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Question: Could Pot Help Veterans With PTSD? Brain Scientists Say Maybe

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Veterans who smoke marijuana to cope with post-traumatic stress disorder may be onto something. There's growing evidence that pot can affect brain circuits involved in PTSD. Experiments in animals show that tetrahydrocannabinol, the chemical that gives marijuana its feel-good qualities, acts on a system in the brain that is "critical for fear and anxiety modulation," says Andrew Holmes, a researcher at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. But he and other brain scientists caution that marijuana has serious drawbacks as a potential treatment for PTSD. The use of marijuana for PTSD has gained national attention in the past few years as thousands of traumatized veterans who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan have asked the federal government to give them access to the drug. Also, Maine and a handful of other states have passed laws giving people with PTSD access to medical marijuana. But there's never been a rigorous scientific study to find out whether marijuana actually helps people with PTSD. So lawmakers and veterans groups have relied on anecdotes from people with the disorder and new research on how both pot and PTSD works in the brain. An Overactive Fear System When a typical person encounters something scary, the brain's fear system goes into overdrive, says Dr. Kerry Ressler of Emory University. The heart pounds, muscles tighten. Then, once the danger is past, everything goes back to normal, he says. But Ressler says that's not what happens in the brain of someone with PTSD. "One way of thinking about PTSD is an overactivation of the fear system that can't be inhibited, can't be normally modulated," he says. For decades, researchers have suspected that marijuana might help people with PTSD by quieting an overactive fear system. But they didn't understand how this might work until 2002, when scientists in Germany published a mouse study showing that the brain uses chemicals called cannabinoids to modulate the fear system, Ressler says. There are two common sources of cannabinoids. One is the brain itself, which uses the chemicals to regulate a variety of brain cells. The other common source is Cannabis sativa, the marijuana plant. So in recent years, researchers have done lots of experiments that involved treating traumatized mice with the active ingredient in pot, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Ressler says. And in general, he says, the mice who get THC look "less anxious, more calm, you know, many of the things that you might imagine." Problems with Pot Unfortunately, THC's effect on fear doesn't seem to last, Ressler says, because prolonged exposure seems to make brain cells less sensitive to the chemical. Another downside to using marijuana for PTSD is side effects, says Andrew Holmes at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "You may indeed get a reduction in anxiety," Holmes says. "But you're also going to get all of these unwanted effects," including short-term memory loss, increased appetite and impaired motor skills. So for several years now, Holmes and other scientists have been testing drugs that appear to work like marijuana, but with fewer drawbacks. Some of the most promising drugs amplify the effect of the brain's own cannabinoids, which are called endocannabinoids, he says. "What's encouraging about the effects of these endocannabinoid-acting drugs is that they may allow for long-term reductions in anxiety, in other words weeks if not months." The drugs work well in mice, Holmes says. But tests in people are just beginning and will take years to complete. In the meantime, researchers are learning more about how marijuana and THC affect the fear system in people. At least one team has had success giving a single dose of THC to people during something called extinction therapy. The therapy is designed to teach the brain to stop reacting to something that previously triggered a fearful response. The team's study found that people who got THC during the therapy had "long-lasting reductions in anxiety, very similar to what we were seeing in our animal models," Holmes says. So THC may be most useful when used for a short time in combination with other therapy, he says. As studies continue to suggest that marijuana can help people with PTSD, it may be unrealistic to expect people with the disorder to wait for something better than marijuana and THC, Ressler says. "I'm a pragmatist," he says. "I think if there are medications including drugs like marijuana that can be used in the right way, there's an opportunity there, potentially."

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Software industry wants consumers to rat on software pirates who sell on eBay

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Software industry offers a bounty for turning in software pirates who sell their counterfit goods on eBay

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Two weeks ago, the Recording Industry Association of America announced plans to sue music fans who illegally swap copyright songs online.  But some techies are already working on programs that help people share files while evading the recording industry. Laura Sydell reports.


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Question: Obama's Hope: A Younger, More Diverse Electorate

