Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: How did Doctor Who reflect what was happening in the real world?

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When Doctor Who was born, at 17:15 GMT on 23 November 1963, the headlines were dominated by the assassination the previous day of US President John F Kennedy.
And the shock events in Dallas, Texas, eclipsed coverage of the deaths of writers CS Lewis and Aldous Huxley, also on 22 November 1963.
While that first trip though the doors of the Tardis may have had echoes of entering Narnia in Lewis' The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe, it was the world-changing events of the previous decades that helped shape early Doctor Who.
"It is very much part of the post-[World War Two] era," says Graeme Burk, co-author of the book Who's 50 - The 50 Doctor Who Stories to Watch Before You Die.
"The science fiction of Doctor Who was very influenced by the post-war sci-fi of Brian Aldiss and John Wyndham and, to a lesser extent, CS Lewis.
The latest on the 50th anniversary celebrations
Doctor Who website
"Early stories like The Daleks were written by people who grew up under the threat of Nazism and war."
The very first Doctor Who story, An Unearthly Child, saw the Doctor and his companions transported through time to the Stone Age where they encountered a tribe that had lost the secret of fire.
"There's dialogue about how fire is necessary but at the same time viewed as a threat by certain members of the tribe," says Burk.
"That story came about a year after the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, so you can't help but see a metaphor for atomic weapons as things which could bring benefits or mass destruction."
The next story, The Daleks, introduced Doctor Who's most famous monsters.
The Tardis lands on the planet Skaro in the aftermath of a neutron war where two races survive - the Daleks, mutated creatures inside metal casings, and the pacifist Thals.
Coming less than 20 years after the end of World War Two, the allegorical reference to atomic warfare is not hard to spot, and many commentators draw parallels between the Daleks and the Nazis.
"The Cold War and WW2 come together in that first visitation from the Daleks," says Dr Graham Saunders, of the department of film, theatre and TV at the University of Reading.
"It's become a cliche that the Daleks are the Nazis. You could turn it on its head and  argue that they all think the same way, so they are Communistic as well - they are both echoes from the war and the threat of the Red Terror."
The WW2 influence is even stronger in the second Dalek story, 1964's Dalek Invasion of Earth, set in the 22nd Century.
The story presents a vision of what things would have been like if Germany had won the war, says Mark Campbell, author of Doctor Who: The Complete Guide.
"Although it's set in the future the costumes and scenery is really 1940s-50s England. There are banners up everywhere and the Daleks do Nazi salutes. The images would have been very resonant to those who fought in the war."
When writer Terry Nation revisited the early history of Skaro in 1975's Genesis of the Daleks (with Tom Baker's fourth Doctor), the Nazi references were far more explicit.
Scientist Davros is intent on creating a master race while the military elite seek to exterminate the Thals.
As Dr Saunders notes, when Davros rants about racial supremacy in his underground lair it's like "Hitler raving in the bunker".
Just as the 2013 Doctor Who story The Bells of Saint John featured new London landmark The Shard, the 1966 story The War Machines saw William Hartnell's Doctor visit the Post Office Tower (now the BT Tower) - which had officially opened the previous year.
The tower contains Wotan, a super-computer that creates an army of intelligent, armed mobile machines in order to take over the world.
The story tapped into the topical debate about technological progress. "I think Doctor Who is always more interesting when it's commenting on issues that are just bubbling under," says Dr Saunders.
"The War Machines is a story in which computers go mad and produce these war machines. It's The Terminator way before its time.
"The old Doctors were always sceptical of computers. In The Ice Warriors (1967) the Doctor does all the calculations himself - he doesn't trust computers . Although in new Doctor Who he seems much more comfortable with them, which says something about our age.
"In old Doctor Who up to the 1970s computers were these huge disembodied things with wheeling tapes, often with malign purpose."
The War Machines were based on an idea by Dr Kit Pedler, Doctor Who's unofficial scientific adviser, who went on to create the show's second most popular villains, the Cybermen.
Making their first appearance in William Hartnell's final story, 1966's The Tenth Planet, the Cybermen were humans who had replaced their body parts with artificial organs.
Graeme Burk: "At that point organ transplants were coming in and Kit Pedler saw the next step as artificial transplants, so the Cybermen were very much created out of a response to that idea."
Just over a year after this story was broadcast, in December 1967, the first human heart transplant was carried out by Dr Christiaan Barnard in South Africa.
In the early 1970s, Doctor Who stories often reflected topical events such as the energy crisis (when oil-producing countries stopped exports to West), ecological concerns, industrial strife and terrorism.
In Jon Pertwee's second story, The Silurians (1970), a hibernating reptile race is awakened by tests on a new underground nuclear reactor. Later the same year, Inferno centred on a drilling project that releases a gas that turns people into werewolf-like creatures.
The Curse of Peladon, in 1972, mirrored a major political story at the time.
Pertwee's Doctor and companion Jo Grant arrive on the planet Peladon, whose king wants it to join the Galactic Federation, but his high priest opposes the union, claiming it will strip Peladon of its independence.
At the time the story was broadcast, British Prime Minister Edward Heath was in negotiations for the UK to join the European Economic Community (EEC).
The metaphor may have been clear to adult viewers, but it would have gone over the heads of most children.
"It's actually an Agatha Christie whodunnit and it still works if you take away the stuff about going into the federation," says Mark Campbell. "It's a story with lots of monsters."
A return visit to the same planet in 1974's The Monster of Peladon was influenced by the miners' strikes of the period. The moderates and militants among the miners on Peladon allude to the real-life rift within the leadership of the National Union of Mineworkers.
Eco-concerns, and the rise of groups like Friends of the Earth, were addressed in 1973's The Green Death, in which giant maggots emerged from the industrial effluent produced by Global Chemicals.
Dr Saunders detects the "shadow of Northern Ireland" in stories such as the Day of the Daleks (1972), which featured "terrorists" from the future, and Invasion of the Dinosaurs (1974) with armed troops on the streets - images which were familiar in news bulletins at the time.
Moving to the 1980s, the Colin Baker story Vengeance on Varos came shortly after the Video Recordings Act 1984 was passed in the wake of the press furore about "video nasties".
In the story, the poverty-stricken people of Varos are kept entertained by screenings of public torture.
Mark Campbell calls it a "problematic story" because while it satirises on-screen violence as public entertainment, one episode contains a scene in which the Doctor delivers a quip after seeing a guard die horribly in an acid bath.
"I think the story says more about the power of television than the so-called video nasties," he adds.
Since its 2005 reboot, with Russell T Davies as show runner (2005-2010), the new series of Doctor Who hasn't shied away from political references ripped from the headlines.
In the episode World War Three, where aliens The Slitheen have invaded 10 Downing Street, there is a reference to "massive weapons of destruction" which can be deployed in 45 seconds.
"It's not hard to see that's a comment on the Iraq War," says Campbell, referring to the September 2002 dossier which became notorious for its suggestion Iraq could deploy weapons of mass destruction within 45 minutes.
The first David Tennant story, The Christmas Invasion, contains a scene which echoes former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's decision to sink the General Belgrano during the Falklands conflict in 1982.
Penelope Wilton's prime minister orders the destruction of a retreating alien spaceship, a decision condemned by the Doctor.
Graeme Burk detects fewer overt political references in the Matt Smith era of the show, with Steven Moffat in charge.
"Steven Moffat is a very different animal to Russell T Davies, who is a very political writer," he says.
"Moffat is more about taking something in the real world and making it scary or magical."

I take a look at the role of imagination in saving the world from its problems.


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Question: Every so often a new app or website will suddenly appear on the tech scene and get everyone talking.

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You might remember Ello, dubbed the "anti-Facebook", which exploded on to the market in late 2014 only to be mostly forgotten about by 2015.
And then Meerkat, a live video streaming app which gained early momentum but is now overshadowed by Periscope, the Twitter-owned app that essentially does exactly the same thing.
More recently, there was Yo. An app that only allowed people to say Yo to each other. Mmm.
This weekend, we were given another app to add to the sudden success case study pile.
Peach is a social network that allows you to send messages or "actions" like waving, kissing, and "caking" - which I guess means "to give some cake".
That's not particularly innovative, but Peach has a neat little function in its text commands. Rather than tapping your way through menus to post a picture or suchlike, Peach has a range of commands that make posting richer content easier.
If you type "draw", a little drawing panel comes up and you can have a doodle. Typing "gif" allows you to quickly search for animated gifs that best portray your mood. "Move" shows how many steps you taken. "Here" adds your location.
It's an impeccably simple way of giving an app a lot of functionality without bloating it with intimidating menus. And it's a nice nod back to early days of computing when nothing would start without you first typing "RUN".
They call them Magic Words, which I'd say is marketing masterstroke if it takes off. You can certainly imagine people asking "what's the magic word?" in relation to certain commands.
Aside from the concept itself, the app's sudden popularity is being attributed mostly to its founder, Dom Hoffman. Twitter bought his other creation, Vine, in October 2012.
I'd say the smart money lies on something similar happening again. Magic Words aren't revolutionary enough to warrant using Peach long-term. But, integrated into other social networks, it's a user interface that is massively satisfying.
In the middle of CES last week, Facebook put out something of a status update about its Messenger app and service, which is used regularly by around 800m people.
In a briefing call, Stan Chudnovsky from the Messenger team told me that one of the most significant recent additions to Facebook Messenger was direct integration with Uber â€” meaning you can book your car from within the Messenger app, rather than loading up Uber separately.
Peach's Magic Words could bring this kind of integration to the next level. A company's Magic Word may end up being as important as its web address, if not more so.
Or, alternatively, Peach could just fade away into obscurity. Overnight successes (that have been worked on for months) rarely stick around.
As I've mentioned, anti-Facebook network Ello took off in 2014, with at one point more than 31,000 new user sign-ups every hour.
Then the money came flooding in - around $5.5m (Â£3.4m) pledged by several investors.
But after that incredible spike, the excitement kind of just stopped.
I mean, Ello still exists - according to the site's "recent posts" page there's something added every minute or so. But the hype disappeared even quicker than it arrived, as evidenced by this Google Trends graph showing the frequency of people searching for "Ello".
It's hard to track Peach's impact so far. Google searches and tweets are tainted with people searching for the fruitâ€¦ and so far the app doesn't appear to have broken into the App Store chart.
But it has certainly got people talking. Recode called it the "app du jour for the kids at the cool tech table", while Mashable referred to it as the "slick" app everyone is talking about.
But for how long?
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC (and, for the time being at least, davelee on Peach)

