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Question: Once upon a time I had an editor who was paralysed by the word "innovation".

"People don't understand what it means," he opined. "Don't use it."
It was an edict that made the job of making programmes about business rather difficult.
Because the era of doing things in the same way decade after decade is over. Organisations are confronted by external change and the urgent need to change themselves. Innovation is nothing less than a matter of corporate survival.
Well that particular editor is no longer in charge, so now I'm free to talk about inn-o-vation. Along with many other people. The need to innovate has become a commonplace corporate preoccupation. But acknowledging its importance does not make it any easier.
So here with a bit of help is Vijay Govindarajan. He's a long-standing professor at the oldest management school, the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth in Massachusetts. He has also been chief innovation consultant for General Electric.
And his new book The Three Box Solution, has some noteworthy insights into the innovation process.
First a word about Prof Govindarajan. He was born in India in a village not so far from what was then Madras, now Chennai, in the south. As a boy, he was much influenced by his grandfather Tagore Thatha, whose picture is part of this book's dedication.
You won't have heard of his grandfather - he stayed at home reading. He revered knowledge above everything else, including work.
Impelled by his grandfather's example, Prof Govindarajan flung himself into studying, first in India, then at Harvard University in the US. He told me once how clearly he remembers one particular incident that happened when he had recently qualified as an accountant.
In 1977 there was national uproar when Coca-Cola was flung out of India by a government that demanded it shared its technology secrets with local partners. The company refused to share its recipe with anyone.
This made a huge impression on him. When he started studying and then working in the US, he saw Western or international values through the prism of his Indian experience.
This perspective is a valuable one. Familiar ideas taken for granted by Western managers look slightly different from the viewpoint of the Indian management thinkers who are now in prominent places in academic life.
It is a perspective that Prof Govindarajan specialises in. In an earlier book, Reverse Innovation, he writes about innovations and products that are originated in the developing world, not adapted from those created for the rich world. This is very different from the way a multinational company traditionally thinks about rolling out new products - at home first, everywhere else later.
This latest book is also about innovation, and it is also rooted in that Indian perspective. The Hindu philosophy of creation, destruction and preservation is the basis of The Three Box Solution. In Hinduism it is a continuous cycle without beginning or end.
If that sounds intimidating, it isn't. By creating three boxes that a company ought to concentrate on when it is trying to pilot its way into the future, Prof Govindarajan may enable its leaders and workers to think outside the box their normal experience traps them in.
Prof Govindarajan's box one is "managing the present", while box two is "selectively forgetting the past", and box three is "creating the future".
Prof Govindarajan says the difficulty for any business is balancing two things very much at odds with each other in most organisations - running at current peak efficiency (box one), while at the same time inventing a new business model (box three).
Box three sets aside many (if not all) of the practices and principles which have built the company and made it successful. It needs very different skills, practices and leadership from up to now. Balancing the boxes is very difficult.
But it is the second box that's particularly interesting, and particularly hard for most organisations to use. While keeping the current business going (it's making the money, after all), an innovative company has to simultaneously forget what made the business successful in the past.
All sorts of thing may need to be forgotten, says the professor. The fact that the company makes products, for example. That it uses dealers with physical premises to distribute its products. That it is based in a particular city, or country. That it knows who its customers are.
These assumptions are not just part of management strategy, the reason why the company has been successful up to now. They are deeply embedded in the corporate structure - company divisions, who reports to whom, what can be outsourced... and what are the corporate crown jewels.
These considerations are what insiders think of as corporate culture. But they may be a very serious inhibition to real innovation.
Prof Govindarajan says there is nothing quite as powerful as an entrenched set of obsolete values and practices, freezing time and enforcing inertia. Box two is about forgetting them, in order to innovate in a way very detached from what has gone before.
Of all the ideas and examples in this book, it is the need to forget the (successful) corporate past that is the most striking, and perhaps the most counter-intuitive.
You might say that success is the forerunner of company failure. Prof Govindarajan says: "Future weaknesses are embedded in current strengths."
Or to go further, in a world as disruptive as the one we now live in, really big corporate success is a creator of failure to come.
Success anesthetises an organisation from what is going on in the world it operates in.
To create the future, a company has to forget the past - while at the same time using the revved up revenue flows from present operations to finance that ever-necessary change. An unceasing corporate tug-of-war.
No wonder my editor could not understand inn-o-vation.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

In a recent column about Sheryl Sandberg, I spelt her first name with a C. I read the piece over a few times before submitting, as I always do, saw nothing amiss, and pressed "send".
I have spent 30 years in journalism, and there I was misspelling a name I had spelt correctly dozens of times before.
Had the mistake not been spotted, the newspaper would have looked ridiculous and I would have seemed sloppy, dim and outrageously unprofessional.
The truth is, I've always had a flair for typos. It is not getting better with experience - nor with spellcheck. My ability to introduce mistakes has kept well ahead of the efforts of Microsoft and Apple to eliminate them.
Because I know I have a problem, I try to help myself. I print my articles out and read them on paper.
I change the font for the final read-through to the hideous Comic Sans as the gawky shape of the letters sometimes exposes a mistake that had been hiding. But even then, lots get through.
Business Daily homepage
World Business Report homepage
Given my poor record, I was cheered to read an article in Wired saying we make typos not because we are dim, but because we are clever.
Writing is a sophisticated job and our brains focus on the structure, the sentences and the phrases, leaving the close-up work to be done on autopilot.
Afterwards we are programmed to read only what we think we have written, not what we actually have. If that is the case, it is odd that we make such a phenomenal fuss about them.
Earlier this summer the New York Times carried a front page story about a speech Barack Obama had given on US foreign policy with a headline referring to his "Cautious Reponse to World Crisis".
The story was much followed up, not because people were worried Obama was soft on terror, but because of the missing S from "response". "New York Times prints glaring typo on front page," crowed the Huffington Post.
Not only are there typos in the NYT, there are even some in the Bible.
A Christian blogger in Canada last year unearthed a missing apostrophe in her edition - "If we are crazy, it's for God sake", 2 Corinthians 5:13 - and was so shocked she wrote an entire post about it.
My sense of God is that He'd take this in His stride and would only get steamed up if a typo changed the meaning of His word by, say, omitting a "not" from "thou shalt not commit adultery". Otherwise, surely, He'd just shrug.
Although the indignation of mortals on typos is overdone, it is usually harmless enough. It gives us a jolt of outrage tinged with superiority every time we spot one, and feeling superior does the morale a power of good.
Yet sometimes it leads to bad decisions. On LinkedIn a recent blog entry from one of its "Influencers" lists the five sorts of people you should never hire. Number two is "The One with the Typo".
I would also disqualify a CV with a typo in it - but only if I were trying to hire a proof reader. If human beings have any remaining competitive advantage over the machines, it is not our skill at crossing i's and dotting t's.
It is our ability to write something that provokes a response - and not just because it contains a howler or a spelling mistake.
Lucy Kellaway is an author and Financial Times columnist. Listen to her on Business Daily and World Business Report on BBC World Service every Monday.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A South Yorkshire council that was left more than £1m in debt after a fraud committed by its town clerk has been abolished.

Brierley Town Council needed a £1.3m loan to cope with its financial problems after Janet Cooper was jailed for eight years for theft and fraud in 2013.
Residents voted to abolish the authority in a ballot in 2015.
Its assets and liabilities have been taken over by Barnsley Council.
In the referendum in September, about 1,200 people - 21% of the electorate - voted on the town council's future, with 983 calling to scrap it and 202 voting to retain it.
Barnsley Council said the takeover would be carried out "without any additional costs for Barnsley council tax payers".
The deal means that town council facilities, such as community halls, sports grounds and allotments, will remain open.

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Penelope Wilkinson was employed by IP&E, which was closed down by Shropshire Council in February after it failed in its efforts to sell its "know-how" to other authorities.
The 42-year-old, of Colley Close in Shrewsbury, is set to appear at Telford Magistrates' Court on 22 August. She is currently on bail.
The council said it cannot comment as it is a "police matter".
More on this and other stories from Shropshire
IP&E was set up by former council leader Keith Barrow, who resigned as director of the company after admitting he had not declared a relationship with the director of an accountancy firm appointed to work with it.
New leader Malcolm Pate ordered a review of the company, which found it had made total losses of £183,000 in its first two years and a profit of £28,000 in its third year.
Last year IP&E had said it would make profits of £238,000 by 2017.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The African Union has said it will no longer recognise The Gambia's President Yahya Jammeh as the country's leader from next Thursday, when his term ends.

