Question:
this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

For instance you may be given '['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', '.']' and it should match with '['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', "Vintage bus enthusiasts in Glasgow have thrown open the doors of their collection at the the city's Bridgeton Bus Garage.\nThe garage was holding tours as part of the Glasgow Doors Open Days festival over the weekend - which allows the public access to buildings all over the city.\nThe Glasgow Vintage Vehicle Trust will also hold its own event in October, as well as running buses to the Riverside transport museum."]' but not with '['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', "Ond pa mor dda ydych chi am 'nabod eich Llannau? Rhowch gynnig ar gwis Cymru Fyw:"]'.

Question: Spanish giants Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid have been banned from registering players for the next two transfer windows.

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They have been punished by world governing body Fifa for breaching rules over the transfer of minors - both clubs say they will appeal.
The ban does not cover the current January transfer window.
Atletico were fined 900,000 Swiss francs (£622,000), while Real were told to pay 360,000 (£249,000).
Real said that the claim that they had signed foreign players under the age of 18 without being properly registered was "absolutely untrue".
"Real Madrid will appeal this decision of Fifa in all the sporting incidents, considering them absolutely inappropriate," said the club.
Real director general Jose Angel Sanchez called the ban "absolutely unjustified" and "totally unexpected", saying he had "high hopes" of overturning it on appeal.
Atletico said: "Our club is not in agreement with the sanction from international football's governing body and will study all the documentation we've received to present an appeal."
Barcelona were given the same penalty in April 2014 for breaching rules on the transfer of under-18 players.
That ban, which ended this month, did not stop the La Liga side from signing players.
They bought Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal in 2015, though both players were prevented from playing until the current window opened.
The next two transfer windows are July/August 2016 and January 2017.
BBC Sport's Simon Stone says the ban could have an impact on the futures of David de Gea, Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale and Sergio Aguero.
"All four have been linked with transfers involving Real Madrid," he said. "All four - and anyone else for that matter - could be affected by the announcement.
"If Real want to revive their interest in De Gea, whose deadline-day transfer from Manchester United last summer collapsed, or pursue Manchester City striker Aguero, they will do so knowing either man could not play until the 2017-18 season.
"Equally, if they decide to sell a Galactico, like Ronaldo or Bale, both of whom have been linked with Manchester United, Real know they cannot then bring in a high-profile replacement and immediately play them.
"On the face of it, it leaves the Spanish superpower in a state of flux, with new coach Zinedine Zidane only able to promote from within.
"Quite handy, therefore, they have secured 19-year-old Marco Asensio, currently on loan at Espanyol, Jesus Vallejo, 19, who has returned to Real Zaragoza on loan, and 17-year-old Norwegian Martin Odegaard from Stromsgodset.
"Odegaard is now in the Real Madrid B team Zidane managed before replacing Rafael Benitez as coach of the main side.
"Worth noting as well that Real Madrid do have a couple of options.
"They could spend the next 18 days on a recruitment campaign as the ban does not take effect until after the current window is closed.
"Or they appeal against the sanction and delay its implementation. Barcelona did this in 2014 and used the time to sign Luis Suarez."
Spanish football writer Andy West says few clubs "could be better placed to absorb a transfer ban" than the current La Liga leaders.
He says they boast "a deep squad and arguably the most talented batch of young players in Europe".
"Goalkeeper Jan Oblak (23), centre back Jose Maria Gimenez (20), midfielders Saul Niguez and Oliver Torres (both 21), and forwards Angel Correa (20), Luciano Vietto and Yannick Carrasco (both 22) are already established members of the squad.
"And perhaps as an indication that they had seen this news coming, they further strengthened in early January with the arrival of two central midfielders: Augusto Fernandez from Celta Vigo and Matias Kranevitter from River Plate.
"The only potential problem position is centre forward, where Jackson Martinez has struggled since signing from Porto in the summer and Fernando Torres has failed to score since September.
"Perhaps the answer will come from another of the club's talented young players: 23 year-old Borja Baston, scorer of 10 league goals this season during a loan spell at Eibar.
"But Atletico's biggest priority now will be ensuring they keep hold of their star player, French forward Antoine Griezmann, who is in talks to extend his contract with a new 100m euros (£75.4m) buy-out clause."
According to West,the bans are "huge news" in Spain, prompting "frenzied speculation" across the country's media.
"The website of influential sports newspaper Marca is dominated by the story, publishing five different stories within a couple of hours of the news breaking," he says.
"One of those speculates which loaned-out players Atletico and Real may look to bring back, while another article recalls how Barcelona managed to drag out the appeal against their ban to allow them to sign Luis Suarez and Ivan Rakitic in the summer of 2014.
"Another newspaper published in Madrid, AS, looks on the bright side by delivering an article which trumpets the 'incredible technical repertoire' of Real's teenage winger Marco Asensio, currently on loan at Espanyol.
"Barcelona's media, predictably, have a different approach, with Sport quickly publishing a story headlined: 'The signings Florentino [Perez, Real president] cannot make,' including Eden Hazard, Paul Pogba and Mario Gotze.
"And with the news being anticipated for several months, there has also been a fair degree of 'told-you-so', with El Partido De Las 12, a radio show on Channel Cope, triumphantly tweeting: 'We told you this would happen on 28 April 2015. The following day, Real Madrid denied it.'"

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Barca were banned from signing players in 2015 after being found guilty of breaching Fifa's rules on the transfer of players aged under 18.
They have signed 25-year-old Vidal on a five-year deal now but he will not be able to play until January 2016.
Vidal is set to replace Dani Alves at right-back, with Alves out of contract.
Catalan Vidal started his career with Barca's rivals Espanyol but left without making an appearance and was part of the Sevilla side who won the Europa League last month.
Barca, who won their fourth Champions League trophy in the last nine years on Saturday by beating Juventus 3-1 in Berlin, were given the ban for two transfer windows for breaking transfer rules.
Fifa rules state that international transfers are only permitted for players over the age of 18 - unless the player in question meets one of three qualifying criteria.


Question: A police officer who attempted to meet a 12-year-old girl for sex has been sacked.

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PC Nicholas Pool, of Cumbria Police, did not realise he was communicating online with an undercover officer.
A disciplinary hearing in Penrith dismissed the 29-year-old, of Newton Rigg, Penrith.
At Carlisle Crown Court last month, Pool admitted attempting to incite a girl to engage in sexual activity. He will be sentenced at a later date.
The hearing was chaired by Chief Constable Jerry Graham who said Pool's offences "undermined public confidence" and "brought discredit" on the force.
He added: "In light of all the evidence, it is clear PC Pool's moral compass is so distorted he is unfit to be a police officer and I have no hesitation in dismissing him."
The offences happened on 22 November and 11 and 12 December 2016 while Pool was off-duty.
He did not attend the hearing and is remanded in custody.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

When Andrew O'Neill, 25 and formerly of Skelmersdale in Lancashire, arrived in Wigan town centre on 19 April to "meet" 14-year-old "Alex" he was instead attacked and filmed by a group of men.
O'Neill admitted attempting to meet a girl under 16 and was sentenced at Liverpool Crown Court to 12 months.
A man arrested on suspicion of assault and blackmail was bailed last month.
The 25-year-old is due to answer to police bail in June.
An earlier hearing at Wigan Magistrates' Court heard O'Neill had booked a hotel room.
He lost two teeth after being attacked when confronted.
O'Neill managed to escape and report what happened to police, who arrested and charged him with attempting to meet a girl under 16 following grooming.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: Lots of you love your Christmas jumpers and may even be getting a new one this year.

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19 December 2015 Last updated at 11:06 GMT
But a school in Lancashire believes it has set a new world record for the largest group of people wearing Christmas jumpers at the same time.
Haslingden High School got together 1,431 adults and children.
The school is sending its figures and video to Guinness World Records to get official confirmation.
See them all together here.

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Well, it's time to put that knowledge to good use. Have a crack at this little quiz we've put together for you to do over a mince pie and a sherry this festive period.
Because some of these kits will hurt your eyes, we have thrown in the odd retro classic too. Enjoy!


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The fire that swept through Kenya's main international airport in August was caused by an electrical fault, not a terrorist attack, US investigators have confirmed.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Kenya asked the FBI to help with the investigation to allay concerns that the airport may have been attacked.
The fire gutted the arrivals terminal at Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.
It forced the closure of the airport, leaving many passengers stranded.
The fire was brought under control after about four hours.
The airport is a regional hub, serving more than 16,000 passengers daily,
The US ambassador to Kenya, Robert Godec, briefed President Uhuru Kenyatta about the FBI's findings at a meeting in  Nairobi.
"Kenya will work closely with international partners on all security matters for the common good of the country, the region and the world," Mr Kenyatta said.
He and Mr Godec also discussed last month's attack by the al-Qaeda-linked al-Shabab group on the Westgate shopping centre in Nairobi.
At least 67 people were killed when militants stormed the shopping centre and took control of it for several days.

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The blast occurred in the Kurla West area of India's financial and entertainment capital, causing a fire that engulfed the building.
Seven of those killed were students of the nearby Don Bosco Institute of Technology, local reports said.
Police are investigating amid mixed reports over what caused the blaze.
The Associated Press reported that there had been a cooking gas cylinder explosion, but local reports said fire officials were looking at faulty wiring as a potential cause.
The deadly blaze broke out at lunchtime with the restaurant packed with customers.


Question: England's teenagers are "significantly above average" in problem-solving skills, according to the results of international tests.

