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Question: Ireland's hopes of qualifying for the Women's World Cup were ended in an 86-run defeat by Pakistan in Colombo.

Javeria Khan anchored Pakistan's innings with an unbeaten 90 as they made 271-5 from their 50 overs.
Despite a second-wicket stand of 74 between Cecelia Joyce (41) and Kim Garth (33), Ireland's challenge faded as they were bowled out for 185.
India and South Africa have clinched World Cup qualification after beating Bangladesh and Sri Lanka respectively.
With Ireland now out of contention, the final two places for the tournament - to be held in England in June and July - are likely to go to Sri Lanka and Pakistan, although Bangladesh could progress if they were to thrash Sri Lanka in their final game on Sunday and overhaul one of their rivals on net run rate.
Ireland's hopes of qualifying were already remote after suffering a seven-wicket defeat by Bangladesh in their opening Super Six match on Wednesday.
Pakistan's success at the Colombo Cricket Club owed a lot to second-wicket stand of 136 in 25 overs between Javeria and Nahida Khan (72), who hit 24 of Pakistan's 36 boundaries between them.
Nain Abidi chipped in with 44 from 55 balls as the Irish bowlers toiled in sweltering conditions, although 15-year-old Gaby Lewis (2-62) picked up two wickets in the last 10 overs.
A record-breaking run chase was needed for Ireland to stay in World Cup contention - as their target of 272 would have been their second highest one-day international total of all time, dwarfing their highest total batting second (204, against South Africa in Dublin last summer) and their highest successful run chase (175, against the Netherlands in 2010).
Despite the odds being against them, Joyce and Garth took the score to 91-1 in the 27th over before both were dismissed by successive deliveries.
Former captain Isobel Joyce fought a rearguard action, making 33, but Ireland's hopes of overhauling that massive target were over long before they were bowled out with seven balls of the innings to spare.
While their Super Six campaign will end with a dead-rubber game against South Africa at Colombo's P Sara Oval on Sunday, by virtue of qualifying for the Super Six they have retained their one-day international status.
Top four teams qualify for ICC Women's World Cup 2017

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Two Kyle Good goals levelled the contest and while South Africa regained the lead, Chris Cargo's strike earned the Irish a draw.
Keeper Jamie Carr had a fine game for the Irish who face Canada on Wednesday.
Ireland's women beat Spain 3-2 on Monday with Chloe Watkins, Naomi Carroll and Zoe Wilson on target.
The Irish women were beaten 3-0 and 2-1 by Spain in their opening two games in the four-match series and the final meeting between the countries takes place on Tuesday morning in Valencia.
Ireland's men will face the Canadians on Wednesday and Thursday before next weekend's two contests against Belgium.
The matches are part of Ireland's preparations for their challenge at the Olympic Games in Rio in August.
Ireland opened their series of games in South Africa by earning a 2-0 win over Canada before drawing 1-1 against the same opposition on Saturday.


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Question: Every year, crowds flock to the Spanish village of Sabucedo, for a tradition that dates back to ancient times - cutting the manes and tails of the wild horses that live in the mountains of Galicia in north-west Spain.

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The origins of the ritual are unclear but according to legend, the rite dates back to the 16th Century when the people of the village were spared the plague by their patron saint Lorenzo and in return sent horses into the wild.
But the undoubted drama of the "Rapa des Bestas" is to animal rights activists a show of unnecessary brutality.
Pictures by Daniel Rodrigues.
At 06:30 on a July morning, some 100 people - fathers, sons and friends - gather in Sabucedo. Prayers are said and they head for the hills in search of the "beasts". Fog hampers the search as they cover long distances across breathtaking landscape looking for the horses.
A severe winter with torrential rain and freezing temperatures has hit the wild horses of Galicia hard.
Riders join the hunt to corral the horses together and bring them down from the hills.
The wild horses are known in Galicia as "brutes" and, as the round-up gathers pace, some of the horses struggle with each other. The clashes can sometimes turn violent.
Young and old take part in the search and when they feel they have rounded up as many horses as possible, they had back down the mountain to Sabucedo.
Tourists stand on the mountainside to watch the men and horses return.
The horses are driven down the main street in the village. Their final destination is the Curro, a circular pen that resembles a gladiatorial arena. The aim will be to force the horses, as many as 200 in number, to lie still on the ground for their manes and tails to be cut.
There are clear parallels with Spain's historical passion for bullfighting and the round-up tradition is popular throughout the Galicia region. However, the Sabucedo festival, which last four days, is the most popular and the most spectacular.
For up to two hours, a team from the village struggles with the horses in the Curro. It takes years of practice for the men and women of Sabucedo to work out how to overpower the wild horses. The children of the village look on because one day they, too, will take part.
The villagers reject the complaints of activists who condemn the brutality of the round-up. They argue part of the tradition now involves vaccination against diseases that the horses can pick up on the mountain.
Conditions inside the arena are crowded. Visitors to the village are only allowed to watch from outside the pen, because of the potential hazards.
Critics say that the act of wrestling the horses to the ground distresses the animals. Fights between the horses are not uncommon.
Legend has it that the strongest horses are considered sacred. So their ears are cut by villagers to differentiate them from the other animals.
Once they are brought to the ground, the horses' manes and tails are cut. Four men are usually needed for the task: two to hold the horse's head, one for the tail and a fourth who cuts the mane and tail with scissors.
Rain and mud played a significant role in this year's round-up, which is rare even for this verdant region of Spain. By the end, the villagers are exhausted and the horses return to the mountains for another year.

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This year's celebrations start on 30 January, but the main days will be on 5, 6 and 7 of February when thousands of people will congregate in Oruro.
The carnival dates back more than two centuries and is one of Latin America's most colourful.
Photojournalist Fellipe Abreu and reporter Luiz Felipe Silva recorded some of its highlights in 2015.
Bands have been part of the Oruro carnival since 1964, the year Banda Espectacular Pagador was founded.
They play marches, cuecas (a musical style popular in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) and other typical rhythms while they parade along a 3km (1.9-mile) route on the first day of the Oruro carnival.
Key to the Oruro carnival are "fraternidades", fraternal orders or fellowships, which parade around town preceded by a richly decorated float carrying a religious statue.
The elaborate costumes, masks and decorations used in the Oruro carnival are largely made by hand in small workshops such as Berna Bordados y Artesanal.
Founded more than 50 years ago, Berna Bordados makes 325 masks each year.
It is run by brothers Jorge and Martin Cruz, who learned the trade from their father when they were only six years old.
They start making the masks as early as August.
It is hard work. A small mask takes about a day to make, while the larger masks can take up to four days.
The masks cost between $40 and $46 (Â£28-Â£32), and the costumes about $70.
Another key part of the carnival is the procession to the church of Virgen del Socavon (Our Lady of the Mineshaft).
The Virgen del Socavon is the patron saint of the miners and a highly venerated figure in this mineral-rich part of Bolivia.
The veneration of the Virgen del Socavon is believed to date back to local legends which pre-date colonial times.
According to indigenous legend, a demigod called Wari wanted to punish the Uru people, who inhabited the area, for adoring another deity.
He sent four plagues: a gigantic snake came from the west, a monstrous lizard from the east, a huge toad from the north and millions of large ants from the south.
The Uru people were haunted by these plagues until the arrival of Nusta, a female figure who defeated all four.
As Catholicism took hold in the area, Nusta later became identified with the Virgen del Socavon.
As a sign of their gratitude to Nusta/Virgen del Socavon and to tease the defeated Wari, who is often represented as a horned devil, the Uru people dressed up as devils themselves and danced to celebrate Nusta's victory.
The main carnival dance, the Diablada, recounts a battle between good and evil in which the Archangel Michael fights a variety of devilish figures.
It is believed to date back to the 15th Century, and has been practiced in its current form since the late 18th Century, when miners would dress up as devils and perform the dance in honour to the Virgen del Socavon.
There are also dances representing Bolivia's colonial history.
One of the most traditional is the "Morenada", performed by dancers representing African slaves brought to Bolivia during Spanish colonial times to work in the mines.
Their masks have outstretched tongues to represent the exhaustion from which the slaves suffered after long hours down Bolivia's silver mines.
Another popular character is The Bear, who plays tricks on people during the dance and entertains onlookers with his pranks.
Other popular dances celebrate rural life and Andean animals such as the llama.
One particularly athletic and colourful dance is the Tinku, a form of ritualistic combat.


