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Question: A chronology of key events:

1492 - The Christian Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon conquer the Emirate of Granada, ending nearly 800 years of Muslim rule in the south and founding modern Spain as a united state.
Christopher Columbus arrives in the Americas, heralding the conquest of much of South and Central America. Jews and later Muslims are expelled from Spain during the Inquisition.
16th-17th centuries - Spanish Empire at its height, with Spain the predominant European power. The rise of Protestant states in northern Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean begin the country's gradual decline.
18th century - The War of the Spanish Succession loses Spain its European possessions outside the Iberian Peninsula. Bourbon dynasty, originally from France, centralises the Spanish state, shutting down many regional autonomous assemblies and modernising government and the military.
1807-1814 - Napoleon's France occupies Spain, which has been a French satellite since 1795. Fierce nationalist resistance and British intervention in the Peninsular War gradually force French troops out.
19th century - Napoleonic legacy of political division and economic dislocation leaves Spain weak and unstable, with frequent changes of government and a low-level insurgency by Carlist supporters of a rival branch of the royal family. All Latin American colonies win their independence, with Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in Asia lost during a disastrous war with the United States in 1898.
1910s - Spain sought compensation in conquering colonies in Africa, most significantly northern Morocco and the Spanish Sahara.
1920s - The trade boom achieved by neutrality in the First World War is squandered through fighting Moroccan rebels and the financial mismanagement of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship at home.
1931 - The return of democratic government leads to an electoral backlash against the monarchy and its allies, and a republic is declared. Radical policies of land reform, labour rights, educational expansion and anti-Church legislation deepen the political divide.
1936 - After two years of right-wing government, a Popular Front coalition of left-wing and liberal parties narrowly wins parliamentary elections and seeks to reintroduce the radical policies of 1931. A coup by right-wing military leaders captures only part of the country, leading to three years of civil war.
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy actively support the Nationalist rebels, while only the Soviet Union provides highly conditional assistance to the Republic. Britain and France support an arms embargo that effectively dooms the Republic, despite enthusiastic volunteers from all over Europe and the Americas who join the Communist-run International Brigades.
General Franco's dictatorship spanned nearly four decades
Spanish Mass marks Franco death
Franco's ghost still haunts Spain
1975: Franco's 36-year reign ends
1939 - General Francisco Franco leads the Nationalists to victory in the Civil War. More than 350,000 Spaniards died in the fighting, and Franco purges all remaining Republicans. Spain remains neutral throughout the Second World War, although the government's sympathies clearly lie with the Axis powers.
1946-50 - Francoist Spain is ostracised by United Nations and many countries sever diplomatic relations.
1950s - As the Cold War deepens the US gradually improves relations with Spain, extending loans in return for military bases. Spain is admitted to the UN in 1955 and the World Bank in 1958, and other European countries open up to the Franco government.
El Milagro Espanol - the economic miracle of the late 1950s - sees Spain's manufacturing and tourism industries take off through liberalisation of state controls over the next two decades.
1959 - The Eta armed separatist group is founded with the aim of fighting for an independent homeland in the Basque region of Spain and France. Its violent campaign begins with an attempt to derail a train carrying politicians in 1961.
1968 - West African colony of Spanish Guinea gains independence as Equatorial Guinea.
1973 December - Eta kills Prime Minister Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco in retaliation for the government's execution of Basque fighters. Subsequent attempts to liberalise the Franco government founder on internal divisions.
1975 November - Franco dies. Succeeded as head of state by King Juan Carlos. With Juan Carlos on the throne, Spain makes transition from dictatorship to democracy. Spain withdraws from the Spanish Sahara, ending its colonial empire.
King Juan Carlos, pictured in 1975 with General Franco, left, supported moves toward democracy
1978: Spain set to vote for democracy
1977 June - First free elections in four decades. Ex-Francoist Adolfo Suarez's Union of the Democratic Centre manages a relatively smooth transition to stable democracy.
1978 - New constitution confirms Spain as a parliamentary monarchy. Eta's political wing, Herri Batasuna, is founded. 'Galaxia' coup plot uncovered.
1980 - 118 people are killed in Eta's bloodiest year so far.
1981 February - Coup attempt; rebels seize parliament and tanks take to the streets of Valencia in an attempt to prevent the appointment of a new Union of the Democratic Centre government. Plotters surrender after King Juan Carlos makes a televised address demanding an end to the coup.
1982 - Another coup plot by right-wing extremists discovered shortly before Socialists win large majority and form a government. Spain joins Nato.
1986 - Spain joins the European Economic Community, later to become the European Union.
1992 - Summer Olympic Games held in Barcelona. Seville hosts Expo 92. Celebrations mark the 500th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage to America.
1995 - Leader of opposition rightwing Popular Party, Jose Maria Aznar, survives a car bomb blast.
1996 March - Jose Maria Aznar becomes PM following a stability deal with moderate Catalan and Basque nationalists, who hold the balance of power, after a general election in which his Popular Party emerges as the largest party but without an outright majority.
1997 July - Eta, demanding that Basque prisoners be transferred closer to home, kidnaps and kills Basque councillor Miguel Angel Blanco. Killing sparks national outrage and brings an estimated 6 million Spaniards onto the streets in protest.
1997 December - 23 leaders of Herri Batasuna jailed for seven years for collaborating with Eta - the first time any members of the party are jailed as a result of Eta links.
1998 April - Crops destroyed and wildlife wiped out when an iron pyrite mine reservoir belonging to a Canadian-Swedish company bursts its banks causing toxic waste spillage. Waterways feeding Europe's largest wildlife reserve, the Donana national park, are severely contaminated.
1998 September - Eta announces its first indefinite ceasefire since its campaign of violence began. It calls the ceasefire off in November, claiming lack of a response from the government.
2000 - Madrid car bombs mark return to violence. Aznar's Popular Party (PP) wins landslide in general elections.
Eta's campaign for a sovereign Basque state has cost many lives
Timeline: Eta campaign
2002 January - Peseta replaced by Euro.
2002 June - Eta suspected of being behind bomb blasts in several tourist resorts as EU summit held in Seville.
2002 July - Naval standoff with Morocco over disputed rocky outcrop of Perejil ends when foreign ministers agree to restore status quo.
2002 November - North-west coastline suffers ecological disaster after oil tanker Prestige breaks up and sinks about 130 miles out to sea.
2003 March - Indefinite ban imposed on Basque separatist Batasuna party.
2004 March - 191 people killed in explosions on packed rush-hour trains in Madrid in near-simultaneous pre-election attacks by an Islamic group with links to al-Qaeda.
With Spain still in mourning, the Socialists under Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero defy earlier opinion polls and win a general election.
2004 April - Prime Minister Zapatero orders Spanish troops withdrawn from Iraq in May.
2005 February - Voters approve the EU constitution in a referendum.
2005 May - Government offers peace talks with Eta if the group disarms.
2005 June - Parliament defies Roman Catholic Church by legalising gay marriage and granting homosexual couples same adoption and inheritance rights as heterosexual ones.
2005 September-October - At least 11 die and many more are injured in a series of mass attempts by African migrants to enter the enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta from Morocco in a bid to reach Spain. Spain reviews decision to deport those who do get through back to Morocco after expressions of international concern.
2006 January - Lt Gen Jose Mena Aguado sacked as head of army ground forces after suggesting that the military might take action in Catalonia if the region gains too much autonomy.
2006 March - Eta declares a ceasefire. In June, Prime Minister Zapatero says the government will hold peace talks with the group.
2006 June - Voters in Catalonia back proposals to give the region greater autonomy as well as the status of a nation within Spain.
2006 December - Prime Minister Zapatero suspends moves to seek dialogue with Eta after a car bomb attack at a Madrid airport.
2007 June - Eta calls off ceasefire.
2007 October - Twenty-one mainly North Africans are found guilty and given long jail sentences for the Madrid train bombings in 2004.
2007 November - Parliament passes a bill formally denouncing Franco's rule and ordering the removal of all Franco-era statues and symbols from streets and buildings.
2008 March - The Socialists win re-election with an increased margin, but falls short of an absolute majority.
2009 January - Spanish economy enters recession for first time since 1993.
2009 March - Unemployment soars to 17.4%, with over 4 million people jobless.
2009 May - The parliament of the Basque region votes in the first non-nationalist regional government in more than 30 years under Socialist leadership, following elections in March.
2009 July - Foreign Minister Miguel Angel Moratinos visits Gibraltar - the first visit by a Spanish minister in 300 years.
2010 February - Thousands of workers demonstrate against government spending cuts and plans to raise the retirement age by two years to 67 - the first mass labour protests since the Socialists came to power in 2004.
2010 May - Unemployment rate climbs to over 20% for first time in nearly 13 years. Parliament approves 15bn-euro (Â£13bn) austerity package.
2010 September - Eta declares new ceasefire. Spanish government dismisses the move, saying there can be no political settlement until Eta renounces violence for good and disarms.
2011 September - Parliament approves constitutional amendment setting legally binding cap on public sector borrowing.
2011 November - Conservative Popular Party wins resounding victory in parliamentary election.
2011 December - New government headed by Mariano Rajoy takes office. Announces new round of austerity measures to slash public spending by 16.5bn euros (Â£14bn) and nearly halve the public deficit from about 8% of GDP in 2012.
2012 January - Unemployment total passes the 5 million mark. This represents a jobless rate of 22.8% - the highest in the eurozone. Almost half of all 16-24 year-olds are out of work.
2012 April - Spain slips back into recession as economy contracts by 0.3% in the first quarter of 2012, and by 0.4% in the second.
2012 June - Spain formally requests assistance from the eurozone financial emergency facility to bail out its struggling bank sector. The eurozone had offered to provide up to 100bn euros in help, following an audit.
2012 August - Unemployment climbs to 25.1% of the workforce, with a youth (under-25s) joblessness rate of 52.9%.
Catalonia, which produces a fifth of Spain's economic output, seeks a 5bn-euro (Â£4.2bn) bailout from the central government, which has set up a 18bn-euro public fund to help the 17 heavily-indebted autonomous regions.
2012 September - Government creates "bad bank" to off-load toxic property assets of indebted banking sector. Eurozone countries demand this as one of a number of conditions for any bail-out loan for Spain.
2012 November - Catalan regional elections held to provide support for a referendum on independence see Artur Mas's governing Convergence and Union alliance losing ground to the left-wing ERC party.
Both support the independence referendum, but the ERC opposes the Catalan government's spending cuts. The Spanish government says it will not recognise a referendum vote for secession.
The European Commission approves the government's plans to restructure the troubled banks Bankia, Banco de Valencia, NCG and Catalunya Banc, which were nationalised after experiencing heavy losses on loans to homebuyers and property developers.
The Basque armed group Eta issues a statement that it is ready to disband, disarm and enter talks with the French and Spanish governments.
2013 March - European Court of Justice rules that Spanish law does not do enough to protect homeowners who default on their mortgages from being evicted. The ruling comes in response to the eviction of an estimated 350,000 families from their homes in the wake of the 2008 property crash.
2013 April - Spain's unemployment rate soars to new record of 27.2% of the workforce in the first quarter, passing six million figure, although the rate of increase slows.
Recession ends
2013 September - Economy registers 0.1% growth in July-September, formally lifting it out of recession.
2014 June - King Juan Carlos abdicates a month after announcing his attention to do so. Succeeded by the crown prince, who reigns as Felipe VI.
2014 November - Spanish government dismisses the result of a symbolic referendum on independence held in Catalonia.
Earlier plans by Catalan regional government to hold formal independence referendum ruled unconstitutional by Spanish courts.
2014 December - A judge orders that Princess Cristina de Borbon, the sister of the Spanish king, be tried on tax fraud charges. No member of the Spanish royal family has ever sat in the dock before.
2015 May - New populist anti-austerity movement Podemos makes dramatic gains in local and regional elections, robbing governing conservative Popular Party and opposition Socialists of majorities in many areas.
2015 December - Popular Party government loses majority in general election that sees Podemos and new liberal Cuidadanos movement perform well. Main opposition Socialist Party declines to join Prime Minister Rajoy in a coalition.
2016 June - Acting Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy claims right to form a government after his Popular Party wins more seats but falls short of a majority in a repeat general election.
2016 August - Mr Rajoy forms a political pact with the centrist, anti-corruption Ciudadanos (Citizens) party, but this still does not give him the absolute majority that he needs in order to become prime minister.
2016 October - Opposition Socialists agree to abstain in a parliamentary confidence vote on which will allow acting Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy to form a minority government and end 10 months of political deadlock.

