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Question: We may owe our ability to fight disease to our extinct relatives - the Neanderthals and Denisovans.

According to a pair of scientific studies, key genes in the immune system come from our ancient "cousins".
The findings, which appear in The American Journal of Human Genetics, suggest we have Neanderthals to thank for being able to fight off pathogens.
But interbreeding may have had a downside, as the same genes may have made us more prone to allergies.
Modern-day people can trace their ancestry to a small population that emerged from Africa about 60,000 years ago.
As the African humans spread out across the world, they came into contact with other ancient humans based in Europe and Western Asia.
Genetic evidence suggests that these different "tribes" interbred, with part of the genome of Neanderthals still present in humans alive today.
About 1% to 6% of the modern Eurasian human genome seems to come from Neanderthals and Denisovans - another extinct member of the human family.
Scientists in Germany analysed the genes of both modern humans and our ancient relatives to find the source of changes in our immune system's genetic blueprints.
They found some of the fragments of Neanderthal DNA in humans alive today play a key role in the immune system as the front line of defence against pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and parasites.
"The evidence suggests that this genetic region contributes to the immune system of modern day humans," Dr Michael Dannemann of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, told BBC News.
"At some point in history it might have been an advantage to have these Neanderthal genes in terms of fighting off infections or lethal pathogens from 10,000 years ago.
"It could also still be an advantage today but this is difficult to pinpoint."
Dr Danneman, a co-researcher on one of the papers, said this inheritance from the Neanderthals could also have left some people more prone to allergies - because of the effect on the immune system - although this needs further investigation in the laboratory.
A second group of researchers - in France and the US - independently analysed genetic data on modern people from the 1000 Genomes project together with the genome sequences of ancient humans.
They came to similar conclusions - that a particular cluster of important human immune genes come from Neanderthals and Denisovans.
Dr Lluis Quintana-Murci of the Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, said the findings came as a big surprise.
"Our big surprise was to find that this gene region has such a high Neanderthal ancestry because this region has been shown to have a major biological relevance in host survival against pathogens," he said.
"Maybe we should thank Neanderthals for having given us diversity in innate immunity to survive better against pathogens."
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The well-preserved ancient remains from the "Pit of Bones" site in Spain have been known for more than three decades.
They are about 400,000 years old, but their relationships to Neanderthals and other ancient relatives has been hotly debated.
DNA analysis confirms that they lie on the evolutionary line to Neanderthals.
The results are published in the journal Nature.
Nuclear DNA accounts for most of the instructions to build an organism, and is located in the nuclei of our cells.
Leg bone gives up oldest human DNA
Cave girl's DNA gives up secrets
Analysis of DNA from specimens this old is very challenging. But owing to the careful way the bones were excavated, and advances in genetic sampling and sequencing technology, the team was able to reconstruct parts of the genomes from a tooth and a thigh bone found in the pit.
However, this was enough to reveal their evolutionary affinities.
Based on skeletal evidence, the 28 individuals buried in the 13m-deep cave shaft have been variously interpreted as belonging to a human species called Homo heidelbergensis or as proto-Neanderthals - that is, on their way to evolving the classic physical characteristics of the Neanderthals.
But in 2013, a team reported their analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) retrieved from remains at the archaeological site - known as Sima de los Huesos in Spanish. This type of genetic material is inherited only via the maternal line.
They concluded that the mtDNA was more closely related to that found in the enigmatic Denisovans, a population of ancient humans who inhabited Asia more than 50,000 years ago, than to that found in Neanderthals.
The Denisovan link was a surprise, especially given the Neanderthal-like characteristics of the bones.
But the latest genetic results reveal that the Pit of Bones people were indeed closely related to the Neanderthals.
"Sima de los Huesos is currently the only non-permafrost site that allows us to study DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene, the time period preceding 125,000 years ago," says Matthias Meyer of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
Juan-Luis Arsuaga, from the Complutense University in Madrid, who led the excavations at Sima de los Huesos, said: "We have hoped for many years that advances in molecular analysis techniques would one day aid our investigation of this unique assembly of fossils"
"We have thus removed some of the specimens with clean instruments and left them embedded in clay to minimise alterations of the material that might take place after excavation."
Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from one individual supported a relationship to Denisovans - consistent with the previous study.
This leads the scientists to speculate that mitochondrial DNA types seen in later, "classical" Neanderthals may have arrived in a migration from Africa, replacing those present in the Pit of Bones people.
Prof Chris Stringer, from London's Natural History Museum, who was not involved with the latest study, said the results shed new light on how our own species (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals diverged from a common ancestor.
"There has been continuing debate about how deep in time the Neanderthal-sapiens split was, with estimates ranging from about 800,000 years to 300,000 years," he explained.
"I have recently favoured a split time of about 400,000, and have argued for many years that the widespread species H. heidelbergensis at about 500,000 was probably their last common ancestor."
He added: "When new genetic data are used to recalibrate divergence times, these now suggest older split times both between the Neanderthals and Denisovans (approximately 450,000 years) and their lineage and ours (approximately 650,000 years)."
Prof Stringer said research must now refocus on fossils from this key time interval to determine which ones might actually lie on the respective ancestral lineages of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans.
Co-author Svante PÃ¤Ã¤bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology commented: "These results... are consistent with a rather early divergence of 550,000 to 750,000 years ago of the modern human lineage from archaic humans."
How the skeletons of 28 ancient people, along with the remains of prehistoric animals, ended up at the bottom of the pit is unknown. They might have fallen to their deaths through an opening, but some experts think they were deliberately buried.
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Question: May has been a wash out.

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Traditionally, the month is held up as one of Scotland's best for fine weather - and with biting midges still to emerge.
But few places have escaped heavy downpours and chilly temperatures this May.
BBC Scotland weather presenter Christopher Blanchett explains why, while meteorologist Dr Edward Graham, of the University of the Highlands and Islands, looks into a suggestion made earlier this week that the weather is getting more extreme.
"We should be experiencing temperatures into the mid teens by the end of May, but instead it has been a good deal cooler," says Blanchett.
"It's all down to where the weather and where the land mass it sits in has been coming from.
"North westerly winds have fed in the cool conditions from places like Greenland along with spells of wind and rain.
"The reason is partly down to the position of the jetstream, high level winds in the atmosphere.
"The jetstream has been to the south of us meaning we are in the cooler air on its northern side. It has also meant more frequent low pressure systems bringing wind and rain."
But the weather presenter added: "There are signs of change. As the jetstream moves north it will bring more settled, and crucially, warmer weather."
Extreme weather has been increasingly disrupting ferry sailings on Scotland's west coast, according to ferry operator Caledonian MacBrayne.
CalMac said the masters of its ships have experienced bad weather of greater severity and lasting for longer than previously seen.
Lewis-based Dr Graham says it is correct to say the weather on the west coast has got worse over the past two winters.
"But that was on the back of two of the quietest winters on record, 2009-2010 and 2010-11," he adds.
The meteorologist says the weather should sooner or later get better again.
He says: "It's nearly all down to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a dominant weather pattern over the North Atlantic Ocean.
"The higher the NAO value is during the winter, the stormier the weather is, and the bigger the waves.
"But the fly-in-the-ointment is of course, climate change - are such winters becoming more regular, rather than isolated cases?
"Again, yes, there is some evidence of an increase in extreme types of weather around the world due to climate change, but no specific studies that I am aware of are conclusive on the state of the climate of the west coast of Scotland.
"For example the west of Scotland is certainly getting warmer - about 0.5C warmer - and is getting wetter since the 1970s.
"But there's conflicting evidence on winds.
"Stornoway Airport actually shows a reduction in average wind speed during winter of about minus one knot, but this is probably non-significant and may be due to simple changes of instrumentation.
"Some evidence indicates individual storms are getting more severe, but there are actually slightly fewer of them."

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11 August 2017 Last updated at 12:23 BST
OK, OK that might be a bit of a stretch, but, surely August should be sunnier than it has been?
Well here at Newsround, we want these important questions answered.
So we went to our local weather expert, Simon King for the low down on this whether this wet weather is normal or not!
Check out the video...


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Question: England football manager Gareth Southgate says the motivation of young players is being eroded by excessively high pay.

