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Provided: ['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'A shortage of HIV testing could undermine global efforts to diagnose and treat people with the infection, warn experts from the World Health Organization.'] Match: ['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'They looked at responses to annual surveys that the WHO had sent to 127 countries between 2012 and 2014 asking about capacity and usage of blood tests that check HIV status and health.\nThey found worrying gaps in provision.\nThey warn that United Nation targets for HIV could be missed as a result.\nThe targets say that by 2020, 90% of all people living with HIV should know their HIV status, 90% of those diagnosed should receive antiretroviral therapy and 90% of these treated patients should have "durable viral suppression" (a measure of effective treatment).\nLaboratory testing is vital to meet and monitor these aims.\nBut Vincent Habiyambere and his colleagues say in the journal PLoS Medicine that some low and middle-income countries, including African countries where the HIV burden is high, are not yet geared up for the challenge.\nThe surveys were sent to:\n• all 47 countries in the WHO African Region\n• 33 countries in the WHO Region of the Americas\n• all 21 countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region\n• eight high-burden HIV countries in the WHO European Region\n• all 11 countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region\n• seven high-burden HIV countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region\nOver the three survey years, 55 (43%) countries responded to all three surveys, 35 (28%) to two surveys, 25 (20%) to one survey, and nine (7%) responded to none of the three surveys.\nTesting provision did improve over the years, but shortfalls remained in some parts of the world.\nReasons for the gaps in provision included lack of reagents, equipment not being installed or maintained properly and inadequate or absent staff training. In some laboratories, machines were not serviced regularly. In others, machines broke down and were not covered by contracts to be serviced or fixed.\nDr Habiyambere and his team say: "A national laboratory strategic plan to strengthen services must be developed, implemented, and monitored by governments and their national and international partners.\n"The focus of the international community, to ensure optimal use of laboratory technologies, should be on those countries where interventions for scaling up access to HIV diagnostic technologies are most needed."\nThey acknowledge that they did not look at private sector testing and that some countries might rely more heavily on this than others.\nIn an accompanying editorial, HIV experts Peter Kilmarx and Raiva Simbi say the findings show some programmes may have been "overly focused" on buying equipment without planning for how it would be used and maintained.\nIn Zimbabwe, for example, only 5.6% of HIV patients on drug treatment in 2015 received regular blood checks to monitor their viral load - far fewer than the goal of 21%.\nThis was largely down to problems with resource mobilisation and specimen transport as well as equipment procurement, they say.\n"Strong leadership, resources, planning, and management are needed to scale up laboratory services," they conclude.'] Hard Negative: ['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence', "20 July 2016 Last updated at 08:43 BST\nBetter education, the availability of drugs that fight the spread of the virus and the prevention of HIV transmission to newborn babies have all played a role.\nBut it is proving stubborn to get rid of.\nAs South Africa hosts a major HIV-Aids conference, the BBC's Karen Allen has been to one of the country's HIV hot spots in KwaZulu-Natal."]

Question: Olympic champion Katherine Grainger is in danger of missing out on a fifth Games in Rio after her partnership with Vicky Thornley was dissolved.

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The 40-year-old won gold in London with Anna Watkins after three consecutive silvers and was expected to be selected in the double scull again this summer.
But the Scot and Wales' Thornley, 28, have struggled since winning European bronze last year.
"It has put my Olympic place in the balance," Grainger said.
Speaking to The Sunday Times, she added: "I've never been in this position before, not having a seat in a boat so close to an Olympics. But I don't want to walk away from it now."
Grainger - Britain's most decorated female Olympian alongside swimmer Rebecca Adlington - returned in September 2014 following a two-year sabbatical in the aftermath of the London Games.
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In the absence of the retired Watkins, Grainger was paired with Thornley and the duo finished sixth at the World Championships last September to qualify the boat for Rio.
However, their failure to make the podium at this year's European Championship earlier in May precipitated the end of their partnership, with the news broken to the pair on Friday.
British Rowing confirmed that both Grainger and Thornley will "be given the opportunity to be considered" for a place in the eight, but face a tough task after the current crew earned European gold in Brandenburg.
"The double has been very close to my heart so I'm very sad about the decision," Grainger added. "Defending the title was a driving factor in me coming back.
"If we can help to make the eight faster, it's a very exciting opportunity. But it has been made clear to us that we will have to earn our places."

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Alex Gregory, George Nash, Mo Sbihi and sub Callum McBrierty overhauled Australia in the final two strokes to win by 0.27 seconds.
There was also silver for the men's quad and bronze in the men's pair.
Perhaps the most surprising result came in the women's eight, with the crew adding a silver to their European gold.
Even with a sub on board, the four won't be happy but that was still a very good result
That came amid speculation that two of their number could be dropped for the Rio Olympics to accommodate Katherine Grainger and Vicky Thornley.
"There's a selection question but this crew is capable of winning gold at Rio," cox Zoe de Toledo told BBC Sport.
"If it's made stronger, great, but if this is the crew we have I'm really excited about the next few months."
Britain were denied a predicted gold medal in the opening final of the day when Olympic champions Heather Stanning and Helen Glover pulled out of the pair.
Stanning was one of several members of the squad who fell ill overnight, with Peter Lambert also stricken by a bug.
However, the quad still delivered a silver in his absence, with Jack Beaumont joining Sam Townsend, Angus Groom and Graeme Thomas to hold off a late challenge from Switzerland and claim second behind Australia.
"That was proper last-minute stuff - an hour-and-a-half before - and we did our first stroke in the warm-up and nearly capsized," Townsend told BBC Sport.
The European Championship-winning four were also rowing with a substitute after Constantine Louloudis pulled out earlier in the week and struggled before one of the Australians caught an oar in the water in the second last stroke.
"I actually thought we'd lost it on the line because the Australians were shouting," said replacement McBrierty.
Nathaniel Reilly-O'Donnell and Matthew Tarrant completed Britain's medal haul with bronze in the pair, having finished behind New Zealand in the same time as the Dutch runners-up.
Britain sealed their first gold of the regatta on Saturday through the non-Olympic lightweight men's pair of Sam Scrimgeour and Joel Cassells.


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Question: Speaking to the European Parliament, Jean-Claude Juncker categorically ruled out any re-negotiation of the Paris climate agreement.

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The European Commission President said: "We have spent 20 years negotiating", and now was the time for implementation.
US President Trump has claimed that the accord could be amended and made more palatable to his country.
Mr Trump announced earlier this month that the US would leave the pact.
In his remarks to MEPs, Jean-Claude Juncker described the US decision as not just a sad event, "it is a sign of abdication from common action in dealing with the fate of our planet".
The US "abandonment" will not mean the end of the agreement, he said, but would make the world more united and determined to work towards the accord's full implementation.
He was very clear there would be no attempt to amend the agreement.
"The European Union will not renegotiate the Paris Agreement," Mr Juncker said.
"The 29 articles of the agreement must be implemented and not renegotiated. Climate action does not need more distractions. We have spent 20 years negotiating. Now it is the time for action. Now it is the time for implementation."
The president of the Marshall Island, Hilda Heine, also addressed the parliamentarians, meeting in Strasbourg. She re-iterated her view that the Paris agreement was set in stone.
"We cannot do better (than Paris), and we don't have the luxury of more time," she said.
She urged the EU member states and other countries to use the three years before the US pulls out of Paris to try to convince President Trump of the importance of climate action.
She also called on Europe to adopt harder goals when it comes to cutting emissions of carbon dioxide.
"We will not stay within 1.5C unless Europe and others move before 2020 to raise ambition." The bloc should adopt five-year climate targets instead of the current 10-year plans, she said.
By a huge majority the EU Parliament voted on Wednesday in favour of binding national targets for cutting emissions from areas including transport, agriculture and waste management. These areas are not covered by Europe's emissions trading scheme.
The move forms part of the EU's strategy for getting emissions down by 40% in 2030 below 1990 levels.
"Today's vote gives a crystal clear signal to Donald Trump: Europe acts on its commitments under the Paris agreement and seizes the opportunities of green growth, with or without you," said Gerben-Jan Gerbrandy, the Dutch MEP who helped guide the law through the parliament.
"Almost all political groups have backed a strong and ambitious climate law."
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"I don't see any relation between what we are signing today and the Brexit issue." (Speaking to reporters while arriving for the signing of the EU-Canada trade deal, via Reuters, 30 October)
"I believe you have to respect this referendum result. It is above all up to the British to find their own way in this situation. I believe we would be making a mistake if we, the commission, conducted the negotiations to ensure that at the end of the day, the British hold a second referendum." (Interview with the Austrian newspaper Der Standard, 31 October)
"[The EU's four basic freedoms] will be the basis on which we conduct negotiations. We have to take two things into account: First, the need to ensure that our relationship with Britain remains positive and friendly, and the loss of momentum for the economy is kept to a minimum, because Britain is a key trade partner. On the other hand, we have to keep the 27 [non-UK] member states together and not set standards that allow everyone in Europe to cherry-pick what they happen to want." (Press statement on the annual report by Germany's Council of Economic Experts for 2016/17, 2 November)
"We should conduct these talks with Switzerland as if the Great Britain issue never existed. I can only say that the German position hasn't changed with Great Britain's decision. These are two completely different issues." (Speaking about the Swiss-EU talks on the free movement of people, at a joint news conference in Berlin with Swiss President Johann Schneider-Ammann, 2 November)
"There is still a chance to prevent an exit, or at least negotiate a successor agreement that minimises the damage for both sides, through constructive negotiations." (Annual report for 2016/17)
"The other side of this argument may well get quite vicious after a while, because there are those around the European table who take a very poor view of the fact that Britain decided to leave. That argument, I think, will be fought very toughly, in a really difficult negotiating sense." (Speaking at the All-Island Civic Dialogue on Brexit, 2 November, via The Irish News)
"If it becomes obsessed with what the UK might or might not get, then Europe itself loses the plot." (Speaking at the All-Island Civic Dialogue on Brexit, 2 November, via The Irish News)
"What the British don't seem to understand is that many of the countries in Eastern Europe are deeply hurt and angry at the outcome of the Brexit referendum, particularly at the way their nationals were targeted as undesirable immigrants." (Speaking at the All-Island Civic Dialogue on Brexit, 2 November, via The Irish Times)
"In the course of the departure negotiations, London must recognise the fact that a majority of the population in Northern Ireland voted to stay in the European Union. The issue of the land border between our two countries is unique. And that separation must remain invisible. The Irish people cannot be divided." (Interview with the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, 30 October)
"The course has been set for Brexit, which means an enormous burden for the [EU] apparatus... Of course, we would like Brexit to be as painless as possible to Europe and our friends in the United Kingdom." (Interview with the Estonian newspaper Eesti Paevaleht, 28 October)
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


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Question: The League One title, the Football League Trophy, an FA Cup run and more than 100 goals in all competitions.