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A selection of photos from across the African continent this week:


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Question: The RNLI has launched a £150,000 community fundraising drive towards its new St David's lifeboat station.

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A £9.5m replacement is under construction next to the charity's current boathouse and slipway in the Pembrokeshire town.
The building is needed to house the £2.5m new lifeboat delivered last year.
Welsh rugby great Gerald Davies and former Wales international footballer Ian Walsh lent their weight to the fundraising launch on Monday.
Coxswain Dai John said the fundraising aimed to help the community into "taking ownership" of the new building which is expected to provide a 100-year base for the volunteer lifeboat crew.
The current boathouse and slipway is a 100 years old, while the original boathouse behind it is 140 years old, he said.
The new Tamar-class lifeboat is too large for the current boathouse and has to be on a mooring nearby.
Mr John said: "There are issues with our building. The sea takes its toll and some of the concrete underneath is getting blown.
"The facilities which lifeboat crews needed 100 years ago are different from what we need nowadays and there's no prospect of being able to adapt the old building, we haven't go the space to do it.
"We've ended up with a halfway house. We've had the boat and now we're looking to complete the shore work so the boat has a station to live in."
Mr John said he expected the new station to be completed by early autumn in 2015.
The lifeboat station has two full-time staff and 28 crew volunteers.
The work is part of £54m the charity is investing on slipway boathouses around the Welsh coastline.
Crews have already moved in to a new boathouse at Mumbles in Swansea.
Work is nearly complete on a new lifeboat station at Porthdinllaen in Gwynedd and work has started at Moelfre on Anglesey.

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The RNLI wants to replace Burry Port's aging boathouse and bring both lifeboats under one roof.
The centre will include modern training and changing facilities for the volunteer crew, which will help speed up launches, a workshop and a public viewing area.
It would be sited between the existing lifeboat station and the western slipway, adjacent to the cycle track.
Alun Wells, Burry Port RNLI Lifeboat press officer, said the plans were a "major step forward in the regeneration of Burry Port Harbour" and will ensure "an RNLI presence and legacy for the local community for many years to come".


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Question: China has pledged to end the practice of taking organs from executed prisoners within the next five years, state media report.

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Officials say the country would instead rely on a new national donation system for organ transplants.
Prisoners account for two-thirds of China's transplant organs, according to previous estimates from state media.
Human rights groups say death row inmates are pressured to donate organs - China denies such allegations.
Correspondents say that China has long said it intends to reduce reliance on prisoners for organ donation, but the sheer volume of organs needed may make this difficult to achieve within the timeframe set out.
Official figures from the health ministry show that about 1.5 million people need transplants, but only 10,000 are performed annually, state-run agency Xinhua says.
Huang Jiefu, vice minister of health, was quoted by Xinhua as saying that a trial system for public organ donation has been launched in some areas.
"The pledge to abolish organ donations from condemned prisoners represents the resolve of the government," he said.
He added that organ donations from prisoners were not ideal because infections are usually high, affecting the long-term survival rates of those who undergo the transplants.
Rights groups estimate that China puts to death thousands of prisoners a year.
Official figures, however, remain a state secret, according to the BBC's Martin Patience in Beijing.
He adds that the country faces a severe shortage of organ donors, partly because many people do not want to donate organs due to the cultural belief of that they should be buried whole.
This has led to a thriving black market. Officials outlawed organ trafficking five years ago, but it still remains a problem.
The Red Cross Society of China has also said that guidelines would be issued regarding financial aid to families of the deceased organ donors to help curb the illegal organ trade.

Dr Xue Feng was arrested in 2007 and in 2010 was sentenced to eight years in prison for stealing state secrets.
The US-based Dui Hua foundation said Dr Xue, 50, had been released from Beijing's No 2 prison 10 months short of serving his full sentence, after a reduction for good behaviour.
The report of Dr Xue's release could not be independently confirmed.
The Dui Hua foundation, which campaigns for clemency and better treatment for detainees in China, said that the geologist had arrived home in the US city of Houston.
"Dui Hua is delighted that Dr Xue has finally been reunited with his family in America after a terrible ordeal," the San Francisco-based group's executive director, John Kamm, said in a press release.
Dr Xue was detained in 2007 after negotiating the sale of an oil industry database to his employers, a US consultancy company.
His conviction was upheld by a Beijing appeals court in February 2011, and in November 2012 he was granted a 10-month reduction in his sentence for good behaviour.
If confirmed, his release would leave no US citizens imprisoned in China on charges of selling state secrets.