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He warned that millionaire youngsters were getting the wrong message from huge rewards before they had achieved any success.
"They are intrinsically unmotivated, they lose a bit of an edge," said Mr Southgate.
He also warned of players believing the "hype" around the Premier League.
The England manager told the Boarding Schools Association conference that overpaid players were losing their hunger by getting too much money too early in their careers.
"We're at fault as a sport and we could have changed that.
"We could pay players into trust funds or we could reduce the level," he said at the meeting in York.
"The biggest problem is that we reward boys without them having had success. We're taking some of that motivation away."
He suggested that an incremental rise in rewards could provide a better incentive.
"But the very best will still come through, whatever they earn. But we're making it more difficult."
Mr Southgate said that the national team also faced pressures from unrealistic public expectations.
He said that in the most recent England camp the players were given a reality check - and told that in the past 25 years England had only won a handful of games in the knock-out stages of international competitions.
"We need belief, but realistic belief. What is possible? We're 14th in the world at the moment."
And he says the players were told: "Whatever the hype around the Premier League, and whatever you read about yourself, there's a big world out there and some very good national teams.
"How are we going to be better than them?"
Mr Southgate said that players needed to be able to shake off their inhibitions and fears about playing for England.
"I think the danger is that we forget how we might win - and under pressure, we've reverted to worrying about what will happen if we lose. What kind of reaction will we get?"
There have been growing concerns about mental health problems within sport - and Mr Southgate says that top-level footballers have to find ways to cope with "enormous anxiety", "self doubt" and the nagging question "can I do it today?"
In the England set-up, he says the women's team are much better at talking about their feelings under pressure, but the men's team was "hard work".
"They don't want to show weakness in front of each other."
Mr Southgate says one of the biggest challenges is to get players, who are successful and comfortable in their club teams, to feel relaxed and integrated in a national squad.
When he was a player himself, he said arriving at the England camp for the first time was an intimidating experience.
"Even having dinner was an ordeal," he said. And for modern players, he says "the tendency is to go back to their rooms as quickly as possible".
While as a manager and player, his working life had been dominated by league tables, he told this audience of head teachers that he did not approve of school league tables.
Such tables pushed schools into taking short-term measures to boost their rankings - rather than valuing long-term development and wider experiences.
In terms of what happens next for the England team, he said: "We're going to have to be better under pressure."

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A 1-0 win over Venezuela in Sunday's final in South Korea gave England their biggest international title since 1966.
So can the nation dare to dream that some of these players could go on to help revive the full senior side, perhaps even in time to help the FA achieve its stated aim of a World Cup victory in 2022?
Having not won a single match in the U20 tournament since 1997 - and failed to even qualify on four occasions over the past 20 years - manager Paul Simpson's side have confounded the theory that English youngsters are not as technically proficient as their European or South American rivals.
Yet as well as pride and excitement, their success has also been met with scepticism about the inevitable talk of a new 'golden generation', and concern that this proves another false dawn.
What does bode well for the future is that this squad appears to have been the result of a long-term plan, testament to the FA's National Football Centre at St George's Park, and its adherence to the sometimes derided 'England DNA' philosophy, in which consistency of tactics through the various development teams - both male and female - is paramount.
The FA may not have anywhere near as much control over youth coaching at the clubs as their counterparts in Germany - the DFB - but their vision does at least set a template for coaches, and now has a tangible example of what can be achieved.
Certainly St George's Park has become familiar territory for the U20s, the core of which won the U17 Euros in 2014 under John Peacock, and then reached the semi-finals of the U19 Euros last year under Aidy Boothroyd.
The Staffordshire site's location and cost has not been without controversy. And after England's abject humiliation at the hands of Iceland at Euro 2016, a solution to a generation of under-achievement seemed further away than ever. Several coaches, meanwhile, have left to join club set-ups.
But five years after St George's Park opened, there are signs the FA's investment is paying dividends, and that it finally has players who can handle the pressure of tournament football.
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"It is enormous what the FA have done" Simpson told BBC Sport before the final.
"We want to develop the players into a certain style of play. Everything you see from the top national teams, we want to recreate that.
"This is the first group to come right through that pathway. We have eight teams qualified for tournaments this summer, both men and women, that is an unprecedented summer for English football teams."
He pointed to the "massive financial investment" in the facilities at St George's Park, the support staff, and the tournaments they have put the players through.
"I have been working with the U16s and we put the players on a trip to Brazil so they could experience South American opposition, the travelling, different climates," he said.
"This U20 group, we sent to South Korea last year so they experienced playing with an eight-hour time difference, and the humidity and temperature."
He said the FA had been trying to get its players accumulating caps at youth level in a way that players from countries like Germany and Spain do.
"There has been a level of consistency for selection, and they are now battle-hardened for tournament football," he said.
"We are trying to get our players to that level where they have played in major tournaments, played in Uefa competitions."
Simpson is quick to highlight the role of the clubs too, not only for the work done at their academies where most of the players' development is conducted, but for what he sees as a refreshing new attitude when it comes to the release of players.
FA technical director Dan Ashworth appears to have improved relations with managers, with Everton boss Ronald Koeman for instance allowing five players to miss the last two weeks of the season to prepare for the U20 World Cup.
Brought in to raise youth development standards, the Premier League's Elite Player Performance Plan - or EPPP - has seen significant investment in club academies, but is contentious.
There are concerns that the replacement of the old tribunal system with a fixed-price compensation scheme has led to smaller clubs being short-changed, the stockpiling of young talent at the richest clubs, and even the closure of some lower-league academies.
However, the Premier League believes the success of the U20s also suggests the EPPP is working, five years after it was established.
But the clubs of course, can also be a problem.
With the Premier League's record broadcast rights deals making it easier than ever for them to buy the best overseas talent, and the financial imperative of staying in the top flight often dissuading managers from taking a longer-term view, the task of breaking into first teams has never been tougher.
A 2015 study found the percentage of club-trained players in Premier League squads had reached a new low, with just 11.7% graduated from their club's academy.
A report released by Uefa in January found that 62% of players in England's top tier were foreign — the highest in Europe.
Analysis by football365.com has revealed that 41 English players under the age of 22 played at least one Premier League game last season, totalling 16,532 minutes at an average of 403 minutes per player.
In France it was 98 players, with 79,062 minutes of action, at an average of 806 minutes per player. Four Premier League sides - Manchester City, Middlesbrough, Stoke and Sunderland - did not give a single game to an English player currently under the age of 22.
Despite the efforts of the FA's former chairman Greg Dyke, and calls for quotas in starting XIs, the Premier League has resisted pressure to further restrict foreign imports, sticking with the rule that eight places in 25-man squads must be 'home-grown players'.
While 16 members of the U20s played first-team football last season, half of them had to go on loan to do so, with some - like goalkeeper Freddie Woodman (on loan at Kilmarnock from Newcastle) and forward Adam Armstrong (on loan at Barnsley from Newcastle) - enjoying highly successful spells at their adopted clubs.
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Midfielder Kieran Dowell - one of the most impressive performers in South Korea - made no senior league appearances for Everton but stayed at Goodison, captaining coach David Unsworth's academy team to the title in the inaugural Under-23 competition - dubbed 'Premier League 2'.
Some clubs - with Chelsea and their army of loanees the most obvious example - prefer to farm out their young players so they gain first-team experience.
They say the pressure of matchday crowds and the intensity of competition is better for development than the more sheltered environment of the Under-23 league. Others question this strategy however, and prefer to keep their best young talent in-house.
"It is not for me to tell the clubs how to do their business, they have their own pathways lined up" says Simpson diplomatically when asked which approach he prefers.
"We want to see as many of our players playing first-team football as possible. There are certainly some very good players in the Under-23 league involved in our teams.
"The money that is available to clubs is brilliant for our game, and we will not complain about that. But it also means there is more money to bring foreign players in.
"What we have to do is keep working with our English players and try and get them to a level where clubs can trust them to go in and play. This tournament has really put players on the map."
With Tottenham's core of English youngsters proof of what is possible, the Premier League is encouraged that last season there was a 20% increase in the number of minutes (716) played by home-grown debutants.
But the danger for the FA is that players who struggle to get first-team football - and remain uncapped in a competitive fixture at senior England level - could be tempted to switch allegiance.
Six of the U20 squad qualify to play for Nigeria for instance, and with the FA having recently seen Wilfried Zaha and Alex Iwobi play for England's youth teams - but then slip through their fingers (to Ivory Coast and Nigeria respectively), Simpson admits it is a worry.
"It is the reality of it, and we always share a concern about that. If we do things properly, if we have the right facilities and treat the players properly then we have a feeling they will want to come back," he said.
"There will be the odd case like Wilfried where we will lose them, but we have to do everything we can and make an effort to build relations with the clubs and the positive relationship with the players so they are happy to come and represent England."
Simpson points out how impressive England's depth of talent is, with the likes of Patrick Roberts, Izzy Brown, Tammy Abraham, Marcus Rashford and Tom Davies all young enough to play at U20 level.
When asked how many of his squad he hopes will go on to play for Gareth Southgate's full senior side, Simpson laughs.
"If I am going to be greedy, I would love to see them all of them do it, but that is living in a bit of a dream world," he said.
"There are no guarantees. But if we can just get a real core of them through. If we can keep them involved in first-team football then the future is really bright. That is what everyone inside the walls at the FA are keeping their fingers crossed for."
With former U21 manager Southgate as England manager, the sense is that players who come through the FA's age-group system will have more chance than ever to break into the senior squad.
Whether they get sufficient opportunities at their clubs remains in doubt. But at least the U20s' exploits in South Korea may have made some managers pause and think whether they really need to look elsewhere.


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Question: Vaccinating pregnant women is crucial, and a way of plugging the "immunisation loophole" and protecting their unborn babies.

