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Question: We Experience The World We Infer, Not The World As It Is

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If you want to understand the human mind, you have to reject the idea that we directly perceive and remember the world as it is. Our perceptual experience isn't simply a passive impression of the input received by our senses — and our memory isn't like a photobook or a video, comprehensively recording the details of our experience. Take an example from visual perception. The image below seems to depict a woman behind a small girl, where the woman is much larger than the girl. But measure on the screen, and you'll discover that each figure is precisely the same height and width. What's going on? The key to understanding this illusion is recognizing that your experience of an object's size is not determined only by the amount of space it takes up on your retina, or (in this case) by the amount of space it takes up on a two-dimensional screen. Instead, your experience of size takes into account an object's inferred distance. In the image above, the linear perspective leads you to infer that the "big" woman is farther away than the "little" girl. If an object that's farther away takes up as much space on your retina as an object that's much closer, then the farther object must be larger. And that inferred size, which is itself a function of inferred distance, determines your experience of size. Our experience is so closely tied to what we infer — as opposed to what hits the retina — that it can be surprising to see the two figures when depth cues are removed, as in this version here, which first drops the linear perspective and then shifts the upper figure down to the same vertical position as the little girl: This basic lesson about immediate visual experience is also true of visual memory. A dramatic illustration comes from the phenomenon of "change blindness": We have the experience of continuously and accurately monitoring our visual environment, but we can fail to notice surprisingly large changes. Consider the following classic demonstration here. Lest you think you're immune to the phenomenon, take a close look at this video by Richard Wiseman: It isn't just visual memory that's "gappy" — all of our memories are incomplete. But we're so good at filling in those gaps that we don't always appreciate when we're making an inference and not retrieving an original memory. To illustrate this final point, think back to the way I described the first illusion (and don't look back at the text, that's cheating!). Did I describe the mother as following the small girl or as looking after the small girl? In fact, I didn't describe a mother at all — I said a woman was behind a small girl. But it would have been reasonable to infer that the woman was the mother, and that she was following or looking after her daughter. If you incorrectly remembered the description in any of these ways, that could reflect an inference on your part — an inference about the relationship between the two figures involved, and why they were in the particular configuration observed. The upshot is this: We experience and remember the world we infer. We don't have direct access to the world as it is, no matter how "direct" our perceptual experience and memories can sometimes appear to us. Yet these illusions of perception and memory shouldn't be taken as evidence that we're out of touch with the world, that we're deluded or deceived. In fact, these illusions tell us something about how we get closer to the world than our limited sensory input might otherwise allow. We're not limited, for instance, by the retinal size a particular image happens to project at a particular distance, or by the way two characters happened to be described in one sentence. Instead, we combine this information with other things we know — about the likely distance of objects in our environment, about why a woman and a girl might be together on path. Sometimes the way we combine information and the inferences we draw can lead us to errors, but much of the time they take us closer to the world as it is, thanks to the world we've inferred.  Tania Lombrozo is a psychology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She writes about psychology, cognitive science and philosophy, with occasional forays into parenting and veganism. You can keep up with more of what she is thinking on Twitter: @TaniaLombrozo.

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Responding to Your Letters

Farai Chideya and editor Christopher Johnson read listener letters. This week, they read e-mails about black blogging, Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, and an award-winning journalist's book about living with vitiligo.

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In the aftermath of catastrophic events such as a mass shooting or natural disaster, politicians often offer up their thoughts and prayers to victims. Critics then hit back, condemning the phrase as meaningless — with no real value or impact. Now a new study from economists finds that prayers might have an actual dollar value, and they may also have real consequences for charitable giving in the wake of catastrophe, but not in the way you might think. Source: Thunström, Linda and Shiri Noy, "The Value of Thoughts and Prayers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019 Music by Drop Electric. Find us: Twitter / Facebook / Newsletter.  Subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, PocketCasts and NPR One.


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Question: Putting A Monetary Value On The U.S. Alliance With South Korea

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The Trump administration is pushing wealthy allies to pay more for the U.S. to defend them. But analysts say the U.S. benefits from its alliances in ways that are hard to put a dollar value on.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In Hong Kong, Police Clear Final 'Occupy' Protest Site. -- U.S. Says It Has Closed Its Final Detention Center In Afghanistan. And here are more early headlines: The Latest On The Congressional Omnibus Spending Bill. (Politico) U.N Official Calls For Prosecution Of U.S. Agents In Harsh Interrogations. (Newsweek) U.S. Finds Medical Bills Lead Americans' Unpaid Debts. (CFPB) Study Finds More Than 5 Trillion Pieces Of Plastic In World's Oceans. (New York Times) British, Irish Prime Ministers Join Northern Irish Peace Talks. (BBC) Falling Oil Prices Swell Alaska's Potential Budget Deficit. (AP) After 12 Days, Missing Boater Found Miles Off Hawaii. (Christian Science Monitor)


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Question: In The Loop: "Best of The LoopCast"

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(Length: 47 min.) Before In The Loop went weekly, there was a little thing called The LoopCast.  We collected some of our favorite clowning from those glory days, including "This American Loop" and "Public Radio Laboratories."

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Stranger Than Fiction: Reality Catches Up To 'The Americans'

With guest host John Donvan. “The Americans” is a drama series about a suburban American household in the 1980’s. But there’s a twist: The parents are Soviet agents, and they’re embedded on a mission to steal American secrets. When the show started airing in 2013, the idea of Soviet spies on American soil was almost a quaint relic. But something strange has happened since. Political developments in the U.S. and abroad have breathed new life into Cold War tropes. What was once escapist television now plays like political commentary and many Americans now suspect a reality that is stranger than fiction. The showrunners join us to talk about writing what’s become a deep reflection of an important geopolitical moment. GUESTS Joel Fields, Showrunner, “The Americans”; @joel_fields Joe Weisberg, Showrunner, “The Americans”; former CIA officer; @joeweisberg Dr. Vince Houghton, Historian and curator, International Spy Museum; @intelhistorian For more, visit https://the1a.org. © 2018 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

Stories: 1) Mike Judge: Mining Comic Joy From Workplace Pain 2) Mad Mel, Approaching The 'Edge Of Darkness' Again 3) Changing The 'Game,' But Not For The Better


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Question: 4 Years... 700,000 More Voters

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(Sorry for the long absence with all of last month¿s big political news¿ as mentioned before, the new little one in the family has kept me away from the hustle and bustle.  Look for more frequent blog entries this month! ¿JM)
Secretary of State Debra Bowen¿s new report on the number of registered voters in [...]

Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


Question: The California Report Magazine

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Water, Water Everywhere — As the snow pack continues to shrink in the Sierras, the program reports on water officials' growing interest in desalination. Will the future of California's water supply involve making salt water sweet from San Diego to Marin?


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Question: 'Giraffes On Horseback Salad' Tells The Lost Story Of Harpo Marx And Salvador Dalí

When Harpo Marx met Salvador Dalí, it was kismet, as Josh Frank reports in Giraffes on Horseback Salad, his diverting graphic novel about the pair's 1937 attempt to collaborate on a movie of the same name. While it's not too surprising that the troublemaking artist and the seditious comedian would be simpatico, their bond went deeper than that. They painted each other, and Dalí sent his new friend a full-size harp strung with barbed wire. Harpo replied with a photo of himself pretending to play the lethal harp, all his fingers wrapped in bandages. (It's included in this book, courtesy of his son Bill.) Of the two men, Dalí seems to have been the most infatuated. He wrote to André Breton, "I'm in Hollywood, where I've made contact with the three American surrealists: Harpo Marx, Disney and Cecil B. DeMille." So overcome was Dalí with Harpo's genius that he wrote a treatment, and later an abbreviated screenplay, for a Marx Brothers movie to be called Giraffes on Horseback Salad. He and Harpo even pitched it to Louis B. Mayer. But as Frank puts it, "The meeting did not go well." Among Dalí's ideas: "Harpo opens an umbrella and a chicken explodes on all the onlookers. He ... puts each piece [of chicken] carefully on a saddle that he uses as a plate, a saddle not for a horse, but for a giraffe!" The surrealist script fell flat even with Groucho Marx, who said simply, "It won't play." Eighty years later, Dalí's idea still won't play. Even jazzed up with jokes by Tim Heidecker (a modern Marx Brother if there ever was one), Giraffes on Horseback Salad — the movie, not the book — is a baffling mess. Neither Dalí or Harpo seems to have realized that their approaches to humor were vastly different. The Marx Brothers' work was acutely conscious of, and responsive to, established structures: They subverted the social order using its own rules. Groucho and Chico's wordplay exemplifies this, and even Harpo's silent antics acknowledged conventions in order to upend them. Dalí, more often than not, simply headed off in a direction orthogonal to accepted reality. As a result, he's not generally particularly funny at all. Some of his creations have a lightness — the spindly-legged elephants, his collaborations with designer Elsa Schiaparelli, his own kooky image — but usually his surrealism is deadly serious. That funk of portent permeates Giraffes on Horseback Salad like a vapor. Dalí's movie doesn't really have a plot. One bizarre set piece gives way to another, all heavily symbolic and none eliciting mirth. Dalí even manages to make Harpo unfunny, casting the other man as ... Dalí. "Harpo will be Jimmy, a young Spanish aristocrat who lives in the U.S. as a consequence of political circumstances in his country," Dalí wrote. The artist even meant Harpo to spend much of the film in a tux, his fuzzy mane tamed. All this would make for a terrible book but for the power of comics — and the virtuosity of Spanish artist Manuela Pertega. Her approach is classical, with only moderate reliance on cartoony distortion. It's a good style for reproducing the visions of a rigorous draftsman like Dalí. Pertega infuses Dalí's elaborate tableaux with all the glamour and mystery he could have wished for. Two-page spreads of overflowing images — a white silk tunnel, flaming giraffes, clusters of disembodied hands, swans, floating fried eggs and a few inevitable lobsters — are improbably harmonious. Pertega's color sense is controlled. Snatching hues from all over the spectrum, she doles them out sparingly for maximum impact. Much of the book is in black and white — a nod to the 1930s setting — making pages with over-the-top color explode more powerfully. It may not be a good story, but Giraffes on Horseback Salad makes a good book. Frank's tale of how he found Dalí's script and organized the project — enlisting the help of Heidecker and the Pixies' Black Francis, whom Frank worked with previously — is entertaining cultural history. His descriptions of Dalí striving to make his mark in Hollywood are funny, too. The great artist may not have "gotten" humor like he thought he did, but in this book he's comical in spite of himself. Etelka Lehoczky has written about comics for The Atlantic and The Los Angeles Review of Books. She tweets at @EtelkaL.