The bloc warns of "serious consequences" if Mr Jammeh's refusal to give up power causes a crisis.
Adama Barrow, who won the recent presidential vote, said he believed he would be sworn in next week.
Nigeria's leader has flown to Banjul to try to broker a deal but the latest talks appear to have failed.
Nigerian MPs have voted to offer Mr Jammeh asylum to help negotiations.
Mr Jammeh had initially conceded defeat, but later contested the 1 December election. He wants the results annulled after the electoral commission admitted some errors, although it insists this did not affect the final outcome.
The 51-year-old leader seized power in the country in 1994 and has been accused of human rights abuses, although he has held regular elections.
The Supreme Court is unable to hear the challenge until May because of a shortage of judges, and Mr Jammeh says he will not step down until then.
Meeting in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, the AU peace and security council called on Gambia's security forces to exercise restraint.
In a statement, it warned of "serious consequences in the event that his [Mr Jammeh's] action causes any crisis that could lead to political disorder, humanitarian and human rights disaster, including loss of innocent lives and destruction of properties".
There are growing fears that the uncertainty could cause a refugee exodus.
Thousands of Gambians, mostly women and children, have already crossed the border into neighbouring Senegal and further afield to Guinea-Bissau, where they do not require a visa, officials say.
Foreign leaders from regional bloc Ecowas, led by Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari, arrived in The Gambia to again try to persuade Mr Jammeh to step down on schedule.
The grouping has warned that it would consider removing him using military force if he refuses.
The talks were a last ditch attempt to persuade President Jammeh, who once said he would rule the country for a billion years, to step down, the BBC's Africa editor Richard Hamilton says.
However, Halifa Sillah, a spokesman for Mr Barrow, said late on Friday that the latest talks had failed to solve the crisis, insisting that they must continue.
Much will depend on whether President Jammeh is offered some sort of amnesty deal to avoid prosecution for human rights abuses and crucially whether the army, which has expressed loyalty to its long-time leader, will change sides, our correspondent says.
Mr Barrow, a property developer, told the BBC's Newsday programme that he would prefer a "peaceful transition".
He said he welcomed the move by Nigerian MPs to offer Mr Jammeh asylum, but said he did not feel the situation would "get to this level".
"We want to keep Jammeh in The Gambia, I don't think there's any need for him to go to another country."
He called on Mr Jammeh to "respect the constitution" and engage in direct talks.
"We solve our problems within ourselves without the intervention of anybody. I think that's what we'd prefer," he said.
A lawyer for Mr Jammeh on Thursday filed a request with the Supreme Court asking for an injunction to block Mr Barrow's swearing-in.
Mr Barrow won 43.3% of the vote compared with Mr Jammeh's 39.6%. A third candidate, Mama Kandeh, got 17.1%.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

The West African regional bloc Ecowas had called on him to honour his initial pledge to accept electoral defeat.
Mr Jammeh, who subsequently said the 1 December poll was flawed, added that he would defend his country if need be.
Ecowas had said military intervention might be a possibility if diplomatic efforts failed.
Mr Jammeh has lodged a case before the Supreme Court to annul the vote after the electoral commission changed some results.
The commission insists the outcome was not affected by an initial error and property developer Adama Barrow defeated Mr Jammeh.
On Wednesday, the chief justice had to adjourn the Supreme Court hearing until 10 January, eight days before Mr Jammeh's term in office officially ends, because there were not enough judges to hear the case.
Mr Jammeh seized power in the tiny country in 1994 and has been accused of human rights abuses, although he has held regular elections.
In a 45-minute speech at the African Bar Association on Tuesday night, Mr Jammeh defended his position, saying West African leaders had violated the Ecowas principle of non-interference.
"Who are they to tell me to leave my country?" he said during his televised speech.
"I will not be intimidated by any power in this world. I want to make sure justice is done.
"I'm a man of peace, but I cannot also be a coward.  I am a man of peace but that does not also mean that I will not defend myself and defend my country and defend my country courageously, patriotically and win."
The BBC's Umaru Fofana in the capital, Banjul, says it was his first public reaction to last week's intervention by Ecowas leaders, and he reiterated his call for fresh elections as the only way to resolve the impasse.
According to the electoral commission's final count:
Results were revised by the electoral commission on 5 December, when it emerged that the ballots for one area had been added incorrectly.
Read more:
Meanwhile, a spokesman for the opposition coalition that backed Mr Barrow has said Mr Jammeh will not face prosecution after leaving office.
"President-elect Barrow says he is going to treat outgoing President Yahya Jammeh like a former head of state and would consult him for advice," Halifa Sallah told the AFP news agency.
Some analysts have suggested that reports that Mr Jammeh could face prosecution were behind his U-turn.
Human rights groups have accused President Jammeh of committing serious abuses against opponents during his 22-year rule.
The Gambia has not had a smooth transfer of power since independence from Britain in 1965.


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Question: Internet-based taxi firm Uber has said that it will suspend operations in Delhi while it reviews its service in India.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

It follows the arrest of an Uber driver in the city who is accused of raping a female passenger. In response the Delhi authorities banned all net-based taxi services.
Uber apologised for what happened and acknowledged that it "must do better".
It will conduct a full audit of the way it screens drivers.
"We are sorry and deeply saddened by what happened over the weekend in New Delhi. Our hearts go out to the victim of this horrible crime. We have been [doing] and will continue to do everything in our power to assist the authorities to help bring the perpetrator to justice," Uber India said in a statement.
Previously the taxi service, which uses an online platform to connect drivers and passengers, had said that it would work with organisations in the city championing women's safety.
This latest apology goes further: "The events of this week have made us reflect on our operations in India and we are immediately undertaking a number of important actions. During this review we will suspend operations in New Delhi," it said.
Acknowledging that "we must do better", the US-based firm promised to conduct a full audit of its rider feedback processes.
"We are implementing measures to ensure that critical rider feedback is escalated immediately and immediate action is taken in every instance.
"We are also re-reviewing rider feedback on every driver partner across India to make sure nothing has been missed."
It said it would also assess all driver screening processes and look at whether additional screening options and background checks are necessary.
The way it screens its drivers has come in for close scrutiny not just in India but in other cities around the world.
Two Californian cities, Los Angeles and San Francisco, are taking legal action against the firm, partly over the quality of its background checks.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

A judge at the California Public Utilities Commission - the regulator that allows the company to operate in the state - said Uber had not filed all the reports required by the body.
It was accused of withholding details on incidents such as accidents.
Uber has been involved in legal battles around the world over its operations.
Uber controversies
All you need to know about Uber
The San Francisco-based firm's services in US cities such as Portland, Oregon have been suspended after a disagreement with the city, while its practice of offering unlicensed taxi drivers has been banned in countries like Germany and Italy.
Uber's app allows passengers to request rides from drivers in the area and its fares are generally lower than those of traditional taxis.
The company has also been accused of not giving data on how often it provided access to disabled passengers in California.
Uber has defended its operations in the state by saying it has given enough information to the commission.
After the ruling, the firm said that it would appeal against the decision.
The company has up to 30 days to appeal before its licence to operate in California is suspended.


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Question: Images representing Shakespeare plays and Beatrix Potter tales will be among those featuring on coins in 2016, the Royal Mint has said.

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A series of new coins are to be released which give a snapshot of Britain over the past 1,000 years.
The histories, comedies and tragedies of Shakespeare will be represented on £2 coins - marking 400 years of the Bard's literary legacy.
A 50p coin will honour Beatrix Potter to mark the 150 years since her birth.
Other things to feature on a coins include the Great Fire of London - a picture of which will be embossed onto a £2 coin - to mark the event's 350th anniversary.
The Royal Mint's five-year programme to mark the centenary of World War One will continue with a £2 coin remembering the community pride that fuelled the rise of the "Pals" battalions, and will bear a design reminiscent of the art deco styling of the time.
Meanwhile, the 1066 Battle of Hastings will feature on a 50p piece - to mark the 950th anniversary of the military action.
Each coin bears the fifth definitive portrait of the Queen by Royal Mint engraver Jody Clark.
Anne Jessopp, director of commemorative coin at the Royal Mint, said: "It is always exciting to see the new year's designs revealed, commemorating the moments that matter, and revisiting some of the great events and stories from our history.
"The British public should start to see these coins appearing in their change from spring 2016."

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It happened in 1666 and burned for four days, destroying offices, churches and thousands of homes in the City of London.
The design on the coin shows the fire engulfing the London skyline from the view point of a boat sailing on the River Thames.
It has been produced by The Royal Mint, who make all British coins, and will be made available to the public shortly.
The picture was designed by Aaron West and has a portrait of Her Majesty The Queen on the opposite side.
A copy of the coin will also be presented to firefighters at Dowgate Fire Station in London, to celebrate the London Fire Brigade's 150th anniversary.


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Question: The hashtag #SaveDippy's been trending on Twitter after London's Natural History Museum announced it was moving its skeleton of a Diplodocus from the museum's entrance.