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Yet despite the promise of a revolution in how we interact with services and companies online, progress has been utterly miserable - the vast majority of chatbots are gimmicky, pointless or just flat out broken.
But this week I was given great cause for optimism, in the form of Alec Jones, a 14-year-old from Victoria, Canada.
For the past six months, Alec been working on Christopher Bot, a chatbot that helps students keep track of homework they've been given over the course of a week.
To set things up, a student shares his or her schedule with Christopher Bot, and from then on it will send a quick message at the end of each lesson asking if any homework had been set.
"Do you have homework for maths?" it asked 30-year-old me pretending to be a child for the sake of this piece.
"Yes!" I replied.
"Your teacher needs to chill out on the homework," came the auto-response, adding, "what homework do you have?"
"Algebra :-("
"Ok, got it."
Through this interface, I'm able easily insert "algebra" - urgh - into a weekly schedule that I can then refer back to at any point to see what I need to get done.
Once I complete a piece of homework, I tell Christopher Bot, and it congratulates me, automatically removing the homework from my list of things to do. The best bit? The bot keeps quiet during the holidays.
Chatbot promise
What makes me so impressed by this is that, of all the experiments I've seen so far, it is the first time a chatbot has genuinely been the best way to tackle a problem.
Other chatbots are a lesser experience of something else. The CNN news chatbot, for example, is worse at giving you the news than any of CNN’s other products.
And popular weather bot Poncho, while cute and well-branded, has a habit of telling me it's about to rain five minutes after water started falling on my head.
But Christopher Bot shows the potential for producing a service that is completely at home within chat - removing the need for students to access some extra tool to keep track of what needs doing, and interacting in a way that (slightly) lessens the unavoidable chore of homework.
"I wanted it to not just sound like a robot," Alec told me.
"I wanted it to sound kind of like my friends would. If you get homework, everyone always just shakes their heads and says 'that sucks'."
And it does this within an app his friends are already likely using (though perhaps Snapchat would be a more useful place for it, one day).
In short, it's a product those companies banking on chatbots being a winner should seek to emulate.
Allo allo
It's extremely difficult, for now, to measure the success of chatbots. Ad industry magazine AdAge noted that: "Bot analytics and bot-building software companies all have shortcomings, largely because this technology is in its infancy.
"Few benchmarks exist, especially when trying to compare data across platforms."
So without data, we can't say what's working just yet - though there are some clues to what isn't.
Google's AI-powered messaging app Allo, since being launched to much fanfare last year, has failed to make even a minor dent in a messaging app market dominated by Whatsapp and Facebook Messenger.
And that's because there's no compelling reason to bother with Allo. None of its features - like asking it for directions - provide enough of a benefit beyond what you'd get from just tapping in your request the "old fashioned" way. Users have an incredibly short fuse for chatbots not working exactly as we expect.
Most big companies are missing the point, Alec told me. "There are a lot of chatbots made by these big companies that are supposed to help you interact with their service more and give you more functionality," he said.
"But it feels like they just saw this new platform, bots, and thought 'oh that's cool, people are looking at these now, let's build a bot'.
"It feels like they've just made a compromised version of what they're actually trying to build."
Usefulness
Earlier this week, Alec's bot was shared on Product Hunt, a website I profiled recently, where it gained rave reviews and a fair share of feature requests.
"You're solving a problem many students have," read one reply.
"Fellow 14 year old here," began another. "Great job man! That's sick that you’re my age and made such a cool and useful product. Awesome!"
Like any good developer, Alec has aspirations to build on the what he’s made - he wants to make it work for people in the working world, too.
But first he feels Facebook and others must do more to prove the usefuless of chatbots to people.
"I think that the real problem is that not enough people on Facebook who aren't 'techies' don't know what a bot is, and then they don't use it. More people need to know what a bot is," he said.
When Mark Zuckerberg took to the stage in front of his developers last year, he said he was opening up Messenger so that anybody could make great apps. I bet he didn’t think it would be a 14-year-old who would show him how it’s done.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC and on Facebook


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: Steve Morison's first goal in more than two months earned Millwall a draw at Gillingham and saw them climb into the League One play-off places.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

After a goalless first half, Gillingham opened the scoring on 67 minutes as Bournemouth loanee Joe Quigley scored his first league goal.
But five minutes later Morison struck from close range to earn a point, one that saw Millwall climb into sixth as Southend lost at Charlton.
The most notable act of the first half came when a coin appeared to be thrown from the end the Millwall fans were sat as former player Lee Martin prepared to take a corner.
However, the deadlock was broken on 67 minutes after a Cody McDonald header from a Martin corner was saved by Tom King, with Quigley on hand to smash in the rebound.
The Lions equalised five minutes later, however, after Jed Wallace's shot was saved into the path of Morison, who made no mistake to net his first goal since 4 February.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Gillingham 1, Millwall 1.
Second Half ends, Gillingham 1, Millwall 1.
Attempt saved. Steve Morison (Millwall) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Millwall. Conceded by Lee Martin.
Corner,  Millwall. Conceded by Max Ehmer.
Foul by Joe Quigley (Gillingham).
Byron Webster (Millwall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Millwall. Conceded by Emmanuel Osadebe.
Josh Wright (Gillingham) is shown the yellow card.
Corner,  Millwall. Conceded by Adedeji Oshilaja.
Attempt blocked. Lee Gregory (Millwall) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Jed Wallace (Millwall) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Max Ehmer (Gillingham).
Steve Morison (Millwall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Joe Quigley (Gillingham).
Shaun Williams (Millwall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Millwall. Fred Onyedinma replaces David Worrall.
Lee Martin (Gillingham) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Shaun Williams (Millwall).
Foul by Adedeji Oshilaja (Gillingham).
Lee Gregory (Millwall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Gillingham. Emmanuel Osadebe replaces Mark Byrne.
Mark Byrne (Gillingham) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ben Thompson (Millwall).
Attempt missed. Steve Morison (Millwall) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, Gillingham. Jake Hessenthaler replaces Harry Cornick.
Attempt missed. Ben Thompson (Millwall) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Goal!  Gillingham 1, Millwall 1. Steve Morison (Millwall) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal.
Attempt saved. Jed Wallace (Millwall) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Attempt missed. Lee Gregory (Millwall) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Goal!  Gillingham 1, Millwall 0. Joe Quigley (Gillingham) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal following a corner.
Attempt saved. Max Ehmer (Gillingham) header from very close range is saved in the centre of the goal.
Tom King (Millwall) is shown the yellow card.
Corner,  Gillingham. Conceded by Tom King.
Substitution, Millwall. Lee Gregory replaces Aiden O'Brien because of an injury.
Attempt missed. Max Ehmer (Gillingham) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Corner,  Gillingham. Conceded by Joe Martin.
Mark Byrne (Gillingham) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ben Thompson (Millwall).
Mark Byrne (Gillingham) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.

Sullay Kaikai opened the scoring for Shrewsbury with a low strike before Cody McDonald levelled from 20 yards.
Shrewsbury regained the lead through Andy Mangan's acrobatic finish before the Gills equalised again through Jake Hessenthaler's strike from distance.
The visitors' winner came when Jean-Louis Akpa Apro's fortuitous 81st-minute deflected effort found the net.
Gillingham sixth game without a win caused them to slip out of League One's top six, leapfrogged by  Barnsley.
At the other end of the table, Shrewsbury ended their run of seven games without a win to go four points clear of the relegation zone with a game in hand.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A key malaria treatment has failed for the first time in patients being treated in the UK, doctors say.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The drug combination was unable to cure four patients, who had all visited Africa, in early signs the parasite is evolving resistance.
A team at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine said it was too early to panic.
But it warned things could suddenly get worse and demanded an urgent appraisal of drug-resistance levels in Africa.
Malaria parasites are spread by bites from infected mosquitoes.
It is a major killer of the under-fives with one child dying from the disease every two minutes.
Between 1,500 and 2,000 people are treated for malaria in the UK each year - always after foreign travel.
Most are treated with the combination drug: artemether-lumefantrine.
But clinical reports, now detailed in the journal Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, showed the therapy failed in four patients between October 2015 and February 2016.
All initially responded to therapy and were sent home, but were readmitted around a month later when the infection rebounded.
Samples of the parasite that causes malaria were analysed at the Malaria Reference Laboratory at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Dr Colin Sutherland told the BBC News website: "It's remarkable there's been four apparent failures of treatment, there's not been any other published account [in the UK]."
All of the patients were eventually treated using other therapies.
But the detailed analysis of the parasites suggested they were developing ways of resisting the effects of the front-line drugs.
Dr Sutherland added: "It does feel like something is changing, but we're not yet in a crisis.
"It is an early sign and we need to take it quite seriously as it may be snowballing into something with greater impact."
Two of the cases were associated with travel to Uganda, one with Angola and one with Liberia - suggesting drug-resistant malaria could be emerging over wide regions of the continent.
Dr Sutherland added: "There has been anecdotal evidence in Africa of treatment failure on a scale that is clinically challenging.
"We need to go in and look carefully at drug efficacy."
The malaria parasites all seemed to be evolving different mechanisms rather than there being one new type of resistant malaria parasite spreading through the continent.
The type of resistance is also clearly distinct from the form developing in South East Asia that has been causing huge international concern.
Dr Sutherland says doctors in the UK need to be aware the drugs might not work and argued current treatment guidelines may need to be reviewed.
Prof David Lalloo, Dean of Clinical Sciences and International Public Health at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, said more studies are needed.
"This is an interesting and well conducted study and again emphasises the incredible ability of the malaria parasite to rapidly evolve to become resistant to antimalarial treatment," he said.
"It is too early to fully evaluate the significance of these findings but the paper highlights the need to be constantly vigilant when treating patients with malaria and larger studies are certainly needed to explore this issue further."
Prof Dame Sally Davies, the chief medical officer for England, said: "This is a stark warning for the future of global medicine.
"We are in dire need of new drugs to keep pace with resistance, in low and middle-income countries in particular, the consequences of ineffective drugs are catastrophic."
Follow James on Twitter.