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Stories: 1) 'Inside' A Backup Singer's Journey To Center Stage 2) The Lyrics And Legacy Of Stephen Foster 3) A Rich Satire About Street Art, Or Is It A Hoax?


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Question: It's ScuttleButton Time!

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It's time to solve this week's ScuttleButton puzzle. ScuttleButton, of course, is that once-a-week waste of time exercise in which each Tuesday or Wednesday I put up a vertical display of buttons on this site. Your job is to simply take one word (or concept) per button, add 'em up, and, hopefully, you will arrive at a famous name or a familiar expression. (And seriously, by familiar, I mean it's something that more than one person on Earth would recognize.) For years, a correct answer chosen at random would get his or her name posted in this column, an incredible honor in itself. Now the stakes are even higher. Thanks to the efforts of the folks at Talk of the Nation, that person also hears their name mentioned on the Wednesday show (by me) and receives a Political Junkie t-shirt in the bargain. Is this a great country or what? You can't use the comments box at the bottom of the page for your answer. Send submission (plus your name and city/state — you won't win without that) to politicaljunkie@npr.org. (Why do people keep forgetting to include their name and city/state?) And, by adding your name to the Political Junkie mailing list, you will be among the first on your block to receive notice about the column and the puzzle. Sign up at politicaljunkie@npr.org. Or you can make sure to get an automatic RSS feed whenever a new Junkie post goes up by clicking here. Good luck! By the way, I always announce the winner on Wednesday's Junkie segment on TOTN — seven or eight days after the puzzle first goes up. So you should try and get your answer in as soon as possible. But logistically, you have about a week to submit your guess. Here are the buttons used and the answer to last week's puzzle: Jefferson Governor 99 — Then Democratic Congressman William Jefferson unsuccessfully ran for governor of Louisiana in 1999. Hair Loss? Ask Me! — Whatever. Wings for Willkie (on plane) America — Wendell Willkie was the Republican nominee for president in 1940, losing to incumbent Franklin Roosevelt. So, when you combine Jefferson + Hair + Plane, you may just very well end up with ... Jefferson Airplane. The San Francisco psychedelic rock band from the love & flowers summer of 1967. While drugs and rock music almost destroyed our country back then, it took American ingenuity, and ScuttleButton, to save it decades later. The winner, chosen completely at random, is Walt Taylor of Frederick, Md. Walt gets not only the coveted Political Junkie t-shirt — but the Official No Prize Button as well!

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Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: It's a Bird! It's A Plane! It's Amazon!; The Holy Doorman; Father Stealthmas.


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Question: Orrin Hatch Would Like You To Know He's Still Alive

Scroll through Orrin Hatch's Twitter feed and you'll see fairly routine tweets from the Republican senator from Utah: support for President Trump's Supreme Court pick, Brett Kavanaugh, and promotion of legislation Hatch backs. But late Monday evening, Hatch's official Twitter account posted a tweet to Google, saying, "We might need to talk." Turns out, any curious constituent Googling the senator on Tuesday morning would have found that one of the top Google search results said Hatch had been dead since Sept. 11, 2017. That's when the fun began for Hatch's social media team members, who realized it wouldn't be enough to just point out the fatal (or not, pun intended) error. Because what good is a claim that Hatch was alive without proof? The evidence came pouring in, one tweet at a time. Exhibit A: The senator reading a newspaper: Signing some bills: The account linked to full interviews that Hatch did recently — calling them "proof of life." It continued. The account tweeted videos calling the senator "very much alive." While the tweets didn't come directly from Hatch himself — he signs his original tweets "ogh" — Hatch spokesman Matt Whitlock says there is a "clever, nimble communications team that works hard to keep up with the senator's own trademark sense of humor and wit." That included sharing a photo of the Hatch's birthday celebration in March, where bacon apparently played a significant role. The social media jabbing continued with a tweet saying that even in death, Hatch "remains one of the Senate's most prolific legislators," including advancing three bills since the Internet pronounced him dead. Whitlock told NPR that "unconfirmed reports suggest that by 7:30a.m., Hatch had already completed an hour of CrossFit and an hour of miscellaneous sport. When Senator Hatch first heard of his passing he was quite alarmed. Having advanced 4 major bills last night he was surprised to hear that he may have been dead the whole time. After both the Senator and staff confirmed he was in fact alive and not a part of some kind of Sixth Sense phenomenon, he had a good laugh and may have run several miles to celebrate." Whitlock says his boss felt it was a good opportunity to highlight some of the "great moments" of the last few months of being alive on social media. While very much among the land of the living, Hatch, 84, is retiring at the end of this term. Google responded to the tweets Tuesday morning, writing, "You are certainly alive and sporting a great sense of humor. We apologize for the error. We'll have it fixed shortly." Hatch was very happy to hear it. AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:  This afternoon, the Twitter handle @senorrinhatch posted a short video. It's of Utah Republican Senator Orrin Hatch reading The Washington Post - today's Washington Post, which is important to note. Hatch lowers the paper and says... (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) ORRIN HATCH: The reports of my demise have been greatly exaggerated. (SOUNDBITE OF DRAMATIC SOUND EFFECT) ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:  That sound effect is on the actual video. It is one of the latest tweets today proving that the senator is alive. Once again, Senator Orrin Hatch is alive and well. CORNISH: Now, this all started last night around 10:30. A constituent flagged that if you Googled Senator Hatch, a top return listed him as dead since September 11, 2017. Matt Whitlock, deputy chief of staff and director of communications for Senator Hatch, explains what happened next. MATT WHITLOCK: We had a really good laugh about it. And Senator Hatch thought it would be a great opportunity to sort of have some fun and show some of the highlights of his last several months on social media as a proof of life. SHAPIRO: And so the tweets began. Just after 11 last night, the official Twitter account of his office posted, hi, Google; we might need to talk - and then a video of him signing bills and another tweet of Hatch alive earlier this month giving a gift to German Chancellor Angela Merkel. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) CHANCELLOR ANGELA MERKEL: Thank you. Bye-bye. CORNISH: And then the senator alive meeting with Utah veterans at the World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) HATCH: I just love seeing these veterans. They're my heroes, my inspiration. And they remind me of the importance of my job as their representative. CORNISH: There were several other videos, and you got to love the series of photos from his 84th birthday party in March - a shot of the senator with a glass of milk and a plate of bacon. SHAPIRO: To be clear, the party had a bacon theme. All of this proof seemed to satisfy Google. The company responded to the tweets with this message - you certainly are alive and sporting a great sense of humor. We apologize for the error. We'll have it fixed shortly. And the Internet no longer lists Senator Hatch as dead. CORNISH: If you're wondering how this happened in the first place, it appears that a user modified the Wikipedia page for

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Brett Favre announced yesterday that he will continue playing. But only for one more year. And if you believe that, then you also must believe that the following events will also occur, as they appear to be far more likely than his actual retirement -- as we noted in a post that ran one year ago yesterday. 1. Yale Students Welcome Snooki On Her First Day 2. Lady Gaga Unveils Line Of Tummy-Shaping Undergarments 3. New 'American Idol' Judges Are A Big Hit; Show's Problems Solved 4. J-Lo Arrested In Extensive Anti-Booty Rioting 5. Brett Favre Eaten By Coyotes 6. James Franco: 'It's Probably Time To Calm Down' 7. Kathryn Bigelow Says James Cameron Is 'Probably Right' About 3D 8. What Ever Happened To Justin Bieber? 9. Herbert Hoover Reincarnated As Large, Enthusiastic Cocker Spaniel 10. Bryn Mawr Endows Katy Perry Chair 11. Musicologists Discover 'Thus Spake Zarathustra' Speeded Up 800 Percent Sounds Like 'Yakety Sax' 12. Experts Agree: Helen Mirren Has Totally Let Herself Go 13. Bret Michaels Gets Green Party Endorsement 14. Kanye Interrupted At VMAs By Irate, Obscene Rant From Bon Iver's Justin Vernon 15. Brett Favre Shocks World By Totally Not Retiring At All 16. Starbucks Introduces Prozac-Infused "Happuccino" 17. Health Trend Continues As 'Fiber Emporium' Buys Out 436 Dying Cupcake Stores 18. Internet Reaches Consensus: 'It Turns Out It Was Mostly A Misunderstanding' 19. Public Embraces Inexpensive Pacifiers Made From Recycled Truck Tires 20. It's Official, Guv'nor: Brits Love American-Made Tea 21. Worldwide Fretting Over Jennifer Aniston's Love Life Suspended 22. Brett Favre Struck By Lightning While Playing Golf 23. Cold Fusion Discovered By Participant In ABC's 'Shark Tank' 24. Facebook Streamlines Privacy Controls With 'Just Don't Tell Anybody Anything About Me Unless I Say It's Okay' Button 25. Brett Favre Plans Stint In Minor League Baseball: What Could Go Wrong?