Bristol City's season reads like the CV of a Football Manager aficionado.
But, having taken over with the club 23rd in League One and in danger of suffering successive relegations, boss Steve Cotterill has transformed the fortunes of the Robins in the small space of 16 months.
In ending City's 60-year wait for a league championship, the 50-year-old also achieved that feat for the third time in his own career.
But how exactly do you build a team fit to win a title?
Following the World Cup in Brazil, pundits, managers and supporters alike were eulogising over the return of wing-backs and the 3-5-2 system. BBC Sport's Phil Neville even described it as "fashionable", if such a phrase can be attached to a football team's formation.
However, while Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal tried and promptly ditched it, Cotterill has utilised that style of play to spectacular effect.
"We were already playing the 3-5-2 at the end of last season, so it's a formation I'd been looking at for a little while," Cotterill told BBC Sport. "But what I needed to do was make it better than the season before.
"And, while other formations can sometimes give you a problem, our formation can give other teams a problem. We've managed to do very well with it - and we've improved on it throughout the season too."
Cotterill brought in seven players during the summer, including four who were out of contract or had been released by their previous clubs.
Of those for whom the Robins paid a fee, no penny appears to have been better spent than the ones used to sign Luke Freeman.
The youngest-ever player to feature in the FA Cup proper while at Gillingham, the left-winger caught many an eye playing for Stevenage last year. He has done the same this season - but not as a left-winger.
"I always felt he could play as the one in front of a [midfield] two," said Cotterill. "You just needed to make sure he was going to work hard enough to get back and he's managed to do that.
"His running stats are up there every week and we're as delighted with that as we are his great feet in and around the final third.
"For his first season playing in that role, he's been brilliant."
The story goes that, in 1996, Manchester United's 'Class of 92' disproved Alan Hansen's theory that "you can't win anything with kids" by going on to lift the Premier League title.
What is often overlooked, of course, is that thirty-somethings Peter Schmeichel, Steve Bruce, Gary Pallister and Brian McClair all featured heavily throughout that double-winning campaign - and Cotterill has adopted a similar approach.
His two wise heads are 36-year-old captain Wade Elliott, scorer of Burnley's Championship play-off-final-winning goal in 2009, and 35-year-old forward Aaron Wilbraham, whose promotion with the Robins was the fifth of his career.
"I don't know if I can tell you how important they've been - they've been magnificent," said Cotterill.
"They're really young at heart. I think if you look at the way those two look after themselves, train and their desire levels at their age, it's only good for the younger players to copy them. They've been fantastic role models."
To be successful you need a goalscorer in your team, so says the old adage. Cotterill's approach, therefore, has been to stack his Bristol City side full of them.
In total, 18 different outfield players have chipped in with goals this season, including five who have reached double figures. Though Wilbraham ended as the club's top scorer, the 12-goal contribution from centre-back Aden Flint has been as impressive as any.
"He was already fantastic in our box, but now he's become fantastic in the opposition's box too," said Cotterill. "You get a lot of centre-backs that run up for a corner, head it over the bar and the crowd say 'oooh, what a great effort', but I'm not sure that's enough.
"It's great for him and great for his confidence. People see him as a big lad, but it doesn't matter how big he is, he still needs confidence. It's been a great season for him."
It is no good scoring bucket loads at one end if you cannot keep them out at the other.
However, boasting the best defensive record in the division, City's success also owes plenty to their solid back three.
"They've been great," said Cotterill. "When we brought Luke Ayling in, I wanted somebody that could bring the ball out and, quite often, when you look for a centre-back they might not be able to do that.
"But it was a perfect fit and Derrick Williams had done that on the other side last year. It couldn't have worked out any better."
No season is without its blips and, heading into the New Year, City were in danger of suffering a significant one when forwards Wilbraham and Kieran Agard both picked up injuries. Step forward Matt Smith.
Out of favour at Fulham, the former Leeds frontman signed for the Robins on loan and wasted no time in making an impression, scoring 13 times in 20 appearances, including four in a single game against Gillingham in the Johnstone's Paint Trophy.
"He's as good a loan signing as you could get," said Cotterill. "When it's new, you're wondering how he's going to score his goals - is he going to score coming into our team framework?
"But he ended up striking up a good relationship with Jay Emmanuel-Thomas and they played very well together. And, as I've said before, all good things come from Cheltenham."
Despite having all the right ingredients in place, the most crucial can be the hardest to find. In Cotterill's words: "Belief is everything."
He added: "The players' standards and expectations throughout the season have risen. I said I wanted to win this league from day one. And I think, after a few months, their desire to win it had become the same as mine.
"You have to sell it and they have to buy it."

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The 39-year-old has made 694 career appearances, reaching the 2003 FA Cup final with the Saints and winning promotion with Derby and Leicester.
He has been at the Devon side since an initial loan spell in 2011, playing 172 times without scoring a goal.
"He's been a great servant to Exeter in the five-and-a-half years he's been at the club," said manager Paul Tisdale.
"There are few players in modern football with his CV and achievements at the top level, who actively give something back to the game at the lower level once their elite playing days are over."
Oakley made his name with Southampton, making 311 appearances in a 12-year spell at the Hampshire side.
He could still play a part as Exeter attempt to gain promotion from League Two via the play-offs - if they are successful, it would mean the veteran will have gone up from all three EFL divisions.


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Question: Train stations in Renfrewshire and Inverclyde have been transformed into art galleries exploring mental health to mark World Mental Health Day.

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Five stations between Paisley and Port Glasgow have displayed the work of artists who have suffered mental health problems.
The Art Trail by Rail exhibition is part of this year's Scottish Mental Health Arts and Film Festival (SMHAFF).
Over 100,000 passengers will see the displays.
The artwork, which is intended to challenge the stigma around mental health, will be displayed until the end of October. It has been created around the year's chosen theme of "power".
A launch event took place on Friday morning to commemorate World Mental Health Day.
Unsuspecting passengers on the 09:24 train from Paisley Gilmour Street were welcomed by Radio Clyde's Gina McKie, as well as singers, musicians and artists.
Ms McKie was joined by Rockus Community Choir and Paisley drumming group The Buddy Beat.
The musical and artistic moving tour passed through Paisley St James, Bishopton and Langbank, with a final stop at Port Glasgow.
The project was funded in part by anti-stigma programme See Me.
Judith Robertson, the programme's director, said: "We want to end mental health stigma and discrimination.
"The powerful artwork on this trail explores the mental health recovery of the artists themselves. The nature of the pieces challenges discrimination in a very busy public setting."
Heather Collins, manager of 68 ScotRail stations, including those involved in Art Trail, said that last year's two exhibitions at Paisley Gilmour Street were so well received that they added another four stations to make the tour. She said: "We're happy to play our part in supporting such a positive cause."
Jeanette Allan, lead occupational therapist for mental health in Renfrewshire and co-ordinator of the Renfrewshire strand of the festival, said: "Creativity and the arts make a significant contribution to people's mental health recovery and all the artists have actively engaged in exploring the issues of discrimination and empowerment."

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The Earl and Countess of Strathearn spent much of the day in the city, with their visit focusing on the mental wellbeing of young people.
They began at the Dundee Rep theatre, and visited youth groups, Abertay University and the RRS Discovery.
They took part in an anti-bullying workshop, and met leaders in the youth mental health sector.
The first royal engagement was at the Rep, where they greeted crowds of well-wishers before taking part in a family fun day and a workshop with See Me, a group working to end mental health discrimination in Scotland.
They also met the cast and crew of In Her Shadows, a performance about a young woman's depression and the stigmas surrounding it.
Judith Robertson, See Me programme director, said: "Having the support of the Duke and Duchess puts a spotlight on these issues and it is great to see them put time and effort in supporting the young people to tackle mental health stigma.
"We want to see a culture shift in Scotland around mental health. This needs to start in schools so children and young people are having open conversations from an early age."
The royal couple headed from there to youth venues The Corner and The Shore, where they took part in an anti-bullying workshop.
They then had a brief tour of Captain Scott's ship the RRS Discovery, which is moored at the city's waterfront, before heading Abertay University.
Prince William is the president of the British Academy of Film and Television, and met students involved in the organisation's Young Game Designers programme.
Kensington Palace said the mental wellbeing of young people was "a major priority" for the couple.
A spokesman said the couple were "delighted to be visiting Dundee".


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Question: The 96-year-old American inventor of the Heimlich manoeuvre has used the technique himself to save a choking woman at his retirement home.

