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Question: Tyson Fury's boxing licence will not be reinstated until after his UK Anti-Doping (Ukad) hearing - which promoter Frank Warren fears could be in October.

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Ukad last week postponed a hearing into the Briton testing positive for a banned substance in February 2015.
Fury, 28, had hoped to box in July but the British Boxing Board of Control told BBC Sport he is suspended "until the matter is dealt with by Ukad".
Ukad, which has not given a timeframe, does not comment on individual cases.
BBBofC general secretary Robert Smith said: "I haven't seen any new dates yet. I presume they are trying to sort them out with legal advisors but until that hearing, his licence is suspended."
Warren described the postponement of the hearing as a "liberty" and suggested the government could "intervene".
"Ukad have got a problem," said Warren. "He's entitled to make a living. If he's done wrong then get it over with. How can this be right? Why does it drag on from 2015?"
Fury also faces potential repercussions for refusing to fulfil a later test based on perceived persecution by Ukad.
Warren asserts this took place when the former heavyweight champion of the world was struggling to cope with depression and that when Fury's uncle and trainer called Ukad "an hour later", they "refused to come back".
Fury, 28, and his cousin and fellow heavyweight Hughie Fury, 22, were charged by Ukad in June 2016 as a result of urine tests conducted 14 months earlier which showed traces of nandrolone.
Between the failed tests and charge, Tyson Fury claimed the WBA, IBF and WBO world titles from Wladimir Klitschko, while Hughie Fury fought four times.
Both men deny any wrongdoing but their hearing was postponed after over two days when Ukad cited a "potential conflict of interest" on its panel.
Hughie Fury is still free to compete but Tyson lost his licence in October 2016 as the BBBofC moved "pending further investigation into anti-doping and medical issues".
If the case is dismissed, Warren hopes Fury will fight on 8 July on the undercard of Billy Joe Saunders' WBO middleweight title defence against Avtandil Khurtsidze in London.

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Phillips was set to become the third Welshmen to fight in UFC but has been denied permission to fight in the USA.
Phillips must now wait for a 'subject access report' which can take up to 40 days to be completed.
Phillips, who had previously explained his excitement at signing with UFC, was not available for comment.
The UFC also declined to comment.


Question:
this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article
------
E.g. given '['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'A man has been charged with causing death by dangerous driving following a crash in County Tyrone at the weekend.']' it should be close to '['represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence\n\n\nTo give you a sense - "Sheeran, who is an ambassador for East Anglia\'s Children\'s Hospices (EACH), donated 21 items for the £10m appeal to build a new hospice in Norfolk.\nThe highest-valued item was a camouflage hoodie which fetched £990.\nEarlier this year, other items of Sheeran\'s clothing raised thousands of pounds for several charities in Suffolk.\nSheeran, from Framlingham, Suffolk, has just returned to the top of the UK singles chart with Thinking Out Loud, while his latest album X has sold over a million copies in the UK.\nEACH began the Nook Appeal earlier this year to build a new centre at Framingham Earl to replace the one at Quidenham in Norfolk.\nSheeran posted a message about the latest auction to his millions of followers on Twitter on 28 November.\nHe wrote: "I donated all my favourite clothes to @EACH_hospices including all my hoodies."\nAlso sold on eBay, alongside four hoodies, were a "previously-owned" T-shirt featuring Boba Fett from Star Wars, which fetched £251, and a pair of Adidas trainers, which raised £275.\nSimon Hempsall, marketing manager for EACH, said: "We\'re extremely grateful to Ed for this fairly unique fundraising opportunity for the Nook Appeal and have been blown away by the response to the auction - helped in no small way by him tweeting it to his 11.4 million followers."" should be close to "Clothes owned by singer Ed Sheeran have been sold for £7,500 to raise money for a children\'s hospice."', 'A man in his 40s died after the collision involving a lorry and a van in Strabane on Saturday.\nIt happened at Melmount Road, Victoria Bridge, at about 22:00 BST.\nA 49-year-old man is due to appear in court in Enniskillen later. He also faces a number of other charges, including driving without insurance.']' but not to '['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', "Joetta Shumba, 25, died in an Audi that was in collision with a lorry, which overturned, on 24 January.\nMartin Grant, 29, of Jacey Road, Birmingham, has been charged with causing death by dangerous driving, and is due at Manchester and Salford Magistrates' Court on Tuesday.\nRoad closures were put in place as emergency crews cleared up at the scene."]'.

Question: In Facebook's first foray into the transportation business, the firm has agreed to work with Uber to allow users to hail Uber cabs directly from the Messenger app.

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The new service means Messenger users will be able to ask for an Uber vehicle without leaving the Facebook software.
Users will not need to download the Uber app separately.
"Uber on Messenger" began in parts of the US this week, the two firms said.
The companies announced their new venture via separate blogs.
Facebook has some 1.5 billion users globally and Uber is the world's biggest driver-hailing app in terms of financing.
If successful, the partnership between the firms will give Uber access to many new and potential clients - Facebook's Messenger app has some 700 million users worldwide.
"With the ability to request, view, and pay for an Uber ride in Messenger, taking your next ride is as simple as sending a message," Uber said on its news blog.
"You can request a ride from a car service without ever needing to download an extra app or leave a conversation," Facebook explained.
The social media giant said the new transportation function on its Messenger app was part of its ongoing development.
"More countries and other transportation partners will be available soon," it added.
Facebook also said the service would be "super easy".
"Driver status updates and payment receipts will get delivered to a private conversation between you and Uber," the firm explained.
"With everything in one place, you can seamlessly keep track of your ride and payment history."
Uber and Facebook said they would offer users their first ride for free - for a trip worth up to $20 (£13.37). Facebook said the offer would be in place for a limited time.
In April, the social media giant removed its instant messaging service from its main mobile app and said users would have to download the Messenger app in order to send and receive messages on their smartphones.
San Francisco-based Uber was founded six years ago. It has operations in about 60 countries but has faced opposition in various parts of the world.
Earlier this year, Facebook bought the messaging service WhatsApp for $19bn (£11bn).

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Waze gives traffic conditions and driving directions in real time.
Since May Google has been running a pilot carpooling service, which uses Waze to connect drivers and passengers near its California headquarters.
But by the end of the year anyone in the Bay Area will be able to request a ride, using the Waze app.
If successful, Google may look to expand the service to other cities.
The move may undercut its rivals, as Waze charges cheaper rates.
Under the pilot program, Waze charged riders a maximum of 54 cents a mile with no booking fee.
Same, same but different?
Waze aims to connect drivers and potential passengers heading in the same direction and the charges to passengers cover the cost of fuel and maintenance.
It is a different model from Uber and Lyft, where drivers use their own cars to offer rides for profit.
Over the last few years Google and Uber have started to compete in the fast-growing transport business.
Both firms are developing driverless cars, with Uber set to launch road tests in Pittsburgh soon.
Uber has also begun developing its own mapping software.
Both Uber and Lyft are estimated to be worth billions of dollars but have yet to turn a profit.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: London Stadium is a major step closer to hosting matches at the 2019 Cricket World Cup, after it was found to have a potential playing surface big enough for one-day internationals.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

It emerged last month the England and Wales Cricket Board was considering  high-capacity venues at the request of the International Cricket Council.
The 60,000-seat London Stadium is much larger than any UK cricket ground.
However, a number of other feasibility issues must be addressed.
To stage cricket, the stadium's seating configuration would be similar to that used for athletics, rather than as employed by tenants West Ham United for football matches.
Obstacles to overcome include the cost-effectiveness of turfing the entire playing area and the suitability of drop-in pitches, which are rarely used in the UK.
And, even though the tournament, which runs from 30 May to 15 July, is unlikely to encroach on either the football season or athletics' Anniversary Games, there must be sufficient time to convert the stadium.
If all of these challenges can be met then it is likely the stadium, which hosted the 2012 Olympics, will be used for a small portion of the World Cup, perhaps a one-week window, rather than throughout the seven-week competition.
Eleven traditional cricket venues - Lord's, The Oval, Trent Bridge, Edgbaston, Old Trafford, Headingley, Cardiff, Southampton, Chester-le-Street, Taunton and Bristol - are in line to host matches.
Of that list, Lord's has the highest capacity - about 30,000.
However, the ICC is keen to replicate the 2015 World Cup in Australia and New Zealand, which saw attendances in excess of 90,000 in Melbourne, and games held at other large stadiums in Sydney, Adelaide and Auckland.
Of those, Auckland's Eden Park, traditionally a rugby ground, has dimensions that left the straight boundaries incredibly short.
London Stadium has previously been considered by Essex for domestic Twenty20 matches.