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Question: Obama Waited For GOP To Reveal Deficit-Reduction Hand Before Showing His

President Obama, now scheduled to give a major speech Wednesday afternoon at George Washington University on deficit reduction, has been criticized for arriving so late to this particular fiscal-responsibility party. As has been widely noted, the president didn't fully embrace the results of his Simpson-Bowles fiscal reform commission which in December recommended a series of spending cuts, including reforms of both entitlements and taxes, to reduce the nation's deficits. Later, when he introduced his own budget for fiscal year 2012, he didn't offer a comprehensive plan to deal with federal deficits and debt either. By hanging back, the president allowed House Republicans to fill the void with a proposed fiscal 2012 budget that its author, House Budget Committee chair Paul Ryan says, would save $6 trillion over ten years, largely by changing Medicare and Medicaid as we know them. But it would also cut taxes, including for the wealthiest, offsetting about $4 trillion of that savings. Read More The former would essentially become a voucher program for seniors, the latter a block grant to states. Not only has Obama seemingly allowed Republicans to gain the initiative, according to some commentators, which allowed them to define the terms of the debate; he also left himself open to GOP charges that he failed to lead on one of the biggest issues of our time. Still, it's possible that it really won't matter much that Obama waited and he could actually wind up benefiting. First, by waiting until Republicans went public with their major deficit-reduction proposal, the president gave himself a chance to see precisely the approach his political opposition was taking. Perhaps Obama, known to play poker as a state legislator in Springfield, Ill., first wanted to see the Republican hand before revealing his own. That provided him the chance to tailor how he presents his proposal. Now he can specifically target the most controversial aspects of the Republican proposal, in particular the restructuring of Medicare so it goes from being a single-payer system to one in which future seniors would receive a subsidy to purchase private health insurance. White House aides have also indicated that the president will take on the tax cuts for the rich in the GOP proposal by reasserting his position that taxes should rise on couples with $250,000 a year or more in income, a contrast with the GOP. That will allow the president to argue his proposal is fairer to the middle class and lower income Americans than the Republican approach which cuts programs the less wealthy rely on. Second, it wasn't as though if he had gone first, his proposal would have fared any better in a Congress where the Republicans control the House and Democrats have a narrow Senate majority than it will now. There is little to none of what economists call the first-mover advantage in being first in an area of public policy that requires telling voters painful truths. It would have only given Republican opponents more time to hammer him. Letting the GOP go first allowed them to take the early hammering on deficit reduction. Third, while Obama made himself vulnerable to charges he didn't lead on the issue, it's hard to imagine most voters in November 2012 either remembering or caring about that. In any event, the president really could wait no longer. In his Friday night speech after the nation barely dodged a partial shutdown of the federal government, Obama spoke to the importance of dealing with deficits and acknowledged that spending cuts, though painful, were necessary for winning the future, as he might say. It's also necessary to winning political independents who in poll after poll express concern about government spending and deficits. Meanwhile, with important and likely angry debates about the fiscal 2012 budget as well as raising the debt ceiling taking center stage in the weeks to come, the president had reached the point where he had to have his own deficit-reduction plan on the table. That way he and other Democrats wouldn't again be in the position of having to react so much to Republican demands as during the recent shutdown fight. (Note: This post was revised to make a correction. It earlier said the president would be making a prime-time speech Wednesday. White House press secretary Jay Carney indicated at his Monday briefing the speech will be in the early afternoon.)

Good morning. Sorry we're late with the roundup. We've had quite a few things to post about already today, as you can see: -- Before Obama's Plan Is Out, NRA Calls Him An 'Elitist Hypocrite' -- Inflation Rate Slowed Sharply In 2012; Prices Were Flat In December -- UPDATE: 'Turmoil' For Many Parents As NYC School Bus Drivers Strike -- Fireball, Panic As Helicopter Crashes In London -- Blast Rocks Kabul; Dozens Wounded, Attackers Killed -- Interior Sec. Salazar Is Latest Member Of Cabinet To Announce Departure Among the other stories making headlines: -- "French Troops Move North As Mali Rebels Dig In." (The New York Times) -- "Islamists Attack Algerian Gas Feld, Kill, Kidnap Foreigners." (Reuters) -- Former South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford (R) Announces Bid For Congress. (The State) -- Top Japan Airlines Ground Boeing 787 Dreamliners. (BBC News) -- With Confession, Lance Armstrong Is Hoping To Reduce Lifetime Ban From Competition And Head Off A Lawsuit That Could Cost Him Nearly $100 Million. (The Washington Post)


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Question: From Culinary Dud To Stud: How Dutch Plant Breeders Built Our Brussels Sprouts Boom

Foods go in and out of style. Few of them, though, have gone through as dramatic a renaissance in their reputation as Brussels sprouts. For many years, they were scorned. Even Steve Bontadelli admits it, and he makes his living growing them. "A lot of people of my generation hated them," he says. "Their moms boiled them and made them even stinkier." Bontadelli's farm is near Santa Cruz, Calif., where the weather is perfect for growing this vegetable. "We actually had a Brussels sprouts festival here for about 10 years," he says. "And we got a lot of free press out of the deal, because people couldn't believe that you'd have a festival for Brussels sprouts." What's worse, they even deserved their bad reputation. "They were just very bitter; a very strong bitter taste," Bontadelli says. This all started to change in the 1990s, and it began in the Netherlands, where Brussels sprouts have a simpler name: spruitjes. A Dutch scientist named Hans van Doorn, who worked at the seed and chemical company Novartis (the seed part is now called Syngenta), figured out exactly which chemical compounds in spruitjes made them bitter. At that point, the small handful of companies that sell Brussels sprouts seeds started searching their archives, looking for old varieties that happen to have low levels of the bitter chemicals. One of the companies, also based in the Netherlands, is Bejo Zaden. "We have a whole gene bank here in our cellars, with all the possible Brussels sprouts varieties that were available from the past," says Cees Sintenie, a plant breeder at Bejo Zaden. There are hundreds of these old varieties. The companies grew them in test plots, and they did, in fact, find some that weren't as bitter. They cross-pollinated these old varieties with modern, high-yielding ones, trying to combine the best traits of old and new spruitjes. It took many years. But it worked. "From then on, the taste was much better. It really improved," Sintenie says. Then word spread in the professional culinary scene. It took off mainly in the United States, not in Europe. Shannan Troncoso remembers hearing, about a decade ago, that celebrity chef David Chang was doing amazing things with Brussels sprouts and bacon at his restaurant Momofuku, in New York. Then she encountered some crispy fried Brussels sprouts at a restaurant in San Francisco. "It was so good, I was like, I can figure this out! And I can introduce this back into my area," she says. When she launched her own restaurant — Brookland's Finest Bar & Kitchen, a neighborhood establishment in Northeast Washington, D.C. — they were on the menu from very beginning. "We peel the leaves off, each tiny little leaf. That's like a full-time job for somebody," she says. The actual cooking takes no time at all. Troncoso drops a basket of leaves into the fryer. Within seconds, they're turning brown. She pulls them out, lets them drain for a bit, then tosses them with a bit of lemon juice and salt. Troncoso says that her customers had to be talked into ordering them at first. "People are kind of like, 'ugh, Brussels sprouts,' " she says. But now it's one of her most popular dishes. This has been happening in lots of places, just in the past five years or so. And the world has now changed for Steve Bontadelli, back on the farm in Santa Cruz. "Lo and behold, all of a sudden we're on cooking shows!" he says. Demand is booming; farmers are getting four or five times more money than they did a decade ago for their crop. "My dad, his jaw would just drop," Bontadelli says. "He'd ask me every day, 'What's the price, what's the price?' Because he'd been in the business his whole life. His eyes would just pop out when I'd tell him. He couldn't believe it." Bontadelli says that there were only about 2,500 acres in the whole country planted with Brussels sprouts just a few years ago. Today, there are 10,000 acres of Brussels sprouts in the U.S., and fields are getting planted in Mexico, too — just so people can get their Brussels sprouts year-round.

