundsen route - a 900-mile (1,448km) unsupported journey - and in doing so, became the only person to have completed the classic Antarctic routes of Shackleton, Scott and Amundsen.
Source: Endeavour Fund
Mr Worsley's latest expedition again followed in the footsteps of his idol Sir Ernest Shackleton, who set off to cross Antarctica in 1914. The ill-fated trip saw his ship Endurance became trapped in ice for 10 months before it sank, but not one of the expedition's members died.
Mr Worsley was a distant relative of Frank Worsley, the captain of the Endurance.
Sir Ernest Shackleton's granddaughter Alexandra said Mr Worsley's death would be a "huge loss to the adventuring world".
"The whole point of this one was that Henry was doing it on his own. I suppose you could say he was doing more and more adventurous and interesting things," she said.
Mr Worsley had passed his target of raising £100,000, and the Endeavour Fund said in a statement that it was "devastated" by his death.
In October, he told the BBC he expected to lose two stone (12.7kg) during the challenge.
He said his journey should take 75 days and he would take enough food for 80 days.
Asked if he was "mad" to take on the challenge, he said: "What will drive me on is raising money for these wounded soldiers."

Ben Saunders, 36, from Plymouth, and former Wasps player Tarka L'Herpiniere, 32, trekked 1,795 miles to complete Captain Scott's ill-fated Antarctic expedition.
The pair endured temperatures of -46C (-51F) on their 105-day journey.
Mr Saunders said it had brought them "close to the brink".
Captain Robert Falcon Scott led the first British team in the Terra Nova Expedition in 1912, but on the return journey their food supplies ran out and they all perished..
Mr Saunders and Mr L'Herpiniere set off from Scott's Terra Nova Hut on 25 October and reached their destination at about 01:15 GMT.
Source: BBC History
How did Amundsen beat Scott to the pole?
Organisers of the Scott Expedition said it was a the world record for the longest polar journey on foot in history.
Mr Saunders said the achievement was "almost impossible to comprehend".
"Completing Scott's Terra Nova expedition has been a lifelong dream and I'm overcome to be standing here at the finish."
He said the trek - hauling heavy sleds and experiencing temperatures as low as -46C (-51F) - had been a "mammoth undertaking" that had tested the bounds of their bodies and minds.
"At times we found ourselves in dire straits in the intense cold, wind and altitude of the high plateau, weakened by half-rations and closer to the brink of survival than I had ever anticipated," he said.
"Both Tarka and I feel a combination of awe and profound respect for the endurance, tenacity and fortitude of Captain Scott and his team a century ago."
Writing in his blog, Mr Saunders said receiving a message from Prince Harry in January had "made their day".
When Captain Scott, Edward Wilson, Henry Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans reached the pole, they found a Norwegian flag planted by a rival team led by Roald Amundsen.
Mr Saunders is one of only three people in history to have skied solo to the North Pole, becoming the youngest explorer to complete the journey at the age of 26.


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Question: A north Wales health board has been criticised for "fundamental clinical shortcomings" which led to a patient's death, an ombudsman's report has said.

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A man, referred to as Mr M, was admitted to Glan Clwyd Hospital for bowel cancer surgery in September 2014.
But test results showing a leak were not properly reviewed, his condition deteriorated and he died a day after emergency surgery, the report said.
Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board has apologised for its failings.
The Public Services Ombudsman for Wales, Nick Bennett, also criticised the "deplorable length of time" it took the health board to deal with the subsequent complaint about the failings.
Mr M's daughter, referred to in the report as Ms A, complained to Mr Bennett after concerns she raised several times about her father's post-operative care with nursing staff were ignored and not documented.
She believes this ultimately led to his death.
Questions were also raised about the integrity of the health board's investigation into Mr M's care, which failed to recognised the failings highlighted by the ombudsman's investigation and his conclusion the care had been appropriate.
Mr Bennett said: "Whilst I accept that any surgery carries with it a degree of risk, I cannot ignore the likelihood that, had clinicians intervened sooner in Mr M's post-operative care, the outcome could have been very different.
"Mr M's family will never be sure whether his death could have been avoided and will have to live with knowing that there were missed opportunities for potentially life-saving treatment, which is a significant injustice.
"I am also extremely disappointed that the health board's review of Mr M's care fell significantly short of what I regard as acceptable, as well as taking a deplorable length of time to respond to Ms A's complaint."
Recommendations include making an Â£8,000 payment to Ms A for distress caused.
Mr Bennett said there was a wider issue across Wales regarding "clinical leadership and support for junior doctors during out-of-hours periods - that's a conversation I've had with the government".
Betsi Cadwaladr chief executive, Gary Doherty said the board "fully accept" the ombudsman's views over shortcomings and the fact "we may have missed an opportunity" to save the patient's life.
"I am truly sorry for this, and that we then took far too long to respond to the family's initial complaint," he added.
Mr Doherty said he would contact the family to apologise and said the report was being shared with clinical staff involved and wider medical teams.
He also said the report recommendations would be "implemented in full".

