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Question: Commander Sworn In As First Member Of New Space Force

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The first newly created branch of the U.S. armed forces in more than seven decades now has its first official member.   Air Force Gen. John "Jay" Raymond was sworn in Tuesday as chief of Space Operations. It's the top post in what since late last month is the Pentagon's seventh military branch, the United States Space Force. With one hand placed on a Bible whose "official" blessing on Sunday sparked sharp criticism, Raymond was sworn in by Vice President Pence at the vice president's ceremonial office. "It is President Trump's belief that the United States must remain as dominant in space as we are on land and sea and the air," Pence told Raymond before administering the oath. "And your charge is to see to that mission with the United States Space Force." The 4-star general, who already wears two other hats as commander of both the Air Force Space Command and the U.S. Space Command, donned his additional new hat with evident enthusiasm. "Mr. Vice President, we have our marching orders and we are moving out," Raymond told Pence. "We do not want a conflict to begin or extend into space, we want to deter that conflict from happening. The best way I know how to do that is to do so from a position of strength." But at the moment, there are no Space Force troops to command. Most of the 16,000 officers, airmen and civilians who Pentagon officials expect to comprise the new service branch in the next few months would likely be Air Force personnel drawn from the U.S. Space Command, which is to be the Space Force's operational component.  Congress provided $40 million in the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act for initially standing up the Space Force, which is to operate under the umbrella of the U.S. Air Force, much as the U.S. Marines are part of the Department of the Navy.  Raymond, who will be a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was appointed by President Trump under NDAA guidelines allowing the Space Force commander to serve for the first year without Senate confirmation.  The 58-year-old career Air Force officer has been an outspoken advocate for creating a military branch focused on outer space.  "The scope, scale and complexity of the threat to our space capabilities is real and it's concerning," Raymond told reporters in August. "We no longer have the luxury of operating in a peaceful, benign domain, and we no longer have the luxury of treating space superiority as a given." At the Joint Base Andrews ceremony in December where he signed the Space Force into law, Trump exulted over this military reorganization that will become part of his legacy in office. "Space. Going to be a lot of things happening in space. Because space is the world's newest warfighting domain," Trump declared. "Amid grave threats to our national security, American superiority in space is absolutely vital. And we're leading, but we're not leading by enough. But very shortly, we'll be leading by a lot." Raymond has preferred to cast the new military thrust into outer space as a collaborative effort with U.S. allies. "Historically, we haven't needed to have allies in space," he told reporters last summer at the Pentagon. "Space was a benign domain, it wasn't as critical. It is very important today that we have — and we are working very closely with our partners, specifically our Five Eyes partners [Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada], with France, Germany and Japan." The new commander also confirmed in September that, in his capacity as U.S. Space Command chief, he'd already spoken with space entrepreneurs Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson. "Early in my career as a young captain, I was the commercial space officer for Air Force Space Command," Raymond told CNBC. "So, I have been steeped in interfacing with the commercial business for many, many years." For now, Raymond is creating the new Space Force with a clean sheet, a top-down job that by every indication starts with himself.

Happy Friday! We're looking at these stories this morning: Economy Slowed Further In Second Quarter.  Derecho, the Sequel: Storm Roars Over Pennsylvania And New York. In London, The Games Are Afoot. Activists Report Heavy Fighting In Aleppo, Syria's Largest City. (VOA) Chinese Woman Accused Of Poisoning British Man Is Held Incommunicado By Chinese Police. (Washington Post) China Orders Limit To Flooding Coverage After Outraged Victims Start Compiling Private Death Tolls. (AP) Afghan Militant Attacks Against NATO Forces Rose 11% In The Past Three Months. (AP) Cyprus Officials To Charge Man With Plotting Terrorism, Had Tracked Israeli Tourists. (Cyprus Mail) Ousted Head Of Oldest Black U.S. Fraternity Seeks His Job Back In A Georgia Court. (Atlanta Journal Constitution) Bird Hits Boy In The Face On Six Flags Coaster, Causing Minor Injuries. (Asbury Park Press)


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Question: Iowa Caught In The Crosshairs Of Coronavirus Spike And Political Battle

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As coronavirus cases spike in Iowa, tension is brewing between the governor, the state's large public universities and local campus communities over how to prevent the spread of the virus.

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Good Friday morning - here are our early stories: Strong Earthquake Strikes Japan, Triggering Small Tsunami. And here are more early headlines: Skittish Investors Waiting For Latest Unemployment Rate News. (MarketWatch) Egyptian Opposition Refuses To Hold Talks With President Morsi. (BBC) Hamas Political Leader Visits Gaza For Visit After Conflict With Israel. (Bloomberg) Syria Situation Is 'Accelerating', Warns Clinton. (CNN) Hurricane Kills More Than 500 In Philippines, Just As Many Missing. (VOA) George Zimmerman Sues NBC For 'Yellow Journalism' In Martin Shooting Coverage. (Orlando Sentinel) Report: U.S. Seeks To Ease Rules On Brain Injury And Veterans' Benefits. (New York Times) NHL Contract Talks Break Down Again; No Pro Hockey On Horizon. (ESPN) Whale Carcass Rotting In Malibu Emits 'Severe' Stench For Residents. (Los Angeles Times)


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Question: The Gift That Keeps On Giving

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For instance, <<['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'From The Chieftains Oscar winning "Barry Lyndon" soundtrack in the   1970s, to the \'90s epics "Last of the Mohicans," "Braveheart," "Rob Roy"   and "Titanic," cinematic Celtic music has our attention this week. This episode originally aired the week of June 2. For more information on this program, visit www.thistleradio.com.']>>  to <<['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'The Thistle And Shamrock: Soundtracks']>>

Tavis Smiley and regular financial commentator Brooke Stephens talk about giving shares of stock or mutual funds as a gift. According to Brooke, who needs more flatware anyway when a nice index fund will do?

Stories: 1) How The 'Pox' Epidemic Changed Vaccination Rules 2) 'Please Look After Mom': A Guilt Trip To The Big City


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Question: Alternative Medicine

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NPR's Rebecca Perl takes a look at the Journal of the American Medical Association's first-ever theme issue on alternative medicine, which was released today. Perl reviews some of the main articles presented in the journal, from a lead article saying that utilization is up -- no surprise -- to details of an alternative medical technique to help breech babies turn over in the womb.

EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: Corporate Responsibility

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Disney's CEO Michael Eisner faces a shareholder revolt.  The CEOs of Enron, WorldCom and Tyco say they didn't know what was going on at their companies. All say they had the support of the board of directors. Join NPR's Neal Conan and his guests to discuss who's responsible  -- the CEO or its board members -- for a company's governance and bottom line.

