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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J

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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Captain America: Civil War

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Code Switch's Gene Demby joins Stephen Thompson and Glen Weldon for a discussion of the new Marvel blockbuster Captain America: Civil War. Then, Linda Holmes interviews Joe and Anthony Russo about directing Captain America and many beloved television comedies. Plus, what's making us happy this week.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

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The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there's some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone's political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn't do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving's Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry's heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it's pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan's running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party's nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac

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Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


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Question: Separation of Church and State

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A ruling from the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has declared the 'under God' part of the Pledge of Allegiance as unconstitutional. In another ruling, the Supreme Court said parents in Cleveland who have children in troubled public schools and want to place them in private schools as a way of improving their educational options may use vouchers. Karen Grigsby Bates speaks with Jay Sekulow, chief counsel for the American Center for Law and Justice and Elliott Minchberg, co-counsel in the Cleveland voucher case and vice president of the People for the American Way Foundation.


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Question: In Northern Minnesota, 'Snow Farmers' Make Sure A Ski-Racing Tradition Endures

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Cross-country skiers have raced in Vasaloppet in Mora, Minn., since 1973. But Mora has only had enough natural snow once in the last seven years to put on the full race. Enter Don Olson. He's 67, an engineer by day, and runs a 1,500-acre farm in the summer. In the winter, he farms snow. So, despite the trend of warmer winters and inconsistent snowfall, one of the country's oldest cross-country ski races will go on this weekend, thanks to Olson and the group of volunteers he calls the 'snow farmers.' Part inventor, part stubborn Scandinavian, Olson drives a tractor that pulls a manure spreader he's jury-rigged to spray artificial snow on the Vasaloppet's 11-plus miles of the ski trail. One load of snow covers about 30 feet of trail. It will take the snow farmers about 2,000 loads to cover the 18-kilometer race course loop. "A lot of people have worked their tails off to create this race, to keep it going," he said. "At this point, I absolutely don't want to see this tradition die in Mora." Lack of snow cancelled the race in 2012 A few years ago, Olson said, the possibility that the race might disappear was a real possibility. Vasaloppet organizers canceled the race in 2012 when there wasn't enough snow. It was the 40th anniversary of the race. "We had all kinds of plans," Vasaloppet USA president Debbie Morrison said. "And we had to cancel the race." Three years later, they scraped together every snowflake they could find just to make a 2-kilometer loop. "It was historically the shortest race, but we had a race," Morrison said. "But we knew, from that point on, we couldn't continue to do that. We had to take matters into our own hands." So the next winter, once it got cold enough, they started to make their own snow. The snow farmers were born — and they had three weeks to figure out how to cover the trail. Morrison said it was just in the nick of time. "There has never been enough snow since, and we've been dependent on our snow farmers making the snow for us," she said. A Swedish legacy The Mora Vasaloppet is a sister event to a race of the same name held in Mora, Sweden. The Scandinavian original runs 90 kilometers, the largest and oldest Nordic ski race in the world. The Minnesota event offers races in a variety of lengths, the longest of which is 54 kilometers. For years, the races started in one spot and ended in another. But with the changes in weather that brought on the need to make snow, organizers have revamped it so that it's now a loop race that begins and ends in downtown Mora. And now, every winter, Olson and his team of volunteers plant a ribbon of white snow through the woods at the Vasaloppet Nordic Ski Center, even if the surrounding ground is brown and uncovered. In the parking lot outside the Nordic Center, the snow farmers have set up a snow gun that feeds a giant pile of snow — sometimes 20 feet high — 24 hours a day, 7 days a week when it's cold enough. They use a skid loader to dump it into the manure spreaders. Then they pull the manure spreaders behind their tractors and out on the ski trail, scattering snow where it's needed. Olson has seven snow farmers on his team, including a local farmer whose grandchildren race on the Mora High School team. A local doctor takes care of the snowmaking. Don's two sons, who also work at his engineering business, are also part of the team. Two other volunteers groom the trails. It's a lot like crop farming, Olson said. They don't punch a clock. They have a certain amount of work to get done, so they do it until it gets done. "We put in a lot of hours," he said. "I don't even keep track of them. My wife laughs because she never sees me because I don't get home until 10 or 11 o'clock at night. She's already gone to bed." The snow farmers have a limited amount of time to make and haul all the snow they need in order to get the race course ready. So sometimes, Olson said, he'll work 6 to 8 hours a day spreading snow — that's after he's finished his day job. "We hauled out probably at least a load and a half, if not two loads, for every skier in the race," last year, Olson said. "That's a lot of snow." He estimates that was enough snow to cover an acre — an area a little bigger than the size of a football field — with snow 15 feet deep. It can take a long time to dump just one load of snow. Sometimes the snow farmers have to make a 3-mile trip from the snow pile to the trail and back to dump just one load of snow. More snow means more racers They've got plans to set up a second snowmaking site as they prepare for next year's race, which will shorten the amount of time they spend hauling. Since their start a few years ago, the snow farmers have slowly expanded the amount of artificial snow they've been able to make each year. And race registration has picked up again. This weekend, 1,200 people are skiing. That consistent snow coverage makes a huge difference for the Mora High School Nordic ski team, too, said coach Peter Larsen. One of the top skiers

Stories: 1) Weather Warnings For A 'Climate Changed Planet' 2) 'Stone Arabia': The Cost Of Artistic Commitment 3) Blake Shelton: Out Of The Ordinary, A Country Everyman


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Question: Christmas Boat Parade

In Southern California's beachside towns, building a snowman for Christmas is out of the question. So they have to make do with what they have. KPCC's Brooke Binkowski reports on a unique holiday tradition in one Orange County city.

