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Question: 'Machete': Out Of The 'Grindhouse,' Trailer First

In 2007, Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino's Grindhouse, a loving homage to violent, low-budget exploitation cinema, was met with box-office indifference. Most moviegoers couldn't get excited about seeing a big-budget recreation of obscure, amateurish cult films they'd likely never encountered much in the first place. Why spend over three hours in a theater watching a double feature of movies that seemed to aspire to something awful? Because they're also an awful lot of fun. That was the directors' answer then, and Rodriguez (co-directing here with longtime editor Ethan Maniquis) continues to have a blast with Machete, which he first introduced as one of the fake trailers that came packaged with Grindhouse. That movie may have tanked, but it didn't dissuade the resolutely do-it-yourself director from finally realizing his dream of making a movie starring perennial tough-guy Danny Trejo as an intimidating, blade-wielding ex-Federale. Despite Machete's status as the best cop Mexico has ever known, he ends up on the losing end of a battle with Torrez, a crime lord played by action-flick legend Steven Seagal (gamely mocking his own Zen tough-guy persona). After the failed mission costs him his job and his family, Machete winds up an illegal alien on the streets of Austin, Texas, looking for work as a day laborer. A rich, mysterious stranger (Jeff Fahey) coerces him under threat of deportation to gun down a conservative state senator (Robert De Niro) running for re-election on a staunch anti-immigration platform. But a double-cross leaves a revenge-minded Machete on the run from a by-the-books immigration officer (Jessica Alba) and a pack of gun-toting Minutemen (led by Don Johnson), aided only by his Catholic priest brother (Cheech Marin) and an underground network led by Michelle Rodriguez's revolutionary "She." Machete shares the same trashy aesthetic as the exploitation films it self-consciously apes: bloody, near-cartoonish violence, a ludicrous plot, scenery-chewing performances and hammy dialogue. But Rodriguez and co-writer Alvaro Rodriguez infuse it with a self-awareness that builds on the inherent (but usually unintended) humor of those movies. This isn't a spoof, but Rodriguez knows how to push every scene just far enough over the top to make it funny without entering completely silly territory. That tone is established from the very start, when Machete raids a criminal hideout and begins separating heads and limbs from bodies with brutal efficiency and maximum splatter. But when the situation calls for a gun? He uses one that belonged to one of the dismembered thugs — with the previous owner's hand still attached. Machete works because at no time does it ever ask the audience to take any of this too seriously, yet the nudges and winks are never so forceful that it feels like it's begging for your laughter. Every actor here is a straight man (or woman), letting the script and the directors create the gags for them. That's not to say that the movie is necessarily one big joke. Rodriguez takes dead aim at the anti-immigration movement via the violent xenophobia of De Niro's senator, Johnson's militia and the casual stereotyping of illegal aliens. As a political statement, Machete is more a hammer than the titular blade. But Rodriguez's mandate wasn't to make a subtle, nuanced film. The exploitation template at work here requires only a wild, fun ride, and by those raw standards, the movie delivers.(Recommended)

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Stories: 1) 'The Sopranos' Takes One Last Hit 2) Joseph Gannascoli 3) Lorraine Bracco Goes 'On the Couch' 4) 'Grindhouse' Goes for Schlock Value


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Question: Benjamin Clementine On World Cafe

A Mercury Prize-winning musician, Benjamin Clementine worked his way up from playing the streets of Paris to performing in clubs and festivals. Clementine's theatrical voice is often compared to that of Nina Simone, whom the singer admits he didn't know about until people mentioned the comparison. In this fascinating World Cafe interview, Clementine discusses growing up in an immigrant family from Ghana, watching his London neighborhood deteriorate and playing on the streets in Paris.

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Stories: 1) The Rise And Fall Of The Comanche 'Empire' 2) Jimmie Dale Gilmore: Classic Sounds On 'Heirloom Music' 3) A 'Paris' Review: Woody Allen, In Fine Form


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Question: Opinion: An Ode To Manny's Cafeteria And Delicatessen In Chicago

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I've had lunch with politicians, clergy, reporters and people who've just been indicted at Manny's Cafeteria and Delicatessen in Chicago, and there's a code of silence over the clatter: it doesn't count. The schmear of cream cheese thick enough to be a ski jump? No calories! Potato pancakes hefty as manhole covers? No calories!  No doubt there are artisanal knish-makers today, but no place quite like Manny's, which opened in 1942. Lots of famous names routinely imperil their arteries there. But the real show is the happy babble of voices in English, Yiddish, Spanish, Hindi and bunches of bankers in pinstripes noshing alongside crews in scuffed boots who just got off their shift on a sanitation truck.   The coronavirus shutdown began in March. One of the benefits of a family business is they can run it more like family than a business — for a while. Dan Raskin, the fourth generation of his family to run Manny's, says they kept all 43 staff members working, making meals for health care workers, and made sure staff brought food home to their families. "They're our families, too," Dan Raskin told us. But the weeks of the shutdown became months. Even as businesses reopened, multitudes still work from home.  "That can't pay our rent, insurance, our payroll," says Dan Raskin. "We can't go on like that."  When a family business is forced to close, people lose their livelihoods, families lose support, and a city loses revenue and vitality. A landmark like Manny's is also a link to history. You can point to where Barack Obama talked politics over pastrami, Oprah had apple sauce on her latkes, and where your grandfather went when he got tired of dieting. On Tuesday, Dan Raskin posted a short tweet: "We are struggling. This isn't a joke. Support your fav deli for dinner tonight. Thx"  People did.  For the rest of this week, the socially-distanced line to get into Manny's has sometimes stretched around the block. "I'm lost for words," Dan Raskin told us. "One or two busy days won't be enough to keep us going. But it's enough to make us want to keep going."

Good morning: here are our early stories: Chinese Author, Mo Yan, Awarded 2012 Nobel Prize In Literature. Presidential Candidates Set Their Sights On Colorado's Latinos. And here are more early headlines: Biden, Ryan Prepare For High-Stakes Vice Presidential Debate. (Reuters) Yemeni Guard At U.S. Embassy Killed In Drive-By Shooting. (CBS) Two Die In Florida Parking Garage Collapse, One Still Missing. (Orlando Sentinel) Home Foreclosures Drop To Five Year Low In September. (USA Today) It's The 50th Anniversary Of Vatican II - Why It Matters. (KPCC) No Arms For Syria Aboard Passenger Jet Downed In Turkey, Russia Says. (Washington Post) Alice Cooper Opens Rock And Roll Academy In Sioux Falls, N.D. (KDLT) Zombie Alert! Maine Hacker Changes Road Sign To Warn Startled Motorists. (Portland Press Herald)


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Question: Americans Want A Healthier School Lunch Menu

Whether you love British Chef Jamie Oliver or just love to hate him, his sometimes exploitative TV show about fixing kids' eating habits in a small West Virginia town probably helped raise our awareness about the quality of school lunch food. And a new survey from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation confirms that most Americans want what Jamie wants in the school lunch line — more fresh food and fewer high-fat, high-salt items like pizza, chicken nuggets and burgers. How to make that happen, however, remains a challenge for schools, parents and the government. Read More >> In a survey of over 800 adults, the Kellogg Foundation folks found that 55 percent of people described the nutritional quality of local school food as "poor" or "only fair." Among parents of school-aged children, the number went up to 63 percent. And more than 85 percent of those surveyed said fresh fruit and vegetables should be offered every day in school cafeterias. That's in line with recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences last year. But translating desires into action requires buy-in on several levels. As Oliver illustrated aptly in his show, getting the parents to buy into making healthier, and generally more expensive fresh food choices, was one challenge. Parents who pack potato chips and chocolate as a meal aren't doing kids any nutritional favors. A study in the Journal of American Dietetic Association published last year says more than 70 percent of packed lunches don't include enough fruits and vegetables. And then there's the issue of whether kids will even eat better food if its offered. Another challenge is overcoming the training and cost barriers involving school food handlers accustomed to heat and serve meals. And then there's the requirement that the school lunch program accept surplus government staples, like gigantic blocks of cheese. The National School Lunch Program is trying to make strides to provide fresher foods, and with the First Lady tackling childhood obesity as a primary issue, it may be the moment. New dietary guidelines are due out next month, and there's already a push underway to make changes to the school lunch program when Congress reauthorizes it later this year.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Florida State Gunman Shot Dead By Campus Police. -- Award-Winning Director Mike Nichols Dies At 83. And here are more early headlines: Montana's Ban On Same Sex Marriage Overturned By Judge. (Billings Gazette) Kerry, Allies Work On Nuclear Accord With Iran Ahead Of Deadline. (AP) North Korea Warns It May Conduct Nuclear Test. (New York Times) Niger Sends Troops To Border With Mali To Repel Militants. (VOA) China Warns "Thick Smog" Will Blanket Northern Cities. (Xinhua) Insurance Group Finds 3 Minivans Fare Poorly In Crash Tests. (IIHS) A Thanksgiving Meal Costs Slightly More This Year. (CNBC) Oregon Family Must Find Noisy Rooster A New Home. (Oregonian)


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For example, '['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', '4 Years... 700,000 More Voters']' should have a representation like '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details:', '(Sorry for the long absence with all of last month¿s big political news¿ as mentioned before, the new little one in the family has kept me away from the hustle and bustle.  Look for more frequent blog entries this month! ¿JM)\nSecretary of State Debra Bowen¿s new report on the number of registered voters in [...]']' but very far from '['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.']'.