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In 2012, a nationwide outbreak of whooping cough swept across the UK.
Almost 12,000 people were struck down by the highly infectious disease, which is marked by paroxysmal coughing - accompanied in some cases by the distinctive "whoop" - and can cause severe complications and death.
Newborn babies are especially vulnerable, and, in the three years from 2012 to 2014, a total of 24 babies died under the age of three months old. Thousands more were admitted to hospital.
The sudden upsurge came after more than a decade in which the number of cases had remained in the hundreds.
It proved, in tragic fashion, the vital importance of vaccinating the mother to protect her soon-to-be-born child.
For although whooping cough (known by the medical term pertussis) is a vaccine-preventable disease, the vaccine does not work in those most at risk - babies under three months.
Their developing immune systems are unable to mount the protective response that vaccination in an older infant will trigger.
This is immunisation's loophole. But there is a way of plugging it. Instead of vaccinating the child, vaccinate the mother.
The antibodies she creates to the disease are then passed via the placenta to the baby, who is protected after birth.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, up to 70,000 cases of pertussis were recorded each year in the UK.
The numbers soared after a scare about the safety of the vaccine in 1975 linked it, wrongly, to brain damage, which led to a fall in vaccination rates.
Years later, the scare over the MMR vaccine, which was wrongly linked to autism in the late 1990s, had a similar effect.
To ensure protection for newborns via their mothers, all pregnant women in the UK have been offered the pertussis vaccine in the third trimester of pregnancy since 2012, but many resist because of misplaced fears about its safety.
Today, it is combined with vaccines against polio, diphtheria and tetanus - diseases that have been virtually eliminated from the UK but could make a comeback.
The combined vaccine, called Boostrix IPV,  had a take up rate in England of 62% in 2014.
The vital contribution of maternal vaccination is seen more dramatically elsewhere around the globe.
In 2008, there were an estimated 16 million cases of pertussis worldwide and 195,000 deaths.
In those countries where maternal vaccination programmes have been introduced, deaths have dropped sharply.
Flu vaccination is also recommended for women during pregnancy to protect themselves, their unborn child and the newborn in its first few months.
A woman's immune system is weakened naturally during pregnancy, to prevent her body rejecting the baby.
But this makes her more vulnerable to infections such as flu.
Vaccination of the mother during pregnancy also confers protection on her child and has been shown to reduce cases of flu in newborns by 63%.
Maternal vaccination against flu was recommended as far back as 1960 in the US and in 2005 by the World Health Organization (WHO).
In England, it was first recommended for pregnant women during the swine flu pandemic of 2009.
But take-up rates for the vaccine are low, at 44% in England in 2015.
The biggest maternal vaccination success story - on a global scale - is against tetanus, the deadly infection marked by muscle spasms caused by a bacterium in the soil getting into a wound.
More than one million people died each year from tetanus in the 1980s, about three-quarters of them infants in the first month of life.
Today, the toll of neonatal deaths has been reduced by over 90% and maternal and neonatal tetanus has been eliminated from all but 22 countries.
In a paper summarising these findings, published in the US Journal Health Affairs and based on a policy briefing presented to the World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH) in Doha, Mark Steedman, of the Institute of Global Health Innovation, and I, together with colleagues, call on governments to recognise the extraordinary benefits achieved by maternal vaccination and to focus efforts on extending its reach.
Millions of mothers and newborns still die each year from infectious diseases, and a number of other vaccines are in the pipeline that could be used in pregnant women.
One study published  in the US this month showed that in one health system (Geisinger in Danville, Pennsylvania) 70% of pregnant women were vaccinated against flu and 76% against pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria  - much higher than the figures for the UK (44 and 62%).
Patient education and physician recommendation were the key factors, according to the researchers.
Ministers must ensure these are vigorously supported and pregnant women urged to seek protection for themselves and their unborn children.
The power of vaccination in pregnancy is a message that should be broadcast far and wide.
Lord Darzi is a surgeon, director of The Institute of Global Health Innovation, and executive chairman of the World Innovation Summit for Health, an initiative of the Qatar Foundation. He was a Labour health minister 2007-09.

It is an injection - but not as you know it.
The special device, with a smaller needle and no traditional syringe, will be sold at just $1 a unit.
An agreement - signed in the past few days - will make the new way of giving contraceptive injections available to women in 69 of the world's poorest countries.
The deal has been reached between the Gates Foundation, the drug company Pfizer and the Children's Investment Fund Foundation.
Previously the technology has been used for giving hepatitis B jabs in Indonesia. Burkina Faso was the first country to use it for contraception.
Soré Néimatou, 20, has a boyfriend, and is visiting a family planning clinic in the capital Ouagadougou.
"I don't want to get pregnant," she says. "I want to get married first."
She has never used contraception before, and is given a choice of methods. She opts for the new injection - called Sayana Press.
The pre-packaged device means there is no need for health workers to prepare a syringe.
The drug is dispensed by simply squeezing a plastic bubble, giving Soré the protection she wants for three months.
Thanks to the design, which is called Uniject, there is no risk of spillages or dosing errors, and because the device cannot be re-used, it cuts out the risk of infection due to needle-sharing.
The simplicity of the device means health workers can be trained more quickly too - a vital consideration for developing countries.
Kadidia Diallo, the midwife who helped Soré, says the device is more acceptable for women in rural areas.
She said: "Normally for injections you have to put them in someone's bottom, or the top of their leg, but with this - you use the arm.
"That's an advantage for women living in the bush. Many women don't come forward for injections if they have to pull their dresses up - but this is more discreet."
In early trials women reported less pain at the injection site than with conventional jabs, too.
18-year-old Rahimata Tiendrébéogo also uses the new device.
1. Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women
Evidence suggests women who have more than four children have increased maternal mortality risk; avoiding unwanted pregnancies, also reduces the need for unsafe abortions.
2. Reducing infant mortality
Closely spaced and ill-timed births contribute to some of the world's highest infant mortality rates. Infants of mothers who die as a result of giving birth also have a greater risk of death and poor health.
3. Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS
Reducing the risk of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV means fewer infected babies and orphans. Condoms also protect against STIs including HIV.
4. Empowering people and enhancing education
Informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health gives women enhanced opportunities for education and participation in public life. Children with fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer.
5. Reducing adolescent pregnancies
Pregnant teens are more likely to have preterm or low birth-weight babies, and babies born to adolescents have higher rates of neonatal mortality.
6. Slowing population growth
Unsustainable population growth results in negative impacts on the economy, environment, and national and regional development efforts.
Source: World Health Organization
Link
She wants to go to university to study English and has seen too many of her friends get pregnant - especially the poorer ones.
"It's not good for people to have babies so young because they are students…they don't have money or the means to bring up children.
"I'm independent and I want to be responsible."
A lack of contraception in sub-Saharan Africa remains a problem.
Almost a quarter of women of child-bearing age in Burkina Faso would like to plan their families by getting pregnant when they want to. Women there have six children on average.
Although the proportion of women using contraception in Africa has doubled in the past two decades - to 26% - it is much harder to obtain for women who are poor, uneducated or living in a rural area.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 222m women in developing countries would like to delay or stop conception, but are not currently using any form of contraception.
Injectable contraceptives are a widely-used family planning method among women in developing countries, where the lifetime risk for death due to a maternal cause can be as high as one in 15.
The next countries to start using Sayana Press are Niger, Senegal and Uganda.
The launch comes after many years of work at Path, the organisation behind the design of the device - and money from international donors.
A Path spokeswoman, Sara Tifft, told BBC News: "Burkina Faso was one of four countries identified for this initial pilot introduction, as an outgrowth of the 2012 Family Planning Summit in London."
The summit was co-hosted by the UK government.
International Development Secretary, Justine Greening, said: "Access to modern, safe and reliable family planning methods is vital.
"Without the ability to choose for themselves when they have children and how many they have, women lose the opportunity to participate fully in their economies and societies."
The makers of Sayana Press hope that one day it could even be used by women to inject themselves with contraception at home.


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Question: It has been another eventful Formula 1 season, with Lewis Hamilton once again emerging as world champion after an, at times, fraught battle with Mercedes team-mate Nico Rosberg.