The American electorate is getting more diverse, more educated and younger. These demographic trends seem to suggest that voters could, in theory at least, be more Obama-friendly in 2012, especially in some key states. But it's not clear whether these shifts can outweigh the dragging economy and the president's dismal approval ratings. At President Obama's re-election headquarters in Chicago, there is one overriding article of faith: Despite all of his troubles, Obama's path to victory is still wider than it was for other recent Democratic candidates. Obama campaign spokesman Ben LaBolt says the Obama team will never have the problem Al Gore and John Kerry faced — a race that comes down to one state like Florida or Ohio. "That means not only returning to those states that we were competitive in in 2008," LaBolt says, "but also looking for potential pickup opportunities where the demographics have changed over the past four years." The changes in the age and ethnicity of voters made the Democrats' playing field bigger in 2008 and could, theoretically, expand it further in 2012. Ruy Teixeira just completed a study of voters at the Center for American Progress, a liberal think tank. "If you look at the national data," says Teixeira, "Obama should have another couple of percentage points in the electorate for minorities to work with, probably also an increase of a percentage point in white college graduates and probably an overall decline of 3 points in white working-class voters who were his worst group last time by far. He lost them by 18 points." There also will be about 16 million more potential young voters in 2012 than were eligible to vote four years ago, Teixeira says. Young voters were among Obama's strongest supporters in 2008. Demographic changes made states like Colorado, Nevada, Virginia and North Carolina winnable for Democrats in 2008. Recent surges in the number of Hispanics in Arizona and Georgia could make those states potentially friendlier to Democratic candidates as well next year. Teixeira thinks similar population shifts could make holding on to Pennsylvania, where the president campaigned Wednesday, a little bit easier. "Pennsylvania's actually shifting fairly rapidly demographically, especially compared to other, kind of, Rust Belt-type states," says Teixeira. "That's obviously of some help to him, all else equal." But all else is not equal this year. Demography As Destiny? Republicans beg to differ with the demography as destiny theory. Notable among them is Karl Rove. He disagrees with assumptions that young voters in 2012 will vote as they did in 2008. Rove was the architect of President George W. Bush's re-election campaign in 2004. That campaign managed to find more Republican voters than Democrats had thought possible — just like the Obama team did with Democratic voters in 2008. Still, Rove doesn't believe it can happen again in 2012. "Think about this," he says, "Overall decline in [Obama's] job approval rating from the time of his inauguration among all groups is 24 [percentage] points. College graduates [are] down 24, Hispanics [are] down 23, young people [are] down 27 [percentage points]. Many of these people still like him personally and have fond feelings towards him, but they're disappointed with what he's done, with what he's promised, with how he's conducted himself in office, so it's hard to win them back unless conditions change." The Obama campaign is determined to try to expand the electorate again — even if conditions don't change politically.   Preparing To Act  Democrats had a dress rehearsal of sorts last month in the off-year elections. In North Carolina, for instance, Republican strategist Chris Sinclair saw his candidate for mayor of Raleigh swamped by an effective and stealthy Democratic operation to boost voter turnout for its candidate of choice. "When we woke up after the election," says Sinclair, "we soon realized that Organizing for America [aligned with the Democratic National Committee] was heavily involved in these races, and what we found was it was a dry run for 2012." Sinclair says the Democrats did it the old-fashioned way: "By identifying their base, and getting them out to the polls. From what I understand they knocked on 44,000 doors across this county [and] they shipped in volunteers from out of state to stay with their local volunteers to help bring out the votes, so it was very comprehensive." Obama was back in community organizer mode himself this week, with the launch of his first TV ad for the campaign. In the ad, aimed at recruiting volunteers, Obama says: "It starts with one person making a decision ... and before long, neighborhoods come together. Communities organize. A movement builds." There's no doubt that over the long term, the growth in the numbers of Hispanics, young people and college graduates, paired with a decline in the numbers of white working class voters, favors the Democrats. The question for Obama is whether those tre

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News Headlines: Jan. 11, 2008 Talk About It:New York Times: Civil Rights Tone Prompts Talk of an Endorsement -- "Representative James E. Clyburn of South Carolina, the highest-ranking African-American in Congress, said he was rethinking his neutral stance in his state's presidential primary out of disappointment at comments by Bill and Hillary Rodham Clinton that he saw as diminishing the historic role of civil rights activists." What impact do you think a Clyburn endorsement might have? What did you think about the Clintons' comments on the nation's civil rights history? And what do you make of all this talk about Obama being competitive in South Carolina simply because a larger part of the electorate is black? Update: Bill Clinton called into Al Sharpton's radio show today to clarify his "fairy tale" statement. Read more here. Election 2008:Washington Post: Young Feminists Split: Does Gender Matter? Baltimore Sun: McCain, Paul Get Off Easy at GOP SC Debate AP: Obama, Clinton Go for Black Vote in SC AFP: Nevada Set for Moment in 2008 Election Spotlight Politico: Top Rudy Staffers Working Without Pay New York Times: Calls Grow for Bloomberg to Make Up His Mind Nation:Boston Globe: Jurors Testify About Claims of Racism Chicago Tribune: Conference Aims to Give Young Black Men Hope Boston Globe: Minority Police Group Cites Race in Disciplinary Actions Reuters: Bush: U.S. Could "Easily" Be in Iraq for 10 Years People:New York Times: Marion Jones Sentenced to Six Months in Prison AFP: Venus Williams Hunts for Elusive Australian Title L.A. Times: Just Call Isaiah Washington 'Chief Gondobay Manga'? Op-Ed:New York Times: When an Apology Is Not Enough Joel Stein: A Black President? Seen a Few


Question: The Jamestown Project

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Guest: Karen Ordahl Kupperman, the Silver Professor of History at New York University

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The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: At This Point In Time, Presidential Race Is Too Close To Call

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President Trump and Joe Biden picked up a number of states Tuesday night. There are, however, more votes to be counted — and the overall result is unclear.