Question: Essay: Christmas Past

The holidays can be a time of stress and as essayist Mary Lou Sanelli says, fond memories from childhood can make it even harder to enjoy the present.

Public Financing of Political Campaigns, The Legend of St. Nicholas, Field Notes: Gorillas, Focus on Technology, Gluten-Free Living, The Big Screen: Forever


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Question: Former Justice Deputy Describes Political Clash

Leaders at the White House and the Department of Justice clashed long before last year's dismissal of U.S. attorneys, according to former Deputy Attorney General James Comey. Comey, who worked under John Ashcroft in President Bush's first administration, testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about the firings of U.S. attorneys and the alleged politicization of the Justice Department. One senator called it some of the most dramatic testimony he's heard in 25 years as a legislator.   Comey was the only witness at a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, where for the first time, he publicly told the story of a dramatic confrontation at a hospital bedside between some of the most powerful men in Washington. "I thought I had just witnessed an effort to take advantage of a very sick man, who did not have the powers of the attorney general because they had been transferred to me," Comey testified. The sick man was John Ashcroft, who was in the hospital with acute pancreatitis.  Hours before his hospitalization, Ashcroft and Comey had decided not to reauthorize the president's secret, controversial, domestic-surveillance program.   The night after the Justice Department told the White House, Comey received a phone call.  The president's chief of staff, Andy Card, and then-White House counsel Alberto Gonzales were on their way to Ashcroft's hospital room. "I told my security detail that I needed to get to George Washington Hospital immediately," Comey testified. "They turned on the emergency equipment and drove very quickly to the hospital.  I got out of the car and literally ran up the stairs."   The room was dark. Mrs. Ashcroft was standing by the bed. Comey said that Ashcroft, in his sixth day in intensive care, was not in good shape. He was unfocused, disoriented.   "And it was only a matter of minutes that the door opened and in walked Mr. Gonzales, carrying an envelope, and Mr. Card," Comey said. "They came over and stood by the bed, greeted the attorney general very briefly, and then Mr. Gonzales began to discuss why they were there — to seek his approval for a matter." Then, Ashcroft did something that stunned Comey. He lifted his head off the pillow and explained in strong, detailed terms why he would not sign the paper.   "And as he laid back down, he said, 'But that doesn't matter because I'm not the attorney general. There is the attorney general.' And he pointed to me," Comey testified. "I was just to his left. The two men did not acknowledge me. They turned and walked from the room." That was not the end of it. Before Comey left the hospital, he received an urgent call from White House Chief of Staff Andy Card.   "Mr. Card was very upset and demanded that I come to the White House immediately," Come said. "I responded that after the conduct I had just witnessed, I would not meet with him without a witness present.  He replied, 'What conduct? We were just there to wish him well.'" Comey eventually went to the White House, accompanied by Solicitor General Ted Olsen. The two sides could not agree about the domestic-surveillance program. The rules required the attorney general to sign off on it at regular intervals, but Comey would not. So the next morning, the White House authorized the program without the Justice Department. Comey drafted a resignation letter.   "I couldn't stay if the administration was going to engage in conduct that the Department of Justice has said had no legal basis," Comey said. Comey said several others at the Justice Department were planning to resign as well.  NPR contacted FBI Director Robert Mueller, former Solicitor General Ted Olsen, and Jack Goldsmith, who used to run the office of legal counsel.  All declined to dispute Comey's testimony.  None of them resigned that day.   "Mr. Ashcroft's chief of staff asked me something that meant a great deal to him, and that is that I not resign until Mr. Ashcroft was well enough to resign with me," Comey said.  He said the chief of staff was prepared to resign too and didn't want Ashcroft to be left behind.  The next morning, Comey and FBI Director Robert Mueller each met with President Bush in private.   "Then Director Mueller came to me and said that, 'The president told me that the Department of Justice should get this where it wants to be — to do what the department thinks is right.' And I took that mandate and set about to do that, and I accomplished that." The Justice Department changed the spying program until officials there were satisfied that it was legal.   The White House on Tuesday refused to talk about internal deliberations.   After Comey had told his story, the Senate Judiciary Committee's top Republican, Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, commended him for doing the right thing.  And, he said, the president did the right thing, too.   "In effect, he overruled Card and he overruled Vice President Cheney. And he overruled Addington, and he overruled Gonzales," Sen. Specter said. "And when it came to him, when it ca

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Actress Angelina Jolie Shares Story Of Her Double Mastectomy. -- Russian Security Service Claims To Have Uncovered CIA Agent. -- Afghan Taxes Weigh Heavily On U.S. Contractors, Report Says. -- Book News: Amazon Debuts Its Virtual Currency. Other stories of the morning: -- "IRS Officials In Washington Were Involved In Targeting Of Conservative Groups." (The Washington Post) -- Associated Press Blasts Justice Department's Search Of Reporters' Phone Records. (Morning Edition) -- Cleveland Kidnappings Suspect Was Previously Accused, But Not Formally Charged, With Abusing Common-Law Wife And Threatening Neighbors. (The Plain Dealer) -- New Orleans Police Identify One Suspect In Mother's Day Shooting That Injured 19. (The Times-Picayune) -- "Comfort Women" Were "Necessary" During World War II, Prominent Japanese Politician Says. (BBC News)


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Question: Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications

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The state committee that will recommend which researchers should receive grants from California's stem cell institute meets today in San Francisco. The group will begin sorting through more than 200 applications.

UC Regents Discuss Executive Pay. Ballot Measure to Crack Down on Sex Offenders. End Music.


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E.g. given '['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth.', 'Embassy Bombing Trial']' it should be close to '['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth:', "NPR's Melissa Block tells Robert Siegel that a federal jury in Manhattan today deadlocked over whether one of the four men convicted in the 1998 embassy bombings should be sentenced to death. Because they could not reach a unanimous verdict, Mohamed Al-Owhali was sentenced to life in prison without parole. Al Owhali was the man who rode on the truck that delivered the bomb to the U.S. embassy in Nairobi, Kenya on August 7, 1998, killing 213 people."]' but not to '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Lethal Injection Hearings Continue. Violent Crime Wave Sweeps Tijuana. End Music.']'.

Question: 'Surge' Debate a Classic Test of Power of the Purse

represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr E.g. ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Updated at 3:55 p.m. ET Joe Cocker, the raspy-voiced British singer famous for hit songs such as "Feelin\' Alright" and "Up Where We Belong," has died at age 70, his management agency tells NPR. Cocker died Monday of lung cancer. "Joe Cocker is a legendary artist of rock and blues history and yet he was one of the most humble men I\'ve ever met," Sony Music Entertainment International CEO Edgar Berger said in a press release. Berger, who signed Cocker, added: "His iconic voice will forever be etched in our memories and our thoughts go out to Joe\'s wife Pam and his family at this difficult time. Joe will live on in the hearts of millions of fans around the world." Cocker was famous for both his unique voice and for a soulful style of singing that made it sound like he was pouring his heart out when he put his unique touch on hits such as "You Are So Beautiful." Born in Sheffield, England, in 1944, Cocker "lived in Sheffield until his early 20s," ITV News says. "His international success as a blues/rock singer began in 1964. Joe created 40 albums and toured extensively around the globe." The Grammy-winning singer\'s most recent album, Fire It Up, was released two years ago. The musician went through personal struggles with drugs and alcohol. In 2012, he discussed those struggles with NPR\'s Rachel Martin: "I was about 26 years old, and I kind of felt indestructible," Cocker says, recalling the 1970 tour that spawned his famous live album Mad Dogs & Englishmen. "By the early \'70s, the drugs and the booze took their toll. ... It was a long road back. A lot of times when you\'re young and carefree, you don\'t realize, when you tip over the edge, how difficult it is to climb back in." The story of the Mad Dogs & Englishmen tour was recounted for NPR back in 2005 by music critic Christian Bordal. The tour, Bordal said, "was a raucous, glorious mayhem of almost two dozen of the greatest players and singers of the time, presided over by the top-hatted and bell-bottomed band leader and arranger Leon Russell — and fronted by the volcanic, raw, soul-torn voice of Joe Cocker." Cocker and the band performed a wide range of music, from recent hits to jazz standards. But the songs were transformed both by the band and by Cocker\'s powerful voice, which could slide from wistfulness to joy in just a few bars. Cocker described the tour to Bordal as "a pretty spacey kind of dream. It would probably fit in very good today, with reality TV."'] == ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth.', 'Singer Joe Cocker Dies At Age 70']