   Guests:

   Kim Masters
  *NPR correspondent, covering the business of entertainment

  Nell Minow
  *Editor of the Corporate Library, a Web site that tracks corporate governance

   James Surowiecki
  *Staff Writer at  The New Yorker  magazine
  *Has a piece in the current issue called "Board Stiffs"
  *Author of forthcoming Wisdom of Crowds

      Bill George
  *Former CEO of Medtronic, a medical technology company
  *Sits on boards of Goldman Sachs, Novartis and Target
  *Author of  Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secrets to Creating Lasting Value

Stories: 1) Overloaded Sewers Lead To 'Toxic Waters' 2) A Cross-Cultural Collaboration, Revisited


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: 2 Oklahoma Students Seen In Racist Fraternity Video Apologize

Two men who were in a video of Sigma Alpha Epsilon members singing a racist chant have apologized for their actions, with one of the now-former fraternity brothers saying he had learned "a devastating lesson." The University of Oklahoma expelled two leaders of the chant Tuesday, without naming them publicly. The singing happened "as members of Sigma Alpha Epsilon rode in buses to a party at the Oklahoma City Golf & Country Club to celebrate the fraternity's founding," according to The Oklahoman. The notorious video sparked a large campus rally against racism Monday; on Tuesday, students and others marched to the SAE house in another demonstration. "We need to move beyond songs," senior Marquis Bell-Ard told the student newspaper, The Oklahoma Daily, at the demonstration. "Hopefully this leads to larger changes." Both of the two former SAE members who issued apologies — Parker Rice, 19, and Levi Pettit, 20 — are from Texas; they attended high schools in the Dallas area. Rice has been identified as one of the leaders of the chant by the Oklahoma Daily and other media outlets; his apology was published via the Dallas Morning News. Here's an excerpt:  "I am deeply sorry for what I did Saturday night. It was wrong and reckless. I made a horrible mistake by joining into the singing and encouraging others to do the same. On Monday, I withdrew from the university, and sadly, at this moment our family is not able to be in our home because of threatening calls as well as frightening talk on social media. "I know everyone wants to know why or how this happened. I admit it likely was fueled by alcohol consumed at the house before the bus trip, but that's not an excuse. Yes, the song was taught to us, but that too doesn't work as an explanation. It's more important to acknowledge what I did and what I didn't do. I didn't say no, and I clearly dismissed an important value I learned at my beloved high school, Dallas Jesuit. We were taught to be 'Men for Others.' I failed in that regard, and in those moments, I also completely ignored the core values and ethics I learned from my parents and others."  Rice added, "For me, this is a devastating lesson and I am seeking guidance on how I can learn from this and make sure it never happens again. My goal for the long-term is to be a man who has the heart and the courage to reject racism wherever I see or experience it in the future." Pettit's parents issued an apology on behalf of their entire family in a statement posted online. They said their son "made a horrible mistake, and will live with the consequences forever." More from their statement:  "He is a good boy, but what we saw in those videos is disgusting. While it may be difficult for those who only know Levi from the video to understand, we know his heart, and he is not a racist. We raised him to be loving and inclusive and we all remain surrounded by a diverse, close-knit group of friends. "We were as shocked and saddened by this news as anyone. Of course, we are sad for our son — but more importantly, we apologize to the community he has hurt. We would also like to apologize to the — entire African American community, University of Oklahoma student body and administration."  The Pettits wrote, "Our family has the responsibility to apologize, and also to seek forgiveness and reconciliation." The separate apologies came on the same day that members of the disbanded fraternity chapter removed the last of their belongings from the house, which is now back under the university's direct control. The fraternity was closed by the national SAE organization Monday, when the school also cut its ties to the organization.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- U.S. Added 161,000 New Jobs In October; Wages Rise By 10 Cents. -- Car Bomb Kills 8 In Turkey After Pro-Kurdish Legislators Detained For Questioning. And here are more early headlines: World Climate Change Accord Takes Effect Today. (Guardian) Russia Says It Briefly Pauses Bombing In Aleppo. (BBC) Paris Authorities Remove Migrants From New Camps. (AP) Political Scandal Engulfing South Korean President. (New York Times) Thousands Of Protesters March Against Jakarta Gov.'s Alleged Blasphemy. (CNN) N.M. Nuclear Waste Dump Evacuated After Rock Fall; No Damage. (Los Alamos Daily Post) Driver In Fatal Baltimore Bus Crash Didn't Have Proper License. (Baltimore Sun) Harvard Cancels Men' Soccer Season After Offensive Sexually Explicit Reports Continue. (Harvard Crimson)


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Question: Consumer Electronics

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NPR's John McChesney reports from the consumer electronics show in Las Vegas. Satellite radio services made their debut at this year's show. Two companies are offering to deliver one hundred channels of music, news and talk to subscribers who will pay about ten dollars a month for the service. The new services require new radio receivers. Both companies have signed deals with the major auto manufacturers.

School Funding, Focus On Technology, National Audubon Society, The Android's Dream, Chase's Calendar of Events, Letters from Iwo Jima, Commentary: Exercise and Pre-teen Martial Arts


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Question: Corporate Responsibility

Margot Adler talks with Mercedes Cardona, financial editor for Ad Age. She talks about why the majority of U.S. consumers don't want ads on the Sept. 11 anniversary, and the companies who have decided to advertise anyhow.

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Question: National Weather Service

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Noah speaks with Kevin Darmofal, a lead meteorologist for the National Weather Service about the deadly tornadoes that hit Plains states yesterday. Darmofal talks about tracking tornadoes using radar equipment and reports from volunteer tornado spotters.


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------

E.g. '['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "The Uighurs' Unknown Struggle"]' == '['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "The Tibetan struggle for sovereignty is a story often sung. It's hard not to sympathize with a cause headed by the lovable Dalai Lama. But there is a story in December's National Geographic magazine about a contemporaneous struggle for survival in China: that of the Uighur people, a Turkic Muslim ethnic group in Central Asia. Photographs by Carolyn Drake bring this previously marginalized story into the fold. The history of the Uighur people, who now live mostly in China's northwestern Xinjiang region, is incredibly vast and rich. A sort of buffer between Europe and China, the Xinjiang region has historically been a hub for trade and travel, but it has also benefited from its remote and sometimes inhospitable location: It has, until recently, retained a cultural identity. In recent years, though, the Chinese government has come to recognize the valuable resources indigenous to Xinjiang, which contains 40 percent of China's coal reserves — more than a fifth of its natural gas, as well as gold and mineral deposits. It's been a hot zone for development — and thus a region of escalating violence and unrest. As the Uighur struggle to preserve their culture, they are also, in some cases, forced to modernize. Learn more about the Uighur people and their situation by reading the full article and viewing more photos on ngm.com. Have an idea? Pitch it!The Picture Show on Facebook or on Twitter"]' != '['represent the subtitle to find a news title on npr with less details', "Stories: 1) From Cannes, a Cinematic After-Action Report 2) In Iraq, Activist Struggles as Women's Rights Shrink"]'

Question: Remember, Remember, the Fifth of November

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Examples:

"['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Texas Sen. Ted Cruz announced his bid for president early Monday. The Republican has been making the rounds with other 2016 hopefuls, so it\'s hardly a surprise, but he\'s the first major one to make it official. And if the early campaign trail is any indication of how the race will play out, Cruz, 44, will be exactly who he\'s always been. He\'s relatively new to public office, having been elected to the Senate in 2012. But he has made his career — and attracted support from the right\'s base along the way — as a staunch defender of conservative values. Here\'s what you need to know: He was born in Canada. Cruz was born to a Cuban father, who escaped during the revolution, and an American mother, who was the first in her family to go to college and who became a computer programmer in the 1950s. Because of Cruz\'s Canadian birth, some have questioned whether he qualifies to be president. Being a "natural-born" citizen is one of the three eligibility requirements to be president laid out in the constitution. But the weight of legal evidence supports that the term "natural-born" also applies to people born abroad to parents who are U.S. citizens (which Cruz\'s mom was). Cruz considers Houston, where he was raised, his hometown. He was a top college debater at Princeton. Here are some of the debate accolades Cruz raked in as an undergraduate at Princeton: top speaker at both the U.S. National Debating Championship and the North American Debating Championship, speaker of the year and team of the year. His classmates at Princeton remember him, according to a 2013 profile, the way many see him today: smart, confident, firm on conservative principles and polarizing. After Princeton, he went on to study at Harvard Law; his classmates from that time also remember him as a smart but divisive guy with a hard edge. He\'s argued before the Supreme Court nine times — sometimes in cowboy boots.From 1996 to 1997, Cruz was a law clerk to Chief Justice William Rehnquist. In 2003, Cruz was appointed solicitor general of Texas, becoming the youngest person in the nation appointed to such a post. In that capacity, he argued several cases before the Supreme Court and authored more than 80 Supreme Court briefs. As solicitor general, he defended Texas\' death penalty, the constitutionality of the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance and the state\'s congressional redistricting map. And about those cowboy boots — he has a pair called his "argument boots." He says he didn\'t wear them to the Supreme Court out of respect to his mentor, Justice Rehnquist, who was a stickler for proper attire. That changed after Rehnquist\'s death — he sought and was granted permission from Chief Justice John Roberts to wear the boots before the high court. He won his Senate seat without prior experience in elective office. Once considered a long-shot for Senate, Cruz quickly became a Tea Party favorite when he ran in a tough primary against Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst. On the campaign trail in 2012, he fired up his base, conservative Tea Partiers disillusioned with government and dissatisfied with the direction of the country. "There is a great awakening that is sweeping this country," he said at the time. His win was called the biggest of the year for Tea Party activists. He spoke for 21 hours on the Senate floor.Cruz was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2012. Less than one year in, he commandeered the Senate floor to oppose President Obama\'s health care law. "I intend to speak in opposition to Obamacare; I intend to speak in support of defunding Obamacare until I am no longer able to stand," he said. Cruz\'s crusade, which attracted wide attention, advocated a government shutdown unless Democrats compromised on the law. Days later, Congress remained deadlocked over Obamacare provisions, and the government partially shut down for more than two weeks. During his tenure, he\'s developed a reputation for throwing down the gauntlet against congressional Republican leaders over issues like health care, the federal budget and, most recently, immigration. And this year, he\'s already been blasting his fellow Republican presidential hopefuls, like Jeb Bush and Chris Christie, accusing them of not standing up for true conservative values.']" == "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'What You Need To Know About Ted Cruz']"

This weekend, celebrate treason, British-style. Nov. 5 is Bonfire Night, a tradition that dates back more than 400 years on the British Isles. The holiday commemorates Guy Fawkes, Britain's most infamous traitor, who tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament with 36 barrels of gunpowder. Fawkes was caught, tortured and killed before he could kill England's king. The people of Britain celebrated by burning an effigy in the streets. Every year on November 5, towns across Britain celebrate Fawkes' failure with fireworks and Bonfire Nights. American Anglophiles can attend regional bashes in Baltimore, Los Angeles, New York, and Minneapolis. Or you can throw your own jolly good Fawkesian party. Rent the 2005 movie V for Vendetta, the Wachowski brothers' updated version of Fawkes' follies starring Hugo Weaving and Natalie Portman. Throw a couple of bangers and mash (translation: sausage and potatoes) in the oven. If you have a grill, put foil-wrapped potatoes on the coals for about an hour, after which they'll be ready to eat. Finish up the evening with your favorite ale and a few toffees. That's bloody brilliant.  Melody Joy Kramer, is spending a year at NPR as part of the Joan B. Kroc Fellowship program. Her favorite British things include Mary Poppins, Eric Idle and Virginia Woolf.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Shawshank Reality, He Who Shall Not Be Elected, There's an app for that?


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J

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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

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The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there's some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone's political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn't do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving's Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry's heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it's pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan's running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party's nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac

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Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


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Question: Democratic Convention

Noah Adams is in Washington, and Linda Wertheimer is in Los Angeles. They set the scene at the Democratic Convention in Los Angeles, which is beginning today.  <P> President Bill Clinton addresses the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles tonight. In his nationally televised speech, Clinton will reflect on the past eight years, bid farewell as President and the party's leader, and make his case for the election of Vice President Al Gore. Clinton passes the torch to Gore in times of almost unprecedented prosperity. But his complicated political legacy casts a shadow over Gore's candidacy. NPR's Mara Liasson has the story.

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San Diego Schools Reopen. Electoral Initiative. End Music.


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Question: After Slavery, Searching For Loved Ones In Wanted Ads