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Scientists found 90% of babies under one suspected to have the virus died - compared to some 65% of adults across Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Children are overall much less likely to catch the virus, but researchers say there is an urgent need for specialist care to meet their differing needs.
Meanwhile, a vaccine trial involving adult volunteers has begun in Guinea.
Ebola has killed more than 10,000 people across the three worst-affected countries of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia in the last 12 months.
The majority have been adults - just one in five deaths involves a child under 15. But this outbreak has seen the highest number of young people infected of any in history.
By analysing data collected by local ministries of health and the World Health Organization, scientists were able to uncover previously unknown clues revealing how the virus affects different ages in distinct ways.
According to their records, which span from the beginning of the outbreak to January 2015, about 80% of children under five with probable or confirmed Ebola died.
And the illness progressed more quickly in the young - they showed signs of the disease 72 hours before most adults did.
Prof Christl Donnelly from Imperial College London, who was involved in the study, said: "It is especially important that we get young children into treatment quickly.
"We also need to look at whether young children are getting treatment appropriate for their age."
In contrast the study suggests that older children - from the age of 10 to 15 - had a lower fatality rate than adults.
Scientists say more research is needed to unpick the likely multiple reasons why all these differences exist.
They suggest babies may be more vulnerable to dehydration, for example, and therefore need fluids more quickly through a drip.
But there is still no specific drug treatment proven to work against Ebola.
In collaboration with the Public Health Agency of Canada and the company Merck, scientists in Guinea are working on a vaccine to protect those most at risk.
Their strategy involves vaccinating anyone who has come into contact with recently-infected patients to create a ring of potential protection.
Dr Bertrand Draguez, from the charity Medecins sans Frontieres, which is involved in the trial, said people would take part on a voluntary basis.
Results could be available as early as July.
Other vaccine trials are under way in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Public Health England has also announced a Â£1m grant to develop a rapid field kit for the disease.
It aims to generate a test which diagnoses suspected cases within 40 minutes.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A police officer who was attacked by a man with an axe recalled to a jury how she pleaded with him for mercy.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary
Examples:

"['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:', "The Lost Glasgow page on Facebook has become a big hit by sharing archive images of the city and its people.\nSince it began three years ago the page has attracted 137,000 likes from people attracted to its documenting of Glasgow's colourful past.\nThe history buffs behind the online page have now gone back to old school methods themselves by organising a gallery exhibition.\nIt is being held at 54 Bell Street from 29 June to 31 August."]" == "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', '.']"

PC Lisa Bates lost a finger, suffered a deep wound to her head, sustained a fractured skull and a smashed ankle during the attack, Sheffield Crown Court heard.
Nathan Sumner repeatedly hit her with the axe when she was called to a disturbance at his home in Sheffield.
He admits causing the officer grievous bodily harm.
Mr Sumner, 35, of Plowright Close, denies attempting to murder PC Bates and an alternative count of causing her grievous bodily harm with intent.
PC Bates gave her evidence from behind a screen.
Sam Green QC, prosecuting, told the jury PC Bates and PC Mark Garrett were on duty on 13 April when they were called to Mr Sumner's home.
PC Bates told the court Mr Sumner, shouted "aggressively" as he answered the door and attacked her colleague, punching him and pinning him against a wall.
PC Bates had used an incapacitating spray, which did not affect the defendant but blurred her colleague's vision.
She told the court how she broke her leg after jumping down a flight of stairs fleeing Mr Sumner as he chased her with an axe.
"He was hitting me from behind. I felt it was heavy and cold and I turned around with my hands up and he just kept hitting me," she said.
"I asked him to stop. I begged him to stop. I was getting tired and couldn't defend myself any more."
Mr Sumner was eventually arrested by police who used a Taser on him.
David Brookes, defending, said it was agreed that his client was suffering from a psychotic episode at the time.
The trial continues.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Ethem Orhon, 67, inflicted "appalling injuries" on his victims during the rampage outside Sainsbury's in Hampton, west London on 20 May, a court heard.
The attacks happened a day after Orhon was arrested for possessing a knife.
He was found guilty of two counts of attempted murder and two counts of wounding with intent to cause GBH.
A Kingston Crown Court jury took four hours and 55 minutes to find Orhon, of Deacons Walk, guilty of the offences.
'I thought I was going to die'
Orhon told the court he was "like a zombie" and felt "hypnotised" as he attacked strangers with a Leatherman knife, hours after being bailed by police.
He said he had felt humiliated after being strip-searched by officers when he was arrested.
Sentencing, Judge Paul Dodgson told Orhon: "This was a planned attempt to kill albeit while the balance of your mind was disturbed.
"You took that knife intending to use it, intending to kill people."
"You are on your own and as a loner it may be you are someone who tends to brood on matters," the judge added commenting on his "unusual personality".
Suzanna Brand, Janet Morsy, Jean Sullivan, and Charandasi Chandiramani, were randomly targeted, the jury heard.
Ms Brand, 53 was hit from behind, struck 13 times and left with two collapsed lungs.
Ms Morsy, 63, thought she was going to die as she was struck in the arm and chest and tried to defend herself.
Ms Sullivan, 68, was stabbed in the back, damaging her chest wall, right lung and liver.
Ms Chandiramani, 71, was stabbed twice in the back.
Speaking outside court after the verdict, Janet Morsy, who has spoken to the BBC about her ordeal, said the experience has "completely changed" her life.
"When I see someone with hands in their pockets I fully expect them to pull a blade," she said.
Chandarasi Chandiramani, who has suffered with post-traumatic stress disorder since she was injured by Orhon, said she still sees "the madness in his eyes at night" but the verdict has provided closure.
"The mental aspect has a profound effect on my life," she said.
"Hopefully now I can get off the sleeping tablets - I don't want to be addicted to anything - and get back to my old life."
The court heard Orhon was distracted by two schoolboys from the nearby Hampton Grammar, who warned other passers-by and called 999.
Praising the boys the judge said they "certainly averted a greater disaster" and awarded them Â£1,000 each to recognise their "bravery" and thanking them on behalf of the whole community.
Jurors were told the Orhon, who is from Turkey, had left Belgravia police station after being charged with having a bladed article in a public place.
He later told police he went home picked up a knife before heading for the crowded supermarket, less than 10 minutes from his home.


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Question: A man has been arrested after a man was found dead at a house in Bristol.

The body was found at an address in Hotwell Road by police at about 09:30 BST.
A spokesman for Avon and Somerset Police said the death was being treated as "unexplained" pending a post-mortem examination.
A man in his forties has been arrested on suspicion of murder and is in police custody.

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Police say the death is not being treated as suspicious.
It has emerged she sent a Valentine's message on Facebook to her five children less than an hour before she was discovered in the town.
Ms Williams' body was found on Sunday night in a shelter at Newry Beach.


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Question: Specialist underwater teams have resumed the search for a man who went missing after a boat capsized on the River Thames in Surrey.

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A 41-year-old man has not been seen since the boat overturned at Shepperton at about 18:00 BST on Thursday.
Witness John Mumford said people on the bank tried to get a buoy to him. He said: "They were shouting to hold on to his shirt and then it just went quiet."
The search team from Shoreham described underwater visibility as "very poor".
An 18-year-old man and a 39-year-old man managed to get to safety after the boat capsized near Russell Road but the other man was seen calling for help.
Mr Mumford said: "I heard a speedboat or a jet ski come around the bend, then it apparently tipped over and I heard screaming and yelling for help."
"Because the current was running so fast, the boat went down stream and out of sight," he added.
A search for the man on Thursday evening was called off for the night but resumed on Friday at Shepperton park, opposite Desborough Island.
The Environment Agency is helping to recover the boat, Surrey Police said.

Joy Godfray, who would have been 32 on Sunday, was rescued by the coastguard near Green Island at 21:00 BST on Saturday, but was pronounced dead in hospital.
A man swimming with her was helped to shore by a member of the public.
Ms Godfray is one of six people to die in seas around the country during the course of the weekend.