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The dinosaur, nicknamed Dippy, has been there for 35 years but will be replaced by a blue whale in 2017.
Lots of people seem unhappy.
So we've put the pair head to head to see how they stack up. This is Diplodocus v blue whale...
Diplodocus
At an average 26m long (85ft), the diplodocus was about the length of a basketball court.
Its neck alone was 8m long (26ft) and its tail 14m long (45ft).
But considering its impressive length, at only 10,886 kg (1,714 stone) Diplodocus was a lightweight in dinosaur terms, and in a fantasy fight, we reckon the blue whale could take him.
v
Blue whale
At roughly 30 meters long, weighing an average 190,000kg (29,920 stone), the blue whale is the biggest animal ever known to have lived on earth.
Their tongues alone can weigh as much as an elephant. Their hearts, as much as a car.
Their blood vessels are wide enough for a human to swim through.
Winner: Blue whale... Impressive stats Dippy but sadly you've been pipped on this one.
Diplodocus
292
v
Blue whale
It varies between individual whales but the accepted range is 180-200.
Winner: Diplodocus... a nice simple one. Dippy is the clear winner both on number and on consistency.
Diplodocus
As a vegetarian, the Diplodocus lived on a diet of leaves from trees and soft plants, mainly ferns, with their necks helping them reach food high and low.
And because of its size, the amount it ate each day was pretty unimaginable, with the dinosaur flattening trees in search of snacks.
They'd also swallow stones to help them digest their food - a process that made them slightly gassy.
We can only imagine how that played out for a creature of that size.
v
Blue whale
You might imagine the giant of the ocean dining out on some pretty big fish.
But the blue whale actually lives on some of the smallest marine life - tiny shrimplike animals called krill (less than 2 inches long), eating up to 40 million of them a day.
Amazingly, the blue whale can scoop up 100,000kg (15,747 stone) of krill-filled water in one mouthful in less than 10 seconds.
GULP!
Winner: Blue whale... Shrimp sounds just that little bit more appetizing, so sorry Dippy but how can you compete with that all-you-can-eat fish buffet?
Blue whale
Zero.
This gummy mammal is toothless. That's why they go for tiny prey and just gulp down big mouthfuls.
They do however have bristles similar to a comb.
Those are used to filter water back out of their mouths while keeping dinner trapped in the bristles - a bit like a fence.
v
Diplodocus
Hard to count.
The huge amounts of leaves Diplodocus ate meant its teeth suffered heavy wear.
So they were replaced practically every month, with Dippy having up to five spare sets in its mouth at any time.
And with that many gnashers, vegetarian or not, you wouldn't want to get on the wrong side of Dippy.
Winner: Diplodocus... Another hands down win for the Diplodocus, in terms of numbers at least.
But seeing as the blue whale doesn't have to worry about tooth ache, that's a victory of convenience for the mammal.
Diplodocus
To intimidate or defend itself against would-be attackers, the Diplodocus could whip its tail at 800mph, making an almighty cracking sound and breaking the speed of sound.
v
Blue whale
As a deep-water hunter and a mammal, they have to come to the sea's surface to breathe.
When it does that it exhales a cloud of pressurized vapour out of its blowhole, which reaches a whopping 9m (30ft) high.
Winner: Diplodocus... It's a close one but sorry blue whale, with Dippy breaking the sound barrier you've literally been "blown out of the water" on this one. Get it?
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter, BBCNewsbeat on Instagram and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube

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The largest dinosaur on show at Wollaton Hall in Nottingham will be the 23m (75ft) Mamenchisaurus, which will be displayed "rearing up on its legs".
The massive plant eater would not fit into the hall at full length.
In 2011 the museum closed for several days to allow filming for the Batman movie The Dark Knight Rises.
The museum will reopen on 30 June for the launch of the exhibition.
Curator Adam Smith said: "The collection will tell the story of how dinosaurs evolved into the birds and will feature some of the biggest dinosaur skeletons in existence."
The fossils, which arrived on Friday after a 50-day journey, will be erected by a team of six specially-trained technicians.
The Mamenchisaurus, a planting-eating sauropod similar to a brontosaurus, was found in Sichuan Province in south west China in the 1970s.
Some of the 23 exhibits, including the Gigantorapror, a birdlike dinosaur with a toothless beak, are considered "national treasures" in China.
The museum and the University of Nottingham have been working with Chinese authorities since 2011 to bring the exhibition to the UK.
Once open, the show will run until 29 October.


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Question: Conservative backbench MP Adam Afriyie says MPs who have said they will donate their £7,000 pay rise to charity are "quite embarrassing".

IPSA, the independent body that sets MPs' pay, has said unless there is "new and compelling evidence", it will rise by 10%, from £67,060 to £74,000.
Mr Afriyie told Victoria Derbyshire that MPs who chose not to accept the increase were "grandstanding".
David Cameron has said the proposed 10% increase was not acceptable.
Labour frontbencher Gloria De Piero is one of the MPs who has said she would give the proposed rise to charity, describing it as "immoral".
Speaking during a panel discussion on the planned increase, Mr Afriyie said: "To be honest, I find that quite embarrassing. If somebody says,  'oh I'm going to be such a wonderful person and give all this to charity' it's just grandstanding.
"It's a bit distasteful to boast about that to get yourself off the hook publicly."
A self-made millionaire who grew up in Peckham, south London, Mr Afriyie is the MP for Windsor.
He said good pay for MPs was fundamental to democracy: "MPs are backbenchers. We're the heroes of all the voters. You vote us in, therefore we should be standing up for you in Parliament, doing things correctly.
"If, however, the government can offer and lure people to front bench jobs with big extra salaries then that actually makes democracy, to some degree, undermined."
IPSA was handed control of decisions over MPs' pay and expenses in the wake of the 2009 expenses scandal. It does not need to get the agreement of Parliament to bring in the changes.
Mr Cameron has previously urged IPSA to scrap the above-inflation increase, which was initially proposed to address complaints that pay had fallen behind the rest of the public sector.
But as it launched its final review of the proposals, IPSA restated its intention to press ahead with the increase, and said there appeared to be no "material" reason to change the recommendations.
IPSA has stressed that due to cuts in pensions and expenses - such as a ban on claiming for evening meals - the overall package of changes to MPs' remuneration will not cost taxpayers any more.
But MPs elected before 2015 - including Mr Cameron - will see a major boost to their pensions because they are based on final salary.
Watch Victoria Derbyshire on weekdays from 09:15-11:00 BST on BBC Two and BBC News Channel. Follow the programme on Facebook and Twitter, and find all our content online.

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Parliamentary watchdog Ipsa is set to recommend a rise of £7,600 to £74,000, to come in after the 2015 election.
Ipsa does not need to get the agreement of Parliament to bring in the changes.
But Treasury minister Danny Alexander urged it to reconsider, saying it would be "wholly inappropriate" at a time of curbs on pay in the public sector.
The rise - to come into effect in May 2015 - comes as part of a package of changes to MPs' salary and benefits which would see some allowances scrapped.
MPs currently earn a basic salary of £66,396 but the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority is expected to say on Thursday that their pay has fallen behind in recent years and a substantial "one-off" rise is justified.
The BBC's political correspondent Gary O'Donoghue said Ipsa would conduct a statutory review of pay at the start of the next Parliament, at which point the rise could theoretically be reversed, but this remains unlikely.
All three party leaders disagreed with the move when it was first proposed earlier this year but the watchdog is expected to say it will press ahead with the rise - expected to cost the public purse £4.6m.
Mr Alexander, Lib Dem Chief Secretary to the Treasury, urged the watchdog to reconsider, saying it must take into account public opinion as well as "the wider economic climate and the climate of people's living standards".
It would be "wholly inappropriate for MPs to get such a large pay rise when every other public sector worker sees their pay rises capped at 1%," he told the BBC's Andrew Marr show.
Conservative defence secretary Philip Hammond said he would not personally be accepting the pay increase, saying it was the "not the moment" to do so.
"Whatever the rights and wrongs of whether MPs' pay is too high, too low, comparable to other people, at a time when we are asking people across the public sector - nurses, doctors, teachers - to accept pay restraint, members of Parliament have to be seen to be leading the way," he told BBC Five Live's Pienaar's Politics.
He suggested the Cabinet would take a "collective line" on the issue of whether to accept the rise or not.
By Alan SoadyPolitical reporter, BBC News
It is regarded as a no-brainer by MPs that many voters loathe the idea of politicians being paid more, especially at a time of austerity.
The main party leaders conclude that it's too politically toxic.
But privately a lot of MPs believe a pay rise, however unpalatable to taxpayers, is justified.
Like so many workers, they have seen real-terms pay cuts in recent years (albeit on salaries at least three times the average).
Other perks have also been trimmed since the expenses scandal.
Few are keen to put their head above the parapet, but those who have argue that MPs' pay has fallen behind that of head teachers, doctors or local council leaders.
The argument goes that people from those middle class professions could be deterred from running for Parliament.
"We could end up with a Commons full of toffs and nerds," a former MP once said to me, adding that this would be an unedifying combination.
But no matter how many arguments are put forward in favour of a hefty pay rise for MPs, it's not going to be an easy one to sell to the public.
Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls told the Dermot Murnaghan show on Sky News that the proposed increase was "preposterous" and he could not defend it at a time when people were facing a "cost of living" crisis.
But former Labour foreign secretary Jack Straw, who is retiring as an MP in 2015, said the party leaders could not complain about the decision after handing responsibility over to an outside body.
"What I'm concerned about is to ensure that the pay is sufficient to attract people from modest backgrounds who have not inherited a house, who don't have family or personal income, but who are going to make a career out of politics," he said.
And Conservative backbencher Sir Peter Bottomley said it was sensible for MPs' pay to be set by an outside body at the start of each Parliament, with a regard to how to attract MPs from all walks of life.
"The only way MPs could overturn this is to defy their leaders and pass a law saying Ipsa is abolished or it will be ignored," he said. "That's impractical given the public interest in setting up Ipsa in the first place."
A Downing Street spokeswoman said MPs' pay was "a matter for Ipsa" but ministers believed the "cost of politics should be going down, not up".
Ipsa previously said it had looked at increasing the current salary of £66,396 to anywhere between £73,365 and £83,430, but opted for a lower figure "in recognition of the current difficult economic circumstances".
After 2015, it proposes that MPs' wages would increase annually in line with average UK earnings.
At the same time as recommending a pay rise, the watchdog is also expected to announce a squeeze on pensions and the resettlement grants that MPs are given when they leave Parliament.
The amount that MPs have to contribute to their pensions is set to increase while MPs' final salary scheme is expected to be downgraded to a career average in line with the rest of the public sector.
Other changes would also see a £15 dinner allowance and claims for tea and biscuits scrapped. And it would mean taxpayer-funded taxis were only permitted after 23:00.
There would also be a crackdown on claims made for running second homes, with costs such as TV licences and contents insurance no longer being met.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story!

