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Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, has spent years in prison for calling for political change in his country. For more than half of his marriage to Liu Xia he has been imprisoned, and now he is dying of cancer. The BBC's Celia Hatton looks back at how the couple's love survived.
They fought to be allowed to marry each other. But when the government in Beijing finally backed down, permitting one of its unrelenting critics to marry his love, problems remained.
The camera that was supposed to take the couple's official marriage picture wouldn't work. The photographer was left scratching his head. Chinese marriage certificates aren't valid unless they contain an official portrait snapped at the scene.
So, Liu Xiaobo and and his would-be wife, Liu Xia, improvised. They found single photos of themselves and stuck them side by side. The makeshift photo was stamped and finally, they were married.
That was in 1996.
Getting married was a small victory for the couple. It gave Liu Xia the right to visit her new husband in the grim labour camp in north-eastern China where he had recently been imprisoned. Liu Xia made the 1,600km (1,000 miles) round trip from Beijing every month.
"The train to the concentration camp," she wrote in a poem. "Sobbing pass and running over my body/ Yet I still couldn't hold your hand."
Their wedding banquet was in the labour camp's cafeteria, a scenario that would prove to be symbolic. Throughout their intense romance, the Chinese government was a relentless and interfering third wheel, the uninvited partner providing a constant backdrop to their interactions.
By all accounts, Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xia were inseparable, except when they were forcibly separated.
Liu Xiaobo started as a brilliant writer and a beloved professor who was often invited to speak and study abroad.
In the spring of 1989, he was in New York City when he heard about the pro-democracy protests making their way to Tiananmen Square. He returned home to China at once.
Xiaobo helped spur on the protesters, as their calls for political reform rose to a crescendo, and then helped to negotiate with Chinese soldiers for many of the students to leave without harm.
It is still a state secret how many were killed by government forces in June 1989, but most agree the death toll would have been far higher without Liu Xiaobo.
That made little difference to the government.
Days after the silence fell on Tiananmen, Xiaobo was placed in a secret detention centre. He stayed there for almost twenty months. When he was released, he had lost nearly everything, including his prestigious teaching job and his home.
It was then that Liu Xiaobo connected with the light of his life: an exuberant young poet named Liu Xia.
"I found all the beauty in the world in this one woman," he reportedly told a friend.
Six years younger, she was already recognised as a gifted writer. Her close friend, the writer Liao Yiwu, said that back then, she was always giggling. Xia's high tolerance for alcohol was also legendary; she could drink her friends under the table. Xiaobo adored large meals, but would only drink Coca-Cola.
Liu Xia came from a privileged background, the daughter of a high-ranking banking official. She was expected to become a civil servant too, but had recently given up that stable life in favour of writing.
Against all odds, Xia's parents encouraged her relationship with Xiaobo, despite his political troubles.
In the early days, the couple tried to establish the semblance of a normal life. Xiaobo moved into Xia's apartment, not far from Tiananmen Square, and they made a life together.
Liu Xiaobo was under near-constant surveillance by security agents, who pressured him to stop writing about the need for democracy, to stop criticising China's one-party state.
"You must understand: If the government persecutes someone, the first thing they try to do is disturb their private life" explains the couple's friend, Tienchi Martin-Liao.
"They will separate the couple. If someone is in jail, their family's life ends too."
The couple never seriously considered having a larger family, Tienchi says.
"I asked him once, 'Hey, why don't you have a child with Liu Xia?'" Tienchi continues.
"Xiaobo told me: 'I do not want that child, a son or a daughter, to see their father be taken away by the police'.
"He told me that. That is the reason why the couple never had children."
Tienchi worked as Liu Xiaobo's editor, spending hours on the phone with him. Xia would sometimes bring him soup while he was on the phone, and Tienchi would listen to him happily slurp it down.
Later, when Xiaobo was handed his final prison sentence, the one that would put him behind bars for 11 years, Tienchi switched to speaking with Xia, who often sobbed on the phone.
"Of course she loves him and she is willing to do everything for him," Tienchi explained. "And sometimes she complains. Not really complains but still she says, 'Well, I have never had a peaceful day since I am with you together.'
"Which is true, which is totally true. Which doesn't mean that she wants to leave him or anything like that. She just wants to emphasise how difficult and under what hard conditions their love connection to each other has survived."
Even when Liu Xiaobo was out of prison, the couple was rarely left alone for long.
"Because he has written so many socially critical articles, a lot of underprivileged people would go to his house," Tienchi Liao remembers.
"He doesn't even know them. They just knock at his door and ring the bell at his house and say, 'please help me, some injustice has happened to me'. And mostly, he would help those people."
Liu Xiaobo once recalled that even the pleasures of a birthday party were sometimes impossible.
He once told a Hong Kong newspaper, "at Liu Xia's birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wine but they were blocked by the police from my home. I ordered a cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarrelled with them and the police said, "it is for your security. Bomb attacks are common these days."
But Xiaobo didn't ever decide to stop his work, even when it interfered with his home life with Xia. And some of that drive he blamed on his concern for her future.
"Liu Xiaobo frankly explained that he wanted to take advantage of the energy that he still has," his biographer and close friend, the writer Yu Jie, wrote.
"So he could save up more money for Liu Xia, just in case one day something happened to him. At least Liu Xia would still be able to live without worrying about food and clothing."
Some intellectuals said he wrote too many articles, and some of them lacked polish.
Everything changed when Liu Xiaobo helped to draft and circulate Charter 08, the document calling for an end to China's one-party rule that would land him in prison.
Xia had always stayed away from Xiaobo's political commentary, but she told the filmmaker Ai Xiaoming that she knew Charter 08 heralded trouble.
"I saw it coming early on," she explained. "'From the time that the first draft of Charter 08 appeared in my home, to when Xiaobo threw himself into revising it, I just knew that something terrible was going to happen."
"Did you read it?" Ai asked her.
"I had no interest in doing so," she answered. "But I knew there'd be big trouble. I tried to tell Xiaobo, but it was no use. I could only do what I'd done in the past - patiently wait for calamity to descend."
Before Charter 08 was officially released, Xiaobo was taken away. At his trial almost a year later, he was found guilty of trying to overthrow the state.
His last public statement, made to the court in 2009, ended with an acknowledgement to his wife.
He said: "Throughout all these years that I have lived without freedom, our love was full of bitterness imposed by outside circumstances, but as I savour its aftertaste, it remains boundless.
"I am serving my sentence in a tangible prison, while you wait in the intangible prison of the heart. Your love is the sunlight that leaps over high walls and penetrates the iron bars of my prison window, stroking every inch of my skin, warming every cell of my body, allowing me to always keep peace, openness, and brightness in my heart, and filling every minute of my time in prison with meaning.
"My love for you, on the other hand, is so full of remorse and regret that it at times makes me stagger under its weight."
It's unclear how much Liu Xiaobo knew about Xia's living conditions after he began his final prison sentence.
Shortly after he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 she was placed under strict house arrest, confined to her small apartment in Beijing.
When speaking with the BBC in 2010, Liu Xia said she couldn't give Xiaobo any detailed information about her house arrest. "We were not allowed to talk about these things. We couldn't talk about these things. Anyhow, I thought he could understand me. I just told him, 'I live a life similar to yours'."
"Originally I thought, when it just happened, that I would just be locked in for about a month or two. Time flies, now I've been locked for two years."
As the years under house arrest dragged on, Xia became clinically depressed.
She had intermittent access to a phone, but could only phone a few close family members. A group of police would take Xia to see Xiaobo on occasions, but those visits were closely watched by the authorities, who would halt conversations if too much was shared.
Liu Xiaobo was finally reunited with his wife only after it was clear that he was dying of liver cancer. After he received medical parole and was transferred to a hospital in northern China, he pushed to leave China for overseas treatment. For Xia's sake, sources told the BBC.
"He worries what will happen when he's gone," one friend explained. "He wants to take her out of China, and her brother too."
Tienchi's voice drops when asked about the future for Liu Xia after her beloved Xiaobo passes away. "We know that she is very ill, physically and psychologically. We are all worried he doesn't have much time to live and we are all worried afterwards what happens to her."
When Xiaobo is gone, Xia will have little left of him. In 2009, she admitted that even Xiaobo's poems and letters to her have all but gone.
"During Xiaobo's re-education through labour for three years from 8 October 1996 to 8 October 1999, I wrote him more than 300 letters and he wrote me 2-3 million words. After our home was raided several times, his writings generally disappeared.
"This is our life."