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The club have confirmed they have made an approach to "utilise space in the Olympic Stadium".
The pair are the fourth party to launch a bid.
West Ham United confirmed they were one of the candidates last Friday, which was the deadline day for applications.
Essex said in a statement: "We can confirm that the University of East London and Essex County Cricket Club have jointly put in a bid to the Olympic Park Legacy Company (OPLC) to utilise space in the Olympic Stadium.
"We cannot provide any further detail at this stage, as we are bound by a legal confidentiality agreement.
"We [...] see this as a fantastic opportunity [and] are committed to supporting the achievement of the best possible outcomes from the legacy operation of the Olympic Stadium."
West Ham were initially awarded the stadium in a partnership with Newham Council in October last year, but the deal fell through following complaints from rival clubs Tottenham Hotspur and Leyton Orient.
The OPLC subsequently decided the venue would remain in public ownership, retaining the athletics facilities, and opened a fresh bidding process to find a tenant, which ended last week.
It is not known at this stage whether the proposal from Essex and UEL, who are based in Stratford, combines a cricket pitch with the athletics track.
The Melbourne Cricket Ground was temporarily adapted to accommodate track and field sports for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
County Championship Division Two side Essex currently play in Chelmsford, their home for 87 years, and announced profits of over £300,000 for 2011.
However, that figure included "exceptional income" from the England and Wales Cricket Board to cover the cost of previous ground improvements.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The total area covered by solar farms in Devon, Cornwall, Dorset and Somerset has increased by about 10,000% in the last five years, it has emerged.

Industry figures showed that in 2009 solar farms covered 24 acres and last year they covered 2,420 acres.
Opponents say solar farms will drive tourists away from the area, which relies on its natural beauty for tourism.
Industry body Regen SW said there was no evidence they affected tourism.
One of the latest applications to South Hams District Council in Devon is for a solar farm of about 26 acres, surrounded by a 2m (7ft) high fence and monitored by security cameras, at Place Barton Farm at Moreleigh, near Totnes.
Garden designer Alice Blount, an opponent of the plans, said: "We already have one at Diptford which is just under three miles away from here. There is another at Blackawton and another two have just been given planning permission nearby.
"It seems as if the whole of this area is going to be smothered in glass panels and we really don't want that."
But Merlyn Hyman of Regen SW said the overall landmass covered by solar farms was "still very small" and less than 0.057% of the counties' total landmass.
"I do think it is important that solar farms are developed in the right place," he said.
"Tourism is an important source of revenue for the South West.
"But there isn't any evidence that renewables have had any impact on tourism.
"In Cornwall, the growth of tourism has gone very much hand in hand with the growth in renewables and particularly wind turbines."
British Solar Renewables, which is behind the Place Barton scheme, said it was "committed to striking the right balance between generating clean energy, supporting both agriculture and the natural environment".
It said the solar farm was "well screened" and, if granted planning permission, it would generate enough renewable energy to power about 1,250 homes.

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Wind turbines alone provided enough electricity to supply 95% of Scottish homes.
WWF Scotland analysed renewables data provided by WeatherEnergy.
It also found that in several parts of Scotland, homes fitted with solar PV panels had enough sunshine to generate more than 100% of the electricity needs of an average household.
Wind turbines provided 863,495 MWh of electricity to the National Grid during May, an increase of almost 20% compared to May 2016 when wind energy provided 692,896 MWh.
Overall the data showed that wind generated enough output to supply 100% or more of Scottish homes on 11 of the 31 days in May.
Scotland's total electricity consumption, including homes, business and industry, last month was 1,857,566 MWh. Wind power generated the equivalent of 46% of Scotland's entire electricity needs for the month.
Dr Sam Gardner, acting director of WWF Scotland, said: "Despite the disappointment of last week's announcement that President Trump is to pull the US out of the Paris Agreement, the global energy revolution is unstoppable and continues at pace here in Scotland.
"May proved to be another great month for renewables with the wind sector meeting 95% of the electricity needs of Scotland's households.
"On one day in particular, 15 May, output from turbines generated enough electricity to power 190% of homes or 99% of Scotland's total electricity demand. Month after month, renewables play a vital role in cutting carbon emissions and powering the Scottish economy."
Homes with solar PV (photovoltaic) panels generated over 100% of average household electricity needs in Aberdeen, Dumfries, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness and Lerwick.
The sunniest place was Lerwick on the Shetland Islands, which generated 114% of an average household electricity demand. It was followed closely by Dundee with 112%.
Dr Gardner added: "Thanks to a super sunny month, solar was on sizzling form and could have met more than 100% of household electricity demand in towns and cities across Scotland."
There was also enough sunshine to generate more than 90% of an average household's hot water needs with solar hot water panels in Aberdeen, Dumfries, Dundee, Lerwick, Perth, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness and Stirling.
Karen Robinson, of WeatherEnergy, said: "Scotland again managed to pump out clean power by the bucket load during May.
"While people might not be too surprised to learn solar power output was up in May, they might be surprised to discover that wind power output was also pretty impressive."
Across the UK, solar panels provided a record amount of power on 26 May, when the National Grid reported a 8.5 GWh peak over a half-hour from midday, almost a quarter of total demand.


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Question: Chinese President Xi Jinping has promised to strengthen protections on intellectual property and clear obstacles to investment in China, at a meeting with US technology leaders.

Speaking in Seattle he said: "Without reform, there will be no driving force; without opening up, there will be no progress."
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos and Apple CEO Tim Cook were among those attending.
US companies are eager to tap into China's massive market of consumers.
Mr Xi addressed recent China's recent economic troubles, and said the government was taking steps to address it.
However he said, "I believe in the long run that the fundamentals of the Chinese economy are good."
Oh to have been a fly on the wall when President Xi sat down with Apple's Tim Cook, Amazon's Jeff Bezos, Satya Nadella of Microsoft and other US technology leaders. We are told the conversation covered regulation and clean energy - but surely there must have been something juicier?
The truth is that China and the tech giants both need and fear each other. The technology firms know it is where their future profits should come from - Apple now makes about a quarter of its revenue from China, while Amazon despite years of investment is still struggling to make an impact. For China, demand for American technology products is what keeps millions in manufacturing jobs.
But while both China and the US appear committed to expanding their technology relationship, their very different views on internet freedom mean progress will be difficult.
But at a time when demand for technology products is fragile, China still looks like a huge opportunity for growth. That is why the tech tycoons will have tried their best to charm their visitor.
Mr Xi stressed that reaching agreements to ensure continued robust international trade was a top priority.
US officials have said the two counties have made progress in negotiating a new trade agreement, but key issues remain unresolved.
Former US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson moderated a closed-door discussion with more than 30 business leaders before Mr Xi's public remarks.
Representatives from Twitter and Google were notably missing from the event. China blocks those companies' websites.
However, Mark Zuckerberg the chief executive of Facebook, which is also blocked in China, met with Mr Xi during the forum.
Mr Xi travels to Washington DC on Thursday to meet US President Barack Obama.

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Speaking in Seattle at the start of his state visit to the US, Mr Xi said foreign firms were welcome in China, and that Beijing would not manipulate its currency to boost exports.
He also denied Beijing engages in hacking but said China would co-operate with Washington on the issue.
Both issues have led to strained ties.
Hacking and economic reforms are expected to come up when Mr Xi meets his US counterpart Barack Obama at the White House on Friday.
James Cook, West Coast Correspondent, BBC News
Xi Jinping's speech at a banquet in Seattle was wide-ranging, friendly and colourful, sprinkled with Chinese proverbs and references to American culture. From Sleepless in Seattle to Walt Whitman, Mr Xi lavished praise on the culture of his hosts.
He was particularly taken, he said, with Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea which follows a fisherman's epic struggle to land a huge marlin.
The president talked about China's struggles too, giving a personal account of his tough teenage years working with peasants in a poor village, with no meat to eat for months on end.
Now the village had an internet connection, as well as plentiful meat, he said. It was a subtle rebuke to rich Westerners who criticise China's rise, reminding them where his country is rising from.
Pointedly for an American audience, he referred to the Chinese Dream which was linked, he said, to his people's yearning for a better life.
When pop met political: Sleepless in Seattle and other things about Xi's speech
Ahead of Mr Xi's visit, business leaders had re-iterated the difficulties US firms have operating in China and the deteriorating outlook for the economy.
China's economy, which has grown rapidly in recent years, is beginning to slow, causing global concern about a fall in demand for global goods.
Recent dramatic losses on the Chinese stock markets, despite government interventions, have led to questions over how well the government is managing the slowdown.
But Mr Xi told a dinner meeting of business leaders on Tuesday night that ensuring robust international trade was a top priority for China.
"China will never close its open door to the outside world," Mr Xi said in Chinese.
He called for "more understanding and trust" between the US and China, and "less estrangement and suspicion".
"Should they enter into conflict and confrontation, it would lead to disaster for both countries and the world at large," he said.
The US has recently alleged that the Chinese state was behind a massive data security breach of government databases as well as attacks on private firms.
But Mr Xi said China was "a strong defender of cyber security" as well as a "victim of hacking".
"The Chinese government will not, in whatever form, engage in commercial thefts or encourage or support such attempts by anyone," he said.
"Both commercial cyber theft and hacking against a government's networks are crimes that must be punished in accordance with law and relevant international treaties."
Mr Xi is meeting a number of prominent business and technology leaders during his time in the US, and will be visiting the major Boeing aeroplane construction site in Everett, Washington state.
Chinese state news agency Xinhua reported on Wednesday that Boeing has signed deals to supply 300 jets to Chinese airlines and leasing firms during the visit.
It also signed an agreement with a Chinese state-owned company to set up a completion centre for Boeing 737 planes, said Xinhua.
Mr Xi will be hosted at the White House for a state dinner on 25 September, and is due to give a speech to the UN General Assembly in New York on 28 September.


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Question: Jump racing moved into a new era following the retirement of AP McCoy last April, with Richard Johnson taking the opportunity to achieve a long-held dream.