Rob Jones, who was an obstetrician and gynaecologist, continued to practise despite eight reviews into his work.
His boss, Dr Paul Upton, now faces misconduct allegations at a medical tribunal.
Mr Jones treated Mrs Cameron when she went into labour with her fourth child whilst on holiday in Cornwall in 2010.
Latest updates on this story and more
Mrs Cameron was taken to Treliske Hospital in Truro, where she had an emergency caesarean resulting in the successful birth of Florence, weighing 6lbs 1oz.
Eight months earlier a premature baby Mr Jones delivered died due to pre-eclampsia, the tribunal heard.
He was partially excluded from clinical practice in October 2011 following concerns expressed from senior colleagues.
Mr Jones had been the subject of a string of complaints over many years but Dr Paul Upton did not investigate them properly - and allowed to him carry on working, it was said.
It is claimed Dr Upton failed to get a report about complaints relating to Mr Jones and also failed to obtain a report about legal actions being taken against the gynaecologist.
He is further accused of failing to arrange meetings with colleagues who had raised concerns about Mr Jones and also of failing to restrict him from clinical practice.
Other charges include him allegedly making misleading statements to television and radio reporters in which he claimed he did not have enough evidence against the obstetrician and gynaecologist.
Mr Jones, who worked at the hospital from 1997, was suspended in May 2012 and retired the following October after it emerged he had continued to practise despite eight reviews into his work over a 12-year period.
More than 200 former patients of Mr Jones, who also practised as an obstetrician, are taking legal action against the trust for the harm they say was done to them under his care.
A report from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists found his patients had had more than five times the number of surgical complications during hysterectomy operations than would "usually be expected" in a consultant's career.
The Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust has already said it "apologised unreservedly" to its patients.
Senior consultant Dr Upton quit the board of the Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust in 2013 but still works for the trust as an anaesthetist.
The hearing convened by the Medical Practioners Tribunal Service in Manchester continues.


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Question: Saudi Arabia has put on trial 32 people, almost all of them members of the kingdom's Shia minority, accused of spying for Iran, local media report.

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The defendants face charges including treason, establishing a spy ring with Iranian intelligence and passing on sensitive data on military zones.
Most of the 32 are from Saudi Arabia's restive Eastern Province, with one an Iranian national and another an Afghan.
Tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran have escalated in recent weeks.
Saudi Arabia broke off diplomatic relations with Iran in early January following the storming of its embassy in Tehran by protesters angered by the execution of a prominent Saudi Shia cleric and three other Shia.
Saudi officials insisted Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr was guilty of terrorism offences, but Iran's supreme leader said he had been executed solely for his criticism of the Sunni monarchy.
The defendants who went on trial at the Specialised Criminal Court in the capital Riyadh on Sunday were detained in 2013, Saudi media reported.
They include several well-known figures in the Shia community who are not involved in politics, including an elderly university professor, a paediatrician, a banker and two clerics, according to the Reuters news agency.
Eastern Province is home to most of Saudi Arabia's Shia Muslims. They make up less than 15% of the national population, and many claim they suffer discrimination.
Dissent is rarely tolerated in Saudi Arabia, and between 2011 and 2013 more than 20 people were shot dead by security forces and hundreds more detained.
Shootings and petrol bomb attacks also killed several police officers.

The interior ministry said the officers came under fire while trying to detain "armed troublemakers" in al-Awamiya, and had "responded to the source".
It named the civilians who were killed as Ali al-Faraj and Hussein al-Faraj.
However, opposition activists said there had been no exchange of fire and that the two men had been unarmed.
The police officers had burst into the house of a man in search of his wanted brother who was not there, they added.
Ali, the house owner's 22-year-old son, was shot 11 times while running away, one activist told the Reuters news agency. Hussein, a 34-year-old local photographer, died "as he documented the raid", the activist said.
The local news website mirataljazeera.net said Hussein had documented anti-government demonstrations and the funerals of the more than 20 people who have been killed in Eastern Province since early 2011.
The oil-rich Eastern Province is home to a Shia majority that has long complained of marginalisation at the hands of the Sunni ruling family.
Protests erupted there when the pro-democracy uprising in neighbouring Bahrain, which has a Shia majority and a Sunni royal family, was crushed with the assistance of Saudi and other Gulf troops.
The Saudi authorities deny discriminating against Shia and blame Iran.
In 2012, they named 23 suspects - reportedly among them Ali al-Faraj's uncle - in connection with the disturbances in Eastern Province, accusing them of possessing illegal weapons and opening fire on the public and police. Several have since either been killed or captured.
Activists say that of the more than 950 people arrested since 2011 for involvement in the unrest, 217 are still being held.
On Wednesday, a court sentenced several people to up to 20 years in prison for joining a protest in Eastern Province and chanting anti-government slogans, according to the AFP news agency.