Question: A secret plaque claiming coloured hoops at Bristol Children's Hospital were the goalposts from the 1998 Quidditch World Cup in Harry Potter, has been found 18 months after it was erected.

The sign was put in place by Cormac Seachoy, in 2014 before he was diagnosed with cancer "out of the blue" and died, aged 27, in December.
Harry Potter's creator J.K. Rowling has tweeted it was "one of the most beautiful Potter-related things ever".
The hospital plans to keep the plaque.
Cormac tweeted on 30 November 2014 that his plaque was in place, but it went unnoticed for 18 months.
It only came to light this week when the Bristol Post queried whether the hospital had granted permission for it to be there and discovered hospital chiefs were also unaware of its presence.
Finola Seachoy, Cormac's sister, said the appearance of the sign had also taken the family by surprise.
She said: "Cormac did it to put a smile on the faces of children who were ill, and it was with great sadness that he found himself in the very same hospital diagnosed with cancer out of the blue and with eight weeks to live, just over a year after he put the plaque up."
She said she was hoping to raise more money so the family could "create more of a legacy for Cormac, who was so much more than just the plaque".
A spokeswoman for the hospital, said: "The appearance of this plaque was a magical and mysterious event that we did not know anything about - but we are sure that our patients and their families will appreciate it.
"We do plan to keep this, but ask that any other magical beings that wish to erect plaques on our site do speak to us first so that the muggles amongst us can say thank you and look after and maintain these gifts".
Quidditch is a game, played by witches and wizards using brooms, in the Harry Potter series by J.K.Rowling.
The hoops sculpture is an interactive art installation created by artist Andrew Smith in 2001 and is called Lollypop-be-Bop.

Whether you have found 2016 a good, bad or indifferent year, here are some of the most-watched news videos from around England each month.
One of the most-watched videos of January was about secret wartime tunnels beneath Clapham South Tube station being opened up to the public.
The warren-like network provided shelter for thousands of Londoners during World War Two.
Anushka Binoy hit the headlines in January after getting the maximum score on an IQ test. The brainy youngster from Isleworth, who was then 11, sat the exam set by Mensa and has an official IQ of 162. Nearly a million people watched an interview with her.
February's top-viewed video was of a double-decker bus being blown up on a bridge in central London - all for a film.
Footage of the bus crossing Lambeth Bridge was taken by London Fire Brigade who were on standby in case anything went wrong with the explosion.
CCTV footage released by police in Kingston, showing a man neatly tripping up a suspected drug dealer was also popular, but surely nothing compares to Kurt - a former stray who is now 7ft (2m 13cm) tall and 11st (70kg)
The Anatolian Shepherd, from Chatham in Kent, manages to wolf down £120 worth of food every month, and on Fridays he has tripe, beef chunks, chicken hearts and ribs - served on a tray because it won't fit into a bowl.
The shooting of an adult film in garages in Sutton, south London, was deplored by local councillor Trish Fivey as "absolutely disgraceful". The movie was uploaded to the internet and viewers recognised landmarks including the car park at St Nicholas Shopping Centre. Glamorous.
Footage of clothes drying on a radiator may not seem terribly compelling, but it was accompanied by a health warning about dangers posed by a common household mould, leading to it being viewed a million times.
And March was also the month a 300ft (92m) mine shaft opened up under the patio of a house in Scorrier, Cornwall. It was thought to be a remnant of an 18th Century tin mine.
Stuart Dann, who runs Cornwall mine survey firm Mining-Eye in Cornwall said: "The area is like a massive bit of Swiss cheese".
There's nothing quite like a dancing gorilla, as Twycross Zoo found out when footage of three-year-old Lope aping around went viral. The zoo's director of life sciences Dr Charlotte Macdonald said Lope's "dance" was evidence of him playing - an important aspect of young apes' behaviour.
Also dancing about, but this time to dodge flying manure, was double-Oscar winning actor Emma Thompson. She was taking part in an anti-fracking demonstration when a farmer drove his muckspreader past, bespattering the campaigners.
And the London marathon took place. One runner surprised his girlfriend by stopping and pretending to tie up his shoe laces before pulling out a ring and proposing. She said "yes".
May was all about appearance. Eight-year-old Joshua Reape was sent home from school because of a hairstyle he'd copied from the hit BBC drama Peaky Blinders. His short back and sides - based on that of Tommy Shelby, a character played by Cillian Murphy - caused a stir at Abbey Catholic Primary School in Erdington.
But easily the most-viewed video of the month, with more than three million hits, was that of a London receptionist who was sent home from work after refusing to wear high heels.
While Leicester City supporters enjoyed their team's unlikely triumph in the Premier League, spare a thought for poor old Lee Chapman.
The lookalike postman, who'd attracted attention over his uncanny resemblance to Foxes striker Jamie Vardy, said he was "heartbroken" after the footballer blocked him on Twitter.
Also upset were the owners of several cars which got submerged by floods in south-east London, caused by torrential rain.
And sticking with a watery theme, a fox cub became stuck in a dishwasher. Yes, you read that right. A fox became stuck in a dishwasher.
He was eventually "ushered out" by a vet wielding a broom.
In Derbyshire, a six-bedroom luxury mansion which had been disguised as a farm shed was discovered by police. It was the work of Alan Yeomans who was jailed for drug dealing and money laundering. And the crook had called it "Shedley Manor". Clever.
July was the month to be remembered for a police dog joining in a push-up challenge. PC Steve Hopwood from Avon and Somerset Police was joined by Monty, who completed 23 push-ups to raise awareness of veteran suicide. The challenge is to do 22, but the pair did "one for luck".
In Sheffield, the challenge some sports enthusiasts filmed themselves wakeboarding through a Victorian storm drain.
August was the month in which an island in the River Avon in Worcestershire was put on the market. With no services on Osier Island, the owner lived using electricity from solar panels and rain water. BBC Midlands Today sent their drone up for the footage. The island and property sold at auction for £280,000 - comfortably beating its £190,000 guide price.
Staying with rivers, a mysterious black door was placed on a buttress of the Sonning Bridge in Berkshire. There was even a floating doormat. It's thought to have been the work of local artist Impro, and could refer to the fact Sonning is home to the Prime Minister Theresa May.
As for the pink hay bales, the giant marshmallowy structures were the brainchild of Dave Broster from Diggle Green Farm in Warrington. They were wrapped in pink plastic to raise awareness of breast cancer.
The joyous video of a deer bounding along the sands in Poole Harbour was taken at dawn by dog-walker Dave Mott in September. It's thought to be a Japanese Sika deer that may have swum over from Brownsea Island. Have a look at the little chap in action - it'll make you happy.
Another happy occasion was the wedding of Jamie and Mandy Milligan - where a stunt by the best man stole the show. He pretended he'd forgotten his speech and set off on an epic quest to find it.
An epic fail was also in the most-watched news, as a Domino's Pizza rider toppled off his bike while doing a wheelie. Which demonstrates exactly what happens to show-offs.
Oh, October was a showbiz month.
Britney Spears developed a crush on a 42-year-old man from Surrey. The object of her desire was Phil Lupton, a studio manager filmed by the singer riding his motorbike home. On the footage, which she posted on her Instagram account, the star can be heard saying: "My crush in London. Very hot, very hot, very hot."
Mr Lupton told BBC London his wife "didn't understand the fuss".
Take That crooner Gary Barlow turned up at a 13-year-old's birthday party in Birmingham and sang Greatest Day. She was in tears. Possibly of joy.
And then, baby-faced pop star Justin Bieber made a surprise appearance at an ice hockey practice session in Manchester. He even scored. Unbeliebable.
A thrill-seeker from Sheffield combined his passions for baked goods and bungee jumping by successfully dunking from 75m (246ft) away. Simon Berry's technique involved clasping one wrist over the other to offer greater stability and precision as the biscuit surged towards its small target. Well done him.
And another "well done" for eight-year-old Marcus Caffrey, who delivered his baby sister Freya when his mum went into labour. He said he was just focused on getting "the job done" before the paramedics took over.
Less well done, perhaps, for the designers of a "ghost roundabout" in Cambridge. The cobbled brick circle has been described as a "UFO landing pad" and an "urban crop circle" on social media.
Cambridgeshire County Council said it was designed to slow down traffic by confusing drivers. Job done.
In December, a meat and potato pie attached to a weather balloon was sent into space to see if its journey changed the molecular structure of the pie. The pioneering pastry was launched from Wigan.
In nearby Manchester, eyes were on an enormous fish caught in the Indian Ocean and put on display at the Arndale Market. The goliath grouper weighed 30 stone (190kg).
And to finish on a festive note, the BBC News jingle inspired a dancer in Leicester Square. After the video of Corville Cuffy became popular on social media, he was invited to the newsroom to perform it there.
The BBC, like someone's dad trying to sound cool, said Mr Cuffy threw "some funky shapes".


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: Education in Wales will be discussed at a conference in Cardiff on Monday.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

It is the first time Wales' commissioners for children, older people, future generations and Welsh language will appear on stage together, at City Hall.
They will discuss how the education system in Wales can play a part in shaping the nation's future.
It is the second professional speaking event the Education Workforce Council has held with the Open University.

Councillors backed a fresh consultation at an extraordinary meeting on Thursday.
The public will be able to have their say on the plans, which include changes to secondary schools in Fishguard and St Davids and the development of a new Welsh medium school, from 16 September.
The consultation will close on 28 October.
During that time, two public information sessions will take place - at Fishguard Town Hall on 24 September and Ysgol Dewi Sant, St Davids, on 29 September.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Maria Sharapova is set to play in her first Grand Slam since her 15-month drugs ban after being given a wildcard for the US Open main draw.