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In the waning years of the Civil War, advertisements like this began appearing in newspapers around the country:  "INFORMATION WANTED By a mother concerning her children. "Mrs. Elizabeth Williams, who now resides in Marysville, California was formerly owned to-gether with her children, vis: Lydia, William, Allen, and Parker, by one John Petty, who lived about six miles from the town of Woodbury, Franklin County, Tenneesee. At that time she was the the wife of Sandy Rucker, and was familiarly known as Betsy, - sometimes called Betsy Petty. "About twenty-five years ago, the mother was sold to Mr. Marshal Stroud, by whom, some twelve or fourteen years later, she was, for the second time since purchased by him, taken to Arkansas. She has never seen the above named children since. Any information given concern-ing them, however, will be gratefully re-ceived by one whose love for her children sur-vives the bitterness and hardship of many long years spent in slavery."  More than 900 of these "Information Wanted" notices — placed by African-Americans separated from family members by war, slavery and emancipation — have been digitized in a project called Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery, a collaboration between Villanova University's graduate history program and Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. The ads, which date from 1863 to 1902, come from six newspapers: Philadelphia's Christian Recorder, the newspaper of the AME Church; New Orleans' Black Republican, Nashville's The Colored Tennessean, Charleston's South Carolina Leader, the Free Men's Press of Galveston, Texas, and Cincinnati's The Colored Citizen. "It's important to think about that moment in time when it looks like slavery is really falling apart, that that opens up the opportunity for people who've either lived their lives as fugitives, or who are recently freed, to begin the long process of trying to find family members from whom they'd been separated," Judith Giesberg, who oversees the project and directs Villanova's graduate history program, said. Margaret Jerrido, archivist at Mother Bethel, is a partner in the project, which is believed to be the first of its kind. She has transcribed hundreds of these newspaper ads. "A lot of the ads that I transcribed were siblings looking for each other. But when I found one where a mother was looking for their child, I'd have to stop and sort of blink my eyes a little, because it was a little emotional for me," Jerrido said. The project began last August, and Giesberg says she hopes it will continue at least through the summer. It relies on graduate students and volunteers to transcribe the ads. "What I think is most extraordinary about these ads [is] they're just a few lines, but, in just those few lines, they put people together as a family. It's a snapshot of a moment in time when this family lived together and existed as a unit. They name names and places and dates, so each one is a small poignant family history," Giesberg said. "These [ads] are from the mouths of these people and they're claiming this family as having existed." In sometimes spare language, the ads represent the deep family ties that endured through the Civil War and beyond slavery, despite the best effort of slave owners to sever those ties. In some instances, the ads are placed decades after the family members have last been in contact. So far, the majority of the ads have come from The Christian Recorder, which reaches across the country through the influential AME Church. The archives of behemoths of the black press such as The Chicago Defender have yet to be tapped. But the fact that a newspaper such as The Defender, which was founded in 1905, was still publishing these ads into the 1910s — half a century after the Emancipation Proclamation — casts the postwar era in a different light, Giesberg notes. "It makes you rethink that idea that the generation that grew up after the Civil War really wanted to distance themselves from slavery, wanted to forget about it, when these ads are running in these newspapers 50 years after," she says. Of the 915 ads currently in the database, only two have been identified so far that suggest family members were reunited as a result. But providing a tool for historians — and finding evidence of reunions — aren't the only goals of the project. "The ads are also doing another important service," Giesberg said, "and that is simply commemorating families that were lost during slavery." ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:  Information wanted - after slavery ended in the United States, thousands of newspaper ads from former slaves began with those two words - information wanted. Mothers sought their children. Husbands sought their wives. Today, two women are leading an effort to digitize these newspaper ads and put them online for a project called "Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery." Margaret Jerrido is an archivist at Mother Bethel AME Church in Philadelphia, and Judith Giesberg teach

Stories: 1) Human Trafficking Revealed In 'The Snakehead' 2) Journalist Reports On The Situation In Afghanistan


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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

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Question: Wednesday, August 28th, 2019

There's a big storm headed for Puerto Rico, yet the Trump administration says it wants to divert money away from disaster relief to border enforcement operations. Why would the administration redirect FEMA funds at the peak of hurricane season? It's been two years since Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico, and the island is still recovering. Is the government there prepared for another storm? Plus, North Carolina sues e-cigarette companies for allegedly marketing directly to kids. Do the rules against Big Tobacco apply to e-cigarette companies?

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A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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Question: What are you doing for New Year's Eve?

Seattle has substantially scaled down its celebration, but New Yorkers are charging full steam ahead with their party-- what do YOU have planned for New Year's Eve? Whether it's a heavily planned bash or a low-key family gathering, we want to know what it takes for you to party like its 1999.

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Scott with some thoughts about Valentine''s Day.


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Question: Karissa Sanbonmatsu: What Can Epigenetics Tell Us About Sex And Gender?

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Part 4 of the TED Radio Hour episode The Biology Of Sex We're used to thinking of DNA as a rigid blueprint. Karissa Sanbonmatsu researches how our environment affects the way DNA expresses itself—especially when it comes to sex and gender. About Karissa Sanbonmatsu Karissa Sanbonmatsu is a principal investigator at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the New Mexico Consortium, where she studies the mechanism of non-coding RNA systems, including ribosomes, riboswitches and long non-coding RNAs. She published some of the first structural studies of epigenetic long non-coding RNAs and is currently studying the mechanism of epigenetic effects involving chromatin architecture. Sanbonmatsu is also on the board of Equality New Mexico and the Gender Identity Center and is an advocate for LGBTQ+ people in the sciences. She has a PhD in Astrophysical Sciences from the University of Colorado Boulder. This segment of TED Radio Hour was produced by Christina Cala and edited by Sanaz Meshkinpour. You can follow us on Twitter @TEDRadioHour and email us at TEDRadio@npr.org.

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Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Democratic Convention


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Question: Corporate Governance

Guest host John Nielsen talks to Professor Charles Elson, director of the Center for Corporate Governance at the University of Delaware, who believes that most companies in America operate honestly, but that some reforms are needed -- such as making boards and accounting firms more independent.


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Question: New England Patriots

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Toni Randolph of member station WBUR reports New England sports fans are savoring the Patriot's first Super Bowl victory. The Patriots pulled off a major upset over the St. Louis Rams.

Carl reads three quotes from the weeks news: A Fearsome Foursome; A Coke or Pepsi Debate; Peter Parker's Broadway Debut.


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Question: Corporate Responsibility

Disney's CEO Michael Eisner faces a shareholder revolt.  The CEOs of Enron, WorldCom and Tyco say they didn't know what was going on at their companies. All say they had the support of the board of directors. Join NPR's Neal Conan and his guests to discuss who's responsible  -- the CEO or its board members -- for a company's governance and bottom line.

   Guests:

   Kim Masters
  *NPR correspondent, covering the business of entertainment

  Nell Minow
  *Editor of the Corporate Library, a Web site that tracks corporate governance

   James Surowiecki
  *Staff Writer at  The New Yorker  magazine
  *Has a piece in the current issue called "Board Stiffs"
  *Author of forthcoming Wisdom of Crowds

      Bill George
  *Former CEO of Medtronic, a medical technology company
  *Sits on boards of Goldman Sachs, Novartis and Target
  *Author of  Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secrets to Creating Lasting Value

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Stories: 1) Overloaded Sewers Lead To 'Toxic Waters' 2) A Cross-Cultural Collaboration, Revisited


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Question: Consumer Price Index

Consumer prices rose modestly in July, soothing fears that the Federal Reserve Board will aggressively hike interest rates to stamp out early signs of inflation. NPR's John Ydstie reports that the three-tenths of a percent gain in the consumer price index was in line with expectations.

In the course of our reporting on the economy, we unearth all sorts of juicy nuggets of information and data — so many that we can't possibly make episodes out of all of them. So today we've decided to gather together some of our favorite tidbits for your listening pleasure. Get ready to be surprised by some data that we've gathered on GDP, legacy student enrollment, the racial wealth gap, the dominance of the U.S. dollar, and the average age of a startup CEO.    Sources and other links: Average is Over: GDP Edition Legacy and Athlete Preferences at Harvard What Wealth Inequality In America Looks Like Code Switch: Location! Location! Location! Foreign Exchange Turnover In April 2019 Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship


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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Consumer Electronics

NPR's John McChesney reports from the consumer electronics show in Las Vegas. Satellite radio services made their debut at this year's show. Two companies are offering to deliver one hundred channels of music, news and talk to subscribers who will pay about ten dollars a month for the service. The new services require new radio receivers. Both companies have signed deals with the major auto manufacturers.