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Just as the so-called Islamic State (IS) group seemed to be putting down roots in the Libyan coastal city of Sirte - its only stronghold outside Syria and Iraq - various forces began lining up early this year to remove it. By early June the city was surrounded.
BBC Monitoring looks back over the past four months to see what people have been saying on social media and what IS itself has been publishing as the campaign to retake the city developed.
It is one year since Islamic State seized Sirte. The group appears to be trying to demonstrate that it is in control by releasing a video showing its morality police enforcing their strict interpretation of Islamic rules, including one which demands that men wear their trousers short.
While it publishes pictures showing alms being handed out to the poor, IS also distributes images of public floggings. Pictures on social media show "crucified" corpses in the main roundabout after executions by IS.
Meanwhile, Libyan prime minister-designate Fayez Seraj seeks to gain approval for a cabinet. The UN is encouraging him to bring order to a country in chaos since Muammar Gaddafi was toppled in 2011.
Libya is torn between two rival governments, one based in the east of the country and one in the west, allowing IS to prosper in the central area.
IS wants to show that life goes on as normal in Sirte, posting images of public services department workers pruning trees, sheep-grazing, bee-keepers at work and an open-air showroom with dozens of cars on sale.
IS branches in Syria, Iraq and Libya regularly publish scenes of everyday life to recruit members and give the impression that they are effectively administering the land under their control.
Social media users, however, post pictures of people having fun on the beach in the days "before the terrorists arrived". "God willing, Sirte will return to how it was," says one user.
Communication between Sirte and the outside world is difficult, because of notoriously unreliable internet connections as well as IS restrictions. Some residents appear defiant, one tweeting: "I'm staying, #Daesh (IS), and I will continue to spread news of my city #Sirte to the world via Twitter, even if you cut our necks".
IS names the new leader of its Libyan branch to replace his predecessor who was killed in a US air strike in November 2015. Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir al-Najdi is thought to be a foreigner, like his predecessors. His name suggests he is from Saudi Arabia.
The presence of foreign fighters is a source of friction, with locals complaining that the outsiders look down on them, and the IS fighters complaining of racism. One social media user asks: "Why does #Daesh prefer foreign commanders to Libyans?"
Weeks later, IS calls a reconciliation meeting between locals and foreign fighters.
The meeting is advertised in a flyer, which has been circulated on social media and which also invites city residents to the public execution of two of the group's own Libyan commanders, apparently to set a disciplinary example.
A separate IS letter to residents says racism towards foreign fighters will not be tolerated and warns the people of Sirte to show loyalty to the creed of Islam rather than to their tribe or city.
The author vows to "fix this Libyan problem before it is too late".
Separately, an IS video featuring Sirte-based militants from Mali, Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal encourages West Africans to travel to Libya to join the group - another sign that IS may be struggling to co-opt locals.
Following the bomb attacks on Brussels claimed by IS, the group's media arm shows pictures of sweets being handed out in Sirte in celebration of the assaults.
Days later the new "unity" government arrives in Tripoli.
Its arrival in the capital represents another stage in efforts to stabilise and unify the country which is split among rival factions, including IS. The ministers arrive by boat because opposing forces have blocked the city's air space.
IS publicises the religious education of residents with pictures of a graduation ceremony for hundreds of ordinary people at a big conference centre in Sirte.
This appears to be the culmination of a major series of events that IS forced people to attend in an attempt to make everyone conform to its strict interpretation of Islamic law.
Some take to social media to complain.
According to local Twitter accounts, attendance of the course was mandatory for all males aged 15 and above, with all shops and businesses closed between afternoon and evening prayers, and movement in the street prohibited during this time.
One account said that two young men were arrested for failing to attend the course, but were released days later.
One tweet comments wryly that IS itself, rather than the local population, was "most in need of this kind of course".
Amid reports of an impending military advance on Sirte, hundreds of families reportedly flee the city in the latest of several waves over recent months.
Al-Wasat website says fleeing residents told troops at roadblocks west of the city that their cars were searched by Libyan, Tunisian and Chadian IS members, who prevented them from taking their furniture, cooking utensils and gas cylinders.
Reports from the city suggest that the hospitals are barely functioning, the staff themselves having fled or staying away out of fear.
Over the next few days IS forces advance west towards Misrata, seizing territory including the strategic town of Abu-Qurayn, where they carry out a series of suicide attacks.
IS appears to be trying to seize the initiative to pre-empt any attack on its stronghold.
The unity government, having gained the support of some significant factions, announces the formation of a coalition to crush IS.
The anti-IS operation is headquartered in the town of Misrata, whose forces are a key component of the coalition.
Misrata has ample supplies of weapons and its fighters were crucial in the overthrow of Gaddafi.
The Misrata militia also has Islamists leanings - like many of the other militia - and has been accused of brutal behaviour.
The headquarters soon starts reporting battlefield developments to local TV channels and posting updates on its Facebook page under the name Operation Solid Structure, a reference to a Koranic verse which is often invoked by IS itself.
IS publishes pictures supposedly showing tribal leaders pledging their support for the self-styled caliphate.
However, it becomes clear that these large tribes - Wlad Sliman, Warfala and Gaddadfa - won't or can't provide realistic support to IS with reports over the next few days of clashes between tribesmen and IS militants in nearby towns.
An informant from the town of Abu Hadi, a few miles south of Sirte, tells the Libyan news website Al-Wasat that young men from the Gaddadfa tribe had attacked a convoy of IS "Islamic Police" hunting for tribesmen.
There have been numerous reports in Libyan media saying that since it took root, IS has dealt harshly with these tribes.
IS militants reportedly arrested and executed scores of Gaddadfa tribesmen, the people of former leader Gaddafi.
The large Warfala tribe has reportedly seen many of its towns taken over by IS, and tribesmen who had worked for the police, military or judiciary have been executed.
The government in Tripoli manages to convince one the most successful commanders in eastern Libya - Lt Al-Mahdi al-Barghathi - to become minister of defence.
On his way to assume his duties in the capital, he visits the strategic oil port of Sidra and secures the support of the Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) - the men who are supposed to guard Libya's oil wealth, but who have turned into a rogue private army.
Their support is key to encircling Sirte from the east, while militia from Misrata attack from the west. The odds are now stacked in favour of Operation Solid Structure.
A defiant message from IS spokesman Abu-Muhammad al-Adnani appears to prepare supporters for the loss of one of its strongholds. He mentions Sirte alongside Raqqa in Syria and Mosul in Iraq, underlining the importance of its Libyan bastion.
"Will we be defeated if we lose Mosul or Sirte or Raqqa or all the cities and go back to how we were before? No. Defeat is only losing the desire and the will to fight."
He warns that IS will fight to the death, enacting a scorched earth policy in the event of being dislodged from any of its strongholds.
The government-led advance recovers  towns from IS to the east, west and south before entering Sirte.
Within days the anti-IS forces, surprised by their own progress, corner IS militants holding out in a small area in the centre of the city.
Operation Solid Structure announces that it has started test broadcasting on an FM frequency previously used by IS's Al-Bayan Radio. The unity government-backed forces claim that they have been jamming IS radio.
Since the beginning of June, fighting between the two sides has continued with IS carrying out a series of suicide bombings and government forces bombarding IS positions in the centre of the city.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.

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Provided: "['Represent the input', 'The Northern Irishman beat Ryan Moore and Kevin Chappell in a play-off at the Tour Championship to earn £8.8m, as he also won the end-of-season FedEx Cup.\nHe is now finalising his preparations for the Ryder Cup, which starts on Friday at Hazeltine National.\n"Hopefully, in some way, it helps the team," said McIlroy, 27.\n"I\'ve obviously never gone into a Ryder Cup with this much excitement."\nAfter Chappell was eliminated at the first extra hole, McIlroy finally edged out Moore at the fourth play-off hole.\nMcIlroy\'s victory was his second in the PGA Tour\'s season-ending play-off series and was some compensation for not adding to his four major titles in 2016.\nHaving won the Deutsche Bank Championship three weeks ago, his latest triumph continued his turnaround in fortunes since his missed cut at the US PGA Championship in late July.\nFind out how to get into golf with our fully inclusive guide.\n"I always feel like from a low point you can work yourself back up, and you can really assess what you need to do," said McIlroy, who shot a closing 64 at East Lake to force his way into the play-off.\n"I think it was blatantly obvious what I needed to do after Baltusrol, in terms of trying to fix my putting or to at least address some issues in it.\n"I started on a process to do that and I didn\'t think results were going to come as quickly as they have done really."\nMcIlroy holed a tricky five-footer to stay alive at the third extra hole before sinking a 20-footer to secure the biggest financial prize in golf.\n"I\'ve converted more of my chances I\'m giving myself," added McIlroy.\n"The margins are so small in this game so it was nice to just set the reset button after the PGA."\nMcIlroy was scheduled to meet up with his European team-mates on Monday.\nWe\'ve launched a new BBC Sport newsletter, bringing all the best stories, features and video right to your inbox. You can sign up here.']" Match: "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', 'Rory McIlroy hopes his thrilling FedEx Cup triumph helps give Europe momentum as they attempt to win an unprecedented fourth successive Ryder Cup.']"

Ond pa mor dda ydych chi am 'nabod eich Llannau? Rhowch gynnig ar gwis Cymru Fyw:


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Donald Trump's mother, Mary Anne MacLeod, was born and brought up on the Hebridean island of Lewis but emigrated to New York to live a very different life.
Mary Anne was one of tens of thousands of Scots who travelled to the US and Canada in the early years of the last century looking to escape economic hardship at home.
She first left Lewis for New York in 1930, at the age of 18, to seek work as a domestic servant.
Six years later she was married to successful property developer Frederick Trump, the son of German migrants and one of the most eligible men in New York.
The fourth of their five children, Donald John, as he is referred to on the islands, is about to become US president.
His mother was born in 1912 in Tong, about three miles from Stornoway, the main town on the isle of Lewis.
Genealogist Bill Lawson, who has traced the family tree of Mary Anne MacLeod back to the early 19th Century, says her father Malcolm ran a post office and small shop in his later years.
Economically, the family would have been slightly better off than the average in the township, he says.
However, life during and after World War One, in which 1,000 islanders died, was very hard and many young people were leaving the Western Isles.
Lewis had also suffered the Iolaire disaster in 1919 when 200 servicemen from the island had drowned at the mouth of Stornoway harbour, coming home for the first new year of peace.
Mr Lawson says: "Mary Anne MacLeod was from a very large family, nine siblings, and the move at that time was away from the island.
"The move by Viscount Leverhulme to revive the island had gone bust and there was not much prospect for young people.
"What else could she do?"
Mr Lawson adds: "Nowadays, you might think of going to the mainland but in those days most people went to Canada. It was far easier to make a life in America and many people had relatives there."
The genealogist says Mr Trump's mother was slightly different in that her sister Catherine, one of eight members of the MacLeod family to have emigrated to America, had moved from Canada to New York.
When Catherine returned to Lewis for a visit in 1930, her 18-year-old sister Mary Anne went with her to look for work.
It appears that she found work as a nanny with a wealthy family in a big house in the suburbs of New York but lost the job as the US sank into depression after the Wall Street Crash.
Mary Anne returned briefly to Scotland in 1934 but by then she had met Fred Trump and soon returned to New York for good.
The couple lived in a wealthy area of Queens and Mary Anne was active with charity work.
Donald Trump still has three cousins on Lewis, including two who live in the ancestral home, which has been rebuilt since Mary Anne MacLeod's time.
All three cousins have consistently refused to speak to the media.
John A MacIver, a local councillor and friend of the cousins, says: "I know the family very well.
"They are very nice, gentle people and I'm sure they don't want all the publicity that's around.
"I quite understand that they don't want to talk about it."
Mr MacIver says Mary Anne MacLeod was well-known and much respected in the community and used to attend the church on her visits home.
Mr Trump's mother became a US citizen in 1942 and died in 2000, aged 88.
But she returned to Lewis throughout her life and always spoke Gaelic, Mr MacIver says.
According to genealogist Bill Lawson, surnames are a relatively recent phenomenon on the islands and official records only go back to the early decades of the 19th Century.
His research took him back as far as John Roy MacLeod, which in Gaelic is Iain Ruaidh, named for a tendency to red hair.
Mary Anne Trump's paternal MacLeods came from Vatisker, a few miles further north of Tong.
Her great-grandfather Alexander Roy MacLeod and his son Malcolm were thought to have drowned together while fishing in the 1850s.
On Mary Anne's mother's side, the Smiths were among the families cleared from South Lochs area of Lewis in 1826.
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The period of the Highland Clearances on the mainland had largely missed Lewis but after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 some of the better lands for sheep-grazing on the island were cleared of tenants.
In most cases the displaced tenants were relocated elsewhere on Lewis rather than sent overseas.
According to Mr Lawson, all four lines of Mary Anne MacLeod's maternal ancestry had been moved to Stornoway parish from elsewhere on the island as a result of the Clearances.
His research also found another fishing tragedy when Donald Smith was drowned in October 1868 after his boat was upset in a squall off Vatisker Point.
His widow was left with three children, of whom the youngest, Mary, Donald Trump's grandmother, was less than a year old.
Mary succeeded her mother at 13 Tong but it was the smallest of the crofts in Tong.
After her marriage to Malcolm MacLeod, they were able to acquire the Smiths' original croft of 5 Tong and move there.
Donald Trump's mother Mary Anne was the youngest of their 10 children.
Mary Anne Trump's billionaire son Donald visited the house in which his mother grew up, and his cousins in 2008.
On that trip, the now president-elect said he had been to Lewis once before as "a three or four-year-old" but could remember little about it.
It is estimated he spent 97 seconds in the ancestral home during his whistle-stop tour.
At the time, he said: "I have been very busy - I am building jobs all over the world - and it's very, very tough to find the time to come back.
"But this just seemed an appropriate time, because I have the plane... I'm very glad I did, and I will be back again."
The president-elect was accompanied by his eldest sister Maryanne Trump Barry, a US federal judge, who has regularly visited her cousins on Lewis.
Mr Lawson says: "If you want to celebrate anyone, you should perhaps celebrate Maryanne, who has done a lot of work for the island.
"Donald arrived off a plane and then disappeared again. One photoshoot, that was it.
"I can't say he left much of an impression behind him."

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A selection of your pictures of Scotland sent in between 16 and 23 September. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.

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Clock towers, theatres and seaside cottages are among the venues for this year's Spring Fling weekend.
The open studio event is being held for the 15th time from 27 to 29 May at sites across Dumfries and Galloway.
Nearly 100 painters photographers, jewellers, ceramicists, print-makers, wood workers, sculptors, textile designers are exhibiting.
Joanna Macaulay, events and exhibitions manager for Upland Arts Development, which runs Spring Fling, said: "The magic of Spring Fling is the way it combines lovely visual arts and craft, remarkable people and wonderful places that visitors often don't have the chance to see.
"This year is our 15th anniversary event, so we are particularly looking forward to welcoming visitors to Dumfries and Galloway to enjoy everything it has to offer."

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A selection of your pictures of Scotland between 9 and 16 September. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk or our Instagram at #bbcscotlandpics.


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Amateur rocket enthusiasts have gathered in Scotland to mark 30 years of aiming for the skies.
International Rocket Week 2016 traces its roots back to the first Scottish Rocket Weekend in 1986.
Rocketeers coming together in Scotland have a base camp near Paisley and launch to heights of up to 16,000 ft (4,876m) from a farm near Largs.

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Question: The US trade deficit with the rest of the world narrowed in August to the smallest gap in four months, official figures have shown.

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The trade gap narrowed to $45.61bn (Â£29.1bn), from a revised $45.63bn in July, the Commerce Department said.
However, the politically-sensitive trade gap with China widened to a record high.
US imports and exports both slowed in the month as the weakening in the global economy took hold.
For August, exports slipped by $95m to $177.6bn, as sales of expensive industrial items like cars, aircraft engines and oil field equipment all declined.
Imports fell by $111m to $223.2bn.
China gap
With China, which the US has accused of keeping its currency artificially low, imports into the US reached a record $37.4bn.
Between January and July, the US trade deficit with China was running 10% higher than the same point last year - when the trade gap between the two ballooned.
On Tuesday, the US Senate passed a bill that would mandate the imposition of tariffs on some Chinese goods if the US Treasury determines that China is manipulating its currency.
Earlier this week, Congress also approved three free trade agreements - with South Korea, Colombia and Panama.

The number of jobs created was well above analysts' forecasts of about 225,000 new jobs in the month.
US employers have added at least 200,000 jobs for 10 months in a row, the longest period of jobs growth since 1995.
The number of jobs created has averaged 241,000 a month this year.
The Labor Department added that 44,000 more jobs were created in September and October combined than the government had previously estimated.
But as in the UK, stronger job creation has yet to lead to a significant increase in salaries.
Analysts said the US economy would continue to improve, despite lower global growth expectations.
They added that companies hiring temporary workers for the winter holidays could be providing a boost to the overall jobs figure,
The US economy is less dependent on exports than Germany, China and Japan, but is more reliant on domestic consumer spending.
Delivery firms have announced ambitious recruitment plans. UPS has said it expects to add up to 95,000 seasonal workers, up from 85,000 last year. FedEx plans to hire 50,000, up from 40,000.
The National Retail Federation estimates that seasonal retail hiring could grow by about 4% to as much as 800,000.
Most recent figures suggest Americans are buying more cars, which is likely to keep factories busy in coming months. Auto sales last month rose to their second-fastest pace this year. Car sales are on track to rise 6% this year from 2013.
The economy is expected to slow in the final three months of the year to an annualised growth rate of 2.5%, down from 4.3% from April to September.
Meanwhile, the US trade deficit fell slightly in October, as exports rebounded, while oil imports dipped to the lowest level in five years.
The deficit edged down 0.4% to $43.4bn, as against a revised $43.6bn in September, the Commerce Department reported.
Exports climbed 1.2% to $197.5bn, recovering after a September dip.
Imports also rose by 0.9% to $241bn, but that increase was tempered by a 0.6% fall in imports of petroleum, which dropped to the lowest level since November 2009.


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Question: One of the leading figures of the French resistance against the Nazis, Raymond Aubrac, has died aged 97, his family says.

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His daughter said he had died at Val de Grace military hospital in Paris on Tuesday evening.
Raymond Aubrac and his late wife Lucie became important members of Jean Moulin's underground Resistance movement in 1942.
Aubrac was arrested in June 1943 with Moulin, who died after torture.
In a recent BBC interview, he described how their arrests by the Gestapo at a doctor's surgery in the suburb of Caluire in Lyon had come as "a shock but not a surprise".
Jean Moulin, who had been sent by Gen Charles de Gaulle to organise the underground resistance to Nazi occupation, was tortured, taken to Paris and later died on a train to Berlin.
But Raymond Aubrac escaped when a group of fighters including his wife attacked a lorry moving him and other members of the Resistance from jail in Lyon.
Born as Raymond Samuel in 1914, Aubrac was Jewish.
He studied engineering and married Lucie Bernard after war broke out. After his escape from jail, the couple reached London in February 1944.
Their story and their Resistance work with Jean Moulin became legendary in France and the couple gave a number of talks to schools and colleges about their experience.
After France was liberated, Aubrac was given the task of supervising reconstruction efforts in the port city of Marseille. From 1964-75 he served as a director at the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome.
He twice gave evidence after the war against Rene Hardy, a fellow Resistance member who was accused of betraying his colleagues but was later acquitted.
In 2010, he travelled to London with President Nicolas Sarkozy to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Gen de Gaulle's appeal to the French people after the country had fallen to the Nazis.
Raymond Aubrac remained politically active until he died and gave his backing to Socialist presidential candidate Francois Hollande.
In tribute, President Sarkozy described him as an "heroic figure" whose "escape, thanks to the courage of his wife Lucie Aubrac, has entered into the legend of Resistance history".
Centrist presidential candidate Francois Bayrou praised him as a "major emblematic figure".