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Question: Irish Health Minister Leo Varadkar has said an abortion referendum should not take place in the run up to the Republic's next general election.

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Mr Varadkar was speaking in the Irish parliament (DÃ¡il) on Thursday.
He said the problem with the debate about abortion in Ireland was it had been dominated by the extremes.
Mr Varadkar said it centred on "the Catholic versus anti-Catholic view of things, rather than what's right and what's wrong".
He said the debate was "framed in terms of Christian ideology versus social ideology or being pro-choice or anti-choice, as if you could ever reduce it to that, because human experience is not black and white and medicine is not black and white either.
"There is never going to be perfect legislation that removes all tragedies related to pregnancy," he added.
Mr Varadkar said that "in relation to the eighth amendment [of the constitution], again, people calling for the repeal of that need to consider what that means.
"Just repealing the eighth amendment means deleting from the constitution any protection from the life of the mother and the unborn and replacing it with nothing, so people need to consider whether that is what they want, whether they want to replace it with a different amendment," he said.
"And even if you do change the constitution it doesn't change the legislation. The law actually doesn't change at all and you would need to legislate subsequently."
The 1983 eighth amendment of the Irish constitution states: "The state acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right."
In order to make a change to the constitution, a referendum has to be held.
Mr Varadkar said it would be a "really bad idea" to hold a referendum in 2015, in the run up to a general election.
"That's exactly what happened in 1983. In the run-up to a general election people were put in a position where they made commitments in the run-in to a general election that maybe they shouldn't have, so let's not repeat the mistake of 1983 and have all that again in 2015," he said.
"There is a time and a place for a considered non-ideological debate and conversation about this matter in this country and it shouldn't be done on foot of a tragedy or a very hard case and it shouldn't be done in the run-in to a general election."

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Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) Enda Kenny told a gathering in Philadelphia on Sunday that the decision had been taken at a cabinet meeting last week.
He said it was a "clear recognition of the importance that Ireland attached to her citizens wherever they were".
The move was recommended by a Constitutional Convention in 2013.
Last July, the Diaspora Minister Joe McHugh said there was a commitment to hold a referendum.
An options paper will be published later this month outlining arrangements on how to register citizens abroad, and how to facilitate voting outside of the Republic of Ireland.
This will then be discussed during the Global Irish Civic Forum in Dublin in May.
The referendum is unlikely to be held this year, and if it passes, would come into effect for the presidential election after the one set for 2018.
During his visit to Philadelphia, at the beginning of the taoiseach's annual St Patrick's Day trip, Mr Kenny told a separate gathering that the "plight" of thousands of illegal Irish immigrants living in the United States would be an "absolute priority" during his visit.
He has vowed to raise the issue with President Donald Trump and said that undocumented Irish immigrants wanted to remain and contribute in the US.


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Question: Great Britain's Sir Bradley Wiggins clinched his first road world title with a thrilling time trial victory at the World Championships in Ponferrada.

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The 34-year-old beat three-time champion Tony Martin by 26.23 seconds on a hilly 47.1km course in Spain.
After finishing second to Martin in 2011 and 2013, Wiggins finally has a rainbow jersey on the road to go with the six he has won on the track.
"I knew coming into it that I had the legs," Wiggins said afterwards.
"Once I saw the course I realised if I was ever going to beat Tony again it was on a course like this.
"It's been an up and down year - obviously I didn't ride the Tour de France. I want to dedicate this to my family because they had to put up with me when I was at home in July.
"It's my last Road World Championships and I've finished with a gold medal."
Martin trailed Wiggins by 9.64 seconds at the final time-check and the Briton extended his lead in the final 12km.
Wiggins clocked 56 minutes 25.52 seconds to claim a convincing win over Germany's Martin, who was chasing a fourth-successive title. Tom Dumoulin of the Netherlands finished third.
"I knew it would be difficult on the final loop, but I paced it perfectly and still had pace in the final few kilometres," Wiggins explained.
"On my last descent, I heard on the radio that I was 10 seconds up but I pushed all the way to the line because I did not want to take any risks."
Wiggins collapsed to the ground in exhaustion at the finish line but recovered to raise his thumb in celebration when Martin crossed the line.
Victory in north-west Spain gives the 2012 Tour de France winner a world time trial title to go with his three national titles and gold at the London Olympics in the discipline.
"To add the world title is just fantastic. Now I've got the set," added Wiggins.
It is the perfect end to a patchy year on the road and track for Wiggins, who won the Tour of California in May, but then missed out on Team Sky selection for the Tour de France and had to settle for silver in the velodrome in the team pursuit at the Glasgow Commonwealth Games.
His success means he becomes the first British male rider to take world time trial gold since Chris Boardman in the inaugural race in 1994.  Emma Pooley was the last British female to win gold in the event in 2010.
Wiggins has announced that he intends to return to the track for the Rio Olympics in 2016 and also hopes to attempt to break the hour record set by Germany's Jens Voigt last week.
Result:
1.  Bradley Wiggins (GB) 56mins 25.52secs
2.  Tony Martin (Ger) +26secs
3.  Tom Dumoulin (Ned) +41secs
4.  Vasil Kiryienka (Bel) +48secs
5.  Rohan Dennis (Aus) +58secs
Selected other:
20. Alex Dowsett (GB) +2mins 35secs

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Dideriksen beat Dutch pre-race favourite Kirsten Wild in a sprint finish with Finland's Lotta Lepisto third on the 134.5km Qatar course.
Defending champion Deignan, 27, was sixth with one kilometre to go but did not have the power to retain her title.
Dideriksen, 20, is a double junior world champion.
Deignan - formerly Armitstead - had played down her chances in Doha, having focused her season on the hilly Olympic Games road race in Rio, where she finished fifth.
The men's race takes place on Sunday, with Mark Cavendish bidding for a second world title following his 2011 triumph in Copenhagen.


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Question: Controversial plans to allow drug users to inject safely under supervision in Glasgow have been approved.

Members of the health board, city council and police agreed the proposals in principle but called for more details on the cost, where the clinic would be, and how it would operate.
The plan would see a facility made available for addicts to consume their own drugs.
In some cases users would be provided with medical-grade heroin.
The move aims to address the problems caused by an estimated 500 or so users who inject on Glasgow's streets.
Such a facility would be the first of its kind in the UK.
The proposals were being considered by the Glasgow City Integration Joint Board.
It has approved the development of a full business case for a pilot safer drug consumption facility and heroin assisted treatment.
It said any potential service must offer additional "wrap around" services on the same premises such as health care, counselling, and housing and welfare advice.
The group also advised that a safer injecting facility should also provide the means for the supervised inhalation of drugs.
The case for opening an injecting facility for drug users in the city was examined by the Glasgow City Alcohol and Drug Partnership (ADP) - a multi-agency group tasked by the Scottish government with tackling alcohol and drug issues.
Susanne Millar, chairwoman of the ADP, said: "Today's approval by the Glasgow City IJB enables us to build a robust business case which will support this service.
"We believe it will improve the health of the target population as well as benefit local communities and businesses that are currently adversely affected by public injecting.
"People injecting drugs in public spaces are experiencing high levels of harm and are impacting on the wider community. We need to make our communities safer for all people living in, and visiting the city, including those who publicly inject."
Similar schemes operate in 10 other countries, including Australia, Germany, France, Holland and Switzerland.
It would mean extending existing opioid substitution therapy services to include heroin-assisted treatment and developing a peer support network for harm reduction.
ADP argues that those who inject on the streets are responsible for the majority of discarded needles which pose a health risk and contribute to public order problems.
It also says street users experience problems such as homelessness, mental health issues and poverty, and are at heightened risk of blood-borne viruses, overdose and drug-related death, as well as other injecting-related complications.
The Scottish Drugs Forum (SDF), a drugs policy and information organisation, has estimated there about 90 similar injecting facilities operating around the world, most of them in Europe.
Recently a Paris hospital started housing France's first "shooting gallery" - a safe place where drug addicts can inject under medical supervision.
The drug room was opened by the Paris mayor and health minister near the Gare du Nord, a busy station where drug crime is common.
In 2014, proposals were put forward for drug-use rooms in Brighton. The city's Independent Drugs Commission decided the time was not right for a pilot project but said such facilities could still open in the future.
The SDF said the rooms would provide a sterile environment where people could use drugs safely.
The forum's director David Liddell told BBC Radio's Good Morning Scotland programme there was a "desperate need" for them, particularly in Glasgow where there is an HIV outbreak among drugs users.
"I know it's been highlighted as controversial, but when you see that these have been running in many countries in Europe for a long time - Holland for example now has 31 drug consumption rooms and Germany has 24," he said.
"These are in addition to the existing provision. The key point is we have people who are mostly long-term users - people  have been using for more than 20 years or more. Abstinence recovery is not on their immediate horizon.
"The most immediate thing for these individuals is the need to keep them alive so they can recover in the future."
But Prof Neil McKeganey, founder of the Centre of Drug Misuse Research, said Mr Liddell was "quite wrong" to imply the rooms were not controversial.
"For anyone who's not an advocate of drugs de-criminalisation they are controversial and they will be seen as such," he told the BBC.
"Some years ago, we surveyed over 1,000 drug addicts in Scotland and we asked them what they wanted to get from treatment.
"Less than 5% said they wanted to help to inject more safely and the overwhelming majority said they wanted help to become drugs free. These facilities have a role to play but there is a real danger here we are moving steadily away from services to get addicts off drugs."
Dr Emilia Crighton, director of public health at NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde and vice-chairwoman of the ADP, said the decision to move ahead with developing a business case for the facility "marks real progress".
She added: "We are now one step closer to catching up with other countries in the way we tackle this problem.
"This public injecting group has high rates of hospital admissions, incarceration and homelessness. While conventional treatment and services are effective for the majority of people, we believe this facility will make a major impact in reducing health risks and the resulting costs for this group.
"Our ultimate goal is for drug users to recover from their addiction and remain drug free.
"However, until someone is ready to seek and receive help to stop using drugs it is important to keep them as safe as possible while do they continue to use drugs."
How many discarded syringes have been found where you live?
More than 3,900 discarded needles were reported in nine of Scotland's largest towns and cities over two years.
The figure was revealed by a series of freedom of information requests to the local authorities covering Aberdeen, Cumbernauld, East Kilbride, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hamilton, Kirkcaldy, Livingston, and Paisley.
You can see where the estimated 3,909 discarded needles were reported, as well as a description of where they were found, using the INTERACTIVE MAP developed by BBC Scotland.