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After many disappointments in international school tests, these latest global rankings from the OECD put England in 11th place.
The OECD puts England as second highest in Europe, behind Finland, in tests of how pupils can apply their knowledge.
Singapore and South Korea were top in tests taken by 15-year-olds.
These problem-solving tests were taken at the same time as the Pisa tests, which compare how well pupils perform in maths, reading and science.
Rather than testing theoretical knowledge, the problem-solving tests examined how well teenagers could use their knowledge in practical questions.
For example, it presented pupils with a range of information about different types of train tickets and asked them to work out the cheapest price for a journey.
These problem-solving tests were an optional extra following the Pisa tests taken in 2012 - and were taken by 44 out of the 65 countries and administrations in the Pisa rankings.
About 85,000 pupils took these tests, as a sample representing 19 million 15-year-olds. In England, the sample was based on 137 schools.
It found that pupils in England were much better than their performance in Pisa tests, where they failed to make the top 20 in any subject.
The OECD's Michael Davidson suggested that Asian countries were particularly strong at learning information, but it seemed that pupils in England were above average at how this information was creatively applied.
The top performers remained Asian countries and education systems - but the Chinese city of Shanghai, which had been the top performer in Pisa tests, is ranked sixth in these more practical tests.
China does not compete as a whole country, but some of its cities and regions participate separately.
England's pupils' performance puts them above countries such as Germany, the United States and Sweden.
These problem-solving skills were going to be essential for the future job chances of young people, said the OECD's Francesco Avvisati.
Across the countries and cities taking part, boys were more likely to be among the top performers. But in England, there was no significant gender difference.
There were also big regional differences. Northern Italy had some of the best results in the world, while schools in southern Italy were far below average.
Colombia, Bulgaria and Uruguay had the lowest results.
Head teachers' leader Brian Lightman described the results as "excellent news".
"Graduates need core knowledge in subjects like maths and English, but they also need to be able to apply this to tackle complex and unpredictable tasks with confidence," said Mr Lightman, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders.
"Good problem-solving skills give young people an edge in the world of work and prepare them to move into top jobs and leadership positions."
A Department for Education spokesman said the test results showed the strength in problem solving.
"But they also confirm that generally those who perform best in maths, reading and science - Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong and South Korea - are also those who do best in problem solving.
"This connection between the core subjects and problem solving underlines why we are focusing on the basics in the rigorous new primary curriculum, and why reformed GCSEs and A-levels will have open-ended questions which encourage lateral thinking."
Problem solving test top 20

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England's Education Secretary Michael Gove said since the 1990s, test performances had been "at best stagnant, at worst declining".
Shanghai in China is the top education system in the OECD's Pisa tests.
Within the UK, Scotland outperformed England at maths and reading, but Wales is below average in all subjects.
Mr Gove told MPs that his reforms, such as changing the curriculum, school autonomy and directing financial support towards poorer pupils, were designed to prevent schools in England from "falling further behind".
He highlighted the rapid improvements that had been made in countries such as Poland, Germany and Vietnam.
Shadow Education Secretary Tristram Hunt called on Mr Gove to take some responsibility for the lack of progress and said the results showed that collaboration between schools and teachers was more effective than market forces.
Graham Stuart, chair of the education select committee, said the results were "extremely sobering" and showed that "we went nowhere" despite massive investment in schools.
But the Pisa results should not be used to "talk down our public education system", said Chris Keates, leader of the NASUWT teachers' union, who argued that high performing countries were those which promoted the professionalism of teachers.
In response to the particularly poor results in Wales, Education Minister Huw Lewis said: "Everybody working in and around the Welsh education sector needs to take a long hard look in the mirror."
Sir Michael Barber, chief education adviser for education company Pearson and former Downing Street adviser, said the test result "focuses minds in education ministries around the world like nothing else".
Try the Pisa test yourself
Singapore maths method
The Pisa tests - the Programme for International Student Assessment - have become the most influential rankings in international education, based on tests taken by more than 500,000 secondary school pupils.
These measure education standards in Europe, North and South America, Australasia and parts of the Middle East and Asia.
Tunisia was the only African country that participated.
The top places in the rankings are dominated by Asian school systems - although China so far does not participate as a whole country, but is represented by high-performing cities such as Shanghai and Hong Kong.
In the next set of Pisa tests it is expected that a wider range of provinces in China will be entered.
Shanghai's maths score is the equivalent of three years' schooling above the OECD average.
Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan are among the highest ranked across all subjects.
The OECD's Andreas Schleicher, in charge of the Pisa tests, has highlighted Vietnam's "star performance".
The South East Asian country has entered the top 10 for science and outperformed many much wealthier western education systems, including the United States.
The UK has made little progress and remains among the average, middle-ranking countries, in 26th place for maths and 23rd for reading, broadly similar to three years ago.
Source: OECD
But the UK has slipped in science from 16th to 21st place.
Although not directly comparable, because there have been different numbers of countries taking part, this marks a sustained decline, with the UK having ranked 4th in the tests taken in 2000.
Much of this falling behind has been caused by other countries improving more quickly.
The OECD figures show that there has been almost no change in the UK's test scores, with the results "flat lining".
Within the UK, Scotland has performed slightly better than England in maths and reading, with England higher for science. Northern Ireland is behind them both across all subjects.
But the biggest gap is between Wales and the other parts of the UK, adrift from most of the middle ranking western countries.
The lowest ranked countries in this international league table are Peru and Indonesia. The OECD says the gap between top and bottom of this global classroom is the equivalent of six years of learning.
Source: OECD
However Indonesia also appears as the country where the highest proportion of children say they are happiest at school. And the least happy pupils are in high-performing South Korea.
Finland, once an education superpower at the top of the rankings, has slipped downwards. Along with Sweden, Finland had the biggest fall in scores of any country in maths tests.
Sweden has fallen behind eastern and central European countries such as Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Estonia.
But Finland still has the highest position of any European country, fifth in science, the only non-Asian country in any of the top fives.
Among the strongest performances by English-speaking countries are Ireland, ranked 7th in reading, and Canada ranked 10th in science.
Chile is the strongest performer among South American countries, above the lowest-performing European country, Albania.
These Pisa tests provide an increasing level of regional detail and they show the huge variation within a single country.
In Italy, the region of Trento is one of the best in the world at maths, but Calabria is far below many European countries, the equivalent of two years behind.
Source: OECD
The US remains average or below average, below countries such as Russia and Spain, but individual states are high performers.
If Massachusetts was ranked as a country it would be sixth best in the world, ahead of any European country.
From a low base in previous years, one of the biggest improvers in maths and reading is Qatar, a country that has been a high-profile investor in education.
Katja Hall, the chief policy director of the CBI employers' organisation, said: "No issue matters more to the UK economy over the long term than the quality of our education system."
But she warned the results should be a "wake-up call" and that when UK schools are only "treading water" that the country's economic performance will suffer.
"High-performing schools are the best way to support economic growth and greater opportunity."
The OECD's secretary general, Angel Gurria, launching the results in Washington in the US, said: "It's more urgent than ever that young people learn the skills they need to succeed.
"In a global economy, competitiveness and future job prospects will depend on what people can do with what they know. Young people are the future, so every country must do everything it can to improve its education system and the prospects of future generations."


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Question: Two NHS trusts in the north-east of England are integrating their clinical services as they say it is "no longer safe" to continue duplicating them.

South Tyneside NHS Foundation Trust and City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust have formed a health alliance to reconfigure how they work.
The trusts say by working more closely together, the 430,000 patients will receive "high quality" health services.
But South Shields MP Emma Lewell-Buck called the decision "quite shocking".
The Labour MP said: "There's been no discussion with myself as a local member of parliament, but I think worse, it's absolutely disgusting that there's been no consultation carried out with the people of South Tyneside who use this hospital and use these services."
The trusts currently collaborate on clinical services such as stroke and paediatrics.
Both organisations believe to protect the future of healthcare across both communities, it requires "more significant transformation" of services.
Steve Williamson, chief executive of South Tyneside's NHS Hospital Trust, said: "What we've chosen to do is to come together in an alliance to make the most effective use of the resources we've got - that's I think, one of the key ways that we'll be able to make sure that we deliver sustainable, high quality health services in Sunderland and South Tyneside."
The South of Tyne Healthcare Group will see Sunderland focus on providing emergency surgical and planned services, with South Tyneside focusing on leading hospital rehabilitation and screening services.
Peta Clark, from the Royal College of Nursing, said: "It's important to remember that both trusts have already been working in partnership for a number of years.
"The NHS is facing huge financial pressures. So, by working together like this, both trusts can become more efficient. Hopefully this should free up more resources to allow the trusts to spend on frontline care."
Both trusts will continue to function as statutory NHS Foundation Trusts.

The region is spending £60m more a year than it receives in funding and income.
The figures are in a local NHS review which that found that services in the county were "struggling to deliver consistent, high quality care".
Changes suggested in the report include centralising more services in specialist treatment centres.
An example cited was the bringing together of cardiac services at the Lincolnshire Heart Centre, which opened at Lincoln County Hospital in 2013.
United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, which runs the unit, said that "survival rates for heart attacks are now among the best in the country".
Other recommendations in the report include calls for more care to be provided outside hospitals and better communication and better sharing of medical records.
The report also claimed that "more funding would not deal with the challenges in recruiting professionals into key health and care roles, including nurses, GPs, radiologists, paediatricians and other professionals".
Dr Sunil Hindocha, chief clinical officer at Lincolnshire West Clinical Commissioning Groups, said: "What we know is if we carry on doing things in the manner we are, then Lincolnshire's healthcare system is simply not sustainable.
"It is clear we are not getting the best for the population under the current configuration."
The report will form the basis of a public consultation later in the year.