It was 32 years ago this winter when a heavily Democratic Congress, elected in the Watergate year of 1974, ended a decade of acquiescence and said no to the Vietnam War.   By then, the bulk of U.S. forces had been withdrawn and the war was almost entirely in the hands of the Vietnamese. But there were still many diplomats and other Americans in the city that was still known as Saigon as well as elsewhere in the country that was still known as South Vietnam.  And there were still tens of thousands of Vietnamese who had risked their standing and their well-being to serve alongside the Americans.   Beyond all these lives, the fate of that country still bore enormous implications for the prestige of the United States.  The human investment that had been made there in the 1960s and 1970s, along with the inestimable consequences back in the U.S., would make Vietnam the most compelling issue of the era for tens of millions of Americans — if not for the nation as a whole. To this day, some supporters of that war effort say the Saigon government and its army might have held out if the Congress had honored the final appropriation request of President Gerald Ford that winter. Originally pegged at $1 billion, the request had been cut back to $700 million in hopes of winning approval.  But by that time, the cause had been sullied.  The fall of Richard Nixon in the Watergate trauma of 1973-74 had cost the war its last Oval Office champion. The nation eager to move beyond Watergate was even more eager to be done with Vietnam. But Gerald Ford made one last valiant attempt to rally the nation around the defense of the Saigon government.  He said that failure to defend that government would force the U.S. military to defend governments in neighboring Asian countries, and indeed throughout the world. It was a pitch borrowed from Nixon's own speeches defending the war, and indeed from those of Lyndon Johnson before him. By the time Ford was intoning these inherited arguments, they were worn down and shorn of their persuasiveness. At no time in the three decades of ensuing history has an American president been in quite so similar a predicament.  But that has changed in the past year.  President Bush began 2006 with a plausible case to make about the emergent, plucky democracy in Iraq. Millions had defied violence to vote and a government was taking shape. But with the bombing of the Al Askari mosque in Samarra in February, the insurgency in Iraq took a more viciously sectarian turn. For the remainder ofn 2006, the situation "on the ground" continued to deteriorate, with sharp growth in the rate of casualties among U.S. troops and Iraqis alike. So President Bush has told the nation he has a new direction in Iraq. It calls for an additional "surge" of as many as 20 thousand U.S. troops, apparently starting before the end of this month.   The new strategy flies in the face of public opinion polls showing that less than 20 percent of the public supports increasing levels of U.S. commitment in Iraq. Democrats who control Congress are expressing skepticism and some are talking about steps to limit the scope of Presidents proposed increase. But what can the Democrats really do about it?   For months, Democrats have promised increased oversight of the war in Iraq, saying they would require President Bush to justify his policies there. But at the same time, Democratic leaders have all but ruled out exercising their power of the purse to block funding for the war.   That reluctance is now being openly denounced by the more aggressive war critics in the House and Senate.  In a speech he gave at the National Press Club on Jan. 8, Sen. Edward Kennedy said he and fellow Massachusetts Democrat Rep. Edward Markey would introduce legislation specifying "that no additional troops can be sent and no additional dollars can be spent" on what Kennedy characterized as an escalation in Iraq — "unless and until congress approves the president's plan." Another prominent anti-war Democrat, Rep. John Murtha of Pennsylvania told The Wall Street Journal he is considering a similar course of action, possibly limiting the use of new funds for the deployment of Army troops in Iraq to a year. Murtha, who now chairs the powerful House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense, is in the ideal position to push or even to implement such a plan. But for all this firebrand expression this week, the chances of the Democrats throttling the cash flow for this war remain slim to none. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada told reporters yesterday that Kennedy's proposal was an idea that will be looked at, but indicated the broader Democratic caucus in the Senate would prefer a bipartisan course of action.   "What we're going to work toward if the speech is as we think is going to be is a bipartisan statement on the president's escalation," Reid said. "We believe that there are a number of Republicans who will join with us to say no to escalation." There are any numb

News Headlines: Jan. 11, 2008 Talk About It:New York Times: Civil Rights Tone Prompts Talk of an Endorsement -- "Representative James E. Clyburn of South Carolina, the highest-ranking African-American in Congress, said he was rethinking his neutral stance in his state's presidential primary out of disappointment at comments by Bill and Hillary Rodham Clinton that he saw as diminishing the historic role of civil rights activists." What impact do you think a Clyburn endorsement might have? What did you think about the Clintons' comments on the nation's civil rights history? And what do you make of all this talk about Obama being competitive in South Carolina simply because a larger part of the electorate is black? Update: Bill Clinton called into Al Sharpton's radio show today to clarify his "fairy tale" statement. Read more here. Election 2008:Washington Post: Young Feminists Split: Does Gender Matter? Baltimore Sun: McCain, Paul Get Off Easy at GOP SC Debate AP: Obama, Clinton Go for Black Vote in SC AFP: Nevada Set for Moment in 2008 Election Spotlight Politico: Top Rudy Staffers Working Without Pay New York Times: Calls Grow for Bloomberg to Make Up His Mind Nation:Boston Globe: Jurors Testify About Claims of Racism Chicago Tribune: Conference Aims to Give Young Black Men Hope Boston Globe: Minority Police Group Cites Race in Disciplinary Actions Reuters: Bush: U.S. Could "Easily" Be in Iraq for 10 Years People:New York Times: Marion Jones Sentenced to Six Months in Prison AFP: Venus Williams Hunts for Elusive Australian Title L.A. Times: Just Call Isaiah Washington 'Chief Gondobay Manga'? Op-Ed:New York Times: When an Apology Is Not Enough Joel Stein: A Black President? Seen a Few


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Question: Bar Asks Cheeseheads To Burn Favre Green Bay Gear

Some fans of the Green Bay Packers still can't believe that Brett Favre isn't their quarterback. On Monday night, the Packers play their rivals the Minnesota Vikings. Favre is now Minnesota's quarterback, after coming out of retirement. A bar and grill will set up a flaming barrel. A charity will get $10 every time a Packers fan throws in a green Favre jersey, poster or picture.

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Minimum Wage, Good News / Bad News, Real Bears vs. Real Colts, Space Diaries, Last Chance for Oysters, Life of a Dealer


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Question: Calexico and Iron & Wine, Josh Rouse, Luna, Beth Wood, and Atash

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Radio Without Borders #92August 8, 2007Calexico and Iron & Wine, Josh Rouse, Luna, Beth Wood, and Atash.

	Calexico and Iron & Wine"Prison On Route 41"

	This first performance is a combination of two great artists: Calexico and Iron & Wine. Their collaborative EP In the Reins, highlights the best of both bands.

	Josh Rouse"It Looks Like Love"

	Josh Rouse started his own label, Bedroom Classics, in the fall of 2005, after his contract with his previous label ended. This marked the beginning of more creative freedom, and the opportunity to get his music out more often.

	Luna"Weird and Woozy"

	Despite their breakup in 2005, Luna has left behind a lot of fantastic music that will inspire for years to come.

	Beth Wood"Church of Melody"

	Originally from Lubbock, Texas, songwriter Beth Wood was classically trained in piano, violin, harp and voice. But here in Austi...

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"['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Companies across the country are shrinking office cubicles, as concepts of workplace design are influenced by the economy and technology. Guest host Audie Cornish talks with award-winning industrial designer Douglas Ball.']" == "['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'The Incredible Shrinking Cubicle']"

Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Modest Mouse, Lucinda Williams, more. With host Bob Boilen.


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Russia-Ukraine Relations

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NPR's Michele Kelemen reports on Russia-Ukraine relations after the death of an opposition journalist. Ukraine is trying to lure investors from the West, but the country's reputation for corruption is not helping.

Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: From A Concert Recorded

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From a concert recorded earlier this month at the 40th Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy, harpist Mariko Anraku (mah-REE-koh ahn-RAH-koo) joins the members of the Borromeo (boh-roh-MAY-yoh) String Quartet for a performance of the Sacred and Profane Dances by Claude Debussy. (NPR)

A Grand Tradition, Bill Frisell Interview, Hope Come True, Portrait of Madame X, Gallery Talk - Watercolors, Conscious Choice Cinema


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Question: Leaders Indicted At Soldiers' Home Where At Least 76 People Died In COVID-19 Outbreak