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

Cremieux-Brilhac spent three years at the headquarters of de Gaulle's Free French in Hill Street, Mayfair, where he was secretary of the propaganda committee.
It was in this function that he personally drew up the instructions to be read out over the BBC, telling the French public how to react on D-Day.
Cremieux-Brilhac kept the original typed document in his possession, and showed it to the BBC for a film on the 70th anniversary of D-Day last year. He said that on his death it should be bequeathed to the French National Archives.
"For a young officer like me it was something exceptional to be working at the heart of the decision-makers," he said.
Cremieux-Brilhac had already survived several adventures before joining up with de Gaulle in 1941.
A young French officer, he fought against the invading Germans in May 1940 and was taken prisoner.
He escaped from his prison-camp in Germany and made his way through Poland to Soviet territory. But as the Nazi-Soviet pact was still holding, he was promptly imprisoned again. He said conditions under the Russians were worse than under the Germans.
Cremieux-Brilhac was released again when Hitler invaded Russia in June 1941. He travelled on a Canadian ship from Archangel to Glasgow along with 200 or so other French soldiers.
Archive Pathe footage shows the group arriving by train at Euston station. Viewing the images 70 years on, Cremieux-Brilhac spotted many of his friends - but sadly not himself.
With the Free French, Cremieux-Brilhac was responsible for liaising with the BBC, which ran a daily schedule of French language propaganda broadcasts into France.  Several times he took the microphone himself.
"It was the most thrilling feeling, sitting there in the studio in London, and knowing that all those hundreds of miles away your voice was being listened to in homes across France," he said.
He was born Jean-Louis Cremieux in the Paris suburb of Colombes in 1917. The Cremieux were a family from one of France's oldest Jewish communities in the former Papal states at Avignon. He added the Brilhac as a nom-de-guerre in London.
After the war Cremieux-Brilhac had a political career working for the centre-left leader Pierre Mendes-France, who was prime minister for a short time in the mid 1950s.
A a historian, Cremieux-Brilhac wrote several highly-praised books on the France's contribution to the war.
In 2014 he was given the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour - the award's highest rank. He was also made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: US sci-fi and fantasy writer Richard Matheson, who wrote the 1954 vampire novel I Am Legend, has died aged 87.

A spokesman for the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films said Matheson died on Sunday in Los Angeles, but no other details were provided.
In a career spanning some 60 years, many of the author's works were adapted for both the big and small screens.
I Am Legend was his most successful, inspiring four film adaptations - most recently in 2007 starring Will Smith.
The novel was considered a landmark work in the genre, ushering in apocalyptic themes to post-WWII America.
Vincent Price starred in the first adaptation in 1964, titled as The Last Man on Earth.
Charlton Heston later starred in the 1971 adaptation, Omega Man.
The 2007 version saw Smith star as Robert Neville - the seemingly last human on Earth - trying to find a cure for a genetically-engineered virus that has turned the population into mutant vampiric creatures.
A low-budget adaptation I Am Omega was released the same year.
Born in Allendale, New Jersey, in 1926 and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Matheson first began publishing science-fiction and horror stories in the 1950s.
His earlier works adapted into films included 1953 novel Hell House, 1956's The Shrinking Man and 1958's A Stir of Echoes.
The 1978 novel What Dreams May Come was also adapted into a big screen version in 1998 starring Robin Williams, which won an Oscar for best visual effects.
Steven Spielberg's first feature-length film, Duel, was also based on Matheson's short story of the same name.
"Richard Matheson's ironic and iconic imagination created seminal science-fiction stories and gave me my first break when he wrote the short story and screenplay for Duel," Spielberg said in a statement.
"His Twilight Zones were among my favourites, and he recently worked with us on Real Steel. For me, he is in the same category as [Ray] Bradbury and [Isaac] Asimov."
Matheson also worked as a writer for numerous TV shows including The Twilight Zone, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Martian Chronicles and Amazing Stories.
He penned the teleplay Nightmare at 20,000 Feet in 1963 for The Twilight Zone, which starred William Shatner and featured the famous shot of a gremlin peering into the window of an aeroplane from its wing.
He was also responsible for writing The Twilight Zone episode Steel, which inspired the 2011 Hugh Jackman film, Reel Steel.
Matheson is credited with influencing several generations of storytellers including Stephen King, who dedicated his 2006 novel, Cell, to him.
Matheson had been due to receive the visionary award at the Academy of Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Films' Saturn Awards on Wednesday.
The organisation said the award would be presented posthumously and ceremony would be dedicated to the author.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

Under the headline DO NOT PUB Kirk Douglas Dies, the magazine accidentally posted a pre-written tribute to the actor, who turns 98 this month.
The post listed details about Douglas's life and career spanning six decades, including his 1956 Vincent Van Gogh biopic Lust for Life.
The obituary, which sparked reaction on Twitter, has been removed.
It is unclear whether the tribute, which had a date stamp of 29 September, had been online for two months.
It read: "Kirk Douglas, one of the few genuine box-office names to emerge just as TV was overtaking American culture in the years right after World War II, died TK TK TK. He was 97 (DOB 12/9/1916) and had been in good health despite having suffered a debilitating 1996 stroke that rendered his speech difficult."
Douglas starred in his first movie in 1946 - the classic film noir The Strange Love of Martha Ivers.
His other films include Gunfight at the OK Corral, Lonely Are the Brave and Cast a Giant Shadow.
The actor has received three Oscar nominations during his career, for Lust for Life, The Bad and the Beautiful and Champion.
Although he never won, Steven Spielberg presented him with an honorary Academy award in 1996.
It is common for media outlets to write obituaries of celebrities or important figures in advance.
In 2008, Bloomberg made a similar mistake when it reported Apple co-founder Steve Jobs had died, three years before his actual death in 2011.
People has yet to comment on its Douglas error.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The UK economy shrank by 0.3% in the last three months of 2012, further fuelling fears that the economy could re-enter recession.

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said the fall in output was largely due to a drop in mining and quarrying, after maintenance delays at the UK's largest North Sea oil field.
The economy had grown by 0.9% in the previous quarter, boosted by the London 2012 Olympic Games.
For the whole year, growth was flat.
The ONS said that the "bumpy economy" was on a "sluggish trend".
Manufacturing fell by 1.5% in the fourth quarter, the services sector was flat, but construction output rose by 0.3%.
Within the manufacturing sector, mining and quarrying output fell by 10.2%, the biggest decline since records began in 1997, driven by disruption to North Sea oil and gas fields.
The Buzzard oil field, about 100 kilometres north east of Aberdeen, was shut in early September for maintenance work that was expected to take about 28 days, according to reports.
But Buzzard resumed production in early November, and it was not until the end of that month that full capacity was reached.
Buzzard, run by Nexen and with BG Group a 21.7% shareholder, is one of the biggest North Sea fields to be developed in 10 years.
The field holds enough crude potentially to deliver about 10% of the UK's annual forecast oil demand.
Nexen declined to comment on the maintenance work's impact on the GDP figures, but added: "The shutdowns occur every five years, are planned, and are required in order to comply with regulatory requirements. The shutdowns enable us to repair and upgrade equipment that cannot be accessed when the facilities are operating."
If oil and gas extraction were excluded from the overall gross domestic product (GDP) calculations, then the data would have shown that the economy shrank by only 0.1% in the fourth quarter, the ONS said.
GDP is the sum of all goods and services made in the economy.
This is the first estimate of how the economy performed in the fourth quarter, and is subject to at least two further revisions as more data is collected.
Still job hunting, 18 months on
Chancellor George Osborne said the figures were a reminder that the UK faces "a very difficult economic situation".
He described them as "a reminder that last year was particularly difficult, that we face problems at home with the debts built up over many years, and problems abroad with the eurozone, where we export many of our products, deep in recession".
"Now we can either run away from those problems or we can confront them. And I'm determined to confront them so we can go on creating jobs for the people of this country," Mr Osborne said.
But Labour's shadow chancellor Ed Balls said: "Today's news confirms what business leaders, retailers and families have known for many months - that depressed confidence and a chronic shortage of demand mean our economy continues to flat line.
"This government's failing plan has now seen our economy stagnate for over two years and borrowing is now rising as a result."
Frances O'Grady, general secretary of the TUC, said: "We are now mid-way through the coalition's term of office and its economic strategy has been a complete disaster.
"The economy has grown by just 1%, real wages have fallen, and the manufacturing and construction sectors have shrunk. We remain as dependent on the City as we did before the financial crash."
If the economy were to also shrink in the first three months of 2013, then the UK would re-enter recession, defined as two consecutive quarters of contraction.
The CBI business group said it expected growth "to continue to be fairly flat through the winter but momentum will gradually build later in the year, as the global economy picks up a little and confidence lifts".
Capital Economics believes another contraction in the first quarter is "quite possible... especially given the snow disruption".
However, the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) said that while the economy was struggling to maintain momentum, its research showed that small firms were slightly more confident going into 2013 than they were going into 2012.
The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), the government's independent financial watchdog, has forecast growth of 1.2% this year, slightly above most other independent forecasts.
Earlier this week the International Monetary Fund (IMF) cut its growth forecast for the UK to 1% from 1.1%, but this is a rosier picture compared with its outlook for the eurozone, which it expects to shrink by 0.1% this year.
By Stephanie FlandersEconomics editor
The ONS data for the fourth quarter showed the drop-off in activity in the services sector following the end of the  Olympics and Paralympics.
Services make up about three-quarters of the UK's economic activity. In the third quarter of the year - when the Olympics and Paralympics took place - the sector grew by 1.2%.
The ONS said there was some evidence of "fallback" in the fourth quarter, seen in the hotel and restaurant industries and in land transport.
The biggest impact, though, was in sports activities, amusement and recreation, which dropped 22.5%. This was mainly due to increased ticket sales for the Games in the third quarter, and contributed 0.2 percentage points to the fall in overall GDP in the fourth quarter.
Across the year as a whole, services grew by 1.2% , while total industrial production fell by 2.5% and construction dropped by 9.3%.
Lee Hopley, chief economist at EEF, the manufacturers' organisation, said there were "no positive takeaways" from the figures.
"Even assuming some unwinding of activity from the Olympics boost in the previous quarter, this still leaves no real signs of underlying growth in the economy.
"The news from industry was particularly weak, with November's sharp drop on output contributing to a rather grim fourth quarter and leaving the overall picture for manufacturing in 2012 the weakest since 2009."
Economists at IHS Global Insight noted that GDP in the fourth quarter of 2012 was 3.3% below the peak level seen in the first quarter of 2008. They estimate that it will not return to that level until the first half of 2015 - a gap of seven years.
The government's economic policies came under focus on Thursday when the chief economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that the chancellor should consider slowing down austerity measures in his March budget, because of their effect on growth.
"We think this would be a good time to take stock," Olivier Blanchard told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
But Mr Osborne later rebuffed Mr Blanchard's advice. Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos, he said that spending cuts must continue if the government is to retain its credibility.
"We have a credible and flexible debt reduction plan. That credibility is very hard won and easily lost," he said.
However, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg has said that the coalition made a mistake in cutting back capital spending when it came to office.
He told The House magazine that ministers had reassured themselves at the time that the reduction was in line with plans drawn up by Labour.
But they now realised investment in infrastructure was crucial for economic recovery, he added.
When asked about Mr Clegg's views, Mr Osborne responded: "What Nick Clegg has said is that capital investment is important and I agree with that, which is why we have added £20bn of capital investment to our plans over the last couple of years.
"But you can only do that if you have convinced the world that you can pay your way - that investors have confidence in the UK. We've got that confidence."