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Question: The US ambassador to Thailand is being investigated for royal defamation over a speech he made in November.

The Foreign Correspondents' Club of Thailand, which hosted Glyn Davies' talk, confirmed it is assisting authorities in their probe.
In it, Mr Davies expressed concern about the long jail sentences for violating the lese majeste law.
Those convicted of insulting the king, queen, heir or regent face up to 15 years in jail on each count.
Two people were recently given sentences of 28 and 30 years each for comments posted on Facebook.
Mr Davies' speech on 25 November at the club's premises in Bangkok touched on a broad range of topics, including King Bhumibol Adulyadej, whom he praised.
He said the US was concerned about the "lengthy and unprecedented prison sentences handed down by military courts" in lese majeste cases, and stated the US view that no-one should be jailed for peacefully expressing their views.
Mr Davies has diplomatic immunity from arrest. The Bangkok Post quoted a police spokesman as confirming that the authorities could not proceed with any legal action against the ambassador. But Thailand can rescind his diplomatic credentials.
The ambassador had only arrived in Thailand in October to take up the post.
A spokesman for the US embassy in Bangkok told the BBC that it was preparing a response on the matter.
Prosecutions under the law have soared since the military coup in 2014, with about 100 people charged. Critics say the law has been used suppress dissent.
Another ambassador in hot water with the Thai authorities is British envoy Mark Kent, over a tweet he posted three days ago.
In it, he contrasted the military government's tolerance of protests outside the US embassy against Glyn Davies by ultra-royalists with the detention of dozens of activists heading to protest at a military-built park glorifying Thailand's monarchy, which has been tainted by a corruption scandal.
"It is disappointing that the ambassador took a position that has supported a group that has often broken the law and disrespected judicial processes," government spokesman Maj Gen Werachon Sukondhapatipak said.
The foreign ministry says it was studying the British ambassador's comments to determine whether he should be summoned to receive a formal complaint.

The defendant, identified as Chayapha, was arrested in June and charged with sedition for a posting allegedly opposing the military government.
A strict lese majeste law makes it a crime to criticise Thailand's royals.
Prosecutions have soared since the army, which styles itself a champion of the monarchy, seized power last year.
Critics have said the broadly-worded lese majeste laws are being used to silence dissent and opponents.
The woman was found guilty on Tuesday at a hearing at which she did not have a lawyer present, a court official told AFP news agency.
"From her Facebook posts, she was found guilty of defaming the monarchy, threatening state security and violations of the computer crimes act," the official was quoted as saying.
The single mother's 19-year sentence was cut in half because she pleaded guilty.
Her lawyer Thanathorn Thananon said he had only heard of the sentence after it was handed down.
"The defendant was originally called in and charged with sedition for posting on Facebook that a counter-coup against the junta was imminent," he said, the Bangkok Post reports.
"Further investigation by the authorities found content that brought about lese majeste charges.
The military courts failed to inform us that a hearing was taking place. They only told the defendant to appear at short notice."
Since its coup last year, the military government has arrested a string of suspects, accusing them of claiming or using connections to the monarchy for personal benefit.
"Since Thailand's coup, it hasn't been hard to get thrown in jail for criticising the junta,"  Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch, told Reuters, referring to another lese majeste case.
"Now, all you have to do is press 'Like' on your Facebook page."


Question: The mother of a woman found dead in a hotel said her heart has been "torn in two" and appealed to the suspect to contact police.

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Andrea Aburas told a press conference her "beautiful" daughter, Nadine, would never hurt anyone.
Her body was discovered at the Future Inn in Cardiff Bay on 30 December.
She had been there with Sammy Almahri, 44, from New York, and South Wales Police launched an international manhunt to find him.
Ms Aburas said on Monday: "Nadine was my baby, she was such a beautiful and kind hearted girl. She would never hurt anyone, she just wanted to help people.
"She was a born healer for people... always putting others first. The loss of Nadine has torn my heart in two.
"Her family and friends are absolutely heartbroken by what has happened to her."
Ms Aburas made a direct appeal to Mr Almahri: "I am asking you, as Nadine's mother, please hand yourself into the authorities and please help us find the answers that we need so we can let Nadine rest in peace.
"You told us that you loved Nadine, if that is true, please let the police help you.
"I want the world to know that my Nadine was beautiful inside and out. She will remain our beautiful Nadine forever."
Det Supt Paul Hurley also appealed for Mr Almahri to contact police.
"Sammy, please surrender yourself to the authorities."
South Wales Police is working with counterparts in New York and Tanzania to trace Mr Almahri and Interpol has issued a wanted notice.
Detectives said the pair had known each other for three years and had met up previously in New York city.
On 30 December they checked into the Future Inn within 30 minutes of each other and left shortly before 22:00 GMT but returned at 23:00.
Five hours later, Mr Almahri left the hotel and is believed to have booked and boarded a flight at 10:00 GMT from Heathrow to Doha, Qatar, before flying on to Tanzania.
Ms Aburas, who briefly studied at Cardiff University but left after a few weeks, was found in a hotel room at midday on New Year's Eve.

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Suffolk County police in Long Island say Pauline Aluska, 54, was killed near to the spot where her brother, John Aluska, 61, died two years earlier.
Both cases were hit-and-runs. Their brother has appealed for his sister's killer to turn himself in.
In March their sister-in-law died while saving her daughter on Mother's Day.
Diane Aluska was killed after an 80-year-old driver reversed into her, moments after she pushed her 16-year-old daughter out of the way.
Diane's husband, Ken Aluska, told the New York Post that he was still mourning the death of his wife when he learned of the latest family tragedy.
"I [was] just trying to take care of my kids and get back to normal life before this even happened," he said.
"There are no words to describe it."
He added that his sister had recently retired from working at a supermarket and had planned to move to Florida.
Police told CBS New York they plan to release surveillance footage of the Montauk Highway in Lindenhurst, where the accident occurred.
"If you have a heart, if you have a soul, turn yourself in," Mr Aluska told the station, adding that he and his siblings grew up in a closely-knit family.
"Because out there somewhere, you have a family."


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Question: A Texan man has been sentenced to 18 months in jail for running a fraudulent Ponzi-style scheme based around the Bitcoin virtual currency.

The scheme - run by Trendon Shavers - promised high returns to those who backed bitcoin-related investments.
Instead of investing cash, Shavers used it to pay early investors in the scheme and to amass bitcoins.
Investors who backed the scheme lost about $1.23m (Â£940,000) in total, said Shavers' lawyers.
Shavers has been ordered by the court to repay the money which investors lost.
He was arrested in 2014 for running the scheme which, at one point, controlled about 764,000 bitcoins. In 2011-12, when the scheme was operating, this was worth approximately $4.5m, comprising of 7% of all bitcoins in circulation.
Investors were attracted by Shavers offering them the chance to earn 7% interest every week. He said the returns to fund these rewards would be generated when he traded bitcoins across different exchanges.
Only a fraction of the bitcoins bought were invested and the rest were used to pay back those who were first to join the scheme. In addition, court papers revealed, Shavers used more than $220,000 of the cash to buy a BMW, holiday in Las Vegas and cover family expenses.
"I don't think this is something I'm ever going to get over but I'm going to try to make things right," said Shavers in court, telling the judge that he "royally messed up".
US federal sentencing guidelines suggested Shavers would spend three years in jail but the judge reduced the sentence because of the "honest work" the Texan has done since his arrest. Shavers now makes his living as a cook.
He is believed to be the first person to face federal securities fraud charges involving bitcoins.

Kevin Lee Co, 45, from Sacramento, California, pleaded guilty to fraudulently using company credit cards to steal the money.
Court documents reveal Mr Co spent about $1m of the embezzled funds on Game of War, one of the world's highest grossing mobile games.
Players buy gold and other in-game credits to help build their empires.
Mr Co worked at Holt, a California-based dealer of Caterpillar machinery, for about two years before he started the fraudulent scheme by May 2008.
He became responsible for managing Holt's accounting department a year later and continued to hide the transactions until March 2015.
He left the company a month later.
Over the course of nearly seven years, he used the company card to buy luxury cars, as well as season tickets to NFL team the San Francisco 49ers, and basketball team the Sacramento Kings.
Other items included plastic surgery, home furniture and golf course membership, according to a copy of his plea agreement obtained by tech news site Ars Technica.
It is estimated players spent $550 on average last year on Game of War, which has featured singer Mariah Carey and model Kate Upton in its adverts.
That was double the next highest grossing mobile game, and largely came from buying $52 crates of gold, according to data analysts Slice Intelligence.
Mr Co, who pleaded guilty to charges of wire fraud and money laundering, will be sentenced in May.
The two charges each carry jail terms of up to 20 years, but the US government's attorney has recommended a lesser punishment as part of the plea deal.
The case follows an investigation by the FBI and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).


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Question: Former Rangers defender Arthur Numan believes it will take "two to three years" before the Ibrox side is in a position to challenge Celtic.