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Dr Henry Heimlich said he had demonstrated the technique many times but never used it in an emergency.
His action dislodged a piece of meat with a bone in it from the 87-year-old woman's airway.
"I didn't know I really could do it until the other day," he told the BBC.
Dr Heimlich was having dinner with eight or nine others at the Deupree House retirement home in Cincinnati when he turned to talk to a woman at his table and noticed she was choking.
"She had a skin colour that was no longer pink. Her mouth was puffed up and her lips were out," he told the BBC.
"Though I invented the Heimlich manoeuvre I had never been called on to do it before."
How easy is it to do the Heimlich manoeuvre?
Dr Heimlich described how he turned the woman, Patty Ris, around in her chair so her back was exposed.
The manoeuvre requires a rescuer to carry out abdominal thrusts on a choke victim to dislodge the blockage.
"I did it three times and a piece of meat with a bone in it came flying out of her mouth and she was all right," he said.
Staff had rushed to the table when the woman started choking, but stood back to allow Dr Heimlich to carry out his manoeuvre.
"Just the fact that a 96-year-old man could perform that, is impressive," his son Phil Heimlich told the Cincinnati Inquirer.
Dr Heimlich, who invented the technique in 1974, swims and exercises regularly.
He often meets people who were saved by the technique or who saved someone else, his son said.
Since the technique was introduced in 1974 it is believed to have saved the lives of more than 100,000 people in the US alone.
They include former President Ronald Reagan, pop star Cher, former New York mayor Edward Koch and Hollywood actors Elizabeth Taylor, Goldie Hawn, Walter Matthau, Carrie Fisher, Jack Lemmon and Marlene Dietrich.
In 2014 actor Clint Eastwood was credited with saving the life of a golf tournament director in California who was choking on a piece of cheese.
In the UK, celebrity promoter Simon Cowell was reportedly saved by comedian David Walliams, who carried out the Heimlich manoeuvre on him after a mint became stuck in his throat.
Dog saves US owner with Heimlich technique

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"Clint saved my life," said Steve John, director of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am golf tournament.
The actor reportedly saw that Mr John was in difficulty and performed the Heimlich manoeuvre on him.
The technique requires a rescuer to carry out abdominal thrusts on a choke victim to dislodge the blockage.
"Suddenly, I couldn't breathe. It was as bad as it could have been," Mr John said of the incident at a drinks reception in Carmel-by-the-Sea on Wednesday.
"Clint came up behind me, and he knew exactly what to do."
The award-winning actor and director told the Carmel Pine Cone that he noticed Mr John had "that look of panic people have when they see their life passing before their eyes".
Mr Eastwood, 83, moved behind Mr John and carried out the manoeuvre.
"I gave him three good jolts, and that got it out," he said.
"And then I made him drink a big glass of water with a bunch of lemon squeezed in it."
Mr Eastwood, famous for his roles in Westerns and the Dirty Harry detective films, said he had performed the manoeuvre before, but only "to practise".


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Question: Defending champion Chris Froome extended his overall lead in the Tour de France as Peter Sagan won stage 11.

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Sagan won a sprint after he, Tinkoff team-mate Maciej Bodnar and Team Sky's Froome and Geraint Thomas launched a surprise attack late in the 162.5km stage from Carcassonne to Montpellier.
Froome, who finished six seconds clear of the peloton, collected a six-second bonus for his second-place finish.
He now leads fellow Briton Adam Yates by 28 seconds and Nairo Quintana by 35.
Mark Cavendish, who had been among the favourites to pick up a fourth stage win of this year's race and 30th overall, finished well adrift after suffering a mechanical problem late on.
Thursday's planned finish on top of Mont Ventoux has been cancelled because of high winds in Provence. The 12th stage will now finish several kilometres down the mountain at Chalet Reynard.
With cross winds threatening to split the race throughout the day, riders were watchful and an early break by Arthur Vichot and Leigh Howard was brought back with 60km remaining.
The peloton then rode more conservatively until Sagan broke clear inside the final 15km with Pole Bodnar.
Froome, spotting an opportunity to gain time on his rivals for the general classification, followed with compatriot Thomas and the unlikely quartet quickly opened a lead of more than 20 seconds which the disorganised peloton only managed to reduce to six by the finish.
"It was crazy," said Sagan. "Froome and Geraint came with us and I said, 'we are too strong, they are never going to catch us'. So we pulled hard and it happened.
"There was a crazy wind and I was not planning to go in the break with the yellow jersey and Geraint and Bodnar. You cannot plan that - it just happens."
Sagan picked up 67 points in the green jersey classification - 50 for winning the stage and 17 in an intermediate sprint - and the Slovak now leads Cavendish by 90 points and looks certain to win a fifth successive title.
Two-time Tour winner Froome moved into the race leader's yellow jersey with a surprise downhill attack on stage eight into Bagneres-de-Luchon and he followed that with another aggressive move on Wednesday.
It is unusual to see the race leader attack on a flat stage but with the sprinters' teams assembling themselves for the run-in to Montpellier, he made a bold decision.
"Obviously I took a few seconds on the downhill and then again on the finish here," the 31-year-old said.
"Any opportunity I can see I'm going to take it.
"This is bike racing at its best. I feel like I'm enjoying it, I'm not feeling I'm being forced into this because of pressure."
Stage 11 result:
1. Peter Sagan (Svk/Tinkoff)  3hrs 26mins 23secs
2. Chris Froome (GB/Team Sky)     Same time
3. Maciej Bodnar (Pol/Tinkoff)
4. Alexander Kristoff (Nor/Katusha)   +6secs
5. Christophe Laporte (Fra/Cofidis)      Same time
6. Jasper Stuyven (Bel/Trek)
7. Edvald Boasson Hagen (Nor/Dimension Data)
8. Andre Greipel (Ger/Lotto)
9. Sondre Enger (Nor/IAM Cycling)
10. Oliver Naesen (Bel/IAM Cycling)
General classification after stage 11:
1. Chris Froome (GB/Team Sky)            52hrs 34mins 37secs
2. Adam Yates (GB/Orica)                 +28secs
3. Daniel Martin (Ire/Etixx - Quick-Step) +31secs
4. Nairo Quintana (Col/Movistar)         +35secs
5. Bauke Mollema (Ned/Trek)           +56secs
6. Romain Bardet (Fra/AG2R)               Same time
7. Sergio Henao (Col/Team Sky)
8. Alejandro Valverde (Spa/Movistar)        +1min 13secs
9. Tejay van Garderen (US/BMC Racing)    Same time
10. Roman Kreuziger (Cze/Tinkoff)   +1min 28secs