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Johnson was crowned champion jockey this weekend, having finished runner-up on 16 occasions - every time to McCoy, who won the title on 20 successive occasions.
Paul Nicholls was the top trainer for the 10th time in 11 seasons and, considering he had just two successes in valuable Grade One races, did tremendously well to hold on to the title ahead of Willie Mullins.
The Grand National, meanwhile, was won by Rule The World, ridden by 19-year-old David Mullins for trainer Mouse Morris.
As the first post-McCoy jump racing season draws to a close, here are my thoughts on the significant moments and achievements.
A public vote gave the jumps horse of the year accolade to Thistlecrack on Saturday. Yet the Colin Tizzard-trained eight-year-old - named after a field on the West Country farm of owners John and Heather Snook - did not win by the proverbial field, as a string of equine stars shone in what was a vintage campaign.
The undisputed champion of long distance hurdling, Thistlecrack beat off competition from a sparkling quartet of Annie Power, Tizzard's Cue Card, Don Cossack and Sprinter Sacre.
Anyone of the 'finalists' would have been the worthiest of winners, especially the remarkable Sprinter Sacre, who overcame a heart condition and severe loss of form to regain his Queen Mother Champion Chase title at the Cheltenham Festival. I hope they're all back for next season's marquee events.
Cue Card, already successful in the Betfair and King George VI Chases, was very much on course for the Jockey Club's new £1m 'Steeplechasing Triple Crown' when falling at the third-to-last fence in the Cheltenham Gold Cup.
We will never know what might have happened had the hugely-popular 10-year-old stayed on his feet, but his legion of fans were quick to note that, when making a triumphant return to the winners' circle at Aintree barely three weeks later, Cue Card had the Gold Cup's second and third-placed horses trailing in his wake.
However, Cue Card's unscheduled departure was not the season's only expensive one: had the Willie Mullins-trained Vautour won rather than crashing out - when cruising - of Aintree's Melling Chase, Mullins would have won £112,260 in prize money and beaten Paul Nicholls to be champion trainer. Ouch.
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Lizzie Kelly carved out a significant piece of horseracing history when becoming the first woman to ride the winner of a top-of-the-tree, Grade One jumps race in Britain when guiding Tea For Two to victory at Kempton on Boxing Day.
Only a few weeks later, Kelly - again riding for her trainer-step-father Nick Williams - landed Europe's richest handicap hurdle, staged at Newbury in February, on Agrapart.
There were further success in National Hunt races for the Ireland-based pair Nina Carberry and Katie Walsh and plenty of others. It means surely that the sport's perennial question - will a female jockey ever win the Grand National? - will be answered sooner rather than later, in the affirmative.
The idea has been mooted over recent weeks as Richard Johnson - 'Dickie' throughout jump racing - as it became clear that he was going to land his first title with a display of the same kind of ruthless dominance for which AP McCoy became famous.
The new champion, easily the second most successful jump jockey of all time, sailed by the 3,000-winner mark in January, but still needs 1,300 more to catch his old friend and rival, and by my maths, even at his current prolific rate, that would take five-and-half years. At 38, he's among the most senior members of the jockeys' changing-room.
So it is possible, but unlikely. Johnson has said it would have been lovely to have beaten McCoy, but he is now just concentrating on defending his crown; the bookies make him long odds-on to beat Aidan Coleman, Sam Twiston-Davies and Co once again.
The first two names are easy. Trainer Dan Skelton and his jockey-brother Harry, sons of Olympic gold medal-winning showjumper Nick, both reached a century of winners for the first time.
Dan is an former assistant to Paul Nicholls, The 10-time champion trainer is likely to have his work cut out to hold off future challenges to his title from Willie Mullins, but the skills he passed on to his protégé will ensure that the Skeltons are not too far behind.
Scotland-born Craig Nichol was the champion conditional jockey [jumps apprentice] and has made a big impression on the northern circuit, but the pendulum among the young riders is likely to swing south now, with David Noonan and Harry Cobden tipped as up-and-coming talents.
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The double Olympic cycling champion swept aside a torrent of sceptics and their brickbats to not only complete the course in the Cheltenham Festival's Foxhunters Chase, but also finish in a highly creditable fifth place.
That was an astonishing achievement for somebody, however accomplished a sportsperson in another field, to pull off from scratch in a little over 12 months, and amid so much media scrutiny.
Pendleton's participation and evident passion about racing has provided a major boost for the sport - especially the point-to-pointing circuit, where she did much of her training - and the fact that she plans to keep on going can only be a plus. With more practice, an even better big-race finishing position may soon be beckoning.

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Records aplenty can be set by the Many Clouds team as the Oliver Sherwood-trained nine-year-old - the age group that has provided most winners, incidentally - goes for a repeat success in the £1m Crabbie's Grand National under jockey Leighton Aspell.
The horse, owned by businessman Trevor Hemmings, attempts to become the first since Red Rum in 1973 and 1974 to win back-to-back runnings of the famous steeplechase, first staged in 1839. In the history of the race, seven have been successful twice, though only Abd-El-Kader (1850 and 1851), The Colonel (1869 and 1870), and Reynoldstown (1935 and 1936) have done so in consecutive seasons.
Hemmings, meanwhile, is attempting to become the first owner to win the race four times, after previous successes with Hedgehunter (2005), Ballabriggs (2011) and Many Clouds. Aspell, who also rode Pineau De Re to victory in 2014, would be the first jockey to win three Nationals in a row.
The 39-year-old has partnered Many Clouds in all of his 24 races to date, most recently a breathtaking round of jumping to win a valuable race at Kelso.
Before Saturday's race, in which the horse carries only a pound more in the handicap than 12 months ago, Aspell said: "You don't want to tempt fate, but I'm on a good horse, the top weight, who's favourite and deserves to be favourite on everything he's done.
"I'm just hoping for a bit of luck - a horse can fall left or fall right, or a loose horse can turn up out of anywhere, and completely ruin your race in a flash - but hopefully I can get a good passage round. That's the main thing."
All set to be champion jump jockey for the first time, having emerged from the shadow of the now retired AP McCoy, Richard 'Dicky' Johnson has the dubious distinction of having contested the most Grand Nationals without winning.
Since Celtic Abbey became his first mount in 1997, unseating him at The Chair, Johnson has taken part 19 years on the trot, and has twice been runner-up, on What's Up Boys (2002) and Balthazar King two years ago.
This time he takes the mount on the Philip Hobbs-trained Kruzhlinin, a well-beaten 10th behind Pineau De Re in 2014 when under the care of Donald McCain, son of race legend Ginger. Kruzhlinin, along with The Last Samuri, was removed from McCain's stable in October by owners Paul and Clare Rooney.
Johnson has won more than 3,000 races - making him easily the second most successful jump jockey of all time behind McCoy, to whom he was runner-up in 16 championships.
He said: "Kruzhlinin ticks a lot of boxes. He's got a decent level of ability which is important and he travels well, along with the fact that he's a big strong horse.
"You can never be too confident, but he fits the right profile."
If things had worked out differently for rising star David Bass, he might have been performing on a very different stage on Grand National day.
From a musical family, the 27-year-old jockey played drums in a rock band before turning his attention to horse racing, and friends remain impressed by the wide variety of tunes emanating from the CD player in his car.
Enjoying his breakthrough season, with a half-century of winners now chalked up, he shouldn't have much problem getting a Grand National tune out of strongly fancied The Last Samuri, trained - like 1990 winner Mr Frisk - by Kim Bailey.
The pair were impressive winners of March's Grimthorpe Chase at Doncaster; so much so that if the official handicapper, who allotted the big-race weights in mid-February, had the opportunity to do so again now he would give The Last Samuri 12 pounds more than the 10st 8lb the horse has, a further pointer to an outstanding chance.
For his jockey, The Last Samuri represents a third go at the feature race in which he is yet to complete the course.
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With every high-street betting shop clogged up with customers, many of them in the once-a-year camp, from first thing on Grand National day, the betting industry estimates a whopping £150m will be staked.
Though a whole host of the runners will be supported for all kinds of reasons, the bookmakers are approaching the big day with nerves jangling after facing the longest and most expensive payout queues ever when a string of fancied contenders dominated March's Cheltenham Festival.
Many Clouds did the bookies a big favour when landing the race at odds of 25-1 last year, but this time he is all set to jump off a heavily backed, short-odds favourite, meaning a repeat win would be, in the words of one industry insider, "the stuff of nightmares".
Ireland's champion jumps trainer Willie Mullins continues his quest to wrest the British title - determined, like its Irish counterpart, by prize money - from Paul Nicholls with a string of runners throughout the three-day Aintree Festival, including up to four in the Grand National.
After a lucrative run at the Cheltenham Festival, along with his number one jockey Ruby Walsh, Mullins goes into Aintree £250,000 or so behind Nicholls, who has taken the championship for nine of the past 10 seasons.
The value of the feature in particular (£561,300 to the winner, and six-figure sums to the second and third) makes it potentially hugely significant.
Should Mullins succeed, it would be the first time the title has gone across the Irish Sea since victories for Early Mist and Royal Tan in successive Grand Nationals helped Vincent O'Brien be champion in the 1952-53 and 1953-54 National Hunt seasons.
Nicholls, successful with the grey Neptune Collonges in 2012, is due to saddle six runners, headed by a class act in two-time King George VI Chase winner Silviniaco Conti.
Whoever wins the Grand National will, of course, create a mass of headlines, but were the winning rider female, the story of the world's most famous steeplechase is bound to go global.
Katie Walsh has achieved the highest placing by a female jockey in the race - finishing third on Seabass, trained by her father Ted, in 2012.
Walsh will again ride against her brother Ruby, who is on Sir Des Champs, when she partners Ballycasey for Willie Mullins.
Her sister-in-law Nina Carberry has been earmarked to ride Knock House, currently second reserve, for trainer Mick Channon, a former England footballer.
Carberry has ridden in the race on five occasions, completing the course four times, with a seventh place on Character Building, behind Don't Push It and McCoy in 2010, her best finish.
In a sport in which pedigree plays such a big part, the 31-year-old's can be said to be gilt-edged with Aintree in mind. Her father Tommy has both ridden and trained a Grand National winner, having partnered L'Escargot - trained by his wife's father Dan Moore - to victory over Red Rum in 1975, before saddling the 1999 victor Bobbyjo, ridden by his son - Nina's brother - Paul.
Last year, Australia's iconic Melbourne Cup was won by the fourth female jockey to take part when Michelle Payne was successful on Prince Of Penzance.
While Carberry needs two withdrawals to be guaranteed a ride this year, it can surely only be a matter of time before perhaps the most iconic racing prize in the northern hemisphere goes the same way.
As Radio 5 live spearheads the BBC's coverage of the 169th Grand National - and indeed of all three days of the Aintree Festival - we can look forward to a rare insight from two of our team in particular.
Veteran jockey Andrew Thornton, whose quest for 1,000 wins has reached the nervy 990s, is due to partner big-race outsider Rocky Creek, trained by Nicholls.
Thornton, 43, will be taking his 14th mount and hoping to complete the course for only the fourth time.
Meanwhile, Gary O'Brien, one of the quartet of commentators required to ensure the most detailed description possible of the sprawling National course, is a member of the trio of Bodeen Bandits, owners of outsider Vics Canvas, trained in Ireland by Dermot McLoughlin.
O'Brien is far too polished a pro to allow owning a runner to affect his work, though if the 13-year-old is in or near the lead when the runners pass him with two fences to jump, that composure may be considerably tested.
The Grand National is staged these days over four and a quarter miles and 74 yards of a course that has been subject to £1.5m of modifications following the deaths of two horses in the race both in 2011 and in 2012.
The principal change was to make the inner 'core' of the obstacles plastic rather than wooden, while there were also alterations to the landing sides.
Under not inconsiderable pressure at the time, officials had a brief to make things safer for all participants, while also "retaining the character" of the historic event. The feeling is that both were achieved.
While welfare issues jumped up the agenda again at the Cheltenham Festival after seven fatalities, in the past three Grand Nationals there have been none - though two in other races staged over the big fences during the three-day Festival - and also fewer fallers. Most horses that do not complete the course unseat their riders or are pulled up.
Last year, both new procedures and the jockeys taking part received praise after the race began without incident following a string of chaotic false starts in previous years.
One of the best-backed runners in the Grand National has been 2015 runner-up Saint Are. Twelve months ago, the 10-year-old, trained by Tom George and due to be ridden by Paddy Brennan, was just one and three quarter lengths behind Many Clouds and six lengths in front of the third. In with one of the lowest weights in the handicap, Saint Are looked better than ever when winning a race at Doncaster in February and Brennan will be looking for better luck than in the Cheltenham Gold Cup, when he and Cue Card fell when challenging at the third-last fence.
Top trainer Jonjo O'Neill prepares two big fancies, last year's fifth Shutthefrontdoor - is stamina an issue? - and Holywell, as he tries to emulate his 2010 winner Don't Push It. The one-time champion jockey reports the pair in such fine fettle "I nearly thought I'd come back and ride one myself".
For the first time in living memory, there is no runner from jump racing's northern circuit, a further example perhaps of the sport's widening North-South divide. The top 40 in the handicap make the cut, and principal northern hope Highland Lodge, winner of the Becher Chase over the famous obstacles in December for the Cumbrian stable of trainer Jimmy Moffat, narrowly missed it.