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Question: A new organisation designed to make the NHS in England safer must have its independence guaranteed in law, a committee of MPs says.

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The Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) is due to begin work this autumn with a budget of Â£3.6m and will carry out about 30 reviews a year.
The MPs' report also calls for a single public inquiry into historical cases of avoidable harm in the health service.
The government says it has made legal provisions for HSIB's independence.
The cross-party Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee (PACAC) has been examining the work of the new body, which will sit within NHS Improvement (a body which oversees NHS Trusts) - a move which has been controversial.
A chief investigator will be appointed soon.
The aim is to model the "no blame" approach taken to investigating air accidents.
The hope is this will enable NHS staff, patients and their families to raise awareness about serious risks to safe care, and allow hospitals and other providers to learn from mistakes.
But patients' organisations have warned that this "safe space" should not be prioritised above guaranteeing openness and honesty with patients.
And the PACAC report warns the organisation will fail without new legislation.
Committee chairman Bernard Jenkin MP said: "We have consistently called for primary legislation to make HSIB fully independent, and to create a credible 'safe space' which will enable the NHS to properly learn from past mistakes.
"The secretary of state's decision to set HSIB up as an NHS quango as a permanent response to our recommendations was both disappointing and would be unacceptable.
"But the prospect of a secure legislative base will enable HSIB to emulate the successful air, marine and rail investigation branches.
"Were the present non-statutory arrangement to be regarded as permanent it would be an intolerable compromise."
Ministers have made no commitment to legislation, but say they will review how HSIB is working after two years.
Scandals at Mid Staffs and Southern Health Trust have highlighted failings in how the NHS responds to patients' complaints and deaths.
The MPs say the HSIB should be "an exemplar of high quality clinical investigations", with local NHS providers still carrying out the bulk of inquiries.
But the report warns there will be limits to what it can achieve, within its budget and remit.
The MPs also recommend that a single public inquiry selects and reviews historical cases of failings in the health service.
They say: "This should be seen in the context of other wide-reaching inquiries in recent years, such as the public inquiry into historic child sexual abuse, the inquiry into the Hillsborough disaster, and the Savile inquiry into the events of Bloody Sunday.
"The purpose of this single public inquiry would be to provide closure to those affected by patient safety incidents, which cannot otherwise be obtained."
Patient safety campaigners at the charity Action against Medical Accidents (AvMA) questioned whether the no-blame approach was the right one.
Its chief executive Peter Walsh said: "We believe that both PACAC and the government are wrong to prioritise the creation of a so-called 'safe space' for health professionals above guaranteeing openness and honesty with patients or their families about their own treatment.
"This would undermine public confidence in HSIB and run against the principle of the newly created duty of candour.
"Of course we do want to see protection of staff who do the right thing, but most health professionals would agree that denying patients access to the truth is no way to do that."
A Department of Health spokeswoman said: "The new independent HSIB will carry out investigations and share its findings to improve patient safety.
"We agree that the independence of the branch will be essential to its success, which is why we made explicit legal provisions for its independence when we set it up."

The watchdogs want higher profiles as bodies which can raise concerns about the NHS when things go wrong.
Peter Meredith-Smith, CHCs board director, admits public awareness is "poor" and a "real weakness".
"It is disappointing that we have been described as 'the best kept secret in Wales,'" he told BBC Wales.
The conference in Cardiff on Thursday marks the 40th anniversary of the watchdogs, but will set out challenges on how they need to change.
The CHCs believe too few patients know they exist and they also need to be easier to access and to work together more effectively.
"If the CHC is to effectively discharge its role as the patient watchdog for Wales, then the patient and the public need to know we exist, what we do and how to contact us," said Mr Meredith-Smith.
"Recent healthcare-related reviews have found that general awareness of CHCs is poor.
"That is a real weakness which we intend to address with vigour and it is a prominent factor in our three-year strategy."
Mr Meredith-Smith said the biggest concern of patients is pressures on accident and emergency departments.
Reorganisation of hospital services had led to concerns, especially in rural areas where distance and transport issues can be "exceptionally worrying".
The patients' watchdog is looking to work more closely with regulator Health Inspectorate Wales (HIW) in future.
CHCs will unveil a formal link with HIW, which is responsible for inspecting and regulating healthcare in Wales.
The patients' body has already held joint inspections at 38 GP surgeries last year during a pilot project.
The desire to revamp how they operate is set against a background of:
CHCs were scrapped in England but kept in Wales.
New legislation is also due to come into effect next month which aims to bring a more consistent approach in how the network of eight CHCs work across Wales.
The CHC board will be challenged with giving the organisation more of a focus.
It also hopes to work more closely with the Older People's Commissioner and the care social services inspectorate.


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Question: Nobody in the Panorama team had ever seen anything quite like it.

One of our producers, James Oliver, is a member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and the Belfast office where he works has investigated big data leaks in the past.
The Luxembourg leaks that Panorama investigated with French TV in 2012 contained 28,000 documents. And the HSBC files that we investigated with the ICIJ last year held 60,000 documents.
But the Panama Papers were on a completely different scale. Where do you begin when you have 11 million documents to look at?
This was a project that would take 10 months and the budget was stretched, so most of the searching fell to just two researchers.
David Thompson and Conor Spackman spent hundreds of hours going through document after document, as they searched for the journalistic needle in the haystack.
The data was fascinating and frustrating in equal measure.
One of Conor's first searches found Prime Minister David Cameron's late father and the offshore investment fund he helped set up.
But the vast majority of documents in the database were of little value. There were endless company formations, appointments of nominee directors, invoices for fees - the routine rubber stamping of the offshore industry at work.
Days, sometimes weeks, would go by with little of interest to report.
And it was easy to get lost in the information. A search on one individual might yield a couple of hundred documents. Halfway through searching through those, another lead might appear on someone else with another few hundred documents attached.
The opportunities to get diverted and distracted were limitless.
But slowly the stories started to emerge. There were 1,464 documents about four mysterious offshore companies run by Bank Rossiya in Russia.
They included dozens of suspicious contracts and loans that appeared to have been set up to siphon money from the state.
The owner of two of the companies was one of President Vladimir Putin's oldest friends - a cellist called Sergei Roldugin.
It was still a big task to unpick what was going on and it might have taken Panorama years to do it alone.
But the ICIJ has introduced a new, collaborative way of working. Almost 400 journalists around the world had agreed to help each other, rather than compete for exclusive stories.
This co-operation transformed the way we worked. David Thompson talked regularly to our colleagues in Germany and in Switzerland. They divided up the documents and the tasks between them.
If we needed some additional help in Russia, there were ICIJ colleagues we could call for help. The Guardian and the ICIJ shared their findings too.
This small team put the pieces together and uncovered a suspected billion-dollar money laundering scheme that led to the door of the Kremlin.
Similar collaborations sprang up all round the world.  Johannes Kristjansson from Reykjavik Media helped journalists working on the story about the secret offshore company owned by Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson with his wife.
When we needed an expert to explain the difference between tax avoidance and evasion in Panama, our Panamanian partner was happy to help.
The ICIJ set up a forum where all members were encouraged to share their stories and their ideas.
Journalists with mutual interests set up threads which any member could join. The titles give some idea of the range of stories being covered - Three UK Crooks, Oil for Fuel Scandal and Yachts, Vessels and Cruises to name just a few.
It was like being given the keys to the investigative candy shop. You could pick which stories you were interested in, take some advice and then plunge back into the documents to find the evidence.
Panorama doesn't take stories from third parties. We always investigate and verify every aspect of our programmes ourselves.
But through the collaboration of the ICIJ we had an extra layer of protection. As we came closer to broadcast, trusted partners started to exchange and check each other's stories.
We were grateful to the Swiss journalist Oliver Zihlmann and the German journalist Petra Blum, who spotted a potential problem in a particularly complicated part of the Russian story at the eleventh hour.
Extra pairs of eyes were needed, as we have rarely made so many complicated allegations against so many people.
We wrote to 11 people and organisations in the Russian story alone to offer them a right of reply. Most were extremely wealthy and more than capable of taking legal action if we made a mistake.
The pressure intensified last weekend. BBC News was fully behind the story and that meant a huge demand for material from radio, TV, online and social media.
The international collaboration paid off. The volume and quality of stories from our partners ensured that the Panama Papers dominated headlines around the world.
It feels like a sea change in the way investigative journalists work.
The reporters on the Suddeutsche Zeitung who obtained the leak could have kept the documents for themselves, but they may never have been fully investigated.
By sharing - rather than scooping - they created the biggest story about tax havens the world has ever seen.

18 May 2016 Last updated at 09:07 BST
It was a huge surprise for people who saw it and was caught on camera by police officers.
Watch the clip to see the meteor shoot through the sky.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Images courtesy of AFP, EPA, Getty Images and Reuters

A selection of the best photos from across Africa and of Africans elsewhere in the world this week.