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Former leaders at a state-run nursing home for veterans in Holyoke, Mass., are facing criminal neglect charges, after an investigation found their "substantial errors and failures" likely worsened a COVID-19 outbreak that killed at least 76 veterans earlier this year.  Bennett Walsh and David Clinton — who served as the superintendent and medical director, respectively, of the Soldiers' Home in Holyoke when a deadly COVID-19 outbreak struck in the spring – have been indicted on criminal neglect charges, state Attorney General Maura Healey announced on Friday. "Walsh and Clinton were responsible for the decision to combine 42 veterans – some COVID-positive, and others not even showing any symptoms of COVID – into a single unit that usually accommodates 25 beds," Healey said. The two made the fateful decision to combine two dementia units into one in late March. The plan called for putting six or seven veterans into rooms meant to house only four people. To deal with an overflow, nine additional beds were put into a dining room, just a few feet apart. Some of those veterans had symptoms for COVID-19, and others didn't, the attorney general said. She added that residents were allowed to mingle, regardless of their COVID-19 status. "To think about this now, knowing how contagious and deadly this virus is and continues to be, is most disturbing, and the alleged details are even worse," Healey said. Shortly after the dementia units were combined, the flow of dead bodies overwhelmed the home's morgue, forcing the facility to use a refrigerated truck for storage.  A grand jury indicted Walsh and Clinton Thursday afternoon on a total of 10 counts each. Both men face five counts of causing or permitting serious bodily injury, along with five counts of criminal neglect, the attorney general said.  Taken together, the criminal counts could result in Walsh and Clinton being sentenced to decades in prison if convicted. Each bodily injury count alone, for instance, carries a maximum potential punishment of 10 years in prison. The criminal charges are believed to be the first in the U.S. to target an operator of a nursing home during the COVID-19 pandemic, Healey said. Around the country, nursing and long-term care facilities have emerged as hotspots of coronavirus cases and deaths.  The move to consolidate the dementia units was tied to a staffing shortage as an outbreak ravaged the home's workers. The criminal charges come months after a state inquiry faulted the home's leaders for failing to adequately quarantine people who were showing COVID-19 symptoms. Gov. Charlie Baker has said the case is "nothing short of gut-wrenching." He promised reforms after an investigation found the leadership team made "substantial errors" that likely added to the death toll. "Indeed, some of the critical decisions made by Mr. Walsh and his leadership team during the final two weeks of March 2020 were utterly baffling from an infection-control perspective," the investigation's report stated, "and were inconsistent with the Home's mission to treat its veterans with honor and dignity." Crucially, the investigation said that the home's officials should have seized a chance to reorganize their dementia units — into one unit with veterans known or suspected of having COVID-19 and the other with veterans who showed no symptoms — instead of lumping all the veterans together. "In the past, a lawyer for Walsh has repeatedly called the state report inaccurate," member station WBUR's Miriam Wasser reports, "and charged that the governor is using his client as a scapegoat. Walsh's lawyer did not immediately respond to a request for comment today about the charge." In addition to at least 76 people who died, more than 160 other patients and staff were infected with the coronavirus. Early in the outbreak, the home's leaders were also accused of not informing local and state officials about the deaths in a timely manner. The home in Holyoke, about 90 miles west of Boston, was established in 1952 to provide services to veterans who live in Massachusetts. It offers a wide range of services, from outpatient procedures to long-term care and hospice. Its main nursing facility includes 247 beds; a separate dorm building has 30 full-time residents, according to the soldiers' home website.

Good morning (and our apologies for being late with this). Some of our early headlines: -- Judge Says Nidal Hasan Can Represent Himself In Fort Hood Trial -- Report: NSA Is Searching 'Vast Amounts' Of Americans' Emails -- 'Total Disgrace': Jackie Robinson Statue Defaced In Brooklyn -- 'New York Times' Is Not For Sale, Sulzberger Says -- Fannie Mae Books $10.1 Billion In Second-Quarter Profits -- 3 Winning Powerball Tickets Sold: 2 In N.J., 1 In Minnesota -- Burglars Return Loot To Group That Helps Sex Assault Victims -- Stars And Stripes: Pair Of Sumatran Tigers Born At National Zoo -- World-Record Snakehead Fish Caught In U.S. Other stories in the news: -- Wildfire In Southern California "Grows To 10,000 Acres; One Person Burned 'Head To Toe.' " (Los Angeles Times) -- 4 Killed, 4 Wounded In Dallas-area Shooting Rampage. (The Dallas Morning News) -- "Suspect's Vehicle In California Murder-abduction Case Seen In Oregon." (Reuters) -- Suicide Bomber In Quetta, Pakistan, Kills At Least 28. (BBC News)


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Question: Venezuela By The Numbers

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Gabriela Saade is a 27-year-old economist living in Caracas. Every day, she pores over data about her country: poverty rates, population movement, government revenue. Today on the show, she gives us three indicators that tell us about the crisis happening in her country. Music by Drop Electric. Find us: Twitter/ Facebook. Subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, PocketCasts and NPR One.

Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: Nobel Peace Prize Winner Wangari Matthai

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A discussion with Nobel Peace Prize-winning biologist Wangari Matthai. (pre-recorded)

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Stories: 1) Veteran Peacemakers O'Malley, Maharaj on Iraq 2) Nuala O'Faolain, Journalist and Author, Dead at 68


Question:
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E.g. "['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR.', 'After Low-Key Announcement, Hillary Clinton Heads To Iowa']" == "['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Hillary Clinton will hold her first campaign events in Iowa Tuesday since announcing her 2016 bid for the White House. What can we expect to see? Her aides say to think small.']" != "['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google\'s Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth\'s Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)']"

Question: Viking's Choice: Turntable Noise, Metallic Hardcore, Hobbitwave

You suddenly find yourself in a white room with no windows or doors. What adjectives describe how you feel? It's a personality test deployed by friends and psychologists alike as a way to think about death or the afterlife, should you believe in it. For years, my answers have typically been the same (peace, stillness, understanding), but lately, "mystery" is my lead response. In that hypothetical space, I'm drawn not so much what's outside those walls, but the creation capable within. Perhaps Maria Chávez feels the same way. The Peruvian-born, Brooklyn-based sound artist has made wind sculptures in Marfa and a "rain of applause" in Malmö, but is also a DJ and turntablist, reorienting familiar sounds in and from fractured grooves. After more than a decade of all this, her first full-length audio release is a high-concept objet d'art that crawls into the void of nothingness. The one-hour Plays Stefan Goldmann's Ghost Hemiola is sourced completely from a soundless double LP full of locked grooves made by German-Bulgarian DJ and electronic music composer Stefan Goldmann. Well, there is sound, but only the scratch of a needle on the vinyl itself. Or, as Goldmann encourages, "Pulling a knife or other tool to its grooves allows for cutting your literally uniquely own beats directly into the record." While some DJs have turned Ghost Hemiola into minimalist beats, Chávez digitally processes surface noise from the vinyl — the seeming, disquieting nothing — into floating saucers of sound, whooshes dubbed to space and scrapes skipped and panned around a room without beginning or end. (Needless to say, Plays is a headphone experience.) There are moments when the manipulated 1s and 0s sound like they're trying to escape analog terror, as if a 32kbps MP3 was pressed to vinyl and spit back out. The bursts come on quickly and suddenly, as if to puncture quietude from its stillness. On the absolutely absorbing Plays, Chávez tears silence from its myth. You can find this week's picks below, plus my updated playlist on Spotify and Apple Music. (Note: Some of these tracks can only be found on Bandcamp.)  Richard Youngs & Raül Refree, "Nil By Mind" Richard Youngs is in a perpetual state of moving on. Noise, post-punk, "foot guitar," techno, disco and pop music are all within the British experimentalist's grasp, yet consistently and constantly reworked. Beloved are his singer-songwriter records — 1998's Sapphie, 2009's Under Stellar Stream — for their idiosyncratic storytelling and sound sculptures. All Hands Around the Moment is a collaboration with the Barcelona-based Raül Refree, a musician in his own right, but also producer to everyone from Sonic Youth's Lee Ranaldo to Spanish pop superstar Rosalía. Never before have Youngs' pensive meditations been adorned so lushly and delicately.  Counterparts, "The Hands That Used to Hold Me" It appears I've got some catching up to do with Counterparts, a metallic hardcore band that pushes all of my Shai Hulud and Strongarm buttons: intricate guitar melodies, sweeping arrangements, unnecessarily overdramatic spoken word and rip-up-the-pit breakdowns.  Charles Curtis, "Unfinished Song" Cello music that slips through the ribbons of aurora borealis. This gorgeous piece from 1998 will be found on a three-disc anthology of the American cellist's work selected by Tashi Wada and Charles Curtis himself, featuring the compositions of Éliane Radigue, Morton Feldman, Olivier Messiaen and others.  DAWN, "Slim Thicc" DAWN thinks of her independent empire in eras, but the sinuous pathways of her shape-shifting pop music are all connected. After her love letter to New Orleans earlier this year, "Slim Thicc" and "Ay Papi" are pair of loosies linked together by DAWN's Haitian roots (and some killer dance moves). "Slim Thicc," in particular, burns smoothly with Trakgirl's island-party production.  Oakman, "Outer Space" A starry-night pop song with big feels, featuring the kind of acoustic guitar- and synth-driven sparkle that ends up soundtracking teen rom-coms. I'm a sucker for this stuff when done right and this Paramore-punk-turned-pop trio from Lyon, France nails it.  Bonnie Baxter, "Spirit Enema" Some real freaky-deaky, house-of-mirrors club music. Broken beats skitter across a digital lily pad of glow-stick noise, darkly funny found sound and a fine assortment of grunts, giggles and chirps.  Tuluum Shimmering, "Blue Water Sunray part 1" Glenn Donaldson (Skygreen Leopards, FWY!) called Jake Webster the "master of hobbitwave" and I can't stop giggling about it. Tuluum Shimmering's crunchy, hairy and pastoral music feels like a Jerry Garcia guitar solo jamming on a minimalist theme; here, he interpolates and transports Pharoah Sanders' transcendent "The Creator Has a Master Plan" onto some verdant, rolling hills.  Mamiffer, "So That the Heart May Be Known" In September, Faith Coloccia released Here Behold Your Own under the name Mára, an album of sketchbook hymns to her newborn son. Mamiffer, her ever-

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Stories: 1) The 'Big Fan' Team: Patton Oswalt, Robert Siegel 2) The Subhumans' Timeless Hardcore Punk


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Question: Irish Whiskey Maker Offers Shot To Make Your Own Blend

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Irish whiskey maker Bushmills is riding the St. Patrick's Day wave to get some free media by announcing a contest in which the winner will get to work alongside its master distiller to create a new blend. Reuters reports:  To win the job, prospective whiskeymakers ought to make surethey know the difference between Irish whiskey and its Scottishrival, beyond the fact that one is spelled with an "e" and theother is not, when they apply online at the Bushmills Facebookpage www.facebook.com/bushmills1608.   "If someone can prove to us that they have what it takes,then we'd be delighted to let them be the first person outsideof the distillery to work alongside me to create their ownspecial blend of Bushmills Irish Whiskey," said Egan.   The launch begins at 1608 GMT (12:08 pm ET) on Wednesday.  I didn't know that "e" thing about Irish whiskey versus Scottish whisky so I guess that rules me out.