The opening stage took the 198 riders from Leeds to Harrogate via the Yorkshire Dales, while the second stage saw the peloton ride from York to Sheffield, via Holme Moss, before a third stage in England finished on The Mall in London.
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The 101st edition of the three-week race then headed to France, and finished in Paris on Sunday, 27 July after 2,277 miles and 21 stages, made up of nine flat stages, five hilly stages, six mountain stages with five altitude finishes, and one individual time trial.
Astana's Vincenzo Nibali took the race lead by winning in Sheffield and then stole a march on his rivals for the overall victory by mastering the cobbles on stage five.
He won two more stages on his way to becoming the first Italian winner of the race since Marco Pantani in 1998. This is the story of his victory.
Winner: Marcel Kittel (Ger/Giant-Shimano) - report: Cavendish crashes as Kittel takes yellow jersey.
A grand day out for around one million people in Yorkshire ends on a sour note as Mark Cavendish, Britain's big hope of a stage win, crashes 200m from the finish line. Germany's Marcel Kittel stays upright to win in Harrogate on a day when 42-year-old veteran Jens Voigt shows he still has the legs for a breakaway.
Winner: Vincenzo Nibali (Ita/Astana) - report: Nibali wins to take yellow jersey.
Nine categorised climbs soften up the peloton, with the ascent of Jenkin Road in Sheffield seeing the main General Classification riders Vincenzo Nibali, Alberto Contador and defending champion Chris Froome racing to its summit. Peter Sagan, tipped by many to win the stage, races clear on the descent but he is caught. Nibali breaks clear in the final two kilometres to win as Yorkshire says goodbye to the Tour.
Winner: Marcel Kittel (Ger/Giant-Shimano) - report: Kittel triumphs again as Nibali stays in yellow
With the absence of the injured Mark Cavendish, Marcel Kittel looks nailed on to win the sprint finish on The Mall and the German does not disappoint. Britain's defending champion Chris Froome stays safe and remains two seconds behind race leader Vincenzo Nibali as the Tour leaves England and heads to France. But it will be back, says Tour director Christian Prudhomme.
Winner: Marcel Kittel (Ger/Giant-Shimano) - report: Kittel wins third stage of the race as Froome crashes
Marcel Kittel delivers a brilliant sprint finish to secure his third stage win of the race as the race as the race moves into France. Britain's defending champion Chris Froome crashes after just five kilometres, bruising his left hip and wrist. However he continues after receiving medical attention to reach the finish and remain two seconds behind overall race leader Vincenzo Nibali.
Winner: Lars Boom (Ned/Belkin) - report: Nibali in charge as Froome pulls out
A dramatic day in wet conditions sees defending champion Chris Froome, already suffering from a crash on stage four, abandon the race after crashing twice more - before the notorious cobbles.
Lars Boom, a specialist in the Paris-Roubaix classic, a one-day race which uses the same cobbled sections, breaks clear with about 4km to go and holds on to take the stage, but the real winner is Vincenzo Nibali who finishes 44 seconds ahead of Peter Sagan and 2min 37sec ahead of biggest rival Alberto Contador.
Winner: Andre Greipel (Ger/Lotto-Belisol) - report: More crashes as Greipel wins sprint finish
Crosswinds and rain combine to provide another tough day on the bike as several crashes litter the stage. Team Sky lose another rider as Xabier Zandio hits the deck and cannot continue. Alberto Contador's Tinkoff-Saxo team-mate Jesus Hernandez also crashes out. Andre Greipel sprints to his first stage win of the race as Vincenzo Nibali retains the overall lead.
Winner: Matteo Trentin (Ita/Omega Pharma - Quick-Step) - report: Trentin edges Sagan as Nibali retains yellow
A predictable opening 215km gives way to a chaotic finish as Matteo Trentin wins after a photo-finish in Nancy. Peter Sagan replicates his stage two tactics in Sheffield, racing clear off the final climb but is again caught. A drier day for the riders and the General Classification remains unchanged.
Winner: Blel Kadri (Fra/AG2R) - report: Kadri wins summit finish as Nibali tracks Contador
A rare breakaway victory for Blel Kadri delights French fans in the Vosges rain as he takes control of the King of the Mountains jersey. But the big battle in the peloton sees Alberto Contador claw three seconds back on rival and race leader Vincenzo Nibali in the contest for yellow. Nibali tracks the Spaniard and is content to finish in his wake. Team Sky's Richie Porte is up to third while Britain's Simon Yates impresses in the break.
Winner: Tony Martin (Ger/Omega Phama-Quick Step) - report: Martin storms home as Gallopin takes yellow
German Tony Martin, more famed for his time-trialling skills, powers away from the rest in a stage featuring six climbs. The general classification is shaken up with Vincenzo Nibali, who began the day in yellow, and main rival Alberto Contador allowing a 28-strong group to head out in pursuit. Frenchman Tony Gallopin takes advantage to supplant Nibali at the top of the overall standings on the eve of Bastille Day.
Winner: Vincenzo Nibali (Ita/Astana) - Report: Contador withdraws as Nibali regains yellow
A day of high drama as Spanish contender Alberto Contador fails in his attempts to rejoin the race after a heavy fall. The two-time champion withdraws and is later revealed to have fractured his leg in the crash. Vincenzo Nibali takes full advantage, snatching back yellow with a commanding ride and moving more than two minutes clear of nearest rivals Team Sky's Richie Porte and Movistar leader Alejandro Valverde.
The first of the race's two rest days. Geraint Thomas tells us that he pulled his brakes and nothing happened on stage 10 and assesses the state of the race.
Winner: Tony Gallopin (Fra/Lotto-Belisol) - Report: France's Gallopin takes stage win
After winning the yellow jersey on stage nine and losing it on stage 10, Tony Gallopin's eventful Tour continues with a first stage win. The Frenchman seems doomed when his solo break is caught in the final five kilometres, but he kicks again to break clear of Peter Sagan, Michael Rogers and Michal Kwiatkowski. Vincenzo Nibali maintains his healthy lead of more than two minutes in the general classification.
Winner: Alexander Kristoff (Nor/Katusha) - Report: Sagan edged out as Kristoff wins first Tour stage
A bunch sprint and a first Tour victory for Katusha's Alexander Kristoff. The Norwegian edges Peter Sagan who continues to dominate the green points jersey classification but is yet to win a stage in the 101st edition of the race. No change in the overall standings with Vincenzo Nibali continuing to lead the way.
Winner: Vincenzo Nibali (Ita/Astana) - Report: Nibali crushes rivals to win third stage
Is the Tour over? Italy's Vincenzo Nibali underlines his superiority with a commanding victory in the Alps that extends his lead in the race to more than three minutes over Spain's Alejandro Valverde. Team Sky's plan B, Richie Porte, loses nine minutes after struggling on the final climb in searing heat, so it's back to the drawing board for the British-based team.
Winner: Rafal Majka (Pol/Tinkoff-Saxo) - Report: Majka wins maiden stage as Nibali tightens grip
A superb solo ride up to the summit finish at Risoul gives Rafal Majka, a man who only found out he was making his Tour debut a few days before the race started, his maiden win. Vincenzo Nibali's excellent form in the mountains continues as he finishes second to put more time into his rivals and he is now four minutes, 37 seconds clear of Alejandro Valverde.
Winner: Alexander Kristoff (Nor/Katusha) - Report: Bauer broken by Kristoff's late spurt
Jack Bauer spends 220km in the break but slips from first to 10th in the final 20m as the sprinters time their race to the line to perfection. Katusha's Alexander Kristoff is the first over the line in sunny Nimes after rainstorms soak the peloton throughout the stage. No change in the overall standings with Vincenzo Nibali retaining his healthy lead.
The second and final rest day. Geraint Thomas says he thought his head was going to explode in Friday's stage in the mountains.
Winner: Michael Rogers (Aus/Saxo-Tinkoff) Report: Rogers wins maiden stage as Nibali retains lead
The peloton allows a 21-man breakaway to escape early in the race and it moves 12 minutes clear by the time they reach the final climb, Port de Bales, with 35km to go.
The breakaway then splits, with a group of five, including Michael Rogers and Thomas Voeckler, going clear before a burst of pace from Rogers with 4.5km to go proves decisive. The Australian goes on to win his first Tour de France stage while Vincenzo Nibali retains his lead in the general classification.
Winner: Rafal Majka (Pol/Saxo-Tinkoff) Report: Majka wins second stage of Tour with late breakaway
Italian Giovanni Visconti makes an initial break up the final ascent but settles for second after being caught by Poland's Radal Majka. The Tinkoff-Saxo rider claims his second win of the Tour and tightens his grip on the polka dot jersey, which is awarded to the race's King of the Mountains.
Vincenzo Nibali finishes third to extend his lead in the general classification to five minutes and 26 seconds over Alejandro Valverde.
Winner: Vincenzo Nibali (Ita/Astana) - Report: Nibali wins stage to all but seal Tour
Vincenzo Nibali wins his fourth stage of this year's Tour in style to extend his overall lead to seven minutes and 10 seconds. The Italian again shows his superiority in the mountains by keeping a breakaway within striking distance over the iconic Col du Tourmalet before powering up the final climb to the summit finish at Hautacam, reeling in the remaining escapees before going clear himself to win by more than a minute.
Poland's Rafal Majka takes third place as the race leaves the Pyrenees, ensuring he will win the King of the Mountains jersey.
Winner: Ramunas Navardauskas (Lit/Garmin-Sharp) - Navardauskas wins stage as Nibali retains lead
Ramunas Navardauskas escapes in the final 12km of a wet and windy day to become the first Lithuanian to win a stage of the Tour de France.
The Garmin-Sharp rider bursts away from the front of the peloton just after the final survivor of a long five-man break had been caught and, helped by a crash in the final 3km that disrupts the sprinters' teams, stays clear.
Overall leader Vincenzo Nibali takes evasive action after being caught behind the crash but stays upright and keeps his commanding lead of the race.
Winner: Tony Martin (Ger/Omega Phama-Quick Step) - Nibali poised to win as Martin takes time trial
Triple world time trial champion Tony Martin takes his second stage win of this year's Tour with a dominant display in the Dordogne. The German finishes as the fastest man on the day by 99 seconds.
Vincenzo Nibali will ride into Paris as the champion elect after extending his overall lead by finishing fourth, faster than any of the men below him in the general classification.
The battle for the podium places is also settled. With Alejandro Valvarde unable to challenge, France's Jean-Christophe Peraud moves up to second, leapfrogging compatriot Thibaut Pinot.
Winner: Marcel Kittel (Ger/Giant-Shimano) - Nibali completes win as Kittel shines in Paris
Marcel Kittel underlines his sprinting prowess with a fourth stage win on this year's Tour and a second successive victory on the Champs-Elysees in Paris.
Vincenzo Nibali stays upright to ensure his takes the yellow jersey and becomes just the sixth man to win all three Grand Tours. He also slows the peloton when second-placed Jean-Christophe Peraud crashes, allowing the Frenchman to get back to the main bunch, ensuring he does not lose any time.


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Question: Police in the south Indian state of Karnataka have arrested three people in connection with the "human sacrifice" of a 10-year-old girl .

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Police told BBC Hindi that the child was killed on the instructions of a "sorcerer" to "cure" a paralysed man.
The man's brother and sister have been arrested on charges of abducting and murdering the girl.
The alleged sorcerer told them it was the only way to undo "black magic" affecting their sibling, police said.
A 17-year-old boy has also been arrested for helping to abduct the girl, police said.
"There are a few more people who have abetted the crime. We are investigating it from all angles. So more arrests cannot be ruled out," senior police officer B Ramesh  told BBC Hindi's Imran Qureshi.
The murder was discovered after residents discovered the body of the girl inside a bag. They also found materials which police believe were used to conduct "black magic" rituals.
As news about the incident spread, a mob gathered outside the brother and sister's home and began throwing stones. Police had to use force to disperse the gathering.

Two-year-old Ravi had been named in a police complaint along with three men, one of whom was his relative.
Police attempted to arrest the toddler on Tuesday - causing his alarmed father to take Ravi to the district court, where he explained the situation to senior police officers, reports said.
Ravi's name was taken off the complaint after the senior officers intervened.
A theft had been reported from Bajehra village in Sitapur district on 20 September, police said.
On the basis of a complaint by the victim and other villagers, police registered a case against four men, including the boy, the Press Trust of India reported.
All four were accused of "theft", "trespassing at night" and "dishonestly receiving stolen property". It is not clear why Ravi's name was included in the initial complaint.
The three accused adults have already been arrested and lodged in jail.
Under Indian law, police cannot file a criminal case against a child below seven years of age, but there have been several instances in the past when police have done so.
Last year, two policemen were suspended for charging a one-year-old child with "coercion" ahead of a by-election, also in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
In 2011, a five-year-old boy in Bihar state was charged with disrupting the peace during village council elections. Police later said it was a case of mistaken identity and they meant to charge his elder brother with disorderly conduct.
In 2006, the Bihar police charged a six-year-old girl with attacking them and helping her father escape from police custody.
And in neighbouring Pakistan, a nine-month-old boy was accused of planning a murder, threatening police and interfering in state affairs.


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Question: Syrian rebel fighters have launched an assault on government-held districts of Aleppo, after troops cut their only route into the divided northern city.