Durham PCC Ron Hogg said introducing the facilities, often referred to as "shooting galleries", would help take drugs off the streets and reduce crime.
Home Office minister Norman Baker said the government was examining drugs strategies in other countries.
Related pilot projects have taken place in Brighton, Darlington and London.
Mr Hogg's comments come after Durham Police's Chief Constable Mike Barton called for class A drugs to be decriminalised in an article for The Observer last month.
Mr Hogg, a  Labour PCC and former senior police officer, said: "The successes of trials around the world, and within Darlington, have led both myself and the Chief Constable Mike Barton to believe that using drug consumption rooms to treat heroin addiction should be explored further, certainly county-wide.
"Results published in the Lancet showed that prescribing pharmaceutical heroin in this way can reduce the use of street drugs and associated levels of crime.
"This doesn't mean we're going soft on drugs in any way. We are continuing to address drug dealing  and organised crime groups and are not condoning drug use.
"What we are saying is that we have a group of people here who committing large numbers of crimes to feed their habits and those illegal drugs cause massive health problems.
Admirers eye Copenhagen's drug rooms
"There was no criminality around the trial that was held in Darlington and indeed the community became very supportive as they understood more and more about what was happening
"Of course there are obvious dangers in a project like this, but if it is run properly we can get the right outcome."
Public Health England (PHE), an agency of the Department of Health which works to improve people's health, said consumption rooms might not be the best way to tackle illegal drug use.
In a statement, it said: "These facilities would be expensive to provide and may not be the most cost-effective way of achieving outcomes for service users."
Teesside-based charity Bridges, which works with families of drug users, also questioned the benefits of Mr Hogg's proposal.
Tina Williams, project manager of the Stockton charity, said: "The problem is that use of heroin is already reducing. Heroin is not the main problem now. It's the use of smart drugs and skunk cannabis by kids that is the massive problem now.
"So what are we going to do with that? Are we going to legalise that and have rooms for that? I don't think so."
A trial by King's College London involving diamorphine and methadone took place from 2005 to 2011.
In April, the Independent Drugs Commission for Brighton and Hove recommended consumption rooms be introduced in the city, and councillors are due to consider the proposal next year.
A consumption room project studied by the UK government in Copenhagen, Denmark, was deemed a success by Danish police, but Mr Hogg insisted any new pilot in County Durham would not allow addicts to use their own drugs.
"In contrast to Denmark we want the health service to provide addicts with safe heroin, with consistent purities and safe additives," he said.
"We believe this will help reduce disease and death."
Mr Baker, Liberal Democrat minister for crime prevention, said government research into the drug strategies of other countries would be completed shortly.
He said: "We need to help individuals who have become dependent on drugs, recognising this is a health issue while at the same time ensuring law enforcement protects society by tackling the organised crime that is associated with the drugs trade."


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Hundreds of confidential crime files containing data about serious and violent crimes have been discovered by builders at a former probation centre.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

An investigation has begun after the sensitive documents were found at the building in Liverpool, which is being turned into flats.
The BBC understands the files include details of murder and rape cases, alongside names and addresses.
The Ministry of Justice said the matter was being taken "extremely seriously".
The documents belong to the Probation Service, which took over the building in Derby Lane, Old Swan, from the police back in 1993.
Workers found the documents as they were clearing the rooms.
The Ministry of Justice said the files in question contained data from crimes that happened before 2003, and had been stored in a secure room.
A spokesman said: "We take all issues in relation to data handling extremely seriously and have launched an investigation."

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The issue will be debated by rank and file officers at the Scottish Police Federation's annual conference on Tuesday, according to the newspaper.
The Sunday Herald claims to uncover what it describes as "potentially lethal flaws" in Holyrood security in the wake of the Westminster attack.
It says concerns focus on the car park under the Scottish Parliament, which could be vulnerable to a car bomb, and the personal security of the first minister.
The Scottish Sun leads with news that former Girls Aloud pop star Cheryl has given birth to a baby boy.
Meanwhile the Scottish Mail on Sunday reports that an air ambulance regularly piloted by Prince William came within half a second of "catastrophic" mid air collision with a drone. He was not in the helicopter at the time.
And the Sunday Mail reports that a secret police operation has thwarted at least six new gun attacks in a violent gang war. It follows a series of tit-for-tat shootings across Glasgow.


Question: Fixtures for the 2016-17 Premier League season will be released on Wednesday.

The first games of the season will take place over the weekend of 13-14 August, however the Premier League is also keen to host more matches on Friday nights.
Sky and BT Sport have paid a record £5.136bn for live TV rights to broadcast the competition.
Leicester City are the defending champions, while Middlesbrough, Burnley and Hull City make their return to the top flight.
Manchester City boss Pep Guardiola will meet Manchester United's Jose Mourinho in a derby on English soil for the first time, while Everton, Chelsea and Southampton will be among those to start the season with new managers.
The season starts a week later than last year because of this summer's European Championship, meaning the Premier League is likely to begin on the same day as Super Saturday at the Rio Olympic Games.

The match will take place at Wembley Stadium on Saturday, 23 April, kicking off at 17:15 BST.
Crystal Palace will take on Watford at the same venue on Sunday, 24 April at 16:00 BST, with the match to be shown on BT Sport.
The winning semi-finalists, who receive £900,000 from the FA's prize fund, will meet in the final on Saturday, 21 May.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: Scotland head coach Grant Bradburn believes playing competitive cricket is "vital" to his side's development ahead of the ICC World Twenty20 in March.

The Scots' Intercontinental Cup clash with Hong Kong was abandoned without play on Sunday due to heavy rain.
"It's a busy period coming up, so it's vital we complete our preparation with match practice," said Bradburn.
"(The abandonment) is disappointing. We prepared so well over winter and we had an excellent Abu Dhabi camp last week."
Scotland are scheduled to play one-day internationals on 26 and 28 January, followed by two Twenty20 internationals on 30 and 31 January in the build-up to the ICC World Twenty20 in India, which begins on 8 March.
"The guys have arrived (in Hong Kong) absolutely fizzing to play, but unfortunately we can't control the weather," Bradburn told BBC Scotland. "There's just been no chance of play in the last four days.
"We're very much hoping the weather does change for the better, and we can get on the park and complete our fixtures.
"We're just keen to play as much cricket as we can. We get precious little cricket in our programme and we're not picky as to who we play. We want to play some quality opposition and of course Hong Kong are very much a quality team, particularly in the white ball game."