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Question: People are being asked to "chronicle the nation's missing history" by sharing details of key sites.

Historic England is looking for photos of the country's first mosque set up in Liverpool in 1887 by English Muslim convert Abdullah Quilliam.
The Gloucestershire site of the first smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner is also on a list of 21 places that require updated details.
Historic England said it wanted people to help "unlock the secrets".
"We want people and community groups across England to share their knowledge and pictures, so we can record important facts about places," it said.
The organisation curates the official list of England's 400,000 most significant historic places and items for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Roger Bowdler, director of listing at Historic England, said: "Many buildings on the list are well-known and even world-famous. But in some cases there is much that remains unknown."
Details and photos are also being requested on:

The Keep Military Museum in Dorchester plans to use the money to convert a bunker into an interactive experience.
It also wants to create an online gallery of Dorset and Devon people who fought in the war, and a room for community talks and school visits.
The Keep is the only military museum for the regiments of both Dorset and Devon.
The museum, which is receiving the money from the Heritage Lottery Fund, houses thousands of original and unique exhibits, including the desk belonging to Adolf Hitler and hundreds of items from WWI.
Curator Colin Parr said they wanted to gather stories from people whose relatives had taken part in the war.
He added: "Our volunteers will create an online history gallery which will include a contributory archive for people wishing to share their history with us."
Nerys Watts, of the Heritage Lottery Fund, said: "All communities living in the UK have been affected by the First World War in some way, either by the events that took place, or by the changes it brought about.
"We are keen to support projects that, like this one, enable local people to understand more about the heritage of the First World War and how it touched and changed their community."


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Question: London Irish back row Blair Cowan says his World Cup experience with Scotland was a "rollercoaster ride".

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

He played in the narrow quarter-final defeat by Australia after originally being left out of the squad.
Referee Craig Joubert's "questionable decision" to give the Wallabies a late penalty was tough for Cowan to take.
"It didn't really sink in until a couple of days after. We were absolutely devastated," the 29-year-old told BBC Radio Berkshire.
"To almost have history that close in our own hands and then stripped away took some accepting."
Before the controversy of that Twickenham showdown and the following fallout over Joubert's decision, Cowan had to come to terms with being overlooked in Vern Cotter's initial squad.
"My whole career, I had never worked for something so hard and wanted something so badly," he said, after being overlooked for fellow flanker John Hardie.
"I knew it was going to be tight for my position and in the end Vern went for one man. But I had a lot of support from my partner and family to pick me back up."
An injury to lock Grant Gilchrist against USA handed Cowan a second chance and within days he was involved against South Africa.
He and Hardie were to play on opposite ends of the back row by the time the quarter-final came around.
"I got on well with John in pre-season and the lead up to the World Cup," he added. "We needed to slow down Australia's rhythm in that game and it worked well.
"Going forward, I think it could well be an option providing I continue to get the chance."
The New Zealand-born flanker has since returned to club action with London Irish, scoring a try on his first appearance of the season as a replacement against Exeter.

The centre lines up for Edinburgh tomorrow against Munster in the Pro12.
And despite missing the quarter-final through injury Scott says he is desperate to play this weekend and get the disappointment out of his system.
"It was a tough week, I think the whole nation felt the heartbreak of that game," Scott said.
"Just running through the 'what ifs' - what if we'd done this, what if that happened - that made it especially tough just to know how small a margin it was. That's rugby."
Scotland attracted praise for their World Cup campaign, which was ended by Bernard Foley's controversial last minute penalty for Australia in their last-eight encounter at Twickenham.
Scott says Scotland's performances in the tournament should ensure they are taken more seriously on the international stage.
"We were a bit unlucky with the (penalty) decision at the end which could have gone our way," he said.
"It was in our hands and that's the main thing so we were disappointed not to close it out but extremely proud of the effort we put in.
"I think we gained a lot of respect and people may be taking us a bit seriously now.
"We could have very easily been a semi-final team and a semi-final against Argentina is one that we could have one. That's a very frustrating way to look at it."
Scott's fellow Scotland centre Mark Bennett shares his pain at the manner of the World Cup exit, but the Glasgow Warrior hopes his return to Pro12 action this weekend will shake off the demons of that late heartache against the Wallabies.
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His side take on Cardiff Blues before travelling to France the following week for their opening European Rugby Champions Cup fixture with Racing 92 in Paris.
The centre is one of six internationals returning to the Glasgow side who travel to Wales on Saturday.
Finn Russell and Jonny Gray - both of whom committed to new contracts with the club this week - will appear alongside Stuart Hogg, Josh Strauss and Ryan Grant, who have all been away on international duty.
But the 22-year-old admits there may still be lingering thoughts of "what if" for him too, and asked if he has managed to move on, he was not fully committed to his own answer.
"Yes. I'll say yes, but there's still obviously thoughts now and again in the head but I'm just really focused on getting out there this weekend and getting back into it," said Bennett, whose late try looked to have put the Scots on course for the World Cup semi-final.
"It was an unbelievable experience and I can't wait to get involved again, it's been a long couple of weeks since and I'm raring to go."
Bennett is optimistic that getting back into regular games will help heal the World Cup wounds, and added: "I'd like to think that after the game this weekend it will be out of the mind and it's gone."