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E.g. ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'As archeologists in Saudi Arabia excavated an ancient tomb last year, they were surprised to find the remains of a dog buried alongside humans some 6,000 years ago. "It was an incredibly exhilarating moment," archaeologist Hugh Thomas says. "Suddenly it dawned on us: Wow, do we have the oldest domesticated dog in Arabia?" The burial placement suggested that the dog was domesticated, Hugh says. Signs of aging and arthritis on the dog\'s bones corroborated the theory because wild animals would not have lived such long lives. Given how old the tomb was, Thomas suspected he may have found a historically early example of a pet dog. He wanted to use carbon-14 testing to date the remains to see whether he had a discovery on his hands.  Then COVID-19 hit. The team packed their things and rushed out of Saudi Arabia, leaving behind a mass of archaeological evidence. While home in quarantine, Thomas began writing a study about the land survey and submitted it for publication. The publishers inquired about how old the dog remains were. The best Thomas could provide was a broad estimate based on the human bones. Then suddenly, a tiny piece of the dog\'s jawbone was extracted from the site and submitted for carbon-14 testing. It turned out to be the oldest domesticated dog in the region. The 6,000-year-old remains aren\'t groundbreaking; one of the earliest accounts of dog domestication is from 14,000 years ago in Germany. But this discovery does give researchers a clue about ancient life in the region. "Little facets like this, like a single dog bone being C-14 dated, suddenly becomes a major part of the story of these people," Thomas says. "It ties in really nicely with the rock art that we have in the region showing packs of dogs used for hunting." Thomas\' team combined the bone sample with other types of evidence to get a clearer understanding of history. A big piece of the historical puzzle was rock art — paintings and etchings on slabs of rock created by people thousands of years ago. Archaeologist Maria Guagnin, who specializes in rock art, teamed up with Thomas to develop the historical narrative around this now-oldest example of Arabian dog domestication. "There\'s always been this debate," she says. "How much control did humans actually have over these dogs? Just from bone remains, you can\'t really answer that question. In the rock art, we could see there were leashes, and there was clear control over dogs. ... It was quite a close relationship." In addition to leashes, the rock art shows dogs helping with hunting and other parts of daily life.  "Of course, a bond would grow between these people and the dogs," Thomas says. "The same way that we have a bond with dogs today."'] == ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "Man's Ancient Friend: 6,000-Year-Old Dog Remains Found On Arabian Peninsula"]

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Is This Pledge a Lemon; Out With the Old, In With the Old; and Time Is on Their Side.


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Question: Ice Floe Rescues May Cost You

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Don't get stuck on the ice in Lake Erie. It could be expensive. Last February, some 150 ice fishermen were trapped on a breakaway ice floe in the water north or Port Sandusky,Ohio and had to be rescued by the Coast Guard. One of the fishermen fell into the frigid water and later died. The rescue cost $245,000, infuriating Ottawa County Ohio Sheriff Bob Bratton, who says the fishermen knew they shouldn't have been out there in the first place. Now he's thinking about making future rescues more cost effective: people who need to be picked up may have to pay for the rescue themselves. Last February, Bratton estimated the Coast Guard helicopter cost $4,000 per hour.

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Provided: "['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Dirk Kempthorne, former Idaho governor and U.S. senator, has joined the Bush administration as Secretary of the Interior. His experience with public space in the West is sure to influence his approach to his new role.']" Match: "['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "Idaho's Kempthorne Lands a New Federal Role"]"

Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Climate Talks Wrap With Hope For Developing Nations

Friday marked the final day of the U.N. climate talks in Cancun. Host Scott Simon talks with NPR's Richard Harris about what the talks accomplished and where the U.N.-sponsored process goes from here.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In China, Obama Touts Visa Deal, Progress On Free-Trade Pact. -- Bombing At Nigerian High School Kills Dozens. -- Will Jeb Bush Run For President? His Brother Says Maybe. -- Study: Detergent Pods Can Harm Children Who Play With Them. And here are more early headlines: Chinese, Japanese Leaders Meet In Ice-Breaking Talks. (Wall Street Journal) Frigid Weather Plunging South Into U.S., Brings Sub-Normal Temps. (USA Today) 3 Astronauts Return Safely From International Space Station. (CBS) Talks Extended Into Monday For Iran's Nuclear Program. (Reuters) Bombings In Afghanistan Kill Afghan Security Officers. (VOA) Survey Finds Regular Gas Prices Down 13 Cents In Last 2 Weeks. (AP)


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Question: Monday February 18, 2008

Eye on The Night Sky for February 18, 2008 from VPR and the Fairbanks Museum.

Guest: Walter R. Borneman, Writer (archive from 10/25/04)


Question: Group Files Petition to Overturn S.D. Abortion Law

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Opponents of South Dakota's new law banning nearly all abortions say they've collected more than enough signatures to force the issue to the November ballot.   The ban, signed by Republican Gov. Michael Rounds in March, would bar all abortions in the state except those needed to save the life of the pregnant woman. Since that's at odds with current Supreme Court requirements, the law is intended as a direct challenge to the landmark ruling Roe v. Wade. But under South Dakota law, any group that collects enough valid signatures can delay the law's scheduled implementation and put it directly to the voters in the fall. An organization called the South Dakota Campaign for Healthy Families says it has done just that, and has filed with 38,000 signatures. That's well over twice the minimum number required. The secretary of state still has to certify the signatures. The  process is expected to take two or three weeks.  -- Julie Rovner  New Bird Flu Cases Remain Isolated in Indonesia May 29, 2006 -- The World Health Organization says there have been six more cases of bird flu in Indonesia. None are related to the cluster of bird-flu deaths in one family that were reported last week.  The six new cases of bird flu in Indonesia are widely dispersed. Three of the people have died. Two of the cases were in a brother and sister who were hospitalized last week with symptoms that developed shortly after they came in contact with chickens that had sickened and died. A 39-year-old man became sick and died after cleaning pigeon feces out of the gutter of his home.  Another case involves a young man in East Java Province who was exposed to dead chickens in the home. He's recovering. And in two other cases, a 43-year-old man in South Jakarta and a 15-year-old girl in West Sumatra were hospitalized. The sources of the infections are being investigated. In none of the 6 cases is there an indication so far of human-to-human transmission. -- Brenda Wilson

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Slaves And Their Owners

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Mike Janssen of member station WFDD reports from Winston-Salem on a historical drama based on a series of courtroom cases involving slaves and their owners. Historian Loren Schweninger worked with Director Brenda Schleunes to dramatize the cases, taking the dialogue from court petitions filed between 1776 and 1867. The work is titled, Let My People Go , and is being staged by the Touring Theatre Ensemble of North Carolina.