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Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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Question: Alabama Chief Justice Orders Judges To Enforce Ban On Same-Sex Marriage

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The chief justice of Alabama's Supreme Court has ordered the state's probate judges not to issue marriage license to same-sex couples — despite a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court last year that legalized same-sex marriage in America. Roy S. Moore, the chief justice of the state Supreme Court, issued an administrative order Wednesday. He noted that the Supreme Court of Alabama had, in March of 2015, upheld the state's ban on same-sex marriage. Three months later, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, in Obergefell v. Hodges. "Confusion and uncertainty exist among the probate judges of this State as to the effect of Obergefell on the 'existing orders' " — that is, the March 2015 instructions that bans on same-sex marriage should be enforced, Moore wrote in his order. He also suggests that the Supreme Court decision invalidates the marriage bans in Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee — that is, the specific laws named in Obergefell — but not necessarily in Alabama. "I am not at liberty to provide any guidance to Alabama probate judges on the effect of Obergefell on the existing orders of the Alabama Supreme Court," he wrote. "That issue remains before the entire [Alabama Supreme] Court which continues to deliberate on the matter." Instead, Moore argued that while the "legal analysis is yet to be determined," the "confusion" over the law has an adverse effect on the administration of justice in Alabama. Based on that reasoning, he ordered that probate judges have "a ministerial duty" not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples — at least until the Alabama Supreme Court has ruled on the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision. Moore has a history of facing off with the federal courts over this issue. In January 2015, U.S. District Court Judge Ginny Granade ruled that the state's marriage ban was unconstitutional. The next month, Moore instructed probate judges that they weren't bound by Granade's decision — leaving probate judges with two contradictory orders. Granade reaffirmed her rulings in May, and again after the Obergefell decision. The chief federal prosecutors in Alabama issued this statement:  "The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court has issued an administrative order, directing probate judges that they may not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, despite the U.S. Supreme Court's decision last year on marriage equality. We have grave concerns about this order, which directs Alabama probate judges to disobey the ruling of the Supreme Court," said U.S. Attorneys Joyce White Vance of the Northern District of Alabama and Kenyen Brown of the Southern District of Alabama. "Government officials are free to disagree with the law, but not to disobey it. This issue has been decided by the highest court in the land and Alabama must follow that law."  The Southern Poverty Law Center called Moore's order a "dead letter," writing that "in no way does his administrative order supersede Judge Granade's federal injunction." "If probate judges violate the injunction, they can be held in contempt," the SPLC said in a statement. "This is Moore yet again confusing his role as chief justice with his personal anti-LGBT agenda." Moore rose to prominence nearly 20 years ago, as the "Ten Commandments" judge — he hung a plaque with the religious edicts in his courtroom, and later, as chief justice, he put a monument to the commandments in the state judicial building. He was removed from office in 2003, when he defied a federal order to take down the monument, as NPR's Debbie Elliott reported last year. He was re-elected as Alabama chief justice in 2012.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Tear Gas And Arrests: Ferguson Police And Protesters Face Off. -- Gaza Quiet After Israel, Hamas Reach Cease-Fire Extension. And here are more early headlines: Russian Truck Convoy Resumes Journey Toward Ukraine. (New York Times) U.N. Says 1 Million West Africans In "Hot Zone" Of Potential Ebola Transmission. (UN News Center) North Korea Launches 2 New Rockets As Pope Visits South Korea. (Yonhap) Veterans Affairs Significantly Boosts Private Medical Referrals For Vets. (AP) Mississippi To Appeal Ruling Overturning State Law Limiting Abortion. (Hattiesburg American) Baseball Owners To Choose New Commissioner Today. (Washington Post)


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Question: Public Transportation

Brenda Tremblay of member station WXXI reports that Cynthia Wiggins a black teenager was killed after getting off a city bus in Buffalo in her way to work at a new suburban mall from her home in a poor neighborhood. The case is prompting an examination of public transportation policies. (

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EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: For First Time In 130 Years, More Young Adults Live With Parents Than With Partners

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For the first time in more than 130 years, Americans ages 18-34 are more likely to live with their parents than in any other living situation, according to a new analysis by the Pew Research Center. In that age group, 32.1 percent of people live in their parents' house, while 31.6 live with a spouse or partner in their own homes and 14 percent live alone, as single parents or in a home with roommates or renters. The rest live with another family member, a nonfamily member or in group-living situations such as a college dorm or prison. Pew notes that this is not a record high percentage for the number of young people living at home — in 1940, for instance, approximately 35 percent of people in that age range lived at home. But back then, living with a spouse or partner was even more popular than that. Today not so: More people choose an alternative living situation, and out of the crowded field of choices, life with Mom and/or Dad has become the top pick for millennials. Well — some millennials. Men, for starters. American men ages 18-34 live with their parents 35 percent of the time, and with a spouse or partner 28 percent of the time. For women, the numbers are nearly reversed; 35 percent live with a partner, while 29 percent live with their parents. Less educated young adults are also more likely to live with their parents than are their college-educated counterparts — no surprise, Pew notes, given the financial prospects in today's economy. Black and Hispanic young people, compared with white people, are in the same situation. For black people in particular, the "new" milestone isn't so new at all. Black young adults have been more likely to live with their parents than in any other situation since 1980. Today, 36 percent of black millennials live with their parents, while 17 percent live with a spouse or partner. Meanwhile, taken as a whole, women, white people, Asian/Pacific Islanders and people with bachelor's degrees are still more likely to live with spouses or partners than with their parents. But the overall trend is the same for every demographic group — living with parents is increasingly common. (Young Americans are still less likely to live with their parents than their southern European friends. In Macedonia, more than 70 percent of 18- to 34-year-olds reportedly live at home, Pew says.) For many millennials, Pew's conclusions might seem both unsurprising and easy to explain: The Great Recession happened, of course! But the rise in the number of young adults living at home started before the economic crash — and so did the possible contributing factors. Male unemployment has been on the rise for decades, Pew says. Even those who have jobs are making less than they would have in their parents' day — for young men, Pew notes, inflation-adjusted wages have been falling since 1970. And then fewer young people are married than in decades past. Even accounting for the increased popularity of cohabitation, there are just fewer paired-up 20-somethings and 30-somethings than there used to be. In general, the study shows how dramatically the living situations of 18- to 34-year-olds have changed since 1880, when the data begin. Living alone, as a single parent, or with roommates — once a rarity — is now the choice of 14 percent of people in that age group. And a full 25 percent of young men are now living with other family, nonfamily or group quarters. Male prosperity rose steadily, and more and more men left the nest — until the '60s and '70s, when wages started to drop and more men stayed home. And women? For decades women who worked were more likely to live with their parents than with a partner or spouse — because wives were discouraged from having jobs, per Pew's straightforward interpretation. But now more and more young women have jobs, and it's unemployed women who are more likely to live with their parents. And yet, even as female prosperity rose, so did the number of young women living at home. Pew speculated it might because of men's lower earnings keeping women from marrying and moving out. Seem plausible? The question might make for a fruitful conversation in households across America tonight ... just ask Mom to pass the peas and the theories.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Trump Meets 3 Americans Held In North Korea As They Return To U.S. -- Scientists Warn That Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano Could Erupt 'Ballistic Rocks'. -- Dam Collapse Leaves At Least 20 Dead In Kenya. -- In Election Upset, Malaysia's Mahathir Returns To Power After A Quarter Century. -- 'I Look Forward' To Ending My Life, 104-Year-Old Assisted Suicide Advocate Says. And here are more early headlines: White House Holding Summit On Artificial Intelligence. (Los Angeles Times) Ford Suspends F-150 Truck Production After Fire. (Detroit Free Press) Deadly New Storm Strikes Northern India. (Times Of India) 200th Anniversary Of Paul Revere's Death Observed. (Boston Globe) Mexican State Allows Nicknames Such As 'Big Moustache' On Ballot. (AP)