Stories: 1) Putting Puppies Behind Bars (For A Good Cause) 2) Forensic Vet Helps Prevent Animal Cruelty 3) Rescuing Katrina's Four-Legged Victims


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Question: China Returns U.S. Navy Drone Seized In South China Sea

China's Defense Ministry says it has returned a U.S. underwater drone seized last week in the South China Sea. The handoff followed what China termed "friendly" talks between the two countries. The U.S. acknowledged receipt of the drone but criticized China for seizing it in the first place. A statement from the Pentagon said the Chinese action was "inconsistent with both international law and standards of professionalism for conduct between navies at sea." The Pentagon, pointedly, had a warship — the guided missile destroyer USS Mustin — take possession of the drone, which was operated by an unarmed survey vessel when it was seized. As The Two-Way reported earlier:  "The Pentagon announced that the USNS Bowditch, an oceanographic survey ship, had watched as a Chinese warship deployed a small boat to snatch an 'ocean glider' — an unmanned underwater vehicle, or UUV — from international waters in the South China Sea."  China, we reported, provided "its own narrative to describe a situation that American officials say has no recent precedent." "In order to prevent the device from causing harm to the safety of navigation and personnel of passing vessels, the Chinese naval lifeboat verified and examined the device in a professional and responsible manner," said a Chinese defense ministry spokesman, according to a translation from state-run Xinhua News. The Chinese version of events is markedly different from the Pentagon's — U.S. officials say the Chinese ship was following the American vessel, and that the drone's origin wasn't in doubt. U.S. officials say the unmanned drone was conducting ocean research when it was seized. According to the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command, the Bowditch (named for American astronomer and navigator Nathaniel Bowditch) is a 20-year-old ship that has "an all-civilian crew of civil service mariners and scientific support personnel." The swift return of the drone is a marked contrast from a 2001 incident when a U.S. Navy reconnaissance plane was forced to make an emergency landing after it collided with a Chinese fighter jet. The Navy plane was returned to the U.S. dismembered and with its sophisticated electronics removed.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Lawmakers Seek Federal 'Oversight' Of Workers' Comp As States Limit Benefits. -- Syria's Assad Visits Moscow To Discuss Military Plans With Putin. -- U.S. Fighter Jet Reportedly Crashes Near Air Base In England. And here are more early headlines: Obama To Visit West Virginia, Discuss Plan To Fight Drug Abuse. (Time) Amnesty International Fears For Rohingya Muslims Missing At Sea. (VOA) Slovenia Asks For E.U. Help To Deal With Thousands Of Migrants. (AFP) Mexico To Restart Investigation Into Fate Of 43 Missing Students. (BBC) Tropical Storm Patricia Forms Off Mexico's Pacific Coast. (NHC) Top U.S. Navy Officials Visit China's Aircraft Carrier To Smooth Ties. (Reuters) Singapore Church Leaders Convicted In Pop Music Fraud Scheme. (Sydney Morning Herald) Why Vultures Can Eat Rotting Carcasses And Not Get Sick. (Phys.org)


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Filmically Perfect   "CREEP SHOW" 1982

Five jolting tales of horror from the cryptkeepr! (illustrated by Jack Davis)

Interview with DAVID CALOF cont'd.Floating :30 I.D 12:35 and 12:45]


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Question: Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan

Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.
On Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]

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San Diego County Sues to Overturn Legal Marijuana. High School Exit Exam Settlement. End Music.


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Question: Soldier Edmond Lo Remembered As Quiet Leader

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Edmond Lo was born to immigrant parents and grew up in New Hampshire.  In high school, he joined ROTC and began planning for a career in the military.  He was trying to defuse a bomb when it exploded and killed him.

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Stories: 1) Can We 'Cool The Planet' Through Geoengineering? 2) Sam Newsome: A Soprano Sax 'Soliloquy' 3) Poet Robert Hass: An Elegy For His Younger Brother


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Question: Opinion On Recent Programs

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Opinion on recent programs from the PT Mailbag, Internet account (perftoday npr.org) and Listener Comment Line (202-842-3522).

EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: Report: Catholic Clergy Abuse Global Problem

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The priest abuse scandal is an international one, according to a report to be published by the Dallas Morning News. Between 100 and 200 Catholic clergy around the world were moved from country to country after they faced criminal charges or serious allegations of sex offenses against minors, the newspaper's 18-month investigation finds. NPR's Steve Inskeep talks to Dallas Morning News reporter Brooks Egerton.

UC Regents Discuss Executive Pay. Ballot Measure to Crack Down on Sex Offenders. End Music.


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Question: Drew Houston, Co-Founder of Dropbox

Host Jessica Harris talks with Drew Houston, co-founder of Dropbox. Harris also talks to Valentin Abe, founder of The Caribbean Harvest Foundation

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Host Jessica Harris talks with Andy Dunn, founder of Bonobos. Harris also talks with Dwight Merriman, co-founder of DoubleClick.


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Question: Israel Approves New Coalition Government

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One day after a new Palestinian president is elected, Israel's parliament approves Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's new coalition government. The coalition gives Sharon a parliamentary majority as he prepares a planned withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. NPR's Linda Gradstein reports.

State to Impose New Emissions Rules for Small Engines. Solar Initiative Launches January 1. End Music.


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Question: DOJ To Help Local Authorities In Policing Riots Around The Country

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The Justice Department is now assisting local authorities across the country in response to the civil unrest that has erupted in connection with the death of George Floyd in the police custody.

Good morning - here are some stories we're following today: Luxury Cars Do Poorly In New Type Of Crash Test. Unsealed Documents 'Hint At The Evidence' In Colorado Shootings. N.J. Gov. Chris Christie, Fla. Senator Marco Rubio To Give Key Speeches At Republican National Convention. (National Journal) Western Wildfires Destroy Homes, Leave One Firefighter Dead. (AP) Defected Syrian Prime Minister Claims Assad Regime Is Collapsing. (BBC) In A Change, Iran Now Welcomes Aid For Earthquake Victims. (VOA) French Youths Clash With Police For Second Night. (Reuters) Violence Turns Deadly Between Two Unions At South African Platinum Mine. (AllAfrica.com) Educational Accrediting Agency Issues Warning To Penn State. (USA Today) Conn. Woman Wrongly Billed For 25 Years For Streetlights, Gets Refund. (Hartford Courant)


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Question: New documentary examines the Darfur saga

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The subject of a new film on the genocide in Darfur talks about his work to keep the world's attention on the continuing violence in Sudan.

Hear how listeners and readers of the blog reacted to recent conversations about the fate of jazz, racial profiling and the upcoming Olympic games in Beijing.


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Question: Violinist Gil Shaham (Shah-Hahm)

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Violinist Gil Shaham (shah-HAHM) and his sister, pianist Orli Shaham, play the Suite from the incidental music to William Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing" by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Recorded at Amherst College in Amherst, MA. (Harrison Digital Recordings)

Violist and PT critic Toby Appel (AP-pull) reviews a new CD, "Hommage a Piazzola" (oh-mahzh ah pee-aht-SOH-lah), which features violinist Gidon Kremer (GEE-dohn KRAY-mehr).


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Question: Japanese, U.S. Scientists Win Nobel Chemistry Prize

Three scientists who created a method for unveiling the previously invisible machinery inside living cells, using a protein that glows in the dark, won the 2008 Nobel Prize for chemistry. The winners are Osamu Shimomura, a Japanese citizen who works at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass.;  Martin Chalfie of New York's Columbia University; and Roger Tsien of the University of California, San Diego. In the 1960s, Shimomura isolated what became known as the "green fluorescent protein," or GFP, from a kind of jellyfish.  This protein glows bright green when it is exposed to ultraviolet light.   Thirty years later, when scientists developed tools for cutting and splicing genes, Chalfie took the gene that produces this glowing substance and inserted it into cells of other living creatures, starting with bacteria. He was able to use this inserted gene as an easily detected tag, or visual marker. By attaching it to other genes, he was able to make  specific proteins inside living cells glow green under ultraviolet light . Scientists cannot normally observe the complex dance of proteins that forms the basis of life, but GFP opened up a previously invisible world, revealing a wealth of detail about where, and how, those proteins work.   Tsien expanded the technique, creating an entire toolbox of glowing genes. He tinkered with the GFP gene, creating new versions that glow cyan, blue and yellow. This allows researchers to tag different proteins with distinctive colors and observe their interactions.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Aung San Suu Kyi's Party Wins Majority In Myanmar's Historic Election. -- Kurds Declare Victory In Taking Sinjar From ISIS. -- Refugee Children Detained On Tiny Island Of Nauru Reach Out Via Facebook.  And here are more early headlines: Producer Prices Decline In October. (CNBC) Historically Black University, Howard, Receives Death Threats. (Time) U.N. Security Council Calls For Dialogue In Burundi. (U.N. News Centre) Del Paso Wins Cervantes Prize, Spanish Literature's Highest Prize. (AP) Government Funds Monarch Butterfly Habitat Project. (Minnesota Public Radio)


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Question: Talking History: Black Senators Celebrate Their Legacy