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BBC Sport has compiled the key numbers for the 2015 season, with a strong focus on Hamilton and Rosberg as well as some interesting statistics about the other drivers.
Find out who was the best starter, which driver accumulated the most penalties and plenty more besides.
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The team's drivers - world champion Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton - won 19 of the 21 races in 2016 and sealed the title with four races to spare.
Red Bull, though, gave Mercedes plenty to think about with their drivers Max Verstappen and Daniel Ricciardo often getting the very best out of the car.
But which team did most BBC Sport website readers choose as the best of the season? Here are the results...
They dominated the season and dominated the picks in the BBC Sport selector.
Statistically Mercedes swept aside all before them. As well as winning 90% of the races, a silver arrow also took pole position in all but one race - Monaco, where Ricciardo started at the front of the pack.
With Rosberg retired and Hamilton's new team-mate yet to be confirmed, their rivals can only hope that Mercedes may find it difficult to match such an all-conquering campaign as the new guy settles in, and new rules take effect.
After finishing fourth in the constructors' championship last season, Red Bull rose from that disappointment to cement themselves as the best of the rest.
They may not have had the package to truly challenge Mercedes but they certainly won plenty of fans, thanks to their drivers' skill on the track and character off it.
The fearless Verstappen completed 78 overtakes in 2016 - a new F1 record - while Ricciardo was consistently impressive in the second half of the season, finishing on the podium in seven of the last 11 races.
One to watch in 2017, especially as aerodynamics become a more important factor with the new rules. Do not forget who will be leading their design package - one Adrian Newey.
They may have a smaller budget than the leading teams in Formula 1, but Force India certainly knew how to get the most out of what they had as they finished a hugely impressive fourth in the constructors' championship.
Both Sergio Perez and Nico Hulkenberg consistently finished inside the top eight, with Perez also managing to climb the podium twice - finishing third in Monaco and Baku.
Jennie Gow: 1) Mercedes, 2) Red Bull, 3) Manor
Mercedes: "They have been on top of their game once again. There have been reliability issues for Hamilton but the team have an outstanding car and winning their third title gives them bragging rights this season. Let's see what they can do next year."
Manor: "The fact that they are even on the grid is impressive after all the challenges they have faced. The single point that they won in Austria is a major achievement and almost gave them 10th place in the championship. With such a small budget to work from and a small team compared to others, you have to take your hat off to the them and hope that despite losing 10th place to Sauber in Brazil, the team continue to flourish in 2017."
Tom Clarkson: 1) Mercedes, 2) Red Bull, 3) Force India
Red Bull: "Even with that botched pit-stop at Monaco, which cost Daniel Ricciardo the win, Red Bull Racing remains the racer's racing team. They're always aggressive strategically - just look at their switch to intermediates tyres in Brazil - and their rate of development is second to none."
Force India: "Given that the team operates on a quarter of the budget of F1's front-runners, what Force India achieved this year was extraordinary. The team maintained the performance gap to Mercedes and it maximised every opportunity. An example of how F1 teams could operate in a post-manufacturer era."
Nearly half of you felt Ferrari were the biggest underachievers of the season and it is hard to argue with that. For a team of their stature, a year without a single victory is hugely disappointing, even more so considering many had expected them to provide Mercedes with a genuine challenge for the title.
Sebastian Vettel's frustrations with the team's shortcomings was clear as the season wore on, with his strops over team radio broadcast to the world.
Ferrari will be hoping their fortunes, and Vettel's temper, improve considerably in 2017.
Jennie Gow: Haas
"Despite starting the season in style with points finishes in three of the first four races, that form hasn't continued and they have lost their way. Issue after issue has dogged the team and with a limited budget and manpower it will take quite a lot to turn the team around."
Tom Clarkson: Ferrari
"All of that money; all of those facilities; all of that driving talent… and yet Ferrari went backwards in 2016. Not only in terms of results, but in terms of work ethic - both at the factory and at the racetrack. With no obvious solution in sight, you have to feel for the good guys in the team."


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details.

Question: Two Russian athletes named in doping allegations by the nation's former anti-doping chief have rejected the claims as "nonsense and slanderous".

This is part of a news article. Represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

In a New York Times report, Dr Grigory Rodchenkov alleges dozens of athletes, including at least 15 medallists at the 2014 Winter Olympics, were part of an extensive state-run doping programme.
Skier Alexander Legkov and bobsledder Alexander Zubkov insist they are clean.
The International Olympic Committee said the claims must be investigated.
But Legkov, who won gold and silver medals in Sochi, said legal action "needed" to be taken over the allegations.
"It is complete rubbish and we need to stop it," he said.
"I performed honestly. My Olympic victory was not accidental."
Zubkov, who won two gold medals in Sochi, added: "It is all nonsense and slander directed at Russian sportsmen who took part in the Olympics. It is unacceptable."
Rodchenkov described a massive, tightly organised doping operation involving Russia's security service and the sports ministry.
Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko has condemned the allegations as "a continuation of the information attack on Russian sport".
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov added they were "unsubstantiated" and the "slander of a defector".
Former Russian anti-doping agency worker Vitaly Stepanov had also claimed on the CBS network's 60 Minutes programme that undercover Russian intelligence agents posed as anti-doping staff to cover up cheating at Sochi.
The BBC and the World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada) have been unable to independently verify the allegations made in the programme.
Russian athletes have already been banned from international competition by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the sport's world governing body, after a Wada commission report alleged "state-sponsored" doping in the country.
Rodchenkov left his post after the report was published in November 2015.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

The move was one of the key suggestions of a Wada commission report examining allegations of doping, cover-ups, and extortion in Russian athletics.
The ban, which takes immediate effect, prohibits the centre from carrying out any Wada-related anti-doping activity.
The centre may appeal against the ban to the Court of Arbitration for Sport within 21 days of receipt of notice.
"The Moscow laboratory is provisionally suspended, and the status of the laboratory's accreditation beyond that will be decided by a disciplinary committee which will be formed shortly to review the case," Wada president Sir Craig Reedie said.
In Wada's independent commission report, which was published on Monday, officials from the Moscow laboratory were accused of intentionally and maliciously destroying more than 1,400 samples after receiving written notification from the anti-doping organisation to preserve target samples.
The report also advocated the permanent removal of the laboratory's director Grigory Rodchenkov, whom it accuses of asking for and accepting bribes and intentionally destroying samples he was told to keep.
Following the closure of the laboratory, all samples will be transported to an alternative Wada-accredited facility.
Meanwhile, banned Russian athlete Liliya Shobukhova has criticised the commission's recommendation that all Russian athletes should be banned from competition, stating that punishment should only be handed out to officials involved in doping.
The 37-year-old, who was excluded for life from all the world's major marathons because of doping, but had a separate doping ban cut in August after agreeing to cooperate with the Wada investigation, told Russian daily Sport Express: "I just don't understand this recommendation by Wada.
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"The athletes are not connected to this at all. How is it possible to deprive young athletes, who are not to blame, of the right to compete at the Olympic Games?"
The runner said former Russian Athletics Federation head Valentin Balakhnichev and coach Alexei Melnikov should be the ones to face justice.
"We [the athletes] have worked hard for years. We've risked our health to win medals, while Balakhnichev and Melnikov profited from our hard work," she added.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the commission's findings "rather groundless", while sports minister Vitaly Mutko said Russia should not be singled out as the only country with a doping problem.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: A remote community is reeling and support agencies are searching for answers after the apparent suicide of an Indigenous Australian girl, aged 10.

The girl's body was found at Looma in the Kimberley region on Sunday. It was the 19th Indigenous suicide in Western Australia state since December.
Looma Police said the death of the "lovely girl" had shattered locals.
"This is totally unexpected, it's rocked the community," Senior Sergeant Neville Rip told Australian media.
The girl's life was marred by "trauma and tragedy", authorities said.
"She had witnessed the suicide of another close family member and it's not anything I can go into any more detail about," West Australia's Child Protection Minister Helen Morton told the Australian Broadcasting Corp.
"But the circumstances for this young girl and the level of accumulated harm and trauma that she had experienced in her short life was quite substantial."
Reports said the girl's parents lived hundreds of kilometres away. She had recently moved to live with extended family following the death of her older sister.
Suicide prevention researcher Gerry Georgatos told the BBC that Indigenous Australians aged 14 and under were nine times more likely to consider suicide than the general population.
"It's not the youngest I've seen," Mr Georgatos said.
"It's a tragedy and an abomination... it takes a lot for someone so young to give up so soon."
The Indigenous Affairs Minister Nigel Scullion said he was deeply saddened by the news.
"It has reinforced his resolve to do everything he can to prevent suicide and the enormous grief it causes families and communities," a spokesperson for Mr Scullion said in a statement.
Mr Scullion conceded late last year during a A$1m ($750,00; Â£500,000) Indigenous suicide services announcement that more coordinated and culturally appropriate care was needed.
Western Australia is reportedly planning an inquiry into suspected suicides in the Pilbarra and Kimberley.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

Mersane Warria, 37, is accused of murdering seven of her children and her niece at her home last week.
A Cairns judge rejected her lawyer's plea to move the case. Mental health courts usually try defendants who have a disease or disability of the mind.
Ms Warria's house is now likely to be demolished, a Cairns MP said.
In remarks quoted by Australian broadcaster ABC, Gavin King said he believed the property would be replaced by a public memorial.
He said the authorities would consult with family, traditional owners and the local community to decide what form the memorial should take.
"It certainly won't be the state government coming in over the top and deciding what that will look like, or indeed the timing," ABC quotes him as saying.
Ms Warria did not attend the brief hearing on Monday, as she is currently in hospital, receiving treatment under guard for self-inflicted knife wounds.
Post-mortem examinations are being carried out to determine the exact cause of the eight victims' deaths.
The four boys and four girls were aged between 18 months and 14 years.
Police found a number of weapons at the scene, including knives, which are being examined.
Officers said they were looking at various possibilities for the deaths, including suffocation.
The bodies were reportedly discovered by the mother's 20-year-old son arriving at the home on Friday morning.
Police have dismissed reports the family had been investigated by social services, saying it was "not a problem house".
Memorials have sprung up outside the home in the Manoora district of Cairns. A church service was held on Sunday morning to remember the children.
Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said in a statement it was an "unspeakable crime". These were "trying days for our country", he added.


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Question: MPs will be asked to vote on changes to existing laws on fox hunting in England and Wales as early as next week.

Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.