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Question: A chronology of key events:

1962 - Algeria gains independence from France.
1963 - Ahmed Ben Bella elected as first president.
1965 - Col Houari Boumedienne overthrows Ben Bella, pledges to end corruption.
1976 - Boumedienne introduces a new constitution which confirms commitment to socialism and role of the National Liberation Front (FLN) as the sole political party. Islam is recognised as state religion.
1976 December - Boumedienne is elected president and is instrumental in launching a programme of rapid industrialisation.
1978 - Boumedienne dies and is replaced by Col Chadli Bendjedid, as the compromise candidate of the military establishment.
1986 - Rising inflation and unemployment, exacerbated by the collapse of oil and gas prices lead to a wave of strikes and violent demonstrations.
1988 - Serious rioting against economic conditions.
1989 - The National People's Assembly revokes the ban on new political parties and adopts a new electoral law allowing opposition parties to contest future elections.
1989 - Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) founded and over 20 new parties licensed.
1990 - The FIS wins 55 per cent of the vote in local elections.
1991 - Government announces parliamentary elections in June 1991 and plans changes to electoral system including restrictions on campaigning in mosques. FIS reacts by calling general strike. State of siege declared, elections postponed. FIS leaders Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj arrested and jailed.
1991 December - In the first round of general elections the FIS wins 188 seats outright, and seems virtually certain to obtain an absolute majority in the second round.
1992 4 January - The National People's Assembly is dissolved by presidential decree and on 11 January President Chadli, apparently under pressure from the military leadership, resigns. A five-member Higher State Council, chaired by Mohamed Boudiaf, takes over.
Street gatherings banned, violent clashes break out on 8 and 9 February between FIS supporters and security forces. A state of emergency is declared, the FIS is ordered to disband and all 411 FIS-controlled local and regional authorities are dissolved.
1992 29 June - Boudiaf assassinated by a member of his bodyguard with alleged Islamist links. Violence increases and the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) emerges as the main group behind these operations.
1994 - Liamine Zeroual, a retired army colonel, is appointed chairman of the Higher State Council.
1995 - Zeroual wins a five-year term as president of the republic with a comfortable majority.
1996 - Proposed constitutional changes approved in a referendum by over 85 per cent of voters.
1997 - Parliamentary elections won by the newly-created Democratic National Rally, followed by the moderate Islamic party, Movement of Society for Peace.
1998 - President Zeroual announces his intention to cut short his term and hold early presidential elections.
1999 - Former Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika elected as president after all opposition candidates withdraw from race, saying there were inadequate guarantees of fair and transparent elections.
1999 - Referendum approves Bouteflika's law on civil concord, the result of long and largely secret negotiations with the armed wing of the FIS, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS). Thousands of members of the AIS and other armed groups are pardoned.
2000 - Attacks on civilians and security forces continue, and are thought to be the work of small groups still opposed to the civil concord. Violence is estimated to have claimed over 100,000 lives in Algeria since 1992.
2001 April/May - Scores of demonstrators are killed in violent clashes between security forces and Berber protesters in the mainly Berber region of Kabylie following the death of a teenager in police custody.
2001 May - The mainly Berber party, the Rally for Culture and Democracy, withdraws from the government in protest against the authorities' handling of riots in Kabylie.
2001 October - Government agrees to give the Berber language official status, as part of a package of concessions.
2001 November - Several hundred people are killed as floods hit Algiers.
2002 March - President Bouteflika says the Berber language, Tamazight, is to be recognised as a national language.
2002 June - Prime Minister Ali Benflis's National Liberation Front (FLN) wins general elections marred by violence and a low turnout. They are boycotted as a sham by four parties - two of which represent Berbers.
2003 21 May - More than 2,000 people are killed and thousands are injured by a powerful earthquake in the north. The worst-hit areas are east of Algiers.
2003 June - Leader of the outlawed Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) Abassi Madani and his deputy Ali Belhadj are freed after serving 12-year sentences.
2004 April - President Bouteflika is re-elected to a second term in a landslide poll victory.
2005 January - Authorities announce the arrest of rebel Armed Islamic Group (GIA) head Nourredine Boudiafi and the killing of his deputy and declare the group to be virtually dismantled.
Government makes deal with Berber leaders, promising more investment in Kabylie region and greater recognition for Tamazight language.
2005 March - Government-commissioned report says security forces were responsible for the disappearances of more than 6,000 citizens during the 1990s civil conflict.
2005 September - Reconciliation referendum: Voters back government plans to amnesty many of those involved in post-1992 killings.
2005 November - Opposition parties keep their majority in local elections in the mainly-Berber Kabylie region, held as part of a reconciliation process.
2006 March - Six-month amnesty begins, under which fugitive militants who surrender will be pardoned, except for the most serious of crimes. The authorities free a first batch of jailed Islamic militants.
2006 May - Algeria is to pay back all of its $8bn debt to the Paris Club group of rich creditor nations, in a move seen as reflecting its economic recovery.
2006 September - Leader of the banned Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) Rabah Kebir returns from self-imposed exile and urges rebels still fighting the state to disarm.
2006 December - Roadside bomb hits a bus carrying staff of a US oil firm, killing one man. The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) claims responsibility.
2007 January - Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat renames itself the al-Qaeda Organisation in the Islamic Maghreb.
2007 March-April - Army steps up offensive against Islamist militants to stamp out a surge in attacks.
2007 April - Thirty-three people are killed in two bomb blasts in Algiers - one the prime minister's office. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb claims responsibility.
2007 May - Parliamentary elections: dozens are killed in the run-up, in a wave of fighting between the military and armed groups. Pro-government parties retain their absolute majority in parliament.
2007 July - A suicide bomber targets a military barracks near Bouira, killing at least nine people.
2007 September - At least 50 people are killed in a series of bombings. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb claims responsibility for the attacks.
Al-Qaeda's second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri urges north Africa's Muslims to ''cleanse'' their land of Spaniards and French.
2007 December - Double car bombing in Algiers hits a UN building and a bus full of students, killing dozens of people.
2008 June - Four Christian converts from Islam receive suspended jail sentences for worshipping illegally.
2008 August - About 60 people are killed in bombings in towns east of Algiers. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb claims responsibility.
2008 November - Parliament approves constitutional changes allowing President Bouteflika to run for a third term.
2009 April - President Bouteflika wins third term at the polls.
2009 July - Nigeria, Niger and Algeria sign an agreement to build a $13bn pipeline to take Nigerian gas across the Sahara to the Mediterranean.
2010 April - Algeria, Mauritania, Mali and Niger set up joint command to tackle threat of terrorism.
Protests
2011 January - Major protests over food prices and unemployment, with two people being killed in clashes with security forces. The government orders cuts to the price of basic foodstuffs.
2011 February - President Abdelaziz Bouteflika lifts 19-year-old state of emergency - a key demand of anti-government protesters.
2011 April - President Bouteflika sets up a committee tasked with suggesting constitutional changes aimed at "reinforcing democracy".
2011 August - Suicide attack on a military academy kills 18. A local al-Qaeda group claims responsibility.
2011 September - President Bouteflika ends state monopoly over radio and TV.
Dozens of foreign hostages were killed when Islamists besieged a gas complex
Algeria hostage crisis: What we know
2011 October - Africa's second metro opens in Algiers.
2012 May - Parliamentary poll: Ruling FLN and allied National Democratic Rally win another majority in parliament, with Islamists coming third, although some MPs allege fraud.
2012 September - President Bouteflika appoints water minister and key ally Abdelmalek Sellal as prime minister, ending post-election uncertainty.
2012 October - The army kills al-Qaeda's deputy leader in Algeria, Boualem Bekai, alias Khaled al-Mig, in an ambush near Tizi Ouzou in the mountainous Kabylie region.
2012 November - Security alert levels raised over planned foreign intervention against Islamists in neighbouring Mali.
2012 December - French President Francois Hollande acknowledges suffering caused by France's colonisation of Algeria but stops short of an apology.
2013 January -  Dozens of foreign hostages are killed by Islamist al-Murabitoun group in four-day siege at remote In Amenas gas plant. Algerian special forces storm the site.
2013 April - President Bouteflika suffers a stroke and spends three months in France being treated.
2014 April - Bouteflika wins another term as president in elections condemned by the opposition as flawed.
2014 September - Islamists behead French tourist Herve Gourdel after demanding that France end its support for the campaign against Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.
2015 June - US airstrike reported to kill Mokhtar Belmokhtar, leader of the al-Murabitoun armed Islamist group, in eastern Libya, although his supporters deny this.
2015 September - President Bouteflika sacks Mohamed Mediene, head of the top intelligence body for 25 years; Mediene was regarded as a major power behind the scenes.
2016 January - Ten of thousands attend the funeral of national independence hero Hocine Ait-Ahmed.
2016 January - President Bouteflika abolishes the top military-run DRS, which was widely regarded as a state within a state, and replaces it with a body under control of the presidency.
2016 - February - Parliament passes constitutional reforms limiting presidents to two terms, expanding the legislature's power and giving the Berber language official status.
2016 June - Authorities temporarily block access to social networking sites including Facebook and Twitter in an attempt to stop cheats posting high school exam paper online.
2016 November - State media reports that President Bouteflika has undergone medical check-up in France.
2016 December - British-Algerian journalist Mohamed Tamalt dies three months into a hunger strike to protest a two-year jail term for offending President Bouteflika in a poem and video post on Facebook.

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A selection of photos from across the African continent this week:


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Question: An MP has called for an inquiry after surgeons said patients had died waiting for heart surgery at the University Hospital of Wales (UHW) in Cardiff.

A Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) report said the situation was "dangerous" and that children were also suffering due to operation delays.
Cynon Valley MP Ann Clwyd claimed it was the Welsh equivalent of the Stafford Hospital scandal.
Hospital chiefs refuted the comparison and said problems were being tackled.
Adam Cairns, chief executive of Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (CVUHB), told BBC Wales Today that 12 patients had died over a 15 month period while on the cardiac waiting list.
He said he could not be certain whether any one of those deaths was avoidable but shortening the length of time people waited reduced the risk.
The report by the RCS on UHW - the biggest hospital in Wales - followed a visit of its surgical departments by the college's Professional Affairs Board for Wales (PAB) in April.
The report said there was "universal consensus" amongst the clinicians that services at the hospital were "dangerous" and of "poor quality".
"Urgent attention" by Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (CVUHB) was needed to address the issues, it said.
An action plan has been agreed with the health board and will be reviewed in the autumn.
Ms Clwyd, who is conducting a review into complaints by hospital patients in England, told BBC Radio Wales that a public inquiry into the hospital should be chaired by someone from outside Wales.
She pointed to UHW having the highest mortality rate of any hospital in Wales adding that UHW accounted for the "vast majority" of complaints she had received from Wales.
"I think it's very serious - I think it's the equivalent of Wales' Mid Staffs," Ms Clwyd said.
"It was mortality rates in Mid Staffs that first raised the alarm [there] and because of that there was an inquiry."
The Francis inquiry into failings at Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust between 2005 and 2008 showed there were between 400 and 1,200 more deaths at Stafford Hospital than would have been expected.
The report argued for "fundamental change" in the culture of the NHS to make sure patients were put first.
It prompted a separate review of 14 NHS hospitals in England with high mortality rates.
Ms Clwyd added: "This is a shocking set of events and the report from the Royal College of Surgeons, who as you know are fairly conservative in their approach to things, has made these severe criticisms of the University Hospital of Wales.
"And I think both the chairman and the chief executive should consider their own positions.
"They're responsible for running that hospital, they've got questions to answer. And in my view, they have not answered them, and the only way this will happen is through a proper inquiry like the Francis inquiry into Mid Staffs."
Cardiff and Vale Health Board said revised figures for death rates at the hospital were significantly better than those originally reported in March adding that it needed "to make further improvements including targeted audits of clinical specialities where we have concerns and continued improvement in our data quality and coding activities".
The RCS report said concerns included:
The single most common complaint from the hospital's surgeons was the inability to admit patients for scheduled or elective surgery.
They reported that more than 2,000 operations were either not scheduled due to a lack of beds or cancelled in the first three months of this year.
"I think our colleagues were telling us that they believed there was significant risk as a consequence of their inability to get patients in to have their operations in a timely way," said Colin Ferguson, director of the PAB.
"The reasons for that are obviously complex and relate to the whole system of care within the hospital. They relate to emergency medicine, they relate to the admissions coming through the A&E department.
"They were very frustrated. As a group they were expressing to us very clearly that they thought the current situation was unsustainable and something had to be done about it."
The report said doctors also believed the health board was reducing its scheduled surgery in order to reduce costs "to meet end of year financial targets".
An increase rise in waiting lists, according to the report, meant that patients "were clearly coming to harm".
Mr Cairns said the pressures over the last winter were unprecedented in his 30 years experience but he accepted the situation earlier in the year was cause for concern.
"I'm on record already having apologised to our patients," he said.
"It is not a position that we can take any pride in - we need to do better.
"It is fair to say that this organisation was struggling, like many others, to cope with the pressures," he added.
"The circumstances that we found ourselves in, I think, are unacceptable, and we've got to make sure that in the future that we have a much better response."
Mr Cairns said steps had been taken to protect surgical beds for children's services, and to find more resources for cardiac treatment.
"Some of the things that we are already doing are showing some improvements," insisted the chief executive.
"The bottom line here is we can, and we will, do better."
Later, Mr Cairns issued a statement saying: "We are extremely disappointed that Ms Clwyd has chosen to liken the RCS report to what happened at Mid Staffordshire Hospital and would strongly refute her comparison."
He said the health board had "an open and collaborative culture" and was taking steps to rectify problems quickly.
The patients' watchdog Cardiff and Vale Community Health Council also dismissed the Mid Staffordshire comparison, saying it "has major concerns on how this analogy will impact on patients' confidence, who are either undergoing or awaiting treatment in Cardiff".
The RCS has also taken the step of passing its report to Mark Drakeford, Health Minister in the Labour-run Welsh government, which led to a meeting in June.
"The health minister was very concerned to read the Royal College of Surgeons report and the risks to quality and safety it highlighted," said a Welsh government spokesperson.
It led to an action plan being drawn up by the health board, NHS Wales and Welsh Health Specialised Services.
The RCS said it will now make a return visit to the hospital and health board in September to review the situation.

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The Princess of Wales Hospital in Bridgend, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Ysbyty Gwynedd in Bangor and University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff will each get new CT scanners.
Newport's Royal Gwent Hospital and Glangwili Hospital in Carmarthen will get MRI scanners.
Health Minister Mark Drakeford said the investment will help reduce waiting times.
The money includes £2.5m announced by the Welsh government in 2014.


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Question: Hospital officials say that five baby girls in Texas have set a new record.

They are the first quintuplet sisters ever born in the US, according to the Women's Hospital of Texas in Houston.
Mother Danielle Busby said she felt blessed and that Olivia Marie, Ava Lane, Hazel Grace, Parker Kate and Riley Paige were "thriving".
It is believed that the last time five sisters were born at once was in 1969 at Queen Charlotte's maternity hospital in London.
More than a dozen doctors and nurses assisted in the premature birth, which was delivered by Caesarian section.
Father Adam Busby praised the hospital staff at a press conference and said their elder sister Blayke cannot wait for them to come home.
"She thinks it's normal for mommies to have five babies," said Mrs Busby.
Mrs Busby had received intrauterine insemination for both her pregnancies after having difficulties becoming pregnant.

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Thirteen-month-old Jadon and Anias McDonald underwent 16 hours of surgery, and are now undergoing additional procedures to rebuild their skulls.
On Friday morning, the boys' mother Nicole McDonald wrote on Facebook that she is excited but "aches with the uncertainty of the future".
She also posted a photo of Jadon alone in his own hospital bed.
"I actually asked why they rearranged the room because I hadn't really internalised the idea that there would be two beds in here," Mrs McDonald wrote with the photo, also wishing her son a "happy rebirth day".
In an earlier post, Nicole wrote: "It's a bit surreal to sit here and type this... I should feel so happy... TWO SEPARATE BABIES!!!...and yet I ache with the uncertainty of the future."
The boys were born with shared blood vessels and brain tissues, a very rare condition that occurs once in about 10 million births, doctors say.
Dr James Goodrich, who has performed similar operations for other children including two Syrian twins earlier this year, prepared for the operation by creating 3D models of the attached heads.
CNN's Sanjay Gupta, who witnessed the surgery, says that 80% of similar twins die if they have not been separated before the age of two.
The McDonald family moved house with their two-year-old son and twin boys from Chicago to New York to be closer to Montefiore hospital.
The family has raised more than $100,000 for the costs of surgery.


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Question: The Conservative MP for Bath, Ben Howlett, has been questioned by police over an alleged sex assault.

The Sun newspaper reported he voluntarily attended a police station to speak to detectives after a complaint was made.
The alleged attack is said to have taken place at a Eurovision results party in his constituency in May.
Mr Howlett, 30, has not been arrested, and said he "strenuously denied any wrongdoing".
He said: "The Sun newspaper and others have published stories concerning allegations about me today.
"My legal team is closely looking into this.  I strenuously deny any wrongdoing.  I will be making no further comment on this matter."
Avon and Somerset Constabulary said Mr Howlett had not been arrested and inquiries were continuing.
A Conservative Party spokesman said it would be "inappropriate to comment" while a police investigation was ongoing.

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Mr Danzcuk was suspended by the Parliamentary Labour Party in December 2015 pending an investigation into allegations about his conduct.
He later resigned from Labour after he was barred from standing for the party in Rochdale, a seat he held since 2010.
However, Mr Danczuk has confirmed he intends to stand as an independent against Labour candidate Tony Lloyd.
Conservative Jane Howard and the Liberal Democrats' Andy Kelly have also been put forward to contest the seat. No other candidates have been announced so far.
Mr Danczuk, 50, is currently being investigated over a rape allegation.
A woman complained to police on Monday that she was sexually assaulted by a man in his 50s in Westminster last May.
The Metropolitan Police said inquiries continue but no arrests have been made.
Mr Danczuk has described the allegation as "totally false".


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Question: The man in charge of the Olympic boxing tournament has been "reassigned" after criticism of judging decisions in Rio.

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The International Boxing Association (Aiba) said its executive director Karim Bouzidi would be given "a new role within the organisation" and and another official put in charge.
It comes a day after Aiba dropped some referees and judges after reviewing their performances at the Games.
Aiba accepted "some decisions were not at the level expected".
Aiba executive board vice president Franco Falcinelli will take charge of "operational responsibilities" for the remainder of the Olympic boxing competition.
The organisation added: "Aiba will not shy away from its responsibilities and will continue to ensure a level playing field and a fair and transparent sport."
The reaction to Irish fighter Michael Conlan's controversial defeat prompted action from Aiba.
Conlan lost by unanimous decision to Russia's Vladimir Nikitin when many observers felt he had won comfortably.
Similarly, Russian world champion Evgeny Tishchenko was awarded all three rounds in his favour against Kazakhstan's Vassiliy Levit in the men's heavyweight final, despite suffering a cut to his head and spending much of the bout on the back foot.
Tishchenko was booed by the crowd after being given the unanimous points decision.

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Russian bantamweight Vladimir Nikitin will not box American Shakur Stevenson after being left bloodied by Conlan.
"The injury suffered by Vladimir is too serious," said Russian official Igor Kazikov.
Stevenson will fight Robeisy Ramirez Carrazana in the final after the Cuban beat Uzbekistan's Murodjon Akhmadaliev.
Nikitin, meanwhile, will still receive a bronze medal.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Belfast boxer Conlan said after Tuesday's contentious decision that his Olympic dream had "been robbed".
Nikitin's face was badly bloodied after the quarter-final, which most observers felt had been conclusively won by the Irishman.
Immediately after the bout, Conlan made clear his annoyance at the verdict in an expletive-filled live TV interview with Irish broadcaster RTE.
Thursday's development may increase the the pressure on amateur boxing's world governing body, Aiba, which has faced criticism from boxers and coaches in Rio after a number of contentious judging decisions.
On Wednesday, the international body announced that it had dropped a number of officials after a review of their decisions at the Olympics.
Aiba said that, after 239 bouts in Rio, "less than a handful of the decisions were not at the level expected".
The body has admitted it is in a "transition process", but said results of bouts already contested will stand.