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Five current and former black senators appeared together Tuesday at an unprecedented event celebrating the legacy and contributions of the nine African-Americans to serve in the U.S. Senate. The event, held at the Library of Congress to mark Black History Month, was the brainchild of Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C. The only Republican at the summit, Scott was joined by Democratic Sen. Cory Booker of New Jersey and former Sens. William "Mo" Cowan of Massachusetts as well as Roland Burris and Carol Moseley Braun, both of Illinois. The nation's first two African-American senators, Hiram Rhodes Revels and Blanche Kelso Bruce, both of Mississippi, were also honored at the event. Barry Black, the Senate chaplain who served as the emcee of the event, noted the historic nature of the gathering. "I don't think in the history of the republic we have had this many African-Americans who served in the United States Senate together in one room. So this is a history-making event," said Black, who is also the Senate's first African-American chaplain. The two other living black former senators — President Obama and Edward Brooke, a Republican who represented Massachusetts from 1967-1979 — were invited but were not in attendance. The panelists kept the focus on their rare, shared experiences as African-American senators, rather than on philosophical or political differences. The group even praised Scott for bringing them together. "It's remarkable when we look around this country at the progress we've made," Scott said. "I thought perhaps we'd have an opportunity for us to take a look at the history of our country and celebrate our success in a nonpartisan way." In a lighthearted nod to the contentiousness of Washington politics in recent years, Scott continued, "Can I get an amen out there for 'nonpartisan way?' " Jokes aside, there were genuinely powerful moments. Cowan, the Massachusetts Democrat who served briefly in 2013, told the audience that he never had the dream of holding elected office but hopes Scott, who's up for election to a full term this year, wins. "Even though there's only one of us on the proverbial other side of the aisle we represent a range of political interests and viewpoints. And I think that's good for the African-American community to see," said Cowan, who was appointed to the Senate last year and served a little more than five months. "I am a Democrat — and I know this is a nonpartisan event — but I'm going to say something that I hope is not controversial. I hope my good friend is successful in his campaign, because I love the fact that the black experience is reflected on the other side of the aisle." The panelists were asked about the biggest challenges they faced in becoming senators. Moseley Braun, an Illinois Democrat who was elected in 1992 — known as the "year of the woman" — cited the confluence of race and gender. "Racism and gender bias give rise to hurdles, assumptions, misimpressions; and preconceptions are sometimes very difficult and if not impossible to overcome," said Moseley Braun, the only woman on the panel. Burris pointed to some of his early attempts to run statewide in Illinois in the mid-1970s, when money and race played major factors. "The fact that I had to overcome the racial issue, even blacks saying, 'Burris, you can't win, they're not going to elect a black man in Illinois to take care of their money.' I had to overcome that." Booker, the most recently elected black senator, cited himself as his biggest hurdle. He acknowledged that he didn't have to fight the same fights as those who came before him. "If you were born after the modern civil rights movement, if you are born in my generation, you stand on the shoulders of giants," said Booker, a former Newark mayor. "My prayer is that my generation, especially, can look at people on this stage who fought battles that I will never fight, never see, in order to give us these opportunities and privileges. That we prove worthy of those privileges that we have not by paying anything back, but by paying it forward."

Stories: 1) Michael Beschloss: Critical Moments, Critical Choices 2) Lesbian Activist, Pioneering Journalist Del Martin 3) 'Trouble The Water' Captures Katrina On Camcorder


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Question: Trump On North Korea's Kim Jong Un: 'Smart,' 'Funny' And 'Tough'

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President Trump continued Thursday to tout his meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. In an interview with Fox News that aired Wednesday, he defended the dictator as “a tough guy,” adding to previous comments when he called Kim “smart” and “funny.” Here & Now‘s Robin Young hears reaction from Jane Harman, director, president and CEO of the Wilson Center and a former U.S. representative who served on the House Intelligence Committee.

Stories: 1) Ayelet Waldman: On Feeling Like A 'Bad Mother' 2) Paul McCartney: From Pop Music To Prose 3) 'Splice': Your Results May Vary (And Be Scary)


Question: How 1 Tweet From Kylie Jenner Caused Snap, Inc. To Lose $1 Billion

NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Will Oremus, a senior technology writer at Slate about how a recent tweet by Kylie Jenner caused Snap, Inc. — the parent company for Snapchat — to lose more than $1 billion.

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Good Friday morning, here are our early headlines: Kerry Warns North Korea, But Holds Out Hope For Diplomacy.  Dodgers' $147 Million Ace Greinke Breaks Collarbone In Brawl.  And here are more early headlines: Deadly Spring Storm Exits Midwest, Heads South. (AP) Authorities Intercept Suspicious Package Addressed To Controversial Arizona Sheriff. (Arizona Republic) Bankruptcy Judge Rejects $20 Million Severance For American Airlines CEO. (Dallas Morning News) NASDAQ Cuts Its CEO's Bonus Over Bungled Facebook IPO. (Reuters) Venezuelans To Vote On Sunday For Chavez Successor. (Bloomberg) Bailed Out Cyprus To Ask For Fresh Financial Help. (BBC) Early American Christian Hymnal Could Fetch $30 Million At Auction. (Christian Post) Seaweed Latte, Bacon Coffee Featured At National Barista Competition. (CBS) At Masters Tournament, 14-Year-Old Golfer Plays Beyond His Years. (ESPN)


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Question: Consider the Chesapeake Bay Oyster

The afternoon sun barely peeks out from behind rows of hand-built piers that line the shore of Cockrell's Creek in Reedville, Va., on the Chesapeake Bay. There, brackish creek waters gently slap against barnacle-encrusted fishing boats gently rising and falling with the tide.  It's oyster season, and Wendell Haynie, an 11th-generation Virginia waterman, recalls a time when Chesapeake Bay oysters were so plentiful that folks would eat them three to four times a week. "This was during the Depression," he says as he leans back to orate, "and times were tight, but oysters were still a big thing. We used to catch a hundred bushels before lunchtime."   Haynie's mother, Fanny, would crush soda crackers with a rolling pin, then bread the oysters in a combination of crackers and egg wash and finally fry them in hot fat. Other than fried, he says, the only way to eat them was raw, "straight outta the shell." Whether you choose to enjoy these briny creatures roasted with butter, floating atop a creamy bisque or straight up with a dash of Texas Pete, there's no doubt that in today's culinary world, oysters are still quite a "big thing." Oysters can live up to 20 years and, except during their free-swimming larval stage, spend the majority of their time attached to rocks, shells or piers.  Like many invertebrates, oysters are hermaphroditic, and will change gender at least once during their lifetime, often starting as male and ending as female.    The Chesapeake oyster — sometimes called Chesapeake white gold — has a flavor and texture that begs connoisseurs to come back and shuck just a few more.   Salty and succulent, these oysters embody the word "delicacy." Gently unhinging one of these live creatures with an oyster knife reveals a larger-than-usual, juicy, gray body resting in a pool of precious liquor.  From here, it takes only a flick of the knife to loosen it from its shell. Then, down the throat it goes with such indescribable bliss that food writer M.F.K. Fisher, in Consider the Oyster, grappled with its ambiguity.  "An oyster," she wrote, "will taste like what the taster expects, which of course depends entirely on the taster." The debate on how to best enjoy the oyster goes on. Southern purists prefer breading their oysters in cornmeal and then dipping them in lemon-spiked tartar sauce, while the more creative opt for Japanese panko crumbs and piquant aioli.   Champagne mignonette sauce and granita regularly grace oysters on the half shell, while seafood classics still live on in herbed oyster stuffings and creamy, bread-crumb topped oyster casseroles.   Whatever your oyster preference, one truth remains: Those of us who revere the oyster will do almost anything to get our hands on one, and when we do, we know just how we want it. Back at Cockrell's Creek, I find myself standing among a pack of multigenerational watermen, who cherish their locally raised oysters in much the same way a sommelier treasures a rare Bordeaux. So I ask, "What's the best way to cook an oyster?" Within seconds, shouts and playful arguments erupt: "Steamed with butter." "Roasted." "No, you always eat 'em fried in cracker meal." "What do you mean, butter? Who needs butter? You eat 'em straight up." I have started a dispute that will, most likely, last long after the sun sets.  That's the beauty of these oysters. Much in the same way North Carolinians debate vinegar versus tomato when it comes to barbecue, local oyster purists aren't afraid to offer you their uncensored take on the best way to cook these briny bivalve delights.   So, the next time you're pondering what to make for dinner, take a moment to consider the Chesapeake Bay oyster.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Hoosier Boo-sier, The Okay Satan, Egg McRib.


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Question: SETI Plans To Resume Listening For Aliens Next Month, Thanks To Donations

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The SETI Institute's mothballed Allen Telescope Array — which scans the universe for signs of alien life — will soon be up and running again, thanks to more than $200,000 in donations that came from people including actress Jodie Foster and former astronaut Bill Anders. The telescope array has been shut down since late April, when the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute said it could no longer afford to keep the telescopes operational. SETI now confirms that it plans to resume operations in the middle of September. A note on the group's website, thanked donors, saying "We are absolutely thrilled that thousands of people from all over the world stepped forward to declare their support for SETI science just when help was needed the most." The timing of the shutdown particularly frustrated researchers because just months earlier, on Feb. 1, NASA's Kepler mission announced 1,235 exoplanet candidates. As a guest on Science Friday in April, Center for SETI Research director Jill Tarter told Ira Flatow, "These Kepler worlds are what we were planning to spend the next two years exploring. It's marvelous to finally have this incredible bounty of worlds out there — planetary worlds that we actually know about. Knowing the location of the planets and their stars, Tarter said, would take some guesswork out of the equation. "And actually, 54 of those are thought to be at just the right distance from their star that they might have liquid water on the surface. So even among the 1,235, there are 54 with higher priority," she said. But donations are still being sought, and accepted, to keep the array's 42 radio telescopes up and running. More than 2,550 people have joined Foster and Anders to pitch in. "It takes a million and a half dollars to operate the telescope each year," Tarter said in April, "and then about another million dollars for the scientific work that gets done by the researchers at the SETI Institute." Tarter would also like to let  average Earthlings in on the fun, as well. Sometime in 2012, she hopes to unveil SETIQuest, which would "allow anyone, anywhere to contribute to the search for signals of intelligent life in the universe," according to the TED Blog. Reporting on the Kepler findings in February, we posted a collection of space sounds, as translated by SETI researchers — including one sound that the analysts synthesized to mimic what they believe a sign of intelligent life might sound like.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In Egypt: Fear That 'Day Of Rage' Will Add To Body Count. -- NSA Has Broken Privacy Rules 'Thousands Of Times Each Year'. -- There It Is! Area 51 Revealed In Declassified CIA Report. And here are more early headlines: Earthquakes Rattle New Zealand's Capital. (Radio New Zealand) Consumer Prices Rise Slightly In July. (Bloomberg) High Temperatures, Wind Fan Massive Idaho Wildfire. (Reuters) Caribbean Storm Could Form New Tropical Depression. (Weather.com) NASA Says Planet-Hunting Spacecraft "Kepler" Is Badly Disabled. (National Geographic) Voyager 1 Has Left The Solar System - Or Not. (Los Angeles Times) Dispute Over Burial Of Richard III's Bones Goes To Court. (BBC) Baseball To Widen Use Of Instant Replay Next Year. (ESPN)


Question: What Are You Listening To?