The government will reportedly give MPs a free vote on whether to bring existing practice in England and Wales "into line" with that in Scotland.
Scottish hunts can use an unlimited number of dogs to flush out foxes but in England and Wales two are allowed.
David Cameron said he would give MPs the chance to "debate an issue and then have a vote".
Speaking at Prime Minister's Questions, he said: "I don't know what everyone else came here for but I think that's quite a good idea."
The prime minister made a manifesto pledge to allow a free vote on repealing the ban on hunting with dogs which came into force in 2005 under the last Labour government.
In the past decade, hunts in England and Wales have been able to flush out foxes and certain other animals for pest control purposes as long as they are shot as quickly as possible.
However, unlike in Scotland, they are limited to using two hounds which critics say is an anomaly which needs to be corrected.
The Spectator suggested MPs would be given a free vote on the proposed changes before the start of the summer recess and, if approved, the 2005 Hunting Act could be amended by statutory instrument by the end of the year.
Downing Street has not confirmed the timing of any future vote, but a spokeswoman said the MPs would have an "early opportunity" to vote on what she described as "technical changes" to the law.
The government, she added, remains committed to its pledge to give MPs a vote on completely repealing the hunting act.
Labour said Mr Cameron was resorting to "desperate measures" and the government should be focusing "on the real issues facing rural communities like low wages and a lack of affordable and adequate transport and housing".
Conservative Sports Minister Tracey Crouch, who has campaigned against fox hunting, said she would oppose any attempt to relax the legislation "via the back door".
"Anything the pro-hunt lobby feel good about can't be good," she said.
Robbie Marsland, from the League Against Cruel Sports, said: "By amending the Hunting Act like this, the government are deliberately and cynically making it easier for hunts to chase and kill foxes, and harder for them to be convicted when they break the law."
But the Countryside Alliance said the proposal was a "step forward" and should be backed by MPs.
"These amendments will bring the law in to line with Scotland and ensure that farmers are able to choose how to manage the fox population in the most effective and humane manner," said Tim Bonner, its head of campaigns.
"We still believe that the Hunting Act needs to be scrapped, but in the circumstances these amendments meet the immediate needs of the rural community."

It looks pretty likely that the cross-party amendment on giving Parliament a final vote on the Brexit deal will be pushed to a division.
And so will the Lib Dem amendment to give people what they call "a final say on the final deal" and what others call a second referendum. Potentially there could be further votes on issues like the Brexit implications for Northern Ireland.
The expectation is that the amended bill will get its Third Reading on Tuesday evening....but the ritual of Parliamentary ping-pong, where the Bill then bounces between the Lords and Commons until its final form can be agreed, will have to be postponed for a while.
The opportunity for the Commons to accept or - more likely - reject the changes made by peers will be blocked by the debate on the Budget, which will occupy the Commons into the following week.
So there will be a week or more for the pressure to build on MPs before they vote on the issue - and during the interval the Commons Brexit Select Committee will publish a report on the rights of UK and EU citizens (on Sunday) in good time to influence the vote.
It's a sign of the times that Brexit could eclipse what's normally a highlight of the Parliamentary year, but there will be plenty to watch out for in what will be the last full-scale budget in March. Next year it will be downgraded to a mere "Spring Statement" with the Budget moving to the autumn.
First up the forecasts for government debt, with the Treasury continuing to seek further austerity savings across government. Second, whether there will be an injection of extra funds to defuse the row over business rates, and third, whether the government will put more money into adult social care, and maybe even signal a long term review of the system.
The Westminster buzz is that the public finances are in better shape than expected - but that any spare cash will be stashed away in a Brexit war chest, rather than spent now.
Elsewhere, there's important action on the Children and Social Work Bill, where the government has delighted cross-party campaigners by bringing forward amendments to make relationship educations (emphatically not sex education) compulsory at primary school level.
Cross-party pressure from family values campaigners like the influential Conservative backbencher, David Burrowes, and supporters of extended sex education like the Women and Equalities Committee Chair, Maria Miller, and Labour's Sarah Champion, appears to have secured its goal.
Both groups were persuaded that a new approach was needed to tackle the problem of sexting and sexual harassment in schools.
And the government may also be tested on a couple of issues on the Higher Education Bill, where there are two days of Report Stage consideration in the Lords.
The Commons opens at 14.30 BST with Home Office Questions - and then watch out for any ministerial statements or urgent questions at 3.30.
In particular, the Culture Secretary Karen Bradley is expected to update MPs on the proposed merger between Sky and 21st Century Fox, which has now been formally notified to the European Commission.
An earlier attempt at this was withdrawn during the 2010 Parliament, in the wake of the hacking scandal, and the issue remains highly sensitive.
She must decide by 17 March 17 whether to ask the regulator, Ofcom, to carry out a public interest test.
Then MPs move on to the Second Reading debate of the Vehicle Technology and Aviation Bill - this aims, among other things, to create a legal framework for insuring automated vehicles, because at the moment the law does not provide for them, require fuel retailers to provide charge points for electric cars, and create a new criminal offence of shining a laser at any means of transport.
There's also a separate draft bill to create a UK spaceport, which will go out for pre-legislative scrutiny by the Commons Science and Technology Committee.
In Westminster Hall at 16.30 GMT MPs debate e-petition 129823 which says that dress code laws should be changed so that women have the option to wear flat formal shoes at work, if they wish, arguing that "current formal work dress codes are out-dated and sexist".
In the Lords at 14.30 GMT the usual half hour of questions to ministers is followed by the first Report Stage day on the Higher Education and Research Bill. Expect votes on tiered Higher Educational establishments - gold, silver, bronze universities.
Watch out too for a short debate on recent legislation on assisted dying in North America; and whether those laws provide an appropriate basis for legislation in England and Wales, led by Labour's Baroness Jay of Paddington.
This suggests that the Lords assisted dying lobby have not entirely given up following the defeat of Rob Marris's bill in the Commons, last year.
MPs begin at 11.30 GMT with Justice Questions, followed by a Ten Minute Rule Bill on the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee from the Conservative, Andrew Rosindell.
The day's main event is the Report stage of the Children and Social Work Bill (see above). The Conservative Sir Edward Leigh has fired in an amendment to the sex and relationship education proposals, to allow a parent to request that their child be wholly or partly excused.
Labour MPs are also proposing new clauses to ensure that children in care are allowed reasonable contact with their siblings, and to revoke provisions in the Bill that enable local authorities in England and Wales to place children in secure accommodation in Scotland, and vice versa.
There are a battery of amendments on child safeguarding issues including a big cross-party amendment on requiring regular reports by local councils on their ability to provide proper safeguarding services for children.
In Westminster Hall, the debates are on: beer duty (9.30 GMT); the Coast to Coast Walk (11.00 GMT); the O'Neill review into antibiotic resistance (14.30 GMT); the sale of student loans (16.00 GMT) and social care in Liverpool (16.30 GMT).
My Committee pick is the Home Affairs session, with Rob Wainwright, the Director of Europol on policing and security issues across the EU and Britain's role, post-Brexit (14.15 GMT).
This is a key Brexit issue, and one where the Prime Minister has made clear her enthusiasm for continued British participation in Europol.
In the Lords, peers open for business at the earlier than usual time of 11.00 GMT to provide extra debating time for the Report Stage consideration of the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill  - breaking off, briefly, at 14.30 GMT for their usual half an hour of questions to ministers.
After the Report Stage, three hours of Brexit breathing space is provided while the amended version of the Bill is knocked into shape. During this interval there will be a 90 minute debate on the economic and environmental benefits of shale gas development in the UK, led by the former trade minister Lord Truscott.
And then there may be an adjournment for a while, before peers can return to the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill, for the Third Reading debate. This is normally a rather sonorous formality, but may not be on this occasion....
The Commons opens at 11.30 GMT with Welsh Questions followed by Prime Minister's Questions at noon. And then it's onto the Budget (see above).
The day's Westminster Hall debates are on: financial support for apprentices (9.30 GMT); compensation and the Pandemrix vaccine (11 GMT); the proposed ban on microbeads (14.30 GMT); extension of the right to buy to tenants of housing associations in Bedford (16.00 GMT) and broadband speeds (16.30 GMT).
In the Lords at 16.00 GMT it's the second Report Stage day on the Higher Education and Research Bill. There will also be a short debate on the UK's exports strategy.
MPs open at 09.30 GMT with Exiting the European Union Questions, followed by the weekly Business Statement from the Leader of the House - before moving on to day two of the Budget debate.
In Westminster Hall, from 13.30 GMT, there's a debate on the Scottish Affairs Select Committee report on the Demography of Scotland and the implications for devolution.
This looks at the policy problems posed by the combination of Scotland's slower population growth, its ageing population and lower life expectancy, particularly for health and care services, potentially increasing the demands on NHS Scotland and Scottish social care services in the future.
At 15.00 GMT the subject is human rights and the political situation in Turkey.
In the Lords at 13.00 GMT, the main event is the Second Reading of the Criminal Finances Bill which aims to tackle money laundering, terrorist finance and corruption the UK and overseas, in the wake of the Panama papers revelations of industrial scale tax avoidance.
The National Crime Agency estimates that up to Â£90bn may be laundered in the UK each year. The Bill was criticised in the Commons for failing to include penalties for companies which permitted their staff to facilitate money laundering, or do more to reveal the beneficial owners of assets, or deal with the lack of corporate transparency in Britain's crown dependencies and overseas territories.
That is followed be a debate to mark International Women's Day.
The Lords meets at 10.00 GMT to debate the detail of a series of private members bills from the Commons. First up will be the Second Reading of the Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence Bill - which incorporates the Istanbul Convention into UK law.
Next the Committee stage of the Homelessness Reduction Bill - which puts new obligations on local councils to help and advise people who have lost their homes or are in danger of doing so. Then there's the Committee stage of the completely uncontroversial Parking Places (Variation of Charges) Bill - which gives local authorities more flexibility over parking charges.
And finally there's a Second Reading debate on the Political Parties (Funding and Expenditure) private members' Bill [HL] from the Lib Dem, Lord Tyler.
Just as the Lib Dems overtook Labour in donations for the first time ever in the final quarter of 2016, his Bill would gradually take down the maximum amount a political party can accept from any one person in a year to Â£10,000 by 2026.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story:

Question: Fishermen based at a North Yorkshire town have said they are having to land their catch 50 miles away at North Shields to make their boats profitable.