Following the 5-1 loss to Celtic last weekend, Numan says Rangers' next four fixtures, which include away trips to Aberdeen and Hearts, are "crucial".
Reigning champions Celtic are bidding for a sixth straight top-flight title.
"It will be difficult because Celtic have been playing for many years at the highest level," said Numan.
"A lot of supporters expect now [Rangers] are back in the highest division that they will compete for the league.
"With some good young, promising players, some experienced players, hopefully within two to three years' time they will be back again.
"They have a decent squad at the moment, but Celtic are a little bit stronger and you have to accept that.
"Everyone is always talking about the games against Celtic, but Aberdeen is also very difficult. The next two or three weeks will be crucial for the team - how do they cope with the 5-1 defeat?
"You have to forget it, because it doesn't help you if you have it in your mind when you play the following week. Draw a line and learn from it."
Numan's Old Firm debut was a 5-1 defeat away to Celtic, in 1998, and he can still recall the reaction of his team-mate Ian Ferguson in the dressing room afterwards.
Rangers were top of the league at the time, under manager Dick Advocaat, and recovered to secure the domestic treble that season, but Numan says the aftermath of the Old Firm defeat made him realise what the game means to people and how to handle it.
"Scott Wilson was sent off after 25 minutes and we knew it would be very difficult and we got hammered," Numan said.
"I still remember Ian Ferguson after the game, he gave us such a hard time, because we had a lot of new boys like myself, Giovanni van Bronckhorst.
"He said, 'you don't have a clue what it means to get beat against Celtic'. I said, 'we lost 5-1 but we're still eight points ahead'.
"He said, 'I don't care, I'd rather beat them four times a year than win the league'.
"So it was good to have a discussion a day after about that. I realised what it really means when you play against Celtic and lose. It takes a couple of days to recover from it, because everywhere you go the people will talk to you about it, Rangers or Celtic supporters.
"The most important thing is try to move on and focus on the game the following week. You lose 5-1 but there are so many more games to play and you don't know what Celtic will do in Europe.
"That can take its toll - you're travelling, playing a lot of games and players can pick up injuries. Rangers can maybe take advantage of that."

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Brendan Rodgers' side needed three points against fifth-placed Hearts to be confirmed as champions after Aberdeen hammered Dundee on Friday.
And they did so with a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair and goals from Stuart Armstrong and Patrick Roberts.
Unbeaten Celtic have dropped just four points so far during their campaign.
"My job when I came in was to win it in the best way we possibly could," said Rodgers.
"We have had many outstanding performances, but we have only just begun because there's still an awful lot of development in this team. That's the real exciting part."
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Celtic are still on course to win the domestic treble, having beaten Aberdeen in November to win the League Cup, while they face rivals Rangers in the Scottish Cup semi-finals later this month.
The last time the club won all three major Scottish domestic trophies in one season was 2000-01 and the feat has only been achieved once since - when Rangers claimed a treble in 2002-03.
"The run we're on is incredible," said Rodgers in an interview with Football Focus prior to Sunday's title-clinching victory.
"In terms of the treble, we never really mention it. Obviously the supporters can dream, which is great, but we have to just think about performing and playing well."
Celtic could also became the first team to go a full 38-game Scottish Premiership campaign unbeaten.
The last time a Scottish side went a full season unbeaten was Rangers in 1898-99, while Celtic did the same the year before - but the season only lasted 18 games.
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Former Liverpool boss Rodgers was appointed in May 2016 to replace Ronny Deila, who quit at the end of last season after two mixed years in charge.
Deila led Celtic to back-to-back titles but failed to deliver success in Europe, losing to Maribor and Malmo in the last round of Champions League qualifying and also finishing last in their Europa League group in 2015-16.
Rodgers' first major task was to qualify for the Champions League group stages, only for Celtic to suffer arguably the worst defeat in their history against Gibraltarian part-time side Lincoln Red Imps in the second qualifying round first leg.
After winning the second leg to progress, they needed a stoppage-time penalty from Moussa Dembele to edge past Kazakh side Astana in the third qualifying round before hanging on away to Hapoel Beer Sheva of Israel to reach the group stages.
Once there, they suffered their heaviest European defeat in a 7-0 thrashing by Barcelona but recovered to secure two draws against Premier League side Manchester City and a draw at German side Borussia Monchengladbach.
"We need a couple of players in order to compete at Champions League level - we had some really good performances but there is certain dynamic, power and technique we need," Rodgers told Sky Sports after Sunday's title win.
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A summer clearout led to forwards Carlton Cole, Anthony Stokes, Colin Kazim-Richards and Stefan Scepovic all departing Celtic Park.
Yet the club were not left short of attacking talent after the signings of Dembele from Fulham and Scott Sinclair from Aston Villa.
Dembele, 20, has scored 32 goals this season and is now one of Europe's most sought-after talents, while 28-year-old winger Sinclair has struck 21 times in all competitions.
Rodgers has also improved the fortunes of players he inherited, most notably 25-year-old central midfielder Stuart Armstrong, who has impressed since becoming a regular starter after October, making his Scotland debut in March.
Former Celtic striker Chris Sutton: "People can knock the Scottish league as much as they like, but at the start of the season, Rangers thought they could push Celtic.
"Brendan has done nothing wrong - unbeaten in the league, relative success in Europe given that the last manager was really poor and they had no right to get in the Champions League. I didn't think they'd get in the Europa League.
"He has worked wonders this season and should get credit for that.
"The pressure for Rodgers was going to come in the early part of the season, because the Celtic fans expected this season and expectation was high.
"He's totally transformed the playing personnel, made good signings and the team is a million times better."
Former Celtic goalkeeper Pat Bonner: "Celtic will buy one or two more players and they can attract quality since they are in the Champions League.
"They did it in style. Their finishing was magnificent against Hearts - once they settled into this game, there was no chance of Hearts winning it.
"The way Celtic have gone about their business from day one has been exceptional. It's been a joy to watch them this season."
Rodgers has been suggested as a possible replacement for Arsene Wenger should the Arsenal boss decide to leave at the end of the season.
The Northern Irishman himself has said he wants to "give more years" to Celtic and is a supporter of what he calls "one of the most iconic clubs in the world".
But could Rodgers make a return to the Premier League?
Former Liverpool midfielder Dietmar Hamann: "Brendan Rodgers has got more chance and justification to get a big job now then he did at the time when he went to Liverpool.
"To go a whole season unbeaten, which they can still do, to get in the Champions League against all the odds and give Manchester City a game - of course they had a heavy defeat to Barcelona but it's happened to others.
"If you look at that Arsenal job, Rodgers could be one of the first names on the list."
Sunday Times football correspondent Jonathan Northcroft: "Rodgers is still in the rebuilding phase of his career.
"I'm a fan of his in general, but this will be his first league title and he only just won his first trophy in November, so he's quite a long way away from being the man to succeed Arsene Wenger.
"He got quite sensitive towards the end of his time with Liverpool, towards how things were covered - he was banning the press.
"If he wants another big job, he's going to have to handle that properly."


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Question: Plans to cut airline CO2 using greener jet fuels made from waste wood have been dismissed as a "pipe dream" by environmentalists.