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Good Friday morning, here are our early headlines: Kerry Warns North Korea, But Holds Out Hope For Diplomacy.  Dodgers' $147 Million Ace Greinke Breaks Collarbone In Brawl.  And here are more early headlines: Deadly Spring Storm Exits Midwest, Heads South. (AP) Authorities Intercept Suspicious Package Addressed To Controversial Arizona Sheriff. (Arizona Republic) Bankruptcy Judge Rejects $20 Million Severance For American Airlines CEO. (Dallas Morning News) NASDAQ Cuts Its CEO's Bonus Over Bungled Facebook IPO. (Reuters) Venezuelans To Vote On Sunday For Chavez Successor. (Bloomberg) Bailed Out Cyprus To Ask For Fresh Financial Help. (BBC) Early American Christian Hymnal Could Fetch $30 Million At Auction. (Christian Post) Seaweed Latte, Bacon Coffee Featured At National Barista Competition. (CBS) At Masters Tournament, 14-Year-Old Golfer Plays Beyond His Years. (ESPN)


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Question: It's ScuttleButton Time!

People invariably will tell me, just because you were not feeling particularly well one week doesn't mean you can simply unload an easy ScuttleButton puzzle on us in response. Answer:  not true.  I can. Sometimes the puzzles are easy, sometimes they're difficult.  There's no rhyme or reason.  Look, presidents do the same thing.  The first President Bush picked David Souter for the Supreme Court and he was confirmed by a relatively easy margin of 90-9.  Then he picked Clarence Thomas, and that was much tougher: 52-48. ScuttleButton is the same way. Plus, you have to know how to play. Every Friday on this blog,  there are  buttons displayed vertically. Simply take one word (or  concept) per  button, add 'em up, and, hopefully, you will arrive at a  famous name or  a familiar expression. (And seriously, by  familiar, I  mean it's something that more than one person on Earth would   recognize.) And don't focus on a political answer. It doesn't   necessarily have to be political, though it could be. A correct   answer chosen at random gets his or her name in this column. Personally,   I can't imagine a greater honor. You can't use the comments box   at the bottom of the page for your answer. Send submission (plus your   name and city/state -- you won't win without that) to politicaljunkie@npr.org. Click   here for the answer to last week's puzzle. And, by adding your name to the Political   Junkie mailing list, you will be the first on your block to receive   notice when a new puzzle goes up on the blog. Sign up at politicaljunkie@npr.org.   Or you can make sure to get an automatic RSS feed whenever a new Junkie   post goes up by clicking here. Good   luck, and happy Friday! P.S. I usually reveal the answer -- and   announce the winner -- in this space on Tuesdays. So you should get  your  answer in by then.

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Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: It's a Bird! It's A Plane! It's Amazon!; The Holy Doorman; Father Stealthmas.


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Question: House Speaker Paul Ryan Reveals GOP Health Care Plan

House Speaker Paul Ryan unveiled the health care component of congressional Republicans' policy agenda Wednesday, a long-awaited alternative to the Affordable Care Act.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: For Brisket Aficionados, Austin's Franklin BBQ Is A Must in Texas

You can't go to Texas without trying the barbecue. Franklin BBQ is one of the most famous barbecue spots in Austin, where the typical wait in line can last five hours and seems to never die down.

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Stories: 1) John Waters: A Bad Influence Picks His 'Role Models' 2) Summer Titles That Will Transport You Into The Past 3) Elizabeth Cook: Transcending A Cult Career


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Question: Friday News Roundup - Domestic

It’s been a week with a high Russian character count. 1A considers “nothing burgers,” an iceberg the size of Delaware and whether Venus Williams can reign supreme again at Wimbledon. A panel of journalists joins Joshua Johnson to talk about the week’s top national news stories. GUESTS Stephen Dinan, Political editor, The Washington Times Amy Walter, National editor, Cook Political Report; @amyewalter Fernando Pizarro, Washington correspondent, Univision For more, visit http://the1a.org. © 2017 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.


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Question: Filmically Perfect   "CREEP SHOW" 1982

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Five jolting tales of horror from the cryptkeepr! (illustrated by Jack Davis)

Interview with DAVID CALOF cont'd.Floating :30 I.D 12:35 and 12:45]


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Question: Tiny Costa Rica Is A World Cup Surprise — Even To Its Own Fans

Costa Rica entered into the World Cup an underdog, but the team has emerged from group play having beaten three former World Cup winners. Costa Rican fan Ericka Mora speaks with Melissa Block from San Jose about the excitement in the country's capital.

It's Friday, and here are some of the stories we're watching: Egypt's 'Smooth Military Coup' Protested. Last Suspect In 1995 Sarin Attack Arrested In Tokyo. Forest Boy Is A Hoax, Police Say. Prosecutors Rest Their Case In Sandusky Sex Assaults Trial. (Philadelphia Inquirer) Britain Proposes Expanding Individual Data Tracking, Critics Slam Its Intrusiveness. (Telegraph) Democracy Activist Aung San Suu Kyi Falls Ill Briefly, Resumes European Tour. (Reuters) Spain's Debt Rises Sharply In The First Quarter, Up 30 Percentage Points Since 2008. (Wall Street Journal) International Criminal Court Swears In Gambian Lawyer As Top Prosecutor, First Woman To Hold Position. (CNN) China To Launch First Female Astronaut Into Space Tomorrow. (AP) Tropical Storm Carlotta Poised To Become Hurricane Off Mexico's Pacific Coast. (AP) In Sports: Tiger Tied For Second, Miami Ties Up NBA Finals.


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Question: A Tennessee Williams Poem, Lost No More

An unpublished poem from playwright Tennessee Williams has been discovered in some of his college papers. We speak with a professor about the content of "Blue Song," the poem possibly written during a test. Guest: Henry Schvey, chair of the Performing Arts Department at Washington University in St. Louis

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Stories: 1) Primary Colors, Brighter than Usual? 2) Adrian Tomine, Drawing Delicately from Life 3) Believe It or Not, 'Lost' Returns for a New Season


Question: The Campaign To Wipe Out Polio Was Going Really Well ... Until It Wasn't

The multibillion-dollar global effort to eradicate polio hasn't just stalled. It's moving backward. When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began in 1988, roughly 350,000 kids a year were paralyzed by the virus. By 2016 that number had been driven down to 42 cases of any type of polio anywhere in the world. But now cases are on the rise and expected to climb even further in the coming months. So far this year officials have tallied more than 200 cases of wild polio and nearly 600 cases of the vaccine-derived form of the disease. Most of the vaccine-derived strains of polio are in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but now these rogue strains of polio are also turning up across much of sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Malaysia and the Philippines. Vaccine-derived polio is caused by remnants of earlier versions of the live virus used in the oral polio vaccine. The vaccine can be shed through feces. In places with poor sanitation, the vaccine can be spread through wastewater. Over time, the virus from the oral vaccine can replicate, regain strength and become just as virulent as the original virus against which it's supposed to protect. And worst of all most kids born after 2016 have no immunity to the most prominent vaccine-derived polio strain because that strain was thought to be on the verge of elimination and is no longer included in the primary oral vaccine they would have received. What's more, millions of children have not received vaccines because of conflict and lack of access in Taliban-controlled areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan plus pandemic lockdowns.  "2020 has been a terrible year and will continue to be a terrible year," says Michel Zaffran, head of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative at the World Health Organization in Geneva. The pandemic is part of the problem. In March, WHO ordered a pause to all polio eradication campaigns to make sure vaccinators going door to door weren't unwittingly contributing to the spread of COVID-19. That order was lifted over the summer, but "as a result, 30 to 40 countries have not conducted mass immunization campaigns," Zaffran says. "During that period, up to 80 million children have been left unprotected against polio." The fear is that with so many children now susceptible to polio, outbreaks could erupt, particularly in areas with poor sanitation where the virus can thrive. And then there's the role the Taliban have played in stymieing vaccination efforts. "For the last 28 months, there was a ban on polio activity in the southern provinces controlled by Taliban," says Mohammedi Mohammed, head of immunization for UNICEF in Afghanistan. "Twenty-eight months! It's enormous," he says of the amount of time that vaccinators have been barred by the Taliban from doing door-to-door polio vaccination drives. "If we continue like this, soon we will have three years of children that were born but not vaccinated. So we are building up the susceptibles for a mega-outbreak." And there's no sign that the Taliban are going to lift the ban. Cases are rising so dramatically in Afghanistan and Pakistan that WHO has authorized the reintroduction of a trivalent oral polio vaccine that was pulled from circulation — with a lot of fanfare — in 2016. The trivalent oral polio vaccine is also known as the "Sabin vaccine," for its developer, Albert Sabin. The Sabin vaccine contains live, weakened virus particles from the three strains of polio, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. It's easy to administer — just two drops in a child's mouth. It's the original workhorse of the global polio eradication campaign and allowed health workers to wipe out the disease in many parts of the world in the second half of the 20th century. But by 2016 the Sabin vaccine appeared to have outlived its usefulness. Wild forms of Type 2 and Type 3 polio were no longer found in nature. What's more, the Type 2 portion of the vaccine is the source of most of the new "vaccine-derived" strains of the virus now causing more paralysis than the original wild forms of polio. So in April 2016 the Sabin vaccine was set to be pulled out of circulation by every country in the world at the same time. The elaborate process was called "The Switch." According to this new strategy, oral vaccines without Type 2 would still be administered in some countries – carrying out mass vaccination campaigns in which every kid has to get a shot is far more complicated than just putting two drops of the Sabin vaccine in a child's mouth. Overall, however, low-income countries would be encouraged to start immunizing children with the injectable form of the vaccine. The injectable is known as the "Salk vaccine" for its developer, Jonas Salk. This is what's used in the United States and other wealthy nations. It protects against all three types of polio. It does not contain live virus and thus does not pose a threat of creating vaccine-derived strains of disease. But immediately after The Switch there was a global shortage of the injectable version.  Regar

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Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: Michael Oren - Power, Faith and Fantasy: History of the US in the Middle East

Michael Oren's Power, Faith, and Fantasy explores the history of America's political, military, and intellectual involvement in the Middle East from George Washington to George W. Bush.