There are concerns it could be the "final nail" for Whitby, a traditional fishing town.
The fishermen said North Shields was nearer to the fishing grounds and they were able to sell fish there at a higher price due to increased demand.
A recent EU ruling also now further limits fishing time.
Within the last month, the EU has cut the amount of time fishermen are allowed to fish from 135 days to 125.
Some Whitby fishermen said with time and fuel prices now added factors, it was more economical to land their fish further north, nearer to the fishing grounds.
Whitby fisherman Richard Brewer runs a trawler called the Copious.
He said: "Working from North Shields when we go to the ground takes an hour."
He said to work from home the same distance would take five and a half hours.
He added: "The distance is why we are having to work from North Shields."
Four of the five big boats in Whitby are now landing in North Shields.
Andy Dixon, from Caley Fisheries, North Shields, said: "You never like to see any port struggling.
"It may be the final nail for Whitby unfortunately but we have three of their best trawlers and their quality of fish would sell anywhere so it's certainly Shields's gain."
Boats are forced to operate within strict EU catch quotas, which fisherman have argued for a number of years is damaging their livelihoods.
Fisheries minister Richard Benyon said the government was at the "forefront of moves in Europe to reform the commons fisheries policy".
He said: "I can assure you we are really trying to get a different system and to change the current system that is so perverse that it is driving fishermen out of business and not seeing the recovery in the fish stocks that we need."
MEP Edward McMillan-Scott, Liberal Democrat for Yorkshire and the Humber, said he sympathised with the fishermen.
He said: "They have had to put up with incredible bureaucracy and it destroying their livelihood. And at the same time not any sense that Brussels understands. Well, Brussels is beginning to understand."

A team of coastguards, police and officers from Fylde Council and the Gangmasters Licensing Authority carried out checks on cocklers at 04:30 GMT.
The coastguard stopped 15 boats out of 30 from going to sea on safety grounds.
Fifty out of 150 cocklers were stopped from fishing because they did not have permits, Fylde Council said.
The action came after complaints from Lytham residents and the town's MP Mark Menzies saying the numbers of inexperienced and unlicensed cocklers could result in fatalities.
The council said it was meeting UK Fisheries Minister Richard Benyon on Thursday to demand changes in legislation which would allow the council more involvement in granting permits, which are currently issued by the Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA).
A council spokesman said: "Local people's patience is wearing thin and we have had a constant stream of complaints over the number of rescues that have had to be carried out - and the council's patience is wearing thin too.
"Every citizen under Magna Carta has the right to gather eight pounds of cockles from the foreshore, but any more than that and it becomes commercial fishing which requires a permit.
"Fifty of those setting out to cockle this morning did not have permits and 15 of the boats were found to be unsafe, carrying, for example, out-of-date flares.
"This is the first of many enforcement raids that we have planned for the weeks and months to come to stop irresponsible cocklers who have become such a huge strain on rescue agencies."
A spokesman for the Lytham coastguard said: "We sent a team out this morning to check boats and warn people about the dangers of the southeasterly gale force wind that is coming through later and could cause problems.
"We are being proactive because the conditions are so high risk."
Up to 400 cocklers a day have been gathering at Foulnaze bank between Lytham and Southport since the cockle beds were opened by the IFCA on 1 September.
The beds are due to be closed again in April and some inexperienced cocklers are ignoring weather and tidal conditions to gather as many cockles as possible within the period, the RNLI has said.
It is estimated that the bed situated two miles offshore and which becomes exposed at low tide, contains about Â£8m worth of shellfish.
Cockles, which are mainly exported to Europe, fetch about Â£1,200 a tonne.
Twenty-three Chinese cocklers drowned in February 2004, further up the Lancashire Coast at Morecambe Bay.


Question: this is the first sentence of a news article. represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: UK manufacturing growth picked up in July, a survey has suggested, after a 26-month low in June.

But growth remained "near stagnant", Markit said in its monthly UK Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) for manufacturing.
The index rose to 51.9 in July, from 51.4 in June. A figure above 50 indicates expansion.
However, it remained below the average of 54.3 the sector has had since April 2013.
"Although an uptick in the headline PMI breaks the decelerating trend in UK manufacturing, growth remains near-stagnant and suggests that the sector is continuing to act as a drag on the economy," said Rob Dobson, senior economist at Markit.

Sterling fell as low as $1.4618 before recovering slightly in late trading.
Earlier, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said UK industrial output figures rose by just 0.1% in February from January.
The small increase was below analysts' forecasts for a 0.3% gain.
A number of opinion polls that showed Labour ahead of the Conservatives also unsettled traders.
One said the pound could fall far further if there were to be a prolonged struggle to form a government in the absence of a dominant party.
"A $1.40 level for sterling/dollar is certainly not out of reach if the election aftermath turns ugly," said Steve Barrow, currency strategist at Standard Bank.
Oil and gas production fell sharply, while the construction sector contracted by 0.9% in February, compared with forecasts for a rise of 2%.
The figures suggest the economy has slowed down this year, after a strong showing of 2.8% growth in 2014.
Manufacturing output showed the best growth within the industrial output measure, with a gain of 0.4% in February, bouncing back from its drop of 0.6% in January.
Chris Williamson, chief economist at Markit, said: "Clearly this all bodes ill for economic growth in the opening quarter of the year. It's now looking like the economy slowed, and possibly quite markedly, compared to the 0.6% expansion seen in the closing quarter of 2014.
"The trend should improve in March, however, according to survey data."
The ONS' industrial output data covers 14.6% of the UK economy.
The first official estimate of gross domestic product for the first quarter of the year will be released about a week before the general election.


Question: Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story

Question: Police are hunting for a man who robbed a taxi driver at knifepoint in North Ayrshire.

The 51-year-old driver was dropping off a man in Irvine when the passenger threatened him with a knife and demanded money.
The victim handed over a small amount of cash before the suspect made off in an unknown direction.
Police said the robbery took place on Warrix Avenue last Wednesday at about 18:40.
The driver had picked the suspect up at Irvine train station a short time earlier.
Police said the taxi driver was uninjured but badly shaken by his ordeal.
The suspect was described as being a slim white man in his late teens with a local accent. He was wearing a light-coloured hooded top.
Det Con Alex Greig said: "The victim was simply doing his job when he was threatened at knifepoint for fares he had collected.
"Although uninjured, this was a traumatic incident for the driver and we are doing all that we can to trace the man responsible.
"Our inquiries are continuing and we continue to analyse CCTV in the area. We are seeking assistance from the public to help trace the suspect."

this is part of a news article. represent it to retrieve the first (missing) sentence of the article

The victim, aged in her 30s, was discovered at about 16:00 GMT on Monday afternoon.
She told officers she was also raped by her attacker and was taken to hospital with non life-threatening injuries.
A man was arrested at 22:00 on the same evening. He is also being questioned over the rape of a woman in Southey Road, Seven Sisters, on 11 March.


Question: This is the first sentence of a news article. Represent it to easily retrieve the remaining few sentences of the article

Question: A small plane has made an emergency landing on a highway in New Jersey.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
15 July 2015 Last updated at 12:28 BST
The pilot managed to avoid hitting any of the cars on the busy roads.
The single-engine plane was carrying five people from a nearby skydiving school when it ran out of power.
Luckily officials say that nobody was hurt and there were no serious injuries reported.

represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence

Three others in the car were hurt along with the plane's pilot and passenger.
The plane appeared to be having technical problems before it crash-landed on the freeway in San Diego County near Fallbrook, witnesses said.
In 2000, a former owner guided the same Lancair IV down on to the same freeway after its engine failed.
But this time it landed on its belly before skidding into a nearby car, fatally crushing Antoinette Isbelle, 38, of San Diego, in the back seat.
The vehicle's driver had pulled over to use his phone, California Highway Patrol Officer Chris Parent said.
The plane's pilot, 62-year-old Dennis Hogge and his passenger suffered major injuries, Mr Parent said.
Matt Nokes, a former professional baseball player who made the safe landing in 2000, said he personally knew the pilot, describing him as a good man,
"It's just horrible to hear about,'' he told Associated Press.
Mr Parent said he was aware of three other planes being forced to come down on the same stretch of highway in the past decade.