The rebel operation began at dawn on several fronts, with hundreds of shells being fired at western areas.
State media said eight people were killed and dozens hurt by the barrage.
The attack follows a failed attempt by rebels to re-open the Castello Road, the only way out of the rebel-held east for some 300,000 people living there.
Large parts of Aleppo, once Syria's commercial and industrial hub, have been destroyed since fighting erupted there in 2012.
The city has been the focus of intensified fighting since UN-brokered peace talks and a partial truce brokered by the US and Russia broke down earlier this year.
An AFP news agency correspondent said the rebel offensive on government-held districts began at dawn, sparking fierce clashes along the frontline inside Aleppo.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based monitoring group, said more than 300 shells were fired by the rebels as they attacked.
However, the rebels had so far not managed to make any gains because they had come under heavy bombardment by government aircraft, it added.
Ahmed, a resident of the Syriac quarter in western Aleppo, told AFP that the rebel shelling had completely destroyed his home.
"The sounds of the fighting can still be heard and are very loud, and the shelling on the western neighbourhoods is ongoing," he said.
Later, a government air strike on one of the city's rebel-held districts killed 10 people, activists said.
At least 14 other people died when a diesel fuel market in the village of Termanin, in neighbouring Idlib province, was bombed by government aircraft, according to the Syrian Observatory. Those killed included media activist Ibrahim Omar and two civil defence rescue workers, it said.
In the town of Ahsem in Idlib province, an air strike hit a local field hospital, kiling three people, according the charity UOSSM Canada.
UOSSM said the hospital was offering care to many internally displaced Syrians as well as locals in the town.
The rebel assault inside Aleppo came a day after 29 rebels were reportedly killed trying to push government forces back from the Castello Road.
The key supply route was effectively severed on Thursday when troops and allied militiamen took control of a nearby hilltop, putting them within firing range.
On Friday, a UN spokesman said the Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs was "extremely concerned at the unfolding situation in Aleppo... particularly the situation for the estimated 300,000 people trapped in the eastern part".
March 2011: Anti-government protests erupt across Syria, but Aleppo is initially untouched as a result of a state crackdown
July 2012: The battle for Aleppo begins. Rebels make swift advances, but are unable to consolidate their gains and the city becomes divided
2013: The government begins bombarding rebel districts with barrel bombs, causing thousands of casualties
September 2015: Government launches fresh offensive on rebel-held east in the wake of Russia's intervention in the conflict
February 2016: The government captures towns north-west of Aleppo, threatening to encircle the rebel-held area of the city
July 2016: Government forces effectively cut the only road into the rebel-held east

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The staff of a children's hospital in the Shaar district were forced to take shelter in the basement.
Activists say at least 32 people, including children, have been killed in Aleppo over the past two days.
The air strikes resumed on Tuesday after a three-week moratorium declared by the government's ally Russia ended.
Activists confirmed the resumption of government air strikes, amid reports by state media of large troop deployments on several fronts ahead of a major ground assault.
The UK-based Syrian Observatory, a monitoring group, said missiles fired by jets, barrel bombs dropped from helicopters and artillery targeted several areas of eastern Aleppo on Wednesday, including Shaar, Sukkari, Sakhour and Karam al-Beik.
At least 21 people, including five children and an emergency worker, were killed, the group said.
The Independent Doctors Association reported that a children's hospital it supported had been badly damaged.
It quoted the hospital's director, Dr Hatem, as saying he was trapped in the basement. "The planes are up above. We can't get out. Maybe we can protect ourselves in this room," he added.
Rescue workers from the Syria Civil Defence, who are also known as the White Helmets, meanwhile confirmed a paramedic had been killed in Karam al-Beik.
"The helicopters won't stop for a single moment," spokesman Bebars Mishal told the Reuters news agency. "Right now, the bombing won't let up."
Air raids also reportedly continued in the countryside west of Aleppo. The Syrian Observatory said 19 people were killed in the village of Batbo on Wednesday.
Russia also announced the start of a major operation against jihadist militants elsewhere in western Syria that saw the country's only aircraft carrier used in combat for the first time.
Aleppo, once Syria's commercial and industrial hub, has been divided in roughly two since 2012, with the government controlling the west and rebels the east.
In the past year, Syrian troops have broken the deadlock with the help of Iranian-backed militias and Russian air strikes.
On 22 September, two weeks after encircling the east and imposing a siege on its 275,000 residents, they launched an all-out offensive to take full control of the city.
The government and its ally Russia halted air strikes on 18 October to allow civilians and rebels to leave, but few took up the offer.
By the end of the month, air strikes and shelling had killed more than 700 civilians in the east, while rocket-fire had left scores dead in the west, according to the UN.


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Question: Dame Barbara Windsor has said her final farewell to EastEnders with her character Peggy Mitchell seen apparently taking an overdose of pills.

The 78-year-old recently returned for the former landlady's final episodes.
Her character, who had been suffering from cancer, was seen talking to the ghost of her friend, Pat Butcher, before talking some unidentified pills.
"I will go as I have lived," she said. "Straight back, head high, like a queen."
In a poignant final scene, Peggy hallucinated the return of her former love rival-turned-friend Pat, played by Pam St Clement, who passed away in the soap from cancer in 2012.
"I'm being eaten alive and it hurts and I can't wait," Peggy said.
"I don't want that to be me, I don't want to be that little old lady in the bed, with people saying, 'Remember her? Peggy Mitchell? She's all skin and bones.'"
After the credits rolled, the camera returned to the room, showing an empty glass of water, empty bottle of pills, an envelope addressed to her son, Phil, and a clock.
Dame Barbara joined the BBC One soap in 1994 and has been one of the show's best-loved matriarchs.
Magazine programme The One Show was live in Albert Square to mark her exit and a feature, Peggy Mitchell: Last Orders, debuted on the BBC iPlayer.
Picking up the role from the original Peggy Mitchell, Jo Warne, Dame Barbara went on to feature in some of the soap's best-loved moments.
As the Mitchell family matriarch, her biggest storylines have included her battle with breast cancer, her marriage to Frank Butcher, her feud and friendship with Pat Butcher and her marriage to Archie Mitchell, which resulted in the family losing The Queen Vic pub.
She played the role full-time until 2010 and has returned occasionally since for special appearances.
When her final departure was announced in January, Dame Barbara said Peggy was "a character close to my heart but I made the decision a while ago that I need to say goodbye to her once and for all".
"Otherwise, she will always be there, urging me to go back, and that is something I need to shut the door on."
Her final scenes have also seen Ross Kemp, who plays her son Grant Mitchell, return to the soap after a 10-year absence, to join his on-screen brother Phil, played by Steve McFadden.

The Irish actress will have a "recurring guest role" as Charlie Cotton's mother, Yvonne.
McLynn, who played housekeeper Mrs Doyle in the Channel 4 sitcom, will make her first appearance next month.
"I know that viewers are going to both love and be intrigued by Yvonne Cotton," Dominic Treadwell-Collins, the show's executive producer, said.
"I have always been a little in love with Pauline McLynn, so I'm so excited that she's joining the Cotton family."
He added it was "about time Albert Square had another Irish character".
McLynn, who also starred in Channel 4 drama Shameless and BBC sitcom Jam and Jerusalem, is best known as the scatty Mrs Doyle in Father Ted, a role she played over the duration of the show from 1995-1998.
"It is a thrill to join EastEnders, my favourite soap, and in particular any chance to be part of a Dot Cotton storyline is not to be passed up - June Brown is a legend and I feel privileged to act with her," the actress said.
Her on-screen son, Charlie (Declan Bennett), arrived on the square earlier this year following the death of his father Nick - Dot Cotton's troublesome son.
There have been a number of shifts in the soap's cast in recent months - Danny Dyer led the charge, joining the show as new Queen Vic landlord Mick Carter in December 2013, alongside Timothy West as his on-screen father Stan.
On Good Friday, cast regular Lucy Beale - played by Hetti Bywater - was killed off in a dramatic "whodunnit" storyline, while earlier this month Patsy Palmer - Albert Square stalwart Bianca - announced she would be leaving the show this autumn.


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Question: The cost of car insurance could be cut if the government restricted the huge number of subjective whiplash injury claims, a committee of MPs says.

The Transport Select Committee says claimants should provide much more proof that they have suffered a whiplash injury.
The MPs also want insurers to be banned from selling any customer information.
The government intends to ban them from receiving referral fees for this data, but only for personal injury claims.
Louise Ellman, chair of the Transport Committee, said: "Insurers, solicitors and claims management companies have themselves driven up the cost of motor premiums by encouraging people caught up in road accidents they did not cause to claim for personal injury, car hire, and other legal costs."
"The insurance industry must abandon sharp practices that push up premiums such as passing drivers' personal data to other parties or taking secretive referral fees from solicitors, garages and car hire firms," she added.
The committee pointed out that there has been a 70% rise in motor insurance injury claims in the past six years, despite a 23% drop in the number of casualties actually caused by road accidents.
Louise Ellman said that whiplash, in turn, accounted for 70% of all these injury claims - amounting to roughly 554,000 whiplash claims in 2010-11.
"Whiplash [is] an injury where diagnosis is often subjective and therefore very costly for insurers to challenge," she said.
"The threshold for receiving compensation in whiplash cases should be raised and, if the number of such claims does not fall significantly, the government should bring forward primary legislation to require objective evidence - both of a whiplash injury and of it having a significant effect on the claimant's life - before compensation is paid," she added.
The Association of British Insurers (ABI) agreed that the payment of referral fees should be banned, but to all organisations and not just to insurers.
And it backed the call for action to restrict whiplash claims.
"It is absolutely critical that Britain's whiplash epidemic is tackled once and for all and the select committee's acknowledgment that the bar to receiving compensation for whiplash is too low is a step in the right direction," said Nick Starling of the ABI.
But he explained that currently it was very hard for insurers to resist claims for whiplash injuries.
"There is one whiplash claim every minute of every day in this country - the problem is that if someone presents themselves with a medical certificate saying they have got whiplash, the insurance company would have to prove that they don't have whiplash, and that's an extremely difficult thing to do."
In the past year the insurance industry and its fast rising motor premiums have come under increasing scrutiny.
Jack Straw said the entire system of motor insurance, which is compulsory for drivers, was acting against the public interest.
"Because the profits to be made are so high - in terms of legal costs, the intermediaries like credit hire companies who hire out replacement cars, the accident management companies which decide what kind of paint the accident repairers will required to use, and many others in this chain - you get probably Â£2bn out of the Â£9.5bn in premium income being siphoned off by this process," he said.
The renewed emphasis by the Parliamentary transport committee on dealing with spurious whiplash claims was welcomed by the motoring organisation the AA.
"A claims culture has developed to the extent that it has become accepted that if another vehicle hits your car, you should make an injury claim," said Simon Douglas of AA Insurance.
"That's regardless of how serious the injury is, or even if no injury has actually been suffered," he added.
The AA acknowledged that the steep rise in premiums recorded in the past few years had levelled off in the past nine months.
Currently, the Lords are scrutinising the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Bill, which has been amended to put in place the ban on referral fees relating to personal injury cases.
"Once the Bill is enacted, we call on the government to... prohibit insurers from receiving referral fees across the board rather than only in relation to legal action," said the Transport Committee's report.
"We recommend that the government send a clear message to the insurance industry that it expects the data protection legislation to be fully respected and we echo the recommendation of the Justice Committee that the stricter penalties for breaching the [Data Protection] Act, passed by Parliament in 2008, should be brought into force," the MPs added.