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School Funding, Focus On Technology, National Audubon Society, The Android's Dream, Chase's Calendar of Events, Letters from Iwo Jima, Commentary: Exercise and Pre-teen Martial Arts


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Question: Corporate Responsibility

Margot Adler talks with Mercedes Cardona, financial editor for Ad Age. She talks about why the majority of U.S. consumers don't want ads on the Sept. 11 anniversary, and the companies who have decided to advertise anyhow.

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Question: Wall Street's Low-Key Approach to Social Security Reform

President Bush's plan to allow private accounts for Social Security may send a lot of business to Wall Street; but lobbyists for reform say the returns for financial firms are not necessarily so great. NPR's Peter Overby reports.

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UC Regents Discuss Executive Pay. Ballot Measure to Crack Down on Sex Offenders. End Music.


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Question: Christmas Boat Parade

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In Southern California's beachside towns, building a snowman for Christmas is out of the question. So they have to make do with what they have. KPCC's Brooke Binkowski reports on a unique holiday tradition in one Orange County city.

Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J

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Question: Bump Stock Manufacturer Is Shutting Down Production

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For example, ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Commentator Richard Rosenfeld says the founding fathers never meant for personal matters to be considered when determining whether or not impeachment is warranted.'] should be similar to ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR.', 'Too Much Information']

Slide Fire Solutions, the company that invented and manufactures bump stocks, announced Tuesday it is shutting down production. A notice on its website reads, "On Sunday, May 20, 2018 at midnight CST, Slide Fire will cease taking orders for its products and shut down its website." Bump stocks are modification devices used to accelerate a gun's shooting rate so it fires like an automatic weapon — almost as fast as machine guns, which are largely outlawed. Slide Fire President Jeremiah Cottle designed and holds the only approved patent for bump stocks. It's unclear whether the freeze will be temporary or permanent, or what might happen to the factory in Texas. Slide Fire did not respond to NPR's requests for comment. And the posted notice asks visitors to the site to enter an email address to "stay updated on any future news." The devices, and Slide Fire products specifically, have come under intense public and political scrutiny since the rapid-fire gun accessory was used in the Oct. 1, 2017, Las Vegas mass shooting that left 58 dead and hundreds more injured. Three of those victims have filed a lawsuit seeking class-action status against Slide Fire and any future bump stock manufacturers for negligence. According to the complaint, "this horrific assault would not and could not have occurred, with a conventional handgun, rifle, or shotgun, of the sort used by law-abiding responsible gun owners for hunting or self defense." Court documents also allege that Slide Fire manufactured, marketed and sold devices to gun owners who wanted semi-automatic rifles to mimic fully automatic weapons, "thereby subverting federal law that has highly regulated machine guns for over 80 years." "Slide Fire's decision is just something they're doing now to try to relieve political pressure they're under," Robert Eglet told NPR. Eglet is a senior partner at Eglet Prince, the firm that filed the class-action lawsuit on behalf of the Las Vegas victims along with the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence. He contends the shutdown is a strategic move by the company to "put the brakes on any congressional movement that would prevent them or anyone else from producing these bump stocks in the future." This is not the first time Slide Fire is halting production. As NPR reported, it suspended sales shortly after the devices were used in the Las Vegas shooting in October. But less than a month later, days after another mass shooting in Texas, Slide Fire restarted production on the controversial accessories. Regardless of what the company does or doesn't do, Eglet said, he and his clients are continuing to pursue this case. "We want to sue these people out of business and send a message to any future manufacturers that that's what will happen to them if they try to make and sell these devices to the public," Eglet said. The devices have been legal since June 2010, after the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives determined a bump stock "is a firearm part and is not regulated as a firearm under [the] Gun Control Act or the National Firearms Act," according to a letter from the ATF to Slide Fire. Bloomberg reported that Slide Fire, which is the nation's only manufacturer of bump stocks, earned more than $10 million in sales in its first year of business. The company was engaged in a years-long patent infringement battle with another manufacturer, FosTecH Outdoors, but that was settled in 2012. The rival company has since gone out of business, the founder told Reuters. The carnage of the Las Vegas shooting, exacerbated by Stephen Paddock's use of bump stocks, has altered the national debate on gun control regulations. It prompted President Trump to call for a ban on the devices, and in March, the Justice Department took the first step in banning their sale, manufacture or possession.

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Good morning. Sorry we're late with the roundup. We've had quite a few things to post about already today, as you can see: -- Before Obama's Plan Is Out, NRA Calls Him An 'Elitist Hypocrite' -- Inflation Rate Slowed Sharply In 2012; Prices Were Flat In December -- UPDATE: 'Turmoil' For Many Parents As NYC School Bus Drivers Strike -- Fireball, Panic As Helicopter Crashes In London -- Blast Rocks Kabul; Dozens Wounded, Attackers Killed -- Interior Sec. Salazar Is Latest Member Of Cabinet To Announce Departure Among the other stories making headlines: -- "French Troops Move North As Mali Rebels Dig In." (The New York Times) -- "Islamists Attack Algerian Gas Feld, Kill, Kidnap Foreigners." (Reuters) -- Former South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford (R) Announces Bid For Congress. (The State) -- Top Japan Airlines Ground Boeing 787 Dreamliners. (BBC News) -- With Confession, Lance Armstrong Is Hoping To Reduce Lifetime Ban From Competition And Head Off A Lawsuit That Could Cost Him Nearly $100 Million. (The Washington Post)


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Question: In An Age Of Streaming, 'Oscar Bounce' At The Box Office Is ... Less Bouncy