Question:
represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story
For instance you may be given '['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', 'The husband of honeymoon murder victim Anni Dewani has said he was the victim of a "witch hunt", after standing trial following her death.']' and it should match with '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'Shrien Dewani, 34, from Bristol, was cleared of plotting to murder his new bride in South Africa in 2010.\nAs a coroner ruled he would not open a full UK inquest into the death, Mr Dewani said those who claimed he was linked to her murder were "liars".\nIt is the first time his views have been heard since his 2014 trial.\nIn the letter sent to North London Coroners\' Court, Mr Dewani said: "I would like to make clear that I have a significant number of questions which remain unanswered about the night that my wife and I were kidnapped and Anni was tragically shot after being taken from me."\nMr Dewani and his wife, 28, were kidnapped at gunpoint while on honeymoon in Cape Town, South Africa, in November 2010.\nThis is the first time Shrien Dewani has been heard from since the statement he provided at the start of his trial last year.\nThe letter gives the sense of a man who feels he too has been wronged. It echoes the language Anni\'s family has used: a search for answers, and the failure of the South African courts to find the truth.\nIt was always unlikely that Mr Dewani would engage with an inquest. But given Anni\'s family have indicated they will pursue other channels, we may yet hear from him again.\nHe was released unharmed before Mrs Dewani\'s body was found on the back seat of their taxi the following day.\nHe later faced trial on suspicion of conspiracy to murder his new bride, but the case was thrown out by a South African judge in 2014.\nThree South African men were jailed for their role in Mrs Dewani\'s death.\nMr Dewani\'s letter continued: "Each of the gang members did a deal with the authorities to gain either full immunity or vastly reduced sentences in return for providing evidence against me.\n"It is the evidence of these proven liars that led to a witch hunt against me and the resulting failure to pursue the truth of what happened that night."\nHe continued: "It is clear that none of the evidence provided by these persons was corroborated in any meaningful way.\n"This has allowed the individuals concerned to literally get away with murder."\nMr Dewani did not give evidence during the trial in South Africa last year. Instead a statement from him was read out by his defence lawyer at the start of trial.\nThe judge said the evidence of the prosecution\'s main witness was "riddled with contradictions".\nMr Dewani said he sent the letter to the coroner because he was unable to attend in person "due to pre-arranged travel".\nHe said he "accepted the views" of the coroner which were expressed at an earlier hearing, when he said an inquest in the UK "would not serve any purpose".']' but not with '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'Hannah Witheridge, 23, from Norfolk and David Miller, 24, of Jersey, were killed on the island of Koh Tao.\nLaura Witheridge said police "bungled" the investigation and had "nothing to tell us". She said she feels frightened after being sent defaced photographs from people in Thailand.\nThe Thai Embassy and Royal Thai Police have been asked to comment.\nBurmese migrants Zaw Lin and Wai Phyo were last month convicted of the 2014 murders and sentenced to death.\nLaura Witheridge made her comments in a public post on Facebook, which has since been shared more than 4,000 times, but has declined to speak to the BBC about the claims.\nIt comes after the family of Isle of Wight bricklayer Luke Miller, found dead in Kao Tao last week, said it had concerns over the inquiry into his death.\nMiss Witheridge said her family had been expecting a briefing when they travelled to Thailand soon after Hannah\'s death to collect her body, but were instead "ambushed by a mob of hungry journalists" at police headquarters.\n"The Thai police chief had no intentions of giving us an update… after all, the bungled investigation meant he had nothing to tell us," she said.\nShe claims she has had "many death threats from Thai people" since her sister\'s murder, has been sent crime scene photographs and been chased in her car.\n"They defaced photographs of me saying that the killers had only done \'half the job\'… people commented on these photographs saying things like \'there is still time\', and \'tick tock tick tock\'.\nMiss Witheridge, who claims Thailand\'s "aesthetic beauty can lure you into a very dangerous trap", said she was now frightened of her own shadow and is constantly looking over her shoulder.\n"I am exhausted, but frightened to sleep because of the nightmares. I miss my sister desperately," she said.\n"My heart is heavy and my mind is tired."\nAmnesty International has called for an independent inquiry over allegations Thai police tortured both defendants during the inquiry.\nOn their conviction in December Michael Miller, David\'s brother, urged those who had doubted the accused\'s guilt to respect the court\'s decision.']'.

Question: An explosion outside a Turkish military police headquarters near the Mediterranean resort of Antalya has left one person dead, officials say.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Two others were wounded in the attack in Goynuk, on the city's outskirts, Deputy Governor Recep Yuksel said.
Local media suggest a suicide bomber triggered the blast as he approached a checkpoint outside the building.
Kurdish, leftist and Islamic militants have carried out bomb attacks in Turkey in the past.
Last week a suspected car bomb killed at least three people in Ankara.
Mr Yuksol told the state-run Anatolia news agency that the cause of the latest blast remained unclear, as was the identity of the dead person.
The explosion happened far from any tourist area, he said. Reports suggested it damaged several cars and smashed windows of nearby buildings.
"Two people who were nearby were lightly wounded," added Mr Yuksol. An investigation is under way.
There have been several bomb attacks in Turkey's main cities in recent years, many blamed on the Kurdish insurgent movement, the PKK.
Turkey has responded with a police crackdown on suspected rebel sympathisers and air strikes on Kurdish sites in northern Iraq.
The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks, a militant group connected to the PKK, claimed responsibility for last week's Ankara car bombing and threatened further attacks.

A security source told Reuters news agency the claim by the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (Dev Sol) was plausible.
An attacker hurled a grenade before blowing himself up at the station in the western suburb of Sultangazi.
The group is deemed a terrorist organisation by both the US and Turkey.
Active since 1978, it has been fighting to set up a socialist state in Turkey and is opposed to both the existing establishment and the US.
Four other policemen and three civilians were injured in Tuesday's attack, police said.
Images broadcast on Turkish TV showed damage to the main entrance of the building
Turkish newspaper Hurriyet named the suicide bomber as Ibrahim Cuhadar, said to be a Dev Sol member who had previously served eight months in prison for participating in illegal demonstrations.
The policeman who was killed, Bulent Ozkan, reportedly managed to fire two shots at the attacker but was unable to stop him detonating explosives strapped to his body.
Suicide bomb attacks are rare in Turkey. However, a member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) group reportedly blew himself up earlier this month during an attack in the south-eastern province of Sanliurfa.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A man has been charged by police in connection with an alleged hate crime in which bacon sandwiches were thrown at a mosque in Bristol.

Officers are investigating an incident at Jamia Mosque, Totterdown, on Sunday when bacon was allegedly thrown at the door and abuse shouted at worshippers.
Kevin Crehan, 34, of Springleaze, Knowle, is charged with a racially-aggravated public order offence.
A second man, from Patchway, near Bristol, has also been arrested.
He was detained by officers on Wednesday on suspicion of a racially-aggravated public order offence.
The mosque was the first in Bristol and is the largest currently in the south west of England.
On Monday, Avon and Somerset Police said it believed two men and two women were involved in the incident.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The incident in Watts Park was reported to police by passers-by who filmed a man removing the wreaths from the steps of the war memorial.
The footage shows a man kicking the floral tributes before then throwing them at about 15:30 GMT on Friday.
Police said a 29-year-old man from the city was arrested earlier on suspicion of criminal damage.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: US company SpaceX has postponed an experiment to bring part of its Falcon rocket down to a soft landing on a floating sea platform.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The firm has now rescheduled the Cape Canaveral demonstration for Friday.
Once the first stage of the rocket launches, and has finished its work, it will head back to Earth to try to touch down on a sea barge in the Atlantic.
If this kind of capability can be proven, it promises dramatically lower launch costs in the future.
All segments of a rocket are usually discarded after use and are destroyed as they fall back down.
SpaceX, however, has been practising the controlled return of the first stage of its Falcon 9 vehicle.
The problem responsible for Tuesday's scrub decision related to a technical issue detected in the steering mechanism of the rocket's upper stage.
The next chance to send up the vehicle will be on Friday at 10:09 GMT (05:09 local Florida time).
SpaceX itself has been playing down expectations, rating the chances of success at no more than 50-50.
"I'm pretty sure this will be very exciting, but, as I said, it's an experiment," cautioned Hans Koenigsmann, vice president for mission assurance at SpaceX.
"There's a certain likelihood that this will not work out all right, that something will go wrong. It's the first time we have tried this - nobody has ever tried it as far as we know."
The primary purpose of the flight is to send the Dragon cargo ship on a path to rendezvous with the International Space Station (ISS).
It will be the first American re-supply mission to the orbiting platform since October's spectacular explosion of a freighter system operated by competitor Orbital Sciences Corporation.
But it is the outcome of the SpaceX experiment that is likely to make the headlines.
The firm believes it can return, refurbish and re-use key elements of its rockets.
To this end, it has been testing first-stage boosters that relight their engines to try to slow their fall through the atmosphere, attaching fins to help guide them downwards, and legs to make a stable touchdown.
So far, there have only been mock landings, in which the stage is brought to a hovering position at the surface of the ocean, where, without a solid platform to set down, every booster has subsequently been lost in the water.
Friday's effort will be different in that SpaceX has sent a floating barge to the targeted return site some 300km northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

31 March 2017 Last updated at 09:06 BST
It's the first time a rocket's headed back into space after having been there once before.
Normally rocket parts are used only once and then scrapped or destroyed when it lands back on Earth.
But American company SpaceX has found a way of landing rocket parts safely back on Earth and then re-using them to head back into space.
This rocket was recovered at sea from its first flight in 2016.
The main section of this then landed back onto a floating platform in the ocean, which would enable its recovery for a possible THIRD mission.
By reusing rockets, SpaceX aims to send make space travel much cheaper.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Celtic have agreed to sign Aberdeen winger Jonny Hayes for an undisclosed fee, subject to a medical.