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Question: A footballer who lost both of his legs in a hit-and-run crash has spoken out about the driver responsible.

Shaun Whiter was helping his friend Joey Abbs to change a tyre near Newmarket, Suffolk, when it happened.
Jan Adamec, 40, of Haverhill, admitted causing serious injury by dangerous driving. He is on remand and will be sentenced in September.
Mr Whiter, 27, said: "Without a doubt it's good to know that the guy is off the streets."
The Stansted estate agent was due to begin training with Newmarket Town FC.
His legs were crushed by Adamec's vehicle as he tried to help his friend fix his car on Dullingham Road.
Mr Abbs, who was trapped between his and Mr Whiter's vehicles, also sustained a serious leg injury.
Adamec did not stop after the crash.
Mr Whiter underwent emergency surgery at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. He lost both his legs below the knee.
He said: "Being 27, I didn't dream of this. Personally think I shouldn't have to deal with this but it's a case of now I have to deal with this and I hope he's aware of that."
Fundraising events, including a charity fun day in Exning, near Newmarket, on Saturday, have raised more than Â£100,000 towards Mr Whiter's rehabilitation.
Despite his injuries, he told his family he was determined to walk his fiancÃ©e down the aisle when they marry next summer.
The keen sportsman also said he would like to take part in the Paralympics.

Carol Boardman died after her bike collided with a pick-up truck in Connah's Quay, Flintshire, last July.
Her son, a gold medallist, said on Twitter that the family had been trying to carry on and lead a "normal life".
North Wales Police confirmed the force is still investigating Mrs Boardman's death and no charges had been made.
Boardman, who won gold at the 1992 Barcelona Games, said that a year after his mum's death he has seen his mum in a dozen places, "smiling at her new grandson" and even spotted her at "The Tour".
He said: "It's been heart-wrenching watching my dad try to come to terms with the absence of his soul mate.
"We've all had to try and carry on living a 'normal life' it's what my mum would have wanted. But it doesn't feel normal.
"A year on there still has not been a decision on even to prosecute."
Mrs Boardman, who competed in cycling races in her youth, was taken to hospital with serious injuries following the collision on 17 July last year.


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Question: The new payment system at the Dartford Crossing between Kent and Essex needs improvement and is causing problems for motorists, the government has admitted.

Dart Charge replaced toll booths six months ago, with drivers paying online.
However, figures obtained by BBC Radio Kent showed that as many as one in 10 journeys have not been paid for.
House of Commons leader Chris Grayling told MPs the scheme had "the potential to make a real difference but it needs to be got right".
He said the issue should be raised with the Secretary of State during transport questions in the Commons next Thursday.
Conservative MP for Dartford, Gareth Johnson, told him the administration of the Dart Charge had "exasperated" many of his constituents.
Many motorists have complained of problems when trying to pay online, with some charged double.
More than 100,000 vehicles use the crossing every day, with those not paying facing fines of up to Â£105.
Dart Charge project director Nigel Gray has apologised for the "unanticipated high number of problems".
"We're going to make mistakes. We want to reduce those to a minimum," he said.
"We're not complacent and we need to improve. We accept that."
Mr Gray also blamed the poor performance of the Dart Charge website on the fact that it depended on web developers in New York.