2021 Podcast By Emily M. 9/11 NPR A Cultural Disconnect: The US and Iran A Dive into Diversity Aidan Sockrider's NPR Student Contest Submission Albert Barnes All About Cancel Culture All Natural: Yellowstone National Park An Ode to Ants Anxiety In Kids and Teens AP B3 A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words A Possibly Positive Pandemic? Arab Teens Asian Stereotypes Athlete's Corner: Pandemics, Protein Shakes, and Home Workouts Auggie's Pet Podcast Avocado Mafia Break In The Story Of Laurie Dann Butterflies in our Stomach Butterflies Unscripted Candy to My Ears Charlie's Family Podcast Charlie Brown Parallels to the Past Part Two Cinthia A - NPR Podcast Challenge 2021 Climate Change Coping with Covid Covid Conversations Creativity and Nature Dancing Fire Dark 'n' Stormy Dark Childhood Theories Death By Sugar: The Great Molasses Flood Of 1919 Different Bodies, Different Reasons Dinosaurs Drinks with a Tasteful Twist Environmental Activism With Orla Malloy Escape From Alcatraz Evolution Of Slang Exhale Forget, Fix, or Forgive Food Waste Frog Bridge & The Soul of Willimantic Genres Of Music Gratitude GSNPR Podcast Contest Guinness World Records Harmful Gender Norms Haunted Hometown: Pleasanton, California Helmet Podcast Hieu Tam Pham High School Memories History of Music Hole Donut How Are Sports Affected? How Can We Stop Global Warming How the first trillionaire will come about How to Bake the World's Best Chocolate Chip Cookies How to Make Students' Lives Engaging During COVID-19 Hyphenated I Am Black Excellence If You Close Your Eyes In a Pickle Inclusion Indian Small Farmers' Fight for Democracy Industry Juniors Interviews with Grandma In The Eye Of The Storm IRL Podcast It's A Twin Thing Japanime Podcast Just Clowning Around KIDWARZ Leadership Podcast Legal Misconduct Let's Talk About Sustainability! LGBTQ discrimination Life Of A Racecar Driver Llama Podcast Local Artist LOTR Male Depression Match Of The Century Media and Reality: TV's Effect on Black Women Megan Ramirez NPR Mental Health For Students Mental Health in Movies and TV Mirror, Mirror On The Dog Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women Miss Mattie and Scooter Mouse MLK Marches in Cicero My Small Business Journey Mysterious Earth Nad - Cast 1 - 3 12 21, 10.45 PM Nate Drohan: Sleep Talk Podcast Native American Mascots Neighborhood News NMC21: Q No Longer a Child One year of distance Online or in person schooling? Operation Paperclip Opinions on Group Homes Pandemic Blues Pandemics and Students Parents Just Don't Understand Parents Vs. Kids Pickled Punks Podcast PTSD: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Quarantine Daydreams R.O.G.U.E. Podcast Episode 4 Part 1: Authenticity Representation In Film Risk Takers Podcast Sardines Lost At Sea Scary Story Slight of Hand Sophia's Podcast on Eagles Speech And Debate Podcast Stories Around The Ghost Light: 24 Hours Before You Lose It All Survival Of The Vietnam War Taylor A's Story Technology Dating Texting While Zooming The Breakout Room The Days Before US The Degradation of the Y Chromosome The Effect Of Machismo The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly: The Electoral College The Great Emu War The Hauntings of Breckie The Hauntings of Breckie The History of Classical Music The Importance Of Self Care During A Pandemic The Inexplicable Heist The Lavender Scare The Mystery Of Roanoke Island The Podcast People There is a Banana in my Podcast The Rise Of Anti - Asian Hate The Simpsons Podcast The Speculative Implications of Trans- Temporal Travel The Subtle Things: Teacher-Student Relationships The Trolley Problem The Underlying Problems In The Gaming Industry The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Water Rights Settlement Act The Weekend that Went Wrong This or That: School Edition Through Many Glass Ceilings Thurscast TriplePoint Two Brothers, One Mother Tye Rollins: A Hero in Scrubs and a White Coat Understanding the Hijab Unknown Monsters: Climate Change Victoria Viruses are NOT a Race Voices Of Hawaii Weird Laws in America What's Good? What is Worth Fighting For? Where Are You Daddy? Why TikTok is a Black Hole Zobia and Lila


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Question: Who's Bill This Time

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...House Keeper Wanted; Bidin' His Time; Stacked Up On The Runway.

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Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news ... Moving on Up, Prez Charming, and Who's Big Gulping now?


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Question: George Johnson on Sports: Willingham to Washington

Sports guy George Johnson gives us the highlights from the weekend, including National Football League action, announcement of the Heisman Trophy winner and Ty Willingham's move from Notre Dame to the University of Washington.

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Shock market; Chiefs and Bucks and Bradys, Oh My!; A ruff White House report.


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E.g. '['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', 'Week In Washington: Jan. 6 Commission Vote, Infrastructure Negotiations, Floyd Policing Bill']' == '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Here & Now‘s\xa0Peter O’Dowd talks to\xa0NPR’s Ayesha Rascoe and C-SPAN’s Jesse Holland about Congress’ continued partisan fighting over a bill that would set up an independent commission to investigate the Jan. 6 Capitol insurrection. And, progress is being made toward negotiations over an infrastructure bill and the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.']' != '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google\'s Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth\'s Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)']'

Question: le Show - January 28, 2007

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Harry features News of the Warm, News from Outside the Bubble, Dick Cheney: Confidential and Apologies of the Week.