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

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['this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'It was held to commemorate the 96 Liverpool fans who died during the crush at the FA Cup semi-final with Nottingham Forest on 15 April 1989.\nFormer Liverpool player Alan Kennedy, politician Andy Burnham and ex-Spice Girl Melanie Chisholm ran at the event in Liverpool\'s Stanley Park.\nLiverpool FC Foundation and Everton in the Community also supported the event.\nActor Les Dennis said he was taking part to "keep the memory alive" of what happened at Hillsborough.\nIt was organised by Dom Williams, who created the annual Hillsborough-Anfield Run that involves runners completing 96 miles between the stadiums of Sheffield Wednesday and Liverpool FC.\nLater, Liverpool will face Aston Villa in the 2015 FA Cup semi-final at Wembley.\nOn Wednesday, bells in Liverpool tolled 96 times to mark the disaster\'s anniversary.\nThousands of people also joined the victims\' families and Liverpool FC footballers at a memorial service in Anfield stadium.\nThe new inquests into the deaths of the 96 fans will resume on 20 April at Birchwood Park in Warrington.\nThey started in March 2014 and are expected to continue until early 2016.\nBBC News: Profiles of all those who died'] == ['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', 'A new 5km run in memory of those who died in the Hillsborough disaster 26 years ago has taken place.']

They play the Netherlands and the United States in Stirling this week in a double round-robin qualifier.
The top two sides advance to the main qualifying event next year, with the 2018 finals then hosted by defending champions West Indies.
"We're shaping up to be a proper international women's cricket team, which is pretty cool," said Knox.
"We played the Netherlands last summer in the 50-over qualifiers and we managed to beat them.
"If we can keep that form going into this T20 competition, then we've got a good chance of progressing.
"Just the fact they're playing at home and in front of families and friends makes a huge impact along with knowing the conditions pretty well."
The Scots missed out on a place at the 2016 Women's World Twenty20 after losing to Ireland at the semi-final stage of the qualifying event in Bangkok.
Ireland were in Scotland earlier this month playing in the Celtic Cup series, with the visitors winning all three Twenty20 games.
Ahead of the World Twenty20 qualifiers, captain Abbi Aitken hopes hosting the competition will encourage more girls to take up the sport in Scotland.
"We had this as a main aim throughout the whole summer so the girls are raring to go. It's the first time we've had a major tournament in Scotland for a number of years. It doesn't come around too often for us," she said.
"I was the only girl playing in an all-boys tournament, so the fact these tournaments are happening now is exciting.
"The Wildcats are great role models for younger girls. Year after year we see participation levels increasing and long may that continue."
After play was abandoned without an over being played because of rain on Monday, Scotland's matches against Netherlands and USA were rescheduled for Wednesday.
Fixtures:
All matches will be played at Stirling County cricket ground.
Tuesday, 15 August: USA v Netherlands
Wednesday, 14 August: Scotland v Netherlands & Scotland v USA
Thursday, 17 August: Scotland v USA & Netherlands v USA
Friday, 18 August: Scotland v Netherlands


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Celtic stretched their lead at the top of the Premiership to nine points despite a dreary performance against Ross County at a subdued Parkhead.

Leigh Griffiths' 38th goal of the season put the champions ahead.
But Stewart Murdoch's 64th-minute strike from the edge of the box gave Jim McIntyre's team a deserved point.
Sections of the home support unveiled anti-board banners before kick-off and the mood inside the stadium at the end was one of frustration and anger.
There was a brief flurry of boos on the full-time whistle, despite Celtic moving to within four points - three should be sufficient, given their vastly superior goal difference over Aberdeen - of securing a fifth league title in a row.
But there was no sign of a club on the cusp of a party on Sunday. County were the ones who left with smiles. They were alone in that.
Griffiths scored midway through the opening half when County backed off him in the penalty area, almost inviting him to have a smack at goal. The striker took them up on their offer and promptly rifled his shot high past Scott Fox in the visitors' goal.
It was a rare moment of quality on a day that was low-key and desperately lacking in atmosphere, edge and decent football.
Patrick Roberts almost teed-up Tom Rogic for a second Celtic goal just before the half-hour, but the Australian blew his moment. Then it was County's turn to waste a chance - and a what a good one it was.
Liam Boyce had a prolific first half of the season but has had a barren second half, with only one goal since the turn of the year.
He had a great opportunity to double the 2016 total just before the break but he headed straight at Craig Gordon when anything to the left or right of the goalkeeper would surely have seen him score.
Having spurned one good chance, County then failed to make the most of another shortly after the restart, Michael Gardyne volleying over from close-range.
Celtic had a few moments after that. A Griffiths free-kick, a Griffiths shot, a chance for Roberts. There was never really a sense that they had killed County off, though.
Alex Schalk gave them a fright when he went one-on-one with the exposed Charlie Mulgrew and fired just over. The equaliser came soon enough, Murdoch thumping his shot into the same corner of the net that Griffiths had found earlier in the game.
It was a deserved goal for County, an illustration of their mental strength and yet another indication of Celtic's awful vulnerability.
Further examples came in a flow. Nir Bitton earned hollers of scorn when scooping miles over from decent range, then Colin Kazim-Richards missed a glorious chance. The Turkish international has scored one goal in more than seven hours for Celtic - against East Kilbride.
County went close themselves when Schalk thundered in a shot that flew just past Gordon's post.
It ended in stalemate. A great point for the visitors. Another poor day for  Celtic.

The English striker scored three goals in four league games last month, with 16 goals in all competitions since arriving from Barnsley in the summer.
Hemmings was on target in the 2-1 derby win over Dundee United, the 4-2 win over Partick Thistle and scored two in the 3-1 Scottish Cup win over Falkirk.
Dundee can go fifth in the league with victory over St Johnstone on Friday.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Bristol Rovers' wait for a first league home victory since August continued as they drew with Notts County.

Billy Bodin came close for Rovers towards the end of the first half but his shot from 12 yards out hit the bar.
County started the second half well, with Bristol scrambling to clear Izale McLeod's powerful shot from distance.
Jermaine Easter, who had his red card from Saturday's game at Mansfield overturned, hit the woodwork late on as both sides settled for a point.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Hendrick headed the opener from close-range, just moments after Rams keeper Lee Grant tipped a free kick from David Symington on to the crossbar.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Martin volleyed in Johnny Russell's cross for the second in injury time.
Steve McClaren's Championship side have won two out of two so far this season after beating Rotherham on Saturday.
Graham Kavanagh's team though have lost both of their games so far and are still to score, after starting their league campaign with defeat at home to newly promoted Luton Town on Saturday.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Manchester City defender Bacary Sagna has been asked by the Football Association to explain the "10 against 12" Instagram post he made after his side's 2-1 win over Burnley on Monday.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

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For instance, <<['represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'Netherlands player Cruyff died aged 68 in March.\nHe made his name as a forward with Ajax and Barcelona, and was named European footballer of the year three times.\nThe work on the Â£250,000 Catherine Street Court all-weather project is expected to take about two-and-a-half months.\nAberdeen City Council joined forces with the Denis Law Legacy Trust and the Cruyff Foundation for the development.\nThe Cruyff Court Denis Law will also honour the Aberdeen-born football great. Law starred for Manchester United and Scotland. He was named European footballer of the year in 1964.\nThere are almost 200 Cruyff Courts in more than 15 countries around the world.']>>  to <<['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'Work to create a community sports facility named after football legend Johan Cruyff has got under way in Aberdeen.']>>

City were reduced to 10 men in the 32nd minute when referee Lee Mason sent off midfielder Fernandinho.
Sagna has deleted the post in question, but the FA has contacted the full-back to ask for his observations.
The Frenchman has until 17:00 GMT on Friday to respond.
Media playback is not supported on this device

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

The 24-year-old posted on Instagram: "If Man United and Liverpool fans feel better by calling me a black monkey in my messages .. feel free to carry on if it makes your day better."
Ivory Coast international Zaha signed for Manchester United in 2013.
Zaha is in Hong Kong with the club for the Premier League Asia Trophy.
He posted the message following the 2-0 win over West Brom on Saturday, in which Palace manager Frank de Boer said the winger had been the victim of rough treatment.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article!

Question: Unite leader Len McCluskey has accused a "cabal" of Labour MPs of plotting against their leader Jeremy Corbyn.