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Question: Kurt Vile Parks For Free In 'Loading Zones'

Kurt Vile knows the pain of parking in a city, and he's willing to use whatever shortcut he can to avoid a ticket. "Loading Zones," Vile's first solo song in three years (after last year's Lotta Sea Lice collaboration with Courtney Barnett) is a loose song that unfolds with ease, concluding with a signature Vile guitar solo. In its video, Vile crisscrosses Philadelphia in a Chrysler convertible, running errands and avoiding the parking police, played by Kevin Corrigan and Pissed Jeans' Matt Korvette, by jumping from loading zone to loading zone. Just when it seems he's been caught, Vile switches cars, gleefully evading punishment. With humor at its heart, "Loading Zones" manages to make the proclamation "I park for free" something of a rallying cry for anyone who has ever kept the hazards on to avoid a meter.  Kurt Vile goes on tour with Jessica Pratt in November.

Stories: 1) 'Headmaster' Has Still Got Plenty of Soul 2) Sarah Johns' 'Big Love in a Small Town'


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Question: Despite Big Advantages, Emanuel Forced To Face Chicago Runoff

Chicago will hold a runoff mayoral election in April. Incumbent Rahm Emanuel will face Cook County Commissioner Jesus "Chuy" Garcia. NPR's Scott Simon talks to columnist Carol Marin about the race.

Good morning, here are our early stories: After Chávez: His 'Revolution' Is Likely To Continue. Storm Brings Season's Heaviest Snowfall To Midwest, Mid-Atlantic. And here are more early headlines: Brennan's CIA Nomination On 'Fast Track'; Vote May Come As Early As Thursday. (AP) Finally! Last Cardinal Expected Soon At Vatican To Help Choose New Pope. (CNN) Could Dow's New Record Prompt More Spending By Wealthy? (Marketwatch) European Union Fines Microsoft For Denying Consumers Web Browser Choice. (Reuters) After Two Years Of Fighting, Syria Has 1 Million Refugees. (Los Angeles Times) Los Angeles City Councilman, Controller, Headed For Mayoral Runoff. (KPCC) Czech Central Bank, Commercial Banks, Under Attack By Hackers. (Reuters) Did The Duchess Of Cambridge Drop A Hint About Her Baby's Gender? (People)


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Question: David Frum: 'How Donald Trump Could Build An Autocracy In The U.S.'

David Frum, conservative commentator and ex-speechwriter for President George W. Bush, has an article in The Atlantic on how a potential future under Trump unfolds, and how that path could be changed.

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Texas Fertilizer Plant Blast Killed Several, Injured Dozens -- Boston Marathon Explosions: Thursday's Developments -- Ricin Suspect Described As Conspiracist, Elvis Impersonator -- Jobless Claims Rose Slightly Last Week -- Book News: Vast 'Digital Public Library Of America' Opens Today Other stories making headlines: -- "North Korea Sets Conditions For Return To Talks." (The New York Times) -- "Musharraf Flees Pakistan Court As Judges Order His Arrest." (The Globe and Mail) -- "I'm Furious," Former Rep. Gabrielle Giffords (D-Ariz.) Writes After Gun Bills Fail In Senate. (The New York Times) -- "After Gun Defeat, Where Does Obama Go From Here?" (Roll Call) -- "Obama Uses And Loses Political Capital On Gun Control." (It's All Politics)


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Question: 6 Unanswered Questions After Michael Flynn's Resignation

After multiple public statements from the White House, there are still numerous unanswered questions surrounding Michael Flynn's Monday-night resignation from his position as national security adviser. Flynn is under fire for a discussion he had with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak on the day that the U.S. announced sanctions for cyberhacking that took place during the U.S. election. White House press secretary Sean Spicer characterized the resignation as being about "eroding trust" between President Trump and Flynn, rather than a legal issue, and he said it was Trump's decision to have Flynn step down. House Speaker Paul Ryan also said the resignation was Trump's call. Those accounts contradict earlier remarks from White House adviser Kellyanne Conway, who said the move was Flynn's. Here are the six questions we still have about the events: 1. What exactly did Flynn say about U.S. sanctions in his call with Kislyak? Spicer maintained Tuesday that Flynn being asked to step down was about "trust" and that there was "nothing wrong or inappropriate" about Flynn's call with the ambassador. There is a transcript of the call produced by the intelligence community, NPR has confirmed. It shows there was discussion about the sanctions. "Still, current and former administration officials familiar with the call said the transcript was ambiguous enough that Mr. Trump could have justified either firing or retaining Mr. Flynn," the New York Times reported. Flynn briefed Vice President Pence before Pence made a round of TV appearances Jan. 15 in which he denied Flynn discussed the sanctions in the call. Spicer said on Jan. 13 that Flynn told him the call was to convey Christmas greetings, condolences for a plane crash that killed members of a Russian military choir, Russian talks about the war in Syria and logistics for a post-inauguration call between Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin. In his resignation letter, Flynn apologized for giving the vice president and others "incomplete information regarding my phone calls with the Russian Ambassador." 2. Did Flynn's conversation influence Russia's decision not to retaliate with sanctions of its own? The Obama administration announced sanctions on Dec. 29 in response to findings that Russia used cyberattacks during the presidential campaign in an effort to assist Trump. The administration expected Russia to retaliate, but it never did. At the time, Trump tweeted glowingly about Putin's decision not to react. 3. Why wait until now to ask for a resignation? NPR's Carrie Johnson reports that the White House knew Flynn's public statements didn't match what occurred. Johnson reports that former acting Attorney General Sally Yates, since fired over her stance to not enforce Trump's travel ban, told White House Counsel Donald McGahn about the call's actual contents. Spicer said Tuesday that the Justice Department notified White House counsel on Jan. 26 and that the president was notified immediately. Spicer said that the White House has been "reviewing and evaluating this issue on a daily basis" for a few weeks and that Flynn has been questioned on multiple occasions. As the Washington Post notes, though, on Friday Trump gave reporters the impression that he "was not familiar with a Washington Post report that revealed that Flynn had not told the truth about the calls." 4. Who was behind the initial leak? Who was the first person to share that Flynn had spoken to the Russian ambassador? Trump himself asked Tuesday morning in a tweet, "Why are there so many illegal leaks coming out of Washington?" Spicer echoed concerns about the leak in his briefing. The Post's Callum Borchers has three theories on "why the Trump White House keeps leaking":  They can't help but gossip, It's all distraction, getting media to pay attention to "who has power, rather than what the people in power are actually doing," or Bait for negative coverage so that it can continue to "cast the media as a political opponent."  But it's also possible, if not likely, that the leaks on this issue came from the intelligence community or Justice Department. That could mean that there are people in the government and national security infrastructure who had genuine concerns about Flynn and how Trump's White House is being run. House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes, R-Calif., blasted the leaks in a hallway interview on Tuesday, NPR's Susan Davis reports. "Here's what I know: Gen. Flynn did not break the law talking to the Russia ambassador; in fact, that's his job," Nunes said. "Who did break the law is whoever recorded this, unmasked it and leaked it, that is clearly multiple violations." 5. Who will replace Flynn? Spicer said in a briefing Tuesday afternoon the president is "currently evaluating a group of strong candidates." Three are thought to be the leading contenders:  Ret. Lt. Gen. Joseph Kellogg, the acting national security adviser, named with Flynn's resignation; Ret. Vice Adm. Robert Harw

Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: Hormone Replacement Therapy

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Commentator David Kessler describes the postive and negative effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy. (3:08) See NPR's expanded coverage.

Criminal Charges in HP Spying Scandal. CDC Study Shows Health Effects of Perchlorate. End Music.


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Question: Hormone Replacement Therapy

NPR's Snigdha Prakash reports that women have mixed feelings about a recent findings that hormone replacement therapy may carry a variety of health risks. While some worry that HRT will lead to cancer, strokes and other ailments, others say the doses of estrogen are good for the body and soul.


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J

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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: More Than 1,000 Holocaust Victims Are Buried In Belarus After Mass Grave Discovered

More than 1,000 victims of the Holocaust were buried Wednesday in Belarus, some 70 years after they were killed in the genocide. Their bones were unearthed this winter by construction workers as they began to build luxury apartments in the southwestern city of Brest, near Poland. Soldiers brought in to excavate found undisputed evidence of a mass grave: skulls with bullet holes, shoes and tattered clothing worn on the last day of people's lives. Because the newly uncovered mass grave was on the site of a wartime ghetto, the victims were believed to be Jews slaughtered by Nazis. Many Jewish people had been forced to live behind barbed wires in the Brest ghetto before they were executed. On Wednesday, their remains were placed into 120 coffins decorated with the Star of David, according to The Associated Press. A burial and ceremony was held at a cemetery outside of the city. "I think it's very late, but better late than never," Marcel Drimer, an 85-year-old Holocaust survivor from Poland, told NPR. "I am upset that the officials want to build on the sacred site," he added. Authorities permitted the apartment construction to continue, prompting locals and leaders in the Jewish community to denounce the way the mass grave discovery was handled. A petition to stop construction emerged online, with signatures supporting a proposal for the grounds to become a memorial park. The Union of Belarusian Jewish Public Associations and Communities expressed dismay that the construction site had not been adequately examined before construction started, "even though, according to eyewitnesses and historians evidence, it was the place where mass executions of the Jewish population of the city took place," the group said in a statement in March. World Jewish Congress CEO and Executive Vice President Robert Singer said that the municipality should have carefully examined the land before issuing a building permit. He called the construction "an affront to the memories of the Jewish residents of the city who were shot and murdered in cold blood at that very site." Belarus had a robust Jewish community before World War II, but almost 90% of that population was killed by the time the Holocaust ended, according to the World Jewish Congress. In the decades since the genocide, the city of Brest has faced accusations of callousness toward its Jewish population. A prominent synagogue saw a movie theater built over it. Other synagogues were converted into shops, schools, hospitals, offices and gyms. Jewish gravestones were "recycled" for roads, gardens and other purposes, according to Vice, and Brest's Holocaust museum comprised "a room in a basement," according to the BBC. Regina Simonenko, who leads a local Jewish community, told the AP that authorities chose to rush the burial instead of doing DNA tests to discern who the victims were. "We were told that DNA tests are expensive and take a long time," she said. A spokesperson from the construction company told Deutsche Welle that a square meter (10.76 square feet) for the high-end complex was selling for almost double the city's average, at about $1,250 by the end of 2018. The area where the remains were found was slated to become a manicured courtyard, the German outlet reported. The mayor's office said the building will very likely possess a plaque to remember the victims. These inscriptions aren't so uncommon, said Drimer, wearily. He returned to his hometown of Drohobycz about 70 years after the war. He said he saw a bus station with a small plaque to denote where Holocaust victims had once been buried. "It wasn't unusual," he said. And though survivors like Drimer found it disturbing, "there weren't enough Jews to say anything."

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Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: Assad Names New Prime Minister, Fighting Continues In Aleppo. Done In a Day: China Wraps Up Murder Trial Of Once-Prominent Politician's Wife. Gunmen Attack Egyptian Police Station In Sinai; Follows Militant Attack On Egyptian Border Post. (UPI) George Zimmerman To Seek New 'Stand Your Ground' Hearing In Case Of Shooting Of Treyvon Martin. (Central Florida News) Home Foreclosures Fell In July, But More Homes Started The Foreclosure Process. (Philadelphia Inquirer) U.S. Assists In Agent Orange Cleanup Project In Vietnam. (Reuters) Russia's Prime Minister To Publically Blame Officials Responsible For Failed Satellite Launch. (RIA Novosti) Sick American Rescued From Antarctica Research Station, Flown To New Zealand. (ABC) Homeless Miami Man Describes Cannibalistic Attack That Destroyed Parts Of His Face. (Miami Herald) Oscar Pistorious, South African 'Blade Runner', Denied Chance To Run In Olympic Relay. (BBC)


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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Given ['Represent this text:', 'Torture, ticking time bombs, and the American way'] it matches with ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "I finally broke down and watched Michael Winterbottom's The Road To Guantanamo the other night. As cynical as I am, I still find it astonishing that this place remains open and that there are those who still justify its..."] but not with ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Federal agents joked about migrants death, published report says. The international deal to curb Iran's nuclear capabilities is faltering. And, examining the new idea called restorative justice."]