For well over two centuries, American statesmen, merchants, and missionaries, both men and women, have had a profound impact on the shaping of this crucial region. Drawing on government documents and personal letters, featuring original maps and over 60 photographs, this book reconstructs the diverse and remarkable ways in which Americans have interacted with this alluring yet often hostile land stretching from Morocco to Iran, from the Persian Gulf to the Bosporus. Covering over 230 years of history, Oren's latest is an indispensable work for anyone interested in understanding the roots of America's Middle East involvement today.

Oren is a Senior Fellow at the Shalem Center; a visiting professor at Harvard and Yale Universities; and the author of the best-selling Six Days of War. Oren lives in Jerusalem.

Visit us at www.wgbh.org/forum to explore our entire collection of lectures.

On today's show we look into the Christian Zionist movement, made up of evangelical Christians who see the rebirth of Israel as a prelude to the second coming of Christ. Journalist Gershom Gorenberg is former associate editor and columnist for The Jerusalem Report.  He is the author of the book, The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.  His new book is The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977


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Question: Memo To The Rest of You...

In the latest political love poem from the national media to Arnold Schwarzenegger, the new edition of Esquire magazine proclaims that the governor is leading the nation into a ¿new kind of politics.¿

The March cover story, ¿The President of 12% of Us,¿ takes a quick tour of recent political goings-on in California en route to [...]

Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert weren't the only funny ones at The Rally  to Restore Sanity and/or Fear on the National Mall Saturday. Here are  some of the signs we spotted throughout the day. God Hates Snuggies I Was Told There'd Be Cookies. We Have Nothing To Fear But Fear Itself, And Spiders. Kitlers Against Hitler Analogies Government Doesn't Suck Real Patriots Drink Whiskey Don't Tread On Anyone That's No Moon Hyperbole Or Instant Death Slogans Are Crap I Stand 4 Good Posture I'm A Veteran. I'm An American. I Am Muslim. I Support The Right To Arm Bears Calm The F*** Down America Fear Is Illogical Just Stop Bickering And Clean This Mess Up THIS FONT IS BIG Going Out Of Business Everything 70-80 Percent Off I Am Moderately Excited For This Stand On The Right, Walk On The Left You Don't Have To Be Nice, Just Don't Be Mean Libraries Are Socialist Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet I thought Neil Young was going to be playing 1 Percent Sane, 98 Percent American, You Do The Math! Olivia Munn Fan (No ...  Really ...) Fear Gives Me A Boehner My Wife Is A Muslim And Not A Terrorist, But I'm Scared Of Her Anyway Abide CAPSLOCK IS NOT PERSUASIVE Festivas For The Rest Of Us I Heart Beck's Album Mellow Gold It Was His Best In My Opinion Senate Math 41 > 59 Yelling Rarely Works ... I Know, I'm A Mom! Don't Stomp On My Head, Bro


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Question: Digital Surveillance Efforts Continue

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Law-enforcement attempts to monitor cell phone use and other digital information continue. In one recent case, police tried to get a cell phone user's billing information without a warrant. A court said the information would improperly give police the ability to locate the cell phone user.

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Lethal Injection Hearings Continue. Violent Crime Wave Sweeps Tijuana. End Music.


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Question: Soft Power Discussed At The ICD

Experts from academia, politics and the private sector meet in Berlin for the annual International Symposium on Cultural Diplomacy. This year's focus is the role of soft power in regards to the global environment. Harvard Professor Joseph Nye was in attendance at the conference.  Nye teaches at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Nye introduced the subject of soft power by video at the Amerika Haus. "Look at the inaugural statement that president Obama made. He said that our power comes not simply from our military might, but from our values. That's a good example of soft power," Nye said.  Such theoretical and practical approaches of soft power and cultural diplomacy are being discussed in different locations around Berlin. At the German Foreign Office, Dr. Gunter Pleuger, former German Ambassador to the United Nations, spoke about the use of soft power in German foreign policy.  "terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, lack of development, failing states with large amounts of refugees, hunger all these problems cannot be solved by hard power. They can only be solved by an agreement of the international community on what to do," Pleuger said.  The week long event, organized by the Institute of Cultural Diplomacy, aims to build an international network. Participants come from different fields and levels of experience.  Twenty-year old student Andrew Chapman from the Cambridge Union Society says he'd like to hear about how inter-cultural can be conducted with soft power.  "It's a much more subtle point then it's often made out to be," Chapman says.  The day-time lectures and discussions are being complimented by evening concerts of jazz and traditional African music.

Stories: 1) The Fascinating World Of The Dung Beetle 2) Westbound Records: The Sounds Of Detroit


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Question: Cross Border Migration into Mexico

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Much of the public discourse about immigration centers on movement into the United States across the Mexican border. Today, we discuss migrants who cross into Mexico through its southern border with Guatemala.

Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Israel Heads To The Moon

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A spacecraft named Beresheet is set to be Israel's first spacecraft to land on the moon. It came about because Israeli scientists lost a contest — but continued with the work anyway.


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Question: Undercover Restaurant Critic May Be Unmasked

A restaurant critic for the Philadelphia Inquirer is facing a lawsuit that could reveal his identity to the public and potentially end his career. Ruth Reichl, editor-in-chief of Gourmet magazine, discusses why it is important for food critics to maintain their anonymity. Ruth Reichl, editor in chief, Gourmet magazine; author, Garlic and Sapphires: The Secret Life of a Critic in Disguise REBECCA ROBERTS, host:  Wigs, costumes and credit cards under assumed names - these may sound like the tools of a secret agent, but it's all in a day's work for a restaurant critic.  Now, Philadelphia Inquirer critic, Craig LaBan, is facing a lawsuit over a bad review, and it could reveal his identity to the public and perhaps end his career as a restaurant critic.  Ruth Reichl knows just how important anonymity is to a restaurant critic. She is editor-in-chief of Gourmet magazine and former restaurant critic at The New York Times. She joins us from her office in New York City. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION.  Ms. RUTH REICHL (Editor-in-chief, Gourmet Magazine; Author, "Garlic and Sapphires: The Secret Life of a Critic in Disguise"): Good morning. Hello.  ROBERTS: So, how serious do you think the threat is it to unmasking a restaurant critic? Does it really hamper your ability to do your job?  Ms. REICHL: Oh, absolutely. And, you know, when you're a restaurant critic, you're really trying to tell people what's going to happen to them, not what happens to someone who has enormous economic clout. And once you get recognized, the red carpet gets rolled out, and suddenly you are getting food that nobody else can get, and that's not what you want to happen to your readers. I mean, you really want to be able to say, you know, this is what your experience is going to be like, so it's very important to be anonymous.  ROBERTS: You went through pretty extraordinary lengths to remain so, I mean, pretty complicated costumes and wigs and girdles.  Ms. REICHL: Yeah. I went to an acting coach. I really - I got the back story for each of my characters. And I really tried to become that person because I didn't want to be unmasked. There's something a little frightening about being - sitting in a restaurant and having someone come up and say, aha, I know who you are.  ROBERTS: Yeah. Or, Ruth, I haven't seen you since high school.  Ms. REICHL: Exactly.  ROBERTS: So when you took on these different characters, and I recall from your book, one was sort of a frumpy older woman, there - they had very distinct personalities. Did you find that some got better service or better food than others?  Ms. REICHL: Oh, absolutely. Now, Betty, my frumpy old lady, got terrible service.  ROBERTS: Really?  Ms. REICHL: Yes. Chloe, the blonde, got very good service. And Brenda, who was just a lovely person, a free spirit who smiled at everyone, got the best service of all.  ROBERTS: Hmm.  Ms. REICHL: And then there was Emily who was a real meanie. And everybody hated Emily. And they - you know, I always had the feeling that they were going back behind the closed doors and spitting in her soup because she was so mean.  (Soundbite of laughter)  ROBERTS: My guest is Ruth Reichl, editor-in-chief of Gourmet magazine.  If you're a restaurant review fan, if you make your choices based on what reviewers have to say, give us a call, 800-989-TALK, that's 800-989-8255. Or send us e-mail, talk@npr.org.  You know, this suit going on in Philadelphia, this was - there's a restaurant review where Craig LaBan, the Philadelphia Inquirer critic, called a steak - he said it was a strip steak and said it was, I think, tough and fatty, or something equally unflattering. And he's being sued not because what he said was unflattering, because that's protected under the First Amendment, but they're now saying it wasn't a strip steak, that it was a rib-eye. And is this just a target of someone who has some power and the ability to change the business model of a restaurant by what he or she writes or what do you think is going on there?  Ms. REICHL: Well, I think it's two things. One, I have to say, that, when I was restaurant critic, I lived in terror of making that kind of mistake. Of, you know, calling a turnip a rutabaga. And I would go over and over obsessively -am I sure? Was it really a strip steak? Was it turnip? Is the tablecloth pink? Because you really don't want anyone to be able to say that you've made that kind of mistake.  But secondly, it is true that restaurant critics have an extraordinary amount of power. And in the end, you're really just one person. And, you know, what's going - what you're talking about is what's going on in your mouth. And it's very private. And none of us knows if what you taste is the same thing that I taste. And, you know, it's important for people to remember that these are very subjective criticism.  So, you know, all a restaurant can really do is catch you out in some mistake of fact.  ROBERTS: But why bother? I mean, why bother going through a

Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: Assad Names New Prime Minister, Fighting Continues In Aleppo. Done In a Day: China Wraps Up Murder Trial Of Once-Prominent Politician's Wife. Gunmen Attack Egyptian Police Station In Sinai; Follows Militant Attack On Egyptian Border Post. (UPI) George Zimmerman To Seek New 'Stand Your Ground' Hearing In Case Of Shooting Of Treyvon Martin. (Central Florida News) Home Foreclosures Fell In July, But More Homes Started The Foreclosure Process. (Philadelphia Inquirer) U.S. Assists In Agent Orange Cleanup Project In Vietnam. (Reuters) Russia's Prime Minister To Publically Blame Officials Responsible For Failed Satellite Launch. (RIA Novosti) Sick American Rescued From Antarctica Research Station, Flown To New Zealand. (ABC) Homeless Miami Man Describes Cannibalistic Attack That Destroyed Parts Of His Face. (Miami Herald) Oscar Pistorious, South African 'Blade Runner', Denied Chance To Run In Olympic Relay. (BBC)


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Question: Heparin Victims' Relatives Urge Drug-Safety Reform

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Lawmakers investigating drug safety heard for the first time Tuesday from family members of patients killed by the tainted blood-thinner Heparin. Meantime, the drug maker Baxter International said the contamination appeared to be deliberate.  On Capitol Hill, families urged members of a House Energy and Commerce subcommittee to do more to protect the nation's drug supply. The Food and Drug Administration has linked at least 81 deaths and hundreds of severe reactions to the blood-thinner that contained contaminated ingredients imported from China.  Baxter Chairman Robert Parkinson testified that the contamination was intentional STEVE INSKEEP, host:  Families of patients killed by the tainted blood thinner Heparin testified before Congress yesterday. An FDA official said the agency needs more resources to improve drug manufacturing inspections, as NPR's Debbie Eliot reports.  DEBBIE ELIOT: Families urged members of the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee to do more to protect the nation's drug supply. Joanna Marie Staples lost her husband, Dennis, after he received contaminated Heparin during a dialysis treatment in Toledo.  Ms. JOANNA MARIE STAPLES: In this land of freedom and opportunity we've come to expect to be protected and safe. It's overwhelming to discover that there are circumstances beyond our control from which we are not sheltered. We have a false empty sense of security and we are neither safe from harm nor catastrophe.  ELIOT: The Food and Drug Administration has linked at least 81 deaths and hundreds of severe reactions to the blood thinner manufactured by Baxter International from tainted ingredients imported from China. Baxter chairman Robert Parkinson testified the contamination was intentional.  Mr. ROBERT PARKINSON (Baxter International): We're alarmed that one of our products was used in what appears to have been a deliberate scheme to adulterate a life-saving medication, and that people have suffered as a result. We deeply regret that this has happened, and I feel a strong sense of personal responsibility for these circumstances.  ELIOT: Parkinson said the complexity of the global drug supply chain calls for new drug safety standards.  Debbie Eliot, NPR News, the Capitol.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Acting FBI Boss To Take Comey's Place At Senate Intel Hearing. -- Workers Take Jefferson Davis Statue Off Its Pedestal In New Orleans. -- Ex-Massey Energy CEO Completes 1-Year Federal Criminal Sentence. -- Dissident Rebels In Colombia Ignore Peace Treaty And Continue Extortion. And here are more early headlines: Tillerson Joins Arctic Nations Officials Meeting In Alaska. (AP) Montana Glaciers Shrinking At Tremendous Rate. (USGS) Venzuelan Protesters Fling Feces At Government Forces. (Washington Post) Energy Department To Study Tunnel Cave-In At Nuclear Waste Site. (NBC) VA Chief Says More Time Needed To End Veteran Homelessness. (AP) Boeing Halts New Plane Delivery To Test Potential Engine Problem. (Seattle Times)


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Question: Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years For Leaks

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A military judge sentenced the former Army intelligence analyst to 35 years in prison for providing classified war documents and diplomatic cables to WikiLeaks.

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- New Reports Of Chemical Weapons In Syria; Dozens May Be Dead. -- School Clerk In Georgia Persuaded Gunman To Lay Down Weapons. -- Kodak Reinvents Itself, Judge Approves Bankruptcy Exit. -- Book News: Barnes & Noble Founder Pulls Plug On Buyback Plan. Other news: -- "New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach." (The Wall Street Journal) -- "Marian McPartland, 'Piano Jazz' Host, Has Died." (The Record) -- Army Pfc. Bradley Manning To Be Sentenced For Leaking "Reams Of Classified Information." (The Associated Press) -- "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Appears At Risk Of Falling Apart." (The Washington Post) -- U.S. Soldier Who Killed 16 Afghan Civilians Faces Angry Villagers At Sentencing Hearing. (The Associated Press) -- Family Of James DiMaggio Requests DNA Samples From Family Of Hannah Anderson. (CNN.com)


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Question: Italy's Ambassador To The U.S. On Coronavirus, Trump Travel Ban

NPR's Noel King talks to Italy's ambassador to the U.S. Armando Varricchio about the country's response to the coronavirus outbreak, and President Trump's restrictions on travel from Europe.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- McCain Takes Swipe At President For Vietnam 'Bone Spur' Deferment. -- Director James Toubek Accused Of Harassment By Dozens Of Women. -- AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka Wins A Third 4-Year Term. -- Digging In The Mud To See What Toxic Substances Were Spread By Hurricane Harvey. -- David Letterman Honored With Twain Award For American Comedy.  And here are more early headlines: Schumer Seeks "CEO" For Disaster Recovery In Puerto Rico. (The Hill) Sgt. Bergdahl's Sentencing Hearing Opens Today. (CNN) Vietnam Veteran Who Saved Dozens To Receive Medal Of Honor. (ABC) Catalan Officials To Resist Spanish Government Takeover. (BBC) After Criticism, W.H.O. Rescinds Zimbabwe Leader's Appointment. (Washington Post) Philippines Says Assault On Marawi Militants Is Over. (Reuters) India's Government Tells Myanmar To Take Back Rohingyas. (AP)


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Question: Russian Prime Minister

NPR''s Andy Bowers reports that many obstacles face Russia''s new prime minister Sergei Kiriyenko.

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Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Somebody's Waterloo, Joystick Justice, and Gay Times In New York.


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Question: Pop Culture Drives Desire for Nose Jobs in Iraq

Deborah Amos reports on the new craze in Iraq: plastic surgery.  Well-off Iraqis are seeing Western-style pop music videos featuring thin women with small noses and deciding to go under the knife.