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We want to know what you're listening to. We've been asking what's on your stereo or your iPod, or vibrating in your tooth fillings... even if it's not the music that the music industry is putting on right now. This week's selections come from Rob Bourdaud'hui of Washington, D.C. Bourdaud'hui is originally from England, but he's been living in the United States for more than 15 years. And in his selections for our segment, he didn't pick any British music. Instead, he started with a song by the Byrds. "Set You Free This Time" is from the album Turn! Turn! Turn!, released in 1965.  Bourdaud'hui says that as a teenager, he used to slow the song down on his turntable so he could figure out exactly what The Byrds' Roger McGuinn was playing on his 12-string guitar. Bourdaud'hui's second selection is "From a Photograph" off of Chris Whitley's album Rocket House. On the album, Whitley uses an acoustic resonator guitar, which dates back to the 1930s, and overlays the sound with washes of electric guitar. Whitley's music is moody and intense. Finally, Bourdaud'hui brings along Orchestre Baobab's "Jiin Ma Jiin Ma" from the album Specialist in All Styles. Orchestre Baobab is Senegalese, but their music sounds very Cuban.  Bourdaud'hui likes the hypnotic, relaxed sound of this band. He says it doesn't matter if you can't understand the language they're singing in. It's the groove that matters.

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Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: Nobel Peace Prize Winner Wangari Matthai

A discussion with Nobel Peace Prize-winning biologist Wangari Matthai. (pre-recorded)

Stories: 1) Veteran Peacemakers O'Malley, Maharaj on Iraq 2) Nuala O'Faolain, Journalist and Author, Dead at 68


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Question: Field Notes from 91.7 WVXU

With the advent of fall comes interesting programming at the Cincinnati Nature Center, and in this week's Field Notes, Thane Maynard talks with the center's executive director, Bill Hopple.

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Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: The Week In Review from 91.7 WVXU

A look back on the week's biggest local news stories from 91.7 WVXU.

Stories: 1) Latino USA Episode 925 2) Latino USA Episode 926


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Question: Who Is The 'Devil's Advocate'?

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With all the news about the papal conclave, Weekend Edition wonders: what's the story behind the phrase "devil's advocate"? Host Rachel Martin checks in with the Boston Globe's language columnist, Ben Zimmer.

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Stories: 1) Actor Peter Fonda, Headed West to 'Yuma' 2) What Part of 'Smart Aleck' Don't You Understand?


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Question: My River Home: A Journey from the Gulf War to the Gulf of Mexico

Guest: Marcus Eriksen, Director of Research and Education for the Algalita Marine Research Foundation and an active member of Veterans for Peace

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Examples:
Provided: "['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth!', 'Did you leave a message after our prompt? For Round 10 of Three-Minute Fiction, we asked you to submit a short story in the form of a voice mail message. For this contest, the original fiction must be read in about three minutes, no more than 600 words. After four weeks and more than 4,000 stories, we have a winner. Graduate students at 14 different writing programs across the country helped read the Round 10 submissions. They passed the best of the best along to our judge this round, novelist Mona Simpson. "There was a great variety, and it was surprising voice mail messages ... some were hilarious," Simpson tells Guy Raz, contest curator and host of NPR\'s TED Radio Hour. Aside from the winning story, a couple of other entries stood out for Simpson. In Eric Bronner\'s "Everything\'s Under Control," a zookeeper has released an elephant for unknown reasons and uses his one phone call from jail to explain how to correct the situation. The voice mail left in Jacqui Higgins-Dailey\'s story, "After the Tone," is from a girlfriend to her boyfriend about their incompatibility, and she uses a dog pulling away from its owner as a metaphor. But in the end, there is only one winner: Lisa Rubenson of Charlotte, N.C. She wrote "Sorry for Your Loss." "It\'s funny at moments, and yet it\'s very strikingly yearning," Simpson says. The story is a series of attempts at leaving a voice mail, which gives a rare perspective, Simpson says. "I love the way she considers these various things she wants to say but erases them and what she finally comes to," she says. "Even though it\'s a vocal story, we get the privilege of hearing her thinking as well to herself." Rubenson says she was excited by the prompt, and her idea came from the challenge of finding the right thing to say. "There\'s always things that need to be said but aren\'t, or things that get said that shouldn\'t," she says. "And I struggle with that a lot, and I think it\'s kind of a universal thing." Rubenson\'s story will be published in the next issue of The Paris Review. She will also receive a signed copy of Simpson\'s latest book, My Hollywood. Hi, it\'s me — Christine. I can\'t believe you still have this number. That I still remember it. But there\'s your voice on the machine ... like no time has passed. I\'m so sorry for your loss, Nick, for your mom. Can anyone else hear this? [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RERECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Hi Nick, it\'s Christine. Christine Williams. Remember? It\'s been a long time. I called because — I know it\'s tough right now. I\'m sorry to hear about the death of ... that your mom passed — try and say something real. [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Nick, it\'s Christine. Hey, long time, no anything. Too jaunty. [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Hi Nick, it\'s Christine. Stacy told me about your mom. It was in the paper here, too. How are you? What a thing to say, I\'m sorry. For everything. Your mom and I — well, whatever, you know, but I was still fond of her. Is that what I was? [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Nick, it\'s Chris. I\'m so sorry. I\'m in town, and I wanted to come over—bring you dinner or something. Stacy said you\'re single again. I left that guy—you called it, ha! Maybe now we can—no, please no, let me press the right button here [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Nick, it\'s me, Chris. Christine. I\'m sorry about your mom. I\'ve been thinking about you. About her. For some reason, about the time she picked up the phone and said, "you two are too young to be this serious." Remember how we laughed when she spit out the words, "two and too"? I tried so hard to get her to like me. It\'s weird, I have a daughter now. She\'s the same age as we were. Can you imagine? Can you imagine? [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Christine, it\'s Nick, love of your life. Nice ... [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RERECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Hi Nick, it\'s Christine. It\'s been so long. I\'m in town. Listen, I\'m sorry to hear about your mom. I\'ll never forget the house on del Cielo. Her garden — those ocotillo with the octopus arms and the squat prickly pears in front of the gate? How we said she planted them to keep girls like me away? [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # Nick, it\'s Chris. I\'m in town, would love to see you. I\'m sorry about your mom. It\'s so hard to find the right words. I\'m rambling — nervous. So much to say. I keep thinking about the old days. It\'s weird, I have a teenager now. A daughter, the same age as we were. I think about us, and it\'s hard. I think about skiing and finding that circle of pine trees. About pretending the clouds were our kids and giving them all Greek god names. About sitting at dinner with our faces bright red. Your mom thought we were up to something, but we were just burned from the sun and the wind and the future shining down hard all around us. [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR MESSAGE] # It\'s me. I\'m in town. I\'m sorry. [PRESS # TO ERASE AND RE-RECORD YOUR']" Match: "['represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr', 'Three-Minute Fiction: The Round 10 Winner Is ...']"

Stories: 1) Teddy Roosevelt And The Fire That Saved The Forests 2) A Memoir Of Pakistan, Islamic Fundamentalism


Question:
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"['represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Critic Ted Libbey Joins']" == "['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Critic Ted Libbey joins Martin for another of their weekly visits to the PT Basic Record Library. To mark the beginning of the Brahms Centennial Year (Johannes Brahms died on April 3, 1897) they discuss, and Ted recommends recordings of, the first major work Brahms created: his Piano Concerto No. 1.']" != "['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Stories: 1) Congressman, Civil Rights Icon John Lewis 2) Journalist, Author Ta-Nehisi Coates']"

Question: Funk Band The Meters Reunite for Final Concert

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One of the highlights of the 2005 JazzFest was the farewell concert of The Meters.  Music journalist Ashley Kahn remembers The Meters, a funk band of the late-1960s and '70s. The group didn't have many hits, but it continues to influence musicians today.

Stories: 1) Dan Fante: Reliving Addictions One Page At A Time 2) Hot Chip Brings Romance To The Dance Floor 3) Damon and Soderbergh, An Informative Pair 4) Two Movie Islands, One Worth Visiting


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Question: 'I, Daniel Blake' -- A Hit Abroad -- Is Set To Open In U.S. Theaters

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“I, Daniel Blake” won the top prize at last year’s Cannes Film Festival. On Friday, the gut-wrenching film about the struggles of living under England’s welfare system opens in U.S. theaters. Howie Movshovitz (@HowieMovshovitz) of member station KUNC reports that it’s the latest from one of Britain’s greatest living filmmakers, Ken Loach.

Stories: 1) Mike Chinoy On How North Korea Went Nuclear 2) 'Pineapple Express' Blazes Into Theaters


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Question: Episode 22: Originals

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Adam Grant, author of Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World, tells us what makes an original, how parents can nuture originality in their children, and its potential downside.