Question: Mueller Hands His Caseload To Congress, As Impeachment Calls Grow Louder

After two years of silence, special counsel and former FBI Director Robert Mueller spoke for 10 minutes Wednesday morning. By the end, he had resigned and handed his caseload to Congress. The man who headed the sweeping investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 campaign, the Trump campaign's role and the actions of now-President Trump himself took no questions. He said he hoped this was the last he would have to say about it. "The report is my testimony," Mueller said. "I would not provide information beyond that which is already public in any appearance before Congress." Mueller pointed back to the report repeatedly — and drew a line between what he saw as his authority and that of Congress. He noted that the president was not exonerated of obstruction of justice: "As set forth in the report, after that investigation if we had had confidence that the president clearly did not commit a crime we would have said so." Importantly, he reiterated that he felt his team could not pursue charges against the president: "Under long-standing department policy, a president cannot be charged with a federal crime while he is in office. ... Charging the president with a crime was, therefore, not an option we could consider." Instead, as the report did in writing, he kicked accountability to Congress: "[T]he Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing." In other words, once again, it's over to Congress. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., has been trying to hold back the wing of her party itching to impeach. She tried to do so again Wednesday. "We will continue on our path" of investigations, led by half a dozen Democratic chairmen of various committees, Pelosi said. She pointed to "victories in the courts," noted that only a minority of her members are openly pushing for impeachment, but added, "Many constituents want to impeach the president, but we want to do what is right and what gets results — what gets results." Pelosi and her lieutenants make the case publicly and privately that impeachment is thorny politically. Without Republicans on board, they say, it becomes a partisan exercise that threatens to hurt Democrats politically and the House majority. Trump walked out of an infrastructure meeting with Pelosi and Democratic Senate leader Chuck Schumer last week and said he would not work on legislation with Democrats until investigations were dropped. After that, Democratic strategists said Pelosi's hand was strengthened. And the fact is: As long as Pelosi has a majority of her members — which she made very clear Wednesday that she does — she is on solid footing. Theoretically, Mueller's on-camera statement shouldn't change anything. It merely reiterated what has already been known, read and reported on. But that's not the world we live in. Many Americans didn't pore over Mueller's findings, line by line. Even libertarian and Republican Rep. Justin Amash, who has called for impeachment proceedings to begin, has chided members of Congress for not reading the whole report. The thing is: When officials come forward and put their face and spoken words behind their written ones and in front of a camera, it carries more weight. More people see it. It can be played and replayed on cable news and evening news programs and morning news programs on endless loops. People — and presidential candidates — respond. After Mueller's statement, several 2020 Democratic candidates took a more forward-leaning stance on impeachment. Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, Sen. Kamala Harris of California, and South Bend, Ind., Mayor Pete Buttigieg, for example, called Mueller's statement an "impeachment referral." New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker, New York Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand and Rep. Seth Moulton of Massachusetts said impeachment proceedings should begin. The two men leading the field, former Vice President Joe Biden and Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, though, took Pelosi's lead. "Congress must continue its investigations," Sanders said in a tweet. "If the House Judiciary Committee deems it necessary, I will support their decision to open an impeachment inquiry." Biden's campaign said in a statement, in part:  "Vice President Biden agrees with Speaker Pelosi that no one would relish what would certainly be a divisive impeachment process, but that it may be unavoidable if this administration continues on its path. For all these reasons and many more, Vice President Biden will continue to make the case as to why President Trump should not be re-elected. That is the surest way to get him out of office."  Presidential candidates calling for impeachment of the president can — and certainly does — put a degree of pressure on Pelosi. But there are two paths here: one, presidential campaigning with candidates trying to win over an activist base, and two, a House leader trying to preserve her majority. How Democrats conduct their investigations will matter, so

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

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The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there's some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone's political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn't do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving's Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry's heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it's pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan's running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party's nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac

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Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


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Question: Ted Cruz And Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Team Up To Ban Lawmakers From Lobbying

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"Let's make a deal," said Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y.  "You're on," agreed Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas. The two lawmakers who have often been at odds found common ground in a place that often highlights polarizing opinions: Twitter. That's where Cruz and Ocasio-Cortez vowed to set aside their differences and work on new lobbying restrictions for lawmakers. Now an unlikely coalition is forming around their joint effort. It started when Ocasio-Cortez tweeted Thursday morning that members of Congress shouldn't be allowed to become corporate lobbyists. "At minimum there should be a long wait period," she wrote. Ocasio-Cortez cited a statistic from Public Citizen, in which the advocacy group reported that among former Congress members who move to jobs outside of politics, nearly 60% start lobbying or otherwise influencing federal policy. It didn't take long for Cruz to chime in. "Here's something I don't say often: on this point, I AGREE" with Ocasio-Cortez, Cruz stated. He went on to say that he has long called for a lifetime ban on former members of Congress becoming lobbyists. "The Swamp would hate it, but perhaps a chance for some bipartisan cooperation?" he asked. By early afternoon, Ocasio-Cortez said she would co-lead a bill with Cruz — if there were no "partisan snuck-in clauses, no poison pills." Cruz, who has previously argued with the freshman Democrat on Twitter, agreed. At least one politician from each side of the aisle came forward to support the pact: Sen. Brian Schatz, D-Hawaii, tweeted, "IN," and Rep. Chip Roy, R-Texas, offered to lead or co-sponsor a bill in the House. Craig Holman, who lobbies on ethics, campaign finance and lobbying on behalf of Public Citizen, told NPR that it is "heartening" that Cruz and Ocasio-Cortez moved to bridge the deep partisan divide. "I am not sure if Congress will be willing to adopt their proposed lifetime ban," Holman said in an email. He added, "but the sheer fact of a left-and-right agreement that the revolving door is a grave problem that must be addressed is going to move the ball forward." Neither Cruz's nor Ocasio-Cortez's offices immediately responded to a question from NPR about whether their staffers had started to collaborate on potential legislation. The so-called revolving door of Washington has been spinning for years. Dozens of former members of Congress have moved on to careers influencing the federal government on behalf of corporations, according to OpenSecrets. Of the nearly four dozen lawmakers who left office in the wake of the 2016 election, "one in six became lobbyists," The Atlantic has reported. The magazine said the number was even higher after the 2014 midterms, when "around one in four became lobbyists." In the executive branch, at least 187 political appointees of the Trump administration previously worked as federal lobbyists, ProPublica reported last year. And many of them were put into positions supervising the same industries for which they had once lobbied. Senators who leave office cannot become lobbyists for two years, under a law that was adopted in 2007. In the House, representatives face a one-year cooling-off period. "The difference was due to a reform effort led by then-Sen. Obama back during the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007," Holman said of that effort. "We tried securing two years for both chambers, along with a ban on strategic consulting during that two-year cooling off period, but House committee chairmen revolted and struck down the revolving door restrictions for the House."