In Hollywood, the bean counters always talk at this time of year about the "Oscar Bounce" — the boost films get at the box office from Academy Award nominations.  The bounce, which can amount to tens of millions of dollars, is much sought-after by film studios, but their calculus may be altered by recent changes in the industry — especially by the advent of streaming services. The way the bounce used to work was simple enough. In November 2008, Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire — a rags-to-quiz-show-riches film without stars — opened to good reviews, and better-than-expected box office. By Christmastime, the film had expanded from 10 theaters to several hundred, and by mid-January it had earned more than twice the $15 million dollars it cost to make.  Then awards season clicked-in. Slumdog Millionaire earned 10 Oscar nominations including Best Picture, and its box office took flight. By the night of the Academy Awards, when Steven Spielberg opened the envelope for Best Picture, and read out its title, he could have called it Slumdog Hundred-Millionaire.  And by the time the Mumbai dust had cleared worldwide, the little indie that had been headed straight-to-DVD until Fox Searchlight rescued it to show in theaters, had made $377 million dollars — well over two-thirds of that after receiving Oscar's blessing. That is the "Oscar Bounce" that prompts movie studios to spend millions of dollars campaigning for the votes of Academy members. Though the Motion Picture Academy has long talked about "honoring excellence," that "honoring" has been in the service of promoting films from the moment the first statuettes were handed out at a banquet in 1929. And the promotion went global when the awards were first televised in 1953.  Bob Hope was the host for that first telecast, and in his monologue, he addressed the elephant in the room — the notion that this new medium they were all appearing on was competition, but that film still had the upper hand.  "Television," he said to raucous laughter and applause, "that's where movies go when they die." True enough when TVs were black-and-white and had 12-inch screens. These days, television is where movies go, period. And quickly. Back in the 1950s, it could take years for a film to get from cinemas to TV sets. When Slumdog Millionaire made the trek about a decade ago, it still took many months.  Today, we're talking weeks or even days. Netflix started streaming both The Irishman and Marriage Story less than a month after they opened theatrically. Its rival Amazon has already put up Parasite, Joker and Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, which means five of the nine Best Picture nominees are available for home-viewing now, and there's virtually no way for there to be a box-office Oscar Bounce for any of them.  So why are streaming services spending a fortune on Oscar campaigns? Well, for prestige, of course — to help attract talent, subscribers and investors. Netflix shares moved sharply higher when the streamer drew more nominations from the Academy than any other studio.    Also, unlike conventional movie studios, streaming services have a business model that doesn't require them to make a profit on individual films. Amazon, for instance, sees streaming content as a value-added bonus that will keep people signed up to purchase things with Amazon Prime. Apple will be delighted if you buy its various devices to get its exclusive content. If you stream Oscar nominees on iTunes, they'll like that, too.  All of that said, there is some evidence that the streaming strategy of making a film quickly home-viewable, hurts its chances with awards voters. Contenders get the most nominations when they arrive in theaters at year's end. So Netflix looked smart opening The Irishman and Marriage Story in November. But with super-short theatrical releases, both films were long-gone by the time awards votes were being cast. And in contest after contest — Golden Globes, Critics Choice Awards, Producers Guild Awards, BAFTAs — they've been losing out to Parasite and 1917, films that are still in theaters. For the record, the box-office Oscar bounce still exists for films that manage to hang on at the multiplex. Jojo Rabbit, Little Women and Ford v Ferrari have each made additional millions since the nominations were announced. And the war movie 1917 is doing so well, it feels almost like another Slumdog, exploding at the box office.  With its surprise victory at the Globes, and the 10 Oscar nominations that followed, 1917 went, in just a couple of weeks, from 11 theaters and $2 million dollars ... to more than 4,000 theaters and more than $200 million dollars.  If it wins big at the Oscars, it will continue to rake in the cash, just as films did once upon a time ... in Hollywood.

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Brett Favre announced yesterday that he will continue playing. But only for one more year. And if you believe that, then you also must believe that the following events will also occur, as they appear to be far more likely than his actual retirement -- as we noted in a post that ran one year ago yesterday. 1. Yale Students Welcome Snooki On Her First Day 2. Lady Gaga Unveils Line Of Tummy-Shaping Undergarments 3. New 'American Idol' Judges Are A Big Hit; Show's Problems Solved 4. J-Lo Arrested In Extensive Anti-Booty Rioting 5. Brett Favre Eaten By Coyotes 6. James Franco: 'It's Probably Time To Calm Down' 7. Kathryn Bigelow Says James Cameron Is 'Probably Right' About 3D 8. What Ever Happened To Justin Bieber? 9. Herbert Hoover Reincarnated As Large, Enthusiastic Cocker Spaniel 10. Bryn Mawr Endows Katy Perry Chair 11. Musicologists Discover 'Thus Spake Zarathustra' Speeded Up 800 Percent Sounds Like 'Yakety Sax' 12. Experts Agree: Helen Mirren Has Totally Let Herself Go 13. Bret Michaels Gets Green Party Endorsement 14. Kanye Interrupted At VMAs By Irate, Obscene Rant From Bon Iver's Justin Vernon 15. Brett Favre Shocks World By Totally Not Retiring At All 16. Starbucks Introduces Prozac-Infused "Happuccino" 17. Health Trend Continues As 'Fiber Emporium' Buys Out 436 Dying Cupcake Stores 18. Internet Reaches Consensus: 'It Turns Out It Was Mostly A Misunderstanding' 19. Public Embraces Inexpensive Pacifiers Made From Recycled Truck Tires 20. It's Official, Guv'nor: Brits Love American-Made Tea 21. Worldwide Fretting Over Jennifer Aniston's Love Life Suspended 22. Brett Favre Struck By Lightning While Playing Golf 23. Cold Fusion Discovered By Participant In ABC's 'Shark Tank' 24. Facebook Streamlines Privacy Controls With 'Just Don't Tell Anybody Anything About Me Unless I Say It's Okay' Button 25. Brett Favre Plans Stint In Minor League Baseball: What Could Go Wrong?


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Question: America's Boo-It-Yourself Halloween Spirit

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How about we call it boocycling — putting together an adult's or child's costume using recycled, thrift-store clothing? According to Goodwill, the favorite costumes for adult men and women this year will be zombies and pirates; for young girls, princesses, witches and fairies; and for young boys — Ninja Turtles, Spider-Men and zombies, all of which can be thrown together with secondhand threads. Looking for trick-or-treat trends, Goodwill recently polled more than 9,500 Americans about Halloween disguises and discovered that 62 percent of women and 57 percent of men prefer do-it-yourself costumes to store-bought, prepackaged ones. Lo and behold, some 17 percent of respondents prefer funny costumes; another 17 percent make do with minimalist makeovers; and 14 percent seek something unique. Out of her StudioDIY in Los Angeles, do-it-yourselfer Kelly Lanza creates costumes that are funny, minimalist and unique, like the human pineapple pictured here. When NPR asks Kelly about boocycling, she says, "I've never seen a store-bought costume get the same impressed reaction a homemade one often gets." Easy to do and, she says, "by making your costume yourself, you aren't limited to the same prepackaged costumes we see year after year, and you guarantee that it's one of a kind." Everyone "can reuse and repurpose items — saving money — and you can involve friends or kids in the process — making better memories than just grabbing the last pirate costume off the rack." Now, send snaps of your funniest, minimalistest and uniquest costumes to protojournalist@npr.org.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Protojournalist: Experimental storytelling for the LURVers — Listeners, Users, Readers, Viewers — of NPR. @NPRtpj

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Question: Remembering Pearl Harbor

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NPR's Steve Inskeep notes that Sunday is the 62nd anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. President Bush, in marking the occasion, issued a proclamation that omits any mention of the name of the attacking nation. The Japanese are currently preparing to deploy troops to support the U.S. occupation of Iraq.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: "Colder Than Hell, Michigan;" Wee Wee and WiFi 2020" and "Who's Watching?"


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Question: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

On this day in 1964, The Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr., was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the nonviolent protest of the inequality of blacks in American society. Liane presents an excerpt of his acceptance speech, delivered in December of that year.