The union boss said some Labour MPs did not accept Mr Corbyn's mandate although their alternative vision for the country was "stale and uninspiring".
In a speech in Oxford, he urged malcontents to "stop the sniping" and to "take the fight" to the Tories.
Mr Corbyn has faced criticism of his leadership and stance on issues such as defence and counter-terrorism.
His handling of a shadow cabinet reshuffle last month, in which one prominent critic was sacked and opponents of the leader's position on Trident were sidelined, was widely criticised.
Earlier on Tuesday, a senior figure in the shadow cabinet said it might be impossible for the party to reach an agreed position on whether to renew the UK's nuclear weapons system.
But Mr McCluskey said it was time for those who have questioned the direction in which Mr Corbyn is taking the party to pipe down, saying the Labour leader deserved their loyalty.
"Their analysis of Labour's defeat in 2015 was unconvincing, their proposals stale, minimalist and uninspiring - and for the most part, they have still not shaped up after Corbyn's victory," he said. "Until they can do that, they are a plot without a programme; a cabal without a critique."
The "continual war of attrition" between different camps in the party was "achieving nothing beyond taking the pressure off the government", he said.
"So my clear message to the plotters is - stop the sniping, stop the scheming, get behind Jeremy Corbyn and start taking the fight to the Tories."
In his opposition to austerity and to foreign military interventions, Mr Corbyn was in tune with public opinion, Mr McCluskey said.
The Labour leader, he said, offered a "radical challenge to the status quo and business-as-usual politics", likening the insurgency which propelled him to victory in September's leadership contest to US Democratic politician Bernie Sanders' current bid for the White House.
"What Jeremy Corbyn offers - like Bernie Sanders in the US - is a calling out of corporate corruption, a rejection of the austerity that has made the UK the most unequal economy in the G8 and the promise that politics and politicians can and will put things right for ordinary working people."
And he criticised those who, he claimed, were suggesting May's elections in Scotland, Wales, and across England were a referendum on the Labour leadership.
"I am not a supporter of... changes designed to intimidate or undermine Labour MPs. But I also believe that we need to issue a clear warning to those who are advocating the parliamentary Labour Party being used as a lever to force Jeremy Corbyn out."

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
22 July 2015 Last updated at 17:02 BST
Mr Corbyn spoke to the BBC's Norman Smith as he arrived to take part in an economics seminar in central London, shortly after former Labour leader Tony Blair warned the party against moving to the left.
On Tuesday a former aide to Mr Blair said the MPs who nominated the left-winger to encourage debate were "morons".
But Mr Corbyn said Labour was having "the most democratic election there has ever been" to decide who takes over as leader.


Question: Represent text

Question: The US is tightening its screening of international students, its first security change in response to the Boston Marathon bombings last month.

The move comes after a student from Kazakhstan - who did not have a valid visa - was accused by police of hiding evidence for one of the bomb suspects.
The Department of Homeland Security has ordered border agents to automatically check the visa status of every student.
Azamat Tazhayakov had returned to the US despite being dismissed from school.
The 19-year-old appeared in court on Wednesday, accused of helping to throw out a backpack belonging to his friend, Boston bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.
Mr Tazhayakov's student visa had been terminated by the time he arrived in New York on 20 January, following his academic dismissal from the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth on 4 January.
The Department of Homeland Security will "effective immediately" verify that every international student visa is valid, according to an internal memo obtained by the Associated Press news agency on Friday.
Under the new procedures, border agents will verify a student's visa status before the person arrives in the US, using information provided in flight manifests.
If that information is unavailable, they will manually check the visa status through a US database.
Beforehand, border agents would only verify a student's status in a database, the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System, when the person was referred to a second officer for additional inspection or questioning.
Mr Tazhayakov was not sent to a second officer when he arrived, because there was no information to indicate he was a national security threat, said Peter Boogaard, a spokesman for the Department of Homeland Security.
Mr Tazhayakov is not implicated in the planning of the attacks, but he and fellow 19-year-old Kazakh, Dias Kadyrbayev, face up to five years in prison if convicted of obstructing the FBI investigation.
According to police, Mr Tazhayakov and Mr Kadyrbayev removed items from Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's dormitory room at the University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth, three days after the blasts, including a backpack filled with fireworks remains.
Mr Tsarnaev, 19, sustained gunshot wounds during the police manhunt days after the bombings, and remains in a prison hospital. He faces a possible death sentence if convicted.
Three people died and more than 260 were wounded after two explosive devices made from pressure cookers detonated near the Boston Marathon finish line on 15 April.
On Friday, a Massachusetts funeral director said the main suspect's older brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had died from gunshot wounds and blunt trauma to his head and torso.
The 26-year-old was killed several days after the bombing following a shootout with police, when he was run over by his younger brother as he fled the scene in a vehicle, authorities have already said.
His body was initially taken to another funeral home, where it was greeted by about 20 protesters on Thursday night.

What's in the new order?
This new order is set to take effect on 16 March.
The previous order sparked confusion at airports and mass protests. President Trump claimed the order was to strengthen national security against terror threats.
You can read more about President Trump's US travel ban here.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: It is a well-known tale of high adventure for four children in the 1930s who set off in their sail boat one summer to reach an uninhabited island in the middle of Coniston Water, in the English Lake District.

And Arthur Ransome's famous book about the Walker children - John, Susan, Titty and Roger - is being retold in a new film that comes out on Friday.
But the blonde-haired, quintessentially English children of the film look nothing like the four youngsters who initially inspired Swallows and Amazons. They were Taqui, Susan, Mavis (known to her family as Titty) and Roger Altounyan, an Anglo-Armenian family who lived in Aleppo in Syria.
The Altounyans met Arthur Ransome while on holiday in the Lake District in 1928, and it was their experiences of learning to sail that gave him the idea for his story.
Taqui - a girl who became John in the book, much to her disappointment - would later recall how "Uncle Arthur" helped their father Ernest buy two boats, one of them called Swallow, and would watch them from the pier.
"He would get very testy if he saw us behaving like duffers, ie, in an unseamanlike way," she wrote in her book In Aleppo Once. "Duffers" becomes a key phrase in Swallows and Amazons.
The Altounyans may have lived in Aleppo - where Ernest ran his family's renowned hospital - but they knew the Lake District well.
Their mother Dora was the daughter of William Collingwood, writing partner and secretary to the great Victorian art critic and social thinker John Ruskin, and the family home lay on the edge of Coniston Water.
Ransome was an old friend of Collingwood, and had moved to the Lake District with his Russian wife Evgenia, who had been Trotsky's secretary when they met in Moscow.
Taqui writes that when the family headed back to Syria after their holiday in 1928, they left Ransome pondering whether he should give up his career as a foreign correspondent to write books.
It was a surprise, she says, when one morning a parcel arrived with a book called Swallows and Amazons. It carried the dedication: "To the six for whom it was written in exchange for a pair of slippers" - a reference to the parting gift they had given him of a pair of scarlet Turkish slippers.
She says Ransome later told her he had to turn her into John in order to have another boy in the story. "Titty and Roger were very true to life, Susie we thought a little too good," she wrote.
But the excitement of being the characters in a novel would wane over the years as Swallows and Amazons and its 11 follow-up books turned into a massive success. This was particularly true when the family settled in England.
"They were embarrassed about it," explains Barbara Altounyan, daughter of Roger, who is an audio biographer. "They just wanted to be like everyone else, which was hard enough for them at the time."
Her father, she says, did not mind so much. "But Titty hated it," she adds.
And the relationship between the Altounyans and Ransomes did cool. This may have begun in 1932, when the Ransomes visited Aleppo (bringing with them, by ship, a sailing boat called Peter Duck).
The Ransomes offered to take the then teenage Titty back to England with them, upsetting her parents.
"Uncle Arthur always liked Titty," explains Barbara.
"She was very artistic and imaginative, and so they had a lot in common in that respect. He used to send her snippets of his new book and pictures that he had started to draw, which she could finish. Those pictures ended up in some of the books."
Ransome had "basically insinuated that Aleppo was not a good place to bring up Titty, and they could give her a better life and education in England," says Barbara. Her parents "took great offence, and Arthur and Evgenia left very abruptly".
Ransome was also keen to put some distance between his characters and the Altounyan children, later suggesting his books had also been inspired by his own childhood, holidaying in the Lakes with his own brother and two sisters.
"It is important to stress that the Swallows are fictional characters," says Sophie Neville, President of the Arthur Ransome Society.
"Yes, they are based on the Altounyan children, but Ransome wanted them to be readily identifiable for any child."
Aleppo in recent years has become synonymous with the brutal civil war raging in Syria. Much of it has been destroyed in the sustained fighting between rebels and government forces, and its two million citizens are deprived of basic amenities, food and medicines.
It is a devastating present for a city with such a rich past. One of the world's oldest cities, Aleppo is located at the crossroads of several ancient trade routes, and is thought have been inhabited since 5,000 BC.
The Altounyan hospital was established in the 1890s in the shadow of the city's 13th Century citadel and close to the souks and khans of the Old City.
It was built by the children's grandfather who had spent time learning medicine in the US and the UK. He and his wife, an Irish-Scottish nurse, modelled the hospital on those they had encountered in the West - it would receive regular shipments of equipment and staff from the UK.
As a result, the hospital gained a reputation among dignitaries, colonialists and expatriates as the place to be treated in the region.
Agatha Christie passed through on her way to the digs of northern Syria with her archaeologist husband Max Malloran. Family friend TE Lawrence - Lawrence of Arabia - was treated for tuberculosis at the hospital. EM Forster stayed too.
Barbara admits the family lived a life many in Aleppo would not have experienced: "They did live a very privileged life out there. They had a huge house, with lots of servants."
But, she says, the wealthy clients allowed the Altounyans "to treat ordinary Syrians for free", and tells the story of Roger - who also became a doctor - treating a beggar's son to walk again over the course of two years.
The family's links with Aleppo were severed in the late 1950s, after the Suez crisis, when the Syrian government told them they had 48 hours to leave the country.
Titty and her parents settled in the Lake District. Roger went on to invent a breakthrough inhaler for asthma sufferers.
The family home in Aleppo was flattened, says Barbara, and the hospital was turned into a military school.