Several high octane, waste-based biofuels are being tested by airlines as a way of curbing CO2.
UN officials are set to endorse these fuels as a key part of global plans to stabilise aviation emissions by 2020.
But critics say the plans are unrealistic and airlines are not taking the issue seriously.
One of the big failures of the Paris climate agreement, adopted in December 2015, is that it doesn't cover emissions from shipping or aviation.
The scale and impact of carbon from the booming airline business is heavily contested. The industry points out that in 2015 only 2% of human emissions of CO2 came from aircraft.
Environmentalists point out that this doesn't include the warming impact of contrails or other gases and aerosols. They believe the true impact is about 5%.
Earlier this year, the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), the UN body that regulates this sector, produced a report that predicted a three-fold increase in emissions from airplanes by 2050 if nothing is done to restrict carbon.
ICAO has developed a long term plan that it says will ensure that, by the middle of the century, aviation emissions will be half of what they were in 2005.
One of the key parts of that plan is green jet fuel.
Since Virgin Atlantic flew the first flight powered partly by biofuel in 2008, there have been dozens of tests with many different types of alternative jet fuels,  often made from oil seed crops or animal fats.
But in the US earlier this year, the Federal Aviation Authority gave the go-ahead to a new fuel making process that some people believe will be a game changer for greener flying.
The new biofuel is made from a type of alcohol called isobutanol, which occurs naturally in the fermentation process and can be found in many items including bread and scotch whiskey.
At a large, warm and sweet smelling industrial facility in St Joseph's, Missouri, fermenting tanks three stories tall contain a swirling mixture of wood pulp, water and enzymes.
The engineers here call the liquid, a "broth", and it's from pine-scented soup that isobutanol is extracted.
"It's like making a hot toddy, it has a bit of an alcoholic smell to it but you can still smell the undertones of the pine feedstock in the fermentation," said Andrew Hawkins from Gevo, the company that has been licensed to make jet fuel using this new method.
The enzymes are used to extract the sugars from the pine. Genetically modified yeast then deliver the isobutanol from the sugars. By this stage, the smell of pine has long departed and the clear liquid remaining has the breathtaking whiff of a high-octane fuel.
One more refining step, at another facility, is required to complete the process.
What's making airlines excited about using isobutanol based fuel is the fact that it is much more powerful than ethanol, the current biofuel of choice for transport.
Another attraction is that unlike, ethanol, jet fuel made from isobutanol can be carried and mixed in the same pipes and fuel trucks as petroleum products.
By using forest residue, supporters believe the new fuel can make a real and sustainable difference to airline carbon emissions as trees soak up CO2 as they grow and it is only the waste from their harvesting that's used in production.
"We are short cutting mother nature and sucking carbon directly out of the atmosphere, that maybe yesterday's plane put into the atmosphere," Andrew Hawkins told BBC News.
"We then create sugars via these trees and then turn that back into fuel."
Gevo say they are planning to increase production to around 1 million gallons this year.
The company believe they can reduce the cost of production to around $3 a gallon - but that is still around $1.80 more than the current market price of petroleum based jet fuel.
Isobutanol made from corn is now being been used in test flights by Alaska Airlines in blends of up to 30% with regular fuel.
But whether they are made from wood waste or corn, the financial cost of these new fuels are likely to prove a major problem according to environmentalists.
"They are far too expensive, and they are not delivering the emissions reductions that would justify the investment," said Bill Hemmings of campaign group Transport & Environment.
"The new fuels are two or three times the cost of existing jet fuels, no-one in their right mind would pay that price. People continue to bang that drum about new biofuels, but they are not going to deliver. It's all fairytale stuff."
Attempts to regulate airline emissions have proved very difficult as countries haven't been able to agree on the ways of measurement and responsibility. For example, if an airplane owned by a Middle Eastern airline flies from a poor African country to a poor Asian destination, who should "own" these emissions?
ICAO believe they have found a way forward that would allow airlines to offset emissions in the future by purchasing credits from certified reduction schemes, such as tree planting.
But their long-term goal of halving the level of 2005 emissions by 2050 depends on a rapid uptake of green fuels.
Critics say that this is impossible - it would require around 170 large scale bio-refineries to be built every year between 2020 and 2050, at a cost of up to $60bn a year.
As well as biofuels, UN officials meeting in Montreal in September will also announce tougher standards for new aircraft designs to curb CO2 that will come into force in 2028. Green campaigners say this approach is "incredibly weak".
They say that around 15% of aircraft flying today perform better than these future criteria.
Real change, they argue, won't come through these vague international efforts. They believe that the key to solving the problem lies in the US.
"The US is the 800 pound gorilla of carbon pollution in the sky," said Vera Pardee a lawyer with the Centre for Biological Diversity.
"More than 30% of all international carbon pollution comes from the United States.
"It is the duty of the US to get us out of this problem. If the US Environmental Protection Agency were to adopt meaningful standards then the international community will follow.
"The airplane manufacturers are not stupid, they need to meet the demands of their markets, when a regulation goes into effect for one of their major markets, that will be the catalyst to cause emissions to finally be handled correctly and come down."
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He wants to keep North Sea jobs and create tax revenue from oil and gas.
The main focus for anger was tax breaks for developing the oil and gas industry in the North Sea.
But green groups said it was irrational to seek more hydrocarbons in the week the government pledged to enshrine in law a commitment to zero emissions.
In a statement, Friends of the Earth said: "The Budget was full of 'next generation rhetoric', but tax breaks for the climate-wrecking oil and gas industry pose a real threat to the security of people, the economy and planet.
"It's almost as if the recent UN climate agreement in Paris never occurred. What happened in Paris appears to have stayed in Paris."
David Powell from the New Economics Foundation said: "If this was a Budget when we act now to avoid paying later, a Budget for the next generation, then where was the action on climate change?"
There was a mixed bag of announcements on energy and climate. It included: more support for a wealth fund for people living near shale gas sites; flood defence spending up Â£700m; freezing fuel duty; and tidying up a tangle of business taxes on energy - a measure welcomed by firms.
The Chancellor also followed the recommendation of his National Infrastructure Commission to herald a new chapter in energy, in which smart systems will store energy and use the internet to control energy demand.
"It's great that's going to translate into real action," said Richard Howard from the right-leaning think-tank Policy Exchange.
There was also relief among groups concerned about the climate that the Chancellor committed to a new round of auctions to supply energy from offshore wind and other less established renewables (possibly including tidal lagoons).
Sam Fankhauser from the LSE said:  "This Budget will have a mixed impact on the fight against climate change. The new round of auctions is very welcome, although it is not clear if this will be sufficient to ensure the UK meets its targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions over the next ten years."
Others complain there is still no clarity for investors in renewables post-2020. Shadow Energy and Climate Change Secretary Lisa Nandy said: "Business leaders and investors have been crying out for more confidence over the government's energy strategy. Today the Chancellor failed to give it to them."
But criticism of the Budget came more for what was left out than what was put in. Policy Exchange had urged the Chancellor to adjust Stamp Duty to reward people who insulate their homes - insulation is essential to meet climate targets. But this plea was ignored - for now, at least.
And Mr Osborne's rejection of calls to raise fuel duty provoked Conservative commentator Tim Montgomerie to Tweet: "No sense in freezing fuel duty when oil prices are so low. Duty should usually move in opposite direction to cost of a barrel."
What critics called the Chancellor's low-key performance on climate came in a week of eye-catching climate news.
The month of February was shown by far by the hottest February on record - driven by El Nino with a contribution from climate change; global CO2 emissions were decoupled from economic growth for the second year in a row as nations turned to energy efficiency and renewables; and the world's biggest coal firm Peabody warned of bankruptcy as coal prices collapsed in the face of concerns about the climate.
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Question: McLaren have "serious concerns" over whether they can win the world championship with engine partner Honda, says executive director Zak Brown.

The former world champions are facing their worst ever season after failing to register a single point so far in 2017 after a series of engine failures.
Brown said engine upgrades promised for Sunday's Canadian Grand Prix were not ready and the team is "near our limit".
"Honda's working very hard but they seem a bit lost," he told Reuters.
"We were eagerly awaiting this upgrade as were our drivers and it's a big disappointment that it's not coming.
"It's not lack of effort, but they are struggling to get it to come together."
Brown, who replaced Ron Dennis at the McLaren helm last year, added: "Our preference is to win the world championship with Honda.
"But at some point you need to make a decision as to whether that's achievable. And we have serious concerns.
"Missing upgrades, and upgrades not delivering to the level we were told they were going to, you can only take that so long. And we're near our limit.
"We're not going to go into another year like this, in hope.
"There's lots of things that go into the decision and we're entering that window now of 'which way do you go when you come to the fork in the road'."
McLaren's renewed partnership with Honda in 2015 was billed as a return to the glory days of their collaboration in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna dominated.
Yet McLaren remain without a race win since 2012 and their best finish this season was when Fernando Alonso, who started seventh on the grid, came 12th in last month's Spanish Grand Prix.
In March it was revealed McLaren had made an exploratory approach to Mercedes about engine supply in the wake of problems with Honda.
And Brown again raised the prospect of McLaren paying for engines in future.
"Do I think you can win with a customer engine? I think you can," he said.

The German, 57, will be appointed chief executive officer of McLaren Racing, reporting to chairman Ron Dennis.
Capito will join at an unspecified date to be agreed between McLaren and VW.
Jonathan Neale, who had been in that role following the sacking of Martin Whitmarsh in early 2014, has been moved out of the racing department.
Neale will be chief operating officer of the McLaren Technology Group.
McLaren are aiming to improve their form in 2016 after a dismal first season of their renewed relationship with engine partner Honda last year, in which they finished ninth of 10 teams in the championship.
Despite having arguably the best driver line-up in F1 with former champions Fernando Alonso and Jenson Button, their best result was a fifth place in the Hungarian Grand Prix by Alonso.
The vast majority of their 2.5-second a lap deficit to world champions Mercedes was due to the engine, but the team acknowledge the car was also not on the pace of the very best.
They are still rebuilding after two uncompetitive seasons with the standard-setting Mercedes engine in 2013 and 2014.
Dennis described Capito as "an extremely impressive, competitive and ambitious individual" and said he was confident he would "take the McLaren-Honda programme forwards towards grand prix victories and world championship successes".
Capito has most recently headed VW's rally team to three consecutive world titles since 2013 but has also held senior positions at BMW, Porsche, Ford and the Sauber F1 team.
McLaren racing director Eric Boullier remains in his position, which will report directly to Capito.


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Question: Welling United were relegated to the National League South after a heavy defeat at fellow strugglers Chester.

Home striker John Rooney was denied from the spot by Welling keeper Marek Rodak but soon redeemed himself with a curling shot from 12 yards.
The 25-year-old doubled Chester's lead as he fired in James Alabi's cross before turning provider for Kane Richards to net the third.
Tom Shaw wrapped up the win as Welling managed just one shot on target.
Victory moves Chester five points clear of the National League relegation places with two games to play while Welling slip back into National League South for the first time since the 2012-2013 season.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Dagenham and Redbridge, who also lost their Football League status last term, will play Southport at home.
National League South winners Sutton United host North division champions Solihull Moors, while Promotion Final winners North Ferriby host Braintree.
Forest Green, beaten in the play-offs in the last two seasons, travel to Boreham Wood on Saturday, 6 August.
Dover, who lost to Forest Green in the semi-finals of the 2015-16 play-offs, travel to Welsh side Wrexham.
In National League North, relegated Altrincham play phoenix club Darlington 1883, who were only formed in 2012 following the collapse of Darlington FC.
Welling are handed an away fixture at Oxford City in National League South after being relegated last season, while Hungerford play East Thurrock in a meeting of two newly-promoted clubs.


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Question: The stepbrother of Becky Watts has been found guilty of murdering her during a sexually motivated kidnap plot.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Nathan Matthews, 28, had admitted killing and dismembering the teenager but claimed her death was an accident and he was only trying to scare her.
A jury at Bristol Crown Court found him and his girlfriend Shauna Hoare guilty of conspiring to kidnap Becky, partly for sexual reasons.
Hoare, 21, was cleared of murder but convicted of manslaughter.
Read more on the Becky Watts murder case:
Matthews, a former Territorial Army soldier, suffocated Becky at her home in Crown Hill, Bristol, on 19 February.
He transferred her body in the boot of his car and drove it to the home he shared with his girlfriend, less than two miles away, in Cotton Mill Lane.
In the days that followed, while police were treating the case as a missing person investigation, Matthews bought a circular power saw, goggles, masks and cling film which he used to carve up and package Becky's body.
The trial heard the couple had shared texts, just weeks before Becky's death, referring to kidnapping schoolgirls and teen-themed pornography was found bookmarked on a phone which they shared.
In court, Matthews confessed to watching pornography on a near-daily basis and the jury learned that a video about the rape of a teenage girl was found on a laptop at their home.
The trial heard that this sexual interest in teenagers, as well as a shared dislike of Becky, is what lay behind the plot to kidnap her.
When Matthews and Hoare knew police would be coming to their house on 24 February, as part of the missing person's search, they made arrangements to move Becky's remains to a shed at a friend's address, 80 metres away.
Two days later, forensics officers found blood stains on doorframes upstairs at Becky's home, among them was a fingerprint that would turn out to belong to Matthews.
After their arrest on suspicion of murder, he admitted killing Becky, in what he claimed was a bid to scare her that had gone "horribly wrong", and revealed where her remains were being stored.
But Hoare denied any knowledge of Becky's death and dismemberment, something the prosecution said was "ridiculous", as she had been with Matthews when Becky died and for most of the days that followed.
The jury took just over three hours to convict the pair, after hearing 21 days of evidence.
Hoare was also convicted of perverting the course of justice and preventing a lawful burial, charges Matthews, who gave his address as Hazelbury Drive in Warmley, South Gloucestershire, had admitted.
As verdicts were returned, Becky's father Darren Galsworthy and his wife Anjie - Matthews' mother - sobbed.
Matthews and Hoare remained emotionless.
Speaking outside court, Det Supt Mike Courtiour said: "Matthews and Hoare concocted a heinous plan to kidnap his stepsister Becky for reasons that they have failed to fully disclose, other than she occasionally left items on the floor which could have tripped up Nathan Matthews' mother.
"The body of evidence however suggested a more sinister motive related to their deep-seated hatred for Becky and their twisted sexual desires."
In a statement delivered by a police officer, Becky's mother Tanya Watts described her as  "a beautiful, happy, funny, feisty, caring, loyal and witty girl" and thanked police and the legal team.
Sam Galsworthy, Becky's uncle, said: "Finally, justice has been done for our beautiful Becky. "
"For us as a family today is not the final chapter in this tragedy, but now we can at least begin the challenge to rebuild our lives."
Two other men - Donovan Demetrius, 29, and James Ireland, 23 - were acquitted of a charge of assisting an offender, related to the moving and storage of Becky's body parts.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence
For instance, <<['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!', 'The star whisked through 23 songs in 90 minutes, in a blur of pyrotechnics, lasers and multiple costume changes.\nShe donned silken butterfly wings for a piano-led version of ...Baby One More Time, and dressed as a ringmaster during a Circus-themed segment.\nSpears even made a passable attempt at a London accent while chatting to the audience between songs.\n"Do you wanna get norr-tee?" she teased, doing her best Sid James impersonation before launching into Freakshow - during which she dragged a (slightly over-enthusiastic) member of the audience around the stage on a leash.\nIt was all great fun but, without the elaborate set pieces of her Vegas production, Spears\' shortcomings were left exposed.\nHer vocals rarely seemed to be coming from the microphone, while her dancing lacked attitude and bite.\nThe choreography was over-reliant on hand gestures; and Spears showed a tendency to slip in and out of time, like a clockwork doll whose mechanism had worn out.\nHer biggest blunder came during the song Touch of My Hand, as she leant over a dancer\'s arm to initiate a backflip, but teetered on her heels and aborted the move.\nFrustratingly, Spears showed glimpses of her former glories - pulling off a series of impressive lifts, as well as a punchy dance breakdown during Womanizer - but the routines more often felt like they were stuck in the rehearsal room.\nTabloids will undoubtedly criticise the star for miming (the producers insist she sings over a pre-recorded backing track) but, at this point, expecting Spears to sing live is like turning up at Nando\'s and ordering truffles: The only person you\'re disappointing is yourself.\nIn the end, Spears has always played second fiddle to her songs - especially in the second half of her career, following a much-documented breakdown in 2007 that means her life is still controlled by a court-approved conservatorship - and those songs provided an unshakeable foundation to her act.\nBy now, the 34-year-old has accumulated enough hits to be able to dispense with ...Baby One More Time and Oops! ...I Did It Again at the top of her show, without worrying about the consequences.\nLater highlights included an energised version of Gimme More and a pounding, gothic revamp of the early single Stronger.\nThe star only played one new song -  the ethereal, beatific Make Me - which may count as a missed opportunity to reinvigorate sales of her album, Glory, which tumbled down the charts to number 94 last Friday, after just three weeks on sale.\nBut it was the 2004 hit Toxic that received the most enthusiastic reception from the audience, whose singing almost drowned out the loudspeakers at London\'s Roundhouse.\nAmong the fans joining in with the Britney karaoke were Sam Smith, Rita Ora, Nicholas Hoult and All Saints singer Melanie Blatt; while thousands more were able to watch at home, as the gig was streamed as part of the Apple Music Festival.\nSpears seemed overwhelmed by the reaction, clasping her hand to her mouth and blurting out, "You guys have been amazing," as she left the stage.\nFans may have a long wait before she repeats the show in the UK, however, with her Las Vegas residency already booking into 2017.\nThe Apple Music festival continues until the end of the week, with performances from Michael Buble and Chance The Rapper.\nSetlist:\nFollow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.']>>  to "['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'Britney Spears has staged a stripped-down version of her Las Vegas residency at her first UK show since 2011.']"

Linda Bowman said they acted after her 18-year-old daughter's burial place attracted "absolute fruit loops".
Speaking to the Daily Mirror, Mrs Bowman said the grave was targeted four times in six months.
Mark Dixie, 46, was jailed in 2008 for stabbing Miss Bowman then raping her as she lay dead or dying in south London.
Sally Anne's remains were removed from her grave four years ago, Mrs Bowman said, because "someone kept destroying her grave and her headstone".
Killer Mark Dixie admits other attacks
'He got what he deserved', model's family say
The secret history of Sally Anne Bowman's killer
"We used to have funny men hanging around over there," said Mrs Bowman.
"Myself and her dad had to go through the Ministry of Justice to have it exhumed."
Other incidents involved dirt and dead flowers being spread across the grave, the trauma of which brought memories of her daughter's death "flooding back", Mrs Bowman said.
Last month Dixie, who killed Sally Ann in Croydon in 2005, admitted two further attacks, one involving the rape of a woman when he was aged 16.
On 26 July, prosecutor Crispin Aylett QC told Southwark Crown Court Dixie revealed the attacks to police after confessing in January 2015 to the murder of Sally Anne.
During his original three-week trial Dixie claimed to have found Miss Bowman dead and proceeded to have sex with her lifeless body after he had been on a drink and drugs binge.
The 18-year-old's body was found next to a skip in September 2005.
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Question: US rapper Bobby Shmurda has agreed to a plea deal on charges of conspiracy and possession of a weapon.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Under the deal, he will face a minimum of seven years in prison to avoid going on trial on weapons and drugs charges.
He had been accused of conspiring with a Brooklyn street gang involved in violent drug wars.
Shmurda, whose real name is Ackquille Pollard, is best known for the hit song Hot Boy and the "Shmoney" dance which featured in one of his videos.
The rapper has been in jail since late 2014, along with 15 other defendants who were accused of crimes including murder, attempted murder and drug dealing.
A reporter for TMZ magazine, who was in court, heard their lawyer advising them to take the deal because they would never get a sympathetic jury and some of them were facing life.
If Shmurda had refused the deal and gone on trial, he would have faced decades in prison.
He has already served 20 months, which will be taken into account when a release date is set.

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Dennis Gogel, 29, was arrested in 2013 in a sting operation by the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
He and two others were held over an alleged plot to kill the agent and an alleged DEA informant in Liberia in exchange for $700,000 (Â£460,000).
They were accused of planning the act on behalf of a drugs cartel.
A US official described them as an "international band of mercenary marksmen".
US District Judge Laura Taylor Swain, who delivered the sentence on Thursday, said a lengthy prison term was necessary to deter other former soldiers from committing similar crimes.
The judge said she believed Gogel was genuinely remorseful, but did not buy Gogel's claim that he was unaware that killings might be required in his role protecting a drug syndicate.
Gogel left the German army in 2010 and apologised for his actions in court.
He pleaded guilty in January to a slew of crimes, including conspiring to murder a federal law enforcement agent and conspiring to import cocaine into the US.
Two former US soldiers were arrested along with Gogel. One of them, Joseph Hunter, is alleged to have been at the centre of the group and is due to be sentenced in October.
Two further suspects were arrested in Estonia.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Some of the quirkier snippets from the news in Africa that we did not know last week:

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Zimababwe's President Robert Mugabe proposes to marry his US counterpart, Barrack Obama, after US supreme court legalise gay marriage across the country.
Find out more
A man drove his car off a road and smashed through the roof of a house in South Africa's coastal city Durban without hurting anyone.
Find out more
3) Lupita loves elephants
Kenya's Oscar-winning actress Lupita Nyong'o started loving elephants when she was six and has now set out on a mission to defend them.
Find out more
4) Ex-president runs 'empty' IT business
Captain Valentine Strasser who ruled Sierra Leone from 1992 to 1996 is now running an empty IT institute.
Find out more
5) East African snail farm gathers pace
While snails are a delicacy in parts of West Africa, a Kenyan entrepreneur has set up East Africa's only snail farm, selling the produce to local restaurants.
Find out more

With the thunderous explosions from the referendum vote still ringing in our ears, Read my thoughts on the new battle lines being drawn up.


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Question: A terminally ill woman's campaign to change employment law will be "looked at closely", the prime minister said.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Jacci Woodcock, from Derbyshire, claimed her former employer, which cannot be named for legal reasons, tried to force her out when she was diagnosed with cancer.
She has now become the face of the Dying to Work campaign to give terminally ill staff more protection.
Ms Woodcock said she wanted a change in the law to be her legacy.
The regional sales manager, from Milford, near Belper, first recovered from breast cancer in 2000 but it returned in 2012, when the diagnosis and she was at that stage given 12 months to live.
But she claimed her employer provided no support and tried to get her sacked.
"The more work did things to me they shouldn't have done, the more determined I was. I then saw the law was not protecting vulnerable people like me," she said.
"Quite early on I made up my mind this [campaign] is what I've got to do.
"I personally needed the dignity because to me, if I didn't go to work, I was just waiting to die."
After reaching a confidential settlement she got involved with the Dying to Work campaign, which was raised at this week's Prime Minister's Questions by her MP Pauline Latham.
David Cameron promised to "look very carefully" at the case.
"In all of these things, as well as having clear rules you also need organisations... to act with genuine compassion and to think of the person at the other end of the telephone," he told the House of Commons.
Lee Barron, regional secretary of the TUC, said: "What we want is change in legislation. If you are pregnant you can't be dismissed whilst at work for being pregnant.
"What we are seeking is the same for somebody who has a terminal illness."

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

He said the system in England was "failing" the elderly and four million people on waiting lists.
But Theresa May said more people were being treated, with doctor and nurse numbers up under the Conservatives.
Mr Corbyn focused on the NHS during PMQs, as Mrs May also faced questions about Brexit and raised a laugh with a remark to an MP on his birthday.
During their weekly exchange in the House of Commons, Mr Corbyn told the prime minister that 40% of mental health trusts had had their budgets cut last year and that six trusts had had this for three years in a row.
He said: "I started by asking you about parity of esteem - all this government has produced is parity of failure.
"Failing mental health patients, failing elderly people who need social care, failing the four million on the NHS waiting list, failing five times as many people waiting more than four hours at A&E departments, and another winter crisis is looming.
"The Society for Acute Medicine, I believe, has it right when it says this funding crisis and the local government funding crisis is leaving the NHS on its knees."
Mrs May told Mr Corbyn the government was investing Â£7.4bn in mental health services.
She said: "At every election, the Labour Party claims that the Conservatives will cut NHS spending; after every election we increase NHS spending.
"At every election Labour claims the Tories will privatise the NHS; at every election in government we have protected the NHS.
"There's only one party that has cut funding for the NHS - the Labour Party in Wales."
The veteran ex-chancellor urged Mrs May to crack down on her "Brexiteer" ministers, accusing them of "briefing the newspapers copiously" on the government's negotiation deliberations - "and launching political attacks on their Cabinet colleagues who seem to disagree with them".
He called for MPs to be able to scrutinise the government's "broad strategy" - a point which is currently the subject of fierce political debate.
The PM - who has refused calls for a vote before negotiations begin - said MPs would be given a "say", adding that she would be "ambitious" in seeking a deal that controlled migration and allowed businesses access to the single market.
Labour's Lisa Nandy pressed Mrs May - who was home secretary before becoming PM - on when she first knew about the "serious problems" surrounding the child sex abuse inquiry.
MPs were told on Tuesday that a member of the inquiry panel had privately raised concerns about former chairwoman Dame Lowell Goddard with a director-general in the Home Office in April - when Mrs May was still home secretary.
Mrs May replied: "There were stories around about the inquiry and about individuals related to the inquiry but the home secretary cannot intervene on the basis of suspicion, rumour or hearsay."
Tributes were paid to the victims of the disaster 50 years ago in the south Wales village of Aberfan.
On 21 October 1966 116 children and 28 adults in the village were killed after a waste tip collapsed.
Mrs May said: "It's right to pause and reflect and recognise the solidarity and resilience of the people of Aberfan to overcome this tragedy."
Mr Corbyn said many people in the community were still living with the tragedy, "and they will live with that tragedy for the rest of their days".
The prime minister also agreed with Labour MP Gerald Jones that a minute's silence should be observed across the UK to mark the anniversary.
The BBC's Political Editor Laura Kuenssberg said it was a tricky outing for Mrs May with a number of unanswered questions on key issues. The PM, she said, seemed to be saying she was aware of concerns about the child abuse inquiry but that it was wrong for ministers to intervene, begging the question of what she knew and when.
On the EU, she said Mrs May hinted that she was about to embark on lengthy discussions on the UK's exit and other related issues - which left a question about them maybe stretching beyond the two years stipulated in the Lisbon Treaty, and what the implications would be if that were the case.
Some more snap verdicts from the press:
A lighter moment came when Tory backbencher Peter Bone - who is fond of referencing "Mrs Bone" in his questions - announced it was his birthday as he introduced his question.
He urged the PM to deliver him a present by agreeing to reopen Wellingborough prison in his constituency, adding: "Or would she rather just sing happy birthday?"
Mrs May replied: "I'm very happy to wish you a very happy birthday today, many happy returns.
"I hope that Mrs Bone is going to treat the occasion in an appropriate manner."
The PM paused as MPs started laughing.
Speaker John Bercow, intervened, adding: "Order! I want to hear what's coming next."
"Calm down, Mr Speaker," the PM said, returning to his questions and adding that Wellingborough was being considered for a new prison.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Dundee United's hopes of finishing second in the Championship suffered a blow as they could only draw with lowly Dumbarton at Tannadice.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

Falkirk's 2-2 home draw with Queen of the South gave the Tangerines the chance to move above them, and Tony Andreu's header put the hosts ahead.
But Robbie Thomson nodded The Sons level before half-time and Lewis Vaughan's neat finish made it 2-1.
Thomas Mikkelsen tapped home to level but United couldn't find a winner.
They remain in third place, a point behind Falkirk, who travel to face Dumbarton next Saturday, while United complete their regular-season fixtures away to fourth-placed Greenock Morton.
Ray McKinnon's side must win at Morton and hope Falkirk drop points, or United will be consigned to an extra two-legged tie - against Morton - in the play-offs.
The Sons, meanwhile, have all but sealed their place in the Championship for another year after moving three points clear of Raith Rovers in the relegation play-off spot, but with a superior goal difference of nine.
Vaughan, who scored his fourth goal since joining Dumbarton on loan from Raith in January, finds himself in the tricky position of possibly sending his parent club into the relegation play-off.
"Obviously I am contracted to Raith next season and it's a bit of a strange one, as I think Rovers are far too big a club to go down," he told BBC Alba.
"But I am a professional footballer at the end of the day and I am just doing my job. I don't know if I could play for Raith if they end up in the play-off, but I would love to go back there and keep them in the Championship."
Rovers could still avoid the play-off if they beat bottom side Ayr United in Kirkcaldy, and St Mirren lose at champions Hibernian in their final game.
Match ends, Dundee United 2, Dumbarton 2.
Second Half ends, Dundee United 2, Dumbarton 2.
Corner,  Dundee United. Conceded by Daniel Harvie.
Substitution, Dumbarton. David Smith replaces Samuel Stanton.
Attempt missed. Thomas Mikkelsen (Dundee United) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high.
Corner,  Dundee United. Conceded by Andy Stirling.
Attempt blocked. Tony Andreu (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Blair Spittal (Dundee United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Ross McCrorie (Dumbarton).
Attempt blocked. Samuel Stanton (Dumbarton) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Dumbarton. Garry Fleming replaces Christian Nade.
Foul by Willo Flood (Dundee United).
Mark Docherty (Dumbarton) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Simon Murray (Dundee United) left footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Goal!  Dundee United 2, Dumbarton 2. Thomas Mikkelsen (Dundee United) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom right corner.
Attempt saved. Alistair Coote (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt saved. Andy Stirling (Dumbarton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Dumbarton. Mark Docherty replaces Lewis Vaughan.
Thomas Mikkelsen (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ross McCrorie (Dumbarton).
Attempt saved. Samuel Stanton (Dumbarton) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Dundee United. Alistair Coote replaces Wato Kuate.
Attempt missed. Simon Murray (Dundee United) left footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Attempt missed. Coll Donaldson (Dundee United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Corner,  Dundee United. Conceded by Darren Barr.
Attempt saved. Simon Murray (Dundee United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt missed. Willo Flood (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Attempt missed. Wato Kuate (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Goal!  Dundee United 1, Dumbarton 2. Lewis Vaughan (Dumbarton) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Samuel Stanton.
Mark Durnan (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Christian Nade (Dumbarton).
Attempt missed. Wato Kuate (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Attempt saved. Willo Flood (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Coll Donaldson (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Christian Nade (Dumbarton).
Foul by Christian Nade (Dumbarton).
Wato Kuate (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Simon Murray (Dundee United) right footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Andy Stirling (Dumbarton) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Christian Nade (Dumbarton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

The Highlanders, relegated from the top flight last season, have appointed John Robertson as Richie Foran's successor.
Elsewhere, Dumbarton host Morton, St Mirren face Falkirk, Queen of the South take on Brechin City.
Newly-promoted Livingston welcome Dunfermline Athletic for their first game of the season.