Note: Medals per capita have been calculated using country populations from the UN Population Division, 2010 revision. Olympic Park visitor numbers are up to 9 August. Source: Locog, Guinness World Records, Dangerous Decibels Project, Action on Hearing Loss, UK Health and Safety Executive, UN Population Division, news agencies, BBC correspondents. Pictures: Getty, Reuters, AP, AFP.
Produced by Lucy Rodgers, Claire Shannon, Nour Saab, Luke Ward and Marina Shchukina


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: The families of the 11 men who died in the Shoreham air disaster are gathering before investigators publish their final report.

The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) will give conclusions on Friday.
Its report will not apportion blame but is set to look at the cause of the crash and make safety recommendations.
Leslye Polito, whose son Daniele died when a jet hit the A27 during the Shoreham air show in West Sussex on 22 August 2015, said she wanted answers.
The vintage Hawker Hunter jet crashed on to the dual carriageway, destroying several vehicles and bursting into flames.
The families are attending a private briefing on Thursday.
Live: More on this story and other news from Sussex
"I'm interested to know what the conclusions are in the report and to see if there is any new information. That's all I'm hoping for right now," said Ms Polito, from Worthing.
Pilot Andy Hill, 52, from Hertfordshire, who survived the crash, has been investigated for possible manslaughter.
Sussex Police said its investigation was continuing and officers awaited the AAIB report.
The Reverend Terry Stratford, associate priest of St Mary De Haura Church in Shoreham, where a service marked the first anniversary of the crash, said: "Once the report is out, people will be able to take it on board.
"But for the families, they are still facing up to the tragic deaths of their loved ones in terrible circumstances.
"Everybody - the families and the community - just want to know what happened."
James Healy-Pratt, a lawyer for the families, said relatives had waited patiently for 20 months and described the report as "a critical step on the journey to the truth".
But he said families understood questions would remain after the AAIB report that would better be answered by the coroner and police.
Inquest proceedings were delayed while West Sussex coroner Penelope Schofield awaited the AAIB report and police investigation.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary
Examples:

"['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'The story of Akong Tulku Rinpoche was screened at the Samye Ling site he founded in Eskdalemuir.\nA Remarkable Life covers everything from his birth in Tibet in 1939 to his murder in China in 2013.\nShortly before his death, he authorised the film to be made which was given its premiere in southern Scotland.\nAkong Rinpoche was installed as abbot of a monastery in eastern Tibet at the age of just four having been identified as the reincarnation of the previous abbot.\nWhen he was 19, with China having occupied Tibet and tensions between the countries at their height, he joined a freedom walk over the Himalayas to India.\nIt took 10 months and of the 200 people who started, only 15 survived.\nAkong eventually made his way to the UK in 1959 and acquired an old farmhouse at Eskdalemuir where Samye Ling was founded in 1967.\nThe film\'s executive producer Vin Harris told BBC Radio\'s Good Morning Scotland programme: "I think they travelled around lots of places, there was a story that it kind of reminded them of Tibet.\n"There was someone there who was running a spiritual centre and he was ready to move on so they basically took it over.\n"They were very much welcomed, particularly in Dumfries, Rinpoche made his family life there and had very good friends here."\nSamye Ling was the first Buddhist monastery to be founded in Europe and students later included David Bowie and Leonard Cohen.\nIt has now grown into a large complex for the study and teaching of Buddhism, with a vast temple at its heart.\nFrom there, Akong spearheaded a range of projects including  ROKPA International, which carries out humanitarian work in Tibet, Nepal, India and Africa.\nIt was while in China in October 2013 that he was murdered, aged 73, but before his death he authorised the film of his life to be made.\nIts premiere at Samye Ling was attended by the current abbot, Akong\'s younger brother Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche.\n"We feel that the film is more a message of hope actually - a celebration of his life," Mr Harris said.\n"It kind of focuses on the fact that putting compassion into action, rather than being a kind of luxury, is so effective.\n"We look at what, as a refugee, he achieved - setting up centres all over the world and helping thousands and thousands of people without compromising that value of compassion."']" == "['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', "A feature-length documentary film about the founder of Europe's first Tibetan Buddhist centre in Dumfriesshire has staged its world premiere."]"

Organisers said no firm plans could be made while investigations into the air crash disaster were continuing.
The victims were killed when a vintage hawker hunter jet crashed on to the A27, bursting into flames.
On Tuesday, the Civil Aviation Authority accepted a raft of measures recommended by crash investigators.
Show director Colin Baker said: "It would be quite wrong to even consider another air show when everyone is working hard to get the right result.
"We hope to be able to do another one, however it may not be exactly the same as it was."
He added that it was too early to say if there will be a show in 2018.
An inquest is yet to be held into the deaths.
Pilot Andy Hill, 51, survived and is being investigated for manslaughter.
The Air Accidents Investigation Branch is expected to publish its final report within the next few months, concluding its investigation into the accident.


Question:
represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

E.g.
"['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article:', "As the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge - plus the world's media - await the birth of a new royal baby, one woman who has devoted decades of her life to the Royal Family is more excited than most."]" == "['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'Mary Relph is on first name terms with the Queen which, for someone who is not an aristocrat, politician or celebrity, is no mean feat.\nIt is the result of years of loyally enduring snow, driving rain and the bone-chilling cold to see the Queen attend church on her Sandringham estate.\nHer popularity with the Windsors is such that, when Prince William and Kate Middleton married in 2011, the Duchess of Cornwall sent the 81-year-old a slice of wedding cake.\nMrs Relph, of Shouldham, Norfolk, had been unable to attend the public celebrations due to an injured back.\nThe piece of cake, inset in a specially-designed tin and wrapped in baking parchment, was accompanied by a hand-written note from the Duchess, who also sent her a "beautiful bouquet" after discovering she had a major cancer operation earlier this year.\nIn February, at Sandringham, the Queen also asked her if she "should be out in the cold" following her illness.\nSuch is the great-grandmother\'s dedication to her "hobby" she has only missed seeing the Queen at Sandringham three times since 1988 - once when her partner died, the second time when she fell down the stairs and most recently following her operation.\nSo far, she has seen three generations of royal babies grow up.\n"I am very excited to have another little royal baby here," she said. "I\'ve seen all the Queen\'s babies and have all their photos in books. Princess Anne\'s children, the Duke of Kent\'s - I\'ve followed them all.\n"But I have always liked Charles - I\'ve always had a soft spot for him. I used to watch Charles and Anne playing snowballs as children at Sandringham, they had little blue coats on. Yes, I go back a long way."\nAs the years have rolled by, the royal parenting approach has softened, according to Mrs Relph.\n"Charles had a bad deal when he was young as the Queen was always so busy, but the Queen Mother always favoured him a lot.\n"We are living in a different age now - William and Harry are more modern and so laidback."\nThe Norfolk country retreat has been a long-held favourite holiday location for both the Queen and her father, King George VI. But the newest addition to the Royal Household is expected to be brought up in the county as well.\nThe royal couple are believed to be living between Kensington Palace and Anmer Hall, near Sandringham, while Prince William works as a pilot for the local air ambulance service.\n"It\'s wonderful to have William and Kate in Norfolk, but I don\'t suppose we\'ll get anywhere near the house. I haven\'t seen George yet - I\'m still waiting."\nMrs Relph first began watching the Windsors when she was about eight years old. One of her earliest memories was spotting the Queen as a young princess standing with her sister Margaret on the steps of Sandringham church.\nDespite her advancing years, she still gets up early in order to secure the best vantage points for royal watching. As she gathers with the photographers and friends waiting for "the moment", the conversation will often turn to fashion, she says.\n"We talk about different things when we\'re waiting, but what the Queen is going to wear is always a hot topic.\n"Some people don\'t like it if the Queen has the same outfit on, one that they\'ve seen before. \'She had that on on so and so\' they say."\nA fan of nearly all the Royal Family, she said Princess Diana, an icon to many, never got her seal of approval.\n"I never really liked her, she used to look at you under her eyes," she said.\n"She always seemed to try and get one ahead of Charles. I never wished her any harm, but I wasn\'t keen on her."\nOver the decades Mrs Relph has also followed the royals to various locations across the UK, including regular trips to Balmoral and numerous events at Buckingham Palace.\n"For many years, Mary has been a familiar face for members of the Royal Family at Sandringham," a royal aide said.\n"As we prepare to welcome a new arrival, it\'s remarkable to think how her interest and goodwill have spanned the generations."\nMrs Relph has built up a large amount of memorabilia, including the royal wedding cake tin, more than 100 commemorative plates, hundreds of mugs, ornaments and thousands of photos.\nSome of these are signed gifts from celebrated royal photographer Arthur Edwards - a surprise guest at Mrs Relph\'s 80th birthday.\nShe hopes her next event will be the Trooping of the Colour in June. However, anyone wishing to reserve a spot should beware.\n"Two years ago I went and this American woman had blankets all around - I went and stood there and she looked at me and said \'I\'m sorry madam you can\'t stand there\'.\n"I said: \'Why not - I\'ve been standing here for years\'. She said: \'Well, I\'m saving these places for people\'.\n"There\'s this spot you go near the memorial so you\'re dead in line for the balcony and for when they come out to go over the Mall.\n"I held my ground - I\'d been there for years and years."']" != "['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'Two new pictures of the third in line to the throne have been released to mark the occasion on Tuesday.\nOne shows Prince George transfixed by a butterfly, while a second shows him with his mother and father, staring at an object above their heads.\nIn a statement the duke and duchess thanked people for their "warm and generous good wishes".\nThe couple said: "We would like to take this opportunity on George\'s first birthday to thank everyone over the last year, wherever we have met them, both at home and overseas, for their warm and generous good wishes to George and our family."\nThe duke and duchess are expected to hold a birthday party for the young prince on Tuesday at their Kensington Palace apartment.\nPrince George was first revealed to the public on the steps of St Mary\'s hospital in London on 23 July 2013.\nThe couple and their son were also warmly welcomed when they travelled to New Zealand and Australia on a royal visit.\nAn image of Prince George was released on Sunday and the new pictures published on Monday night complete the set.\nOne shows the young royal fascinated by a blue morpho butterfly, which has landed on his father\'s hand.\nThe other image shows the two future kings and the Duchess of Cambridge looking at an object above their heads.\nThe pictures were taken a few weeks ago at London\'s Natural History Museum by the Press Association\'s John Stillwell.\nJust like many of the other 2,200 babies born in the UK on the same day, last year, George Alexander Louis will mark his birthday with a party.\nHis though, will be at a palace and his guest of honour will be his great-grandmother, the Queen.\nPrince George offers the institution she has served for decades the prospect of renewal, but not - as things stand - for many years to come, after the reigns of his grandfather and his father.\nFor now, the emphasis will be on him leading as normal a life as possible - not easy when you\'re a prince growing up in a palace - and on shielding the child, destined to be a king, from too much public exposure.\nBut George will continue to fascinate and he will continue to be showered with presents.  A Kenyan women\'s group has given the baby prince, who will one day inherit the Duchy of Cornwall\'s 53,000 hectares, two fattened bulls, a heifer and a goat.\nSir Michael Dixon, director of the Natural History Museum, said: "It was a real pleasure to host our patron and her family earlier this month. They seemed to enjoy their visit, wandering through the tropical plants as brightly coloured butterflies took flight around them."\nThe duchess became patron of the museum in April last year.']"