Question: represent the summary to retrieve the rest of the news story with more details

Question: Women over 40 are having more babies than the under 20s for the first time in nearly 70 years, official figures for England and Wales show.

The Office for National Statistics data showed there were 697,852 live births in 2015.
There were 15.2 births per 1,000 women aged over 40, compared with just 14.5 per 1,000 women in their teens.
The last time the over 40s had the higher fertility rate was in 1947, in the wake of WWII.
The figures show two key trends in who is having children and when in England and Wales.
The teenage pregnancy rate has been in long-term decline and has more than halved from the 33 births per 1,000 teenagers in 1990.
Meanwhile, pregnancies have soared in older age groups from 5.3 per 1,000 in 1990.
The average age of having a child is now 30.3 - a figure that has been increasing since 1975.
Advances in fertility treatment as well as more women in higher education and attitudes around the importance of a career and the rising costs of childbearing are behind the rise, the ONS says.
Liz McLaren, head of vital statistics outputs at the ONS, said: "The trend for women to have babies at older ages continued in 2015.
"Over the last 40 years, the percentage of live births to women aged 35 and over has increased considerably.
"Women aged 40 and over now have a higher fertility rate than women aged under 20 - this was last recorded in the 1940s."
The data also shows that fertility rates have dropped in all age groups under 25 while increasing for all age groups 30 and over.
Women aged between 30 and 34 have the highest fertility of any age group - with 111 births per 1,000 women.
The number of births to women born outside the UK has also continued its rise, reaching 27.5% of all births.
Prof Adam Balen, the chairman of the British Fertility Society, said: "We know that female fertility starts to decline gradually from the late 20s and more rapidly from the mid-30s onwards.
"While the risks should never be overplayed, men and women should be aware that reproductive outcomes are poorer in older women.
"As well as it potentially taking longer to get pregnant, later maternity can involve a greater risk of miscarriage, a more complicated labour, and medical intervention at the birth."
The British Pregnancy Advisory Service said: "The trend towards older motherhood is here to stay, and there are many understandable reasons why women today are waiting longer to start or expand their families than those in previous decades.
"Rather than bemoaning this development, we should seek to understand and support the decisions women make.
"More affordable childcare and improved maternity rights may make it easier for some women to start their families earlier if they wish, but we also need to ensure we have high quality reproductive healthcare services configured to meet women's needs, whatever the age at which they conceive."
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The Office for National Statistics experts base their projections on current and future survival trends.
And if their calculations are borne out, more than 95,000 of those who turn 65 this year can expect to celebrate their 100th birthday in 2047.
The number of centenarians has been steadily increasing - from 600 in 1961 to nearly 13,000 in 2010.
In 2012, the figure is expected to hit 14,500, and by 2035 will have breached the 100,000 mark.
And more of these will be women than men.
In 2012 there are 826,000 babies aged under one year. Although more are boys - 423,000 compared to 403,000 girls - the survival odds are greater for females. Women have higher life expectancies than men at every age.
Of those born in 2012, 135,000 men and 156,000 women are expected to still be alive by age 100.
The report -What are the Chances of Surviving to Age 100?- comes as ministers have pledged to double funding for dementia research in the UK.
In the next decade, the number with the disease - mostly elderly - is expected to top one million.


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Question: Highland Council has said that a new airport could be built on Skye in about two years if plans for more flights to and from Glasgow are progressed.

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Councillors have approved the executive summary of a final draft business case for the flights.
Loganair ran services from Ashaig Airfield, near Broadford, to Glasgow until 1988. Loch Lomond Seaplanes still uses the strip for scheduled flights.
Feedback on the summary is now to be sought from Transport Scotland.
Highland Council, public transport body Hitrans and Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) have been investigating the potential for more flights for Skye.
The organisations believe the project would bring socio-economic benefits to the island and the wider Highland area.
They have calculated that over 30 years the flights could generate in the region of Â£36m to Â£46m, depending on whether nine-seat or 19-seat aircraft were used.
The strip near Broadford was built in the 1970s by Army engineers, and appears briefly in a scene from the 1980 film Flash Gordon, which starred Sam J Jones, Max von Sydow, Timothy Dalton and Brian Blessed.
The strip remains available to the emergency services and scheduled commercial flights.
Ian Blackford, SNP MP for Ross, Skye and Lochaber and a long-time campaigner for more flights, had earlier urged Highland Council's Isle of Skye and Raasay committee to approve the executive summary.
After the committee's meeting, its chairman Drew Millar said: "This is a very exciting report.
"The reintroduction of scheduled flights to Skye would be an enormous boost to our local economy and the cost benefit analysis clearly proves how valuable this would be.
"I would like to thank council officers and partners in Hitrans and HIE for preparing this business case and moving things considerably forward."
Leader of the council, Margaret Davidson, added: "The importance of regional airports, including Skye, was raised just last week by councillor Allan Henderson at the meeting of the Islands Transport Forum, which I understand was a very positive meeting.
"Good transport links, including regional air connectivity, are vital to the economic success of communities in the Highlands and Islands.
"People want to come and visit our beautiful region and we want to make it as easy as possible for them to access all that we have to offer."

The Scottish government-owned airport made a pre-tax loss of £9.2m for 2015-2016 - an increase on the £8.9m loss the previous year.
The airport said the losses reported were less than the figure forecast in its budget.
Ministers bought the airport for just £1 from owners Infratil in late 2013 amid fears it could close.
The government estimated in December that the bailout could reach £40m by 2018.
The annual report from TS Prestwick Holdco Limited - the company set up up to acquire the airport on behalf of Scottish ministers - shows the airport flew 17 routes to five different countries in 2015-2016.
Other figures in the report for that financial year show the airport handled:
In the coming months, bosses at Prestwick will set out a five-year plan designed to make the airport's profits soar. And they're under pressure to deliver. The Scottish government has pledged to give almost £9.5m in loans to the airport in the current financial year. By the end of the year, taxpayers' stake in Prestwick will have risen to £39.5m.
But ministers are determined to keep Prestwick airport open, to safeguard jobs at the cluster of aerospace firms there.
So the goal must be to attract more passengers and airlines to Prestwick. For now, Ryanair's the only airline which flies scheduled services from Prestwick. But attracting others may be difficult. Prestwick already faces intense competition from Glasgow and Edinburgh airports, which are ambitious for growth - and more convenient for central belt passengers.
There's one other stellar possibility, which could turn around Prestwick's fortunes. The airport, along with Machrihanish on the Kintyre peninsula, are on the short-list of airports vying to become the UK's first spaceport.
For now, the legislation required to enable that first commercial spaceport has been put in a holding pattern, by Brexit.
But there's a growing market for launching small or nano-satellites, which could be used for communications such as broadband. Both Scottish sites want to tap into this market, and lay down the infrastructure for future projects like space tourism.
Prestwick may fit the bill. It has a huge runway - long enough to have been earmarked by NASA for emergency landings of America's Space Shuttle, although that never happened.  Its supporters say what Prestwick has is too good to waste - and that it deserves a chance to be transformed into a space hub.
Ryanair is currently the only scheduled airline flying to and from Prestwick.
The airport also handles some charter flights - including recent flights to and from the Open golf.
The number of flights include freight transport flights - and movement through fixed based operations (FBO's), for example executive, military, and general aviation.
A spokesperson for Glasgow Prestwick said the airport had a new executive team in place who were working to rebuild the business.
The statement added: "The repositioning of the business will take time. We believe we are starting to move in the right direction with passenger numbers increasing, new property leases being agreed and the securing of a US government fuel contract in financial year ending 31 March 2017.
"We had forecast increased losses in financial year ending 31 March 2016. This was primarily due to the movement of a number of Ryanair flights to other airports.
"However, the losses reported are less than what was forecast in our budgets."


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Question: Novak Djokovic has denied "absurd" allegations in an Italian newspaper that he "wanted to lose" a match at the Paris Masters in 2007.

The Serb, then world number three, was beaten 6-3 6-2 by Frenchman Fabrice Santoro, ranked 36 places below him.
Djokovic, 28, says the match has only been re-examined following a corruption investigation by the media.
"You can pick any match that you like that the top player lost and just create a story out of it," he said.
"I think it's not supported by any kind of proof, any evidence, any facts.  It's just speculation, so I don't think there is a story about it."
A joint BBC/Buzzfeed investigation alleged that the Tennis Integrity Unit (TIU), the organisation responsible for policing the sport, failed to act on suspicions that 16 top-50 ranked players have been involved in match-fixing.
Djokovic, the world number one, has previously claimed he was offered £110,000 to lose a first-round match at the St Petersburg Open in 2007.
When asked about the claims about the Santoro match in Tuttosport after his Australian Open second-round victory over French qualifier Quentin Halys, Djokovic said:  "What it is to say? I've lost that match?
"I don't know if you're trying to create a story about that match, or for that matter any of the matches of the top players losing in the early rounds. I think it's just absurd."
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Meanwhile, a former senior police officer has claimed tennis authorities failed to act on "extremely damaging evidence" he provided about a player linked to Sicilian gamblers thought to be fixing matches at Wimbledon.
Albert Kirby, a former detective who had previously been in charge of the James Bulger murder investigation, prepared a secret report for the ATP in 2008 as part of an inquiry into suspected match fixing.
The ATP report into a suspicious match between the Russian Nikolay Davydenko and Martin Vassallo Arguello of Argentina cleared both players of breaking any rules.
However, Kirby said he obtained phone evidence from Arguello which he claims showed he had links to four suspected Italian fixers.
"That information showed conclusively of his direct contact with the Italian gamblers. There was really a prima facie case to go for him," he told the BBC.
Arguello has not responded to questions about his connections to the Italian gamblers. The ATP has categorically denied suppressing the evidence uncovered by investigators and said the information was not strong enough to merit any further enquiries.