The size of the change has come as a big surprise and several insurers have warned their profits will be dented.
However, the change has been welcomed by the Association of Personal Injury Lawyers (APIL).
They said it was "long overdue" after lobbying for a change in the formula for several years.
APIL said the decision of Liz Truss, the Lord Chancellor, was in the best interests of injury victims who might require life-long care, and that the claim that insurance premiums must now rise "beggared belief".
The reaction of the insurance industry has been overwhelmingly negative, with insurers' share prices dropping in the aftermath of a flurry of emergency stock exchange announcements.
The change in the compensation formula will come into effect from 20 March this year.
The discount rate that underpins it - the assumed rate of return on investing the lump sums - has not been reviewed since 2001.
The apparently sudden change was prompted by a renewed threat late last year from APIL.
It revived a judicial review against the government's reluctance to change the formula, which the lawyers had argued was long out of date.
"People who suffer severe life-changing injuries can now be assured that the compensation needed to look after them is calculated correctly and is sufficient to provide care for the rest of their lives," said APIL.
"Meanwhile insurance companies, which have saved millions of pounds in unpaid compensation, have been aware that a decision to change the discount rate has been on the cards for six years, since APIL first began judicial review proceedings on the issue."
Andrew Tyrie, chairman of the Treasury Committee, said the Lord Chancellor appeared to have had little choice but to reduce the discount rate from 2.5% to minus 0.75%, but that it needed to be re-thought.
"The principle that people should receive full compensation for the losses that they have suffered is a reasonable one," Mr Tyrie said.
"But implementing it in this way is probably not, and has a look of absurdity about it."
The Lord Chancellor appeared to acknowledge that the whole business of changing the discount rate had been unsatisfactory.
She will now hold a consultation before Easter on how the compensation formula should be reviewed in the future, including the possibility of using an independent body to make the decision on any alteration.
The consultation will also look at the frequency of changes to the formula and the validity of basing it entirely on the returns to be made from investing in index-linked government bonds.
"I recognise the impacts this decision will have on the insurance industry," Liz Truss said.
The Association of British Insurers (ABI) said the government's approach was not good enough and demanded an immediate change in the law to abolish the current formula.
It argued that in fact there was no legal obligation on the government to make a change at all.
"To make such a significant change to the rate using a broken formula is reckless in the extreme, and shows an utter disregard for the impact this will have on consumers, businesses and the wider operation of the insurance market," said Huw Evans, the ABI's director general.
The price comparison industry may benefit as higher premiums will prompt more people to look for cheaper insurance.
"The discount rate has been changed in a far more drastic way to what insurers had been expecting," said a spokesperson for one such site, Comparethemarket.com.
However, they added: "The concern is that the discount rate change will see much of the money move from the pockets of motorists and into those of personal injury lawyers, who campaigned for it."
Shares in insurance companies dropped sharply following the announcement.
Direct Line shares fell 7.2% while Novae was down 5.6% and Admiral Group dropped 2.5%.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article.

Question: Lancashire's former South Africa batsman Ashwell Prince is to retire from cricket at the end of the season.

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The 38-year-old initially chose to quit at the end of last season, before reversing his decision last November.
"There comes a point where family becomes more important," Prince said in a statement on the the club website.
Prince, Lancashire's leading run scorer this season, was crucial in helping the Red Rose county to promotion to Division One.
"I wanted to come back and get the side back up to Division One and that's been achieved," added Prince, who played for Lancashire in six of the last seven seasons.
"Not only that, but we've won the T20 Blast which was a bonus. The whole squad have been excellent and I've absolutely loved my time at Lancashire."
Notably this season, Prince hit 261 against Glamorgan in a 501-run third-wicket stand with ex-Proteas team-mate Alviro Petersen, the third highest for a third wicket partnership in first-class cricket history.
Prince also made 119 international appearances for South Africa - playing in 66 Tests, 119 one-day internationals and one Twenty20 international - after making his debut against Australia in February 2002.
He had a spell with Nottinghamshire in 2008 and three separate stints with Lancashire as their overseas player in 2009, 2010 and 2012.
Having played his last Test in December 2011, he returned to Old Trafford as a non-overseas player under the Kolpak ruling in 2013.

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The 45-year-old Australian has also previously coached the Adelaide Strikers in the T20 Big Bash.
And he was part of the coaching team as Rajasthan Royals won the inaugural Indian Premier League in 2008.
Essex have been looking for a head coach since Paul Grayson left by mutual consent on 2 September and want to complete shortlist by mid-October.
The county, who currently have Chris Silverwood in charge until the end of the season, then hope to make an appointment in late December or early January.
Essex, currently third in Division Two and without silverware since 2008, saw the first day of their final County Championship match of the season against Lancashire rained off on Tuesday.
Meanwhile, young fast bowler Aaron Beard has signed his first professional contract with the club that will keep the 17-year-old at Chelmsford until at least the end of the 2017 season.


Question:
represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

E.g.
"['This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article', "Researchers at Heriot-Watt university are challenging existing theories about the workings of some of our bodies' most important cells."]" == "['This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'They\'ve gained new insights into how cells transport chemicals, the hormone insulin and the brain chemical serotonin, in a project that combined biophysics and mathematics.\nIt could one day have implications for the treatment of diseases like diabetes and neurological conditions.\nSpecialised cells in locations like our brain or pancreas create the helpful chemicals and transport them to the surface in tiny bubble-like structures called vesicles.\nDeep inside a cell, these vesicles travel along similar chemical tracks towards the surface.\nWhen they arrive at the cell surface, they still move towards certain points but the tracks cannot be seen.\nThe team established why: the tracks are not there. Instead, the vesicles are avoiding other molecules.\nIt\'s a breakthrough, but it\'s not been instantaneous. It has taken seven years of intensive research.\nIt is that long since Heriot-Watt biophysicist Prof Rory Duncan explained the problem of the missing tracks in a lecture.\nHappily, there was a mathematician in the house.\n"This guy from maths, who thinks very, very differently to the rest of us, said it looks these things are following valleys between mountains," Prof Duncan said.\nThe "guy from maths" was Prof Gabriel Lord. He showed me an animation based on his mathematical model of what happens when the vesicles leave their tracks and move across the surface of the cell\n"What we\'ve shown happens is that these vesicles move between the valleys of these other molecules - and they\'ll do so with some randomness", he says.\nWhat took so long? Gathering a massive amount of data on vesicle behaviour.\nThat involved using the microscopes of the Edinburgh Super-Resolution Imaging Consortium (ESRIC) based at Heriot-Watt.\nIt was able to gather nano-scale information of the movements within cells.\nTo give you an idea of that scale, the vesicles were about as small to us as Jupiter is huge.\nDr Ali Dun manages ESRIC and did her PhD work on the vesicle project.\nShe said: "I\'d get the cells ready, get the DNA together to be able to put into those cells, get the cells onto the microscopes.\n"And we have some really amazing microscopes.\n"We\'d image those cells and get some movies and recordings, take those off, put them onto some very sophisticated software and do the analysis."\nSome of the images are things of beauty in their own right.\nOne, showing hundreds of thousands of vesicle tracks across the surface of a cell, has more than a touch of Jackson Pollock about it.\nWrangling with the huge amounts of data and building a computer model of how the cells get their precious payloads to where they are needed was where the mathematics came in.\nMaths may be the language which underpins all of science but there was still a difference in dialects between the two cultures.\n"It was one of the biggest challenges of my PhD," Dr Dun said.\n"I\'ve learnt a whole new language working with a mathematician - and I think Gabriel probably feels the same way."\nNow the team has published its research in the journal Current Biology, what next?\nProf Duncan warns that it typically takes years to bring new medicines to patients but he says there are implications for new treatments..\n"If you have diabetes or certain neurological conditions, for example, something has probably gone wrong with the movement of the cargo in these vesicles inside your cells - and we really don\'t know what.\n"What our new work gives us is a really strong, correct starting point to try to investigate this in the future."\nFor Prof Lord, the mathematical modelling approach may lead far beyond biology.\n"It\'s an approach that\'s going to be used in finance, in astronomy, all over the place."\nThe work is a prime example of how collaboration between scientific disciplines is amplifying what we can discover.\nIt was funded through the Next Generation Optical Microscopy Initiative led by the Medical Research Council.\nThe biologists could use their super-powerful microscopes to see inside the cells to the vesicles.  The mathematicians used the data to look closer still.']" != "['this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article', 'Is our Sun falling silent? By Rebecca Morelle\nIn January, Rebecca Morelle examined what might be behind the current, baffling silence of the Sun. Our parent star is usually a churning cauldron, exploding with dazzling flares and spewing huge clouds of charged particles into space. But scientists have to go back about a century to find a period when the Sun was as inactive as it now is. Yet the Sun is currently at solar maximum, when activity should be at its peak. "I\'ve been a solar physicist for 30 years, and I\'ve never seen anything quite like this," solar physicist Richard Harrison told the BBC.\nIs our Sun falling silent?\nOklahoma drought kindles Dust Bowl fears. By David Shukman\nIn the Oklahoma Panhandle, the most remote area of the state, recent rainfall has been so meagre that fears have been kindled of a return to the apocalyptic Dust Bowl scenes of the 1930s. In an echo of that devastating period, the panhandle has experienced fearsome dust storms that have wrecked crops and engulfed towns. BBC News science editor David Shukman travelled to the area to learn what the parched conditions mean for the economy and the rural communities hit by the worst drought in decades.\nOklahoma drought kindles Dust Bowl fears\nThe confusion over fusion. By Matt McGrath\nThe BBC\'s Matt McGrath reported on some of the new teams trying to crack the decades-old problem of nuclear fusion with different approaches. US defence giant Lockheed Martin is one of those backing a new effort to harness the process that powers the Sun for energy here on Earth. But what are their chances given the failures and disappointments of the last 50 years?\nThe confusion over fusion\nHow do we really make decisions? By Toby Macdonald\nWith every decision we take, there is a battle in our minds between intuition and logic. The intuitive part of your mind is a lot more powerful than you may think. BBC Horizon director Toby Macdonald delved into the science of decision-making for this fascinating article about the hidden auto-pilot in our brains that is actually responsible for most of the things that we say, do, think and believe.\nHow do we really make decisions?\nThe book that helped save UK\'s forests. By Mark Kinver\nJohn Evelyn is best known as the diarist who recorded some of the defining moments in English history, including the Civil War, the great plague and the fire of London. But it his book Sylva that is perhaps most influential. Some 350 years after its first publication, the survival of the nation\'s woodlands depend on management programmes that were inspired, influenced or even instructed by Evelyn\'s book.\nThe book that helped save UK\'s forests\nA glimpse of computing\'s future? By Paul Rincon\nFor the modest sum of $15m (Â£9m), a start-up near Vancouver will sell you a black box the size of a garden shed with its logo emblazoned on the side in white neon. Inside the box is - they claim - nothing less than a real quantum computer. Quantum computing exploits weird physics to solve difficult classes of problem faster than their conventional counterparts. However, not everyone is convinced by the company\'s claims.\nA glimpse of computing\'s future?\nRadars of the lost shark. By Roger Harrabin\nThe sea around Cocos Island, Costa Rica, are a globally important hotspot for sharks. They are also the setting for a game of cat-and-mouse between government patrols and illegal fishermen intent on luring sharks from the protected waters. Now, wealthy donors such as Hollywood actor Leonardo DiCaprio have funded a powerful radar system that could help rangers keep track of unauthorised vessels. But will it be enough to stop this island paradise being stripped of its rich marine life?\nRadars of the lost shark\nMapping the ballet of the skies. By Jonathan Webb\nEach year in Britain, starlings swirl in their hundreds and thousands, in shapes that defy mathematical description. Even using computer models, physicists and mathematicians have struggled to explain the synchronised, rapidly fluctuating movements of starling flocks. So how on earth do they co-ordinate these aerobatic displays, and what purpose do they serve?\nMapping the ballet of the skies\nX-rays shed light on \'early bird\'. By James Morgan\nJames Morgan reported on how an old technique inspired by Leonardo da Vinci could help us understand how birds evolved. The extinct species known as Archaeopteryx is transitional between birds and dinosaurs. Now, the simple and ancient concept of the pinhole camera is being adapted for the 21st Century in a bid to capture the clearest images of fossil specimens and answer a 150-year-old riddle: could Archaeopteryx fly, or not?\nX-rays shed light on \'early bird\'']"