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

To give you a sense - "['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'The likely Democratic presidential nominee learned this week that she will not face criminal charges over her use of private email.\nThe FBI said that although she had sent and received sensitive material there was no evidence of intent.\nNow that inquiry is over, the State Department will reopen its review.\nAs well as the former secretary of state, it will also include some of her former aides, all of whom have now left the department.\nHillary Clinton - and some of her most trusted senior advisors - will twist in the wind a while longer. The State Department\'s renewed inquiry into possible mishandling of classified information in emails is not nearly as serious as the recently closed FBI criminal investigation, but it keeps the email server story alive for an indeterminate period of time.\nWhile the most serious consequence - loss of security clearance - seems impossible (bordering on absurd) to enforce on Mrs Clinton were she to be elected president, it could prevent her from placing any affected staff into high levels of her administration.\nAnd, needless to say, any sort of administrative sanction Mrs Clinton or her staff receives - such as an official letter of reprimand - would instantly become a political weapon in the hands of her Republican adversaries.\nShortly after FBI Director James Comey announced he would recommend no criminal charges against Mrs Clinton, her campaign issued a press release saying they were glad the matter is resolved.\nSo much for that.\nA spokesman for the department, John Kirby, said: "We will aim to be as expeditious as possible, but we will not put artificial deadlines on the process."\nFormer officials can still face "administrative sanctions," he said.\nThat could range from counselling and warnings to the revocation of security clearances.\nRepublican critics of the FBI decision not to recommend Mrs Clinton be prosecuted said this showed that she was above the law.\nBut FBI Director James Comey defended himself in front of a House committee on Thursday, reiterating that no reasonable prosecutor would recommend charges.\nMrs Clinton, who will be officially made her party\'s nominee later this month, was secretary of state until early 2013.']" should be close to "['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', "The US State Department is to restart its investigation into Hillary Clinton's handling of classified material when secretary of state."]"

Gross domestic product (GDP) rose at an annualised rate of 2.3% compared with the year before.
Higher consumer spending and a more buoyant housing market also added to growth.
On Wednesday Canada's central bank meets to decide the level of interest rates. The bank has cut rates twice this year to 0.5%.
Exports were 9.4% higher in the third quarter compared with a year ago, boosted by demand for motor vehicles. Oil exports were also higher.
Previous figures showed GDP shrank by  an annualised rate of 0.5% between April and June.
That followed a contraction of 0.8% in the first quarter, meaning the economy saw two consecutive quarters of negative growth, the usual definition of recession.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: Wikileaks founder Julian Assange should be extradited to Sweden to face sexual assault allegations, a judge has ruled.

At Belmarsh Magistrates' Court in south London, District Judge Howard Riddle said the extradition would not breach Mr Assange's human rights.
Mr Assange said the ruling, which he will challenge, was due to a "European Arrest Warrant system run amok".
The 39-year-old denies three allegations of sexual assault and one of rape last August in Stockholm.
He believes the claims are politically motivated because of Wikileaks' publication of sensitive material - including leaked US diplomatic cables - from governments and high-profile organisations that has made headlines worldwide.
Mr Assange has been released on bail on the same terms he was granted in December.
Bail was granted then after he had spent nine days in Wandsworth prison in London following his arrest under a European Arrest Warrant on 7 December.
Following the extradition ruling on Thursday, Mr Assange said: "What we saw today at Belmarsh was a rubber-stamping process. It comes as no surprise, but is nonetheless wrong.
By Maddy SavageBBC News, at Belmarsh Magistrates' Court
Julian Assange looked calm as District Judge Howard Riddle read his conclusions. But he remains in limbo as his lawyers begin to construct an appeal. It's likely to be tough - the judge commented that the defence team had already "left no stone unturned".
The media circus that has surrounded this case continues, but fewer supporters turned out this morning compared with previous hearings. Some of those that did made themselves noticed by wearing orange jumpsuits and bearded Guy Fawkes masks as seen in the film V for Vendetta. They insist this case is politically motivated.
Daniel Gianstefani, 16, from Australia, said: "The authorities want him to be sent away to stop him embarrassing them because they are afraid of the truth."
The judge said he was confident Julian Assange was wanted in Sweden purely over sex assault allegations. His most critical comment toward the authorities was directed at Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt, whom he accused of "improper intervention".
"There was no consideration during this entire process as to the merits of the allegations made against me, no consideration or examination of even the complaints made in Sweden."
He added: "We have always known that in all likelihood we would have to appeal."
Judge Riddle dismissed the argument that Mr Assange would not receive a fair trial in Sweden that had been made by his lawyers during the two-and-a-half-day hearing earlier this month.
They had argued that criticism by Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt had made Mr Assange "public enemy number one" in Sweden.
But delivering his ruling on Thursday, the judge said: "The defence refer to the alleged denigration of the defendant by the Swedish prime minister.
"For this reason and other reasons it is said Mr Assange will not receive a fair trial. I don't accept this was the purpose of the comment or the effect."
Mr Assange's lawyer, Geoffrey Robertson QC, had also argued that rape trials in Sweden were regularly "tried in secret behind closed doors in a flagrant denial of justice".
Clare Montgomery QC, for the Swedish authorities, told the hearing that evidence from a trial would be heard in private but the arguments would be made in public.
Judge Riddle said that did not mean the trial would be unfair or breach human rights.
Dismissing further arguments made by Mr Assange's lawyers, the judge found:
During the hearing two weeks ago, Mr Robertson said his client could ultimately be extradited to the US on separate charges relating to Wikileaks - and could face the death penalty there.
In response, Ms Montgomery said Sweden provided "protection against that sort of threat and violation" taking place.
The European Court of Human Rights would intervene if Mr Assange was to face the prospect of "inhuman or degrading treatment or an unfair trial" in the US, she said.

It comes as its government said it had received a call from the UK Foreign Office saying temperatures on both sides needed to be cooled down.
The Foreign Office would not comment.
Mr Assange took refuge at Ecuador's embassy in London in June as he faced extradition to Sweden over sexual assault claims, which he denies.
Ecuador announced on Thursday it had granted Mr Assange asylum, saying that his human rights might be violated if he is sent to Sweden.
The Foreign Office said it would not give a "running commentary" on what contacts had been made with the Ecuadoreans.
But a spokesman said: "We hope that we can reach an amicable solution to the situation."
An Ecuadorean government spokesman said they received a phone call from the Americas desk at the Foreign Office with a message they believed had come from Foreign Secretary William Hague.
The spokesman said that "as a result both sides will go back to near normal diplomatic conversations in seeking a solution to Mr Assange" and what would happen to him after completion of legal proceedings in Sweden.
The Ecuadoreans say they are looking for guarantees that after any trial in Sweden there would be no further extradition, and for safeguards over how Mr Assange would be held in Sweden would be met.
Meanwhile, an extraordinary session of the Organization of American States (OAS) has begun in Washington to consider the situation between the UK and Ecuador, with the Ecuadorean representative taking the floor.
The US, meanwhile, has said it "does not recognise the concept of diplomatic asylum as a matter of international law".
"We believe this is a bilateral issue between Ecuador and the United Kingdom and that the OAS has no role to play in this matter," the US state department said in a statement.
The UK and Sweden have criticised Ecuador for granting political asylum to Mr Assange.
The UK has said it will not allow him safe passage out of the country but Ecuador's Foreign Minister Ricardo Patino said he hoped talks with the UK would "overcome this".
Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt said his country would not be lectured by Ecuador.
Ecuador has said Mr Assange's human rights might be violated if he were sent to Sweden to be questioned over allegations that he sexually assaulted two female Wikileaks supporters while he was in Stockholm to give a lecture in 2010.
The Wikileaks website has published a mass of leaked diplomatic cables that embarrassed several countries, particularly the US.
The 41-year-old Australian citizen, who claims the sexual contact was consensual, has said the allegations against him were politically motivated and he feared that, if extradited to Sweden, he would then be passed on to US authorities.
The Foreign Office has said it remained committed to reaching a "negotiated solution" but following its obligations under the Extradition Act, it would arrest Mr Assange if he left the embassy.
In a statement issued after the Ecuadorean decision to grant Mr Assange political asylum, Mr Hague said the UK was under a "binding obligation" to extradite him to Sweden.
In Sweden, foreign ministry spokesman Anders Joerle said it was "unacceptable that Ecuador would want to halt the Swedish judicial process".
Claes Borgstrom, the lawyer for the two Swedish women making the sexual assault complaints against Mr Assange, said their ordeal seemed to have been overlooked by Mr Assange's supporters.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details!