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The 24-year-old Australian lost 6-4 6-3 6-4 to Germany's world number 30 in one hour and 19 minutes.
Tomic was ranked 17 in January 2016 but has fallen to 59 in the world.
He said: "I think I don't respect the sport enough. You know, I'm going to play another 10 years, and I know after my career I won't have to work again."
Tomic, who has won three ATP Tour titles, has earned almost £4m in career prize money, including £35,000 for his defeat by Zverev.
When asked in his post-match news conference if he should repay the money from his limp defeat, he replied: "We all work for money. At 34, maybe I can donate to charity. If you ask Roger Federer if he'll do it, I'll do it."
Tomic, who has not won a tour title since 2015, has struggled for form this year, winning just nine matches overall and losing in the first round at the French Open and now Wimbledon.
"I felt a little bit bored out there," he said.
"The last sort of year or two, nothing motivates. It's not I don't give my best. I still try to go for it in a way."
Nine-time Wimbledon singles champion Martina Navratilova
"It's disrespectful to the sport and disrespectful to the history of the sport. If you can't get motivated at Wimbledon it's time to find another job. The spectators paid good money to come here and watch Wimbledon and the guy shows up and doesn't try, he can't be bothered. Just stay at home.
Australian two-time Wimbledon doubles champion Rennae Stubbs
To say the things that he said in the press conference today is a disgrace.
You're an embarrassment to yourself, and not only to the sport but to Australian tennis.
Tomic was criticised for ruling himself out of the Rio 2016 Olympics because of an "extremely busy" schedule, a year after he was dropped by Tennis Australia - for a second time - from their Davis Cup squad.
He was left out in 2015 after accusing the governing body of abandoning him following hip surgery in 2014, but has since returned to the team.
Further questions were raised about his attitude when he held his racquet by the strings when facing match point in a Madrid Open match last year.
Tomic's career has also been affected by off-court controversy.
In July 2015, he was charged with resisting arrest and trespassing by police in the United States after refusing to leave a hotel room.
His father John was sentenced to eight months in prison for assaulting his son's training partner before the 2013 Madrid Open.


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Question: A sinkhole which opened up on the A1 on Tyneside and brought delays to tens of thousands of motorists has been repaired, highways officials have said.

The 5m (16ft) wide, 3m (10ft) deep crater appeared on Saturday night under the northbound carriageway near the Gateshead MetroCentre.
The road, which carries about 90,000 vehicles a day, was immediately closed between junctions 67 and 68.
Highways England said repairs had been completed and the road had reopened.
The hole was thought to be related to former mine workings.
Tyne Tunnel tolls on the nearby A19, which were suspended during the repair process, are now back in force.
The latest travel news can be found here.

represent the news article to find a single sentence that could be used as a summary
E.g.:
['Represent the news to retrieve its missing first sentence.', "Clinton Sentance, 36, from Gainsborough, appeared before Lincoln magistrates earlier.\nHe is accused of a series of thefts in the town including one in which a 75-year-old surrendered his bank details after being threatened with a knife.\nThe defendant was remanded in custody and ordered to appear at Lincoln Crown Court on 30 May.\nMore on this and other local stories from across Lincolnshire\nMr Sentance was due to appear at Lincoln Crown Court on Tuesday accused of aggravated burglary at Portland Terrace in Gainsborough on 19 March 2017.\nMinutes before Tuesday's scheduled hearing, he was charged with the four offences detailed above and the crown court hearing was adjourned."] == ['Represent the text to find a corresponding news article that continues the story', 'A man charged over a spate of aggravated burglaries and robberies in Lincolnshire has appeared in court.']

Eden Bridge  - which links the two sides of the city - has been shut since Storm Desmond brought a record amount of rainfall two week's ago.
Hundreds of properties were flooded and roads and bridges damaged or destroyed.
There were fears Eden Bridge had suffered structural damage, but following an underwater inspection by divers, it has now been declared safe for pedestrian and vehicle use.


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Question: A man has been taken to hospital following a house fire near Rothwell in Leeds.

Fire crews were called to North Lane in the village of Oulton at about 02:30 BST to reports of a blaze.
A 40-year-old male was rescued from the building, which was heavily smoke-logged, a spokeswoman from West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue said.
Appliances from Rotherwell, Garforth and Stanks attended the incident. The cause is not yet known.

A 22-year-old man and a 27-year-old woman remain in police custody.
West Yorkshire Police said the 29-year-old victim was found with serious injuries at a home in Coldcotes Crescent, Gipton, in the early hours of Saturday.
He was taken to hospital but pronounced dead a short time later.


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Question: After flirting with the idea for the last few weeks, Jeremy Corbyn's confirmed he will take part in the seven-way party leaders' debate tonight in Cambridge.

There is a buoyancy about the Labour campaign at the moment, his public performances have improved, and his team believe he has more to gain than to lose from taking part in this big set-piece campaign event.
And for today at least, it gives Labour a tactical advantage, ammunition to portray Theresa May as cowering and afraid of making her arguments.
Tory sources say there is no chance that she will change her mind and join him in the last minute dash to the debate.
One source said: "This election isn't about who can squabble with six other politicians - it's about who can negotiate against 27 other nations."
But it makes her vulnerable to the charge that she is evading scrutiny, despite the fact that, like the other leaders, she has been taking regular questions from journalists and will take part in another big public Q&A on Friday night.
It's the direct head-to-head debate with Jeremy Corbyn that she, just like David Cameron in 2015, has refused to take part in.
Exactly as in the wider election campaign, the incumbent, the frontrunner has everything to lose, the insurgent opponent, everything to gain.
Earlier I wrote that Jeremy Corbyn had nothing to lose in taking part in tonight's big debate, he is clearly enjoying being the insurgent in this campaign, with some of the polls tightening and his message getting a wider hearing.
He has indeed, a lot to less to lose than the incumbent, Theresa May who is the frontrunner.
But Labour sources also suggest he had an additional motivation.
I'm told that Mr Corbyn and his team wanted to move on from a day of damaging headlines about his lack of grip on his childcare policy, "quick fast".
His decision to take part after weeks of refusing to do so has certainly changed the subject.
That's denied by sources close to the Labour leader, who say their feeling from Tuesday morning was to take part, but logistical issues meant that the team and Mr Corbyn weren't able to make the final decision until this morning.

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Starting at 20:00 BST, the live debate attracted a 31% share of the TV audience.
The figures do not include ITV's catch-up channel or the simultaneous broadcast on the BBC News Channel.
Snap polls conducted after the debate offered a blurred picture of which leader came over best.
Television viewers wanted a "spectacle", but British politics has never wanted for spectacle. Parliament is opened every year by the Queen - wearing an actual crown - and every week our politicians make spectacles of themselves at PMQs. Instead what viewers got was a debate.
This is a timeslot that usually features soap operas, and the seven-way fight had potential to rival anything on EastEnders or Corrie. There were familiar characters and new faces (for those outside Scotland and Wales), bitter enemies and coalition break-ups and Nigel Farage.
But if anything it was too polite. Usually seven people on an ITV stage means someone is about to throw a chair at Jeremy Kyle. Yet the careful moderation of ITV News's Julie Etchingham meant everything went according to plan. In two hours only four questions were asked, with the first seven minutes of every section allocated to the leaders' uninterrupted responses. For those wanting a brawl, it was a bit dull and overlong. It may have benefitted from more breaks, to let the viewers (and contestants) catch their breath.
In the Spin Room at Salford, where journalists and politicians watched the debate, the biggest laughs went to some pained expressions and Farage being Farage. That's why when a member of the audience started heckling, Twitter lit up, and many journos ran out of the room like Superman looking for a phone booth. At last, some shouting. This was more like it.
Next week: Emmerdale.
The run-up to the debate was mired in its own tensions as Conservative leader David Cameron pushed for the Green Party to be involved in any televised event which also featured UKIP's Nigel Farage.
Eventually the contest featured the Conservative and Labour leaders, as well as the leaders of the Lib Dems, UKIP, the Green Party, the SNP and Plaid Cymru.
Last week, Jeremy Paxman separately grilled both Mr Cameron and Labour's Ed Miliband for Channel 4 and Sky News, with three million viewers watching across both channels.
And on 16 April the BBC will play host to five opposition leaders (Labour, Green, SNP, UKIP and Plaid Cymru), with David Dimbleby chairing the debate.
Televised election debates are still a relatively new concept in the UK, with the first ones taking place in 2010.
Those involved a series of three debates featuring Mr Cameron, former Labour leader Gordon Brown and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg. The first went out on ITV and attracted 9.4 million viewers.