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Question: The case against Thomas "Slab" Murphy is based on "utterly ludicrous" documentation which attempts to link him to a non-existent farming income, his defence barrister has said.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

The 66-year-old republican from County Louth denies nine tax evasion charges.
The prosecution's case is that he had significant dealings in relation to cattle and land and received farming grants, but failed to make tax returns.
A court in Dublin heard a third day of closing submissions on Tuesday.
Mr Murphy's defence barrister told the Special Criminal Court that "fair analysis" of the evidence should lead to the conclusion it was the accused's brother, Patrick Murphy, who ran the farming operation and controlled the finances.
"I am suggesting that the person in charge of this farming enterprise was Patrick Murphy; that the profiteer was Patrick Murphy; that the chargeable person was Patrick Murphy," the barrister said.
"I am not suggesting that Thomas Murphy was not about the farm. But there is a big difference between growing up in a farming environment and being about the place doing bits and bobs and being the chargeable person, being the actual farmer in charge."
The three judges in the non-jury trial were told the case has been built on hearsay evidence and that key financial documents found inside Patrick Murphy's house had effectively been "buried" because they "didn't suit".
"When you scratch below the surface the reasonable doubt lurks just below the surface, and so does Patrick Murphy," the defence lawyer  said.
It was also claimed the state was seeking to "galvanise" the suggestion Thomas Murphy received a farming income.
"It simply isn't there," the lawyer said.
The inclusion of "business drawings" for items like food, presents, watch repairs, boots and tickets to Paris should also deposit doubt in the minds of the judges, the barrister said.
"That's the height of the prosecution case. It reached the stage that it was utterly ludicrous," he added.
Allegations that Mr Murphy, of Ballybinaby, Hackballscross, had access to large sources of cash were also rejected.
The trial continues.

Seamus Ludlow, of Thistle Cross near Dundalk, was shot dead on 2 May, 1976, as he returned home from a night out.
His family is taking civil proceedings against the PSNI, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Northern Ireland's secretary of state.
They believe this will force the disclosure of crucial evidence.
A parliamentary committee in Dublin recommended 10 years ago that a state inquiry be held into the murder, after an official judge-led report criticised the original Garda (Irish police) investigation.
It was found that the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) told the Garda in 1979 that it believed four named loyalists were involved in Mr Ludlow's killing, but the information was not pursued by the Garda at the time.
No-one has ever been charged with the murder. The Barron report found that the 47-year-old had no connections with any subversive organisation.
The family are also seeking meetings with the Irish government over its decision not to launch a commission of investigations into events surrounding the murder, as recommended by the Barron report.
"The civil action being launched in the north may, we hope, cause some traction in the south to deliver truth, justice and accountability for the family of Seamus Ludlow, 40 years after his death," a family spokesman said.
After the murder, members of the Garda wrongly told the Ludlow family that he had been shot by the IRA as an informer.
They also failed to give the family adequate notice about the inquest into his death and no member of the family was present.
The parliamentary committee which investigated the circumstances expressed grave concerns about the role collusion played in the murder.
It was undisputed that two of the suspects were members of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), it found.


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Question: Proposals to transform the site of one of the UK's last deep-pit coal mines have been unveiled.

The plans come after nine decades of coal extraction, once generating Â£50m in annual profits, ended a year ago.
Developers want to turn the site into 800 houses, a school, business premises and a country park, with an aim to balance housing and employment needs.
The closure of Thoresby Colliery was announced in 2014 after its owners, UK Coal, fell into financial trouble.
The proposals - which developers Harworth Estates claim will create at least 500 jobs - also include plans for a zip wire and sports pitches, but the colliery's headstocks will be demolished.
Some residents living in the area are concerned that there are currently "no resources" for the people in the neighbourhood.
"It's not a good idea for the area, we're struggling as it is - you can't get a doctor's appointment for a start," a resident said.
Another neighbour said: "It's a rubbish idea, there's no resources here for the children... people complain that the children hang around the streets, but there's nothing for them to do."
Stuart Ashton, from developer Harworth Estates, said: "We've thought long and hard since the colliery's closure about striking the right balance between bringing housing and employment opportunities forward, whilst restoring the majority of the site back to green land to support the Sherwood Forest.
Over the past few years, the colliery's 600 workers were gradually laid off through compulsory or voluntary redundancy and the last 360 miners left when Thoresby closed, on 10 July 2015.
It marked the end of the coal mining industry in Nottinghamshire and left just one deep coal mine in Kellingley, Yorkshire - which has also since closed.
The public will be able to look at the plans as part of a consultation process and suggest any changes.

The Victorian Society has published its annual list of the most at-risk Victorian and Edwardian buildings in England and Wales.
The old Bute Road Station, in Cardiff Bay, is the only Welsh building on it.
Actor and Victorian Society vice-president Griff Rhys Jones called for locals to campaign to save them.
The building is thought to have been designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and was built as the headquarters of the Taff Vale Railway in 1842-43.
It became home to the first steam-powered railway in Wales and played a vital role in linking the coalfields of the south Wales valleys with Cardiff Docks.
But the building has been derelict since a museum it housed closed, with train passengers now using a temporary shelter at the adjacent Cardiff Bay station.
Christopher Costelloe, director of the Victorian Society, said he hoped there was a way to bring the building "back into use and provide a fitting gateway to the area".
"Retaining historic buildings like those in the top ten is vital to maintaining local identity and creating places in which people want to invest, live and work," he added.
Another building in the city, The Coal Exchange - where the first million pound cheque was signed - was included on the list two years ago.
Following a campaign to save it, developer Signature Living was granted permission to start restoring the site as a hotel.
Other buildings to make this year's list include Victoria Mill in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, St Paul's Church in Boughton, Cheshire, and the Old Library in Stafford, Staffordshire.
For the first time, there are no buildings in London and England's south east region on the list.


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Question: Dundee United head coach Mixu Paatelainen insists the sole objective for this season is to avoid being dragged into a relegation battle.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

United find themselves four points adrift at the bottom of the Premiership table and this weekend travel to Glasgow to take on champions Celtic.
"We are detached already, that is the situation," the Finn told BBC Scotland.
"We don't look at the league table but look at the concentration levels in training and in matches."
United have won only one of their 11 league games in the current campaign.
Last week they appointed 48-year-old Paatelainen on a three-year contract as successor to Jackie McNamara, who was sacked from the Tannadice post.
"Our target now is to improve the way we play," he said.
"I believe that the performances bring you results. You can be unlucky in one or two matches but in the long run performances give you results.
"Our target this season solely is to avoid a relegation battle. Full stop."
United have scored only nine league goals this season but Paatelainen believes it may not be too long before his strikers start finding the target.
"I'm sure our strikers are not happy at how many goals they have scored, but it can change so quickly," he added.
"One half-chance and the ball ends up in the net and the confidence is high. That is the way it goes with the strikers.
"They may have a lean spell then suddenly you get a deflection or a ricochet, the ball ends up in the net and suddenly you are top of the world."

The Rugby Park side have targeted the former Motherwell, Preston, Derby and Nottingham Forest boss to replace Gary Locke, who resigned after Saturday's home defeat by Hamilton.
Davies has been out of management since being sacked by Forest in March 2014.
The 51-year-old's first game in charge could be the Scottish Cup tie with Rangers at Ibrox on Saturday.
Kilmarnock, who are second bottom of the Scottish Premiership, have put Lee McCulloch in temporary charge.
The former Rangers defender, who joined the Rugby Park club as a player and first-team coach in the summer, will be helped by assistant manager Peter Leven and youth coach Alan Robertson.
The Ayrshire club have won only two of their last 13 Premiership matches - losing 5-1 to bottom club Dundee United and 1-0 to Hamilton in consecutive weeks - and have the threat of relegation hanging over them for the third successive season.
They have escaped the previous two years, but would face a play-off against the runners-up from the Championship if their situation remains the same.
The Kilmarnock board believe an experienced manager like Davies would enhance their chances of avoiding that possibility.


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Question: Republican presidential hopeful Jeb Bush is wrapping up his trip through Europe, and it seems the worst thing being said about his visit (at least so far) is that he's been a bit boring.