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Freddie Gray Update: New Speculation On His Death, And Peaceful Protests. -- Just Do It: Obama Tries To Sway Skeptical Democrats On Trade. And here are more early headlines: Obama To Choose Chicago To Host His Presidential Library. (USA Today) Vt. Senator Sanders Declares Bid For Democratic Presidential Nomination. (The Hill) U.S. Navy To Guard American Flagged Ships In Strait Of Hormuz. (Wall Street Journal) House Votes To End D.C. Law Banning Discrimination Against Women Who Have Abortions. (Washington Post) Chilean Volcano Erupts A Third Time. (Guardian) California Cites Sea World For Failing To Protect Workers Who Care For Killer Whales. (U-T San Diego) Tesla Motors Turns To Energy Systems For Homes. (New York Times)


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Question: Where Each Democratic Candidate Stands In The Presidential Race In 100 Words

Labor Day has long been an unofficial start to election season. So far, two rounds of Democratic debates, and two fundraising deadlines have revealed a lot about where the Democratic primary stands. Former Vice President Joe Biden continues to lead, as questions linger about his candidacy. Meanwhile, after a good summer, Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren is clearly on the rise, and Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders maintains his significant and loyal base of followers. California Sen. Kamala Harris saw a quick rise and then a receding after the second debate. And time is ticking for the rest of the candidates to stand out in the still crowded field.  Here are some takeaways and lingering questions, candidate by candidate, the 10 who made the Sept. 12 debate stage stand today: (in order of their poll average):  Joe Biden The former vice president continues to lead in national and state polls, but Biden's missteps and lack of precision leaves questions about the long-term strength of his candidacy. But will his voters care? So far, Biden has maintained a lead by retaining support with older black voters, older voters in general, and he even leads among women. He has struggled mightily with voters under age 35; he's facing an enthusiasm gap; and he's got far from the majority of support within the party. He still has a long way to go before he could be seen as the likely nominee. Average poll standing: 29% (Rank: 1st)August favorable/unfavorable average: 73% favorable/21% negative (+52) (Rank: 2nd)Total raised: $22 million (6th)Total spent: $11.1 million (5th)Cash on hand: $10.9 million (5th)  Bernie Sanders  The Vermont senator has maintained the support of his devoted base, is drawing big crowds and raising lots of money. But to expand, he's going to need big wins in some of the early nominating states, where he's trailing Biden, and, in Iowa, Warren, too. He's struggling with black and Latino voters, and Warren's rise is a potential threat to his support. Sanders could still accumulate delegates on the way to next summer's convention, however, which could make him a key player if no one gets a majority of delegates by then. Average poll standing: 17% (2nd) August favorable/unfavorable average: 72%/20% (+52) (3rd) Total raised: $46.5 million (1st) ($10.1 million committee transfer)Total spent: $24.6 million (1st)Cash on hand: $27.4 million (1st)  Elizabeth Warren No one's had a better summer than the Massachusetts senator. She's seen a steady rise in the polls, fundraising and crowd sizes, and she's set up campaign infrastructures in early states. Warren benefited from two solid debate performances and will have another chance during the fall to present herself to a national audience looking for someone to take on Trump. The big question for her, though, is how she deals with the inevitable scrutiny that comes with a rise in the polls. So far, she's gotten mostly favorable media coverage and hasn't been the focus of her rivals' attacks.  Average poll standing: 17% (3rd) August favorable/unfavorable average: 68%/15% (+54) (1st)Total raised: $35.7 million (2nd) ($10.4 million committee transfer)Total spent: $15.9 million (3rd)Cash on hand: $19.8 million (3rd)  Kamala Harris The California senator had a standout first debate, saw a bump in the polls but then regressed after the second debate. She still has high favorable ratings among the base and Democrats seem to want a reason to vote for her. But her message has been muddled. She tried to rebrand her candidacy, pledging to solve what keeps people up at night. But health care and climate change are topics Democrats say are most important to them, and on those subjects, Harris hasn't been as bold or as clear as other candidates in the race.  Average poll standing: 7% (4th)August favorable/unfavorable average: 60%/20% (+40) (4th)Total raised: $25.1 million (5th) ($1.2 million committee transfer)Total spent: $11.8 million (4th)Cash on hand: $13.3 million (4th)  Pete Buttigieg The South Bend, Ind., mayor had a charmed rise and won over donors with his clarity and vision for the future. But a controversy back home centering on race and police set his candidacy back, especially among black voters who are still getting to know him. He's going to need the debates to stand out in and grab the spotlight in ways he hasn't so far. Average poll standing: 5% (5th)August favorable/unfavorable average: 49%/14% (+34) (5th)Total raised: $32.3 million (3rd)Total spent: $9.7 million (6th)Cash on hand: $22.7 million (2nd)  Andrew Yang The tech entrepreneur, promising $1,000 a month to stave off the potentially drastic effects of automation, has caught fire with a niche group of loyal followers. Yang, who calls himself the opposite of Donald Trump because he's an "Asian man who likes math," has presented himself well on the debate stage and in interviews. He hopes to get more time and media attention to help spread his message, because he badly needs to get better known. But his campa


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Question: 'This Is All Wrong,' Greta Thunberg Tells World Leaders At U.N. Climate Session