Question: A Pakistani Christian girl who was falsely accused of blasphemy has fled to Canada with her family, a Christian organisation says.

Rimsha Masih, aged 14, was detained in a maximum security prison for several weeks in August 2012, accused of burning pages from the Koran.
The case attracted widespread international concern.
Although charges against Rimsha were dropped, she and her family were forced into hiding after death threats.
Rimsha, who is believed to have learning difficulties, was arrested in a Christian area of the Pakistani capital, Islamabad, after a furious crowd demanded she be punished.
A local Muslim cleric has since been accused of framing her.
The teenager has now settled in Canada with her family, although their exact location has not been made public.
A Christian activist in Canada told the BBC that the teenager was learning English and enjoying school. "They feel free," he said.
Critics have accused Pakistani courts of using the country's harsh blasphemy laws to target members of minority religions, according to the BBC's Orla Guerin, in Islamabad.
There seems little chance of a change in the law, our correspondent adds.
At least two prominent Pakistani politicians who had campaigned for a change in law have been killed in recent years.

Narges Kalbasi Ashtari was convicted in 2014 and jailed for a year over the death of five-year-old Asim Jilakara, who disappeared from a picnic she had organised.
It is thought Asim was swept away by a strong current. His body was lost.
Ms Ashtari, 28, denied causing death by negligence and has been on bail pending the outcome of an appeal.
She said she gave a statement about the death to the police on the day, but a month later officers filed a complaint against her, insisting that she had thrown the boy into the river.
Jilakara's mother accused the aid worker of killing her son, but Ms Ashtari maintained that she was caught up in local corruption after she refused to pay bribes to local officials after the accident.
She was banned from leaving India during her appeal, which drew the attention of international aid organisations. An online petition about her case was signed hundreds of thousands of times.
On the petition she wrote: "I have gone through the most horrific forms of abuse by a group of people with immense power, influence and protection."
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif welcomed the acquittal in a post on his Instagram account.
He said: "I felt happy about the news of the acquittal of the benevolent Iranian lady Ms Kalbasi. Greatest congratulations to Ms Kalbasi and regards for her because of her patience and perseverance, and thanks to colleagues and [the Iranian] people's campaign in her support."
Born in Iran, Ms Ashtari moved to the UK when she was four and then to Canada to live with her aunt after losing both her parents.
She moved to India in 2011, to Mukundapur in Orissa, one of India's poorest states, where she established a foundation for orphaned children.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: London's 2012 Paralympics has ended with a fiery finale and official handover to 2016 host, Rio de Janeiro.

The show, described as a "festival of flame" honouring Britain's ancient traditions and festivals, brought 11 days of sport to a close.
UK band Coldplay led the show, which started at 20:30 BST, with a live set reflecting the four seasons.
The event ended what organisers say has been "the greatest Paralympic Games ever".
Unlike the other Games ceremonies, the 4,200 athletes were seated around the main arena, putting them at the heart of the action.
By Ian WestbrookBBC 2012
If the Paralympics had to end then they did so in style, with a superb closing ceremony that had a bit of everything.
There were spectacular moments, dazzling fireworks, great live music and tributes to all the right people - the armed forces, the Games Maker volunteers and the athletes.
The speeches were made in the right tone and contained good and appropriate anecdotes and the tale of the four seasons from autumn going to spring showed the continuing nature of life.
And that is what everyone has to face now with a Monday morning that won't contain tales of medals won and those possibly to come.
It is back to reality for most people and on to pastures new for others.
London 2012 will never be forgotten.
Declaring the 2012 Paralympics closed, International Paralympic Committee president, Sir Philip Craven, said: "These Games have changed us all forever."
China finished top of the Paralympic medals table, with 231 medals - 95 gold. Great Britain cemented third place behind Russia, with a tally of 120, including 34 golds.
As the ceremony drew to a close, Paralympians Ellie Simmonds and Jonnie Peacock helped to put out the Paralympic flame, which was shared out across the stadium symbolising "the eternal nature of the flame living among us all".
Each participating country will take home one of the 200 copper petals that made up the Paralympic cauldron.
In other developments on the final weekend of 2012:
On Monday, 800 British stars of the Olympics and Paralympics will celebrate their success during a victory parade through the streets of London.
Mayor of London Boris Johnson said he hoped to see a social and cultural legacy from the Games.
As Sunday's show began, a tribute was paid to the armed forces and military charity, Help for Heroes.
GB Paralympians David Weir and Sarah Storey, who both won four gold medals at the Games, carried the British flag into the stadium, as flagbearers representing 164 nations participating in the Paralympics entered the arena.
And Captain Luke Sinnott, who lost both legs in an IED bomb blast while serving in Afghanistan, climbed the flagpole to raise the Union Jack.
Coldplay sang songs from their five albums, while dancers including the Candoco Dance Company - a contemporary group of 12 disabled and non-disabled dancers - performed with flames around the burning face of a "sun king".
Apart from Coldplay's live set, the sold-out finale featured performances from pop star Rihanna, rapper Jay-Z and a cast of around 1,200 performers on three circular stages - Summer, Winter and the Sundial.
"The idea is the coming together as one," said artistic director Kim Gavin behind the Festival of Flame.
"We are known as a nation for having the most festivals, it is something that we do - with 600 festivals a year.
"We pay tribute to all the human spirit and achievement through this wonderful sport of the last two weeks."
Kenya's Mary Nakhumicha ZakayoIrish and Irish runner Michael McKillop were presented with gold medals in recognition of them winning the Whang Youn Dai Achievement Award - for athletes who exemplify the best spirit of the Paralympic Games.
Flowers were also presented to honour the 70,000 Games Maker Olympic and Paralympic volunteers.
Some 120 child volunteers from east London took part in the spectacle, along with disabled aerial performers from Circus Space and The British Paraorchestra.
After the Paralympic flag was passed to the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes, performers from Rio - which will stage the games in 2016 - put on a colourful performance fusing hip-hop freestyle and samba, performed by disabled and non-disabled dancers.
Speaking to the 80,000-strong crowd, organising committee chairman Lord Coe said the UK would "never think of sport the same way and we will never think of disability the same way.
"The Paralympians have lifted the cloud of limitation."
He added: "Finally, there are some famous words you can find stamped on the bottom of a product. Words, that when you read them, you know mean high quality, mean skill, mean creativity.
"We have stamped those words on the Olympic and Paralympic games of London 2012.
"London 2012. Made in Britain."
IPC president Sir Philip Craven said the Games had been "unique and without doubt, in my mind and those of the athletes - the greatest Paralympic Games ever".
Speaking before the start of the ceremony, Prime Minister David Cameron said: "I think it's been an absolute triumph from start to finish and I'm really proud of the country, not just that we've put on a great show, but we've had these great audiences".
Mr Cameron, whose disabled son Ivan died in 2009, added: "I think back to Ivan. As every parent, you think about all the things they can't do, but at the Paralympics they are superhuman, you see all the things they can do."
He also said it would give momentum to sports participation and the Paralympics had changed perceptions of disabled sport.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Singers, dancers and fireworks lit up the iconic stadium before tributes were paid to Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad, who died on Saturday.
Sir Philip Craven, International Paralympic Committee president, said the movement was "united in grief".
Referring to the success of the Games, Craven said the Rio Paralympics were "uniquely Brazilian and wondrous".
Britain finished the Games with 147 medals, 64 of which were gold. They were second behind China, who claimed 107 golds and 239 in total.
Craven thanked organisers, athletes and spectators after passing the Paralympic flag to the governor of Tokyo, which hosts the next Games in 2020.
Craven was also warmly applauded when bestowing the Paralympic Order - his organisation's highest honour - on the Brazilian city.
Standing alongside him, Carlos Nuzman, the president of Rio's organising committee, was cheered when he exclaimed: "Mission accomplished.
"The Brazil we love so much has shown the world what it can do.
"This celebration started with a dream. It was 20 years in the making. Many thought it was impossible. But not for Rio and Brazil.
"The impossible happened. Brazilians never give up."
Cyclist Golbarnezhad's death is the first in competition at a summer Olympics or Paralympics since Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen in the 100km team time trial at the 1960 Rome Olympics.
"Tonight is a celebration of the last 12 days of sport but it's also a very sombre occasion following Saturday's extremely tragic events," said Craven.
"The passing of Bahman Golbarnezhad has affected us all and left the whole Paralympic movement united in grief."
As well as the closing ceremony tribute, flags were lowered to half-mast as Iran won gold on Sunday in the sitting volleyball, one of the final events of the Games.
Flags have also been lowered around the Paralympic village.
An investigation into the crash has begun, the IPC said.
Kadeena Cox, who won gold medals in both athletics and cycling, carried the flag for ParalympicsGB at the closing ceremony.
The 25-year-old is the first Briton to win titles in two sports at the same Games since Seoul 1988.
Find out how to get into just about any sport with our special guides
As flagbearer, Cox led out one of the most successful British Paralympic teams in history, having ensured their best medal haul since 1988.
Dame Sarah Storey won her third and GB's 60th gold medal of the Games on Saturday, with the tally reaching 64 golds by the end of the day.
During the closing ceremony, Storey was presented to the crowd after being elected to the IPC Athletes' Council.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: North Korea says it will restart all facilities at its main Yongbyon nuclear complex, including a reactor mothballed in 2007.