The former Florida governor has given a speech emphasising trans-Atlantic partnership in Germany and calling for a hard line against Russian "aggression" during a stop in Poland. Tomorrow he heads to Estonia.
Serious presidential candidates seem obligated to make a trip abroad to prove their foreign policy mettle, but when it comes to such overseas adventures, boring is pretty close to a best-case outcome.
Some might recall the sunny day seven years ago, when then-Senator Barack Obama delivered an address in Berlin to an adoring crowd numbering in the hundreds of thousands. More often, however, candidates don't soar on foreign soil, they stumble.
Within the past year Governors Scott Walker, Chris Christie and Bobby Jindal have all wilted under the harsh spotlight of the world stage. And then there was Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney's ill-fated 2012 trip to Europe, where he generated numerous negative headlines, including ruffling British feathers when he wondered if London was prepared to host that summer's Olympic Games.
It's the kind of stuff that gives campaign hands nightmares - particularly the small group of experts and academics who are tasked with educating and counselling presidential candidates on international affairs.
Eliot Cohen, a professor of strategic studies at Johns Hopkins University, advised Mr Romney on foreign policy in 2012. He says the campaign made the mistake of bringing only a "very tight personal staff" to Europe with the former Massachusetts governor.
"It's very hard not to stumble," he says. Aside from incumbent presidents running for re-election, candidates have little in the way of international affairs support staff. Campaign organisations are mostly composed of political operatives and domestic policy experts, and full-time foreign policy advisors tend to be far fewer in number and often with less experience.
Although campaigns bring in outside advisors - releasing lists of names with some fanfare - he says the amount of time they get on a candidate's schedule is limited.
"If you don't have that kind of massive staff working for you, it's so easy to walk into some kind of bog - people just sink in without a trace," Cohen says.
"What I would have advised on that particular trip is just say nice things about the Olympics, that's all," he adds. "It was an unforced error."
According to veteran foreign policy hands who've joined the political fray to help prospective commanders-in-chief, avoiding such unforced errors on foreign policy - as well as developing an overarching international vision - are the primary goals when they sit down with their charges.
Former US Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton says that "almost every candidate needs to know more about national security".
"The real issue is whether their background, their combination of interest, experience and involvement, gives them an opportunity to exercise an informed judgement," he continues. "Ultimately the most important thing a president needs is not facts, but judgement."
Mr Bolton, who flirted with his own presidential bid this year, has worked with numerous Republican candidates, including Mr Romney in 2012. His name has been linked to Mr Jindal's campaign, and in February he was overheard having foreign policy discussions over dinner with Texas Senator Ted Cruz.
"Some have specific questions that they want to talk about," Bolton says of the candidates he advises. "Others just kind of want to go around the world and so on. Some have specific questions about how a president makes decisions, who they want to talk to and how it works."
The current crop of presidential hopefuls offers a wide range of levels of foreign policy interest and experience. On one end are candidates like Democrat Hillary Clinton, a former secretary of state, and Republican Lindsey Graham, a veteran of the Senate Armed Services Committee.
Others, like Mr Walker of Wisconsin, have little foreign policy experience. He was roundly criticised earlier this year, for instance, when responded to a question about how he'd deal with the Islamic State by comparing it to his confrontations with the public employee unions in his home state.
According to Michael O'Hanlon, a Brookings institution senior fellow who advised Mrs Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign, good foreign policy aides need to tailor their approach to the particular candidate's experience - and also their personality.
"Some people are going to welcome more assertive advice than others," he says. "It's one thing if you've known the candidate for 20 years. It's something else if you're trying to get to know them through this process. If you want to do the latter, then you've got to interact at the pace and the level that they're comfortable with."
When the candidate has a solid resume in international affairs - like George HW Bush in 1988, for instance - an advisor may just be honoured to be invited into the room.
"It's not so much of an educational process as it is a team where maybe one person is following an issue in more detail, but the candidate ultimately has pretty good confidence and judgement and even quite a bit of knowledge about the issue at hand," he says.
In other cases, advisers have to provide a more in-depth education - "fill in the scaffolding and figure out how to handle a lot of other issues and just develop some talking points", he says. At the very least the goal is to prevent a candidate from getting blindsided in debates or from reporters springing unexpected 'pop quizzes' - as a Boston reporter did of then-candidate George W Bush in 1999.
And then there are the times when "foreign policy advisers" don't really do all that much advising, O'Hanlon says.
Campaigns release a list of names on their foreign policy team, but those individuals may never get any time with the candidate. Instead, they're brought on board to satisfy particular political constituencies.
"Sometimes the campaigns get built up and the advisors get recruited just to keep them feeling part of the team," he says. "You don't want people to feel dissed or unwanted. So if there's a group that is talented and knowledgeable, maybe you just want to have them on standby and not lose them to somebody else."
Such an approach isn't without risks, of course. Reporters and opponents often pore over the announcements and hints of campaign advisors, looking for an angle for a story or a line to attack.
Jeb Bush, for instance, made it easy on his foes when word leaked that during a private meeting he named his presidential brother as one of his top Middle East advisers.
And Jeb Bush's attempts to distance himself from his brother's controversies took another a hit in May when he included 17 former members of his brother's administration on his list of foreign policy advisers, including outspoken Iraq War architect Paul Wolfowitz.
It's conventional wisdom that, unless there's a war or major international crises, foreign policy usually takes a back seat to domestic concerns during US presidential elections - so candidate stumbles up to this point may eventually fade into the background.
At least thus far, however, international affairs - particularly the Obama administration's handling of Iran, Israel and the Islamic State - have been regular topics of discussion among almost all of the Republican presidential aspirants.
In many ways this is turning out to be a different kind of Republican presidential race - from the level of money pouring in to the sheer number of entrants. And perhaps the campaign will be different in its level of emphasis on foreign policy, as well.
The more the candidates talk about events overseas, the more influence the often-overlooked foreign policy advisors will wield.
"This is what I wanted, this is what I hoped for, this is what I predicted really," Bolton says of the candidates' new-found emphasis on world events.
"If people want to talk, I'm delighted to talk with them," he says, in what could be a foreign policy adviser's credo.
2016 Republican presidential hopefuls in - and out - of the race

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On Monday the prospective Republican presidential candidate raised some eyebrows when he responded "yes" to a question about whether he would have approved the 2003 invasion of Iraq "knowing what we know now".  Is Jeb standing by Bush's Iraq War decision?
It took less than 24 hours for his political supporters to begin walking back that statement, however, after he was subjected to withering criticism from the left and the right.
Ana Navarro, an adviser to Mr Bush who served on his staff when he was governor, said she emailed Mr Bush on Tuesday about the remark, and he told her that he didn't hear Fox host Megyn Kelly correctly.
"I think when you hear the entirety of his answer, and he talks about the faulty information, it's hard not to conclude that he misheard the question," she said on CNN. "Instead of hearing 'if we knew what we knew now', he must have heard 'if we knew what we knew then'."
The latter version of the question is a fairly common one for candidates of all political stripes, and - for the most part - it results in a dispassionate discussion of faulty intelligence, missed opportunities and unintended consequences not too different from the way Mr Bush answered.
Very few politicians these days would answer "knowing what we know now" with a solid affirmative, however. Then again, only one politician on the national stage today has the surname Bush.
Syndicated radio show host Laura Ingraham, a long-time conservative critic of Jeb Bush, said after Monday's remarks that "you can't still think that going into Iraq, now, as a sane human being, was the right thing to do".
She added that comments like that show that Mr Bush is ill qualified to be the Republican nominee.
"You have to have someone who says, look, I'm a Republican but I'm not an idiot. I'm not stupid," she said. "I learn from the past, and I improve myself."
Another conservative commentator, the Washington Examiner's Byron York, writes that the Iraq issue isn't going to go away for Jeb Bush - especially if he continues mishandling what should be easy questions
"Jeb's statement is likely to resonate until he either changes his position or loses the race for the Republican nomination," he writes. "Should he become the nominee, the issue will dog him into the general election campaign."
Meanwhile the Democratic National Committee wasted no time taking advantage of the opening Mr Bush's remarks created. It launched a YouTube video tying the two Bush brothers together, and spokeswoman Kristin Sosanie quipped: "Apparently hindsight isn't 20/20 for Jeb Bush. Even knowing how badly we were misled, he would still have done it all again."
Jeb Bush's remarks come less than a week after he reportedly told a private audience in New York City that George W Bush was one of his primary advisers on Middle East policy.
Mr Bush's staff have said since that his comments were about Israel policy specifically, not the Middle East in general. Some members of the audience at the event disagree, however.
Being a Bush brings with it a number of distinct advantages when running for the Republican presidential nomination - such as money, name recognition, a set of influential connections within the party and a seaside compound in Maine in which to relax for a few days.
This week's events highlight that the pedigreed surname has some very particular challenges, as well.
Republican candidates in - and out - of the race


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Question: Diego Costa and Nemanja Matic will miss Chelsea's pre-season tour of the Far East amid suggestions that both will leave Stamford Bridge.

Chelsea leave for China on Monday and manager Antonio Conte has told both players they will not be selected.
Striker Costa, 28, wants to return to Atletico Madrid, even though they are under a transfer ban.
Manchester United have been trying to reach an agreement to sign midfielder Matic, 28.
However, there is also thought to be interest in the Serb from clubs in Italy.
Monaco midfielder Tiemoue Bakayoko is expected to replace Matic in the Chelsea side next season.
It is believed the 22-year-old will complete his move to the Premier League champions in the next few days.
Chelsea open their pre-season programme against Arsenal in Beijing on 22 July before travelling to Singapore for games against Bayern Munich and Inter Milan.

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The 28-year-old was a target for Tianjin Quanjian but any potential move was scuppered by new rules in the Chinese Super League, according to the club's owner.
Costa did not play in Chelsea's win at Leicester on Saturday with boss Antonio Conte saying he had a back problem.
He trained on his own on Monday but this was to aid his recovery.
BBC Sport understands Chelsea are determined to keep Costa, who is the joint top scorer in the Premier League with 14 goals.
Costa's return to training means he could be in contention for the visit of Hull on Saturday as Chelsea look to extend their seven-point lead at the top of the table.


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Question: A species of mussel which is threatening to block water supplies to a US city has been found in the UK.