Greta Thunberg has a message for world leaders at the United Nations this week: "We'll be watching you." Speaking at the Climate Action Summit in New York, Thunberg added, "This is all wrong. I shouldn't be up here. I should be back in school, on the other side of the ocean." But instead, Thunberg, 16, is trying to convince politicians to take climate change seriously, and to do something to stop a global warming trend that will affect the world's children more than it affects anyone who's currently in power.  In an impassioned speech, Thunberg told those who hold office, "you all come to us young people for hope. How dare you? You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words, and yet I'm one of the lucky ones. People are suffering. People are dying. Entire ecosystems are collapsing." Saying that the world is now in the early stages of a mass extinction, Thunberg criticized those who still speak of the crisis in terms of money and economic growth.  "How dare you?" she asked again, growing increasingly emotional as the audience cheered at the 2019 Climate Action Summit. Citing more than 30 years' worth of scientific studies and warnings that greenhouse gases and other factors were establishing a dangerous new environmental trend, Thunberg criticized politicians for not developing solutions and strategies to confront that threat. "You say you hear us and that you understand the urgency. But no matter how sad and angry I am, I do not want to believe that. Because if you really understood the situation and still kept on failing to act, then you would be evil. And that I refuse to believe." Thunberg then drilled into one aspect of a current international plan, which includes the goal of cutting current emissions levels in half over the next 10 years. But that plan, she said, only provides a 50% chance of keeping the warming trend below 1.5 degrees Celsius. "Fifty percent may be acceptable to you," Thunberg said, before listing the many assumptions that underlie the estimate and the challenges that could thwart success. "They also rely on my generation sucking hundreds of billions of tons of your CO2 out of the air with technologies that barely exist. So, a 50% risk is simply not acceptable to us — we who have to live with the consequences." Thunberg's speech at a U.N. climate conference last December continues to draw viewers, captured by her direct tone and the clarity of her analysis of a complicated issue. For Monday's speech in New York, the Swedish activist shared the stage with U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres, who praised the youth movement for raising awareness for climate action. In her remarks, Thunberg accused politicians of pretending that the world's dire climate problems can be solved with technical solutions and "business as usual." To back up her point, she cited a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which concluded that for the world to preserve its best chance of meeting the 1.5-degree goal, countries had a "total carbon budget" of 420 gigatons of CO2 at the start of 2018 — meaning that together, countries shouldn't exceed that amount.  "Today, that figure is already down to less than 350 gigatons," Thunberg said, adding that at current emission rates, the carbon budget laid out by the IPCC "will be entirely gone in less than eight and a half years." Thunberg added, "There will not be any solutions or plans presented in line with these figures here today, because these numbers are too uncomfortable and you are still not mature enough to tell it like it is." To those wielding power, the activist said, "You are failing us, but young people are starting to understand your betrayal. The eyes of all future generations are upon you. And if you choose to fail us, I say: We will never forgive you."  "We will not let you get away with this," she added. "Right here, right now is where we draw the line." Thunberg concluded her remarks by saying, "The world is waking up. And change is coming, whether you like it or not." In a sign of her growing prominence, Thunberg's remarks at the climate summit immediately preceded speeches from leaders such as Pope Francis and New Zealand's Jacinda Ardern.  President Trump made a surprise visit to the same auditorium where Thunberg spoke — but the U.S. president arrived shortly after she concluded her remarks, entering while India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke. Shortly after the speech, Thunberg and other young people filed a legal complaint against five countries, saying their role in climate change has violated a widely ratified U.N. pact on children's human rights. "I and 15 other children from around the world filed a legal complaint against 5 nations over the climate crisis through the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child," Thunberg said via Twitter. "These 5 nations are the largest emitters that have ratified the convention." Those countries are France, Germany, Brazil, Argentina and Turkey; they are accuse

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- China's Stocks Dive To Lowest Close Since 2014. -- Longtime White House Protester Dies, After Vigil That Started In 1981. -- $50K Reward As Manhunt Continues For 3 Escaped Inmates In California. And here are more early headlines: Michigan Prosecutors To Investigate Flint Water Crisis. (Detroit Free Press) Huge Strikes Cripple French Transportation. (France24) U.N. Panel Calls For Sanctions On South Sudan And Its Leaders. (Foreign Policy) Malaysia Official Says Prime Minister Legally Got Millions From Saudis. (Financial Times) Obama To Meet Leaders Ahead Of Congressional Retreat. (The Hill) Scientists To Update Time On "Doomsday Clock". (AP) New Beatrix Potter Tale Featuring Peter Rabbit Is Discovered. (BBC)


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Question: Gates Foundation Says World Not On Track To Meet Goal Of Ending Poverty By 2030

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In 2015 the world's leaders committed to a sweeping set of targets to lift the world's poorest citizens into a decent life by 2030. Four years later, it's clear that the world is nowhere near on track to meet these 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and millions of children still face a lifetime of inequality because of factors such as where they are born, their gender and their race. That's the conclusion of a new report by the Gates Foundation — its latest annual scorecard of progress toward the SDGs. The findings echo assessments in previous years by not just the foundation, but the United Nations and other analysts. But that merely underscores the urgency of shifting strategies before it's too late, says Masood Ahmed, president of the Center for Global Development, a Washington think tank. "No surprise is not a reason for no concern," he says. (The Gates Foundation is a funder of the Center for Global Development, as well as of NPR and this blog. Neither Ahmed nor his organization were involved with producing the Gates report.) Both Ahmed and the Gates report take pains to make the case that the current challenges do not mean that ending poverty is an impossible task. After all, countries have achieved staggering improvements over the past three decades. The problem is that the progress has largely tapered off. "The glass is half full, but there are clearly some groups that are turning out to be much harder to reach," Ahmed says. For instance, worldwide, the share of people below the poverty line — meaning they have only $1.90 per day or less to live on — dropped from 36% in 1990 to 8% in 2018. But while the SDGs call for getting that down to zero, current projections are that by 2030, 7% of people will remain in poverty. Then there's the maternal mortality rate: Between 1990 and 2018 it was slashed almost in half, from 238 deaths to 139 deaths per 100,000 live births. But by 2030, maternal mortality is only expected to dip to 126 deaths per 100,000 — a far cry from the SDG target of 70 deaths per 100,000. The net effect of this slowdown in progress is that the world is slated to remain vastly unequal. For a sense of the extent to which where you are born impacts your life, the Gates report notes that a child born in Chad is nearly 55 times more likely to die before age 5 than one born in Finland. And the inequality isn't limited to differences between nations. This year, for the first time, the Gates scorecard was able to include data at the level of districts — referred to as counties in the U.S. Among the findings: In Nigeria's best-performing district, the average person has more than 12 years of education, compared with five years of education in the worst-performing district. Similarly, in one district in India, the death rate among children younger than 5 is just 1% compared with more than 8% in another. Still, across low- and middle-income countries, nearly two-thirds of children live in districts that will not meet the SDG target for child mortality by 2030, and one-third of children live in districts that won't reach the target by 2050. What will it take to eliminate this inequality? The Gates Foundation argues that the key is to identify and take on the factors that fuel it: lack of access to basic health care, discriminatory attitudes toward girls and women that block their ability to get an education and work, climate changes that are proving disproportionately disruptive to farmers in poor countries. And the report argues that this may require nations to make some hard choices — for instance, making the decision to "make do" with current levels of more sophisticated forms of health care, such as MRIs and X-rays, while putting the bulk of their health budgets toward expanding access to primary care. Ahmed, of the Center for Global Development, says this view is gaining ground due to a shifting assessment of how much money will be available to accomplish the SDGs. Back when the goals were adopted, there was widespread optimism that there would soon be a flood of private investment in poor countries. The expectation, Ahmed says, was that international development organizations would use their funds to identify promising projects that private capital would actually then fund — with every dollar of public funds spent this way generating eight to nine times as much in private investment. But this has not panned out. "The fact is that the numbers are showing that a dollar in public investment is delivering closer to $1.50 in private investment," Ahmed says. He says, "over the next five years we're going to have to confront harder and harder issues and trade-offs. But the human race has demonstrated the capacity to make progress under very hard conditions. So I'm fundamentally optimistic."