Question: Former England defender Ashley Cole has agreed terms with Major League Soccer side LA Galaxy after leaving Roma.

Cole, 35, is free to join former England team-mate Steven Gerrard after his contract with the Italian club was terminated by mutual consent.
The ex-Chelsea and Arsenal left-back joined the Serie A side in July 2014 and made 16 appearances.
Capped 107 times, Cole has won three Premier Leagues, seven FA Cups, one Champions League and one Europa League.
Roma sacked manager Rudi Garcia on 13 January after a poor run of just one win since the beginning of November.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence:

The 36-year-old, who has won 103 caps, will play for a team managed by former Manchester United and England winger Steve Coppell.
Former Newcastle United, Aston Villa and Fulham central defender Hughes has been without a club since being released by Melbourne City in April.
Hughes played in three of NI's four games at Euro 2016 in France.
The veteran international was reported to be considering a contract offer from League One side Oldham Athletic earlier this month.
Hughes will have former QPR winger Antonio German and one-time Barcelona youngster Josu among his team-mates at the Blasters.
He will have to wait for his first taste of action for his new club as the Indian Super League does not start until October.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A woman who helped her husband evade arrest after he murdered a man with a crossbow has been jailed for two years.

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

Gwen Munkley', 55, from Wrexham, was convicted in June of perverting the course of justice and helping her husband supply drugs.
Her husband Anthony Munkley, 53 and Lee Roberts, 33,  were jailed for life for murdering Sion Davies in June.
Sion Davies, 25, died after falling from a balcony at Anthony Munkley's Caia Park estate flat last October.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

8 July 2016 Last updated at 22:24 BST
These are some excerpts of the recorded conversation when Marcus promises the victim, Hannah Casey, that the money will be returned.
She never received the money, and Marcus, 52, of Ashfield Avenue in Bushey, was subsequently jailed for four and a half years after admitting fraud.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: A Kelso man who sexually assaulted an 11-year-old girl has been jailed for four years.

John Rooney, 46, attacked the child, who cannot be named for legal reasons, at an address in the Borders between April 2009 and April 2010.
He was convicted of attempted rape following a trial last month at the High Court in Glasgow.
Judge Lord Stewart told Rooney, of Deanfield Place, that he had no option but to impose a prison term.
Rooney's advocate Victoria Dow told the High Court in Edinburgh that her client was a first offender who continued to deny attacking the girl.
She added: "He, however, accepts the verdict of the jury."
Lord Stewart told Rooney there was no alternative to a custodial sentence and jailed him for four years.

Bridget Leggat, 55, called police while her son was in prison, claiming to be the girl and made false rape claims in a bid to blacken her name.
Leggat was caught when the calls made in April and May 2013 were traced.
She admitted attempting to defeat the ends of justice and was ordered to carry out 240 hours of unpaid work.
At Glasgow Sheriff Court, Leggat, from Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, was also told she will be supervised for 12 months.
Her son, 30-year-old son Donald Kennedy, from Glasgow, was jailed for six years and four months last year after he admitted having sex with an underage girl and breaching an order banning him from contacting children.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A Sun reporter has been given an 18-month suspended prison sentence after being found guilty of paying for tip-offs from an anti-terrorism officer.

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary

Anthony France, 41, from Watford, was found guilty of aiding and abetting PC Timothy Edwards to commit misconduct.
France had followed an "accepted procedure" at the Sun of paying for stories, Judge Timothy Pontius said.
He is the only journalist who stands convicted by a jury under a probe into alleged illegal payments to officials.
During the trial, a jury at London's Old Bailey heard how France had a "corrupt relationship" with the PC Edwards - a Heathrow Airport officer - for more than three years.
PC Edwards sold 38 stories and tip-offs to France between March 2008 and July 2011 in exchange for more than Â£22,000.
Judge Pontius sentenced the reporter to 18 months in prison, suspended for two years, and to 200 hours of community service.
He described him as a journalist of "hitherto unblemished character" who was "essentially a decent man of solid integrity".
Judge Pontius said some of the articles that resulted from payments were "very much in the public interest", including stories about drunken airline pilots and drug smuggling.
However, others were "plainly chosen and published for their obviously salacious subject matter", he added.
Payments by France had followed "an accepted procedure that doubtless had existed for some time" at the Sun, the judge said.
Transactions went through an established procedure, he added, saying it was not a case of France handing over a "grubby envelope" in a dark corner of a pub.
"If there was a wrong culture, as clearly the jury found, it is not one of Mr France's making. It was inevitably created by others for their benefit and sustained by others for their benefit," Judge Pontius said.
France - who denied the charge - told jurors he had never been advised by anyone at the Sun that speaking to a police officer or a public official might be against the law.
PC Edwards - who pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office - was jailed for two years in 2014.
BBC home affairs correspondent June Kelly said a number of journalists from the Sun had been in court to support France during the hearing.
France, a crime reporter, had been prosecuted under Operation Elveden - the Metropolitan Police investigation into alleged inappropriate payments to police and public officials.
His conviction comes after charges against nine journalists accused of making illegal payments to officials were dropped by the Crown Prosecution Service last month.
However, when it announced the decision, the CPS said it was continuing the prosecutions of France, and two other Sun journalists in a separate case.

Paul Flattley was paid thousands of pounds for information on celebrities such as Paul Gascoigne and John Terry.
He also passed on details about the death of a 15-year-old girl.
Flattley was jailed for two years in March but it can only be reported now after a charge was dropped against the journalist accused of paying him.
The 30-year-old, from Stockport in Cheshire, leaked information while working as a police constable in west London. He passed on details between May 2008 and September 2011 about high-profile cases, as well as checking out tip-offs that the tabloid had received.
He pleaded guilty at the Old Bailey in March after he admitted taking Â£7,600 for information leading to nearly 20 stories being published by the newspaper.
Details of Flattley's sentence can be made public after a charge was dropped against the Sun reporter Virginia Wheeler.
This followed medical reports which had been sought by both the prosecution and defence.
Ms Wheeler's lawyer, Mr James Wood QC, told the court she would have fought the charges had the case gone ahead.
On one occasion Flattley tried to corroborate a rumour that Prince William was about to propose to his then girlfriend Kate Middleton by calling and questioning his former sergeant who was working as a close protection officer for the Royal Family. The officer did not disclose any information.
In 2009 Flattley tipped of the Sun about the theft of a handbag from royal Zara Philips' car, which led to the headline, "Zara Bag Blag."
Flattley, who joined the police as a special constable in 2005 and graduated top of his class, alerted the paper to stories after 999 calls had been made to the police.
He sold details about ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne being sectioned under the Mental Health Act and which police station Arsenal footballer Jack Wilshere was taken to when he was arrested for assault.
Other stories concerned pop star Mika when his sister fell from a window in Kensington and the boyfriend of singer Lisa Maffia being stabbed at the O2 Arena.
Flattley passed on the information regarding Mika's sister just over an hour after the incident and received Â£750 for the story.
He also passed on details linked to the drugs death of teenager Isobel Jones-Reilly.
The 15-year-old died in 2011 after taking ecstasy at an unsupervised party at the west London home of university lecturer Brian Dodgeon.
When Flattley informed the newspaper about the incident, only 40 minutes after it had been reported, Ms Wheeler replied: "This could be as big as Leah Betts" - a reference to the Essex schoolgirl who died after taking the drug in 1995. Her death prompted a national debate about the drug.
In a statement to the court, Isobel's mother Lynne Jones said: "It's very hard to comprehend that anyone would see fit to provide details about our daughter to journalists for monetary gain."
Flattley was also asked to check out false rumours about then-England footballer John Terry and former MP Ann Widdecombe.
He was convicted for misconduct in a public office, as part of the Met's Operation Elveden - the investigation into corrupt payments made by journalists to public officials sparked by the phone hacking scandal at the News of the World.
His two-year sentence is the most severe handed down so far.
Investigating officer Ch Supt Gordon Briggs, said: "Paul Flattley did not come on duty to serve the public, he came on duty to exploit them. He deliberately leaked information on 39 occasions."
Sentencing Flattley, Mr Justice Fulford told him his conduct as a police officer was "simply motivated by personal profit" and his actions would have a "corrosive effect on public trust and confidence".