Operation Stack is the name given to a queuing system where lorries waiting to cross the Channel park on closed sections of the M20.
Last week, it reached unprecedented levels when Stack was extended to phase four for the first time in its history - residents nearby reported "absolute bedlam".
Queues of 4,600 lorries stretched back 30 miles, the daily cost to the UK economy was estimated at Â£250m, and emergency teams handed out more than 18,000 bottles of water to truckers stranded during a heatwave.
It followed strike action in France by MyFerryLink workers who closed the Port of Calais.
And Stack was again brought in days later after about 150 migrants tried to storm the Channel Tunnel in a bid to board UK-bound freight trains.
But problems are not only caused by strikes and migrants - Stack is also a regular occurrence during winter months when storms and high winds hit the Channel and disrupt sailings.
For years, there have been calls to find an alternative solution, amid complaints about the impact of traffic disruption on Kent's businesses and residents - from commuters and traders to parents on the school run.
So how do you solve a problem like Operation Stack?
Firstly, not everyone believes Stack is a problem.
Pat Fleming, from Galway City, west Ireland, a driver who waited for 26 hours to cross the Channel, said it was part of his job and just "one of those things".
He said Operation Stack worked as long as it was properly policed and added: "It's not a big issue. It doesn't happen that often. The last time was during bad weather in February."
Alan Overton, from Grimsby, who waited on the M20 for 33 hours to cross to France said he believed there was no way of preventing Stack, unless operations were completely moved from Dover to a "super ferry port" that could hold 6,000 vehicles and was built away from towns.
Both drivers agreed facilities provided during Stack could be better.
Out of the two, only Mr Overton ran out of supplies and needed the fruit and water handed out by emergency teams - but both drivers said the toilet facilities - portaloos put up at intervals along the closed motorway - were "absolutely disgusting".
Matt Clarke, manager at Castledene Transport which has a fleet of lorries in Aylesford, said his fleet was left unable to access the M20, and the firm needed to use the motorway 24 hours a day.
He said the media focus on the Calais strikes meant no-one noticed Kent was "shut for days".
Stack hit the headlines last week because of the French strikes and migrant activity, but Kent dealt with the problem more often than anyone thought, he added.
Calling for a lorry park to "take the sting out of Stack", he asked asked how hard it was to "build a field and put some concrete on it".
Suggestions on how to cope with cross-Channel disruption have come from hauliers, ferry operators, politicians and residents.
Ferry operator P&O called on the British and French authorities to keep Calais open.
And in the case of the migrants, the UK and France agreed to increase funds to improve security at the port and tunnel.
The UK's Road Haulage Association called for the military to be deployed to break up the French strike. Chief executive Richard Burnett said the "time for talking" had passed.
And Dan Cook, operations director of Europa Worldwide Group, a transport, distribution and logistics firm, said the fundamental problem was there was no sign of active policing in Calais.
Dover MP Charlie Elphicke said the problems underlined the need to consider expanding the port at Dunkirk, 45 miles from Calais.
Meanwhile, Kent residents in Hollingbourne village, close by the M20, said people should have the right to sue French strikers in European courts for delays, inconveniences and wasted goods.
Resident Chris Childs reported seeing 40 lorries drive through the village in 15 minutes to avoid the queues.
He also said the journey time from Tonbridge to Hollingbourne - normally a 35-minute drive of 22 miles - increased to nearly two hours.
Helen Whately, MP for Faversham and mid-Kent, described the impact on her constituents as "incredibly inconvenient".
She said: "People taking their children to school have long delays, and people getting to work - commuters - it's a nightmare. And it really seriously affects businesses."
Calling for alternatives to Stack, she added: "We know there are going to be more strikes likely during the summer and ongoing."
She said short-term solutions needed to include better communications about delays to haulage companies so drivers could potentially postpone their journeys, and she said pressure must be placed on the French government to ensure as many routes as possible were kept running.
But she also backed plans for lorry parks to be provided.
Plans have already been put forward for a 3,300-space lorry park - although the size of the scheme has been criticised with calls for a smaller facility that would take up to a thousand vehicles.
A report by Kent County Council in conjunction with Kent Police and Highways England is to be published soon, she said.
The Port of Dover has said last week's events will have shattered any illusion their operation is a quaint little port doing ferry trips for holidaymakers and booze cruisers.
But the port has also warned a very busy summer is rapidly approaching - and ferry companies have highlighted their concerns that routes stay open as the holiday season gets under way.


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Question: Newsquest is going to close its production hub in Newport with the loss of 14 jobs, the regional publisher has said.

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The facility provides sub-editing for weekly newspapers across the UK as well as a Scottish daily paper.
Work will transfer to another editing hub in Weymouth, with the company blaming costs.
It opened in 2013 and, at its peak, employed more than 70 people subbing 100 daily and weekly newspapers.
But two rounds of redundancies last year saw the workforce reduced.
In a letter to staff, the company said:  "Following a review of the costs of each of the two copy editing hubs it is proposed that all copy editing work will cease to continue in Newport from April 7.
"All content is proposed to be copy edited in the Weymouth hub from 10 April in order to achieve the most efficient and cost effective process."
Consultation with staff began on Monday.
A Newsquest spokesman said: "Due to an improvement in workflow across all of our newsrooms, the workload has reduced significantly within the Group Editorial Services Copy Editing function.
"With so much of newspaper copy-editing work now no longer being required, it is anticipated that the copy-editing department in Newport will not need the same staffing levels going forward.
"While this proposal regrettably places 13.85 FTE roles at risk of redundancy, we continue to employ a significant number of staff for other group editorial services in Newport."

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The group prints most of south Wales' newspapers, including the Western Mail, South Wales Echo, South Wales Evening Post and the Llanelli Star.
A spokesman blamed declining print volumes and the relocation of a number of titles within its network.
It said it had entered into consultation with the 33 staff affected.
Alistair Milburn was editor of the South Wales Echo when the printing press facility was launched 13 years ago by Prince Charles.
"You'll come to a day sooner rather than later where the likes of the Western Mail won't exist as a print product," he told BBC Radio Wales' Good Evening Wales programme.
"The nationals will get slightly slower, the weeklies are still quite strong and you've got these regional papers that are really caught between the two, so it won't exist before long.
"I think it's a sign of the times. It's a sign of very low print runs. The Western Mail can be printed in less than an hour these days.
"Things have changed now, the news is more instant and it's going online."
Trinity Mirror acquired new titles in Wales after buying Local World in a Â£187.4m deal in October 2015, but it cut the jobs of two photographers, a sports reporter and a sub-editor in May 2016.
In August it said its half-yearly profit rose 42.3% after buying the group.
In May, it was announced that eight jobs were at risk at north Wales newspaper the Daily Post, including the Senedd reporter based in Cardiff Bay.
It also said six new roles would be created, including a politics reporter based in north Wales.