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Afghan Govt. Suspends Talks; Taliban Attack Kills 4 Soldiers. -- Heat, Spurs Headed To Game 7 After Stunning Game 6. And here are more early headlines: Federal Reserve Policymakers To Release Economic Forecast Today. (Bloomberg) Thousands Of Brazilian Protesters Turn Out Again In Sao Paulo. (The Associated Press) Al Qaida Militants Attack U.N. Compound In Somalia. (Los Angeles Times) UN Report: More Than 45 Million Refugees In 2012, An 'Unseen Level.' (The Guardian) Heavy Flooding In France Kills 1, Closes Lourdes To Religious Pilgrims. (France24) American Medical Association Declares Obesity A Disease. (USA Today) Danielle Bradbery Crowned Winner Of 'The Voice.' (People) Man Pleads Guilty To Smuggling Snakes On A Plane. (KXAS)


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Question: What Are You Listening To?

Textbook editor Ben Scott is the latest contributor to the continuing All Things Considered series "What Are You Listening To?" NPR's Steve Inskeep listens along. His first choice is the fourth movement from Beethoven's Symphony No. 5. Scott began listening to classical music thanks to his high school history teacher who incorporated music into the curriculum. After hearing a Handel piece in class, he thought "I have to have this, and more of it!" He says he was probably the only kid in Concord, Mass., whose parents told him to "turn down that damn Beethoven!" While he says he doesn't like much music from the 20th century, Scott has also chosen a more contemporary piece -- "Saturday Night Waltz" from Aaron Copland's Rodeo. Scott says the lyric quality and calm beauty evokes the sunsets of Montana. His final selection is a Passacalle from the "Night Music of the Streets of Madrid" by Boccherini. The piece is supposed to evoke street musicians in Spain, and the violinists pluck their instruments like guitars. Scott says like the Copland piece, this composition has a transporting quality.

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Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: What Are You Listening To?

We want to know what you're listening to. We've been asking what's on your stereo or your iPod, or vibrating in your tooth fillings... even if it's not the music that the music industry is putting on right now. This week's selections come from Rob Bourdaud'hui of Washington, D.C. Bourdaud'hui is originally from England, but he's been living in the United States for more than 15 years. And in his selections for our segment, he didn't pick any British music. Instead, he started with a song by the Byrds. "Set You Free This Time" is from the album Turn! Turn! Turn!, released in 1965.  Bourdaud'hui says that as a teenager, he used to slow the song down on his turntable so he could figure out exactly what The Byrds' Roger McGuinn was playing on his 12-string guitar. Bourdaud'hui's second selection is "From a Photograph" off of Chris Whitley's album Rocket House. On the album, Whitley uses an acoustic resonator guitar, which dates back to the 1930s, and overlays the sound with washes of electric guitar. Whitley's music is moody and intense. Finally, Bourdaud'hui brings along Orchestre Baobab's "Jiin Ma Jiin Ma" from the album Specialist in All Styles. Orchestre Baobab is Senegalese, but their music sounds very Cuban.  Bourdaud'hui likes the hypnotic, relaxed sound of this band. He says it doesn't matter if you can't understand the language they're singing in. It's the groove that matters.


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Question: What Are You Listening To?

Every few weeks, All Things Considered calls on you... out there in radio land... to tell us what sort of music you're listening to. Construction worker David DelValle doesn't get to listen to too many tunes while he's working away building ramps at Logan Airport or doing other construction work around Boston. So he sings to himself and waits for a car to drive by that's playing something good. DelValle sent us his list of some of his songs of summer, starting with "Go Li'l Camaro Go" by the Ramones, with Debbie Harry of Blondie singing backup. It's from the Ramones album Halfway to Sanity, released in 1987. For the ride home after work, DelValle turns to a classic: "Dancin' in the Street" from Martha Reeves and the Vandellas. "The simple, pounding rhythm is perfect for a nice early evening drive," he says. His favorite version is from the 1965 album Dance Party. To DelValle, hot-weather weekends mean mixing with the folks: "A most cherished part of my summer is frequenting cultural festivals such as the Portuguese Festas do Santo Divino, the Italian St. Anthony's Feast and Fall River's Festival of the Americas," he says. "The traditional music one can experience at these gatherings can make a fine Saturday even more dandy." In that spirit, pick number three is "Chamarrita," a traditional Portuguese folk song of the type you might hear at a Portuguese summer festival. It's by Belaurora, off the album Traditional Music from Azores.


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Question: Sustainable Development

NPR's Christopher Joyce reports on the professionals who calculate the pricetag of nature: so-called, "ecological economists." Their profile is growing as delegates from around the world travel to South Africa for a summit on sustainable development later this month.

Public Financing of Political Campaigns, The Legend of St. Nicholas, Field Notes: Gorillas, Focus on Technology, Gluten-Free Living, The Big Screen: Forever


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Question: Newport Folk Festival

Listen to concerts from this year's main stage.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology