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Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, has spent years in prison for calling for political change in his country. For more than half of his marriage to Liu Xia he has been imprisoned, and now he is dying of cancer. The BBC's Celia Hatton looks back at how the couple's love survived.
They fought to be allowed to marry each other. But when the government in Beijing finally backed down, permitting one of its unrelenting critics to marry his love, problems remained.
The camera that was supposed to take the couple's official marriage picture wouldn't work. The photographer was left scratching his head. Chinese marriage certificates aren't valid unless they contain an official portrait snapped at the scene.
So, Liu Xiaobo and and his would-be wife, Liu Xia, improvised. They found single photos of themselves and stuck them side by side. The makeshift photo was stamped and finally, they were married.
That was in 1996.
Getting married was a small victory for the couple. It gave Liu Xia the right to visit her new husband in the grim labour camp in north-eastern China where he had recently been imprisoned. Liu Xia made the 1,600km (1,000 miles) round trip from Beijing every month.
"The train to the concentration camp," she wrote in a poem. "Sobbing pass and running over my body/ Yet I still couldn't hold your hand."
Their wedding banquet was in the labour camp's cafeteria, a scenario that would prove to be symbolic. Throughout their intense romance, the Chinese government was a relentless and interfering third wheel, the uninvited partner providing a constant backdrop to their interactions.
By all accounts, Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xia were inseparable, except when they were forcibly separated.
Liu Xiaobo started as a brilliant writer and a beloved professor who was often invited to speak and study abroad.
In the spring of 1989, he was in New York City when he heard about the pro-democracy protests making their way to Tiananmen Square. He returned home to China at once.
Xiaobo helped spur on the protesters, as their calls for political reform rose to a crescendo, and then helped to negotiate with Chinese soldiers for many of the students to leave without harm.
It is still a state secret how many were killed by government forces in June 1989, but most agree the death toll would have been far higher without Liu Xiaobo.
That made little difference to the government.
Days after the silence fell on Tiananmen, Xiaobo was placed in a secret detention centre. He stayed there for almost twenty months. When he was released, he had lost nearly everything, including his prestigious teaching job and his home.
It was then that Liu Xiaobo connected with the light of his life: an exuberant young poet named Liu Xia.
"I found all the beauty in the world in this one woman," he reportedly told a friend.
Six years younger, she was already recognised as a gifted writer. Her close friend, the writer Liao Yiwu, said that back then, she was always giggling. Xia's high tolerance for alcohol was also legendary; she could drink her friends under the table. Xiaobo adored large meals, but would only drink Coca-Cola.
Liu Xia came from a privileged background, the daughter of a high-ranking banking official. She was expected to become a civil servant too, but had recently given up that stable life in favour of writing.
Against all odds, Xia's parents encouraged her relationship with Xiaobo, despite his political troubles.
In the early days, the couple tried to establish the semblance of a normal life. Xiaobo moved into Xia's apartment, not far from Tiananmen Square, and they made a life together.
Liu Xiaobo was under near-constant surveillance by security agents, who pressured him to stop writing about the need for democracy, to stop criticising China's one-party state.
"You must understand: If the government persecutes someone, the first thing they try to do is disturb their private life" explains the couple's friend, Tienchi Martin-Liao.
"They will separate the couple. If someone is in jail, their family's life ends too."
The couple never seriously considered having a larger family, Tienchi says.
"I asked him once, 'Hey, why don't you have a child with Liu Xia?'" Tienchi continues.
"Xiaobo told me: 'I do not want that child, a son or a daughter, to see their father be taken away by the police'.
"He told me that. That is the reason why the couple never had children."
Tienchi worked as Liu Xiaobo's editor, spending hours on the phone with him. Xia would sometimes bring him soup while he was on the phone, and Tienchi would listen to him happily slurp it down.
Later, when Xiaobo was handed his final prison sentence, the one that would put him behind bars for 11 years, Tienchi switched to speaking with Xia, who often sobbed on the phone.
"Of course she loves him and she is willing to do everything for him," Tienchi explained. "And sometimes she complains. Not really complains but still she says, 'Well, I have never had a peaceful day since I am with you together.'
"Which is true, which is totally true. Which doesn't mean that she wants to leave him or anything like that. She just wants to emphasise how difficult and under what hard conditions their love connection to each other has survived."
Even when Liu Xiaobo was out of prison, the couple was rarely left alone for long.
"Because he has written so many socially critical articles, a lot of underprivileged people would go to his house," Tienchi Liao remembers.
"He doesn't even know them. They just knock at his door and ring the bell at his house and say, 'please help me, some injustice has happened to me'. And mostly, he would help those people."
Liu Xiaobo once recalled that even the pleasures of a birthday party were sometimes impossible.
He once told a Hong Kong newspaper, "at Liu Xia's birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wine but they were blocked by the police from my home. I ordered a cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarrelled with them and the police said, "it is for your security. Bomb attacks are common these days."
But Xiaobo didn't ever decide to stop his work, even when it interfered with his home life with Xia. And some of that drive he blamed on his concern for her future.
"Liu Xiaobo frankly explained that he wanted to take advantage of the energy that he still has," his biographer and close friend, the writer Yu Jie, wrote.
"So he could save up more money for Liu Xia, just in case one day something happened to him. At least Liu Xia would still be able to live without worrying about food and clothing."
Some intellectuals said he wrote too many articles, and some of them lacked polish.
Everything changed when Liu Xiaobo helped to draft and circulate Charter 08, the document calling for an end to China's one-party rule that would land him in prison.
Xia had always stayed away from Xiaobo's political commentary, but she told the filmmaker Ai Xiaoming that she knew Charter 08 heralded trouble.
"I saw it coming early on," she explained. "'From the time that the first draft of Charter 08 appeared in my home, to when Xiaobo threw himself into revising it, I just knew that something terrible was going to happen."
"Did you read it?" Ai asked her.
"I had no interest in doing so," she answered. "But I knew there'd be big trouble. I tried to tell Xiaobo, but it was no use. I could only do what I'd done in the past - patiently wait for calamity to descend."
Before Charter 08 was officially released, Xiaobo was taken away. At his trial almost a year later, he was found guilty of trying to overthrow the state.
His last public statement, made to the court in 2009, ended with an acknowledgement to his wife.
He said: "Throughout all these years that I have lived without freedom, our love was full of bitterness imposed by outside circumstances, but as I savour its aftertaste, it remains boundless.
"I am serving my sentence in a tangible prison, while you wait in the intangible prison of the heart. Your love is the sunlight that leaps over high walls and penetrates the iron bars of my prison window, stroking every inch of my skin, warming every cell of my body, allowing me to always keep peace, openness, and brightness in my heart, and filling every minute of my time in prison with meaning.
"My love for you, on the other hand, is so full of remorse and regret that it at times makes me stagger under its weight."
It's unclear how much Liu Xiaobo knew about Xia's living conditions after he began his final prison sentence.
Shortly after he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 she was placed under strict house arrest, confined to her small apartment in Beijing.
When speaking with the BBC in 2010, Liu Xia said she couldn't give Xiaobo any detailed information about her house arrest. "We were not allowed to talk about these things. We couldn't talk about these things. Anyhow, I thought he could understand me. I just told him, 'I live a life similar to yours'."
"Originally I thought, when it just happened, that I would just be locked in for about a month or two. Time flies, now I've been locked for two years."
As the years under house arrest dragged on, Xia became clinically depressed.
She had intermittent access to a phone, but could only phone a few close family members. A group of police would take Xia to see Xiaobo on occasions, but those visits were closely watched by the authorities, who would halt conversations if too much was shared.
Liu Xiaobo was finally reunited with his wife only after it was clear that he was dying of liver cancer. After he received medical parole and was transferred to a hospital in northern China, he pushed to leave China for overseas treatment. For Xia's sake, sources told the BBC.
"He worries what will happen when he's gone," one friend explained. "He wants to take her out of China, and her brother too."
Tienchi's voice drops when asked about the future for Liu Xia after her beloved Xiaobo passes away. "We know that she is very ill, physically and psychologically. We are all worried he doesn't have much time to live and we are all worried afterwards what happens to her."
When Xiaobo is gone, Xia will have little left of him. In 2009, she admitted that even Xiaobo's poems and letters to her have all but gone.
"During Xiaobo's re-education through labour for three years from 8 October 1996 to 8 October 1999, I wrote him more than 300 letters and he wrote me 2-3 million words. After our home was raided several times, his writings generally disappeared.
"This is our life."


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Just as the so-called Islamic State (IS) group seemed to be putting down roots in the Libyan coastal city of Sirte - its only stronghold outside Syria and Iraq - various forces began lining up early this year to remove it. By early June the city was surrounded.
BBC Monitoring looks back over the past four months to see what people have been saying on social media and what IS itself has been publishing as the campaign to retake the city developed.
It is one year since Islamic State seized Sirte. The group appears to be trying to demonstrate that it is in control by releasing a video showing its morality police enforcing their strict interpretation of Islamic rules, including one which demands that men wear their trousers short.
While it publishes pictures showing alms being handed out to the poor, IS also distributes images of public floggings. Pictures on social media show "crucified" corpses in the main roundabout after executions by IS.
Meanwhile, Libyan prime minister-designate Fayez Seraj seeks to gain approval for a cabinet. The UN is encouraging him to bring order to a country in chaos since Muammar Gaddafi was toppled in 2011.
Libya is torn between two rival governments, one based in the east of the country and one in the west, allowing IS to prosper in the central area.
IS wants to show that life goes on as normal in Sirte, posting images of public services department workers pruning trees, sheep-grazing, bee-keepers at work and an open-air showroom with dozens of cars on sale.
IS branches in Syria, Iraq and Libya regularly publish scenes of everyday life to recruit members and give the impression that they are effectively administering the land under their control.
Social media users, however, post pictures of people having fun on the beach in the days "before the terrorists arrived". "God willing, Sirte will return to how it was," says one user.
Communication between Sirte and the outside world is difficult, because of notoriously unreliable internet connections as well as IS restrictions. Some residents appear defiant, one tweeting: "I'm staying, #Daesh (IS), and I will continue to spread news of my city #Sirte to the world via Twitter, even if you cut our necks".
IS names the new leader of its Libyan branch to replace his predecessor who was killed in a US air strike in November 2015. Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir al-Najdi is thought to be a foreigner, like his predecessors. His name suggests he is from Saudi Arabia.
The presence of foreign fighters is a source of friction, with locals complaining that the outsiders look down on them, and the IS fighters complaining of racism. One social media user asks: "Why does #Daesh prefer foreign commanders to Libyans?"
Weeks later, IS calls a reconciliation meeting between locals and foreign fighters.
The meeting is advertised in a flyer, which has been circulated on social media and which also invites city residents to the public execution of two of the group's own Libyan commanders, apparently to set a disciplinary example.
A separate IS letter to residents says racism towards foreign fighters will not be tolerated and warns the people of Sirte to show loyalty to the creed of Islam rather than to their tribe or city.
The author vows to "fix this Libyan problem before it is too late".
Separately, an IS video featuring Sirte-based militants from Mali, Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal encourages West Africans to travel to Libya to join the group - another sign that IS may be struggling to co-opt locals.
Following the bomb attacks on Brussels claimed by IS, the group's media arm shows pictures of sweets being handed out in Sirte in celebration of the assaults.
Days later the new "unity" government arrives in Tripoli.
Its arrival in the capital represents another stage in efforts to stabilise and unify the country which is split among rival factions, including IS. The ministers arrive by boat because opposing forces have blocked the city's air space.
IS publicises the religious education of residents with pictures of a graduation ceremony for hundreds of ordinary people at a big conference centre in Sirte.
This appears to be the culmination of a major series of events that IS forced people to attend in an attempt to make everyone conform to its strict interpretation of Islamic law.
Some take to social media to complain.
According to local Twitter accounts, attendance of the course was mandatory for all males aged 15 and above, with all shops and businesses closed between afternoon and evening prayers, and movement in the street prohibited during this time.
One account said that two young men were arrested for failing to attend the course, but were released days later.
One tweet comments wryly that IS itself, rather than the local population, was "most in need of this kind of course".
Amid reports of an impending military advance on Sirte, hundreds of families reportedly flee the city in the latest of several waves over recent months.
Al-Wasat website says fleeing residents told troops at roadblocks west of the city that their cars were searched by Libyan, Tunisian and Chadian IS members, who prevented them from taking their furniture, cooking utensils and gas cylinders.
Reports from the city suggest that the hospitals are barely functioning, the staff themselves having fled or staying away out of fear.
Over the next few days IS forces advance west towards Misrata, seizing territory including the strategic town of Abu-Qurayn, where they carry out a series of suicide attacks.
IS appears to be trying to seize the initiative to pre-empt any attack on its stronghold.
The unity government, having gained the support of some significant factions, announces the formation of a coalition to crush IS.
The anti-IS operation is headquartered in the town of Misrata, whose forces are a key component of the coalition.
Misrata has ample supplies of weapons and its fighters were crucial in the overthrow of Gaddafi.
The Misrata militia also has Islamists leanings - like many of the other militia - and has been accused of brutal behaviour.
The headquarters soon starts reporting battlefield developments to local TV channels and posting updates on its Facebook page under the name Operation Solid Structure, a reference to a Koranic verse which is often invoked by IS itself.
IS publishes pictures supposedly showing tribal leaders pledging their support for the self-styled caliphate.
However, it becomes clear that these large tribes - Wlad Sliman, Warfala and Gaddadfa - won't or can't provide realistic support to IS with reports over the next few days of clashes between tribesmen and IS militants in nearby towns.
An informant from the town of Abu Hadi, a few miles south of Sirte, tells the Libyan news website Al-Wasat that young men from the Gaddadfa tribe had attacked a convoy of IS "Islamic Police" hunting for tribesmen.
There have been numerous reports in Libyan media saying that since it took root, IS has dealt harshly with these tribes.
IS militants reportedly arrested and executed scores of Gaddadfa tribesmen, the people of former leader Gaddafi.
The large Warfala tribe has reportedly seen many of its towns taken over by IS, and tribesmen who had worked for the police, military or judiciary have been executed.
The government in Tripoli manages to convince one the most successful commanders in eastern Libya - Lt Al-Mahdi al-Barghathi - to become minister of defence.
On his way to assume his duties in the capital, he visits the strategic oil port of Sidra and secures the support of the Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) - the men who are supposed to guard Libya's oil wealth, but who have turned into a rogue private army.
Their support is key to encircling Sirte from the east, while militia from Misrata attack from the west. The odds are now stacked in favour of Operation Solid Structure.
A defiant message from IS spokesman Abu-Muhammad al-Adnani appears to prepare supporters for the loss of one of its strongholds. He mentions Sirte alongside Raqqa in Syria and Mosul in Iraq, underlining the importance of its Libyan bastion.
"Will we be defeated if we lose Mosul or Sirte or Raqqa or all the cities and go back to how we were before? No. Defeat is only losing the desire and the will to fight."
He warns that IS will fight to the death, enacting a scorched earth policy in the event of being dislodged from any of its strongholds.
The government-led advance recovers  towns from IS to the east, west and south before entering Sirte.
Within days the anti-IS forces, surprised by their own progress, corner IS militants holding out in a small area in the centre of the city.
Operation Solid Structure announces that it has started test broadcasting on an FM frequency previously used by IS's Al-Bayan Radio. The unity government-backed forces claim that they have been jamming IS radio.
Since the beginning of June, fighting between the two sides has continued with IS carrying out a series of suicide bombings and government forces bombarding IS positions in the centre of the city.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.

Ond pa mor dda ydych chi am 'nabod eich Llannau? Rhowch gynnig ar gwis Cymru Fyw:


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Donald Trump's mother, Mary Anne MacLeod, was born and brought up on the Hebridean island of Lewis but emigrated to New York to live a very different life.
Mary Anne was one of tens of thousands of Scots who travelled to the US and Canada in the early years of the last century looking to escape economic hardship at home.
She first left Lewis for New York in 1930, at the age of 18, to seek work as a domestic servant.
Six years later she was married to successful property developer Frederick Trump, the son of German migrants and one of the most eligible men in New York.
The fourth of their five children, Donald John, as he is referred to on the islands, is about to become US president.
His mother was born in 1912 in Tong, about three miles from Stornoway, the main town on the isle of Lewis.
Genealogist Bill Lawson, who has traced the family tree of Mary Anne MacLeod back to the early 19th Century, says her father Malcolm ran a post office and small shop in his later years.
Economically, the family would have been slightly better off than the average in the township, he says.
However, life during and after World War One, in which 1,000 islanders died, was very hard and many young people were leaving the Western Isles.
Lewis had also suffered the Iolaire disaster in 1919 when 200 servicemen from the island had drowned at the mouth of Stornoway harbour, coming home for the first new year of peace.
Mr Lawson says: "Mary Anne MacLeod was from a very large family, nine siblings, and the move at that time was away from the island.
"The move by Viscount Leverhulme to revive the island had gone bust and there was not much prospect for young people.
"What else could she do?"
Mr Lawson adds: "Nowadays, you might think of going to the mainland but in those days most people went to Canada. It was far easier to make a life in America and many people had relatives there."
The genealogist says Mr Trump's mother was slightly different in that her sister Catherine, one of eight members of the MacLeod family to have emigrated to America, had moved from Canada to New York.
When Catherine returned to Lewis for a visit in 1930, her 18-year-old sister Mary Anne went with her to look for work.
It appears that she found work as a nanny with a wealthy family in a big house in the suburbs of New York but lost the job as the US sank into depression after the Wall Street Crash.
Mary Anne returned briefly to Scotland in 1934 but by then she had met Fred Trump and soon returned to New York for good.
The couple lived in a wealthy area of Queens and Mary Anne was active with charity work.
Donald Trump still has three cousins on Lewis, including two who live in the ancestral home, which has been rebuilt since Mary Anne MacLeod's time.
All three cousins have consistently refused to speak to the media.
John A MacIver, a local councillor and friend of the cousins, says: "I know the family very well.
"They are very nice, gentle people and I'm sure they don't want all the publicity that's around.
"I quite understand that they don't want to talk about it."
Mr MacIver says Mary Anne MacLeod was well-known and much respected in the community and used to attend the church on her visits home.
Mr Trump's mother became a US citizen in 1942 and died in 2000, aged 88.
But she returned to Lewis throughout her life and always spoke Gaelic, Mr MacIver says.
According to genealogist Bill Lawson, surnames are a relatively recent phenomenon on the islands and official records only go back to the early decades of the 19th Century.
His research took him back as far as John Roy MacLeod, which in Gaelic is Iain Ruaidh, named for a tendency to red hair.
Mary Anne Trump's paternal MacLeods came from Vatisker, a few miles further north of Tong.
Her great-grandfather Alexander Roy MacLeod and his son Malcolm were thought to have drowned together while fishing in the 1850s.
On Mary Anne's mother's side, the Smiths were among the families cleared from South Lochs area of Lewis in 1826.
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The period of the Highland Clearances on the mainland had largely missed Lewis but after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 some of the better lands for sheep-grazing on the island were cleared of tenants.
In most cases the displaced tenants were relocated elsewhere on Lewis rather than sent overseas.
According to Mr Lawson, all four lines of Mary Anne MacLeod's maternal ancestry had been moved to Stornoway parish from elsewhere on the island as a result of the Clearances.
His research also found another fishing tragedy when Donald Smith was drowned in October 1868 after his boat was upset in a squall off Vatisker Point.
His widow was left with three children, of whom the youngest, Mary, Donald Trump's grandmother, was less than a year old.
Mary succeeded her mother at 13 Tong but it was the smallest of the crofts in Tong.
After her marriage to Malcolm MacLeod, they were able to acquire the Smiths' original croft of 5 Tong and move there.
Donald Trump's mother Mary Anne was the youngest of their 10 children.
Mary Anne Trump's billionaire son Donald visited the house in which his mother grew up, and his cousins in 2008.
On that trip, the now president-elect said he had been to Lewis once before as "a three or four-year-old" but could remember little about it.
It is estimated he spent 97 seconds in the ancestral home during his whistle-stop tour.
At the time, he said: "I have been very busy - I am building jobs all over the world - and it's very, very tough to find the time to come back.
"But this just seemed an appropriate time, because I have the plane... I'm very glad I did, and I will be back again."
The president-elect was accompanied by his eldest sister Maryanne Trump Barry, a US federal judge, who has regularly visited her cousins on Lewis.
Mr Lawson says: "If you want to celebrate anyone, you should perhaps celebrate Maryanne, who has done a lot of work for the island.
"Donald arrived off a plane and then disappeared again. One photoshoot, that was it.
"I can't say he left much of an impression behind him."

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A selection of your pictures of Scotland sent in between 16 and 23 September. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.

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Given ['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'The 7-1 shot, ridden by James Doyle for trainer Lady Cecil, won by a neck from Al Kazeem with Free Eagle in third.\nDoyle was later given a seven-day ban and £10,000 fine for whip overuse.\nFrankel\'s final victory came two years ago in this mile-and-a-quarter contest, the feature race on Champions Day, the richest raceday in Britain.\nNoble Mission led from the front and dug in to secure an emotional triumph.\nLady Cecil took over Noble Mission\'s training licence after the death last summer of her husband, 10-time champion trainer Sir Henry Cecil who oversaw Frankel\'s unbeaten 14-race career.\n"James gave him a great ride as he (Noble Mission) really had to dig deep," said Lady Cecil. "He\'s just enjoying it so much these days - he loves his racing.\n"It\'s a great team effort, I\'m so lucky."\nTeddy Grimthorpe, racing manager for Noble Mission\'s owner, Khalid Abdullah, added: "It\'s a fairytale, it really is."\nWhile romantics may have hoped Frankel\'s younger brother might be good enough to also win the race, it was the French-trained Cirrus Des Aigles who was sent off favourite.\nCirrus Des Aigles won the 2011 Champion Stakes and was runner-up in the next two runnings to Frankel and Farrh, but was out of the places on this occasion.\nA stewards inquiry cautioned Doyle about his future conduct, finding him "guilty of careless riding" in the final furlong by taking second-placed Al Kazeem "marginally off his intended line".\nDoyle said: "I\'m not fuming - there are rules and at the end of the day you have to abide within them, but it is frustrating.\n"In the heat of the battle, it is hard to keep count, and I didn\'t realise I\'d gone over. I\'ll have a look at an appeal but I think it\'s unlikely."\nEarlier, Forgotten Rules triumphed in the Long Distance Cup as The Queen\'s horse Estimate finished last in her final race.\nThe 3-1 winner, ridden by Pat Smullen for Irish trainer Dermot Weld, triumphed by a length and three quarters in only his third career start.\nBiographer (25-1) was second, with 8-1 chance Pallasator in third, while favourite Leading Light came seventh after the winner swerved across him.\nJockey Ryan Moore was toiling on the Sir Michael Stoute-trained Estimate from a long way out and eased the filly up near the line.\nIt was a far cry from June 2013, when the horse won the Gold Cup at the course, the first time that race had been won by a reigning monarch.\nThe Queen\'s racing and bloodstock advisor, John Warren, said: "You cannot take the good things away. I think Estimate gave The Queen the biggest thrill she probably ever had in racing.\n"The long and short of it is Estimate is now off to stud."\nEstimate finished runner-up to Leading Light in this year\'s Gold Cup but was disqualified from the June contest after testing positive for morphine, which was attributed to innocently contaminated feed.\nIreland took the second race too with the admirable Gordon Lord Byron claiming the Champion Sprint Stakes under Wayne Lordan.\nTrainer Tom Hogan said it was a "fairytale" victory  for the globetrotting horse whose next stop is likely to be Hong Kong in December,\nCharm Spirit scored for France in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes as runner-up Night Of Thunder, ridden by Richard Hughes, struggled for room and could not catch the victor.\nWhile Hughes switched the 2000 Guineas winner in an attempt to find a gap, Olivier Peslier kept his mount on a straight path to secure victory for trainer Freddie Head.\nMeanwhile after Madame Chiang took the Fillies and Mares Stakes for David Simcock, jockey Jim Crowley revealed it was the first time he had sat on the horse.\n"So I didn\'t really know what was under the bonnet. But I\'d watched all her races and David had told me all about her and gave very good instructions," said Crowley.'], a positive would be ['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', 'Noble Mission emulated his legendary elder brother Frankel by winning the Champion Stakes after a thrilling duel with runner-up Al Kazeem.']

Clock towers, theatres and seaside cottages are among the venues for this year's Spring Fling weekend.
The open studio event is being held for the 15th time from 27 to 29 May at sites across Dumfries and Galloway.
Nearly 100 painters photographers, jewellers, ceramicists, print-makers, wood workers, sculptors, textile designers are exhibiting.
Joanna Macaulay, events and exhibitions manager for Upland Arts Development, which runs Spring Fling, said: "The magic of Spring Fling is the way it combines lovely visual arts and craft, remarkable people and wonderful places that visitors often don't have the chance to see.
"This year is our 15th anniversary event, so we are particularly looking forward to welcoming visitors to Dumfries and Galloway to enjoy everything it has to offer."


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A selection of your pictures of Scotland between 9 and 16 September. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.

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Amateur rocket enthusiasts have gathered in Scotland to mark 30 years of aiming for the skies.
International Rocket Week 2016 traces its roots back to the first Scottish Rocket Weekend in 1986.
Rocketeers coming together in Scotland have a base camp near Paisley and launch to heights of up to 16,000 ft (4,876m) from a farm near Largs.


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Question: The President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, has used his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech to call for the world to "rethink" the war on drugs.

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He said the zero-tolerance policy might be "even more harmful" than all the other wars being fought worldwide.
Mr Santos's government and the country's biggest rebel group, the Farc, signed a peace deal last month.
Bob Dylan, the first songwriter ever to receive the Nobel literature prize, did not collect his award in person.
He received a standing ovation nevertheless.
The conflict with the Farc rebels in Colombia has killed more than 260,000 people and left millions internally displaced.
Accepting the prize for his efforts in the peace process, Mr Santos paid tribute to the families of victims of the conflict.
He said the "great paradox" of peacemaking was that "the victims are the ones who are most willing to forgive, to reconcile and to face the future with a heart free of hate".
In a deviation from his prepared remarks, he asked the representatives of the victims present to stand and be recognised for their own efforts in the peace process, to much applause.
He previously pledged to donate the prize money - eight million Swedish krona ($925,000) - to help the conflict's victims.
"I have served as a leader in times of war - to defend the freedom and the rights of the Colombian people - and I have served as a leader in times of making peace," he said. "Allow me to tell you, from my own experience, that it is much harder to make peace than to wage war."
Mr Santos said it was "time to change our strategy" on drugs, and that Colombia had "paid the highest cost in deaths and sacrifices" in the so-called war on drugs.
The term, coined by US President Richard Nixon more than four decades ago, refers to US-led efforts to stop drug production at its source. In Latin America this has included on-the-ground policing, and fumigation of coca fields from the air.
"We have moral authority to state that, after decades of fighting against drug trafficking, the world has still been unable to control this scourge that fuels violence and corruption throughout our global community," he said.
"It makes no sense to imprison a peasant who grows marijuana, when nowadays, for example, its cultivation and use are legal in eight states of the United States.
"The manner in which this war against drugs is being waged is equally or perhaps even more harmful than all the wars the world is fighting today, combined."
Nobel prizes in the sciences, economics and literature were awarded at a separate ceremony in Stockholm.
Dylan had said in advance that he was unable to attend the ceremony due to previous commitments.
In a statement read out at the awards dinner by the US ambassador, he said: "I have been doing what I set out to do for a long time now. I've made dozens of records and played thousands of concerts all around the world.
"But it's my songs that are the vital centre of almost everything I do. They seem to have found a place in the lives of many people throughout many different cultures, and I am grateful for that."
The Nobel Committee praised the poetry of his song-writing as "worthy of a place beside the Romantic visionaries".
The singer-songwriter Patti Smith performed Dylan's song A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall, but forgot the lyrics part way through and apologised to the audience, saying she was nervous.
The other Nobel prizes given out by the Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf were:
The Colombian government's peace deal with the Farc was struck after many years of negotiations.
It hit a surprise hurdle in October this year when 50.2% of voters rejected it in a referendum.
Just four days after the unexpected referendum result, it was announced that Mr Santos would receive the prize. In his speech, he said the nomination was "equally surprising" and "came as if it were a gift from heaven".
Working alongside the no campaigners, the government wrote a new deal which was approved by Congress last month.
There were many armed groups involved in decades of conflict in Colombia, including left-wing rebel groups and right-wing paramilitaries. In October the government announced it would start peace talks with the second-largest rebel group, the ELN.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

The proponents say the law would reduce prices and give farmers more incentive to grow other crops.
The bill will be debated by the lower house of Congress in the coming days.
But Colombia's justice minister has said introducing such a law would violate Colombia's commitments to international narcotics treaties.
Colombia is one of several South and Central American countries facing widespread drugs-related violence, with much of the product destined for users in the US.
The measure was proposed by Liberal Party Congressman Hugo Velasquez and signed by seven other lawmakers.
It would eliminate prison terms for growing coca leaf, the main ingredient for cocaine.
"We have to tell the United States and other consumers, Colombia has already paid enough, mostly in blood", said Mr Velasquez, who represents the coca-growing province of Meta.
"It hasn't worked. It's time to change the strategy."
The proponents say the law would lead to the market being flooded with cocaine, lowering its price and reducing the incentive for farmers to grow coca for cartels and rebel groups.
"Let's see how well the laws of the market work," Mr Velasquez said. "If there's excessive production due to the lack of criminal penalties surely the market will depress the price."
The government in Bogota has signalled its opposition to the law.
Justice minister Juan Carlos Esguerra said Colombia had to respect its commitments to international treaties.
"We have to be particularly prudent and careful," he told the Reuters news agency.
Correspondents say the bill is likely to fail, but is intended to focus the attention of leaders meeting next month in Colombia for the Summit of the Americas on how to combat illegal drug production.
The US has previously made clear its continued opposition to legalisation of drugs, while acknowledging it as a legitimate subject for debate.


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Question: Vigilantes in a Mexican village have seized the mother of a local gang leader and proposed swapping her for a kidnap victim taken on Monday.

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After seizing alleged collaborators of the gang, including the mother of the leader "El Tequilero", the locals have recorded video messages for the gang.
"In return for my husband's life, I will deliver your mother," says the kidnap victim's wife in one video, which has been broadcast on local TV.
Police have been sent to the village.
"We have your mother here, mister known as El Tequilero," says Yadira Guillermo Garcia, whose husband, an engineer, was seized by the gang, addressing the gang leader.
"I request an exchange.... I want him safe and sound."
In another video, residents of San Miguel Totolapan, carrying guns, explain that they have suffered for too long from the violence and intimidation meted out by El Tequilero and his gang, which is feared for carrying out mass kidnappings.
"They have humiliated us, they have killed our families and we won't let it happen again," one of them says.
Police have been trying to track down El Tequilero, whose real name is Raybel Jacobo de Almonte, for weeks now.
At the end of November, police used helicopters to search the mountainous area in Guerrero state where he is believed to be hiding but failed to catch him.
The governor of Guerrero state, Arturo Astudillo, said more than 200 police officers and soldiers had been sent to San Miguel Totolapan to defuse the stand-off.
He said the villagers had released five of the people they were holding but that El Tequilero's mother was not among them.
Guerrero state officials said that a team had been set up to negotiate between the vigilantes and the gang.
"The goal of the team is to ensure that no injury is done to the missing person, nor to the mother of the head of the Tequileros gang, who has apparently been taken by the self-defence forces," a statement read.
Guerrero state is a hotbed of gangs and violent crime, where local gangs fight for control of the opium trade, and disappearances and kidnapping for ransom are common.
In a number of towns and villages, residents have created vigilante groups in response, but human rights groups say these have only further contributed to the spiral of violence.

The body of Father Gregorio Lopez was discovered near the city of Ciudad Altamirano.
A group of priests later rallied in the city to condemn the murder.
Father Lopez was seized by gunmen from Ciudad Altamirano's seminary, where he taught. The motive for the killing remains unclear.
A friend of the priest told local media that Father Lopez was kidnapped after he accused drug gang Guerreros Unidos of the abduction and alleged murder of 43 students in September.
He is the third priest to be killed this year in Guerrero state, which has been at the centre of drug-related violence in Mexico.
Last month, forensic experts identified the body of a Ugandan Catholic priest among the remains found in a mass grave. Father John Ssenyondo had been missing since being kidnapped in April.
The grave was located by federal police looking for the missing students.
On Friday, demonstrators in several Mexican cities commemorated the disappearance of the students on 26 September - exactly three months ago.
Police in the town of Iguala allegedly detained them following a clash that left six people dead.
Authorities say the police turned the students over to members of a drug gang who killed them and burned their bodies.
So far, the authorities have only identified the remains of one of the students.


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Question: Hundreds of Kenyan girls are preparing to spend Christmas in schools, rather than with their families, fearing that their parents will force them to undergo female genital mutilation (FGM).

Schools that should have closed more than a month ago for the holidays are staying open for the girls, while others are staying in churches in north-western Pokot County.
Alice Jebet, 14, says there are financial, as well as cultural reasons, why so many parents support the practice:
"My parents force us to undergo FGM because they want dowry. When girls are circumcised, their parents have already arranged for them to be married off.
"When they finish the initiation, their parents introduce them to their husband, whose family gives them cows as dowry," she tells the BBC.
Despite the introduction of stiff penalties for offenders after FGM was made illegal in 2011, the practice continues in many parts of Kenya.
Girls are most at risk during the December holidays, traditionally a time for initiation rites for both boys and girls.
Headteachers have been told to accommodate the girls and to ensure they attend classes throughout the year, to prevent them being married off at a very young age or forced to undergo FGM in secret.
One in five women in Kenya between the ages of 15 and 49 is circumcised, according to government figures.
There is also a worrying trend towards younger and younger girls being forced to undergo the procedure.
Of women in their early 20s who were circumcised, around a quarter of them said they underwent the procedure when they were between five and nine years old, according to a recent report from the country's bureau of statistics.
•Clitoridectomy - partial or total removal of the clitoris
•Excision - removal of the clitoris and inner labia (lips), with or without the outer labia
•Infibulation - cutting, removing and sewing up the genitalia
•Any other type of intentional damage to the female genitalia (burning, scraping et cetera)
Anatomy of female genital mutilation
At Saint Catherine Chepnyal Girls School, students have been taking part in a campaign against the practice, singing songs urging their parents to stop FGM and let them live their own lives freely.
Mary Jepkemoi, who is set to join secondary school next year, says most of her contemporaries who have undergone circumcision are now married.
"You pity them. They have children and they themselves are children. When you ask them why, they answer you: 'What do I do? There is no-one to pay school fees for me.' They need help too.
"Were it not that I love these seminars, I would also be at home. I will never undergo FGM," she adds.
The girls who have run away from home are being supported by many members of the local community, who have embraced the anti-FGM campaign.
A sensitisation event was also held recently at the nearby Sook Boys Secondary School.
Girls, boys and even some parents came together and marched in solidarity with those who had run away.
They were wearing shirts of various colours denoting the villages they come from, each one bearing the message: "Stop, run away from FGM".
Caroline, one of the girls who took part in the event, says most of her friends have been forced by their parents to drop out of school, and some will be married off.
"I have learned how to protect myself once I go back to the village. I know where to report when I am threatened. I will also sensitise others," she says.
But activist Selina Kipkerker says that since the ban on FGM and the intensification of campaigns against it, the practice has not stopped, but been driven underground.
"The many girls who have run away from home because they have been forced to undergo circumcision, but we urge them when they are forced they should report to the local chief," she says.
"There are some churches here which encourage their followers to circumcise their girls but things are changing, so nowadays they do it secretly."
There are many who believe that circumcision is required by religion and also expected from those within their own communities.
Local county commissioner Brian Njeru admits it will take years for the practice to be eradicated and girls will continue to be vulnerable.
"This is a deeply entrenched issue that will take time to completely get rid of.
"These days there are no elaborate ceremonies to celebrate girls who have undergone FGM.
"It is very secretive and it makes it very difficult to apprehend those who are behind this."
Mr Njeru has turned all the girls' schools in his division into rescue centres.
He says the number of girls enrolling in both primary and secondary schools has increased sharply since the ban on FGM came into force five years ago.
"Most of the girls now aren't going to undergo FGM. Instead they come for training," says Gladys Andiema, the headmistress of Saint Catherine Chepnyal Girls School.
Loise Chesista, one of the beneficiaries of training sessions offered at Chepnyal, says she has gained lots of skills from the school.
"We have many friends who would have wanted to be in schools but their parents cannot afford [it]. I believe, with help, most of them can study and excel," she says.
The names of some of the girls interviewed for this article have been changed to protect their identities.

The statutory prison term recommended for offenders had ranged from between three months and three years.
The cabinet has approved plans to impose jail terms of between five and seven years, with harsher sentences if the procedure leads to death or deformity.
FGM has been illegal in Egypt since 2008 but it remains widespread.
The procedure involves the partial or full removal of the external sex organs, ostensibly to control women's sexuality.
It is practised by both Muslims and Christians in a number of African countries and in parts of the Middle East.
In May, an Egyptian teenager who had undergone FGM died of complications, prompting the UN to call on Egypt for tougher action.


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Question: It's that time of year again.

At Burns Suppers round the world, Scots will bash their neeps, devour a haggis, crack open a bottle of whisky and toast their national bard.
It's a tradition which has lasted more than 200 years but maybe it's time to do something different to mark Robert Burns' birthday?
You could join the 10,000 people who are expected to fill the streets of Dumfries on Sunday to watch the town's annual Burns Night carnival.
Lanterns, samba dancing and about 4,000 children from local schools will feature in the colourful parade.
Part of the Big Burns Supper Festival, the carnival will streamed live on the winter festival's website.
Forget selfies, Monday will see the dawn of the "burnsie".
Photographs of people next to their favourite statue of the poet will form part of a collage that will be unveiled on Burns Night.
It shouldn't be too difficult a task - after Queen Victoria and Christopher Columbus, there are more statues of Robert Burns around the world than any other non-religious figure.
Alternatively you could take a picture of yourself celebrating the Bard - maybe tucking into a plate of haggis, neeps and tatties, or dressed in their finest Scottish attire.
Social media users can upload the pictures to Twitter, Facebook or Instagram with the hashtag #Burnsie.
Before you sit down to your haggis on Monday, you need to catch it.
And on Sunday hundreds of people are expected to gather in Selkirk to hunt the elusive beast.
Organisers of the Great Selkirk Haggis Hunt said children should be armed with a "baggie" net for their vital supper-catching mission on Selkirk Hill.
Davie Scott told The Southern Reporter: "Although Haggis numbers are good, we are keen for adults to operate a catch-and-release method of hunting so that the youngsters have as much opportunity as possible to develop their haggis-hunting skills."
For the first time in more than 200 years, a Burns Supper will be held at the cottage where Scotland's national bard was born.
Priced at Â£250, just 30 coveted tickets have gone on sale for the event at Burns Cottage in Alloway.
It is the final event in a series of celebrations held to celebrate his birthday at the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum.
Its director, David Hopes, said: "The first Burns' Supper in 1801 was actually held in July to coincide with the death of Burns and was intended to 'offer a tribute to the departed genius'.
"A few years later, the event moved to the Bard's birthday instead, and so started many of the traditions which, 200 years on, are still central to our celebrations - conviviality, the serving of haggis, reciting Burns' works and a few drams."
If the meat feast is not for you, Rabbie's home village will play host to what is billed as the world's first vegan Burn's Supper on Monday.
The meal at the Brig a Doon House Hotel in Alloway will feature a mushroom salad and vegetarian broth as well as a vegetarian haggis, bashed neeps and tatties.
A vegan chocolate and Drambuie mousse will round off the formal dinner.
Meanwhile in Edinburgh a gluten free Burns Supper - which also claims to be a world-first - is planned at the Roamin' Nose Bistro.

Remember, you can always find out what's happening day to day on the Parliament website.
Back soon, and apologies to loyal readers.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: The last major unknown region on Earth has just been surveyed: the South Pole.

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Although the Americans have had a base at the bottom of the planet for decades, what lies underneath the thick ice there has been a mystery.
Now, European scientists have flown instruments back and forth across the pole to map its hidden depths.
As well as finding previously unknown valleys and mountains, the team says it has acquired important data that will have uses far from Antarctica.
Known as PolarGAP, the project was largely funded by the European Space Agency (Esa) to gather measurements over an area of Earth that its satellites cannot see, as they generally only fly up to about 83 degrees in latitude.
In particular, Esa wanted to understand the pole's gravity field, to complete the dataset gathered by its recent gravity-sensing spacecraft, GOCE.
But in plugging this data hole, the project has also now helped scientists to realise their century-long quest to describe how the pull of gravity varies across the entire Earth.
Prof RenÃ© Forsberg from the National Space Institute at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU-Space) said gravity data was fundamental knowledge needed to understand height across the planet. GPS and other satellite systems depended on having a universal reference, he explained.
"The PolarGAP data will make future global models much more accurate, and together with similar data collected over decades in the Arctic, including data from recent [UN treaty] activities and declassified gravity data from the Cold War, secure 100% global coverage," he told BBC News.
To get its information, the PolarGAP team flew an instrumented Twin Otter plane across the polar landscape in grid lines that totalled some 30,000km.
As well as gravity and magnetic sensors, the airborne campaign carried a radar and a laser altimeter.
The radar provides insights on the layers and total thickness of the ice sheet. It also maps the shape of the rockbed and gives some information on the movement of water at the ice-rock interface.
Gravity data helps determine the thickness of the crust - the platform on which Antarctica stands. Magnetics is complementary and says something about the presence of magmatic rocks and sedimentary basins.
The laser captures the shape of the top ice surface.
Much of this data is still being processed, but already the team can confirm the existence of a vast basin that appears to play a key role in controlling the flow of ice towards the ocean.
"It's an over 1,000km-long basin that extends from the Weddell Sea right down to the pole," said British Antarctic Survey (BAS) team-member Dr Fausto Ferraccioli.
"It's really one of the major features of the Antarctic continent and it's likely to have very large significance because it underlies some of the fastest flowing ice streams in this region."
The survey's information - which was presented this week at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco - will have multiple applications.
One will be to help guide a hunt for the oldest ice on the White Continent - ice that's perhaps a million and a half years old. Its chemistry would provide important new insights on how Earth's climate has changed.
Another use will be to assist geologists in their choice of location to drill to the rockbed. No-one has yet pulled up rock samples from under the middle of the Antarctic ice sheet.
PolarGAP was conducted by a multi-nation group that included the Norwegian Polar Institute, as well as DTU-Space Denmark and the British Antarctic Survey. The project also needed the support of the US National Science Foundation, which re-fuelled the Twin Otter on the sorties that went into South Pole station.
Dr Tom Jordan, also from BAS, said the survey conducted in the last Antarctic summer season had been an extraordinary experience.
"Although the view was flat white from horizon to horizon, there were moments of real awe-inspiring and almost alien beauty, in particular as we flew out over the Transantarctic Mountains," he told BBC News.
"The other thing I really enjoyed about running the campaign was working with the close knit and dedicated international team.
"Each member brought different but vital skills to the project, and the sense that together we were able to achieve a really fantastic piece of work was really great."
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos

The 71-year-old explorer told The Times newspaper: "You have to look at what's been done, and find out what's not been done in the area."
Sir Ranulph has been exploring the Earth for more than 40 years.
He told the newspaper there could be new discoveries to be made by "revisiting areas already discovered".
There are some places on Earth that are so difficult to get to that they're still virtually unexplored.
There are 16,000 species of tree in the Amazon jungle, a vast rainforest that spans nine countries in South America.
Parts of the rainforest remain untouched and there are still native tribes living there undisturbed.
It's possible that plants or animals living there could have undiscovered benefits to human beings.
Sir Ranulph told The Times: "If you're going to cross Brazilian jungle, why not take medical botanists who can look at strange plants and see if they have medical functions?"
Water covers almost three quarters of the planet, but the depths of our oceans are still largely unexplored.
About 95% of the deep sea remains unseen by human eyes.
It wasn't until 2012 that humans completed the first mission to the bottom of the Mariana Trench - the deepest known point of the Earth's sea bed.
Film director James Cameron took a special submarine to Earth's deepest point and filmed what he saw.
It's a dangerous and difficult place to explore because the enormous weight of the sea water above presses down on any submarines below.
Antarctica is not the largest continent on Earth - it's smaller than Asia, Africa, North America and South America - but it's one of the least explored.
It's the coldest, driest, and windiest continent and is considered a desert because so little rain falls there.
There are no permanent human residents because the bitter cold makes it impractical to live there, but scientists do visit to conduct experiments in the unique environment.


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Question: Pakistan's national airline has been mocked after a goat was sacrificed to ward off bad luck following one of the country's worst air disasters.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Pictures went viral showing PIA ground staff slaughtering a black goat next to an ATR-42 aircraft which was about to leave for a domestic flight.
It was the first such flight since PIA grounded its ATR fleet for tests after a 7 December crash killed 47 people.
In Pakistan killing a black goat is supposed by many to ward off evil.
But the move by ground staff in Islamabad prompted hoots of incredulity once it was established the images were genuine and had not been photo-shopped.
A Pakistan International Airlines spokesman was swift to point out the goat had been slaughtered by employees on their own initiative and the airline management had no hand in it.
The Dawn newspaper covered the event in a front page story headlined "PIA: on a wing and a prayer". The headline of the Express Tribune newspaper read: "PIA lampooned for bizarre goat slaughter".
The Express Tribune commented that the "ritual sacrifice shows fear besetting the PIA employees associated with flight operations, especially those assigned to ATRs".
Comments on social media were mixed - while many mocked PIA for indulging in superstition, others defended the slaughter as a practice endorsed by Islam.
"Good move. Fresh mutton on flight menu," joked Nadeem Farooq Paracha, a Dawn blogger and columnist, in a tweet.
Another journalist, Fasi Zaka, tweeted: "PIA sacrifices a black goat before resuming ATR services, they take their historical nickname 'Please Inform Allah' (PIA) very seriously."
Television anchor Ejaz Haider tweeted: "When Charles Perrow was working on his theory of normal accidents, he totally missed out on 'kala bakra' [black goat] as a hedge against accidents."
Meanwhile, one Twitter user by the name of MisBis spoke for many when she wrote: "There's nothing wrong in giving Sadqa [sacrificial offering]â€¦ Sadqa bari balao se bachata hai [it hedges against many troubles]â€¦ stop making it a joke".
PIA had 11 ATR-42 planes in its fleet - the one that crashed in the Havelian region on 7 December killed all those on board.
Days later, the pilot of another ATR had to abort take-off due to a malfunction in one of the engines, leading PIA to ground the rest of its ATRs for tests.
This affected PIA operations to smaller destinations such as Chitral, Gilgit, Gwadar and many other destinations in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab where small air strips and lack of technical cover do not allow larger planes to land.
Did Sunday night's sacrifice help?
All we can say is the flight departed safely for Multan, and later returned to Islamabad.

Flight AI 131  travelling to London on Wednesday was flying over Iran when someone on board said they spotted the rodent, reports said.
Passengers continued their journey on a replacement aircraft some time later.
Air India has said that the plane will be fumigated and the presence of a rodent was being investigated.
Rats occasionally get on board aircraft along with catering and other supplies but can pose a serious technical as well as a health hazard if they chew through wires.
The airline said that "though the presence of the rodent was not confirmed," the decision to abort the flight was precautionary and in the interests of passenger safety.
It is not the first time a rat sighting has been reported on an Air India jet this year, with one of their aircraft forced to return to New Delhi during a flight to Milan in July because of a rodent.
It is the latest setback to hit the state-owned airline, which has had to cut costs to improve its financial health.
Earlier in December, an Air India technician was sucked into an aircraft engine and killed at Mumbai airport.


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Question: Senegal's troops are on alert to intervene in The Gambia if President Yahya Jammeh refuses to step down next month, the regional bloc Ecowas says.

Mr Jammeh initially accepted defeat in the 1 December poll, but later said it was flawed.
The Ecowas chairman said Senegal had been chosen to lead operations "to restore the people's wishes" if needed.
President Jammeh has already said he will not be intimidated, saying Ecowas had no authority to interfere.
Mr Jammeh, who has ruled for 22 years, has lodged a case before the Supreme Court to annul the vote after the electoral commission changed some results.
The commission insists the outcome was not affected by an initial error and that property developer Adama Barrow won the poll and should be inaugurated on 19 January.
Marcel Alain de Souza, chairman of the Ecowas commission, said Mr Jammeh had until that date to comply with its mediators.
"If he is not going, we have stand-by forces already alerted and these stand-by forces have to be able to intervene to restore the people's wish," he said.
The Gambia, a former British colony, is surrounded on three sides by Senegal.
"Senegal has been selected by its peers to lead the operations but we do not wish to start a conflict," Mr de Souza said.
"If he loves his people, he has to be able to negotiate an exit door calmly. If it doesn't happen, the most radical means will be used."
The BBC's Umaru Fofana, who has been reporting from The Gambia, says Mr Jammeh's defiant comments earlier this week make it clear that Nigeria's President Muhammadu Buhari, appointed chief mediator by Ecowas, has a fine line to tread.
Mr Jammeh said that although he was a "man of peace", that did not mean he would not defend himself and the country "courageously, patriotically and win".
The stalemate is already taking a huge toll on the economy of the small West African country, which is popular with tourists, with the Chamber of Commerce saying businesses have been badly affected, our reporter says.
The Supreme Court says it will hear a case brought by Mr Jammeh's party to cancel the result on 10 January.
President Jammeh, 51, seized power in 1994 and has been accused of human rights abuses, although he has held regular elections.
The Gambia has not had a smooth transfer of power since independence from Britain in 1965.
According to the electoral commission's final count:
Results were revised by the electoral commission on 5 December, when it emerged that the ballots for one area had been added incorrectly.
Read more:

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He boarded a plane to Guinea and from there will travel on to exile in Equatorial Guinea, regional group Ecowas says.
Mr Jammeh was defeated in December's election by Adama Barrow but went on to challenge the results.
Mr Barrow has been in Senegal but says he will return to The Gambia soon.
In an interview with the BBC, Mr Barrow said he wanted to create a truth and reconciliation committee to investigate allegations of human rights abuses during Mr Jammeh's time in office.
Marcel de Souza, president of the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas), said the military operation that had sent West African troops into The Gambia in support of Mr Barrow, was now ended, although some would remain to ensure security.
Yahya Jammeh arrived at the airport amid a large convoy of vehicles and throngs of cheering supporters.
He stood on a small platform to hear ceremonial music performed by a military band and then walked down a long red carpet surrounded by dignitaries.
He climbed the steps to the plane, turned and kissed and waved a Koran at those assembled.
After 22 years in power, he left bound for Guinea where it's believed he will stay before going on to another country.
Soldiers, supporters and dignitaries were emotional as he left - many of them crying.  Many others in The Gambia are glad to see the end of what they considered a dictatorship, where there was little respect for human rights or freedom of speech
The details of the arrangements made - or promises offered to persuade Mr Jammeh to give up power peacefully are not yet known, but there was the real threat of military action from regional states.
He's the first president to peacefully hand over power in The Gambia since independence from Britain in 1965.
Mr Barrow has been in neighbouring Senegal for days and was inaugurated as president in the Gambian embassy there on Thursday.
Troops from several West African nations, including Senegal, had been deployed in The Gambia, threatening to drive Mr Jammeh out of office if he did not agree to go.
Mr Jammeh's decision to quit came after talks with the presidents of Guinea and Mauritania.
Guinea's President Alpha Conde was with Mr Jammeh and his wife on the plane that left Banjul late on Saturday.
In an address on state television, Mr Jammeh, who had once said he would rule The Gambia for a billion years, said he would stand down and that it was "not necessary that a single drop of blood be shed".
"I have decided today in good conscience to relinquish the mantle of leadership of this great nation with infinite gratitude to all Gambians," he said.
BBC West Africa correspondent Thomas Fessy says that Ecowas, which is backed by the United Nations, has sent a strong message to the region, and all of Africa, that they stand ready to protect democracy and are willing to send troops to enforce fair election results.
Mr Jammeh had at first accepted defeat in the election but then reversed his position.
He declared a 90-day state of emergency, blaming irregularities in the electoral process.


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As voters go to the polls, the papers take the opportunity to give their opinions on the front pages.
However, the BBC - like other broadcasters - is restricted to reporting only factual accounts of the election in line with polling day rules.
With the election understandably hogging the headlines, it leaves an eclectic mix of other stories in the papers.
The Daily Record leads with the claim that a Rangers fan who confronted Celtic's Scott Brown during last Saturday's Old Firm match was convicted of exposing himself to an 11-year-old girl in 2010.
A failed businessman who conned friends and relatives - including his own daughter - out of more than Â£250,000 with a "catastrophic" betting scheme has been jailed for 27 months, reports The Courier.
The Metro leads with the conviction of a man for planting a bag of explosives on a London tube train. Damon Smith was caught on CCTV dumping a bag containing a home-made bomb and deadly ball-bearing shrapnel.
Like many of Thursday's papers, The Scottish Sun carries revelations from Hollywood star Brad Pitt, who has admitted that a drinking problem wrecked his marriage and tore his young family apart.
Opening up in a candid interview with GQ Style magazine, the 53-year-old spoke about the repercussions of his divorce from Angelina Jolie, said the Daily Star.
The parents of Madeleine McCann have vowed to never give up hope of finding their daughter as they mark the 10th anniversary of her disappearance from a holiday villa in Portugal, says the Scottish Daily Express.
The Scottish Daily Mail claims that thousands of new mothers are left without food or pain relief in overstretched NHS maternity units, leaving many psychologically scarred.
Shareholders in Royal Bank of Scotland have been urged to vote against the re-election of chairman Sir Howard Davies over the lack of female representation on the board, says The Herald.
Edinburgh has been ranked second in a global quality of life survey - behind Wellington in New Zealand, according to a survey published in The Scotsman.
A video of a Danish choir singing on top of a Scottish mountain has gone viral, reports The National.
The Times writes that motorists will be urged to put their mobile phone in a car compartment that blocks signals under plans to prevent dangerous distractions at the wheel.


A national archive for the civil nuclear industry has opened on the north coast of mainland Scotland.
More than 70 years' worth of information and up to 30 million digital records are to be stored at Nucleus in Wick, Caithness.
They include papers, photographs and plans from nearby Dounreay, as well as Harwell in Oxfordshire, Trawsfynydd in Snowdonia and Sellafield in Cumbria.
Nucleus will also store local archives dating back to the 16th Century.
High Life Highland, an arms-length body of Highland Council, is helping to manage the site.
It said Nucleus had been designed to hold records in "ideal environmental conditions for generations to come".
The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority has had the facility constructed at a former RAF site.
Many of the documents, photographs and technical drawings relate to Dounreay, an experimental nuclear power complex 30 miles (48km) away from Wick.
Built in the 1950s, Dounreay is now in the process of being decommissioned and the site cleaned up.


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Mushers and their dogs have begun gathering in the Highlands ahead of the 34th Aviemore Sled Dog Rally.
The Siberian Husky Club of Great Britain helps to organise the event, which includes races near the shores of Loch Morlich.
This year's rally will be held on Saturday and Sunday.


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A selection of your pictures of Scotland between 2 and 9 September. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.


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this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

------

Fewshots:
'['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.', '.']' == '['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:', "More than 200 of the oldest photographs taken in Scotland are to go on display at the National Galleries of Scotland.\nThe influential partnership of David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson lasted for less than five years before the premature death of Adamson, aged just 26.\nBut it produced thousands of images which are admired by photographers to this day.\nWithin four years of the invention of photography being announced to the world in 1839, Hill and Adamson had mastered the new medium and were producing innovative work from their studio in Edinburgh.\nA Perfect Chemistry: Photographs by Hill & Adamson is one of the biggest exhibitions of their work to be staged in recent years.\nThe pioneering partnership came about due to an unlikely event, the 'Disruption' of the Church of Scotland Assembly.\nThis was where 450 ministers - upset over the issue of the church's relationship with the state - left to form the Free Church of Scotland.\nHill decided he would record the event with a painting. He was put in touch Adamson, who could take photographs of the clergymen.\nThis would be a quick way for Hill to record a likeness of the men at this momentous meeting so he could transform them into a large painting.\nOver the next four years, they took about 3,000 pictures including images of the clergymen.\nThe duo's ambitions saw them quickly extend their repertoire to include portraits of Edinburgh society figures, scenes from the capital and documentary images of fisherfolk in nearby Newhaven.\nTheir images of the working class community in the Newhaven area of Edinburgh are thought to be the first photographic studies of ordinary working people.\nTheir partnership came to an early end when Adamson died in 1848.\nA Perfect Chemistry: Photographs by Hill and Adamson is being shown at the National Galleries of Scotland from 27 May to 1 October."]' != '['represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', "Ond pa mor dda ydych chi am 'nabod eich Llannau? Rhowch gynnig ar gwis Cymru Fyw:"]'

A selection of your pictures of Scotland from 19 to 26 August. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.


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More than 200 of the oldest photographs taken in Scotland are to go on display at the National Galleries of Scotland.
The influential partnership of David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson lasted for less than five years before the premature death of Adamson, aged just 26.
But it produced thousands of images which are admired by photographers to this day.
Within four years of the invention of photography being announced to the world in 1839, Hill and Adamson had mastered the new medium and were producing innovative work from their studio in Edinburgh.
A Perfect Chemistry: Photographs by Hill & Adamson is one of the biggest exhibitions of their work to be staged in recent years.
The pioneering partnership came about due to an unlikely event, the 'Disruption' of the Church of Scotland Assembly.
This was where 450 ministers - upset over the issue of the church's relationship with the state - left to form the Free Church of Scotland.
Hill decided he would record the event with a painting. He was put in touch Adamson, who could take photographs of the clergymen.
This would be a quick way for Hill to record a likeness of the men at this momentous meeting so he could transform them into a large painting.
Over the next four years, they took about 3,000 pictures including images of the clergymen.
The duo's ambitions saw them quickly extend their repertoire to include portraits of Edinburgh society figures, scenes from the capital and documentary images of fisherfolk in nearby Newhaven.
Their images of the working class community in the Newhaven area of Edinburgh are thought to be the first photographic studies of ordinary working people.
Their partnership came to an early end when Adamson died in 1848.
A Perfect Chemistry: Photographs by Hill and Adamson is being shown at the National Galleries of Scotland from 27 May to 1 October.


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The Lost Glasgow page on Facebook has become a big hit by sharing archive images of the city and its people.
Since it began three years ago the page has attracted 137,000 likes from people attracted to its documenting of Glasgow's colourful past.
The history buffs behind the online page have now gone back to old school methods themselves by organising a gallery exhibition.
It is being held at 54 Bell Street from 29 June to 31 August.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.


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A strong earthquake has devastated a string of mountain towns and villages in central Italy, killing at least 250 people and leaving many unaccounted for.
The 6.2 magnitude quake, which was followed by several aftershocks, struck at 03:36 (01:36 GMT) on Wednesday, 100km (65 miles) north-east of Rome.
Worst affected were the towns of Accumoli and Amatrice and the villages of Pescara del Tronto and Arquata del Tronto.
The first confirmed deaths following the quake came in Amatrice, and by Thursday it was clear that many had been buried when the town collapsed.
The town's mayor, Sergio Pirozzi, told the AP news agency: "Half the village has disappeared."
In Accumoli, a small mountain town, the first victims were a family of four who were found under the debris of a collapsed building.
Mayor Stefano Petrucci told reporters: "We have a tragedy here. There are people under the ruins."
He said the town of just 700 residents swells to 2,000 in the summer months thanks to tourism, but that he feared for its future after the earthquake.
The village of Pescara del Tronto was also badly hit, with the Italian news agency ANSA reporting that at least 10 people had been killed there.
The main road into and out of the town was covered in debris, making it difficult for search and rescue teams to gain access to some damaged areas.
The neighbouring village of Arquata del Tronto was also devastated by the earthquake. Mayor Aleandro Petrucci told AFP news agency: "If we don't get help, l'Arquata is finished."


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Two top-tier Australian rules football teams have played a match in China for the first time.
About 10,000 fans watched Port Adelaide Power  beat Gold Coast Suns 110-38  in the Australian Football League (AFL) game at Shanghai's Jiangwan Stadium.


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represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary Examples:

"['represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'Before Sunday\'s Malaysian Grand Prix, Hamilton is eight points behind team-mate Nico Rosberg with six races to go.\nThe 31-year-old world champion said: "It\'s going to take some good results to get back in front and stay there.\n"But I\'ve had plenty of those in the past there\'s no reason to think they won\'t come back to me again."\nFellow Mercedes driver Rosberg has won the last three races to turn around what had been a 19-point deficit for the German at the end of July.\nRosberg heads into Malaysia after recording probably the most convincing victory he has ever taken over Hamilton in Singapore last time out.\nThe 31-year-old German dominated the entire weekend and Hamilton could only finish third.\n"Singapore was a difficult weekend for me, so to come away with a podium in the circumstances was pretty good damage limitation," the Briton said.\n"Ultimately, Nico did an exceptional job and I didn\'t have my best weekend.\n"But that\'s the way it goes. We\'re both fiercely competitive. Some weekends he does great, some weekends I do great.\n"It\'s a combination of things that all come together to make a strong weekend and every one is different.\n"I have no idea if the momentum will swing back to me or when it might. But we still have six races left, so I just have to keep giving it my all and hope for the best. That\'s all you can do as a sportsman."\nRosberg said: "I\'ve had a good run lately and I\'m enjoying the moment. But as far as the next race goes, or the next one after that and so on... it\'s anyone\'s game.\n"Red Bull and Ferrari are both pushing us really hard, so there will be some tough weekends ahead."\nMalaysia was one of only three races that Mercedes did not win last year, Sebastian Vettel taking his first victory for Ferrari thanks to a better strategy and tyre usage.\nMercedes can win the constructors\' championship in Malaysia if they score 36 points more than Red Bull.\nMercedes F1 boss Toto Wolff said: "Like Singapore, this was a race where we underperformed last year, so we will need to push hard to put that right.\n"We can guarantee that the drivers will be doing just that.\n"This year more than ever, we\'ve seen that they are pushing each other to new heights," he added.\n"We\'re entering a gruelling phase of this record 21-race season, where the physical and mental challenge of a championship reaches its absolute peak.\n"We\'re in good shape - but we must remain on our toes to get the ball over the line."']" == "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', 'Lewis Hamilton says he is confident he can return to the form he needs to reclaim the championship lead and win his fourth world title this year.']"

The northern Syrian city of Aleppo was caught in a brutal four-year deadlock.
It was a key battleground in the war between forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and rebels who want to overthrow him.
In November, Syrian government forces launched a renewed assault, and rapidly retook almost all of the opposition-held east. By mid-December they had pushed the rebels into just a few neighbourhoods.
Tens of thousands of civilians fled those districts. The UN said it had received allegations that hundreds of men had gone missing since crossing into government-controlled areas - and that rebels  prevented some civilians from leaving.
On 15 December, the warring sides reached an agreement to end the fighting, and on 22 December the government declared it had taken full control of the city following days of evacuations.
The rebels had been rapidly pushed back into a small enclave, where, along with thousands of civilians, they came under intense bombing. The deal was negotiated between one of the rebels' key backers, Turkey, and Syria's ally Russia.
It follows a pattern of similar, local ceasefire and evacuation deals which have ended fighting in other besieged rebel-held parts of Syria, such as the Old City of Homs in 2014 and the Damascus suburb of Daraya this August.
Under the terms of the Aleppo deal, rebels and civilians were allowed to be evacuated to rebel-held Idlib province, while civilians in the rebel-besieged mainly Shia villages of Foua and Kefraya in Idlib were allowed to leave in return - at the insistence of Iran, sponsor of pro-government Shia Muslim militias fighting in Aleppo.
Aleppo was once Syria's largest city, with a population of about 2.3 million. It was also the country's industrial and financial centre.
The old city is a Unesco World Heritage site and was famous for its 13th Century citadel, 12th Century Great Mosque and huge covered markets, or souks.
When the uprising against President Assad erupted in 2011, Aleppo did not see the large protests or the deadly violence that shook other towns and cities.
But it suddenly became a battleground in July 2012.
Rebel fighters launched an offensive to kick out government forces and gain control over northern Syria but the rebel assault was not decisive.
Aleppo ended up divided roughly in half - the opposition in control of the east, and the government the west.
Over the next four years, the battle for Aleppo became a microcosm of the wider conflict in Syria.
It highlighted the weakness of both sides, as well as the failure of the international community to protect civilians and broker a peace agreement.
On the government side, state forces are being supported by Russian air strikes and Shia militias, including fighters from Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Lebanon and Pakistan.
The predominantly Sunni Muslim opposition is made of several rebel groups, many of whom have received financial aid from key opponents of President Assad, including the US, Saudi Arabia and Turkey.
Hardline Sunni Islamist groups are involved too, most notably Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, which earlier this year changed its name from the Nusra Front and announced it was cutting ties with al-Qaeda.
4 Jan: At the start of the year, the rebels hold eastern Aleppo, linked to the border with Turkey via territory to the north and west. Turkey's government is a key backer of the rebellion against Mr Assad.
27 Jul: At the end of July, government forces surround the rebels, taking control of the strategically-important Castello Road in northern Aleppo, the only route into the rebel-held east. About 275,000 people suddenly find themselves under siege.
Early Aug: Rebels and al-Qaeda-linked jihadist fighters in the countryside outside Aleppo seize back control of a route through the Ramousseh district in the south of the city linking them up with the outside world again.
Mid-Oct: Government forces retake the area in early September and resume the siege. There is a brief pause in the offensive in mid-October to allow civilians and rebels to leave, but few take up the offer.
28 Nov: Syrian government forces recapture more than a third of rebel-held territory in eastern Aleppo. The rebels lose all of the northern neighbourhoods, leaving them with under two-thirds of the territory they had in the city.
6 Dec: Troops advance further, seizing more districts in the east. The gains mean the government has now recaptured more than 70% of the rebel-held area.
12 Dec: The Syrian army makes more gains, taking several districts, including the key Sheikh Saeed area, from the rebels, leaving them confined to a small enclave.
13 Dec: Following intense bombardment from pro-government forces, the rebels are squeezed into ever smaller areas of the city, retreating into just a handful of neighbourhoods.
15 Dec: A ceasefire deal is reached. Buses begin to take fighters, their families, and wounded people from east Aleppo to rebel-held areas in Idlib province. More buses are sent to evacuate residents of two villages, Foah and Kefraya, besieged by rebels in north-western Syria, as demanded by the government after an attempted deal the previous day collapsed.
22 Dec: Government declares full control over Aleppo for the first time in four years.
After the government resumed its air campaign on 15 November, troops pushed into several northern Aleppo districts and forced rebels and jihadists to retreat southwards. Tens of thousands of civilians fled their homes.
By 13 December, more than 90% of the city had fallen to the government. The UN warned up to 100,000 people were trapped in "ever-shrinking" areas of eastern Aleppo, adding that rebels were stopping people from leaving.
Food and fuel in the rebel-held areas were running out, and basic infrastructure and health care facilities had been obliterated - at one point in November, all hospitals in eastern Aleppo were virtually out of action as a result of air strikes.
The UN says hundreds of civilians died, but the government and Russia denied targeting them. Rebel rocket and mortar fire has also killed dozens of people in the government-controlled west.
With the rebels defeated in Aleppo, the government retook full control of the neighbourhoods they held, which means it once again holds the country's four largest cities.
President Assad may hope that the gains made in Aleppo will snowball into something more and help bring the civil war to an end.
But with rebel forces, jihadist groups and Kurds still controlling large parts of the country, there would still be a long way to go.
So there is a possibility that it may become a different type of war - with rebels not trying to hold territory and create their own entity but instead pursuing a hit-and-run insurgency.


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Two blocks of flats in Edinburgh have become the 50th and 51st buildings whose construction was completed after World War Two to be given Category A listed status.
Historic Environment Scotland puts important buildings into three categories.
Those in Category A are considered to be buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic.
Post-war structures to be given Category A status include the Forth Road Bridge, the Burrell Collection, numerous churches, hydroelectric power stations and two swimming pools.
Cables Wynd House and neighbouring Linksview House in Edinburgh are the 50th and 51st post-war building to be given Category A status.

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Ond pa mor dda ydych chi am 'nabod eich Llannau? Rhowch gynnig ar gwis Cymru Fyw:


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Thousands of people raced through gallons of mud at Drumlanrig Castle near Thornhill at the weekend.
They were taking part in the annual Tough Mudder event.
It saw participants run through ice cold water and navigate around 20 obstacles in a course designed by British special forces.
Described by organisers as "the toughest event on the planet", the extreme endurance challenge was the brainchild of Will Dean and Guy Livingstone and regularly takes place in the UK, US, Australia and Canada to test fitness, stamina, mental strength and camaraderie.