Former world number one Sharapova returned to action in April but was denied a wildcard for the French Open.
The 30-year-old Russian, a five-time major winner, was given one for Wimbledon qualifying but withdrew with an injury.
Sharapova has volunteered to speak to young tennis players at the USTA National Campus about the importance of the tennis anti-doping program
The US Open will take place at Flushing Meadows from 28 August to 10 September.
"Her suspension under the terms of the tennis anti-doping program was completed and therefore was not one of the factors weighed in our wildcard selection process," The United States Tennis Association (USTA), which oversees the US Open, told BBC Sport.
"Consistent with past practice, a wildcard was provided to a past US champion who needed the wildcard for entry into the main draw.
"Previous US Open champions who have received US Open main draw wildcards include Martina Hingis, Lleyton Hewitt, Kim Cljisters and Juan Martin del Potro.
"Additionally, Sharapova has volunteered to speak to young tennis players at the USTA National Campus about the importance of the tennis anti-doping program and the personal responsibility each player has to comply with the program's requirements."
Sharapova returned to playing without a ranking in April and rose to 211 in the world after receiving wildcards in Stuttgart, Madrid and Rome.
She hoped to receive a wildcard for the French Open, but was denied one for both the main draw and qualifying rounds.
The 2006 US Open champion then elected to try to reach the Wimbledon main draw through qualifying, however she pulled out of the tournament having failed to recover from the muscle injury she sustained at the Italian Open the previous month.
She is currently suffering from a left forearm injury which forced her to pull out of this week's Cincinnati Open. She withdrew from the Stanford Bank of the West Classic earlier this month after suffering the injury in her first-round match.
In June 2016, Sharapova was punished with a two-year doping ban for testing positive for heart disease drug meldonium at the 2016 Australian Open.
It was reduced to 15 months following her appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

The 22-year-old has pulled out of what was set to be her first WTA Tour event of the season in Monterrey next week.
Robson played in eight events last season after returning from a 17-month lay-off, but had to end her season early after suffering a relapse.
Now ranked 553 in the world, Robson began her latest comeback in two low-key events last month.
She chose not to use her protected ranking of 58 to gain direct entry into January's Australian Open and has targeted the French Open in May as a possible Grand Slam return.
Robson is still hoping to play at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells next month, one of the biggest tournaments on the WTA Tour.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: The Volkswagen emissions scandal was a "dramatic event" but would not inflict lasting damage on Germany's reputation, Angela Merkel has said.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The German chancellor said on Sunday that the car maker now needed to provide the "necessary transparency".
"It is of course a dramatic event which is not good," Mrs Merkel said.
"But I think the reputation of German industry... is not so shaken that we are no longer considered a good place to do business."
VW has admitted that as many as 11 million diesel vehicles worldwide were fitted with a so-called defeat device that allowed emissions tests to be rigged.
The gadget detected when the car was being testing and switched the engine to a low-emissions mode.
It then turned that mode off when the car was on the road, meaning that it had far higher emissions than permitted.
Martin Schulz, head of the European Parliament and a German Social Democrat, said the affair was a "heavy blow for the German economy".
"It's hard to believe what was done there negligently and possibly even with criminal energy," he said.
"But I believe that Volkswagen is a strong company that has every chance of surviving the crisis."
The car maker's incoming chairman, Hans Dieter Poetsch, has described the emissions scandal as a threat to the company's survival but one that it could overcome.
His comments, made at an internal VW meeting this week, were reported by the Welt am Sonntag newspaper.
Mr Poetsch could be appointed as head of the firm's 20-member controlling panel at an extraordinary supervisory board meeting on Wednesday, reported the Reuters newswire, citing anonymous sources.
At the same meeting, more could be disclosed from its internal investigation, said the newswire.
The scandal has sent Volkswagen shares down by more than 40% since it broke last month and prompted the resignation of chief executive Martin Winterkorn.
VW has promised to determine who was responsible and has opened an investigation led by a team of US lawyers.
It has set aside â‚¬6.5bn (Â£4.8bn) to cover the cost of the scandal, but analysts say the final bill could be much higher.
VW has said it will have to refit up to 11 million cars and vans that have the rogue software.
The company also took out adverts in German newspapers on Sunday promising: "We will do everything to win back your trust".
Several VW engineers had admitted to installing the defeat devices in the company's vehicles, according to another German newspaper report.
Bild am Sonntag reported that the employees had told the company's internal investigation they installed the software in 2008, but did not reveal their identities or say how many were involved.
The engineers said the EA 189 engine, developed by VW in 2005, could not have complied with pollution regulations and cost targets without the deception.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article:

VW said it had set aside €6.7bn ($7.4bn; £4.8bn) to cover the scandal, leaving it with a €2.52bn pre-tax loss for the third quarter of the year.
In September, VW admitted installing software to cheat emissions tests in 11 million of its diesel cars worldwide.
Despite the scandal the company still expects sales to grow this year.
However, VW said it expected profits for the full year to be "down significantly".
In the three months to the end of September, vehicle sales fell 3.7% and production fell 11.6% compared with the same period last year. However, VW said that it was still forecasting a rise of up to 4% in sales revenue for the whole of the year.
The €6.7bn charge is likely to be the first of a raft of costs that the company has to face. Chief financial officer Frank Witter said: "No penalties or fines [or] compensation to customers have been included [in the €6.7bn charge].
"The financial burden is enormous but manageable... but we will emerge stronger and leaner than ever before."
For VW, the financial pain is only just beginning. The €6.7bn it has already set aside was enough to turn a healthy third quarter profit into a sizeable loss. But the final bill is likely to be much, much higher.
Firstly, VW has to cover the costs of recalling and modifying 11 million diesel-powered cars. Those costs should be relatively easy to quantify.
But on top of that, it is facing civil penalties, criminal investigations and lawsuits from both customers and investors. The company itself admits it simply doesn't know how much it will eventually have to pay. Outside estimates range from €20bn to €60bn.
So can VW survive the crisis?
The simple answer is yes, it probably can. If you strip away the costs related to the crisis itself, what's left is a strong, profitable business (which happens to be part owned by the regional government of Lower Saxony).
Yes, its brand has been damaged, but the company says sales have not been badly affected so far. There have been repeated apologies from senior managers, a major corporate restructuring and a new emphasis on rebuilding the trust of consumers.
That is a similar strategy to the one pursued by Toyota five years ago, after it admitted lying to regulators and consumers in the US about potentially lethal problems with accelerator pedals. Car buyers in North America did turn away in droves for a while - but they soon returned.
In fact, Toyota is currently the World's largest carmaker by sales, a title it won at the expense of...Volkswagen.
VW said that although sales were down over the past three months, the scandal had had a limited effect. Axel Kalthoff, director of group sales, said: "We do not see that the diesel issue is impacting our sales and order intakes for diesel.
"There might be one or another country or one or another brand, especially in western Europe, that might be affected for the time being on the diesel issue, but at a group level we are fine on order intake."
VW said the legal costs of the scandal "cannot be estimated at the current time". But it added that "considerable financial charges may be incurred as the legal risks crystallize".
In its quarterly report, it outlined the types of litigation it expects to face:
There's an air of defiance about VW's workers in Wolfsburg.
They feel that the reaction to the scandal has been overdone. The environmental damage is nothing compared to BP's Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the cars are still greener than the American gas guzzlers, they say.
Detractors would of course point to the fact that the problem lies more with the behaviour of the company than the impact on the environment.
But if VW is going to successfully navigate this crisis - it will need the backing of its workers. For now, it appears to have that.
VW crisis: The view from Wolfsburg
Commenting on the latest results, Matthias Mueller, VW's chief executive and chairman of the board of management, said: "The figures show the core strength of the Volkswagen Group on the one hand, while on the other the initial impact of the current situation is becoming clear.
"We will do everything in our power to win back the trust we have lost."
Meanwhile the group has started retrenching and announced earlier this month it would reduce its research and development budget. In the last three months it has reduced R&D by more than €1bn.
VW's shares have fallen some 25% since September when the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that many VW diesel cars being sold in America had devices that could detect when they were being tested, and artificially improve the results.
The group's chief executive, Martin Winterkorn, said his company had "broken the trust of our customers and the public" and resigned. He was replaced by Mr Mueller, the former boss of Porsche.
Volkswagen shares ended up 2% on Wednesday.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: The world is addicted to hydrocarbons, and it's easy to see why - cheap, plentiful and easy to mine, they represent an abundant energy source to fuel industrial development the world over.