Stories: 1) Latino USA Episode 875 2) Latino USA Episode 876 3) Latino USA Episode 877


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Question: Theresa May Delays Critical Vote On Brexit Deal Amid Fears Of Its Defeat

Updated at 12:35 p.m. ET British Prime Minister Theresa May has postponed a critical vote on the draft Brexit deal she negotiated with the European Union, conceding that it would not have enough support to pass Parliament if the vote were held Tuesday as scheduled. "I've listened very carefully to what has been said in this chamber and out of it, by members from all sides," May told the House of Commons on Monday, only to be interrupted by a peal of derisive laughter from lawmakers.  "From listening to those views," she continued after the noise in the chamber ebbed, "it is clear that while there is broad support for many of the key aspects of the deal, on one issue — the Northern Ireland backstop — there remains widespread and deep concern. As a result, if we held the vote tomorrow, the deal would be rejected by a significant margin." May did not immediately set a new date for the vote. She faces some looming deadlines, however. The prime minister must submit a final deal for parliamentary approval by Jan. 21, and the U.K. is set to leave the EU — regardless of whether a deal is in hand — on March 29. That marks two years from the moment May invoked Article 50 of the treaty that established the European Union, declaring the U.K.'s intention to become the first member to leave the international bloc. The declaration of intent set the formal gears of Brexit in motion — and at the time, appeared to be a crossing of the Rubicon, an indelible step toward departure. But on Monday, just hours before May's address to Parliament, the EU's highest court ruled that the U.K. can cross back if it wants. The Court of Justice of the European Union said Monday that the U.K. is allowed to reverse its decision to notify the EU of its intent to leave — and to do so entirely on its own, without the consent of the bloc's other member states.  That window for the U.K. is open so long as it hasn't implemented a final Brexit agreement with the EU — and would remain open until Article 50 was due to take effect in March. The prospects of a final agreement have grown cloudier by the day.  May's draft deal has taken flak from nearly all sides of the U.K. political spectrum, including from within her own Conservative Party. The crux of the Conservative frustration rests with the status of Northern Ireland, which is part of the U.K. but also shares an open land border with the Republic of Ireland, an EU member. If London and Brussels can't agree on a future trade relationship, the draft deal establishes an arrangement, known as a "backstop," as a Plan B to determine how customs regulations at that border will work. Many conservatives have dismissed the draft deal as subjecting the region to unwelcome EU oversight; others have voiced concern about placing Northern Ireland under different rules from the rest of the U.K. At the same time, some members of Parliament who campaigned against Brexit have called for a second referendum. And Nicola Sturgeon, Scottish National Party leader and first minister of Scotland, said Monday that if Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn introduces a motion of no-confidence in May's government, Sturgeon's party would support the measure. "We can then work together to give people the chance to stop Brexit in another vote," she tweeted, tagging Corbyn. "This shambles can't go on — so how about it?" It is not the first time lawmakers have suggested introducing a vote of no-confidence in May. Members of May's own party floated the idea of a no-confidence vote on her leadership of the Conservative Party last month, but it died from a lack of support. On Monday, responding to the prime minister in the House of Commons, Corbyn did not specifically raise the possibility of a no-confidence vote — but he asserted that confidence in May's negotiations is flagging around the U.K. "The government is in disarray. Uncertainty is building for business. People are in despair at the state of these failed negotiations and concerned about what it means about their jobs, their livelihood and their communities," Corbyn said. "And the fault for that lies solely at the door of this shambolic government." The tumult has placed May's government between a rock and a hard place, between those who want to renegotiate the departure deal and others who demand the right to reverse the departure entirely. Meanwhile, representatives of the European Union have remained steadfast that the draft deal — which European leaders have already approved — is the only one on the table. "As [European Commission President Jean-Claude] Juncker said, this deal is the best and only deal possible," a commission spokesperson said, according to the BBC. "We will not renegotiate — our position has therefore not changed and as far as we are concerned the United Kingdom is leaving the European Union on 29 March, 2019." And May told British lawmakers she intends to follow through on that departure. "Even though I voted Remain," she said, "from the moment I took on t

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Louisiana Mother And Her 3-Year-Old Daughter Are Killed In Tornado. -- Deadly Blast Rips Through Russian Metro Station, Russian State Media Report. And here are more early headlines: Trump Says U.S. Could Go It Alone Against North Korea. (CNN) Trump Welcoming Egyptian Leader To White House. (Guardian) Kushner Visits Iraq On Unannounced Visit. (New York Times) Senate Committee To Vote On Supreme Court Nominee Today. (NBC) Colombia Says At Least 254 Dead In Mudslide. (Reuters) Leftist Candidate Wins Close Ecuadorian Presidential Election. (Financial Times) New Talks On Northern Ireland New Powersharing Government. (Belfast Telegraph) Crude Oil Stops Leaking From Alaska Pipe; Spread Unknown. (Alaska Dispatch) Actress Doris Day Is Actually 95, Not 93. (People)