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Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Women Get First Full Memberships At Tokyo 2020 Golf Course

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For example, ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Israel submitted its formal response last month to a U.N.-commissioned probe that accused both Israel and Hamas of war crimes during last winter\'s war in the Gaza Strip. Israel defended its conduct and pledged to fully investigate the U.N. allegations, but stopped short of a U.N. demand to appoint an independent commission to probe its army\'s conduct. The U.N. must now decide how to proceed. But Israel is focusing on the broader international opinion of the Jewish state. "Public perception today in the global economy and in the world as it is today is not less strategic than having any other military strategic weapon. Public perception is almost as important as existence," says Lior Chorev, one of Israel\'s top public relations experts. The Punch Line There is a common joke that, some say, reflects Israel\'s global image abroad. But this time, it is an Israeli official delivering it.  Three Israelis arrive at the Charles de Gaulle Airport in France. They approach the immigration officer. He asks them, "Nationality?" They say, "Israeli." He then turns to them and says, "Occupation?" They look at each other and say, "No thank you. We\'re only here for three days." Ido Aharoni is head of the brand management division at the Israeli Foreign Ministry. It\'s his job to generate an image of Israel that doesn\'t include words like "occupation" or "conflict." At a session of the Herzliya Conference, a yearly gathering of Israel\'s top brass on security and economic issues, Aharoni\'s talk on Israel\'s image abroad drew hundreds.  There is a timeliness to the session: Israel had just submitted to the U.N. its defense of last year\'s offensive in Gaza, which was heavily criticized in the so-called Goldstone Report. Both Israel and Hamas have rejected the report\'s findings that they had each committed war crimes during the 22-day conflict and should form independent committees of inquiries into their actions. \'Goldstone Effect\' But Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has warned of the "Goldstone effect," whereby the U.N.\'s report creates a ripple that furthers negative images of Israel. There has been debate over how Israel handled the Goldstone report. The government initially refused to cooperate with the probe at all, Chorev says. "I think that the Goldstone report has managed to create an atmosphere because Israel kept silent," Chorev says. "Israel did not play the PR power game with the Goldstone report. Israel chose to play the game of an absentee. We discredited the Goldstone report too late. We weren\'t there to give our side of the story. We did not produce our own theme, and we became apologetic. Everybody who deals with public perception understands that being apologetic is being mostly on the losing side." Is Twitter The Answer? There are conflicting views on what Israel should do now.  Noam Lemelshtrich, dean of communications at IDC Herzliya, the university that hosted the conference, says Israel should be using new media  — such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube —  to get its message across to a wider audience.  "I think we are handling this very, very poorly," Lemelshtrich says. "It\'s not being handled by professionals, it\'s being handled by politicians. But fortunately, the Internet and social networks allow the people of Israel, who are much better than their government, to tell their stories to friendly crowds across the world in the United States and in Europe. So I am optimistic, because the new social medium allows us to bypass the government." But others, including public relations expert Eyal Arad, think the message should be an organized, united voice led by seasoned experts. "What we need is to start a political campaign, the way we campaign in elections — a global political campaign," Arad says. "It\'s going to be tough. It\'s going to be expensive. It needs leadership that can take choices — that can make choices and enforce choices. It needs discipline." And with newfound support and funds, Arad says Israel is poised to tackle Goldstone on a global level. "Our main problem in the world today has become a legitimacy problem," Arad says. "It\'s not that people do not think that our policies are right. It\'s that people that question whether we should exist or continue to exist in the first place. We are more and more becoming the South Africa of the 21st century." For now, the U.N. has deferred its decision on Goldstone. But in Israel, public relations firms aren\'t wasting any time. They\'re already planning a new campaign, aimed at future offensives. They\'re calling it "pre-emptive PR."'] should be similar to ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Seeking A Kinder, Gentler Image For Israel']

Under pressure to change its policies or lose the right to host golf at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics, an exclusive golf club has now accepted three women as full members, breaking with decades of gender discrimination. Founded in 1929, the private Kasumigaseki Country Club was picked to host the men's and women's Olympic tournaments. But the International Olympic Committee reiterated last year that if the club wanted to host the Olympics, it would have to change. Women have been allowed to play the club's two 18-hole courses – but never on Sunday, and not as full members. The club voted to change its membership rules last year. The golf club is in Saitama prefecture, northwest of downtown Tokyo. Its membership policies were put in the spotlight in January of 2017, when Tokyo Gov. Yuriko Koike said, "I feel very uncomfortable about women not being able to become a regular member in this era." Shaded by large pine trees, the lush course is dotted with dogwoods and hydrangeas. It's where President Trump played with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe when he visited Japan in November. And it's been gearing up for the Olympics, including a course redesign by Tom and Logan Fazio in 2016. The club's general manager, Hiroshi Imaizumi, says it previously had two female full members – but that was around four decades ago, reports The Japan Times. Ending the ban, he said, "is the trend of the time." "It always understood it would have to be gender equal," IOC Vice President John Coates said of Kasumigaseki in early 2017. But Coates also said time was running out for the club's members to adapt. Despite the public pressure, the Tokyo-area club has largely avoided the outcry that hit Scotland's historic Muirfield golf club – which was tossed from the British Open's rotation of venues in 2016, after its members voted to preserve its 270-year-old ban on women becoming members. The club lifted the ban in 2017, after a second vote. Like many prestigious courses, Kasumigaseki has a strict dress code. For much of the year, a blazer or jacket must be worn at the time of arrival, for instance. There are also standards for covering the legs. "Miniskirts, hot pants, tights, and leggings are not allowed for women," the club's rules state. "Golf skirts and culottes should be no shorter than 5 centimeters above the knee." Both men and women can wear shorts – provided they end above the knee and are not too short. Only women can wear sleeveless shirts. Anyone who pops their shirt collar up out on the course must know that "the collar should be turned down in the clubhouse," the rules state.

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Good Friday morning, here are our early headlines: Kerry Warns North Korea, But Holds Out Hope For Diplomacy.  Dodgers' $147 Million Ace Greinke Breaks Collarbone In Brawl.  And here are more early headlines: Deadly Spring Storm Exits Midwest, Heads South. (AP) Authorities Intercept Suspicious Package Addressed To Controversial Arizona Sheriff. (Arizona Republic) Bankruptcy Judge Rejects $20 Million Severance For American Airlines CEO. (Dallas Morning News) NASDAQ Cuts Its CEO's Bonus Over Bungled Facebook IPO. (Reuters) Venezuelans To Vote On Sunday For Chavez Successor. (Bloomberg) Bailed Out Cyprus To Ask For Fresh Financial Help. (BBC) Early American Christian Hymnal Could Fetch $30 Million At Auction. (Christian Post) Seaweed Latte, Bacon Coffee Featured At National Barista Competition. (CBS) At Masters Tournament, 14-Year-Old Golfer Plays Beyond His Years. (ESPN)


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Question: Women's Media Center

Women's Media Center -- Forum discusses the formation of a new women's media center and radio network. (pre-recorded)

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...A Beautiful Picture of Health, Airport Probes, Ladies Night and Day


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Question: Cuba's Fidel Castro Meets U.S. Lawmakers

Three Democratic members of Congress had a rare meeting in Cuba on Tuesday with former Cuban leader Fidel Castro — his first known encounter with U.S. officials since he fell ill in 2006. And they came away convinced that the Cuban government wants to end a half-century of hostile relations with the U.S.

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News Headlines: Feb. 19, 2007Talk About It:Miami Herald: Castro's Stepping Down May Mean Economic Change -- "Although Raul has been ruling Cuba for the 19 months that Castro has been ailing, Cuba watchers say he's had his hands tied with the looming presence of his brother. And with Tuesday's announcement that Cuba's 81-year-old leader was stepping down after nearly 50 years in office, Raul could use the opportunity to enact economic reforms that Cubans so desperately crave." Plus: Who Is Raul Castro?More: Candidates to Cuba: Release Prisoners What will Castro's resignation mean for Cuba's future? What impact, if any, will a freer Cuba have on neighboring Haiti? Election 2008:New York Times: Democrats Make Populist Appeals Before Contests Boston Globe: Clinton's Struggle Vexes Feminists Washington Post: Obama Wave Stuns Clinton's Black Supporters Nation:Baltimore Sun: A Moving Exhibition of Black History AP: Beef Industry, Animal Rights Groups Duel The AJC: NCAA Encourages A.D.s to Widen Coaching Searches L.A. Times: Supreme Court Rejects Wiretap Suit World:AFP: Bush Leaves Rwanda for Ghana Chicago Tribune: Musharraf Foes Celebrate in Pakistan New York Times: Rice, in Nairobi, Offers Incentives to End Violence


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Question: DR. PAUL MAYEWSKI, chief scientist with the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2

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1: DR. PAUL MAYEWSKI, chief scientist with the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2. The project archives tubes of ice extracted from Greenland which chronicle 250,000 years of the earth's atmosphere, and changes in the climate.  From the ice, scientists can pinpoint the start of the industrial revolution, or the end of the ice age. Scientists hope, by looking at the ice, they can better understand rapid changes in the earth's climate. (REBROADCAST from 9/9/93) INT. 2: Children's book illustrator TED LEWIN (LOO-in). Lewin paid his way through art school in the 50's as a professional wrestler. His new memoir, "I Was a Teenage Professional Wrestler," (Orchard Books) includes Lewin's paintings of wrestlers. (REBROADCAST from 8/17/93).

A new study says glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula have been melting over the past 50 years, and that retreat has accelerated in the past five years. We look at the severity of climate change from the Antarctic to the Arctic, examine climate data, and find out how climate scientists respond to skeptics.   Guests:   Elizabeth Kolbert, political correspondent, The New Yorker     Michael E. Mann, professor, Department of Environmental Sciences,  University of Virginia  David Vaughan, principal investigator, Glacial Retreat in Antarctica and Deglaciation of the Earth System, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom


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Question: Marcos McPeek Villatoro: Baseball Memories

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Day to Day commentator Marcos McPeek Villatoro offers his personal reflections on the game of baseball, from his days as a nervous fifth-grade outfielder to his recent experience as a fan at a Los Angeles Dodgers game.

Stories: 1) Crucial Moments, Courageous Decisions 2) Lafayette Gilchrist: '3'


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Question: Letters from Listeners

Host Fred Child opens up the Performance Today mail bag to read some recent epistles from listeners.

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Wedding Announcements from Kasper Hauser's upcoming book Weddings of the Times.


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Question: Dangerous Smoke Plumes

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NPR's John Nielsen reports on some of the dangers associated with the smoke plumes caused by wildfires.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.