Stories: 1) Venturing Inside Bellevue's Psychiatric ER 2) Capitalism's Paradoxes, Writ Personal On Film


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Question: 'Lovecraft Country' Creator Aims To Reclaim The Horror Genre For People Of Color

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The HBO series Lovecraft Country takes the real horrors of the Black experience in the 1950s and adds to it the supernatural terrors of the horror genre. Series creator Misha Green says she sees the show — and the novel by Matt Ruff upon which it is based — as a chance to reclaim "the genre space for people of color and for people who had usually been left out of it." "Horror, which is my favorite genre, works best for me when there's a metaphor," Green says. "One of my themes I keep coming back to is: What are people willing to do for metaphorical and physical survival? And that's always the stuff that scares me." One episode explores the theme of white privilege through the lens of Ruby, a Black woman who becomes white after taking a potion. After some discussion of what Ruby would do as a white woman, the writers decided that she would enjoy a mundane day at the park. "That is really what part of the privilege of being white is: You get to live your life uninterrupted," Green says. "A person of color in America has so many moments daily where they're interrupted because of their skin color." We don't know yet if there will be a second season of Lovecraft Country, but if there is, Green knows what she'd call it: "This would be the title of it — Lovecraft Country: Supremacy."  Interview highlights  On why she loves horror  I just like to be scared. I think it's also one of the reasons I feel like we go to drama in the first place, to live vicariously through something. So you get to live your fears on screen and then you go, "OK, I can tackle that, maybe." You get a little braver in life. ... When I was a kid, like watching It, watching Alien, watching those kinds of movies, I was like, "OK, I'm terrified. But now I feel a little braver." Afterwards, I feel like I can go and tackle the real horrors a little bit more. On Black representation in genre fiction  I feel like one of my absolute favorites is the original Night of the Living Dead and then The People Under the Stairs [and] Candyman. So there [were] spaces for Black horror, they just weren't rampant. I feel like that's all of Black art right now. People are like, "We're in this huge renaissance!" and I'm like, "I remember in the '90s I could go on TV and see more all-Black casts than I can see now." So I feel like it's always been there, but you have to seek it out. And the mainstream — definitely when it comes to horror, sci-fi and all of these genre fantasy spaces — are all white in a way. And so that was exciting to me, to have this kind of show that could jump to all the places and be like, "Yeah, we can be here and we don't have to die first, guys." On developing the sound for Lovecraft Country, which sources audio from different moments in culture, like a Nike Ad or the poem "Whitey on the Moon" I wanted to do something different than I had done on Underground with sound. We used contemporary music on [the WGN America show] Underground [which Green co-created] and it was very successful in kind of bringing the past into the present and I wanted to build on that. I want to come in with an audio viewpoint on the show. One of the things that we were talking a lot about with the show was this idea of it being out of time, that they're going and doing things, they're going to space, they're going back in the past, so how do we break that up? And then that idea of "scource" as we called it, which is source and score, came to me of using these pieces. I had been soaking in things like Beyoncé's Lemonade and I Am Not Your Negro. And it was hearing those voices in those poems and [James] Baldwin's voice. And I was going, "Oh, can we do that in Lovecraft Country?" So that was kind of our big audio swing, was this idea of taking found footage audio and placing it wholesale over scenes and using it as [a] score. On her priorities for developing her own writer's room  Diversity and younger writers, I think that it was important to me. It's one of the things that I said to HBO is that I don't want upper-level writers. They were really pushing upper-level writers, which was understandable, because it's a very big, ambitious show, an intricate show. But for me, I was like, I want new voices. Hollywood is the biggest storytelling machine there is and we all live our lives through stories, so it is giving us a story on how to live our lives, and right now it's a monolith of white men. And I think it's very important to change that. So when I had my own room, I knew that it was not going to look like the rooms I had been in before and that it was going to be a struggle, too, because I think in a lot of rooms, the minority voices are not there to actually be heard. So figuring out how to encourage everybody to be like, "You have a platform here, speak up! Speak up! Let's talk. Let's figure it out." [That] was also an interesting new turn for me. Heidi Saman and Kayla Lattimore produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and

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Stories: 1) David Rakoff's 'Half Empty' Full Of Humor, Guilt 2) 'Stand Up, Speak Out,' Derrick Bell Told Law Students 3) John Wayne: Icon Of America's Booming Confidence 4) 'Ides Of March': These Days, All Politics Is Lowball


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Question: James Blackwood Obit

We remember the late James Blackwood -- the last surviving member of the Gospel Quartet, The Blackwood Brothers. They were the first Gospel performers to sell a million records. James Blackwood died in Memphis this week, at the age of 82.

The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: 'Star Trek' Items on Tour Before Auction

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The science fiction television series Star Trek will be 40 in September. CBS Paramount Television is looking to sell off old props, sets and even Vulcan ears. Christie's will handle the auction in October. Until then, a display of some of the prime items up for auction is on tour. Renee Montagne reports.

Stories: 1) Clint Eastwood's Twice-Told Iwo Jima Stories 2) Two Shows from Britain for the U.S. Telly 3) It's Still a 'Super' Time for Ben Affleck 4) Hanssen's 'Breach' Now Caught on Film


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Question: Filmically Perfect: "DOUBLE INDEMNITY" (1944)

Phyllis (Stanwyck): There's a speed limit in this state, Mr. Neff. 45 miles an hour.  Walter (MacMurray): How fast was I going, officer?  Phyllis: I'd say around 90.  Walter: Suppose you get down off your motorcycle and give me a ticket.

Film critic DAVID THOMSON and filmmaker and director JAMES TOBACK. They interview each other for a revival of round table discussion at "Spoken Word at the Algonquin" in New York city's famous Algonquin Hotel, and discuss the state of moviemaking and movie criticism today. THOMSON's latest book is "Beneath Mulholland: Thoughts on Hollywood and its Ghosts" (Knopf). TOBACK directed the movies "Fingers," "Exposed," and "The Pick up Artist." (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW).12:28:30  FORWARD PROMO (:29)12:29:00  I.D. BREAK (:59)12:


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Question: U.S. Military Strategy in Najaf

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Violence in Najaf continues to escalate as U.S. troops are engaged in a pitched battle with Iraqi militants.  NPR's Steve Inskeep talks to Lt. Gen. Thomas Rhame about military strategy and changes in dynamics for U.S. soldiers trying to quell the violence in the holy city.

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EPA Suit. Medicare Drug Coverage. End Music.


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Question: Friday News Roundup - International

A number of longtime world leaders made headlines this week South African President Jacob Zuma resigned. Zimbabwe lost a man of conscience and courage with the death of Morgan Tsvangirai. And the future of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu comes under more doubt. And why is Australia’s Prime Minister banning sex between his ministers and their staff? GUESTS Tom Bowman, Pentagon correspondent, NPR; @TBowmanNPR Nadia Bilbassy, Washington bureau chief, Al Arabiya; @nadia_bilbassy Susan Glasser, Chief international affairs columnist, Politico; @sbg1 For more, visit https://the1a.org. © 2018 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

Week In Review, On the Money with Chris DiSimio, Queen City Classic Chess Tournament, Forgive Me, The Front Row with Betsy Ross, The Big Screen: City of Men


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Question: Officials Fear Ebola  Will Spread Across Nigeria

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David Greene talks to Yinka Ibukun, a  reporter based in Lagos, about the latest developments. Many of the medical personnel who treated a traveler from Liberia with Ebola have now gotten the disease.

Good morning, here are our early stories: No Peace:Bomb Rips Apart Bus in Tel Aviv; Israel Continues Strikes In Gaza.  India Executes Mumbai Attack Gunman.  And here are more headlines: Busiest Travel Day Of The Year: Weather, Strikes Make Headaches For Thanksgiving Air Passengers. (ABC) Severe Weather Pummels Northwest, Drenches Seattle Area. (Los Angeles Times) Congolese Rebels Solidify Control Of Eastern Provincial Capital, As Civil War Fear Grows. (CBC) Egyptian Protesters Firebomb Al Jazeera Office In Cairo, Attack Police Station. (AP) Investigators Removed From Ireland Panel Examining Death Of Ailing Woman Whose Abortion Request Was Rejected. (Irish Times) Fiery, Deadly Indiana Home Explosion Now A Homicide Investigation. (AP) Mediated Talks Fail Between Hostess, Union - Hostess To Liquidate Assets. (Bloomberg) Volcano Filmed In 'Lord Of The Rings' As 'Mordor' Begins To Erupt. (Phys.Org)


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Question: Olympic Hopefuls Compete at Track and Field Trials

The U.S. Track and Field Olympic Trials began Friday and run through July 6 at Hayward Field in Eugene, Ore. Athletes must finish in the top three in their events in order to qualify for the Beijing Olympics in August.

If it's Tuesday, somebody somewhere is voting. It's primary election day in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Wisconsin. Here are some of the other top stories we're watching this morning: Carnage In Oakland: 'People Started Running And He Started Shooting'. Primary Primer: Wisconsin, Maryland And DC. (ABC) U.S. Offers $10 Million For Pakistani Militant Chief. (AP) U.N. Peacekeeping Advance Team Due In Syria Within 2 Days. (Reuters) Myanmar President Praises Elections As 'Successful'. (AP) Supreme Court OKs Strip Searches For Minor Offenses. Kentucky Beats Kansas To Win NCAA Title. (CNN) In Women's Title Game, Baylor Goes For History. Battered Race Yacht With Injured Crew Limps Into California. (CNN) 1940 Census Searchers Overload U.S. Website. (Los Angeles Times) Too Much Happiness Can Make You Unhappy, Studies Show. (Washington Post)


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Question: Week in Review with Daniel Schorr

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NPR's Scott Simon reviews the week's news with NPR's Daniel Schorr, senior news analyst.