Question: 'Zama' Offers A Withering Critique Of Colonialism From Within

How do you make a movie about stagnation? A movie that doesn't just tell you a story about someone wasting away, but that seems to embody a state of physical and moral decay for nearly two hours? It may not sound like a glowing recommendation, but Lucrecia Martel has made such a movie with Zama, her feverishly brilliant adaptation of Antonio di Benedetto's 1956 novel of the same title. This is one of the most atmospheric and transporting films I've seen all year, and also one of the best. Di Benedetto's novel tells the tragicomic story of Don Diego de Zama, an official of the Spanish crown stationed at a remote outpost along the Paraguay River. He was born in the New World but serves the Old, an empire in which he has never once set foot. The year is 1790, and Zama, bored, frustrated and separated from his wife and children, hopes for a transfer to Buenos Aires, where he's certain he will find greater purpose and prosperity. The book, narrated by Zama himself, is a bitterly ironic account of pride, pettiness and self-pity, a devastating critique of European colonialism from the inside. Zama the movie is remarkably faithful to the book's spirit. Played in a superbly weary, bone-dry performance by Daniel Giménez Cacho, Don Diego de Zama is very much a figure of mockery, but his slowly dawning awareness of his own futility is not without a certain pathos. In the opening shot, we see him standing alone on a beach, wearing a sword and a tricorn hat, and striking a ridiculous, would-be heroic pose. The rest of the movie will slowly lay waste to his delusions of grandeur. The first half plays like a comedy of bureaucratic errors by way of Samuel Beckett, as Zama repeatedly pleads with his superior to write a letter to the king and obtain approval of his transfer. Apart from his occasional duties as a magistrate, Zama mostly just waits and waits, and every scene seems to compound the indignity of his existence. He is forever being ignored by his superiors, thwarted by his colleagues and rebuffed by a noblewoman, Luciana, whom he hopelessly lusts after. She's played by Lola Dueñas, known for her work with Pedro Almodóvar, who is credited as one of the film's producers. No one, however, is likely to mistake Zama for an Almodóvar movie. Martel has little use for straightforward narrative. Her style is immersive yet disorienting: Rather than neatly sorting out the characters' relationships or cutting from one plot point to the next, she creates a highly specific, intricate world that demands and rewards your close attention. Surrender to this movie and you might find yourself held rapt by the sheer intensity of Martel's filmmaking. Her sensuous camerawork and wild, teeming sound design, alive with the noises of buzzing insects and screeching birds, conjure an air of stifling humidity. The physical world here is palpably present, and completely indifferent to men like Zama and their arrogant attempts to tame it into submission. Martel's previous films, which include The Holy Girl and The Headless Woman, have been sly satires of bourgeois privilege, and her sense of class rage makes her a natural fit for di Benedetto's anti-imperialist takedown. Whereas so many screen adaptations of first-person narratives tend to lose their focus, Martel ingeniously forges her own point of view. She doesn't just march Zama through a series of humiliations. She strategically undermines his position in every shot, often placing him off to the side or dwarfing him visually. Barely a scene goes by in which we aren't made aware of the indigenous slaves employed by Zama and his cohorts, going about their business in the background or foreground, looking on in judgmental silence. These visual strategies may seem odd at first, but they have a real sense of purpose. In refusing to make Zama the center of the frame, the movie reminds us that this man, whatever he may think, is not the hero of his own story. That becomes increasingly apparent in the movie's second half, as the desperate and disenfranchised Zama ventures into the swampy wilderness, joining a dangerous mission to capture an enemy of the empire. The story ends as it must, in a whirlwind of violence, and Martel's precisely controlled imagery turns rapturous, almost in spite of itself. It's a terrifying vision worthy of Werner Herzog and Joseph Conrad. The grand dream of human conquest becomes a nightmarish descent into madness. TERRY GROSS, HOST:  This is FRESH AIR. Film critic Justin Chang has a review of "Zama," the new film by Argentinian filmmaker Lucrecia Martel. At the center of "Zama," an 18th century epic about colonialism and the New World, is a Spanish official stationed in what is now Paraguay. It's Martel's first film in nearly 10 years. JUSTIN CHANG, BYLINE: How do you make a movie about stagnation, a movie that doesn't just tell you a story about someone wasting away but that seems to embody a state of physical and moral decay for nearly two hours? It may not sound like

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Stories: 1) 'Inside' A Backup Singer's Journey To Center Stage 2) The Lyrics And Legacy Of Stephen Foster 3) A Rich Satire About Street Art, Or Is It A Hoax?


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Question: Want To Get To Know The Real France? Call A 'Random' French Person

A tourist agency in France has established a hotline that connects callers to a random French volunteer. NPR's Oliver Dearden tested it out.

Stories: 1) The Couple Behind Some Of Hollywood's Classic Tunes 2) A Graceful Search For 'Higher Ground'


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Question: Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Amid Continuing Protests

Ethiopia's government has declared a state of emergency following months of anti-government protests by the Oromo people, who say they are marginalized.A week after a deadly stampede brought anti-government protests and violence to a fever pitch, Ethiopia declared a six-month state of emergency Sunday. Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn says the declaration is necessary for the government to protect both property and citizens' lives. The stampede struck at a religious festival that also had qualities of a demonstration that was held last Sunday, Oct. 2, in the town of Bishoftu, southeast of Addis Ababa. That's where many in a massive crowd that had gathered to celebrate the annual Irreecha thanksgiving festival chanted slogans and crossed their fists over their heads, an increasingly familiar gesture that protests oppression and calls for more rights for the people of Oromia. Video recordings from that day show that the crowd had been pressing toward an open-air stage when security forces opened fire and deployed tear gas, triggering a panic. Many people initially ran to a nearby treeline for cover, only to become trapped in a deep and steep-sided trench. Others were hemmed in by a nearby lake. "The government says 55 people were killed — some fell into nearby gullies and drowned," NPR's Ofeibea Quist-Arcton reports. "The opposition says many, many more people lost their lives." In months of protests in the region, human rights groups say, hundreds of people have been killed and tens of thousands arrested. Reporting on today's emergency declaration, Ofeibea tells our Newscast unit:  "Ethiopia's first state of emergency in a quarter century is effective immediately, in the midst of what the government calls a worsening security situation in Oromia. "The Oromo and Amhara people – who make up the majority of Ethiopia's population – argue they're marginalized. They're demanding more political representation, economic power and land rights. "The emergency declaration follows demonstrations against the authorities that have led to deaths and property damage across the Horn of Africa nation – especially in restive Oromia. The U.S. has expressed concern about excessive use of force against demonstrators in months of deadly protests in Ethiopia."  The Ethiopian government is "clearly rattled by months of protests by members of the majority Oromo and Amhara communities," Ofeibea says. Today's declaration, she adds, comes amid a clear threat to foreign-owned investments in Ethiopia, as cement, cut flower, textile and fruit juice facilities are among businesses that have come under attack. International rights groups are calling for independent investigations into the events that culminated in last Sunday's stampede. "We call on the protesters to exercise restraint and to renounce the use of violence," said Rupert Colville, spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. "Security forces must conduct themselves in line with international human rights laws and standards." Calling on the government to "urgently change course to prevent more bloodshed," Felix Horne, senior Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch, said, "The world should be carefully watching what is happening in Ethiopia."