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: The pilot of an aircraft which killed 50 people when it crashed - including a Cambridge woman - had a fake licence, an inquest has heard.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

All 44 passengers and six crew died when the Boeing 737 exploded on impact while trying to land at Kazan airport in Russia in November 2013.
Among those killed was 53-year-old Donna Bull who taught at Bellerbys College in Cambridge.
An inquest in Peterborough concluded she was unlawfully killed.
For more on this and other stories from Cambridgeshire
The court heard Ms Bull died of "multi-system body trauma" after the aircraft hit the ground nose-first at 280mph (450 kph).
The inquest was told the plane's captain had been a navigator with the now defunct Tatarstan Airlines and then got a pilot's licence with "no record of him having done any pilot training."
Coroner David Morris said: "Frankly, he shouldn't have been flying the plane. It's as simple as that.
"The circumstances here are so gross. He should never have been in the plane and you cannot get more gross than that.
"The pilot did not have a genuine licence, he was not properly trained, he had no experience in the particular manoeuvre.
"That, together with numerous systemic failures, led to her death."
Ms Bull had been travelling to Kazan for the start of a 10-day marketing trip.
The Russian city lies about 450 miles (720km) east of Moscow, from where the 23-year-old Tatarstan Airlines plane had taken off.
Kieran Mitchell, from Slater and Gordon, which represents the family, said: "It is quite extraordinary that an airline could have such a disgraceful disregard for human life."
A statement from Ms Bull's family said: "Donna was a wonderful, caring and devoted mother and daughter. She was the sunshine to all who knew her and there isn't a day that goes by that she is not missed. We miss her smile and arms around us."

Bin Laden's half-sister, Sana Mohammed Bin Laden, her mother, Raja Bashir Hashim, and his brother-in-law, Zuhair Hashim died in the crash on Friday.
The jet's pilot, Jordanian Mazen Al-Aqeel Da'jah Salem, was also killed.
An inquest into the deaths was opened and adjourned earlier.
The Saudi Arabian embassy said it was working with the British authorities to repatriate the bodies.
The Saudi-registered Phenom 300 private jet was attempting to land at Blackbushe Airport when it crashed on to dozens of cars and burst into flames killing all on board.
The airport reopened on Monday after it was shut over the weekend to allow for investigations.
Police are carrying out a joint investigation with the Air Accidents Investigation Branch.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: The West Coast Main Line is to remain closed until the beginning of March amid further delays to repair a crucial viaduct in South Lanarkshire.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence
Fewshot example: "['Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary', 'Surveys of a large forest near Loch Ness have recorded rare insect species, including a midge not previously found in the UK - that does not bite.\nThe work at Findhorn-based Trees for Life\'s Dundreggan Conservation Estate also found a pseudo-scorpion called knotty shining claw.\nThe charity said it was the first time the creature had been recorded in Scotland north of the River Tay.\nTwo rare kinds of gnats were also detected in the forest in Glenmoriston.\nThe name Dundreggan is derived from Gaelic\'s Dul Drea-gain - the Dragon\'s Haugh.\nFinds made in the latest surveys of the area, which were carried out last year, included:\nThe non-biting Chironomus vallenduuki does not pose the same irritation to animals, and human visitors to Dundreggan, as the vastly more common Scottish biting midge does.\nPrevious surveys have uncovered other hard to find invertebrates, and rarely seen behaviour by insects.\nThe previous discoveries have included species new to the UK such as a sawfly known as Nematus pravus and an aphid named Cinara smolandiae.\nA strawberry spider, Araneus alsine, found at Dundreggan in 2010 had only been recorded seven times prior to being found in the Highland forest.\nTwo years later, a biting midge was also observed feeding on a larger cranefly. This behaviour had not previously been recorded in Europe, according Trees for Life.\nAlan Watson Featherstone, Trees for Life\'s founder, said: "Dundreggan is a special part of the Caledonian Forest that keeps on revealing beautiful, interesting and rare species.\n"The surprisingly rich wealth of life in this corner of the Highlands highlights the importance of concerted conservation action to protect and restore Scotland\'s wild places."']" == "['Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details', '.']"

The route was closed north of Carlisle earlier this month after Storm Frank at the end of December caused damage to the Lamington Viaduct.
Engineers initially thought the repairs would be completed by 1 February.
They have now said the extent of the damage means the crossing will not re-open until the first week in March.
Phil Verster, managing director of the ScotRail Alliance said: "The damage caused by Storm Frank to the Lamington Viaduct has been very serious.
"Our engineers have been in a race against time to get the structure stabilised and prevent it from collapsing into the Clyde.
"Only now that we have won that race can we really see the full extent of the damage."
Over the coming weeks, engineers will install additional concrete supports on either side of the viaduct's second pier to strengthen the structure.
They will then install additional 8m-long rock anchors through the pier's foundations to support the structure from a much wider and lower base.
Structural repairs to the third pier will also be completed and the course of the river widened to reduce future water pressure on the structure before the steel bearings are replaced, the viaduct bridge-deck realigned and the track re-laid.
Mr Verster said engineers had been using "hundreds of tons of rock to divert and reduce the flow rates at the piers" of the viaduct "and an extraordinary amount of concrete just to stabilise the second pier".
He added: "Unfortunately the scale of the damage and the complex nature of the engineering challenges means that the repair is going to take longer than we initially thought.
"All of the train companies who operate services on the West Coast Main Line are working together to make sure that we keep goods and people moving.
"The temporary timetables and arrangements that have been in place for the past couple of weeks are going to have to continue."
The alternative bus and train routes in place to Carlisle have added at least one hour to journey times to England.
Mr Verster said it was "so important" for anyone travelling south to check their route details with the companies providing transport.
Phil Bearpark, Virgin Trains' executive director for operations and projects, said: "We have worked really hard with our industry partners in ScotRail and Network Rail to put a train diversionary service in place via Dumfries.
"This means that journeys take around an hour longer than normal but customers travelling between Glasgow and Carlisle are able to take a replacement train rather than a bus."
Liz Collins, interim managing director at First TransPennine Express, said: "We are continuing to provide services to and from Scotland, despite the ongoing repairs to the Lamington Viaduct.
"This means until the first week of March customers will need to catch a rail replacement coach in both directions between Edinburgh and Lockerbie, and in both directions between Glasgow and Carlisle.
"We understand this will add more journey time and we know it's a frustrating situation, however, we are providing the best service we can in these difficult circumstances and we will continue to get our customers to their destination."

Represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary.

Two trains carrying ballast for engineering work collided on the track at Logan, near Cumnock, two weeks ago.
Network Rail said a 130-tonne locomotive engine and 16 wagons were moved from the site by Friday.
Engineers are now working "round-the-clock" to repair the damaged track in time to reopen the line.
Before lifting the engine and wagons, engineers had to first construct a 350m-long haul road, and operating pad, for the 1,000-tonne crane which was required to remove the wagons and the locomotive.
The derailment happened on Saturday 1 August, when two freight trains collided while delivering materials to an engineering work-site on the line, which was closed at the time. No-one was injured in the incident.
The rail line between Kilmarnock and Dumfries has been closed during the work.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: Hotel chain Mandarin Oriental has confirmed that credit card data has been stolen in a hack attack on the company's network.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The data went astray from card processing systems in the company's hotels in the US and Europe.
Mandarin Oriental has not said exactly how many hotels were hit nor how much data has gone missing.
It said it was carrying out an investigation and would provide more details when it had them.
In a statement, the Mandarin Oriental Group said point-of-sale systems at some of the 45 hotels it runs had been infected with malicious data-grabbing software.
"While the group has leading data security systems in place, this malware is undetectable by all anti-viral systems," it said.
The statement said the malware had been removed as soon as it had been detected.
The hotel chain is working with security companies to find out how the malicious code got on to its systems in the first place.
An alert about the malware had been passed on to other hotel chains, it said.
As far as it could tell, said the statement, only credit card numbers had been stolen. Other security codes used in conjunction with payment cards had not been taken nor had any personal details.
It advised people who had stayed at its hotels in US and Europe to keep an eye on credit and debit card statements to spot anomalies.
In a blogpost, security expert Brian Krebs said the breach seemed to date to just before Christmas 2014. He added that the breach was spotted by tracing a pattern of fraudulent payments back to systems used at Mandarin hotels.
"It should be interesting to see how much the stolen cards are worth, when and if and they go up for sale in the underground card markets," he said.
"I'm betting these cards would fetch a pretty penny," wrote Mr Krebs. "This hotel chain is frequented by high rollers who likely have high- or no-limit credit cards."