Question: A chronology of key events:

1516 - Spanish navigator Juan Diaz de Solis killed by indigenous people while exploring the Rio de la Plata, his death discouraging further European colonisation for more than 100 years.
1726 - Spanish found Montevideo and take over Uruguay from the Portuguese; many of the indigenous people are killed.
1776 - Uruguay becomes part of the Vice-royalty of La Plata, which has its capital at Buenos Aires.
1808 - Uruguay rebels against the Vice-royalty of La Plata following the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy by Napoleon Bonaparte.
1812-20 - Orientales, or Uruguayans from the eastern side of the River Plata, fight against Argentinian and Brazilian invaders.
Uruguay won the first ever football World Cup, beating neighbours Argentina 4-2 in the 1930 final
Uruguay's rich football history
1828 - Brazil, Argentina renounce claims to territories which become the Eastern Republic of Uruguay.
1830 - Constitution approved.
1838-65 - Civil war between Blancos, or Whites - the future conservative party - and Colorados, or Reds - the future liberals.
1865-70 - Uruguay joins Argentina and Brazil in war against Paraguay, which is defeated.
1903-15 - Reformist Jose Batlle y Ordonez (Colorado Party) gives women the franchise and establishes a welfare state, disestablishes the church and abolishes the death penalty during two successive terms as president.
1933 - Opposition groups excluded from politics following military coup.
The capital boasts colonial architecture, sandy beaches and a busy port
Date founded: 1725
Population: 1.3m (2011)
1939-1945 - World War II. Uruguay is neutral for most of the war but later joins the Allies.
1951 - President replaced with nine-member council in accordance with new constitution.
1962 - Campaign by Tupamaros guerrillas begins and lasts until 1973.
1971 - British ambassador to Uruguay Geoffrey Jackson kidnapped by Tupamaros guerrillas and held for eight months. He is freed shortly after a mass jail break-out by Tupamaros convicts which officials deny was arranged in exchange for Jackson's release.
1972 - Sixteen survivors of a Uruguayan plane which crashes in the Andes stay alive by eating the flesh of passengers who died. The survivors, mainly members of a Uruguayan rugby team, are trapped for 10 weeks.
1973 - Armed forces seize power and promise to encourage foreign investment, but usher in a period of extreme repression during which Uruguay becomes known as "the torture chamber of Latin America" and accumulates the largest number of political prisoners per capita in the world.
1984 - Violent protests against repression and deteriorating economic conditions.
Argentina's economic meltdown had knock-on effects for Uruguay
Q&A: Uruguay in financial turmoil
Uruguay gets IMF thumbs up
1985 - Army and political leaders agree on return to constitutional government and the release of political prisoners; law grants amnesty to members of the armed forces accused of human rights violations during years of dictatorship; Julio Maria Sanguinetti becomes president.
1989 - Referendum endorses amnesty for human rights abusers; Lacalle Herrera elected president
1994 - Julio Maria Sanguinetti elected president.
1999 - Jorge Batlle elected president.
2000 - Commission begins investigating the fate of 160 people who disappeared during the years of military dictatorship.
2002 April - Uruguay breaks diplomatic ties with Cuba, after Cuba accuses it of being a US lackey for sponsoring a UN resolution which calls on Havana to implement human rights reforms.
Juan Maria Bordaberry headed the 1970s military regime
Uruguay's ex-president arrested
Uruguay's former president jailed
2002 May - Emergency measures, including tax increases, are announced by President Batlle in an effort to prevent Argentina's financial crisis from spilling over the border.
2002 August - Government orders banks to close for almost a week to stop mass withdrawal of savings. General strike held in protest at economic crisis.
2003 April - World Bank approves loans worth more than $250m.
2003 December - Voters in referendum reject plans to open up state oil monopoly to foreign investment.
2004 May - Senate rejects a bill that would have legalised abortion.
2004 November - Left-winger Tabare Vazquez wins presidential elections, marking a dramatic political shift.
2005 March - President Vazquez is sworn in. Within hours he restores ties with Cuba, signs an energy deal with Venezuela and announces a welfare package to tackle poverty.
A dispute over pulp mills on the border strained ties with Argentina in 2006-10
River row divides former friends
Argentina-Uruguay mill row ends
2005 December - Forensic experts unearth remains of individuals who are thought to be victims of military rule. President Vazquez ordered the excavations soon after taking office.
2006 July - International Court of Justice rejects a bid by Argentina to suspend the construction of two Uruguayan pulp mills. Uruguay rejects charges that the plants will pollute the border region.
2006 November - Former president-turned-dictator Juan Maria Bordaberry and his former foreign minister are arrested in connection with the 1976 killings of four political opponents.
2006 December - Uruguay pays off its billion-dollar debt to the International Monetary Fund.
2007 May - A new parliament of South America's leading trading block Mercosur is inaugurated in the capital Montevideo.
2007 September - Hundreds of Argentineans cross into Uruguay to protest outside a paper pulp mill, which Argentina and environmentalists say pollutes rivers.
2008 June - President Vasquez announces discovery of what could be large natural gas field off Uruguay's Atlantic coast.
2009 October - The Supreme Court rules that a law shielding officials of the last military government from prosecution for human rights abuses is unconstitutional.
Former military ruler Gregorio Alvarez is sentenced to 25 years in prison for murder and human rights violations.
Ruling Broad Front coalition wins parliamentary election.
2009 November - Former leftist rebel-turned-moderate Jose Mujica of the governing Broad Front wins presidential election.
2010 February - Former president Juan Maria Bordaberry is sentenced to 30 years in prison for murder and violation of the constitution in the wake of the 1973 military coup. Because of his age he serves the sentence at home, and dies in 2011.
2010 March - Jose Mujica takes office as president.
2011 October - Congress votes to revoke an amnesty law that protected military officers from prosecution for crimes committed under military rule in 1975-1983.
2012 October - Uruguay becomes the first country in Latin America after Cuba to legalise abortion for all women. The Senate voted narrowly to allow abortions in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
2013 April - Uruguay legalises same-sex marriage, becoming only the second country in Latin America to do so. Argentina, which legalised gay marriage in 2010, was the first.
2013 December - Uruguay becomes the first country to legalise the cultivation, sale and consumption of marijuana for recreational use, as a measure to counter drug cartels. The UN drugs watchdog says the move violates international law.
2014 March - The entire board of Uruguay's Football Association resigns amid a crisis over violence at matches.
2014 July - Government says the legalisation of cannabis sales, due to begin in state-owned pharmacies in November, will be delayed until next year due to practical difficulties.
2014 October - First round of presidential elections.
2014 November - Tabare Vazquez wins the presidency in the second round of voting.