The side-effects, however, are potentially devastating - burning fossil fuels emits the CO2 linked to global warming.
And as reserves of oil, coal and gas become tougher to access, governments are looking ever harder for alternatives, not just to produce energy, but to help achieve the holy grail of all sovereign states - energy independence.
Some have discovered a potential saviour, locked away under deep ocean beds and vast swathes of permafrost. The problem is it's a hydrocarbon, but quite unlike any other we know.
Otherwise known as fire ice, methane hydrate presents as ice crystals with natural methane gas locked inside. They are formed through a combination of low temperatures and high pressure, and are found primarily on the edge of continental shelves where the seabed drops sharply away into the deep ocean floor, as the US Geological Survey map shows.
And the deposits of these compounds are enormous. "Estimates suggest that there is about the same amount of carbon in methane hydrates as there is in every other organic carbon store on the planet," says Chris Rochelle of the British Geological Survey.
In other words, there is more energy in methane hydrates than in all the world's oil, coal and gas put together.
By lowering the pressure or raising the temperature, the hydrate simply breaks down into water and methane - a lot of methane.
One cubic metre of the compound releases about 160 cubic metres of gas, making it a highly energy-intensive fuel. This, together with abundant reserves and the relatively simple process of releasing the methane, means a number of governments are getting increasingly excited about this massive potential source of energy.
The problem, however, is accessing the hydrates.
How American energy independence could change the world
Shale industry faces reality check
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Gas from coal: The future or fantasy?
Quite apart from reaching them at the bottom of deep ocean shelves, not to mention operating at low temperatures and extremely high pressure, there is the potentially serious issue of destabilising the seabed, which can lead to submarine landslides.
A greater potential threat is methane escape. Extracting the gas from a localised area of hydrates does not present too many difficulties, but preventing the breakdown of hydrates and subsequent release of methane in surrounding structures is more difficult.
And escaping methane has serious consequences for global warming - recent studies suggest the gas is 30 times more damaging than CO2.
These technical challenges are the reason why, as yet, there is no commercial-scale production of methane hydrate anywhere in the world. But a number of countries are getting close.
The US, Canada and Japan have all ploughed millions of dollars into research and have carried out a number of test projects, while South Korea, India and China are also looking at developing their reserves.
The US launched a national research and development programme as far back as 1982, and by 1995 had completed its assessment of gas hydrate resources. It has since instigated pilot projects in the Blake Ridge area off the coast of South Carolina, on the Alaska North Slope and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, with five projects still running.
"The department continues to do research and development to better understand this domestic resource... [which we see] as an exciting opportunity with enormous potential," says Chris Smith of the US Department of Energy.
The US has worked closely with Canada and Japan and there have been a number of successful production tests since 1998, most recently in Alaska in 2012 and, more significantly, in the Nankai Trough off the central coast of Japan in March last year - the first successful offshore extraction of natural gas from methane hydrate.
Of all the countries actively researching methane hydrate, Japan has the greatest incentive. As Stephen O'Rourke, of energy consultants Wood Mackenzie, says: "It is the biggest importer of gas in the world and has the highest gas import bill as a result."
However, he points out that at just $120m (Â£71m; 87m euros) a year, the Japanese government's annual budget for research into gas hydrates is relatively low.
Source: US Department of Energy
The country's plans to establish commercial production by the end of this decade do, then, seem rather optimistic. But longer-term, the potential is huge.
"Methane hydrate makes perfect sense for Japan and could be a game changer," says Laszlo Varro of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Elsewhere, incentives to exploit the gas commercially are, for now, less pressing. The US is in the middle of a shale gas boom, Canada also has abundant shale resources, while Russia has huge natural gas reserves. In fact, Canada has put its research into methane hydrate on hold, and deferred any additional funding.
China and India, with their rampaging demand for energy, are a different story, but they are far behind in their efforts to develop hydrates.
"We have seen some recent progress, but we don't foresee commercial gas hydrate production before 2030," says Mr O'Rourke.
Indeed, the IEA has not included gas hydrates in its global energy projections for the next 20 years.
But if resources are exploited, as seems likely at some point in the future, the implications for the environment could be widespread.
It is not all bad news - one way to free the methane trapped in ice is pumping in CO2 to replace it, which could provide an answer to the as yet unsolved question of how to store this greenhouse gas safely.
But while methane hydrate may be cleaner than coal or oil, it is still a hydrocarbon, and burning methane creates CO2. Much depends of course on what it displaces, but this will only add to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
However, this may be a far better option than the alternative. In fact, we may have no choice.
As global temperatures rise, warming oceans and melting permafrost, the enormous reserves of methane trapped in ice may be released naturally. The consequences could be a catastrophic circular reaction, as warming temperatures release more methane, which in turn raises temperatures further.
"If all the methane gets out, we're looking at a Mad Max movie," says Mr Varro.
"Even using conservative estimates of methane [deposits], this could make all the CO2 from fossil fuels look like a joke.
"How long can the gradual warming go on before the methane gets out? Nobody knows, but the longer it goes on, the closer we get to playing Russian roulette."
Capturing the methane and burning it suddenly looks like rather a good idea. Maybe this particular hydrocarbon addiction could prove beneficial for us all.

Chevron, Exxon Mobil, BP and Shell are responsible for more than 10% of all greenhouse gases emitted since the industrial revolution, and yet here they are, talking under the banner: "Natural gas as a core pillar for a sustainable future of the planet".
Exxon boss Rex Tillerson manages to use the word environment 13 times in his opening address. "[Our industry] can deliver significant environmental benefits", he says, while Shell's Ben Van Beurden follows with "gas can help in securing a sustainable energy future."
These comments reflect the key theme at this year's World Gas Conference in Paris, as energy bosses look to rebrand their fossil-fuel businesses as a crucial weapon in the fight against climate change. (Or rather half their businesses - there was no mention of the fact they are also major oil producers).
But this is not as ridiculous as it may seem.
For a start, their argument that natural gas emits half as much CO2 as coal and should, therefore, be used to support renewables, is legitimate. As is the point that US CO2 emissions have fallen sharply on the back of shale gas discoveries.
But more importantly, this attempt to disassociate gas from coal and oil, and present it as a cleaner fuel source, shows that energy companies have accepted the fact that reducing CO2 emissions is now firmly established on political and, increasingly, corporate agendas across the world.
A number of energy companies have signed up to the World Bank initiative to end routine gas flaring by 2030 - a process of burning off excess gas at extraction that emits about 300m tonnes of CO2 every year.
Many, including Total, BP and Shell, have also made a joint call for an effective carbon price, which would force big polluters to pay more for the CO2 they emit. This may seem odd given these very same companies will be hit, but this call is clearly out of self interest - the biggest rival to gas is coal, and coal producers will be hit far harder.
Coal is cheap and abundant, and the only way gas producers can compete on price is if carbon is taxed, even if this means the oil side of their business suffers.
But it's not just about CO2. Many gas executives are at great pains to highlight the growing problem of air quality around the world, particularly in China.
Gas, Mr van Beurden says, emits 90% fewer air pollutants than coal, a fact that should not be overlooked in a world where there are seven million deaths linked to pollution every year, according to the World Health Organization.
And just as gas cannot compete with coal on price, it cannot match the environmental credentials of renewables. The gas industry has responded by saying the two complement each other perfectly. It argues renewables, such as solar, wind and hydro power, cannot alone meet the growing demand for energy, which is estimated to rise by as much as 40% in the next 20 years.
Just as importantly, executives say, solar and wind power are variable, so gas is the most environmentally-friendly fossil fuel to act as a back up when renewables cannot satisfy demand. Gas plants are also relatively flexible and can be turned on and off more quickly and cheaply than coal and nuclear plants.
And they also point to the potential of gas for storing energy from renewables. Batteries are grabbing all the headlines, but gas offers a viable alternative, particularly for larger-scale storage.
Finally, gas can be used to power vehicles with much lower emissions than oil-based petrol or diesel. Argentina, for example, has more than two million natural gas vehicles, with Brazil not far behind.
All of this means that "gas is not part of the problem, but part of the solution," Mr Dudley says.
This is all well and good, but the simple fact remains that despite the industry's efforts to convince us otherwise, natural gas remains a fossil fuel that emits harmful CO2. And lots of it.
So simply switching from coal to gas is not the answer. In fact, if all the coal power stations in the world were turned off and replaced with modern gas-fired plants, total global CO2 emissions would fall by about five billion tonnes a year to 25 billion tonnes, according to Laszlo Varro at the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Emissions need to fall to about five billion tonnes for the climate to stabilise, he says.
One way to make gas cleaner is carbon capture and storage (CCS), but the world has been very slow to develop this technology - there is just one commercial scale CCS coal plant and no gas plants.
What is clear, however, is that as things stand, renewables alone cannot satisfy the world's growing demand for energy. In theory, it would be possible to power the world solely with solar panels, but variability remains the major drawback. And while batteries can be used to store energy during the day for use at night, they cannot store energy in the summer to use in winter.
This is why "we are going to continue to need conventional power generation for a long time," says Mr Varro. And as gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, it is "the best candidate for filling the gap", he adds.
For this reason natural gas use will grow significantly in the coming years, potentially to the point where it overtakes coal and oil as the world's preferred hydrocarbon. At some point in the next 20-30 years, however, gas use will have to start falling to avoid dangerous climate change.
This reliance on gas could be reduced significantly if governments invest in large-scale energy storage systems and, more importantly, in renewable energy that is not variable, such as tidal and geothermal.
The technologies to wean ourselves off fossil fuels are available. The problem is, with current models of financing, developing them at scale is, for now, proving too expensive.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: A man who had spent Friday drinking had to be rescued from a church roof by the fire service.