In a statement, Kmart said the security breach was discovered on 9 October and that the malware had been operating since early September.
An initial investigation suggests the cyber-thieves stole credit and debit card numbers.
So far, it is not clear how many cards and customers have been affected.
In its statement, Kmart said no personal information, pin codes, email addresses or social security numbers were taken with the card numbers.
The malware has now been removed and the breach contained, it said, but it was continuing its investigation to gauge its full impact.
It added that there was no evidence that any of the card numbers stolen were being used to create counterfeit cards and land victims with bills for items they did not buy.
Despite this, Kmart said it would be offering free credit monitoring protection for customers to ensure any fraudulent use of their cards did not affect their credit score.
The US Secret Service, which leads investigations into financial fraud, is known to be investigating the case.
"I sincerely apologise for any inconvenience this may cause our members and customers," said Alasdair James, president of Kmart, in the statement.
News about the Kmart breach comes soon after the Dairy Queen restaurant chain revealed that some of its outlets across 46 US states were hit by hackers. Malware was used to steal names, card numbers and expiration dates of payment cards at 395 restaurants.
Many large US stores have been hit by attackers that target till systems in recent months. The largest attack was against Target in which thieves stole details of 40 million payment cards.
Shawn Henry, a former FBI officer, who is now head of security firm CrowdStrike Services, said retailers needed to do a better job of detecting breaches quickly before large numbers of payment data was stolen.
The computer networks of retailers were so large that attackers were more than likely to find a way in, he told Reuters.
"This is going to continue indefinitely until people change their practices," said Mr Henry.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Lewis Hamilton admits it will be difficult to overhaul the advantage his rival Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari has in the World Championship this season.

Vettel has won three of this year's six races and leads by 25 points heading into Sunday's Canadian Grand Prix.
Hamilton said: "It is going to take a lot for us to catch those points up but so much can happen in the season.
"There are 14 races left. It's too early to say we're on the back foot - it is so early in the season."
Hamilton added: "We are just not in our most comfortable position, but it doesn't mean we can't fight and win the championship. It just means it will be harder for us to do so than perhaps the others."
Montreal is one of Hamilton's favourite circuit and he has won five times in nine races in Canada but he said he did not regard this weekend as a must-win.
"If we don't win here, we have 13 races more to win," he said. "If we don't win here, we will focus hard to win the next one.
"This is just one circuit that has its own unique characteristics. Other circuits, with higher downforce, we have done well in Barcelona and China so there will be races where we are strong and perhaps not. We are going to try to make sure the car is quick everywhere."
Mercedes have been struggling to make their car work consistently, and are suffering particular problems getting the Pirelli tyres into their operating window.
This contributed to a difficult weekend at the last race in Monaco, where Hamilton qualified 14th and finished seventh.
Canada has similar characteristics, in that it has a low-grip, low-abrasion surface and lots of slow corners.
Hamilton said: "We are working hard to rectify the issues we had in the last race and we will attack this race. We have some unique bits on the car this weekend and it doesn't mean we can't take the fight to them."
Vettel said: "If it turns out to be a good weekend for us here, great, but it is a long year, the cars will change, there will be big updates coming, so important to stay there.
"At this point of the year I am not really bothered by the championship. We need to collect points, and if you win a lot of races you score a lot of points. Then later in the year we can be a bit more sophisticated."

With the news that Silverstone's owner, the British Racing Drivers' Club, has activated a break clause to cease hosting the race after 2019, would a home-grown winner lift the doom and gloom around F1's most famous circuit?
Jim Clark and Alain Prost may sit top of the pile with five British Grand Prix victories each, but Lewis Hamilton can draw level on Sunday - and equal Clark's record of four in a row.
With Valtteri Bottas picking up steam in Austria and Sebastian Vettel still ahead in the championship, predict who you think will be front of the grid.
Pick who you think will master qualifying for Sunday's British Grand Prix


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story.

Question: Eight people were taken to hospital after an "unknown substance" was sprayed through the window of a house.

A man wearing dark clothing sprayed the substance into a property on Skydmore Path in Slough before running away.
The victims - six females and two males ranging in age from 12 to 40 - were taken to hospital following the attack just after 17:00 BST on Sunday.
Thames Valley Police said it was not an acid attack.
South Central paramedics treated the victims for a range of issues, including breathing difficulties and vomiting.
They were taken to Wexham Park hospital in Berkshire as a precaution but did not suffer any serious injuries.
Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service also attended the scene.
The police are appealing for witnesses to come forward.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The people inside the house included an 11-month-old baby.
Just after 23:30 BST on Monday, masked men threw paint bombs at the house in Bloomfield Court.
Bricks were also thrown through two windows, one at the front and one at the rear. The police have appealed for information.


Question: represent the natural language

Question: Kenya's authorities have banned 126 teachers for "gross misconduct", most for sexual abuse of their students.

The governing body said the teachers would not be allowed to teach again.
They were found guilty after a disciplinary process, the Teachers Services Commission (TSC) said.
A Child Welfare Society of Kenya has urged the director of public prosecutions to ensure those convicted are imprisoned, to protect other children in future.
This ban is a departure from previous reactions to sexual abuse by teachers, says the Kenyan newspaper the Daily Nation, as it says previously the TSC just transferred suspended teachers.
The list is compiled from complaints between 2011 and 2014.
Before this, in 2010, more than 1,000 Kenyan teachers were sacked for sexually abusing girls. Most of those cases occurred in rural primary schools.
Africa news updates

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The headteacher of the school, in the town of Mbeya in the southwest of the country, has been suspended.
In the short video clip, which was widely shared on social media, several men are seen forcing the boy to the ground with kicks and slaps.
Corporal punishment is illegal in Tanzania.
A BBC News correspondent says this incident is likely to generate a heated debate about the extent to which the law is being implemented in the country's schools.
Africa Live - BBC
The 38-second footage has raised outrage online, with Tanzanians demanding that the government take action against the culprits. Several Twitter users shared their dismay with the hashtag #ArrestMbeyaSecondaryTeachers.
The video appears to have been filmed in a staff room, and the victim is believed to be around 16 or 17.
Tanzania's Home Affairs Minister, Mwigulu Nchemba, said the government had sent a team of investigators from the ministry of education and security to probe the incident at Mbeya Day Secondary School.
A government statement said the headteacher, Margaret Haule, had been suspended for "not taking action even after being aware of the incident".
The assault was allegedly filmed on 28 September by a teacher not involved in the beating, who has also been questioned about it.


Question: British-educated Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani was named emir of Qatar after his 61-year-old father, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, announced his abdication as leader of the gas-rich Gulf state in June 2013.

Sheikh Hamad's abdication broke the mould of Gulf politics, where rulers traditionally remain on the throne until they die. Sheikh Tamim, 33,  presents a younger face as ruler, at odds with the older generations in neighbouring states.
Nevertheless, under Sheikh Tamim's rule Qatar is expected to continue on the path set by his father, with his mother, Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned, remaining one of the key driving forces in the country's politics.
Taking over from his father, whose 18-year rule was marked by the emergence of Qatar as an influential player on both the Gulf and world stage, Sheikh Tamim's elevation to emir marks the confirmation of the Al Thani dynasty's grip on power in Qatar.
Al Thani family members hold many key posts in the country's government, and the smooth transition to a new emir underlines a desire for stability in an unpredictable region.
Qatar became an influential regional player under the rule of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa, backing the Arab Spring revolutions and siding with rebels fighting against authoritarian governments in Syria and Libya.
It is also home to the Al-Jazeera TV channel and it has won the right to host the 2022 football World Cup.
Sheikh Tamim was born in Doha in 1980, the fourth son of Sheikh Hamad. He became the Gulf state's heir apparent in 2003 after his older brother Jasim renounced his claim to the throne.
The young Tamim was sent to Britain for his education at Sherborne School in Dorset. Sherborne's only overseas branch now operates in Doha.
After achieving his A-Levels, he followed his father's example by attending the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst.
He graduated in 1998 before being inducted into the Qatari armed forces as a Second Lieutenant. He was appointed deputy commander-in-chief of Qatar's armed forces in 2009.
It is as a sports administrator that the young sheikh has excelled. In 2006, readers of the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram voted him "the best sport personality in the Arab world". That year he chaired the organising committee of the 15th Asian Games in Doha, attended by all member countries for the first time.
A member of the International Olympic Committee, Sheikh Tamim also heads Doha's bid for the 2020 Olympic Games.
As well as the Fifa World Cup, Qatar will also host the 2014 Fina (International Swimming Federation) Swimming World Championships. In addition, Qatar Sport Investments, established by Sheikh Tamim in 2005, owns big-spending French football club Paris Saint-Germain.
Which sports most interest the new emir is unclear, but he has been filmed playing badminton, and seen 10-pin bowling with former Egyptian military chief Mohammed Hussein Tantawi.
Other posts held by Sheikh Tamim include chairman of the Supreme Council for the Environment and Natural Reserves, chairman of the Supreme Education Council, and chairman of the board of directors of the Qatar Investment Authority.
In 2005, Sheikh Tamim married his second cousin Sheikha Jawaher bint Hamad bin Suhaim Al Thani. They have four children.
A second marriage in 2009 to Sheikha Anoud bint Mana al-Hajri brought two further children - in total, three sons and three daughters.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. For more reports from BBC Monitoring, click here. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.