A selection of photos from across the African continent this week:


Question: Briton George Russell has been signed to world champions Mercedes' young driver development programme.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

The 18-year-old joins Formula 1 drivers Pascal Wehrlein and Esteban Ocon as the third member of the scheme.
Russell, who finished third in the European Formula 3 championship last season, will race in the GP3 feeder series with the leading ART team.
"It's a dream come true," Russell told BBC Radio Norfolk. "The real hard work starts now."
Russell, who lives in King's Lynn, added: "It's quite comforting knowing that if I do the job, I'm quite confident I will get the opportunity from Mercedes to further my career."
Mercedes F1 team boss Toto Wolff said: "George has shown impressive form in the junior categories and we've been keeping a close eye on him for a while now. It's still early days in his career but we see great potential in him."

McLaren executive director Zak Brown said he regarded the 17-year-old Englishman as "a fabulous prospect".
Norris won two Formula Renault 2.0 titles last season and will move to the European Formula Three series in 2017.
Triple world champion Lewis Hamilton and Red Bull's Max Verstappen have previously raced in that category.
Norris said he was "immensely excited" about joining McLaren, whose F1 race drivers this year are double world champion Fernando Alonso and novice Stoffel Vandoorne.
"It's hopefully taking me another step closer to reaching my goal of competing in Formula 1," he said.
"I'm honoured to become part of such a prestigious F1 team and to be brought in alongside some very good drivers and experienced people."
Norris will be mentored by McLaren development driver Oliver Turvey, who McLaren describe as the "linchpin" of their F1 simulator programme.
McLaren have also retained Japanese Nobuharu Matsushita, a protege of engine partner Honda, will race again in GP2 and be McLaren's F1 test and development driver.
Dutchman Nyck de Vries, 22, who raced in GP3 last season, is also still on McLaren's books but his programme this season has not yet been finalised.


Question: Represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Democracies are good at all sorts of things, but not always at making decisions.

There's a perfect example of that here in India, the world's largest democracy.
There is a reform which would benefit virtually every Indian and which both main political parties agree should happen, yet which has been blocked in parliament for years.
So why is the country finding it so difficult to take a decision which should be so easy?
You might imagine that India, proud of its unity, would have a single common market.  But it is actually far easier to transport goods between the nation states of Europe than it is to move a load across India.
Trucks are stopped at virtually every state border. The World Bank has estimated that the average Indian trucker spends almost 60% of his time sitting in lay-bys waiting for officials to work out what levies are due on his load.
That's because apart from the taxes imposed by the federal government, India's 29 states also have the power to raise duties on the sale of goods and services.
A proposal to streamline the system, harmonising all these different taxes into an all-embracing goods and services tax, or GST, has been knocking around for almost a decade.
The effects on the economy would be profound.  All those trucks would suddenly be able to move much more freely around the country, all those complex layers of taxation would be stripped away and myriad opportunities for corruption would close.
Most economists agree it would deliver a spectacular boost to country's already robust growth rate.
One study found it could add as much as 2% to annual GDP growth: an extra $20bn (Â£14bn) a year from year one - nothing to sniff at.
With a bonanza like that on offer it is no surprise that both India's main parties - the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Congress - have repeatedly said they would back a bill to reform GST.
Yet they have gone to extraordinary lengths to avoid doing just that in the last few years.
One leading Congress politician is reported to have hidden in the parliamentary toilets a few months ago to avoid discussing how to progress on the GST bill with the BJP.
Though to be fair, the BJP pursued a similarly obstructionist policy when they were in opposition.
So why are Indian politicians wilfully conspiring to deprive ordinary Indians of the benefits of economic growth?
One powerful constituency is threatened by tax reform, India's state authorities.
Losing the ability to raise taxes represents a very significant diminution of their power.
The states control the upper house of parliament, the Rajya Sabha, and that's where the legislation is blocked.
But the opposition of state legislators shouldn't be able to override the will of India's two main parties.
So what's going on?
Economist Kaushik Basu is not known for cynicism.  He is the chief economist of the World Bank and the former chief economic advisor to the Indian government.
But, when I asked him why he thought the legislation hasn't been passed, he told me it was because the parties were following their own narrow self-interest.
Neither wanted "to hand the prize to the other", he said.
He believes the parties judge the political cost of gifting a 2% a year GDP fillip to their rivals outweighs any benefits to the people of India.
That kind of selfish political judgement isn't unique to India, he adds.
Citizens of most countries would be able to think of examples where a political party has been willing to make the nation suffer rather than see their rivals prosper.
But it seems to me that there has to be a failure by another key player in a democracy to allow that to happen.
The electorate - the people - has to fail to engage with the issue.
If reform of GST was an important issue for ordinary Indians then there would be pressure - outrage even - at the political games being played in Delhi.
But the fact is that the intricacies of tax reform don't tend to fire up any electorate.
What's more - as the bill is currently framed, ordinary Indians would face a tax increase in the first couple of years after it is enacted.
Not something designed to endear the electorate to the policy.
In fact, the current bill is such an ugly compromise that some economists believe it could create an even more complex regime than the one it seeks to replace.
All of which conspires to leave India in the extraordinary position of having a relatively straightforward measure that could dramatically increase growth but which fails to be enacted year after year.
This may be a particularly striking example, but the sad truth is that this doesn't actually tell us anything unique about India.
Unfortunately, all it says is that this country has the same failings as other democratic nations.
I've tried hard to resist the temptation to quote Winston Churchill, but I just can't.
"Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others that have been tried from time to time," he once said.
The malaise which has mired the Indian GST bill simply confirms Churchill's - ahem - "Churchillian" judgement on the limitations of the most successful form of government ever devised.

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

He was right to raise it.
After all, the instability and civil war that completely managed to wreck the country over a 23-year period are over. There is a competent president in post, aid is pouring in, and the debt hanging over the country has been written off.
And yet for many people in Liberia, conditions are still medieval. Many people are living on incomes of $5-10 (£3-6) a week, there are only about 100 or so doctors in the country to look after the 3.5 million people there, roads are pot-holed and only a small percentage of the population have access to electricity.
Yet, what is so striking about Liberia is that in a place where there is so much to be done, I have never seen so many people with nothing to do.
More than 80% of the workforce is unemployed (if the concept can be meaningfully measured at that kind of level). All over the country, at all times of the week, you see people just hanging out. Young men sitting astride their mopeds (there are plenty of them around as young veterans of the war were given the money to buy mopeds to encourage them to hand in their weapons).
Or you see children and women on the sides of streets or in bustling markets hopelessly under-worked engaging in low value retail activities.
One boy told me that if he wanders around for half a day, he can sell about 12 packets of biscuits. That is a lot of work for a child in return for very little income.
Think how much more productive everybody could be with some well-organised tasks, some decent management and a bit of equipment.
Which brings us back to the John Humphrys question.
Why does that kind of development not occur? Why does Liberia not take off? Why does it not become a tiger economy following the model of others from Europe and Asia to the Americas, which heaved themselves out of the poverty of subsistence agriculture by opening factories?
After all, manufacturing quickly makes relatively unskilled workers very productive indeed. In principle, Liberia should be highly attractive to employers with wage rates there at about $5 a day in the formal sector of the economy, making them about a fifth of those in the most industrial parts of  China.
Having spent an intensive week in the country (a ludicrously short time to start pontificating on it, I admit) I came to think I had a not very original answer to that Humphrys question. So let me set it out here.
It all comes down to the many different Catch-22s of development. Let me give you an example of the sort of thing I mean. For industry to settle in a country, you first need electricity; for electricity, you need some trained workers; for trained workers, you need some schools; for schools you need some money; for money, you need some industry.
There are more subtle examples too: to hire expert foreigners to manage your electricity industry and get things moving, you need civil servants who know how to hire foreigners. But you probably don't have any civil servants expert in hiring foreigners - you really need to hire foreigners to acquire some.
The general point is that Liberia starts from the disadvantage of having multiple disadvantages simultaneously. If we had any one of the country's problems, we would fix it pretty quickly - if we had no electricity, we would be able to build some up pretty darn fast. If we had no schools, we would rapidly create some.
If the civil service was weak, we would establish one by hiring good people from the private sector. But if we lacked electricity, schools and civil servants, the challenge of building each of these sectors together would be more than the sum of the challenge of building each individually. Progress will not occur on one front without progress on the others, and achieving progress on all fronts is going to be slow.
An important implication of this is that we should not judge Liberia by western standards. When you ask a question about why something has not happened, it is generally because you can't assume that kind of thing happens in that environment.
Western donors who attach tough terms and conditions to their aid and who want endless compliance forms to be filled out, appear not to get it at all. There simply are not enough people to fill those forms out and so aid often takes too long to get through. A point made by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf to me, in an interview.
As a final Catch-22 example, I would cite the Liberian tax system. Tax revenues provide money to support health and education but health and education are necessary for a well-functioning tax system.
I spent an afternoon with a tax inspector in Bong County and was dismayed to find his office was a small empty dilapidated building, furnished with a table, a couple of chairs and a cupboard. It had only just acquired a lock on the door. The inspector's taxpayers typically didn't keep accounts; he didn't have transport to get around to see them… and so on and so on. Where do you start in building a tax system out of that?
Oh, and if that wasn't bad enough, the population of prime age adults - the ones who all societies rely on to do most of the important tasks - spent their formative years in war, being taught how to destroy things rather than how to create them. The human capital was wiped out by the years of self-destruction along with the infrastructure.
In short, why does development take so long, even in a place where the intentions of those in power are good? The answer is because while any one physical or human institution can be reformed or improved rapidly, it simply takes a long time to create them all from scratch.