Question: Leeds United manager Garry Monk has blamed Charlie Taylor's withdrawal from the squad at Wigan on Sunday on the defender's advisors.

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Taylor is out of contract in the summer and has been linked with West Brom, Middlesbrough and Crystal Palace.
The 23-year-old pulled out of the 1-1 draw with Wigan as Leeds failed to reach the Championship play-offs.
"I'm hugely disappointed with Charlie. I think he's been terribly advised all season," Monk told BBC Radio Leeds.
Taylor has been with Leeds since the age of nine and has made 104 first-team appearances since his debut in August 2011.
However, he told the club last summer he did not want to open talks on a new deal and then had a transfer request rejected.
Monk suggested Taylor's head had been turned by the interest reportedly shown in him from Premier League clubs.
"I understand he's very young, and we've tried to help him and guide him from within, but it's very difficult to get him fully committed," he said.
"Had he had some better advice from the outside, I think we would have seen a better Charlie Taylor this season and left on better terms, if that's what's going to happen. But that's over to the club and the player now.
"The club's stance on it is very strong. Hopefully he learns from the mistake he's made."

Hughes is worried that the 24-year-old Portugal-born Dutch international may have fractured his cheekbone.
"The fear is that it may be a crack in a cheekbone," Hughes told BBC Stoke.
"He's got a big bang on the side of his cheek. We'll have to wait and see as the swelling comes down."
Martins Indi, who is on loan from FC Porto until the end of the season, has been a regular this season but has told BBC Stoke that he has a number of issues to make a decision on whether he will still be at the club next season.
Stoke are already waiting on the results of an MRI scan for England keeper Jack Butland, who pulled out of his planned return following a broken ankle in Friday's Under-23 game at Reading.
The Potters, up to ninth in the Premier League after a run of just one defeat in eight matches, are already short of defensive cover.
Phil Bardsley is unlikely to be available before Christmas after visiting a London specialist about his knee injury - a blow softened by Glen Johnson's return to action.
But Geoff Cameron has missed five matches with a knee injury and illness, while skipper Ryan Shawcross sat out Saturday's game with a calf problem.
Meanwhile, striker Ibrahim Afellay is back in training after suffering a knee injury in April but, as expected, he did not play on Friday at the Madejski Stadium.


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Question: Wales flanker Justin Tipuric admits he is apprehensive before Friday's Six Nations match with Ireland in Cardiff.

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Not because he fears Joe Schmidt's side or the public fury Wales might face if they lose a third consecutive game - but because he has to sing a song afterwards.
Tipuric becomes the 42nd Wales player to make 50 appearances on Friday - a feat that requires not only that you play a game of rugby but also belt-out a favourite tune in front of your team-mates afterwards.
"I'm going to try and run off and not sing, that's my plan," said the 27-year-old Osprey.
"I've got a dreadful voice and there's only one song I really know and that's My Girl from the Temptations.
"And I only know that from when I was with Trebanos Youth - that was the song I had to sing when we were on tour so unfortunately I'm going to have to sing that."
It's a testimony to Wales' back-row talents and the modern trend for second-half replacements that this Wales team has two open-side flankers of a similar age each with more than a half century of appearances to their name.
When he takes the field under the closed roof in Cardiff on Friday it will be Tipuric's 24th start - the other 26 appearances coming as understudy to long-time skipper Sam Warburton.
His career is likely to be as defined by the fateful overlap with the 2013 British and Irish Lions captain as it is for the superb running and ball-handling skills Tipuric brings to the party and earned him one Test appearance on that tour.
Tipuric has finally made the open-side spot his own in this tournament with now former captain impressing in the number six shirt.
And there is not a hint of bitterness as he describes the experience of spending so much time on the bench.
"Never give up is the one thing you take from it," he says.
"It's always tough bring on the bench, it's a hard thing to do to come off the bench and try and add something to the game is tough.
"The back-row competition is great and fair-do to Sam and Ross [Moriarty] everyone is going well about their business."
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Tipuric expects Ireland to be a serious challenge to Welsh hopes of redeeming a difficult campaign.
"They are a great team," he says.
"There's not many teams that have beaten the All Blacks and they have done that.
"They are big, they're hairy and they're strong and especially their back row and it's going to be a tough test.
"So we know what to expect and we'll be battered and bruised after playing against Ireland."
There could be easier matches to earn your 50th cap, but Tipuric is relishing the Irish challenge after the disappointing losses to England and Scotland.
"Nobody likes losing in life and in general and if you're playing for your country it is tough," he said.
"As passionate as we are and the fans are, you just want to get back out there straight away and get stuck-in really.
"And maybe we can have that bit of composure and that bit of detail that will go a long way to help us win the game."
So apart from beating Ireland and avoiding singing a song, what are Tipuric's ambitions?
Well, becoming the most-capped player from his home village in the Swansea Valley is one.
Tipuric will be the second player from Trebanos to pass the 50 cap mark, following Lions scrum-half Robert Jones who made 54 Wales appearances.
The village also produced 1988 Triple Crown captain Bleddyn Bowen and former England fast bowler Greg Thomas but it's Jones that Tipuric has in his sights.
"How many has he got? I've got to try and overtake him now and try and get one on him," he chuckled
"He's a good guy so it would be nice."
And it would be something to sing about in Trebanos rugby club after the game.