As blue lights flashed, I watched the ambulance team at work. But there was no hope. The corpse lay motionless on the pebbles.
This was no scene of crime, however, but a reconstruction for our BBC Four programme about authors in East Anglia.
In fact your chances of finding a body on this coastline are about the same as Norwich winning the Premiership (sorry Canaries fans).
This region has one of the lowest crime rates in the country yet boasts an astonishing preponderance of crime writers.
I'm not sure what the collective noun should be - a dagger, a poison pen? Anyway some of the best-known authors have lived and worked here.
Just think of PD James, Ruth Rendell, Dorothy L Sayers, Margery Allingham, Dick Francis and Nicci French.
So why has this landscape inspired so many macabre mysteries? Accompanied by a team from BBC East, I travelled across Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Cambridgeshire in order to find out.
One of my favourite places is Dunwich on the Suffolk coast. I've often braved the elements and pebbles to swim here.
Eight hundred years ago it was the capital of East Anglia and an international port; at its height rivalling 14th Century London. But violent storms and erosion have swept it all away. Local legend has it that you can hear the bells from churches under the sea on a windy night.
Sometimes the drowned graveyards yield up bones onto the beach, a macabre idea that rather appealed to PD James.
In fact, I met members of a local reading group who told me about an old man who used a skull as a football when he was a boy. No wonder her fictional character Adam Dalgliesh thrived in this landscape where sky and sea merge to create an aura of mystery.
As I discovered, crime writers see the world in a rather different way, wearing the reverse of rose-tinted glasses.
Henry Sutton teaches creative writing at the University of East Anglia and is himself a successful crime writer.
We met on sand dunes on the outskirts of Great Yarmouth.
Sutton told me: "This is an area which has been designated outstanding natural beauty, so to me the most dramatic thing I can do with that is to put in right at the centre of that, perhaps over there a badly-mutilated naked corpse."
He agreed with me that there's a bond between this flat windswept coastline and Scandinavian noir.
"You know just a short way across the North Sea they are kindred crime spirits. There's no doubt about that. This to me feels Henning Mankell, feels like The Bridge, or even The Killing. There is a real closeness, a kindred sense of crime space."
Part of the charm of East Anglia are the remote communities you find which feel untouched by modern life. Dorothy L Sayers was inspired by the isolation of the Fens for one of my favourite books, The Nine Tailors.
Featuring her aristocratic detective Lord Peter Wimsey, this novel is set in a remote village in the landscape that was reclaimed from the sea 500 years ago.
That created a battle with nature which continues today. That sense of impending doom, the chaining of natural forces, gives a literal undercurrent to Sayers' writing.
We journeyed from the 1930s - in a vintage car - to cutting-edge modern crime fiction written by the husband and wife team Nicci French.
They're responsible for more than 20 bestsellers. I was gripped by their story which is set on an island, a fictionalised version of Mersea Island off the Essex coast which they infuse with a sense of menace as in this extract.
"I used to love Sandling island at night: the silence, the slap and murmur of water, the smell of salt and mud, the chime of halliards and the forlorn cry of birds. Now it terrified me."
If your mental picture of East Anglia conjures up brightly painted beach huts at Southwold or charming flint-built churches, you just need to turn to the region's famous crime writers to send a shiver down your spine.
The Books that Made Britain, featuring Martha Kearney, was broadcast on BBC Four and is now available on BBC iPlayer
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Aberdeen sealed a spot in the Scottish Cup final by edging out holders Hibernian in a Hampden thriller.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Jonny Hayes scored the crucial goal, with the help of a big deflection off Darren McGregor, as Derek McInnes' men won 3-2.
The Pittodrie men had gone 2-0 up thanks to goals from Adam Rooney and Ryan Christie but a Grant Holt header and Dylan McGeouch's excellent goal hauled Hibs level.
Here, former Hibs captain Craig Paterson and former Aberdeen skipper Russell Anderson rate the players on show at Hampden.
He didn't have a chance with the first and third goals, and his wall didn't help him at the second. Almost scored an equaliser when he came up at the end.
Got forward when he could and defended well against a top player in Jonny Hayes.
A rare mistake from Darren for Aberdeen's opening goal and he was very unlucky when Hayes' winner deflected off him. In between those incidents he was his usual solid self.
He has been excellent since coming to Easter Road and did nothing wrong at Hampden. Battled on despite struggling after half time with an allergic reaction.
Did exactly what Lewis Stevenson does - he churned out yet another solid performance.
He sent in a magnificent cross for Holt's goal and proved a threat all afternoon.
Strange to see him giving the ball away for Aberdeen's opener but the midfielder then did everything he could to get Hibs back into the game.
A colossus for Neil Lennon's side. Bartley gets on with the hard work and graft to get the ball back whenever Hibs lose it.
Unlucky to be subbed early on and the fact he had been booked may have been the deciding factor.
Didn't cover himself in glory at Aberdeen's second when he broke away from the two-man wall but he scored a great goal to make it 2-2.
He worked hard and is clearly Hibs' best finisher, but he didn't get a look at goal today.
The big striker turned the game when he came on, scoring the first and setting up the second. Couldn't have done much better.
Didn't make any impact on the game.
Wasn't on for long enough to make an impact.
The keeper did what he had to do and had no chance with any of Hibs' goals.
He backed up the play whenever he could and also defended well when called upon. A solid performance.
Didn't have much to do early on but when Hibs turned the screw he stood up very well to their attacks. Consistent as usual.
He defended well up against a very good striker in Jason Cummings but found it tougher once Holt came on for Hibs. Made a great late challenge that sealed the win.
Worked well alongside Taylor in dealing with Cummings but found it more difficult after the introduction of Holt.
Started further up the pitch than usual and showed great energy to win the ball for the first goal. That was typical of his showing throughout.
At times he was very good. He played slightly deeper again to try to control the game and his passing was excellent.
He scored the second goal and he takes great credit for going for the near post to surprise Hibs.
He was solid and showed a fine range of passing when Aberdeen were well in control of the game. Nice and composed.
Tried to get at Hibs whenever he could and was a threat with his pace all day. Got lucky for the winning goal after getting himself into a great position.
Started off brilliantly and produced a composed finish to fire Aberdeen into the early lead. Offered plenty when Aberdeen were dominating but feel out of the game as it went on,
Did well in the physical battle with Holt and provided a great pass for Hayes at the winner.
He carried the ball well and fitted perfectly into the shape when he came on.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Championship side Morton take on Aberdeen in a 12:15 BST kick-off on Saturday, 22 October.
Scottish Premiership leaders Celtic meet Glasgow rivals Rangers on the following day at 14:15.
BBC Radio Scotland will provide live commentary of both matches, with the online broadcast supplemented by text coverage on the BBC Sport website.
Celtic were 5-1 winners against Rangers when they met on league duty at Celtic Park on 10 September.
But Rangers won a penalty shoot-out when the sides met at Hampden in the last four of the Scottish Cup last season, with Celtic prevailing at the same venue at the same stage of the League Cup in 2015.
This is the fifth time Morton have reached this stage of the tournament, the most recent coming in 1979 when they lost out to Aberdeen.
The Dons, who have won the League Cup on six occasions, have beaten the Greenock outfit another four times in the competition since that Hampden victory.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Gary Lineker says it is "nauseating" to be involved in football after seven Fifa officials were arrested on charges of receiving more than £100m in bribes.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

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['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', "The victims all worked at the plant 100km (62 miles) east of Porto.\nThe factory's owner was among the dead and several members of his family were either dead or missing, said local mayor Francisco Lopes.\nSome of the victims were found outside the factory, apparently propelled from the building by the force of the blast.\nAn initial explosion happened shortly after 17:30 (16:30 GMT) on Tuesday, followed by two more blasts, reports said.\nFive bodies were found late on Tuesday and emergency workers found a sixth victim some 200m (650ft) from the site, minister Jorge Gomes told Portuguese media. The search was being extended to a radius of 800m, he added, because of the scale of the explosion.\nThe factory was described as a family business.\nAs investigators tried to identify the victims, the mayor said that almost all of the eight caught up in the blast were members of Egas Sequeira's family. Mr Sequeira was among those feared dead along with one of his daughters and a son-in-law, Portuguese media said.\nThe owner's wife had left the building just before the explosion and survived but two other family members were among the missing.\nOfficials were initially unable to enter the site because of the potential risk to their safety. Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was due to visit the scene on Wednesday."] == ['represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'Six people died and another two were missing after an explosion on Tuesday evening destroyed a fireworks factory near the Portuguese town of Lamego.']