David Nisbet, 28, from Edinburgh, pleaded guilty at the city's sheriff court to committing a breach of the peace and was fined Â£600.
Fiscal Depute Bruce Macrosson said police received calls about a man on the United Free Church of Scotland roof in Bangor Road at about 22:30.
It took firefighters 30 minutes to get him down.
Despite repeated requests to him to come down, the fire service and police were called in. "It took the fire service half an hour to get him down" said Mr Macrosson: "and he was arrested."
Defence solicitor Chris Fehilly told Sheriff Derrick McIntyre that Nisbet had been in court on a domestic matter that day.
"Why was he on the roof?" the sheriff asked.
Mr Fehilly said: "There is no reason. He was very, very drunk. It was a hot day and there is simply no reason why he was up there". Mr Fehilly said his client had apologised for his "stupid, idiotic act".
He added: "He was lucky to enough to get himself up there and get himself down".
Sheriff McIntyre told Nisbet: "This is going to cost you a lot of money", before fining him.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary
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For example, ['', 'That\'s the view of some current and former shareholders who tell me that not only would Barclays suffer if the US boss was pushed out during his so-far successful turnaround of the 360-year-old bank but also, weakening the UK\'s last major investment bank would be bad for the entire UK financial landscape.\nJes Staley is under investigation by authorities for twice trying to identify the author of a letter raising questions about Staley\'s decision to recruit an old colleague from his JP Morgan days who had been through personal issues that had led to "erratic behaviour". You can read more about the circumstances surrounding that episode here.\nThe Staley case is seen as an early and important test of new rules governing the conduct of senior managers designed to improve behaviour, accountability and culture. Those new rules are clear that whistleblowers should be protected as they are a valuable source of information on potential wrongdoing.\nBarclays was the poster child for failings in these areas under another US boss, Bob Diamond, who was ousted after losing the support of the Bank of England after a series of scandals - including the rigging of key financial benchmarks.\nOne City source told me - "replacing Jes Staley with another FCA-approved (the regulator) apparatchik would be a disaster".\nThat\'s a reference to "Saint" Antony Jenkins - a mild mannered man from the quiet world of retail banking - who was brought in after Bob Diamond as an antidote to the buccaneering, risk-taking and rule bending of the Diamond era. He had the blessing of the Bank of England but he was subsequently sacked for failing to improve the bank\'s financial performance fast enough.\nThe board - and in particular, the chairman, John McFarlane - would like to keep Staley. Without an investment banker at the helm, the UK\'s last surviving big investment bank would lose the momentum it has started to regain according to some shareholders.\nThe Financial Conduct and Prudential Regulation authorities will examine the case and their findings will ultimately determine whether Staley can stay.\nBut as things stand, I\'m told the board of Barclays looks unlikely to make Staley jump before it is pushed.'] should be similar to ['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'Getting rid of Barclays chief executive Jes Staley would be bad for Barclays and bad for UK banking.']

The teenager had to be rescued by fire crews after she tried to squeeze through and enter her house in Malvern, Worcestershire. It took 20 minutes to free her.
On Saturday morning, another girl had to be cut free after she became stuck in a cat flap at her home in Drayton Bassett, near Tamworth.
Both girls escaped without injury.


Question:
represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story:
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The provided query could be '['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'The body responsible for amateur boxing in Wales is "not fit for purpose" and "does not qualify for public funding", an independent audit report says.']' and the positive '['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', 'The Welsh Amateur Boxing Association (WABA) says the audit found no evidence of fraudulent activity,\nBut its chairman said it would take all the steps recommended to put things right.\nSports Wales said it would continue funding the association, but it had put special measures in place.\nThe report into the activities of the Welsh Amateur Boxing Association (WABA) was commissioned by the association, alongside the Welsh government and Sports Wales which oversees and promotes sport and advises the government.\nThe audit was carried out by accountancy firm, KTS Owens Thomas.\nIn their report, which has been published in a redacted form on WABA\'s website, the auditors said: "It is our view that in its current state WABA is not fit for purpose and does not qualify to receive public money.\n"Sport Wales must consider the implications of this finding.\n"We consider that with the implementation of the recommendations set out in this report, WABA will become fit for purpose and qualify to receive public money."\nIn 2012, WABA received grant support from Sports Wales of just over Â£190,000 - more than double its Â£89,000 grant in 2006.\nThe audit report lists a series of financial concerns:\nThe report also raises issues over the way the association has been run since becoming a limited company in 2003.\nIt noted: "Some members have expressed concern that WABA is not open to constructive challenge and there appears to be divisions in the membership.\n"Overall, we have found corporate governance to be poor and dysfunctional. We consider that it is improving, but has not reached an acceptable level."\nThe auditors make 38 recommendations for the sporting body\'s future, including measures to tighten financial controls, banking systems, and expenses management.\nTheir report also calls on the board to "improve the culture at WABA", and to work with Sports Wales to ensure it follows an action plan to implement the recommendations.\n\'Simply not acceptable\'\nResponding to the report, WABA chairman Terry Smith told BBC Wales: "Obviously we are very disappointed, but we will take all the steps recommended to put things right as quickly as possible."\nHe said much of the organisation was run by unpaid volunteers who did not have formal financial training.\nBut he disputed some of the report\'s findings, including the issue of unsupported spending.\nSports Wales said WABA\'s failures were "simply not acceptable".\nChief executive, Sarah Powell, said an action plan was now in place to resolve the issues at WABA.\nShe added: "In the best interests of the sport\'s grass-roots participants and elite competitors, Sport Wales has decided to continue funding WABA, but has put in place special measures to protect public funds, until such time as satisfactory progress has been made on the recommendations."']' and the negative '['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:', 'Adele Baumgardt was sacked alongside chairman of the troubled quango Paul Thomas on Wednesday.\nMs Baumgardt, who had worked for Sport Wales for more than 10 years, said Mr Thomas was not fit for the job - an allegation he denies\nThe Welsh Government said there were "lessons to be learned".\nIn November, the Welsh Government suspended the entire Sport Wales board, over concerns the organisation was dysfunctional.\nOn Wednesday Public Health Minister Rebecca Evans sacked Mr Thomas and Ms Baumgardt saying there had been "an irretrievable breakdown in relationships" in the board\'s leadership.\nSpeaking to BBC\'s Good Morning Wales programme, Ms Baumgardt said the board had been "well governed, managed and led" and would go from "strength to strength" under new leadership.\nShe claimed Sport Wales had been one of the most successful public organisations in Wales until the appointment of Mr Thomas in April 2016.\n"To have ended up in this situation, I think serious questions need to be asked about how the process works with public appointments," said Ms Baumgardt.\n"This is a really strong organisation with a strong board."\nMs Baumgardt, who worked at the organisation for more than 10 years, repeated claims that Mr Thomas was not fit for the job, an accusation Mr Thomas has rejected.\nShe insisted there was no evidence she had done anything wrong and there was no reason why she should have been sacked.\nMr Thomas has accused the Welsh Government of being "appalling" in its dealings with him, saying he had not been given the support he needed to change the organisation,\nSport Wales, originally called the Sports Council for Wales, was created in 1972 to promote elite and grassroots sport. It has an annual budget of Â£22m.\nOver the last six months it has become embroiled in a series of rows over the operation of the board and the way it awards contracts.\nA review of Sport Wales, by the Welsh Government, has been completed, but has not been released to the public.\nA Welsh Government spokesman said a review examining Mr Thomas\' appointment confirmed the proper process had been followed.\n"The appointment process complied fully with the principles of merit, fairness and openness," he said.\n"There are lessons to be learned from the situation that arose and what is required of individuals being appointed to a public leadership role."']'

Question: A French court has sentenced a scientist at the prestigious Cern laboratory to five years in prison for plotting terrorist attacks.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence!

Adlene Hicheur was arrested in 2009 after police intercepted his emails to an alleged contact in al-Qaeda.
The emails suggested Algerian-born Hicheur was willing to be part of an "active terrorist unit", attacking targets in France.
Defence lawyers argued that their client had never been part of a plot.
Hicheur, who is a particle physicist, worked as a researcher studying the origins of the universe at Cern.
His father embraced him in the Paris courtroom before he was taken away to prison.
Hicheur has already spent two and a half years in jail while awaiting trial.
He came under suspicion when threatening messages were sent to President Sarkozy in early 2008.
The security services uncovered a series of email exchanges between Hicheur and an alleged al-Qaeda member called Mustapha Debchi.
After his arrest in 2009 police found a large quantity of Islamist literature at his parents' home.
At the start of his trial the 35-year-old scientist admitted that he had been going through a psychologically "turbulent" time in his life when he wrote the emails.
He had suffered a serious back injury, for which he had been taking morphine.
But he always denied he intended to carry out any attacks.
His lawyer, Patrick Baudouin, described the verdict as "scandalous".
"Everything has been done to demonise him," he said.
Hicheur has not yet decided whether or not to appeal.
If he decides not to, with time off for good behaviour, he should be released soon, Mr Baudouin said.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Sebastien L, 40, and another soldier filmed the abuse and then befriended one of the girls' mothers, a French woman who invited them to her house.
They left the camera behind and the woman alerted the French embassy after viewing the images.
The two soldiers were immediately suspended and sent back to France.
However only Sebastien L was charged, FranceInfo reported.
He admitted to sexual contact with the girls during the incident in Ouagadougou and was sentenced to a year in prison followed by a one-year suspended sentence.
He said he had no explanation for his behaviour, which he blamed on alcohol and the stress of the mission.
The court also banned him from any profession involving minors for five years and ordered him to pay several thousand euros in damages to the girls and their families.
Sebastien L was in Burkina Faso as part of a French force fighting Islamists in the Sahel region.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story!

Question: Four men have been arrested in separate parts of the UK by police investigating the hacker groups Anonymous and LulzSec.