Quagga mussels have been discovered at Wraysbury reservoir, near Heathrow Airport, the Wildfowl and Wetland Trust (WWT) said.
The molluscs form large colonies on hard surfaces and can block pipes and cause flooding, the trust said.
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs said it would take action to tackle the threat.
Some scientists say the mussel poses the maximum risk to the UK environment of any non-native species.
The 4cm (1.5in) bivalves originated in Ukraine and spread across Europe as new canals opened, a WWT spokesman said. They were introduced to the US by ships discharging their ballast in the Great Lakes.
Sources: Environment Agency and the National Wildlife Federation
The species is flourishing in Lake Mead, formed by the Hoover dam, and engineers are working to stop them colonising the dam's turbines and blocking the pipes which supply water to Las Vegas, the spokesman said.
Earlier this year a group of scientists at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) identified the quagga mussel as the single greatest threat to the UK's wildlife of any alien species.
Dr Helen Roy, one of the scientists involved in the research, said that, after looking at hundreds of species from all over the world, the quagga mussel was the most likely to arrive and establish itself in the UK and pose a danger to biodversity there.
Sarah Chare, from the Environment Agency, said the quagga mussel affected water quality as well as clogging up pipes.
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) said it would be working to reduce the risks of the quagga mussels spreading any further.
A spokesman said: "It is important that we take action to address the threats posed by invasive non-native species.
"Users of our waterways can help with this by checking their equipment and keeping it clean and dry."
A Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust spokesman said the trusts's London Wetland Centre, downstream from Wraysbury "is the sort of place [where] they'll wreak havoc with the wildlife, if left unchecked".
Jeff Knott, from the WWT, said: "These tiny mussels can be devastating but look so innocuous.
"Quagga mussels are likely to indirectly cause suffering and death for hundreds of thousands of native animals, fish and plants and cost millions of pounds in tax and water bills to protect drinking water supplies."

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The former pets are being released from private ponds into the city's public waters by their owners, the council has said.
It warns that, while they are innocuous pets, goldfish are highly successful breeders which eat everything in sight, depriving the other pond dwellers.
This includes small life forms in the pond, and other fishes' eggs.
The problem has got so bad, Munich Council has promised to fine (in German) anyone caught releasing their pets this way.
"The expulsion of ornamental fish and other purchased animals from the garden pond into the free water landscape is therefore prohibited by law and can be penalised with fines," a statement released on its website warns, adding that if a person's pond becomes overcrowded "the animal owner is responsible for finding a new home for his ornamental fish".
Munich is not the only place to suffer from marauding goldfish. Just last week, a man in the Netherlands was ordered to recapture 80 goldfish he had released into canals in Veenendaal over fears of what they may do to the native species.
And in Australia, the problem of how to control the large population of goldfish which had been released and were now living in the Vasse River spawned a year-long study by researchers at Murdoch University.
The study found the former pets not only cover huge distances, but can also grow to large sizes - one goldfish found by researchers in the Vasse River weighed 1.9kg (4.1lbs).
More concerning, goldfish can also harm water quality, introduce disease, disturb habitats and compete with native species, threatening their survival.
Researcher Dr Stephen Beatty told the BBC: "Once established, self-sustaining populations of alien freshwater fishes often thrive and can spread into new regions, which is having a fundamental ecological impact and are major drivers of the decline of aquatic fauna,"


Question:
this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article
For instance you may be given '['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', "Departing Glasgow coach Gregor Townsend rued his side's inability to take their chances after slipping to defeat by Edinburgh in his final game in charge."]' and it should match with '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'The Warriors could have led by more than 11-9 at half-time.\n"We had enough opportunities to be further ahead, and second half we made too many mistakes," Townsend said.\n"Edinburgh took their chances. It took a bit of character and skill from us to get a chance to win near the end, but we weren\'t nearly good enough today."\nGlasgow had the small consolation of winning the 1872 Cup for the first time in three years, prevailing 43-41 on aggregate after winning the away leg 25-12 at Murrayfield on Boxing Day.\n"[That\'s no consolation] at the moment, but in future that\'s something on record," Townsend told BBC Scotland.\n"Our players are obviously really disappointed, they wanted to finish the season with a win, and it shows how competitive these fixtures are.\n"I thought Edinburgh played really well in defence, and really stopped us creating quick ball. That\'s a credit to them, and they took their chances really well as well, so they deserved to win today.\n"Even though we were getting penalties a lot around the breakdown we didn\'t convert our opportunities with the line-outs we had close to the line."\nAfter reaching the Pro12 semi-finals for the past four seasons - reaching the final in 2014, and winning the title in 2015 - Glasgow had to settle for sixth place in Townsend\'s final campaign, but reached the European Champions Cup quarter-finals for the first time.\nTownsend addressed the Scotstoun crowd after the final whistle, thanking fans for their support, and will name his first Scotland squad on Monday as he takes over the national job for the forthcoming southern hemisphere tour to face Italy, Australia and Fiji.\n"I\'ll miss it a lot," he reflected of his final Scotstoun experience as head coach. "We\'ve got the best supporters in the world and we\'re just disappointed today we weren\'t able to give them the performance they deserve.\n"Just now I\'m still a bit down, but I\'ll miss coming to work, I\'ll miss working with this group of players and I\'ll enjoy coming back and watching, seeing how this club continues to progress, getting more and more people watching and also playing some really good rugby."']' but not with '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', "Russell, 24, was taken off early in the second half of Saturday's Six Nations win at Murrayfield following a collision with Robbie Henshaw.\nHowever, he was cleared to continue after a head injury assessment (HIA), as Duncan Weir returned to the bench.\nThe influential playmaker has since passed a final assessment.\nRussell's former Glasgow Warriors team-mate Weir proved to be a reliable deputy in his seven minutes on the Murrayfield pitch against the Irish, but Scotland head coach Vern Cotter will no doubt be relieved to have such a key player at his disposal for the trip to Paris.\nHis performances for the Warriors have attracted interest from French Top 14 clubs Toulon and Montpellier in France and from Bath and Gloucester in England.\nRussell suffered a concussion during Scotland's 29-18 victory over France at Murrayfield last year, missing the final Six Nations match against Ireland.\nHe also sustained a severe head injury in Warriors' Pro12 semi-final at the tail end of last season, which ruled him out of Scotland's summer tour to Japan, making his return to action in mid-September.\nMedia playback is not supported on this device"]'.

Question: A multi-million pound legal bill racked-up in a failed case against six people accused of a fraud conspiracy is to be paid by the Serious Fraud Office.

The men included lawyer and ex-Cardiff City chief executive Alan Whiteley, and former Celtic Energy directors Richard Walters and Leighton Humphreys.
They had been accused of conspiracy to defraud the Coal Authority, Neath Port Talbot, Bridgend, and Powys councils.
But the case was dismissed and the judge said no law had been broken.
The case centred on an accusation that the men had been planning to set up a firm in the British Virgin Islands in order to transfer the leases of four Welsh opencast mining sites owned by Celtic Energy in order to avoid it having to restore the sites once coal extraction had ended.
They had been arrested in 2011 and it took nearly three years to come to court.
But after five days of legal submissions, Lord Justice Hickinbottom threw the Serious Fraud Office's case out saying that the six defendants had not acted unlawfully regardless of whether or not they had acted dishonestly.
The Serious Fraud Office (SFO) applied to the High Court to continue the prosecution under a little-used legal tool called a "voluntary bill of indictment" but that was also thrown out.
Nearly a year after the case was dismissed, the High Court sitting in Cardiff made a judgement that the legal costs of the multi-million pound case should be paid by the SFO.
The costs claim is for Â£7m, to cover the cost of 10 barristers and two separate High Court hearings.
The SFO, which disputes it, said it is "considering possible avenues of appeal" on the issue of costs.
The order to pay the costs has potential ramifications for the SFO, which has been heavily criticised for its handling of other cases including the investigation of the Tchenguiz brothers.
That case resulted in the organisation having to pay millions of pounds in costs and damages to the property developers.
Eric Evans, solicitor
Alan Whiteley, solicitor
Stephen Davies, barrister
Richard Walters, managing director Celtic Energy
Leighton Humphreys, finance director Celtic Energy
They were represented by 10 barristers including five QCs, while the SFO had two barristers
For a serious fraud to be successfully prosecuted, it's all down to sufficient evidence, well presented to the jury so it is easily understood.
But this particular case was flawed from its inception - it was difficult to prepare and present to the jury and I don't think there was joined up thinking in the way it was investigated.
This is a stark reminder for the SFO and the CPS that they should not take on cases of that magnitude, cost and resource when they don't think they have a very good prospect of success.
I imagine this has cost the SFO about 25% of its annual budget.
And I think there has to be serious questions asked over the current set up of the SFO - which is known in certain circles as the "seriously flawed office". Is it fit for purpose? Or is another branch needed to investigate cases such as these? If that is the case, that could be the death knell for the SFO.
Eric Evans said the case against them had been "wholly flawed" and it was another example of a "misconceived" SFO blockbuster case.
"In an attempt to prosecute me with an offence not known to law they have repeatedly changed their case."
Alan Whitely said he felt relieved and vindicated, adding: "Having lived and breathed it for four years, there are a number of questions the SFO need to address, in terms of how they go about their investigations.
"It's my understanding they're supposed to be an investigative body but our experience hasn't really proved that."