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Gatland, on a sabbatical from Wales to lead the British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, will be at Friday's penultimate game against Ireland.
After two defeats, Edwards says Wales' players will want to make amends.
"They've got two games left and they can prove a point," ex-Wales and Lions scrum-half Edwards said
"That should be another incentive for the Welsh players to prove a point to Warren Gatland that some of the previous results they've had really don't matter.
"They might, just about might, surprise Ireland."
Rob Howley's side travel to France for their final game of the Championship on Saturday, 18 March.
Fourth-placed Wales, who are out of title contention after back-to-back defeats by England and Scotland, have named an unchanged side for the game at the Principality Stadium.
Edwards believes Friday's game sees the two top contenders going head to head for the number nine jersey he famously wore in the victorious tour of New Zealand in 1971.
"Conor Murray and Rhys Webb are vying for the Lions position," Edwards told S4C's Y Clwb Rygbi.
"Although there are others in the market there is no doubt this will be a real tough encounter.
"I'm expecting Rhys Webb to really show his capability but I've got great respect for both of them. It will be very interesting to see who comes out on top."
Ireland can set up a title decider with England in Dublin on 18 March with victory in Cardiff and Edwards is expecting a tough match for Howley's unchanged side.
"Whenever you play Ireland you know what you're going to get," Edwards added.
"It might not be fine skills; it will be all about heart and who wants it more than anybody else.
"I'm expecting nothing different from the Irish and I'm looking forward to it immensely."
Watch the full interview with Sir Gareth Edwards on S4C's Y Clwb Rygbi ahead of this Friday's game between Wales and Ireland from 19.15 GMT.


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Question: The man in charge of the Oscars awards envelopes has been blamed for the gaffe that saw La La Land named best picture.

PriceWaterhouseCoopers accountant Brian Cullinan was supposed to hand the best picture envelope to presenters Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway on Sunday.
In a statement, PwC said he "mistakenly handed [them] the back-up envelope for actress in a leading role instead."
It's also emerged that Cullinan tweeted a picture of Emma Stone backstage just minutes before the mix-up took place.
The tweet has since been deleted, though it survives on various websites and on a cached Google page.
Cullinan had a complete set of envelopes on one side of the stage, while Martha Ruiz, another PwC accountant, had a duplicate set on the other.
This explains why both best actress winner Emma Stone and Beatty ended up in possession of an envelope related to the best actress award.
Beatty was evidently confused by the contents of the envelope, passing the card onto his former Bonnie and Clyde co-star.
Seeing the words "La La Land" beneath Emma Stone's name, Dunaway declared her musical romance the winner of the best picture award.
Only after that film's producers had begun their acceptance speeches was it revealed that Moonlight had in fact won the award.
"Once the error occurred, protocols for correcting it were not followed through quickly enough by Mr Cullinan or his partner," said the accountancy firm.
One of Cullinan's colleagues told Variety that the accountant "feels very, very terrible" and "is very upset about this mistake".
The mix-up brought a chaotic end to Sunday's Oscars ceremony, hosted in Los Angeles by talk show host Jimmy Kimmel.
Here are six more things we've learned about one of the most extraordinary awards show debacles in recent times.
The organisers of the Academy Awards "deeply regret the mistakes" that led to La La Land being wrongly named best picture.
Moonlight had actually won the award, but the envelope mix-up led to Dunaway announcing the wrong film.
"We apologise to the entire cast and crew of La La Land and Moonlight whose experience was profoundly altered by this error," the Academy said.
"We salute the tremendous grace they displayed under the circumstances."
In its statement, the Academy said PwC had "taken full responsibility for the breaches of established protocols that took place during the ceremony.
"We have spent last night and today investigating the circumstances, and will determine what actions are appropriate going forward."
President Trump and his policies were at the forefront of many attendees' minds on Sunday, with Gael Garcia Bernal among those to take issue with them on stage.
"As a Mexican, as a Latin-American, as a migrant worker, as a human being, I'm against any form of wall that separates us," the actor said - a reference to Trump's plans to build a border wall between Mexico and the US.
In his first comments on the Oscars, the president has suggested the awards "were focused so hard on politics that they didn't get the act together at the end".
"It was a little sad," he told the right-wing Breitbart website. "It took away from the glamour of the Oscars. It didn't feel like a very glamorous evening.
"I've been to the Oscars," continued the president. "There was something very special missing, and then to end that way was sad."
The extraordinary end to Sunday's ceremony came too late to help boost the show's ratings, which were its smallest for almost 10 years.
ABC's broadcast drew 32.9 million viewers in the US - a 4 per cent drop on the 2016 Oscars, which were seen by 34.4 million people.
It was the smallest audience since the 2008 ceremony, which drew an average audience of 32 million.
Despite the decline, the Oscars are still expected to be the most-watched non-sporting event on US TV this year.
Back in his usual slot on late night television, Jimmy Kimmel revealed that he had originally intended to end the show in the audience, sat next to actor Matt Damon.
"We're sitting there and we notice some commotion going on," the Oscars host explained on Monday's edition of Jimmy Kimmel Live. "And Matt says, 'I think I heard the stage manager say they got the winner wrong.'
"So you just kind of, well, the host will go onstage and clear this up. And then I remember, oh, I'm the host."
"Have any of you here ever hosted the Oscars before?" Kimmel asked his audience. "Well, except for the end - it was a lot of fun.''
The result, he joked, "was the weirdest TV finale since Lost" - a reference to the long-running US drama series about strangers stranded on a tropical island.
According to Tuesday's Daily Mail, Beatty and Dunaway were meant to have descended a staircase before presenting the final award of the evening.
But the paper claims the 76-year-old had difficulty climbing up the stairs in her high heels, so the pair started their presentation walk at the foot of the stairs instead.
"It's unclear whether this confusion contributes to the ensuing chaos," the paper's report continues.
The US State Department's official Persian-language Twitter account tweeted congratulations to the Iranian people and Asghar Farhadi after the director's film The Salesman won the best foreign language film award.
That was despite Farhadi, who did not attend the ceremony, having a speech read out in which he described President Trump's travel ban as "inhumane".
A State department spokeswoman said the tweet was deleted "to avoid any misperception that the USG [US government] endorsed the comments made in the acceptance speech."
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