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Car Bombs In Turkey Kill At Least 6, Wound More Than 200. -- 2 U.S. Swimmers Pulled Off Flight Home As Police Probe Robbery Claim. And here are more early headlines: Louisiana Flooding Toll Reaches 13. (AP) Painful Recovery Begins In Louisiana. (New York Times) Uncontained Southern California Wildfire Burns Rapidly. (Las Vegas Review-Journal) Several Fires Burning In Yellowstone National Park. (Bozeman Daily Chronicle) Rights Group Alleges Deadly Brutality In Syrian Prisons. (Amnesty International) Spokesman Says South Sudan Rebel Leader Leaves Country. (VOA) Haiti Announces Plan To Re-Do National Elections. (AFP) Suu Kyi Discusses Controversial Dam Project On Chinese Visit. (Wall Street Journal) Chicago Suspect Accused Of Wounding Officer. (Chicago Tribune) 22 Missouri Clergy Convicted Of Trespassing In State Capitol Protest. (KMOX/AP)


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Question: To Thinkpiece Or Not To Thinkpiece

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Maria Bamford (Lady Dynamite) and Jackie Kashian (The Jackie and Laurie Show) update the titles of Shakespeare plays as search engine-friendly, clickbait-y headlines. Heard on QuaranTV: Ramy, Space Force And Lady Dynamite.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Border Clash; Uber-stepping Boundaries; Do They Know It's Condescension Time At All.


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Question: New Jersey Starts Its Own Big Dig

Guest host Alison Stewart talks with Richard Sarles, executive director of New Jersey Transit, about the new Mass Transit Tunnel project that is underway. The rail tunnel will run under the Hudson River to connect New Jersey and New York City.

State to Impose New Emissions Rules for Small Engines. Solar Initiative Launches January 1. End Music.


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Question: Top Stories: Chattanooga Latest; Germany Backs New Greek Bailout

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Shootings In Chattanooga: What We Know About The Alleged Gunman. -- German Lawmakers Back Greek Bailout Plan. -- A Year After MH17 Shot Down, Kremlin Rebuffs Call For Tribunal. And here are more early headlines: Suspected Tornado Strikes Northern Illinois Town. (Weather.com) Montana Reports A Second Train Derailment This Week; No Injuries. (KFYR-TV) Cleanup From Ruptured California Oil Pipeline Nearly Finished. (AP) Report: Accused FIFA Associate Reportedly In Plea Talks. (Reuters) Former Rep. Grimm (R-N.Y.) To Be Sentenced Today On Tax Charge. (New York Times) Japan Dumps Costly Stadium For 2020 Olympics, Will Start Again. (Bloomberg)

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Mali's First Ebola Case In Current Outbreak Is 2-Year-Old Girl. -- Man With Hatchet Shot Dead After Attacking NYPD Officers. -- Frank Mankiewicz, Aide Who Announced Robert Kennedy's Death, Dies. And here are more early headlines: E-U Leaders Set Targets For Greenhouse Gas Cuts. (New York Times) Lebanon Says It Won't Accept Any More Syrian Refugees. (Daily Star) Japan Warns Of Activity At Volcano Near Nuclear Plant. (Reuters) Navajo Nation Court Replaces Presidential Candidate; Election Delayed. (Farmington Daily Times) Federal Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against IRS On Tax Exempt Status. (Politico) Lawmakers Call For National Recall Of Faulty Airbags. (USA Today) China Launches Probe To Moon, Will Return Next Week. (CNN)


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Question: Rep. McClintock, R-Sacramento?

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A little political intrigue for the end of the week, as a newspaper report suggests California¿s most recognizable conservative lawmaker may be considering a run for Congress from Sacramento.
Washington, D.C. based Roll Call reports today that state Sen. Tom McClintock (R-Thousand Oaks) may run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat representing California¿s 4th district. [...]

Are Democrats In Congress Trying To Thwart Calif. Redistricting?  - Brain Researcher Antonio Damasio


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Question: N-P-R's Martha Raddatz Reports From Grbavica

(guhr-buh-VEETZ-uh), a suburb of Sarajevo, which was burned and looted last year by departing Bosnian Serbs angry at seeing area returning to Muslim-Croat control. But today life is returning to normal with Serbs, Moslems and Croats living in relative harmony.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...Carnage Talk; Lollapasnooza; Cabinet of Blunders


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Question: Officials Question Reports Of Zika Transmission Via Urine, Saliva

U.S. officials say there's no need for alarm over reports from Brazil out Friday that active Zika virus has been found in saliva and urine samples. Mosquitoes remain the primary source of Zika, and there's no proof that saliva and urine can transmit the virus, even if it is present there. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, talks with Mary Louise Kelly about how the Zika virus may spread.