Kevin Balmer, 54, and Brendan Cantwell, 46, who were co-directors of Action Building Contracts, were found guilty of bribing council officials with cash and hospitality.
They did it in exchange for maintenance and repair contracts in 2015.
They previously spent more than two years in jail for the maintenance fraud of council buildings from 2006 to 2010.
They were jailed in June 2015: Balmer for two years and 10 months and Cantwell for two years and three months after pleading guilty to contravention of the Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889.
The two council officials, Charles Owenson and James Costello, they bribed were also convicted and the subject of recent confiscation orders.
Free meals, drink and football tickets worth tens of thousands of pounds were all part of the scam.
At its height, Balmer and Cantwell's company was turning over more than £4m a year.
The two council officials, who were also jailed, previously had more than £80,000.
Liam Murphy, procurator fiscal for specialist casework, said: "Balmer and Cantwell set out to corrupt those who should have been serving the people of Edinburgh, and siphoned money from the public purse into their own pockets.
"Both were imprisoned for over two years, and today our detailed forensic assessment of their financial history has ensured that they have also been stripped of all of their assets."


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Private clinics have a "moral duty" to remove banned PIP breast implants from women they operated on, the government says.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The NHS will cover the costs for women who had the implants fitted by the health service and who are anxious to have them removed, it added.
The NHS will also remove the implants if the private clinic no longer exists or refuses the patient.
Around 40,000 women in the UK have been fitted with them.
It is thought 95% of women had the operation privately, 5% on the NHS.
The French authorities have offered to pay for implants to be removed due to a high risk of them rupturing.
Czech and German health authorities both recommended on Friday that women in those countries with PIP implants should have them removed.
The UK review was ordered because of conflicting data about the risk of the implants rupturing and leaking non-medical grade silicone into the body.
Implants 'are not fit for use'
Q&A: Breast implants health scare
PIP breast implants: Your stories
'Fuel additive in breast implant'
The French authorities quoted a rate of 5%. The UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) initially said the rate was 1% - in line with other implants.
There were reports of rupture rates of 7% from one cosmetic surgery group, Transform. However, it says that rate was based on just seven out of 108 patients it fitted with PIP implants since 2005.
Transform chief executive Nigel Robertson accused the MHRA of a failure in its duty to "monitor and routinely audit" the use of the implants.
"The NHS and the cosmetic surgery industry used these products because they had been approved by the MHRA for medical use and carried a CE mark to that effect," he said.
The agency must bear responsibility for the current situation, he added.
But in response, the MHRA said the CE mark had to be authorised though an independent third-party organisation in all but the lowest risk products.
It added: "The MHRA's key role is to monitor and investigate reports of device-related adverse incidents and take appropriate action to prevent their recurrence."
The agency said it had continually monitored the safety of the PIP breast implants and immediately advised clinicians not to implant them once the French authorities informed them of the use of unauthorised silicone gel.
It also said it commissioned toxicity tests on the gel, the results of which concluded there was "no safety issue" related to the material.
The health secretary, Andrew Lansley, said: "The data available to the experts has not been good enough to enable them to give a clear recommendation of the risk posed by PIP implants."
The review committee could not determine if the rupture rate was higher for PIP implants.
However, it said it was "undeniably the case" that the implants were not medical grade and should "not have been implanted in women in the first place.
"We have always recommended that women who are concerned should speak to their surgeon or GP. The NHS will support removal of PIP implants if, after this consultation, the patient still has concerns and with her doctor she decides that it is right to do so."
He added: "We believe that private healthcare providers have a moral duty to offer the same service to their patients that we will offer to NHS patients - free information, consultations, scans and removal if necessary.
The implants of NHS patients will be replaced. Private patients refused by their clinics will be able to have their implants removed by NHS surgeons, but will not be offered replacement cosmetic implants.
The government said it will: "Pursue private clinics with all means at its disposal to avoid the taxpayer picking up the bill".
Prof Sir Bruce Keogh, the NHS medical director who led the review, said: "On the basis of the information we have, we do not think it is necessary to recommend the routine removal of these implants.
"But we understand that some women will be very concerned so we support the government's position that the NHS will support removal of PIP implants if the patient has concerns and with her doctor she decides that it is right to do so."
Prof Keogh told BBC Newsnight the NHS "is offering something that is a much better solution... of informed, personalised decision making".
A joint response by The Association of Breast Surgery, British Association of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, Federation of Surgical Speciality Associations and the Royal College of Surgeons said the announcement was welcome.
"The news that all women who have received a PIP breast implant will be provided with support, and that all NHS patients will be offered monitoring, advice and remedial treatment if desired is welcome news.
"Surgeons' organisations applaud those private cosmetic clinics who have committed to offer treatment to their patients free of charge and fully back the government call for the rest to follow suit.
"This situation raises again the need for better regulation and surveillance for all surgical implants and the surgical profession believes mandatory databases should be the next step - not least because this issue has exposed poor record keeping."
Sally Taber, the director of the Independent Healthcare Advisory Services, which represents the majority of private clinics, said 60% of the implants were fitted by four companies: Harley Medical Group, The Hospital Group, Transform and Linia Cosmetic Surgery.
She said the companies were considering their position, wanted to examine how the measures would be paid for and were seeking further discussions with the Department of Health.
Spire Healthcare says it will follow the governments recommendations. Its clinical director, Dr Jean-Jacques de Gorter, said: "We have a duty of care to our patients.
"We believe all private providers should step up and deliver on their duty of care to patients. Every woman in the UK who has PIP implants should be given the right to discuss having them removed if they wish."
Nuffield Health's group medical director Dr Andy Jones said: "Any patient who had a PIP implant in one of our hospitals can be assured that they will continue to receive the help and attention they need.
"We believe that there is a strong case for the private healthcare industry to pull together to resolve this matter in the interests of all patients."

In the past few days there have been claims suggesting that around 7% of the implants have ruptured.
But that is misleading as it is based on one small group of patients.
The Transform cosmetic surgery group has issued a statement saying the rupture rate relates to seven out of 108 patients it fitted with PIP implants since 2005.
The statement says: "This is therefore far too small a sample to provide a robust statistical analysis."
It appears to be these figures which prompted the health secretary Andrew Lansley to set-up an expert committee to review the safety data on PIP implants.    The committee, which meets on Wednesday,  will be attempting to determine what the overall rupture rate is among the 40,000 or so women fitted with PIP implants.
The trade body which represents private hospitals and clinics described the 7% rupture rate reported in recent days as misleading.  Sally Taber, Director of The Independent Healthcare Advisory Services, (IHAS) said:
"Following an audit of our members, which includes data on thousands of patients from leading groups including Transform, The Harley Medical Group, Spire Healthcare, BMI Hospitals and The Hospital Group, we can confirm that the average rupture rates reported for PIP implants is within the industry standard of 1-2 per cent."
Last week the medical watchdog the MHRA was quoting a figure of around 1% as an average rupture rate for PIP and other implants.
This was one reason why the MHRA and health ministers decided not to follow the French lead and recommend the removal of the PIP implants.
In France, the reported rupture rate is 5%, although I have also seen reports that the rate there is 3.6%.
Tim Goodacre, president of the British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons and an Oxford University lecturer said even a rupture rate of 1% would be high:
"If you have an implant the likelihood that you will need follow-up surgery is about 1% per year.  But that can be for a whole range of reasons.  Ruptures of implants are, in my experience, rare.  After 10 years 10% of women will have needed follow-up treatment, but 90% will not."
Mr Goodacre is one of a number of surgeons on the expert panel meeting tomorrow.
Several groups are calling for a registry of implants.  Sally Taber from IHAS suggested this should work along the lines of the National Joint Registry.
This was set up in 2002 and records the details and outcomes of all hip, knee and ankle replacement surgery in the NHS and private sector.
A breast implant registry did operate from 1993-2006 but was eventually shut because only a small proportion of women were willing to take part in the scheme.
Sally Taber said every patient must be prepared to have their data recorded, which would need to be anonymised.
We may never know exactly how many women in the UK have PIP implants.   Although clinics and surgeons are required to record information, many firms have gone out of business.
A national register of implants would allow women to get information from a central database, bypassing the firm which treated them.
Tim Goodacre agrees that a registry would improve standards:  "At present we can't easily say how many PIP implants were done, where and how well.  We must have traceability so that even if a company goes bust, the device can be traced."
Another surgeon on the PIP expert committee said there are no firm figures on what proportion of PIP devices have ruptured.
Fazel Fatah, president of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons said:  "None of these figures are completely reliable or are a true reflection of what's happening.  A significant number of patients do not go back to the clinic where they had their surgery if they suffer a rupture. Instead, they go to the NHS and are dealt with in the NHS. We do not know the exact rupture rate in the UK."
Mr Fatah said he believed women should plan for having implants removed.  "The point is not so much the rupture rates but that the quality of the silicone in these implants is not of medical grade. Therefore, the implants are not fit to be implanted into humans."
He said women should not be caught in the middle of an argument over who should pay for the implants to be removed, adding that clinics who carried out the surgery had a "moral obligation" to women and must not be allowed to profit from removing the devices.
About 95% of the PIP implants were done by private clinics, for breast augmentation.  Many of these women are seeking urgent appointments with their implanting surgeon.
It is worth repeating that no medical organisation has found any increased cancer risk from the PIP implants compared to other devices.  The authorities in France have recommended they be removed as a precaution, and not as a matter of urgency.
Andrew Lansley has given another clear indication that ministers are going to stick to their original advice that the implants do not pose a safety risk.
He denied pre-empting the findings of the expert committee - due on Friday - but said that there was still no evidence to suggest that routine removal of the implants was warranted.
If ministers maintain their position it means that women whose implants are not causing obvious problems would have to pay if they want them removed.