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This month's WORTHY Project is the Maggie L. Walker Historic Site in Richmond, Virginia.  Worthy student Jimmy Rice reads a report on Mrs. Walker's legacy.


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Question: The Customer Is Always Right. Except When They Won't Wear A Mask

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They fume and rage and demand their rights. Sometimes they even get violent. In the age of COVID-19, most people practice social distancing guidelines when they go into stores and restaurants, putting on masks and standing 6 feet behind other customers. Still, there are the nightmare customers — those who refuse to comply. "I've had a lot of conflict. I've had a lot of pushback from people," says Brenda Leek, owner of Curbside Eatery in La Mesa, Calif. One woman entered Leek's restaurant without a mask, pulling her T-shirt over her face. Leek told her to mask up or leave. "So then she's like, 'This is ridiculous! You're discriminating against me!' Told me I would be hearing from her attorney. And I said, 'That's fine,' " Leek says. Encounters like that are anything but unusual. The Internet is filled with videotaped confrontations involving customers who flout social distancing rules. Sometimes they insist on entering without face coverings. Other times one customer stands too close to another and a fight breaks out. The conflicts can get especially nasty when alcohol is involved, says Kelly DuFord Williams, founder and managing partner of Slate Law Group. "I've had clients who have had to call the police multiple times in order to have a customer escorted off the premises or at times arrested," Williams says. The conflicts represent a legal minefield for small businesses, she adds. While social distancing guidelines are imposed by state and local governments, it's often left up to restaurants and stores to enforce them, and if they don't they can face lawsuits. For example, if stores are less than diligent about enforcing the rules and a fight breaks out between customers, business owners can be sued, she notes. They can also face lawsuits for creating an unsafe working environment if an employee comes down with COVID-19, she says. It's often employees who are on the front lines in altercations with difficult customers. Since COVID-19 came along, Anthony Hernandez, who works as a barista at a coffee shop in suburban Chicago, has had to deal with more than his share of unruly coffee drinkers. "Sometimes they'll say, 'You're being very disrespectful. You're telling me I have to wear my mask, that I have to do this and this.' And they'll escalate to that point and you're just standing there with the baristas, going, 'What do I do? What do I do?' " Hernandez says. He tries hard to speak politely and calmly to customers, but sometimes the conflicts get downright ugly. He and the other Latinx workers frequently face racial and ethnic slurs from angry patrons, he says. When that happens too often, he absents himself temporarily by telling co-workers he needs to take a "smoke break." "Which is basically code for saying, 'I need to get out of the store for a little bit so I can go relax and cool myself down before I explode.' You know, because it gets really stressful at those moments," Hernandez says.

Good morning - here are some of our early headlines: Protesters Attack U.S. Diplomatic Buildings in Egypt, Libya; One American Worker Killed. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Starts Third Day, No Breakthrough Seen. (Chicago Tribune) German Court Backs European Bailout Plan. (Wall Street Journal) Two Factory Fires In Pakistan Kill At Least 191. (Voice Of America) Obama Administration Approves First Group Of Immigrant Children Applying To Stay In U.S. (AP) That Big Stink In Los Angeles? It's Decaying Matter From The Inland Salton Sea. (Los Angeles Times) Apple Expected To Unveil New Smartphone Today. (WHEC) FAMU Blames Hazing Victim For His Own Death; Parents Outraged. (ABC) Calif. Refinery Pipe Was Corroded, Thinned Just Before Explosion Last Month. (San Francisco Chronicle) Tropical Storm Nadine Strengthens Far Out In Atlantic, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center)


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Frequently Asked Questions

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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Separation of Church and State

A ruling from the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has declared the 'under God' part of the Pledge of Allegiance as unconstitutional. In another ruling, the Supreme Court said parents in Cleveland who have children in troubled public schools and want to place them in private schools as a way of improving their educational options may use vouchers. Karen Grigsby Bates speaks with Jay Sekulow, chief counsel for the American Center for Law and Justice and Elliott Minchberg, co-counsel in the Cleveland voucher case and vice president of the People for the American Way Foundation.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


Question: Pneumonia Forces Early End To Elton John Concert On His Farewell Tour

Elton John had to end a concert in Auckland, New Zealand, early on Sunday after losing his voice. He revealed on Instagram that he had been diagnosed with "walking pneumonia," a less severe form of pneumonia. "I want to thank everyone who attended tonight's gig in Auckland," he wrote. "I was diagnosed with walking pneumonia earlier today, but I was determined to give you the best show humanly possible. I played and sang my heart out, until my voice could sing no more. I'm disappointed, deeply upset and sorry. I gave it all I had. Thank-you so much for your extraordinary support and all the love you showed me during tonight's performance. I am eternally grateful. Love, Elton." Video from fans in the audience showed John rising from the piano with outstretched arms and a disappointed look on his face. He briefly appears to shed a few tears before being led off stage. He warned the audience in advance: "I was diagnosed with walking pneumonia this morning," John said, according to a review from the New Zealand Herald. "My voice is shot but I didn't want to miss this." Despite his illness, John managed to soldier through nearly two hours of music, performing 15 of a 25-song playlist, according to the Herald's count. "Walking pneumonia" is a term for pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an "atypical" bacteria that often causes mild respiratory infections. Symptoms include tiredness, sore throat, fever and cough, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says. Symptoms often appear over one to three weeks and most people recover without antibiotics, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Nearly three years ago, John had to cancel a run of shows in Las Vegas after contracting a bacterial infection. He spent two nights in intensive care followed by an extended stay in a hospital in April 2017.  John, 72, is in the midst of his three-year farewell tour dubbed "Farewell Yellow Brick Road." He announced his intention to retire from touring in early 2018, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family. "It all changed with having children," John told NPR in October. "Ten years ago ... I had nothing planned for the rest of my life except making music and touring, and then we had two fabulous little boys. ... And as much as I love playing, I want to be with my boys now. This is the new part of my life." Tickets are still available for two more Elton John concerts in New Zealand this week, with no decision yet on whether they will proceed as scheduled.

It's Friday, and here are some of the stories we're watching: Egypt's 'Smooth Military Coup' Protested. Last Suspect In 1995 Sarin Attack Arrested In Tokyo. Forest Boy Is A Hoax, Police Say. Prosecutors Rest Their Case In Sandusky Sex Assaults Trial. (Philadelphia Inquirer) Britain Proposes Expanding Individual Data Tracking, Critics Slam Its Intrusiveness. (Telegraph) Democracy Activist Aung San Suu Kyi Falls Ill Briefly, Resumes European Tour. (Reuters) Spain's Debt Rises Sharply In The First Quarter, Up 30 Percentage Points Since 2008. (Wall Street Journal) International Criminal Court Swears In Gambian Lawyer As Top Prosecutor, First Woman To Hold Position. (CNN) China To Launch First Female Astronaut Into Space Tomorrow. (AP) Tropical Storm Carlotta Poised To Become Hurricane Off Mexico's Pacific Coast. (AP) In Sports: Tiger Tied For Second, Miami Ties Up NBA Finals.