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The team behind the film were in the middle of their speeches before it was revealed the accolade should have gone to Moonlight.
However, it is not the first time the wrong winner - or loser - has been announced at an awards ceremony or live on TV.
Wrong envelope
A little piece of paper was the cause of confusion at the 2016 Mobo awards when the prize for best song was given to the wrong winner.
R&B trio WSTRN kept their award for almost an hour before it was revealed it should have gone to MC Abra Cadabra.
Hosts Rickie Williams and Melvin Odoom announced the error, explaining "someone picked up the wrong envelope".
What a way to steal someone's thunder.
Mobo Awards give out prize to wrong winner
It was possibly the shortest reign in history.
One minute Miss Colombia, Ariadna Gutierrez, was being hailed as the winner of Miss Universe, the next she was watching "her" crown being placed on the head of Miss Philippines, Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach.
In a mistake of truly universal proportions, 2015 contest host Steve Harvey announced the wrong winner and the winner's sash and crown were put on the wrong woman. Harvey then had to tell the world a terrible mistake had been made. Awkward.
Miss Colombia mistakenly crowned as winner
The organisers may have got this one right, but one high-profile member of the audience certainly disagreed.
Singer Taylor Swift had just won best female video for her song You Belong With Me at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. However, Kanye West didn't agree with it.
Before Swift managed to utter a single thank you, the rapper snatched the microphone from her and proceeded to tell the audience - and everyone watching on TV - that Beyonce should have won.  Cue opened-mouthed shock from Miss Swift.
Kanye West's rants, the best so far
"I'm feeling sick about this," Australia's Next Top Model presenter Sarah Murdoch uttered to the astonishment of viewers.
Kelsey Martinovich had already been crowned as 2010 champion by public vote and was halfway through her acceptance speech.
Murdoch - wife of Lachlan Murdoch, the eldest son of media mogul Rupert Murdoch - then announced the actual winner of the TV contest was 18-year-old Amanda Ware.
"This is what happens when you have live TV, folks," Murdoch added.
Australia's Next Top Model show crowns wrong winner
Not so much announcing the wrong winner, as announcing the correct loser at the wrong time.
X Factor host Olly Murs had to apologise to 2015 contestant Monica Michael after he announced to the nation that she was leaving the talent show.
In fact, he had miscounted the votes from the four judges, thinking that three judges were sending Monica home. It was actually tied two-two and it went down to the public vote.
She lost the vote anyway - but everyone then thought it was a fix.
Olly Murs apologises to X Factor Monica Michael
The UK public had been voting to decide who would represent the UK at the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest, with bubblegum pop group Scooch and solo singer Cyndi both among the hopeful finalists.
So there was understandable confusion when hosts Sir Terry Wogan and Fearne Cotton simultaneously announced different winners live on air.
Moments later Cotton announced that Scooch had indeed won the public vote. A BBC statement later apologised for the gaffe but confirmed Scooch had won and would be making the trip to Helsinki. Meanwhile, Cyndi's hopes of Euro glory were well and truly Finnish-ed.
Scooch later finished joint 22nd out of the 24 Eurovision finalists.
Gaffe mars Scooch Eurovision win
Somewhat bizarrely Michael Jackson actually accepted a non-existent award at the 2002 MTV video music awards.
The show happened to be held on the "King of Pop's" birthday, and after calling him on stage to receive a birthday cake, singer Britney Spears told the audience she considered him to be the "artist of the millennium".
Jackson then began a full acceptance speech.
"When I was a little boy growing up in Indiana if someone told me that one day as a musician I'd be getting the artist of the millennium award, I wouldn't have believed it," he said.
He thanked God, his mother, Diana Ross and magician David Blaine, among others.
Singer Katy Perry accepted the award for best international song during France's 2009 NRJ Music Awards, held in Cannes.
However, the gong wasn't actually meant for her. It should have been awarded to Rihanna.
Perry's embarrassment was eased slightly by the fact she did legitimately win best international album for her One of the Boys album at the same awards ceremony.
SacrÃ© bleu.
DJ Brandon Block stumbled on stage at the 2000 Brit Awards believing he had won something.
In fact, Rolling Stones' guitarist Ronnie Wood and American Beauty actress Thora Birch were in the middle of presenting the best soundtrack award to the film Notting Hill.
Block later recalled that - having been enjoying the corporate hospitality to the full - he had been duped into thinking he had won an award by his mates, and had obligingly trooped up to collect it.
It ended with Block being manhandled by security and Wood throwing his drink over him.


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Question: A rare RAF Spitfire once flown by a Great Escape veteran and painstakingly restored over five years could fetch millions of pounds for charity.

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It is one of only two left in the world to have been restored to its original specification and is airworthy.
The fighter, based at Imperial War Museum Duxford, Cambridgeshire, could fetch up to £2.5m at auction in July.
Proceeds will go to the RAF Benevolent Fund and Oxford University's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit.
The Mk I Vickers Supermarine Spitfire was originally piloted by Old Etonian Flying Officer Peter Cazenove during the evacuation of Dunkirk.
Despite radioing-in to say "Tell mother I'll be home for tea," he was shot down on 24 May 1940, crashed on the Calais coast and was captured.
He ended up in the Stulag Luft III prisoner of war camp, where British airmen launched their famous Great Escape in 1944.
But despite failing to escape, he survived and returned to the UK after the war.
The plane remained hidden in the sandy beach of Calais until the 1980s when strong tides exposed the wreckage.
However, it was not until the parts were bought by an American collector and shipped to the UK that the mammoth task of restoring it began at the former home of RAF Duxford.
Now the Spitfire has been returned to its original glory and is going under the hammer at Christie's in London on 9 July.
John Romain, chief engineer at the Aircraft Restoration Company, which undertook the project, said: "It came to us quite literally in boxes of parts that had been removed from the beach in France.
"We spent five years restoring it back to its original state.
"This one is particularly special. It is very unusual to see a Spitfire like this go to auction."

The DB2, which competed in the 1949 Le Mans 24-hour race, was taken in 2002 from Baldock, Hertfordshire.
Police used intelligence to track it down to a storage facility in Eindhoven, Holland, in March this year.
The car's owner at the time of the theft died before it was found so it was returned to a relative. It is being auctioned off for up to Â£900,000.
Two men convicted of stealing the car in 2003 failed to return to court for sentencing and have never been caught again.
Det Sgt Jo Goodson, from Hertfordshire Police, who travelled to Holland to seize the car, said it was "extremely satisfying" to get the vehicle back.
"It was quite emotional because it's a lovely car with an exceptional history," she added.
The green prototype, which was built as a test-bed for the later production of the DB2, was the only one of three Aston Martins in the 1949 race to cross the finish line.
Ashley Mack, who is now the rightful owner, said his relative Christopher Angell had been left "devastated" by the theft of his vehicle.
"Just before he died in 2003 he was still asking 'has that nice policeman got my car yet?'" he said.
"Even at this stage my heart will be pleased if it doesn't sell, but my head has to acknowledge that it will cost many thousands to restore."
The vehicle will go under the hammer at Bonhams' Goodwood Festival of Speed sale later this month.


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Question: East Stirlingshire moved off the bottom of Scottish League Two with a surprise victory over promotion-chasing Queen's Park.

The Spiders' David Galt headed against the outside of the post before Shire took the lead.
Thomas Orr took advantage of Bryan Wharton's poor header to burst through on goal and finish past William Muir.
David McKenna doubled the advantage from close range and Scott Ferries' effort completed the win.

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It follows a 13.00 GMT pitch inspection at Arbroath's Gayfield Park.
The hosts were hoping for a victory that would take them to within a point of third-top Stirling Albion, Queen's Park and Annan Athletic.
Shire were looking to continue where they left off after a win over Queen's Park lifted them off the bottom.