Stories: 1) Colin Meloy of The Decemberists 2) Remembering Father Robert Drinan 3) The Metropolitan Opera in a Theater Near You


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Question: Women's Media Center

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Women's Media Center -- Forum discusses the formation of a new women's media center and radio network. (pre-recorded)

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...A Beautiful Picture of Health, Airport Probes, Ladies Night and Day


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Question: The Big Screen from 91.7 WVXU

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Larry Thomas reviews the new George Clooney film, Michael Clayton.

Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: Friday News Roundup - Domestic

For months, speculation has brewed over the release date of special counsel Robert Mueller’s report into the 2016 election. It could be any day now. AP reports:  The House voted unanimously last week for a resolution calling for any report in Mueller’s investigation to be made public. It was a symbolic action designed to pressure [Attorney General William Barr] into releasing as much information as possible. […] Though Mueller’s office has said nothing publicly about the timing of a report, several prosecutors detailed to Mueller’s team have left in recent months, suggesting the investigation is winding down.  Questions about the nature of the release — whether the report will be made public, or if it will be released at all — have lingered since January, when then-acting attorney general Matthew Whitaker told reporters that the investigation is wrapping up. President Trump, who has undermined the Mueller investigation since the beginning, made his position known this week. “Let it come out, let people see it,” he told reporters on Wednesday. “Let’s see whether or not it’s legit.” Will the public see the report? If so, when? And what might we learn about the 2016 election? The Seattle Times is reporting that the FBI has joined the U.S. Department of Transportation in a criminal investigation into the certification of Boeing’s 737 MAX 8. The investigation initially began after Lion Air Flight 610 crashed in Indonesia in October, and has widened with the issuing of subpoenas in the wake of the Ethiopian Airlines crash. Meanwhile, the Pentagon inspector general has opened an investigation into acting Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan’s ties to Boeing. Also, a Senate panel plans to hold a hearing next week on aviation safety with the FAA and other federal agencies. A second hearing is in the works to hear testimony from Boeing, other aviation manufacturers and industry stakeholders. Finally, a federal judge has ruled that the U.S. Department of Interior “did not sufficiently consider climate change” when allowing oil and gas companies to lease federal land in Wyoming. How might the ruling affect the relationship between the Trump administration and the fossil fuel industry? We wrap up the week’s domestic news. Text by Kathryn Fink. GUESTS Jackie Kucinich, Washington bureau chief, The Daily Beast; @JFKucinich Evan McMorris-Santoro, Correspondent, Vice News Tonight on HBO; @EvanMcS Danielle Kurtzleben, Politics reporter, NPR; @titonka For more, visit https://the1a.org. © 2019 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Master of the Trautonium

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For example, ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "There's a difference between diagnostic, antibody, and antigen tests. All provide different levels of reliability and speed. NPR health correspondent Rob Stein breaks down the differences and explains why public health officials are especially hopeful about antigen testing. Find out how your state is doing on overall testing.Email the show at shortwave@npr.org."] should be similar to ['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', 'We Need More Coronavirus Testing. Are Antigen Tests The Answer?']

German composer and physicist Oskar Sala has died at the age of 91. In 1929, he developed a device called the trautonium, which was billed as the first electronic musical instrument. Many people know its sound from its prominent part in the soundtrack to the Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds.


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Question: Female Obesity Encouraged in Black Society?

Obesity in America is a problem across the racial spectrum. But columnist Debra Dickerson suggests that African-American women are more inclined to be overweight because African-American men prefer them to be so. Dickerson defends her argument and is joined by a blogger who disagrees in this week's Behind Closed Doors.

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Sabiduría: Living in a Boxcar

We end the show with words of wisdom from Army veteran Consuelo Castillo Kickbusch, who tells us her favorite story about looking beyond your present situation.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: McCain's Religious Strategy

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GUESTS: TBA  In spite of a long record of support for the Christian right, Senator John McCain seems to believe the future of his party depends on being able to reach out to a broader constituency: last week he labeled Christian right stalwarts Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson 'agents of intolerance.'  Join Juan Williams and guests to examine how the wild card of religion is being played in the 2000 Presidential race, on the next Talk of the Nation, from NPR News.

Stories: 1) Reich Blames Economy's Woes On Income Disparity 2) Zach Galifianakis: A Comedic Actor Takes A Dark Turn


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Question: Tim Gunn: On And Off The Runway, 'Life Is A Big Collaboration'

"Make it work," the fashion guru tells designers on Project Runway. But life hasn't always "worked" for Gunn. Originally broadcast on Feb. 5, 2014.

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Stories: 1) David Rakoff's 'Half Empty' Full Of Humor, Guilt 2) 'Stand Up, Speak Out,' Derrick Bell Told Law Students 3) John Wayne: Icon Of America's Booming Confidence 4) 'Ides Of March': These Days, All Politics Is Lowball


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Question: From A Concert Recorded

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From a concert recorded back in early May at the Norfolk Zoo, Martin joins an ensemble of eleven musicians to narrate the verses of Peter Schikele to accompany a performance of "Carnival of the Animals" by Camille Saint-Saens. (NPR/WHRO) 31:35             **

A Grand Tradition, Bill Frisell Interview, Hope Come True, Portrait of Madame X, Gallery Talk - Watercolors, Conscious Choice Cinema


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Question: Q&A: Fighting AIDS in the Other America

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Twenty-five years into the AIDS epidemic, more than 50 percent of the 1 million Americans living with the disease are black. Phil Wilson, an activist who has been living with HIV since the beginning of the epidemic, calls the disease the leading civil-rights issue for the black community today. The majority of new infections occurs in blacks, and nearly 70 percent of new AIDS cases among women are in black women. "If we can't solve this issue, we have no chance of dealing with any of the host of racial social-justice issues that are confronting us," says Wilson, executive director of the Black AIDS Institute in Los Angeles. Here, for World AIDS Day, he talks about why AIDS has taken such a hold on black America, and the mobilization under way to reduce infections. Why is it in year 25 of HIV/AIDS that we still have 40,000 new infections in the United States every year? We are not following the lessons we learned early on in the epidemic, and I fear that we are marching down a path to ignore them. The successes we had in moving infections from 165,000 a year down to 40,000 involved community mobilization and it involved comprehensive prevention. Over the last seven years, we have seen flat funding of HIV-prevention dollars, and we've seen a shift to prevention strategies that don't work-- for example, abstinence-only programs. And we have seen a total abdication of domestic epidemic efforts in favor of international efforts.  How do we stop the AIDS epidemic in America?  In 2006, AIDS in America is a black disease. As AIDS goes in black America, so goes the epidemic in America. And as the saying goes,  the only ones that can save us from us is us. Why are black communities now most at risk? In the early '80s, when we targeted gay men (for prevention and treatment), when every institution in the gay community had to be involved in HIV, that's where we had the only real success around AIDS in this country. That turned out to be bad news for black folks, because that allowed black folks to believe that AIDS was a gay disease. And so AIDS had an opportunity to take hold in our communities.  What steps can be taken to reduce infections in the black community?  You have to start with getting this on the radar of black folks. I'm talking about a mobilization. AIDS is the new civil-rights issue for black Americans, and if we can' t solve this issue, we have no chance of dealing with any of the host of racial social-justice issues that are confronting us. Is there a danger that by targeting prevention messages at the black community, you won't be able to mobilize the larger society to help? People are fearful that when you say AIDS is a black disease, other people will feel they're off the hook and resources will start to dry up. But even if the government and other organizations don't respond to the epidemic, we have a responsibility to save ourselves.  And so the only way for us to break through the stigma, to break through the lack of resources, is to at least make this a priority for ourselves.  Are you seeing that happen? Our leaders are taking this issue on -- whether we're talking about the NAACP, the Urban League, the National Council of Negro Women or the Congressional Black Caucus. Across the board, institution after institution in black America is starting to embrace HIV and AIDS. Part of the tragedy of that is we're starting to embrace it because now every one of us knows someone, but nevertheless it is starting to happen.  We're starting to see increases in black folks seeking HIV testing, we're starting to see different discourses in black America around HIV and AIDS. The next phase is to capitalize on that attention and get young people to think differently about their sexual behavior.    Is the message catching on in young people?   I've found that when we talk about race in America, there are still two Americas. And what is true for black America, is that unless we are explicitly included, we are explicitly excluded. I think that's particularly true for young people. Unless you speak to them directly, unless you say, "This is about you, this is about your life," as opposed to some generic life, you won't get their attention.  We've certainly found that to be true among black college students. When we go to these young people and say AIDS is impacting your life, and this is what will happen if you don't do anything, and this is what possibly could happen if you take action, they respond to that.  You've been involved with the epidemic as an activist since the beginning. It sounds like you don't feel as alone as you used to... The only way you can live with HIV for as long as I've lived with it is to have faith. There have been times where I felt like Chicken Little, screaming and screaming the sky is falling, and it's been a very lonely experience, but I don't feel as lonely as I have in the past. I see a new day in fighting AIDS and it makes me hopeful.

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Some Political Theater; From the Middle East to the Midwest; and What is ... Bad News For Humans?