The suspects - from Doncaster, Warminster, Northampton and London - are being questioned by Scotland Yard's e-Crime unit.
Their arrests are part of a wider operation involving UK law enforcement and the FBI.
At the same time, 14 suspected members of Anonymous appeared in a US court.
Authorities around the world have been rounding up suspects following a wave of attacks by both groups on major corporations and government institutions.
Amazon, PayPal, the CIA, US Senate and the UK's Serious Organised Crime Agency have all suffered either intrusions or denial of service attacks, designed to take their websites offline.
In the latest round of British arrests, police detained 20-year-old Christopher Weatherhead from Northampton and 26-year-old Ashley Rhodes from Kennington, near London.
The pair are due to appear at Westminster Magistrates Court on 7 September.
Detectives also arrested a 24-year-old man from Doncaster, and a 20-year-old from Wiltshire for conspiring to commit offences under the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
In the United States, a mass court appearance saw 14 suspected Anonymous members appear before a judge in San Jose, California.
All of them denied being involved in a denial of service attack on PayPal's website in December 2010.
Anonymous had publicly declared its intent to target both PayPal and Amazon for, what the group perceived as, their complicity in isolating whistle blowing website Wikileaks.
Following the leaking of confidential US State Department memos, PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, while Amazon kicked the site off its web hosting service.

Junaid Hussain, 18, admitted putting details online in June 2011 and making hoax calls to a counter-terror hotline.
He was a leader of Team Poison, a computer hacking group which has claimed responsibility for more than 1,400 illegal activities.
He was given a three month sentence for each offence at Southwark Crown Court.
The jail terms will run consecutively.
Team Poison  - which identifies itself as "TeaMp0isoN" online - has previously claimed responsibility for computer hacking attacks involving foreign politicians, major international businesses, an international humanitarian agency and foreign law enforcement.
Hussain admitted making the hoax calls to the Metropolitan Police anti-terrorist hotline between January 1 2010 and April 14 2012, which prevented legitimate callers getting through.
A further offence was left to lie on file.
Scotland Yard said further investigations are ongoing into the activities of other members of TeamPoison.


Question:
represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story
The query could be '['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article:', 'A sex attacker who raped a woman after her first night out clubbing in Scotland has been jailed for five years.']' and should be close to '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary!', 'The victim moved to England shortly after she was subjected to the ordeal at a flat in Edinburgh.\nMike Okah, 26, had earlier denied assaulting and raping the woman at the flat in Telford Grove on 19 July 2014, but was found guilty by a jury.\nHe was placed on the sex offenders\' register.\nA judge told Okah: "You subjected a woman who you had only just met to a terrifying attack."\nLady Wise told Okah, a Nigerian who was in the country on a visitor\'s visa, he would be deported to his African homeland after he served his sentence.\nPolice who saw the Latvian woman after she was subjected to the sex attack by Okah said she appeared upset and having trouble walking. One officer said: "She was holding her groin."\nThe woman had arrived in Scotland for a visit but got work at a bakery and found accommodation in Bathgate, West Lothian.\nAcquaintances had encouraged her to go clubbing in the capital but first they had called at a flat where Okah was staying in the city\'s Telford Grove.\nThe woman was asked at the High Court in Edinburgh whether there was anything such as kissing and cuddling between her and Okah before the group went out.\nShe said: "Absolutely nothing at all. We actually didn\'t talk."\nAfter they returned from the disco the plan was she and the others would stay over at the flat and the 28-year-old intended to sleep on a mattress in the living room fully clothed.\nShe said Okah came into the room and attacked her.\nThe woman told the court: "I felt terrible. It was very painful."\nDefence solicitor advocate Leanne McQuillan said Okah continued to deny involvement in the offence. She added he had no previous convictions in the UK.\nDet Ch Insp Alwyn Bell, of Police Scotland, said: "I would like to acknowledge the courage of the victim throughout this investigation.\n"This was a particularly violent incident and Okah refused to acknowledge his guilt, going to great lengths to attempt to cover up his crime.\n"Tackling sexual crime is a priority for Police Scotland.\n"We continue to encourage anyone subjected to any crime of a sexual nature to contact Police Scotland."']' but very far from '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'Bridget Leggat, 55, called police while her son was in prison, claiming to be the girl and made false rape claims in a bid to blacken her name.\nLeggat was caught when the calls made in April and May 2013 were traced.\nShe admitted attempting to defeat the ends of justice and was ordered to carry out 240 hours of unpaid work.\nAt Glasgow Sheriff Court, Leggat, from Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, was also told she will be supervised for 12 months.\nHer son, 30-year-old son Donald Kennedy, from Glasgow, was jailed for six years and four months last year after he admitted having sex with an underage girl and breaching an order banning him from contacting children.']'

Question: Mark Cavendish won his 28th Tour de France stage after a photo finish with Andre Greipel in Angers.

The win drew the 31-year-old Manxman level with Frenchman Bernard Hinault's tally - only 34-time stage winner Eddy Merckx of Belgium is ahead of him.
There was initial confusion at the end as Greipel celebrated before Cavendish was named winner of the 223.5km stage.
Defending champion Chris Froome finished safely in the peloton, while Peter Sagan retained the race lead.
Two-time winner Froome moves up to fourth overall, 14 seconds behind world champion Sagan.
He was delivered to the line by his Team Sky squad on a day devoid of stress for the favourites for overall victory.
Colombia's Nairo Quintana, twice a runner-up to Froome, double winner Alberto Contador and Italian hope Fabio Aru also all finished in the main bunch.
"Who thought when I started cycling that I would have my name mentioned in line with Bernard Hinault and Eddy Merckx. It's pretty amazing," said Cavendish, who added that he thought he had won despite Greipel's celebration.
"I know when I win and lose a photo finish and I thought I had it but I still had to wait," he said.
Media playback is not supported on this device
"It was so hairy in the finish but we planned it and I knew I had to come from behind. I wanted to be behind Greipel. After I didn't win the first stage last year I was anxious, a bit like Andre today.
"My team-mates were phenomenal again. Bernie Eisel and Mark Renshaw did a fantastic job."
The Dimension Data rider, who is competing in his 10th Tour de France, picked up his first win on stage five in 2008.
Since then, he has steadily accumulated 27 more, including stage one of this year's race, to equal five-time Tour winner Hinault's tally.
Cavendish will never win the Tour de France because he will always lose time in the hillier stages, as happened on Sunday's second stage, but he will be remembered long after he is gone for his remarkable feats.
Sprint rivals Greipel and Marcel Kittel are the closest active riders to Cavendish; the Germans have won 10 and eight stages respectively.
Tinkoff rider Sagan spent much of the day on the front of the peloton chatting to fellow riders, enjoying his first ever day in the race leader's yellow jersey.
When the pace increased in the final 40km or so, he followed the wheels of his team-mates before finishing fourth in the sprint for the line to ensure he retained the overall lead.
"Today was a very relaxing day for us because in the breakaway there was only one rider," the Slovak said.
"He went slow, we went slow also in the group, it was nice. I was thinking in one moment that we would take a coffee, we had time. I saw a bar but afterwards there was no time."
The pace was largely pedestrian after French rider Armindo Fonseca made a solo break in the first metres of the race and the peloton allowed him to build up a lead of more than 11 minutes.
"There is a chance of crosswinds on stage four that can split the peloton as we head south across the flat lands."
Read more from Geraint Thomas' stage-by-stage guide
Tommy Voeckler, a veteran of 14 Tours de France, asked the permission of the peloton before setting off in pursuit of Fonseca, who rides for Fortuneo Vital Concept, with around 90km of the stage remaining.
The Direct-Energie rider, 37, quickly bridged what had become a five-minute gap but the break was never likely to succeed.
The duo were finally caught in the final 10km as the teams of the sprinters jostled for the best position on the run-in to Angers.
Tuesday's fourth stage is the longest of the race at 237.5km and takes the riders from Saumur to Limoges.
A sprint finish is again expected. There is a slight uphill kick to the finish line but should Cavendish be victorious he will move second on his own on the all-time list.
The BBC Sport website will have live text commentary from 12:00 BST with radio commentary from 15:00 BST.
Stage 3 result:
1.  Mark Cavendish (GB/Dimension Data)        5hrs 59mins 54secs
2.  Andre Greipel (Ger/Lotto)                  Same time
3.  Bryan Coquard (Fra/Direct Energie)
4.  Peter Sagan (Svk/Tinkoff)
5.  Edward Theuns (Bel/Trek)
6.  Sondre Enger (Nor/IAM Cycling)
7.  Marcel Kittel (Ger/Etixx - Quick-Step)
8.  Christophe Laporte (Fra/Cofidis)
9.  Daniel McLay (GB/Fortuneo)
10. Dylan Groenewegen (Ned/LottoNL)
General classification after stage 3:
1. Peter Sagan (Svk/Tinkoff) 14hrs 34mins 36secs
2. Julian Alaphilippe (Fra/Etixx - Quick-Step) +8secs
3. Alejandro Valverde (Spa/Movistar) +10secs
4. Chris Froome (GB/Team Sky) Same time
5. Warren Barguil (Fra/Giant) +14secs
6. Nairo Quintana (Col/Movistar)
7. Roman Kreuziger (Cze/Tinkoff)
8. Tony Gallopin (Fra/Lotto)
9. Fabio Aru (Ita/Astana)
10. Daniel Martin (Ire/Etixx - Quick-Step)

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The Team Sky rider, who lost time on stage 12 after he crashed twice, retains a 59-second lead over Italian Vincenzo Nibali.
Trentin easily won the final sprint and the Quick-Step Floors rider has now won three stages in this year's Vuelta.
More to follow.