In a statement, it said the move would bolster North Korea's nuclear forces "in quality and quantity".
The move is the latest in a series of measures by Pyongyang in the wake of its third nuclear test in February.
It has been angered by the resultant UN sanctions and joint US-South Korea annual military drills.
In recent weeks the communist state has issued a series of threats against both South Korean and US targets, to which the US has responded with high-profile movements of advanced aircraft and warships around the Korean peninsula.
By Jonathan MarcusBBC Diplomatic Correspondent
North Korea's announcement effectively undoes international efforts to constrain its nuclear  programme. But restarting the reactor at Yongbyon will take time. Cooling systems have to be re-installed, the reactor fuelled and so on. It could be six months to a year before the reactor is up and running. This will open up a new source of plutonium for North Korea's nuclear weapons programme.
Pyongyang's references to its highly-enriched uranium activities are puzzling experts and are less clear. This provides an alternative basis for a nuclear weapon. But nobody knows how many secret enrichment plants North Korea may have or the level to which they may already be enriching nuclear material.
So in many ways its back to square one in terms of nuclear diplomacy. But six years have passed since 2007 and in the intervening period North Korea's missile capabilities - the means by which it might eventually seek to deliver a nuclear warhead - have improved significantly.
A South Korean foreign ministry spokesman said that if true, the North Korean move would be "highly regrettable".
Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Hong Lei called for restraint from all sides to resolve the "complex and sensitive" situation.
The reactor at Yongbyon - which was the source for plutonium for North Korea's nuclear weapons programme - was closed in July 2007 as part of a disarmament-for-aid deal.
The cooling tower at the facility was later destroyed, but then the disarmament deal stalled.
Part of the reason the agreement fell apart was because the US did not believe Pyongyang was fully disclosing all of its nuclear facilities - a suspicion later bolstered when North Korea unveiled a uranium enrichment facility at Yongbyon to US scientist Siegfried Hecker in 2010.
While it appeared to be for electricity generation purposes, Mr Hecker said the facility could be readily converted to produce highly-enriched uranium for bombs.
The statement, carried by KCNA news agency, was attributed to a spokesman for the General Department of Atomic Energy.
The department had decided "to adjust and alter the uses of the existing nuclear facilities" including "readjusting and restarting all the nuclear facilities in Nyongbyon [Yongbyon] including uranium enrichment plant and 5MW graphite moderated reactor".
The work would be put into practice without delay, the statement said. It also attributed the move to the need to generate more electricity.
In a November 2010 report following his visit to Yongbyon, Siegfried Hecker said based on what he saw he believed North Korea could "resume all plutonium operations within approximately six months" at Yongbyon if so inclined.
The reactor can produce spent fuel rods that can be made into plutonium - which experts believe North Korea used for its nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009. It is not clear whether plutonium or uranium was used in the February test.
The reference to altering nuclear facilities could suggest that North Korea may begin openly enriching uranium to weapons-grade levels, which would give it a second, faster route to making nuclear weapons, reports the BBC's Lucy Williamson, who is in Seoul.
How potent are North Korea's threats?
In the weeks since the nuclear test, North Korea's rhetoric has escalated - including multiple threats of attacks on US bases in South Korea and Japan, and on South Korean border islands.
But the US, which has in recent days flown B-52 bombers, B-2 stealth planes and F-22 stealth bombers over South Korea in a show of strength, says it is seeing no signs of increased military activity in North Korea.
"Despite the harsh rhetoric we're hearing from Pyongyang, we are not seeing changes to the North Korean military posture, such as large-scale mobilisations and positioning of forces," White House spokesman Jay Carney said.
But he said the US was "monitoring the Korean situation very diligently".
Defence officials told reporters that a US Aegis-class warship capable of defending against missile strikes had also been moved to the south-west coast off South Korea.
This would offer "greater missile defence options should [they] become necessary", an official told Reuters news agency.
Reports also suggest the US is moving a sea-based radar platform called SBX-1 into the western Pacific so that it can monitor North Korea.

A report on 38 North, a website run by the US-Korea Institute at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, studied images taken between April and November.
These appeared to show work in a new area of the Punggye-ri nuclear zone.
But, the report said, there is no sign that any nuclear test is imminent,
North Korea carried out three underground nuclear tests at Punggye-ri in 2006, 2009 and 2013.  Its nuclear programme has been a source of great concern for the international community.
The tunnel identified in the latest imagery is in a new area of the site, separate from three other tunnels that the North has excavated or used for tests in the past, the report said.
"While there are no indications that a nuclear test is imminent, the new tunnel adds to North Korea's ability to conduct additional detonations over the coming years if it chooses to do so," it added.
The commercially-available satellite imagery on which the researchers based their conclusions appear to show a new tunnel entrance, the site's fourth, as well as signs of construction work taking place as recently as October and November.
The report says some analysts believe each entrance connects to a single tunnel but there is debate about the exact nature and structure of the underground testing facility.
It is not the first indication of construction activity at the site.  In October, South Korea's Yonhap news agency quoted a South Korean government source saying there were workers constructing a new tunnel at Punggye-ri.
In September North Korea said that its reactor at the Yongbyon nuclear facility, the source of plutonium for North Korea's nuclear weapons, had resumed normal operations.
Yongbyon's reactor was shut down in 2007 but Pyongyang vowed to restart it in 2013, following its third nuclear test and amid high regional tensions.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Actor Harry Morgan, best known for playing Colonel Sherman Potter in US TV show Mash, has died aged 96.

The star died at his Los Angeles home after suffering from pneumonia, his family confirmed.
Mike Farrell, who played BJ Hunnicutt in the military series, said of Morgan: "There was not an unadorable bone in the man's body."
Morgan also appeared as Officer Bill Gannon opposite Jack Webb in TV crime serial Dragnet from 1967 to 1970.
He appeared in more than 100 movies in mostly supporting roles from the early 1940s, playing opposite stars including Henry Fonda, John Wayne, James Garner, Elvis Presley and Dan Aykroyd.
Morgan began his TV career in the 1950s when the medium was in its infancy in the US, which he said allowed him "to kick the Hollywood habit of typing an actor in certain roles".
But it was his role as fatherly Col Potter in Mash, which he played from 1975 to 1983, that remains his best-remembered performance.
In 1980 he won an Emmy award for his portrayal, which was set during the Korean War.
During a news conference in 1983, after taping the final episode of Mash, the actor broke down in front of reporters.
"I'm feeling very sad and sentimental. I don't know if Mash made me a better actor but I know it made me a better human being," he said.
His co-star Mike Farrell added that Morgan was "an imp".
"He was full of fun and he was smart as a whip," added the actor.
Morgan's daughter-in-law, Beth Morgan, said he was "side-splittingly funny" and "very humble about having such a successful career".
He is survived by three sons, eight grandchildren and his second wife, Barbara Bushman.

His wife, Louise, said he died at a care home in Newbury Park, California, on 7 July.
Conley, who starred in The Waltons for more than 10 years, had been suffering from dementia.
He landed the role of the Jefferson County general store owner when the series started in 1972.
The actor spent most of his on-screen time opposite Ronnie Claire Edwards, who portrayed his bossy wife Corabeth Walton Godsey.
Born in Buffalo, New York, in 1928, Conley moved to California to pursue an acting career after serving in the army during the Korean War.
He had bit parts in the 1960s series Green Acres and The Beverly Hillbillies before he joined The Waltons.
He published his autobiography, Ike Godsey of Walton's Mountain, in 2009.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: Michael Schumacher has announced that he will retire from Formula 1 at the end of the season.

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McLaren's Lewis Hamilton is to replace the seven-time world champion at Mercedes from next year.
1969: Born 3 January
1991: Makes F1 debut in Belgium for Jordan team
1992: Third in championship for Benetton
1994: Wins first title for Benetton
1995: Second title
1996: Joins Ferrari
2000: First title for Ferrari
2001-04: Makes it five titles in a row
2006: Last win in China. Retires at end of the season
2010: Returns to F1 with Mercedes
2012: Announces retirement at end of the season
for 2013 but has decided to end an F1 career that began in 1991.
"Although I am still able to compete with the best drivers, at some point it is good to say goodbye," said the 43-year-old German.
"During the past month, I was not sure if I still had the motivation and energy which is necessary to go on. It is not my style to do something that I'm not 100% for.
"With today's decision, I feel released from those doubts. In the end, my ambition to fight for victories and the pleasure of driving is nourished by competitiveness."
Schumacher won 91 races in 19 seasons, helping to revive Ferrari's fortunes after he joined them in 1996.
He won his first title with Benetton in 1994 and repeated the feat the following year, before leaving for Ferrari. He claimed five straight titles between 2000 and 2004, before retiring for a first time in 2006.
"Schumacher in his pomp was undoubtedly one of the very greatest racing drivers there has ever been, a man who was routinely, on every lap, able to dance on a limit accessible to almost no-one else.
Sure, the competition in his heyday was not as deep as it is now, but Schumacher performed miracles with a racing car that stand comparison with the greatest drives of any era.
Victories such as his wet-weather domination of Spain in 1996, his incredible fightback in Hungary in 1998, his on-the-limit battle with Mika Hakkinen at Suzuka that clinched his first title in 2000 were tours de force. "
Read Andrew Benson's blog
After three years away from the sport, he made a comeback with Mercedes in 2010. However, he has managed just one podium finish in three seasons,  in June.
"We did not achieve our goals to develop a world championship-fighting car, but it is also very clear that I can still be very happy about my overall achievements in the whole time of my career," added Schumacher.
"In the past six years, I have learned a lot about myself. For example, that you can open yourself without losing focus, that losing can be both more difficult and more instructive than winning.
"Sometimes I lost this in the earlier years, though you appreciate what you are able to do and that you are able to live your convictions and I was able to do so."
Speculation that Schumacher would retire at the end of the season first surfaced at the start of September, when Formula 1 boss Bernie Ecclestone told BBC Sport that the German was quitting the sport.
World championships: 7
Race wins: 91
Seasons in F1: 19
Points scored: 1,560
Points finishes: 220
Podiums: 155
Schumacher insisted on Tuesday he remained motivated for Sunday's Japanese Grand Prix, where he will drop 10 places on the Suzuka grid after being penalised for crashing into the back of Jean-Eric Vergne's Toro Rosso during the Singapore Grand Prix.
However, he admitted Hamilton's move to Mercedes helped him decide to retire.
"I was in the picture when the negotiation was going on, but I didn't want to decide, I was not sure," said Schumacher.
"Sometimes in life your destiny will develop by itself, without any hard feelings and without any regrets.
"We all know Lewis is one of the best drivers we have around and I cross fingers that we will have a successful future."
Schumacher would not be drawn on what he plans to do after the season ends, saying his focus is on the remaining races.
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"There are six races to go, that's what comes next," he said. "Whatever comes afterwards, we'll see.
"I have options - and you know some of the options - but we will decide when the time is there."
Mercedes team principal Ross Brawn has already suggested there may be a position for Schumacher with the German manufacturer.
"We would like him to stay involved with Mercedes," Brawn told BBC Sport last week.
"There is a lot of things he can contribute - perhaps on the racing car side but certainly on the road car side - and I think that is something he would enjoy a great deal."

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!

Hamilton becomes only the second British driver to win three Formula 1 drivers' titles.
In a dramatic last 10 laps of safety cars, crashes and overtakes, the Brit forced team mate Nico Rosberg into a mistake that cost him the race.
The German tried to fight back late on, but Hamilton, on fresher tyres comfortably held on for the victory.
He then performed doughnut spins for the fans in the stadium section towards the end of his in lap before returning to the pits.
From go-kart sensation to three-time world champ, Lewis Hamilton is now the first British driver to win two world championships in a row.
He first got a taste for a career in motor racing at just six years old, when his dad bought him a remote control car.
And Lewis raced that car on Blue Peter. Check it out!
Lewis showed great talent from an early age and it didn't take long before he started racing karts.
But unlike many other racing drivers, Lewis was not from a wealthy family - and so being able to race consistently wasn't easy, or cheap.
His father worked several jobs and the family made a lot of sacrifices in order to keep Lewis' dream of being a Formula One racing driver alive.
15 years ago he became European karting champion, competing alongside his current team mate - and rival - Nico Rosberg.
The two drivers have been friends for a long time and have raced against one another for a great many championships in the past.
Lewis went on to win many titles in the junior ranks before making his debut in F1 in 2007. He won his first world championship title for McLaren in 2008.
At the time he was the youngest ever world champion and he took the title in thrilling style with an overtaking move on the last corner of the last lap of the last race in Brazil.
After 4 years at McLaren he moved to Mercedes to team-up with Rosberg for the 2013 season in search of another world championship title.
And he did just that. The following season - with 11 race wins in 2014 to Rosberg's five, Hamilton won his second title, becoming the most successful British driver of all time in terms of race wins.
Martin met Lewis not long after that victory in Abu Dhabi to ask him for his advice to wannabe F1 drivers.
Lewis Hamilton has dominated from the first race to the last this season. He passed his boyhood hero Ayrton Senna's career tally of 41 wins and has now equalled Senna's three titles. He is the first British driver to win back-to-back Formula One titles - and there seems to be no stopping him.
Not yet, anyway...


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Question: Pakistan's new Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has called for an end to US drone strikes in his first address since being re-elected to the post.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

"We respect the sovereignty of others and they should respect our sovereignty and independence. This campaign must come to an end," he told MPs.
Mr Sharif, who was ousted in a 1999 coup, was later in the day sworn in for an unprecedented third term as PM.
He faces numerous challenges, including Taliban attacks and a crippled economy.
In his speech to parliament after 244 MPs approved him in the 342-seat chamber, Mr Sharif also pledged to tackle corruption and reduce unemployment and power cuts.
By M Ilyas KhanBBC News, Islamabad
In his maiden speech to parliament, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif chose his words and subjects carefully.
He did restate his election promise to stop US drone strikes in Pakistan, but made it clear that Pakistan needed to address the concerns that led to them.
Mr Sharif skipped any mention of his oft-repeated plan to hold talks with Taliban militants, or the normalisation of relations with India.
The prime minister is treading a fine line. The army has been shaping policies about militancy and India, and Mr Sharif feels he will need wider support across the political spectrum to handle these problems.
He must also deal with severe electricity shortages, a sinking economy and rampant corruption.
Such major challenges prompted Mr Sharif to make a strong appeal to all political groups and "other stake-holders" - which many assume means the military - to sit together and hammer out a joint strategy to resolve them.
He told MPs that it was necessary to work out a joint strategy to stop drone strikes.
"We must learn others' [American] concerns about us, and express our concerns about them, and find a way to resolve this issue," he said.
"These drone strikes that rain in every day have to stop."
The BBC's M Ilyas Khan - who was in parliament to hear Mr Sharif speak - says that the underlying message was that US concerns about militancy need to be addressed.
But the prime minister gave few details on how he might bring about an end to drone strikes, which many in Pakistan see an affront to Pakistani sovereignty. Washington regards the drone attacks as a vital weapon against militants fighting US-led forces in Afghanistan.
Mr Sharif also appealed for unity, while stressing that improving the economy will be his top priority.
But to do that he may need a bailout from the International Monetary Fund.
Our correspondent says Mr Sharif's desire to rejuvenate the economy and improve security are both areas that require some speedy but difficult decision-making in a geo-strategic environment which is shaped and controlled by the military.
While the new prime minister favours talks with the Pakistani Taliban, many expect that now he is in power he will accept the army's view that all past negotiations have failed and the only option is to fight the jihadis who attack domestic targets.
Profile: Nawaz Sharif
Economic challenges
Why Pakistan voted for Sharif
He becomes prime minister at a critical time in the battle against the Taliban - as Nato forces begin the process of withdrawing from Afghanistan.
Infrastructure projects are another important priority for the new leader - he wants to stop power cuts and construct a bullet train between Karachi and Peshawar.
The swearing-in ceremony was attended by members of parliament, foreign diplomats and dignitaries, senior members of the judiciary and chiefs of the armed forces at the presidential palace.
Although other candidates from the Pakistan People's Party and from Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party stood against him, Mr Sharif's nomination was a formality because of his party's commanding position in parliament.
With the support of some independent MPs, the PML-N has an outright majority and has not needed to form a coalition.
President Asif Ali Zardari - his old political rival - administered the oath to him.
PML-N sources are reported in the Pakistan media as saying that the new prime minister wants to compose a cabinet of fewer than 24 ministers but at the same time is under pressure to have representatives from all the country's provinces within it.
Correspondents say that Mr Sharif's task is all the more complicated because most PML-N members come from Punjab, the country's most populous province.

Created to meet the demands of Indian Muslims for their own homeland, Pakistan was originally made up of two parts.
The east wing - present-day Bangladesh - is on the Bay of Bengal bordering India and Burma. The west wing - present-day Pakistan - stretches from the Himalayas down to the Arabian Sea.
The break-up of the two wings came in 1971 when the Bengali-speaking east wing seceded with help from India.
Population 185 million
Area 796,095 sq km (307,374 sq miles), excluding Kashmir
Major languages English, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi
Major religion Islam
Life expectancy 65 years (men), 67 years (women)
Currency Pakistani Rupee
President: Mamnoon Hussain
Mamnoon Hussain was elected to the largely ceremonial role of president by parliament in July 2013.
He succeeded Asif Ali Zardari, who stepped down at the end of his five-year term as the first democratically-elected president to complete a full-term in Pakistan.
Prime Minister: Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif is currently serving his third term in office as prime minister. While serving his second term, he was deposed by army chief Pervez Musharraf in a coup in 1999 and went into exile in Saudi Arabia.
Mr Sharif returned from exile in 2008, and took up the premiership for the third time after his Muslim League party won parliamentary elections in 2013.
Pakistan is one of the world's deadliest countries for journalists, with 14 media workers being killed in 2014 alone. Both intelligence agents and members of banned militant organisations are responsible for the threats to reporters, according to media watchdog organisations.
The government uses legal and constitutional powers to curb press freedom and the law on blasphemy has been used against journalists.  Critics have raised concerns over the restrictive nature of a new code of conduct for broadcasters introduced in 2015.
Some key dates in Pakistan's history:
1947 - Muslim state of East and West Pakistan created out of partition of India at the end of British rule.
1948 - First war with India over disputed territory of Kashmir.
1971 - East Pakistan attempts to secede, leading to civil war. India intervenes in support of East Pakistan which eventually breaks away to become Bangladesh.
1999 - Army chief Pervez Musharraf seizes power in coup, ousting Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
2007 - Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated while on campaign trail for 2008 parliamentary election.
2013 - Nawaz Sharif becomes prime minister for third time after his Muslim League party wins parliamentary elections.