The 29-year-old Republic of Ireland winger scored against Celtic in the 2-1 Scottish Cup final defeat last season.
Hayes, who was under contract at Pittodrie until 2019, had also been linked with English Championship outfit Cardiff City.
The former Leicester City player previously worked with Celtic manager Brendan Rodgers at Reading.
Aberdeen rejected two offers from Cardiff for Hayes in January, and the Championship side resumed their interest at the end of the season.
Cardiff manager Neil Warnock admitted defeat in their pursuit of the winger, though, with the player opting to rejoin Rodgers at Celtic Park.
Hayes has made 206 Aberdeen appearances in all competitions, scoring 29 goals, since arriving from Inverness Caledonian Thistle in 2012.
He provided 19 assists in the Premiership last season, the highest in the division, and was a member of the Republic of Ireland squad called up for the 1-1 draw with Austria last week, although Hayes did not add to his three international caps.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The 26-year-old, who has played more than 100 games in three seasons with Liege, is new manager Bob Peeters' first signing at The Valley.
Charlton also hope to complete a deal for FC Copenhagen's Igor Vetokele.
The clubs have agreed a fee for the striker, who is expected in London next week to discuss personal terms and undergo a medical.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Ukraine's acting President Olexander Turchynov and PM-designate Arseniy Yatsenyuk have warned of the need for "unpopular" steps to help restore the country's economy and politics.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Mr Yatsenyuk told the BBC the central challenge for the newly named government was to "stabilise" Ukraine.
Ukrainian MPs are expected to vote later on the new cabinet line up.
Meanwhile, the regional parliament and government headquarters in Crimea have been seized by armed men.
The two buildings in the regional capital Simferopol were seized overnight by a group of at least 50 pro-Russian men who were preventing government workers from entering, regional Prime Minister Anatoliy Mohilyov told AFP news agency.
The Russian flag was seen flying over both buildings.
Mr Yatsenyuk and Ukraine's other new ministers were presented to a large crowd at Kiev's Independence Square, the Maidan, on Wednesday evening.
Mr Yatsenyuk, who was one of the main protest leaders, was greeted with cheers.
But the announcement of some other heads of ministries, including Interior Minister Arsen Avakov, prompted booing from the crowd, who said the candidates were not worthy of government posts.
Other ministers include career diplomat Andriy Deschytsya as foreign minister, a former deputy head of the central bank  Oleksander Shlapak as finance minister and Andriy Paruby as secretary of the National Security and Defence Council.
"We are to undertake extremely unpopular steps as the previous government and previous president were so corrupted that the country is in a desperate financial plight," Mr Yatsenyuk told the BBC after the cabinet was announced.
"We are on the brink of a disaster and this is the government of political suiciders. So welcome to hell," he added.
The 39-year-old, who is a former speaker of parliament and foreign minister, is expected to lead the cabinet until early presidential elections on 25 May.
Interim President Turchynov warned the crowds the new government would "have to pass unpopular decisions".
"The government will be criticised, treated like dirt. But they must fulfil their obligations and work to the bone for the sake of Ukraine."
He has promised to resign once the country is back on its feet.
Acting government officials predict Ukraine needs $35bn (Â£21bn) in bailout loans to get through the next two years.
On Wednesday, the US said it was considering offering Ukraine's struggling economy - which faces default - loan guarantees of up to $1bn.
Ukraine's key players
Kiev before and after protests
What next for Ukraine?
Meanwhile, Mr Yanukovych has been put on the international wanted list.
The fugitive former president - whose whereabouts are unclear - is accused of being behind last week's deaths of more than 100 protesters at the hands of riot police in and around the Maidan.
In Simferopol, armed men seized the Crimean government buildings after the city saw clashes on Wednesday between Ukrainians who support the change of government and pro-Russian activists.
An elderly man died from a suspected heart attack after scuffles between members of a pro-Russian rally and a second rally involving Crimean Tatars and supporters of the new government.
Asked in a BBC interview whether Ukraine would stay united despite the growing tensions, Mr Yatsenyuk said: "In Crimea we always had different sentiments and forces who try to split the country and proclaim separatism." But he said Ukraine "could cope".
Crimea was transferred from Russia to Ukraine in 1954.
Russia, along with the US, UK and France, pledged to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine in a memorandum signed in 1994.
US Secretary of State John Kerry has again warned Russia any military intervention in Ukraine would be a "grave mistake".
His remarks came after Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered a snap drill to test the combat readiness of troops in central and western Russia, near the border with Ukraine.
Amidst heightened tensions between Russia and the West, Nato has issued a statement saying it would continue to support Ukraine's territorial integrity.
Unrest in Ukraine first erupted in November, following Mr Yanukovych's last-minute decision to reject a landmark association and trade deal with the European Union in favour of Russia's bailout offer.
Months of anti-government protests reached a tipping point last week when, according to health ministry figures, at least 88 people were killed in clashes between protesters and police.

The agreement was signed at an EU summit in Riga, Latvia, with the leaders of six post-Soviet nations.
The loan aims to help cash-strapped Ukraine implement economic reforms, as fighting with pro-Russian rebels in the east has taken a heavy toll.
Ukraine is under pressure from the EU and other international lenders to curb corruption and liberalise the economy.
In other developments on Friday:
In Riga, the EU also pledged €200m in grants to Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova, which have signed association agreements with the 28-nation bloc.
The other "Eastern Partnership" countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus.
Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine are pushing for full integration with the EU, while the other three countries prefer limited co-operation with the bloc.
In addition, Armenia and Belarus are members of the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union, seen by some analysts as a rival project to the EU.
The Riga summit declaration criticised Russia for its annexation of Ukraine's Crimea peninsula last year.
"The acts against Ukraine and the events in Georgia since 2014 have shown that the fundamental principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity within internationally recognised borders cannot be taken for granted in the 21st Century on the European continent," it said.
"The EU remains committed in its support to the territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty of all its partners."
The declaration recognised "the sovereign right of each partner freely to choose the level of ambition and the goals to which it aspires" in ties with the EU.
At a news conference, European Council President Donald Tusk said he wanted to be as "ambitious as possible" in granting Georgia and Ukraine a visa-free regime, provided key conditions were met. European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said "enormous progress" had been made on the issue.
Both countries had hoped for a positive decision on the visa issue at the Riga summit, but it will not happen until next year at the earliest.
Last year, Moldova was granted visa-free travel to the EU.
Mr Tusk said the partnership process was a "long haul". "Nobody promised that the Eastern Partnership would be an automatic way to membership of the EU."
Ukraine's crisis erupted in November 2013, when the previous Ukrainian government backed away from closer ties with the EU. The mass protests sparked by that move toppled President Viktor Yanukovych and led to the conflict in the east.
Russian state media are sceptical about the Eastern Partnership summit.
The government daily Rossiiskaya Gazeta says the gathering is "so lacking in hope and prospects that it can only be compared to fishing without a bait".
"It promises nothing, not entry to the EU nor cancellation of visas, but it demands plenty," says the state-controlled Channel One TV.
Rossiya1 TV adds that the Eastern Partnership scheme has "outlived its usefulness".
In Ukraine too there is little positive media comment on the summit.
"Ukraine itself brought about the Riga summit's failure," says Yevropeyska Pravda website.
It adds that "Kiev only has itself to blame" for not implementing a visa liberalisation action plan with the EU.
Source: BBC Monitoring
Ukraine's economy continued its contraction in the first quarter of 2015, and Kiev faces huge debt repayments to its international creditors.
More than 6,000 people have been killed in fighting in eastern Ukraine that began in April 2014 when rebels seized large parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. This followed Russia's annexation of the Crimea peninsula.
The Ukrainian government, Western leaders and Nato say there is clear evidence that Russia is helping the rebels with heavy weapons and soldiers. Independent experts echo that accusation.
Moscow denies it, insisting that any Russians serving with the rebels are "volunteers".


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Facebook is to expand its artificial intelligence research, opening its first lab outside the US, in Paris.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The team will work on "ambitious long-term projects", including natural-language processing and speech and image recognition.
Facebook's chief technology officer Mike Schorepfer said the threat of AI had been "overblown" in recent months.
Yann LeCun, who heads up Facebook's AI research, added that "we have nothing to worry about" in the near future.
"We have a long way to go to make machines as intelligent as we'd like them to be, and there are technical hurdles that we don't yet know how to solve," he told the BBC.
"Human-level AI is very far down the line - it will be several decades."
That gave the AI community and industry plenty of time "to talk about the ethics", he added.
Facebook, along with Google, IBM, Microsoft and other technology companies, are increasingly taking an interest in artificial intelligence, which for decades was the preserve of academia.
Mr Schroepfer said the work being done in industry "complemented" that being done in academic research.
All Facebook's AI research was openly published to allow others to benefit, he added.
"Our work in AI research is still relatively early. But we've built a terrific team and have already made some encouraging progress, and we're excited to see where this work takes us and what it will allow us to build for the people we serve," Facebook said in its blog to announce the new lab.
AI is one of three pillars of investment for the company - the others being virtual reality and connectivity.
Initially six research scientists will be based in the Paris lab, growing to 12 by the end of the year.
Paris had been chosen for the first non-US laboratory because of its high concentration of AI researchers, Mr LeCun told the BBC.
Facebook's US lab opened in December 2013. It now employs more than 40 researchers drawn from academia and industry.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article.

The announcements include investments by Vodafone and Barclays designed to support start-ups; and the opening of a video games studio by one of Japan's richest businessmen.
The news was timed to coincide with the Olympics to maximise publicity.
It follows recent announcements from Google, Facebook, Amazon, Intel and Skype about new projects in London.
Tech City - a hub of digital and creative businesses located in East London -  accounts for the bulk of the latest news, including:
Elsewhere, Sophia Search - a University of Ulster spin-out which provides software tools to help firms catalogue and analyse their data - has secured $3.7m (Â£2.4m) of investment allowing it to hire new staff in both the UK and US.
Airwatch - a US company that helps companies manage what apps and content are installed on their employees' smartphones and tablets - has announced plans to hire 75 new staff, doubling the size of its European headquarters in Milton Keynes.
And Tribal - a British software service provider to the training industry - is creating 40 new posts in Sheffield after winning more than Â£32m worth of contracts from Australia and New Zealand.
Further details will be announced at a London event organised by the government's UK Trade and Investment department to take advantage of the fact the Olympics have attracted many foreign officials and business leaders to the city.
"The government is determined to make Britain the technology centre of Europe, with London's Tech City at its heart," said Chancellor George Osborne ahead of the event.
London's tech ambitions face competition from elsewhere in Europe.
Berlin, Tallinn, Barcelona and Paris are among other cities with rising start-up scenes, while slightly further afield Israel's "Silicon Wadi" - based in and around Tel Aviv - has also benefited from its links to the Israeli military.
However, over recent months London has been able to claim several coups.
In April, Microsoft's Skype division announced it was creating about 100 posts to help upgrade its video chat program and work on a version for Xbox games consoles.
In May, chipmaker Intel said it was opening a centre in the capital to test "smart city" technologies using sensors to monitor and adjustment things such as water supplies, traffic flows and air pollution.
Then in July, Amazon revealed plans to build a media development centre in the city to improve its on-demand TV and movie services, which include Lovefilm.
The same month Facebook said it was creating its first engineering team outside of the US. Although the team only involves 12 people, the firm said it intended to recruit more once they had settled in.
Google has also set up a "creator space" at its Soho office to help members of its YouTube service create professional-looking videos.
The facility includes a green screen to allow users to be superimposed over pre-filmed backdrops as well as professional editing suites and cameras.


Question: Each day we feature a photograph sent in from across England.

Find out how you can join in and submit your images and videos below.
If you have a picture you'd like to share, email us at england@bbc.co.uk, post it on Facebook or tweet it to @BBCEngland. You can also find us on Instagram - use #englandsbigpicture to share an image there. You can also see a recent archive of pictures on our England's Big Picture board on Pinterest.
When emailing pictures, please make sure you include the following information:
Please note that whilst we welcome all your pictures, we are more likely to use those which have been taken in the past week.
If you submit a picture, you do so in accordance with the BBC's Terms and Conditions.
In contributing to England's Big Picture you agree to grant us a royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to publish and otherwise use the material in any way that we want, and in any media worldwide.
It's important to note, however, that you still own the copyright to everything you contribute to England's Big Picture, and that if your image is accepted, we will publish your name alongside.
The BBC cannot guarantee that all pictures will be used and we reserve the right to edit your comments.
At no time should you endanger yourself or others, take any unnecessary risks or infringe any laws collecting any kind of media.

Here are a selection of pictures from around the country as the results are announced.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Seventy years ago scientists waited nervously in the New Mexico desert for the largest explosion in the history of mankind.

It was the Trinity test - the first detonation of the atomic bomb. Three weeks later it would be used to devastating effect over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
What is less well known is the role Wales played in bringing the world into the nuclear age, long before American research had even started.
At Flintshire's top-secret Rhydymwyn Valley Works near Mold, the "Tube Alloy" project was under way - where scientists developed the key process that made nuclear warfare a reality.
At the start of World War Two, the tunnels in Rhydymwyn Valley were a giant silo for storing mustard gas, which would have been dropped on the British coastline in the event of a German invasion.
But already thoughts were turning to an even more deadly weapon.
In 1941, the Maud Report established a nuclear bomb was theoretically possible and, in all likelihood, Germany was already working on one.
A site, known as Building 45, at Rhydymwyn was identified as the ideal location to begin tests, and as Colin Barber, chairman of Rhydymwyn Valley History Society said, what scientists discovered there would change the world forever.
"They knew the bomb was possible, what Tube Alloy was set up to discover was whether it could be made in time, and at a price a war-torn Britain could afford," he said.
"Fifteen to 20 kilograms of the radioactive isotope Uranium-235 were needed for the bomb, but U-235 only constitutes about 0.7% of uranium ore.
"The scientists at Rhydymwyn perfected a method of extracting this from the ore by turning it into a gaseous form of uranium (uranium hexafluoride or hex) in a heated chamber and forcing it against a very fine meshed membrane.
"Using this method they predicted they could produce enough to manufacture three bombs per month in two years' time."
In 1942, Britain led the way in nuclear research, but the costs - both in terms of money and scarce resources - proved prohibitive.
So Britain shelved its hopes of developing its own nuclear weapon, and instead reluctantly pooled its expertise with America's Manhattan Project.
It heralded a fractious and suspicious period in Anglo-American wartime relations, though many of the Rhydymwyn scientists, such as James Chadwick and Mark Oliphant, did cross the Atlantic to contribute to the eventual bomb.
Meanwhile, research at Rhydymwyn was scaled back, and eventually mothballed in 1945.
After serving as a Cold War logistics and storage depot, now the works have been transformed into a nature reserve.
Building 45 is Grade II-listed, and Mr Barber is campaigning to have its wartime role officially recognised.
"The creation and use of the atom bomb is always going to be contentious," he said.
"It killed and maimed hundreds of thousands of people, but arguably saved millions more by bringing the war to an end and preventing another.
"But whether you're for it or against it, the incredible achievement of a handful of scientists on a shoestring budget does need to be remembered in some way.
"I'd like to see a plaque erected there, so that future generations can both learn about the engineering feat, and remember the cost at which it came."

Is our Sun falling silent? By Rebecca Morelle
In January, Rebecca Morelle examined what might be behind the current, baffling silence of the Sun. Our parent star is usually a churning cauldron, exploding with dazzling flares and spewing huge clouds of charged particles into space. But scientists have to go back about a century to find a period when the Sun was as inactive as it now is. Yet the Sun is currently at solar maximum, when activity should be at its peak. "I've been a solar physicist for 30 years, and I've never seen anything quite like this," solar physicist Richard Harrison told the BBC.
Is our Sun falling silent?
Oklahoma drought kindles Dust Bowl fears. By David Shukman
In the Oklahoma Panhandle, the most remote area of the state, recent rainfall has been so meagre that fears have been kindled of a return to the apocalyptic Dust Bowl scenes of the 1930s. In an echo of that devastating period, the panhandle has experienced fearsome dust storms that have wrecked crops and engulfed towns. BBC News science editor David Shukman travelled to the area to learn what the parched conditions mean for the economy and the rural communities hit by the worst drought in decades.
Oklahoma drought kindles Dust Bowl fears
The confusion over fusion. By Matt McGrath
The BBC's Matt McGrath reported on some of the new teams trying to crack the decades-old problem of nuclear fusion with different approaches. US defence giant Lockheed Martin is one of those backing a new effort to harness the process that powers the Sun for energy here on Earth. But what are their chances given the failures and disappointments of the last 50 years?
The confusion over fusion
How do we really make decisions? By Toby Macdonald
With every decision we take, there is a battle in our minds between intuition and logic. The intuitive part of your mind is a lot more powerful than you may think. BBC Horizon director Toby Macdonald delved into the science of decision-making for this fascinating article about the hidden auto-pilot in our brains that is actually responsible for most of the things that we say, do, think and believe.
How do we really make decisions?
The book that helped save UK's forests. By Mark Kinver
John Evelyn is best known as the diarist who recorded some of the defining moments in English history, including the Civil War, the great plague and the fire of London. But it his book Sylva that is perhaps most influential. Some 350 years after its first publication, the survival of the nation's woodlands depend on management programmes that were inspired, influenced or even instructed by Evelyn's book.
The book that helped save UK's forests
A glimpse of computing's future? By Paul Rincon
For the modest sum of $15m (Â£9m), a start-up near Vancouver will sell you a black box the size of a garden shed with its logo emblazoned on the side in white neon. Inside the box is - they claim - nothing less than a real quantum computer. Quantum computing exploits weird physics to solve difficult classes of problem faster than their conventional counterparts. However, not everyone is convinced by the company's claims.
A glimpse of computing's future?
Radars of the lost shark. By Roger Harrabin
The sea around Cocos Island, Costa Rica, are a globally important hotspot for sharks. They are also the setting for a game of cat-and-mouse between government patrols and illegal fishermen intent on luring sharks from the protected waters. Now, wealthy donors such as Hollywood actor Leonardo DiCaprio have funded a powerful radar system that could help rangers keep track of unauthorised vessels. But will it be enough to stop this island paradise being stripped of its rich marine life?
Radars of the lost shark
Mapping the ballet of the skies. By Jonathan Webb
Each year in Britain, starlings swirl in their hundreds and thousands, in shapes that defy mathematical description. Even using computer models, physicists and mathematicians have struggled to explain the synchronised, rapidly fluctuating movements of starling flocks. So how on earth do they co-ordinate these aerobatic displays, and what purpose do they serve?
Mapping the ballet of the skies
X-rays shed light on 'early bird'. By James Morgan
James Morgan reported on how an old technique inspired by Leonardo da Vinci could help us understand how birds evolved. The extinct species known as Archaeopteryx is transitional between birds and dinosaurs. Now, the simple and ancient concept of the pinhole camera is being adapted for the 21st Century in a bid to capture the clearest images of fossil specimens and answer a 150-year-old riddle: could Archaeopteryx fly, or not?
X-rays shed light on 'early bird'


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Question: The Department of Education (DE) has begun a formal process to find a common transfer test.

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The BBC understands that the DE's aim is to have a common test in place by November 2017.
The DE have appointed Professor Peter Tymms, from the school of education at Durham University, to lead the initiative.
It is called: "Towards a common assessment for the purposes of academic selection".
However, Education Minister Peter Weir told the DUP conference at the weekend that he could not "impose" a state-run test.
"I have started work with the two testing organisations to see what common ground can be found, with the aim of agreement being facilitated between them," he said.
Mr Weir told BBC Northern Ireland's Good Morning Ulster it was clear that while there would not be political agreement around a "state transfer test", academic selection was "here to stay".
"It hasn't gone away because there is a strong demand out there for academic selection," he said.
"It is clear that academic selection, whether you are in favour or not, is happening and it is here to stay.
"I want to try and make the system as easy as possible for the parents of children that are going through this, I think that is a laudable aim."
The commissioner for children and young people in Northern Ireland, Koulla Yiasouma, said root and branch reform was needed, not a "further sticking plaster".
"No parent wants to subject their 10 or 11-year-old child to the stress of a number of academic tests, but parents have no choice within the system as it currently stands.
"While it is preferable that within a system of unregulated tests, all children take a single regulated test, it is extremely disappointing that the vision for education in Northern Ireland is firmly fixed on the perpetuation of "academic segregation".
"We need the equivalent of health's Bengoa, we need to get into the crevices of our education system and agree a vision that will result in a system that delivers for each and every child - it far from achieves this at the minute," she said.
Currently, there are two separate tests run by the Association of Quality Education (AQE) and the Post-Primary Transfer Consortium (PPTC).
Primary school children aged 10 and 11 can choose to sit either test, both tests, or decide not to sit them.
They are used to decide which pupils are admitted to the vast majority of grammar schools.
Some grammars in the Catholic maintained sector have recently announced that they will no longer decide their intake by academic selection.
This year's tests will be taken over five Saturdays in 2016, with pupils sitting the first AQE test on 12 November.
The final test is a GL Assessment exam, run by the PPTC, on 10 December.
Figures provided to the BBC by the two organisations, indicate a slight rise in the number of entrants sitting the tests in 2016.
There are, at present, 7,700 entrants for the AQE test, and 6,981 for the GL Assessment test.
That makes a total of 14,681, a rise from 14,575 in 2015.
However, both organisations said there may be a small number of late entries.
Around 2,000 children are expected to enter both tests.
Most grammar schools have been using one or both to select pupils since 2008, when the 11-plus exam was abolished by the then education minister, Sinn Féin's Caitríona Ruane.
Yet, the DUP's position on academic selection differs from their executive partners.
In September, Mr Weir changed long-standing DE policy by allowing primary schools to prepare their pupils to sit the tests.
Efforts to find a common test have so far failed.
The BBC understands that Professor Tymms will hold talks with AQE and PPTC in an attempt to agree a common test.
How the tests are paid for and what format they take are the main areas of difference between AQE and PPTC.
A representative from the PPTC told the BBC that they were "committed to working proactively and constructively towards a common assessment".
An AQE spokesperson said a formal response to the department's proposal would be issued "in due course".
"We are very much engaged in the process and want to move towards a single test," the spokesperson said.

Click on the videos below to hear what they had to say about the strengths and weaknesses of the healthcare service after patients leave the hospital.


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Question: A group of elderly women in a village in northern Uganda did something culturally taboo to express their anger - they began to strip.

In front of two government ministers, soldiers, policemen and hundreds of people from their community, they started removing their clothes.
Off came their tops - then some of the women pulled down their wrappers and skirts so they were completely naked.
"Lobowa, Lobowa!" they chanted, which means "our land" in the Luo dialect.
Others remained seated, but showed support by wailing in unison with with the women as they stripped.
The incident, which forms part of a long-running land dispute between authorities and the local community, took place in Apaa village in the district of Amuru.
On that day, two government ministers had arrived with surveyors; their plan was to demarcate the land where the women and their community live.
But they were shocked by what they saw.
As a policeman took pictures, one of the women approached him by rolling on the ground and then raised her leg.
He ran away.
For the Acholi people of northern Uganda, a woman stripping in public is laden with meaning.
It is more powerful than fighting as it is believed such actions invoke the worst of curses on the woman's enemy.
This land dispute has lasted nearly 10 years.
Magdalena Alum, Apaa resident:
"I undressed because I'm hurting a lot, my son Olanyah was killed. And now they've come back to send us away from our land"
At the heart of it is the fact that the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) believes the people of Apaa and thousands of others are encroaching on a game reserve.
But the community disagrees and says this is their ancestral land.
For the half a dozen or so women who stripped that day, it is not just about property - it is a protest about abuses they say have been committed by security forces over the years.
Magdalena Alum, 58, told me her son was shot dead by the authorities in 2012.
"I undressed because I'm hurting a lot, my son Olanyah was killed," she said.
"And now they've come back to send us away from our land - yet this is my grandfather's land.
"I had 15 goats, now eight out of 15 have been killed and right now I have nothing."
Sixty-two-year-old Karamela Anek, who also took part in the protest, says her son died after being beaten up.
"He kept complaining of chest pain, all the time chest pain until he died two years later."
Ms Anek says she owns an area of land measuring five sq km (1.9 sq miles), and will do anything to defend it.
Apaa is just one example of several ongoing land conflicts in northern Uganda.
The reason for this goes back to the 18-year insurgency in Uganda by the brutal Lord's Resistance Army rebel movement (LRA).
Many Acholi people at the time were moved to government camps for safety.
But when they returned, some faced questions about whether they really owned the land they say has always been theirs.
Uganda's Wildlife Authority wants to demarcate some 827 sq km, an area about half the size of London, and Apaa sits on the edge of this land.
The UWA does not deny accusations that the area will be leased to an investor - and it is known that a South African business person has shown interest in turning it into a private game park.
According to the residents of Apaa, some 21,000 people would be affected by the potential evictions.
John Makombo, UWA conservation director:
"We need to get back and talk to the people and tell them the truth. And once they understand it they should be able to know that the area where they are is a protected area"
The government does not know how many people are on the land.
The director of conservation for the UWA, John Makombo - whose job is to make the area ready for investment - does not deny that security officials used violence against the people on the disputed land, which led to the death of Ms Alum's son.
"The person we know about who actually died was just out of accident because of a stray bullet," he told me.
"That was during the 2012 operation exercise that wanted to see the boundary marked and because of the riots and the need to keep the community safe, that's how that accident happened."
The government insists bringing investors on board will benefit the local economy by encouraging tourism, and it is expected to proceed with plans to formalise government control of the land.
But Mr Makombo acknowledges the women's protest has caused the authorities to think about how they go about it.
"I think the protests are definitely sending a message and we've understood what the people say.
"We need to get back and talk to the people and tell them the truth," he says.
"And once they understand it they should be able to know that the area where they are is a protected area."
Those who face eviction will be offered compensation or resettlement, according to the Ugandan government.
Leaders in the village told the BBC they were open to negotiations.
But some of the women in Apaa say they will strip again if their rights are not respected.

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For Zimbabwean MP Joseph Chinotimba, a loyal supporter of President Robert Mugabe, 2016 began with romance.
The 66-year-old war veteran and his wife Vimbai kissed their way into the Book of African Records, after scooping the top prize in a competition organised as part of Valentine's Day celebrations.
The couple, who have been married for eight years, won "The Longest Kiss in Africa Challenge", locking lips for a record 10 minutes and 17 seconds, beating the previous African record by five minutes and 17 seconds.
Though the Chinotimbas' passion didn't quite match that of the world record holders from Thailand, who kissed for 58 hours, 35 minutes and 58 seconds.
Later in the year, one Nigerian MP gave an example of just how far women still have to go in the battle against abusive language and gender equality.
After a row during a closed door session of the Senate in July, Dino Melaye allegedly threatened to beat up and "impregnate" a female colleague, Oluremi Tinubu.
Mr Melaye later denied saying this, releasing a statement that shocked some commentators: "Biologically, it is even impossible to impregnate Tinubu because she has arrived at menopause."
According to Nigeria's Punch newspaper, Ms Tinubu said she would forgive the comments, but would remain defiant in public life in socially conservative country.
"I am not championing a cause for women. I am only standing in my space and if my space is encroached upon, I have to fight back.
"Rosa Parks wasn't an activist; she just decided to sit in her space and not give up her space anybody in a bus. And that sent a message."
Despite the various ways in which women are denied basic human rights across Africa, they are allowed to vote.
But during past elections in Zambia, women wearing nail varnish were not allowed to cast their ballot unless they first wiped their fingernails clean.
Officials complained that the nail varnish prevented them from applying the indelible ink correctly.
However, the situation changed this August when Zambia went to the polls in an election that led to a fresh term for President Edgar Lungu.
A few days before the votes were cast, the country's electoral commission posted on social media, saying women with "painted nails and/or false nails" could exercise their democratic right.
In a peculiar move towards gender equality, Cameroon's parliament in June debated a new law which would see men who commit adultery sent to jail.
Women in the country already faced being jailed for between two to six months for having sexual relations outside marriage.
The law, which had the backing of President Paul Biya's party, was approved, and men in the country now face up to six years' incarceration for adultery, as well as a fine of up to $160 (£130).
"Men having children out of wedlock should be punished because that is evidence of adultery," one MP, Tomaino Ndam Njoya, is reported to have said during the debate.
Cecil the lion is gone from this world and probably from many of our minds, but an elephant in Zimbabwe suspected to have been targeted by poachers was not so keen to follow suit.
Nicknamed "Pretty Boy", the 25-year-old animal lived with a bullet in his head for between three and six weeks, before being treated by veterinarians in Mana Pools National Park in June.
"We think he was shot outside of the park and came into the park for refuge," said Lisa Marabini, one of the team from Aware Trust Zimbabwe, who cleaned Pretty Boy's wounds but judged it safer to leave the bullet in place.
It would come as no surprise to learn that a group of people you saw chatting boisterously and laughing exuberantly at an international airport was made up of Nigerians.
Whether it is in conversation or in parties or in appearance, the citizens of Africa's most populous country are usually happy to be loud.
But, in June, the government of Lagos State decided that it had had enough of the loud singing in Christian congregations and the Muslim call to prayer, shutting down 70 churches and 20 mosques accused of being too noisy in the commercial city.
Though with more than 20 million inhabitants in the city, the task of policing all the hundreds of thousands of churches and mosques could take years.
Women in South Africa seemed to spend quite a bit of time this year protesting about what goes on their heads.
In addition to the well-publicised demonstrations about what hairstyles should be allowed in the country's schools, there was also the lesser-known debate about the "doek", or headscarf, in the corporate world, after it emerged that the story of a news reporter for ENCA, an independent news channel, had been taken off air because she filmed it wearing a doek.
Following the social media storm that ensued, the channel, while explaining that its dress code does not allow on-air journalists to wear headgear to work, said it would review that policy and had "zero-tolerance" towards racism.
But for hijab-wearers it has been a more positive year, given a spate of bannings across the continent in 2015.
Separate courts in Kenya and Nigeria ruled that schools, even those funded by Christian churches, could not ban Muslim girls from wearing them as part of their uniforms.
Although in Nigeria's Osun state it has led to a war of the robes, with some Christian students turning up wearing church clothes - such as choir gowns - over their school uniforms.
And after Zimbabwe started the year with a kissing competition, Kenya rounded it off with a beauty pageant for people with albinism.
Jairus Ong'etta, who went on to be crowned Mr Albinism, reportedly said during a performance: "It will always remain black boards need white chalk, white bible pages - black inscriptions.
"So white in Kenya doesn't just stand for peace, it means a people, a face."
Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica, on Facebook at BBC Africa, on Instagram at bbcafrica or email africalive@bbc.co.uk
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Question: Legislation that promises to improve the lives of Scotland's carers has been passed by MSPs.

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The Scottish government bill will require councils to plan how they will support adult and young carers, and the definition of "carer" will be changed to include more people.
Local authorities will also have to set up advice services.
Scotland is believed to have about 745,000 adult carers and 44,000 young carers.
Together, they are estimated to provide care worth about Â£10bn every year.
The Carers Bill aims to help carers balance their caring responsibilities with other things they want to achieve in their lives and helping them to be healthier and happier.
Opposition MSPs broadly backed the proposals, although concerns had been expressed about the cost of implementation.
The Scottish government introduced the legislation, saying it would provide an important opportunity "to extend and enhance the rights of both adult and young carers".
Health boards and local authorities will also be required to create local carer strategies.
And Scottish ministers will be required to prepare a Carers' Charter.
Speaking during the final debate on the proposals at Holyrood, Health Improvement Minister Jamie Hepburn thanked politicians from all parties for the respect they had shown for the country's carers.
And he said the bill had been improved by the input from MSPs on all sides.

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The Glasgow Kelvin MSP Sandra White is proposing legislation which would also make it illegal for vehicles to double park.
Her bill won unanimous support, but is unlikely to complete its passage through Parliament before the election.
The SNP government has pledged to legislate to tackle irresponsible parking if it returns to power after the May poll.
The Footway Parking and Double Parking (Scotland) Bill would make it illegal to park on pavements and dropped kerbs, and restrict double parking on roads.
It gained broad support from the public during consultation.
When Ms White's bill was originally introduced to the Scottish Parliament in May last year it was unclear whether Holyrood or Westminster has the power to legislate.
The powers have now been agreed as part of the package of further powers included in the Scotland Bill.
Ms White said she was "delighted" the bill had passed the first stage of the parliamentary process.
She added: "Reckless parking can make life extraordinarily difficult for those with mobility or sight issues as well as many other pedestrians. It's right that we make it clear that bad parking is unacceptable.
"After raising this issue for several years I am glad that we now have the power to act."


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Question: Plans to set a minimum price for alcohol in Scotland have been backed by the Scottish courts.

The Court of Session in Edinburgh ruled against a challenge by the Scotch whisky industry, who claimed the plans were a breach of European Law.
The ruling now paves the way for the Scottish government to implement its policy, passed by MSPs in 2012.
However, the judgement could be appealed by the drinks industry at the UK Supreme Court in London.
Under the plans, a price of 50p per unit of alcohol would be set, taking a bottle of spirits to at least £14.
The Scottish government, health professionals, police, alcohol charities and some members of the drinks industry believe minimum pricing would help address Scotland's "unhealthy relationship with drink".
But the Scotch Whisky Association and wine makers brought a challenge claiming it was a breach of trade law.
They said other policies should be considered as an alternative to minimum pricing, including an increase in tax
However, in its ruling, the Court of Session said: "The advantage of the proposed minimum pricing system, so far as protecting health and life was concerned, was that it was linked to the strength of the alcohol.
"Current EU tax arrangements related to different types of product (wine, spirits, beer and cider etc) each of which had a range of alcohol strength....there was evidence which demonstrated that the alternative of increased tax, with or without a prohibition on below cost sales, would be less effective than minimum pricing."
£14
Cheapest 70cl bottle of whisky
£4 Four-500ml pack of 4% lager
The Scotch Whisky Association said it regretted the court's decision.
David Frost, chief executive of the organisation, said: "We continue to believe that [the policy] is a restriction on trade and that there are more effective ways of tackling alcohol misuse.
"However, we of course remain committed to working with all partners to address this problem so that the long-term trend of declining alcohol-related harm in Scotland continues.
"We will study the details of the judgement and consult our members before deciding on next steps, including any possible appeal to the UK Supreme Court."
By contrast, Tennent's said it supported the court ruling, calling it a "positive step" towards tackling alcohol misuse.
The brewer's managing director Andrea Pozzi said: "Although the majority of people enjoy alcohol responsibly, we are concerned about the availability of strong, cheap alcohol. We believe that minimum unit pricing can and will have a positive impact on communities across Scotland."
The Scottish government called on the SWA and others in the drinks industry to respect the judgement of the court.
Aileen Campbell, Minister for Public Health, said: "The Scotch Whisky Association represents some of Scotland's finest whisky brands, and while they were entitled to raise this action, they, and the wider drinks industry, must now respect the democratic will of the Scottish Parliament and the ruling of the Court of Session and enable this life-saving measure to be introduced.
"This policy was passed by the Scottish Parliament unopposed more than four years ago. In that time, the democratic will of our national parliament has been thwarted by this ongoing legal challenge, while many people in Scotland have continued to die from the effects of alcohol misuse.
"Today's ruling is a landmark one, and should mark the end of the legal process, allowing this important policy to finally be brought forward."
Doctors' leaders also welcomed the ruling. Dr Peter Bennie, chairman of BMA Scotland, said a minimum price was the action needed to improve Scotland's "damaging relationship with alcohol".
He added: "Every year that has been lost to the alcohol industry's delaying tactics has brought with it a human cost in lives lost and health damaged.
"The alcohol industry needs to accept today's judgement and stop attempting to put their own agenda ahead of the public interest."
Alison Douglas, chief executive of campaign group Alcohol Focus Scotland, said it was a "great day for Scotland's health".
She added: "Scotland has been waiting more than four years to implement this policy, which will prevent thousands of hospital admissions and crimes, and save hundreds of lives.
"We hope that minimum pricing will now be put in place as quickly as possible so we can start seeing the benefits."
Scottish Conservative health spokesman Donald Cameron said his party had supported the legislation on the condition it would be legally sound and could be dropped if it was found not to be working.
He said: "It's taken the SNP a considerable length of time to get to this stage.
"But now it's happened, we need to monitor the results closely to see what impact it has on Scotland's damaging and complex relationship with alcohol."
The issue of minimum pricing was referred to the European Court of Justice, which ruled last December that European law may have been breached by the policy.
However the European Court ruled that it was ultimately up to national courts to make the decision about whether to implement it.
Under the plans, the cheapest bottle of wine (9.4 units of alcohol) would be £4.69, a four-pack of 500ml cans of 4% lager would cost at least £4 and a 70cl bottle of whisky could not be sold for less than £14.
The SWA has argued minimum pricing would discriminate against poorer drinkers, and was beyond the power of the Scottish government.
The government's chief medical officer recommends the maximum weekly intake of alcohol is 14 units for both men and women.

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Cameron Logan, 23, died in a blaze at his family home in Milngavie on January 1. His girlfriend, Rebecca Williams, was seriously injured.
Blair Logan, 26, was in police custody last night, the Record reported. The Scottish Sun said the arrest came after detectives confirmed they were following a definite line of inquiry.
Meanwhile, the Scottish Daily Mail leads with news that the number of people working into their 80s and 90s has doubled in the last five years.
Jeremy Corbyn needs to raise his game north of the border if Labour hopes to regain power in 2020, shadow Scottish secretary David Anderson has told The Herald.
The Scotsman reports that a row has broken out over a major report on Brexit after MPs blocked calls for the Scottish Parliament to get a vote on the UK's final deal with Brussels.
The Queen has been left "saddened" by the death of her former brother-in-law, Lord Snowdon, according to the Daily Express.
Under the headline "Let's Do This", The National's front page promotes a series of reports ahead of the Scottish Independence Convention in Glasgow.
The Press and Journal reports that events across the north-east could be cancelled if Aberdeenshire Council "forces through" a 700% increase in the cost of entertainment licences.
A "landmark" prosecution has been launched against the former owners of shops selling drugs which were once known as "legal highs", according The Courier.