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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Question: Venezuelan Poll 'Tampered With,' Says Voting System Company

The results of Venezuela's controversial vote to create a new legislature and give President Nicolas Maduro broad authoritarian powers were "tampered with," to change turnout figures, according to the CEO of the firm that provided the election system. The news may support opposition charges that the results were inflated to add credibility to the vote, which established a National Constituent Assembly beholden to Maduro. Speaking at a news briefing in London, Smartmatic CEO Antonio Mugica said the results of Sunday's poll were off by at least one million. "We know, without any doubt, that the turnout of the recent election for a National Constituent Assembly was manipulated," Mugica told reporters. "We estimate the difference between the actual participation and the one announced by authorities is at least one million votes," he said. "It is therefore with the deepest regret that we have to report that the turnout figures on Sunday, 30 July, for the Constituent Assembly in Venezuela were tampered with," he said. Mugica said the company has recorded the correct figure, but would wait to release that information until a full audit is carried out. Smartmatic, which produces electronic voting machines, started in Venezuela during the tenure of the late President Hugo Chavez. Since then, it has gone global and now serves elections in Venezuela and several other countries. In a further statement on the company's website, Smartmatic says that the system used in Venezuela is "tamper evident." "[It] self-reports any attempt to interfere with it. This means that the system is designed to protect the votes from any manipulation and to immediately identify and alert of such an attempt," the company says. Venezuela's opposition and the White House have condemned the poll as a "sham election." NPR's Philip Reeves, reporting from Caracas Monday, saying that: "The election council - the electoral council in Venezuela claims that 42 percent voted. That's just over 8 million people. This is being met with derision, particularly by the opposition that says the number was closer to 2 to 3 million people."

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E.g. ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.\nOn Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]'] == ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR!', 'Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan']

Good morning, here are some of the stories we're looking at this morning: Space Shuttle Discovery Is On Its Last Flight. Mass Killer In Norway Declares 'I Would Have Done It Again'. Did Obama's Policies Help, Or Hinder, The Economy? GSA Inspector General Is Investigating Possible Bribes, Kickbacks. (Washington Post) African Union Says Suspends Guinea Bissau After Coup. (Reuters) UN Chief: Observers Say Syrian Ceasefire Generally Observed. (Dow Jones) Wikileaks Founder Julian Assange Interviews Hezbollah Leader In TV Premiere. (AP) Google Fined $25,000 For 'Willfully' Stonewalling FCC. (WTSP-TV) Welding-Caused Fire At Idaho National Laboratory Prompts Evacuations. (AP) Bruins Goalie Tim Thomas Greeted By Obama Masks. (USA Today)


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Question: Living Life to the Fullest

I want to thank all of you who have written in with your own stories, and with words of hope and encouragement. A couple of e-mails have stood out in my mind. There was one from a woman who lost her mother to cancer. She remembers that feeling of time — time slipping away, a time limit on life — that is so much a part of the world of cancer. She said that she and her husband did something unique. They figured out how many weeks it would be until they turned 90. She ordered that number of marbles, and every week, she and her husband move one marble from a vase to a dish. I have to admit that when I first read that, I thought it was a horrible idea. It was clock-watching taken to the extreme. Just counting down the days and weeks until you die. But then she said that the two of them take that moment as an opportunity to pause and ask if they have lived that week to the best of their abilities. They ask each other what they have done to enjoy that time together. I think that's brilliant. We all say that we want to live life to the fullest, to make the most of every day we have. But that's not always easy to do. We can get lost in the rush of everyday life, work, schedules, appointments, and all the things that conspire to eat up our days. But this couple takes that one moment each week to stop, take a deep breath, and ask themselves how they have lived. To me, that's not morbid, that's a reaffirmation of life. I wear a bracelet made up of beads. By coincidence, the number of beads is the same as the number of months that I have been given to live. As each month passes, I look at those beads, and now I'm going to ask myself the same question that woman posed? have I lived life to the best of my ability? Have I tried to make a difference? Have I tried to make this a better world? I haven't figured out what I'm going to do with the bracelet when I pass that last month. Throw it in the ocean? Start the countdown over again? Get a new one? Or just laugh, take a deep breath, and enjoy that day, and the next one, and the one after that? I don't feel like the clock is running out for me. The prognoses that doctors give you are notoriously vague. I'm pretty sure that the cancer is going to kill me at some point. But whenever that time comes, whether it's weeks or months or hopefully years, well, I hope that when I ask myself that question one last time: "Have I lived my life to the fullest?" I hope that my answer will be yes.

May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: It's Now Illegal To Text While Crossing The Street In Honolulu

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Look both ways before you cross the street; and if you're in Honolulu, make sure to put away your phone, too. This week, the city became the first major U.S. city to pass legislation targeting texters and other "distracted walkers" as they step off the curb. Mayor Kirk Caldwell signed the bill, also known as the "Distracted Walking Law," on Thursday, after it was passed 7-2 earlier this month by the city council. "We hold the unfortunate distinction of being a major city with more pedestrians being hit in crosswalks, particularly our seniors, than almost any other city in the county," Caldwell said, according to Reuters. The Honolulu Police Department will begin enforcing the law on Oct. 25. Until then the department, which supports the law, will implement a three-month training and warning period, according to the Honolulu Star-Advertiser. After the law goes into effect, first-time violators will be fined $15-$35; second-time violators within the same year will be on the hook for $35-$75; and those who get ticketed a third time will be charged $75-$99. The law doesn't only target cellphone users; those using laptops, digital cameras or video games will also be expected not to look at them while crossing the street. Forty-seven states ban texting for drivers already, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association, and 15 states also ban phone calls with hand-held phones by motorists. Even though Honolulu is the first major city to outlaw texting-while-walking, Fort Lee, N.J., also banned the practice a few years ago. "Cellphones are not just pervading our roadways, but pervading our sidewalks too," Maureen Vogel, a spokeswoman for the nonprofit National Safety Council, told Reuters.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Trump Meets 3 Americans Held In North Korea As They Return To U.S. -- Scientists Warn That Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano Could Erupt 'Ballistic Rocks'. -- Dam Collapse Leaves At Least 20 Dead In Kenya. -- In Election Upset, Malaysia's Mahathir Returns To Power After A Quarter Century. -- 'I Look Forward' To Ending My Life, 104-Year-Old Assisted Suicide Advocate Says. And here are more early headlines: White House Holding Summit On Artificial Intelligence. (Los Angeles Times) Ford Suspends F-150 Truck Production After Fire. (Detroit Free Press) Deadly New Storm Strikes Northern India. (Times Of India) 200th Anniversary Of Paul Revere's Death Observed. (Boston Globe) Mexican State Allows Nicknames Such As 'Big Moustache' On Ballot. (AP)