1700s - Migrants establish pearling and trading settlements along the coast of present-day Qatar.
Qatar became the first Arab country to host the Asian Games in 2006
1867 - Conflict with neighbouring Bahrain over territorial claims; Doha is all but destroyed.
Seeds of independence are sown when Britain signs a treaty which recognises Qatar as a separate entity, rather than a dependency of Bahrain.
1871-1913 - Turkish Ottoman forces establish a garrison at the emir's invitation.
1916 - Deal signed under which Britain controls Qatar's external affairs in return for guaranteeing its protection.
1939 - Oil reserves discovered. Exploitation is delayed by World War II, but oil comes to replace pearling and fishing as Qatar's main source of revenue.
1950s - Oil revenues fund the expansion and modernisation of Qatar's infrastructure.
1968 - Britain announces that it will withdraw its forces from the Gulf; Qatar negotiates with Bahrain and present-day United Arab Emirates on forming a federation.
1971 - Qatar becomes independent on 3 September.
1972 - Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani takes power in a palace coup after infighting in the ruling family.
1990 August - After Iraq invades Kuwait, Qatar says it will allow foreign forces on its soil. Qatari troops later take part in the liberation of Kuwait.
1995 - Sheikh Khalifa deposed by his son, Hamad, in a bloodless coup.
1996 - Al-Jazeera satellite TV launches, as an independent channel funded by the emir. Based in Qatar but broadcasting to much of the Arab world, it establishes a reputation for its news coverage and willingness to tackle controversial issues.
1999 - Municipal elections, the first democratic polls since 1971, mark the start of a democratisation programme.
2000 February - A cousin of the emir and 32 other people are jailed for life for planning a foiled coup in 1996.
2001 March - Qatar settles long-running border disputes with Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
2002 - Qatar looms large in US plans for a possible war against Iraq. Its al-Udeid air base is developed and expanded. Washington says it will deploy US Central Command staff to Qatar.
2003 March-April - Qatar-based US Central Command forward base serves as the nerve centre in the US-led military campaign in Iraq.
2003 April - Voters approve a new constitution, which provides for a 45-member parliament with 30 elected members and the rest selected by the emir.
2003 August - In a surprise move, the emir names his younger son Prince Tamim as crown prince, replacing his other son Prince Jassim.
Doha was transformed by oil money
2004 February - Former Chechen president Zelimkhan Yanderbiyev is killed in an explosion in Doha, where he had been living. Qatar hands life sentences to two Russian agents over the killing; relations with Russia deteriorate. The pair are extradited to Russia in late 2004.
2005 March - A car bomb at a theatre near a British school in Doha kills one Briton and injures 12 other people.
2005 June - Qatar's first written constitution comes into effect, providing for some democratic reforms.
2005 November - Qatar and the US launch a $14 billion joint project to build the world's largest liquefied natural gas plant. Most of the gas will be exported to the US.
2007 September - Qatar and Dubai become the two biggest shareholders of the London Stock Exchange, the world's third largest stock exchange.
2008 March - St Mary's Roman Catholic Church becomes the first official Christian church inaugurated in Qatar. Christians were previously not permitted to worship openly.
2008 December - Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree final delineation of borders and pledge to boost co-operation after diplomatic relations restored in March.
2009 January - Qatar cuts trade ties with Israel over Gaza offensive. Was sole Gulf state to have trade ties with Israel.
2010 December - Qatar wins bid to host 2022 Fifa World Cup.
2011 March - Qatar joins international military operations in Libya.
2011 April - Qatar hosts meeting of international "contact group" on Libya, which calls on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to quit.
Qatar reportedly arms Libyan opposition.
2011 November - Emir Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani says elections to the advisory council will be held in 2013, in what would be Qatar's first legislative elections.
2012 January - The Afghan Taliban say they are setting up a political office in Qatar to facilitate talks.
2012 October - Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al Thani visits Gaza, the first head of state to do so since Hamas took power there five years previously.
2013 June - Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani takes over as emir after his father abdicates.
2013 October - Court upholds 15-year jail sentence for poet Mohammed al-Ajami who was convicted of inciting people to overthrow government.
2014 March - Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and the UAE temporarily withdraw their ambassadors from Qatar after alleging that it has been meddling in their internal affairs.
2014 September - Qatar and four other Arab states take part in US-led air strikes on Islamic State militants in Syria.
2015 March - Qatar and four other GCC states take part in Saudi-led air strikes on Houthi rebels in Yemen.
2016 March - Human rights group Amnesty International, says in a new report that migrant workers employed on construction sites for the 2022 football World Cup in Qatar, face systematic abuse which sometimes amounts to forced labour.
2016 December - Government says it is abolishing the controversial labour sponsorship system or "kafala" that forces foreign workers to seek their employers' consent to change jobs or leave the country.
2017 June - Diplomatic crisis as Saudi Arabia leads an air, land and sea blockade by Arab countries, in an attempt to get Qatar to cut its alleged connections with terrorism and distance itself from Iran.


Question: represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Labour is keen to make the involvement of private health providers in the NHS an election talking point.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Ed Miliband claims that David Cameron is heading a drive to privatisation which will continue if the Conservatives remain in government.
Hence his announcement of a profits cap if he gets to Downing Street after 7 May.
But what does the political rhetoric around the new Labour policy add up to?
Mr Miliband talks of "excess profitsâ€¦draining money away from the National Health Service".
This argument will resonate with those who are suspicious of, or totally opposed, to the involvement of private companies in the NHS.
They believe that a private operator has to take a profit margin that is money which would otherwise be invested in front line healthcare.
The Labour leader's newly announced policy of limiting profits to 5% on contracts over Â£500,000 plays to a gallery which sees the future governance of the NHS as a defining issue in the campaign.
But it's not clear that floating voters are concerned where their treatment comes from as long as it's effective, under the NHS umbrella and free at the point of delivery.
The devil, as always, will be in the detail.
Mr Miliband has not spelled out how widely the net will be cast.
Will it, for example, include dentistry, pharmaceuticals and the private finance initiative? Will it include suppliers of medical technology and equipment?
What about beds booked in care homes by NHS commissioning groups?
A 5% profit margin is above what cleaning and catering contractors can expect at the moment.  Setting a cap might encourage them to demand a higher return and up their prices to the 5%.
Perverse outcomes can sometimes follow attempts to set limits on privately negotiated contracts.
Private providers of clinical services are likely now to require a return of more than 5% if they enter the bidding process.
Such contracts often need up-front investment in equipment and staff training, which can be delivered only with a profit margin that takes account of the costs and risk.
So it's more than likely that a profit cap will deter some operators from tendering for NHS work.
There is wiggle room within Labour's proposed 5% limit.
Local commissioning groups would have the right to lower or raise it to address "specific issues relating to as particular contract" as long as they can justify their decision.  In other words the cap does not amount to a hard and fast rule.
The big picture for the NHS over the next five years is steadily increasing demand for care and a service already close to full stretch.
A similar proportion of private provision as now (around 6% of the NHS budget in England) might be needed to cope with that rising demand.
Whatever the campaign rhetoric, the reality could be that a profit cap is not rigidly enforced.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article!

It said the changes - costing Â£226m - would be phased in, with charges not ending completely until a second term of a Plaid Welsh government.
The party also unveiled plans to abolish Wales' health boards and place major hospitals under one body.
Labour warned it would mean "years of chaotic and costly reorganisation".
Plaid Cymru health spokeswoman Elin Jones said an anomaly currently exists where NHS care is free but social care is means-tested.
"A person receiving a cancer diagnosis can expect the majority of care to be free, whilst a person receiving a dementia diagnosis can expect to be means-tested and pay for a vast amount of their care," she said.
"Plaid Cymru will equalise this care.
"Plaid Cymru will deliver free personal care for the elderly and those with dementia, with a view to extend this to deliver free care for all."
Earlier, Ms Jones revealed proposals to put local councils in charge of community services, such as GPs' surgeries, district nurses and mental health, arguing delays to treatment would be reduced by integrating much of the health and social care system.
"Navigating the complexities of the health and social care system in its current form is confusing and time-consuming for patients, many of whom are in a vulnerable state," she said.
"Anyone who has waited for their social care package to be implemented, or who has a family member who has needed to move from health to social care services, will know that there are often long delays whilst they wait for bureaucratic decisions to take place."
The last re-organisation of the Welsh NHS was in 2009 when 22 local health boards and seven trusts were replaced by the seven current health boards.
Under Plaid's re-organisation proposals, which the party said could take three years to bring in, responsibility for planning and running acute and specialist hospitals would be carried out by one national hospital board.
Local authorities would manage community services, but the party said some larger authorities could devolve responsibility to large groups of GPs.
The plans were ridiculed by the Welsh Labour government as "the end of the NHS as we know it",
A spokesman for Health Minister Mark Drakeford said: "Plaid is proposing little more than the break up of the NHS and condemning the health service to years of chaotic, confusing and a hugely costly reorganisation with these nonsensical plans to give local politicians direct control of planning community services, including GP care and mental healthcare, at a time when money should be invested in frontline services."
Conservative shadow health spokesman Darren Millar said "another expensive change" was not the answer to the "significant problems" facing the Welsh NHS.
Plaid believe this proposal will achieve something that has achieved Holy Grail status whenever reform of the NHS is discussed; the integration of health and social care.
The inevitable criticism will be that major re-organisation is the last thing the NHS needs at a time when it is already under severe pressure.
And it would put major new levels of responsibility and power into the hands of councillors at a time when re-organisation of local government is on the agenda as well.
The party acknowledges major re-structuring like this will be costly, but insists it can be offset by savings that could arise from the creation of a more seamless service.
All eyes will now be on the potential cost of any proposals to pay for social care, which is clearly what the party would like to do.