Media playback is not supported on this device
Swiss police made dawn raids in Zurich where officials were staying before Friday's presidential election.
A separate criminal investigation into how the 2018 and 2022 World Cups were allocated has also begun.
"It looks awful on the world governance of football, it is a wonderful sport," said the former England captain.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Match of the Day presenter Lineker, 54, has also called for a suspension to Friday's vote and for the bidding process for the World Cup in 2018, due to be held in Russia, and Qatar 2022 to be run again.
Fifa has already ruled out a revote, insisting the hosts would not change and "welcomed" the investigations, which it said it had instigated.
Fifa president Sepp Blatter, who  is not among those arrested, has been in power since 1998 and faces Prince Ali bin al-Hussein of Jordan in Friday's election as he seeks a fifth term.
How do you react to today's news?
I suppose it is surprising in terms of the timing and scale of it but I don't think any of us are particularly surprised about the allegations of corruption within Fifa.
There has already been many examples of that in previous years but I think it just shows you how deeply engrained within the corporation it is.
Fifa says it welcomes any investigations into wrongdoing, is it doing enough?
Fifa's clearly not doing enough. It's not done enough in terms of corruption that's for sure. Of course it says it welcomes investigations but how many people left in Fifa have not been accused of various wrongdoings.
It is quite clear that either Fifa needs to be completely transparent, they need to pretty much start again or it needs to be taken out of their hands. The major federations need to boycott Fifa.
If you got the English, the Germans, the Spanish, the Italians, the Americans, the Brazilians and major forces in world football come together and say we've had enough of this, it is time we come together and say listen we've had enough of this, it's time we do things differently more transparently, the way the game deserves.
Is there a will out there for this to happen?
I think this will help towards getting the result we'd all like and have wanted for some time. It will be interesting because Fifa tends to find a way of wriggling out of things.
In any other corporation, if there was so many things that were found to be corrupt, then the man at the top would go - but that doesn't seem to be the case with Fifa.
Sepp Blatter faces an election in two days' time, where does it leave him?
It wouldn't surprise me if the election went ahead and he walked away with it as he always seems to do. He has all the people he needs on his side, that's how you get money into your particular area of the world.
None of them would want to vote for someone that might lose because it weakens their position in Fifa. The election should be suspended for now - common sense should prevail - but common sense doesn't always exist in the towers of Fifa.
Should the 2018 and 2022 tournament bids be looked at again?
There are now major investigations not just concerning Fifa and corruption but also the two bids - World Cups 2018 and 2022 - so a lot will depend on how rotten it was and how corrupt the voting process was.
If it is substantial enough then I don't think they will have any option but to rethink and revote. It is a mess, it is a huge mess, but it is something that needs to happen and the sooner the better.
How does it look on the world governance of football?
It looks awful on the world governance of football, it is a wonderful sport. It is completely nauseating to be involved in football and have to suffer this ongoing embarrassment to the game that is the governing body.

It comes after a tumultuous nine days for his organisation, amid claims of "systemic and deep-rooted" corruption.
Seven Fifa officials were held in a dawn raid last week in Zurich as they gathered for a congress which saw Mr Blatter re-elected for a fifth term.
Four days later, Mr Blatter announced he would step down early from the post.
He said he would remain at work until Fifa had chosen his successor in the coming months.
As part of an indictment alleging widespread corruption within Fifa over a period exceeding two decades, the US Department of Justice has charged 14 Fifa officials and associates, including the seven held in Zurich by Swiss police at the behest of US authorities. There are no charges against Mr Blatter himself.
Thursday saw several developments in the story:
In a statement issued on Thursday evening from Fifa HQ in Zurich, Mr Blatter reported that he had held a "a good, constructive meeting to establish a framework for action and a timetable" with Domenico Scala, chairman of the organisation's audit and compliance committee.
The statement added that "president Blatter and Mr Scala are now working on the process to instigate meaningful reform of the administration and structure of Fifa".
It further quoted Mr Blatter as saying: "I want a comprehensive programme of reform and I am very aware that only the Fifa congress can pass these reforms. Furthermore, the executive committee has a particular duty to share the responsibility of driving this process."
Mr Blatter tweeted a picture of himself "working hard at reforms".
More on the indicted Fifa officials
Mr Warner resigned from all football activity in 2011 amid bribery allegations and later stepped down as Trinidad and Tobago's security minister amid a fraud inquiry.
In a TV address, he said: "At the age of 72 I have no intention of allowing them to deprive me of my freedom. I reasonably fear for my life. I have decided I will no longer keep secrets.
"I have compiled a comprehensive series of documents, including cheques and corroborated statements, and have placed them in different and respected hands.
"These documents detail my knowledge in the following matters: the link between Fifa, its funding and me; the links between Fifa, its funding and the United National Congress [Trinidad's governing party].
"These documents also deal with my knowledge of certain transactions at Fifa including, but not limited to, its president Sepp Blatter."
Mr Warner, who denies the charges against him but faces extradition to the US, was released on bail after handing himself in to police in the Trinidad and Tobago capital of Port of Spain last week.
Jack Warner: The US charge sheet
Another former top Fifa official and key witness, American Chuck Blazer, has admitted accepting bribes.
The US justice department alleges the 14 people charged worldwide accepted bribes and kickbacks estimated at more than $150m (Â£97m) over a 24-year period. Four others have already been charged, including Mr Blazer.
Mr Warner's address came hours after the details of Mr Blazer's 2013 plea bargain came to light, including the admission that he and other officials had accepted bribes in connection with the 2010 World Cup bid, which saw the tournament awarded to South Africa.
Mr Blazer was the second highest official in Fifa's North and Central American and Caribbean region (Concacaf) from 1990 to 2011 - serving as general secretary while Mr Warner was president - and also served on Fifa's executive committee between 1997 and 2013.
In addition to the US case, Swiss authorities have launched a criminal investigation into how the 2018 and 2022 World Cups were awarded to Russia and Qatar respectively.
A law enforcement official quoted by Reuters news agency said the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in addition to examining events during Mr Blazer's time at the helm of Concacaf, was also looking into how the 2018 and 2022 World Cups were awarded. Both countries have denied any wrongdoing in the bidding process.
The authorities in Qatar say they are confident they will not be stripped of their right to host the 2022 tournament.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A man charged with murdering Clydebank teenager Paige Doherty has made his second appearance in court.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence The provided query could be "['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'Emergency services were called to Holyhead\'s Newry Beach at about 22:50 GMT on Sunday.\nThe woman was pronounced dead at the scene. Officers believe she is local to the area, although no formal identification has taken place.\nThe death is not being treated as suspicious and the coroner as been informed.\nInsp Jason Higgins of North Wales Police said: "We are now in the process of locating and informing her family. Our thoughts are with them at this very difficult time"']" and the positive "['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', "A woman's body has been discovered at a beach on Anglesey, police have said."]"

John Leathem, 31, was fully committed for trial at Dumbarton Sheriff Court on Friday. He made no plea or declaration and was returned to custody.
Paige's body was found in a wooded area just off Great Western Road in Clydebank at lunchtime on 21 March.
The teenager was last seen near a deli in the town before setting off for her part-time hairdressing job.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The blaze in the Aberdeenshire town's High Street in May that year claimed the life of 43-year-old Gordon Graham.
Barry Henderson, 41, from Fraserburgh, was charged with murder and attempted murder when he appeared at Peterhead Sheriff Court.
He made no plea and was released on bail.