Good Friday morning - here are our early stories: Strong Earthquake Strikes Japan, Triggering Small Tsunami. And here are more early headlines: Skittish Investors Waiting For Latest Unemployment Rate News. (MarketWatch) Egyptian Opposition Refuses To Hold Talks With President Morsi. (BBC) Hamas Political Leader Visits Gaza For Visit After Conflict With Israel. (Bloomberg) Syria Situation Is 'Accelerating', Warns Clinton. (CNN) Hurricane Kills More Than 500 In Philippines, Just As Many Missing. (VOA) George Zimmerman Sues NBC For 'Yellow Journalism' In Martin Shooting Coverage. (Orlando Sentinel) Report: U.S. Seeks To Ease Rules On Brain Injury And Veterans' Benefits. (New York Times) NHL Contract Talks Break Down Again; No Pro Hockey On Horizon. (ESPN) Whale Carcass Rotting In Malibu Emits 'Severe' Stench For Residents. (Los Angeles Times)


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Given ['represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr', "You Can 'Destroy All Monsters,' But You Can't Kill Rock And Roll"], a positive would be ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'I once listened to an interview with Spanish singer-songwriter Joaquín Sabina in which he said a good song is the sum of good lyrics, good music, and something else no one can describe. That definition works, but only if you never identify the last thing. In Jeff Jackson\'s Destroy All Monsters, performance is the third component, and focusing on that mystic element kills music\'s significance and magic. At least, that\'s my interpretation of this multilayered novel. In Monsters, there is no big reveal, only an epidemic of violence that sweeps the country and makes people murder musicians in the middle of their sets. The epidemic starts with an unnamed man at a concert and quickly spreads, infecting men and women everywhere with the uncontrollable desire to murder musicians. In the ensuing chaos, fear reigns as fans reevaluate their relationship with songs and the role of theatrics in music. Destroy All Monsters is a hybrid novel, both a celebration of music and a critique of aesthetics when they replace content. The celebration appears in the characters\' passion for music; Xenie, one of the main characters, sees it as both hiding place and coping mechanism:  She\'ll always replay the bands\' entrance, the audience stunned into silence, the atmosphere saturated with expectation. She\'ll wish she could remain in this moment of wild possibility, her senses dilated, forever on the cusp of the distorted ripple of the first note.  The critique permeates the narrative. People dress a certain way and worry about appearance. They paint their nails black, with "coats of lacquer precisely applied, as if in preparation for some midnight ritual." Hair length is a statement. But it all works because it happens within the context of a music scene — and it stops working when reality takes over:  Now the music didn\'t sound like anything. The melody was indistinguishable from the drone of the motor, the whine of the tires, the hiss of the wind. The suffocating noises of the world.  Jackson uses violence to illuminate a discussion about authenticity. When everyone is a "creative," he argues, money and fame are the goals, and bands outnumber fans, music becomes corrupted. A corrupted thing no longer works, so how do you fix it? In Destroy All Monsters, the solution is murder. Unfortunately, this remedy affects everyone: Those who favor aesthetics over content die, but so do those for whom rock and roll is life. Jackson is a singer-songwriter in the band Julian Calendar, among other things. He is close to music, so you might wonder if he\'s setting himself up as a gatekeeper here. However, he never defines authenticity, or provides a clear motive for the epidemic. There are no easy answers in the debate about the commercialization of art and the demise of genuineness, and Jackson doesn\'t try to find any. Instead, he creates a world without explanations, where every act of violence is a prelude to another — leaving the reader space to fill in her own responses. Like a classic vinyl single, this novel has two sides. Side A, "My Dark Ages," follows Xenie, a young woman obsessed with understanding the epidemic. Side B, "Kill City," uses some of the same characters to tell a different story that focuses on the motivations of the killers. Both books work as a unit because they share core themes: music, legitimacy, the search for meaning, and death. In my early teens, I spent hours listening to songs like Led Zeppelin\'s "Stairway to Heaven" and the Eagles\' "Hotel California." I wanted to decode them, to tap into something sinister and special. I read about Black Sabbath\'s relationship with Satan and believed Robert Johnson\'s guitar skills came from demonic midnight dealings at the crossroad. Years later, Marilyn Manson\'s single contact lens made me laugh at my old self. Rock and roll was dead. Aesthetics had won the battle and everything meant nothing. Now, my past self laughs at me as he ponders Monsters. No, the book doesn\'t offer any answers, but it forces readers to ask all the right questions — while telling them a beautiful truth: You can\'t kill rock and roll. Mira Corpora, Jackson\'s debut novel, was a dreamlike story about a runaway dealing with trauma. Haunted spaces and young outcasts filled its pages. His second book, Novi Sad, is a labyrinthine story about a group of friends who move into an abandoned hotel after the apocalypse to await the end of the world. Destroy All Monsters is those two books\' cool older brother. It\'s longer and far more nuanced, but also deals with young people looking for answers in an ugly world. And looking for answers is what Jackson wants readers to do. This novel is the bustle in your hedgerow. Go decipher it. Gabino Iglesias is an author, book reviewer and professor living in Austin, Texas. Find him on Twitter at @Gabino_Iglesias.'] & a negative would be ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Recently, actor Ben Affleck spoke with The Associated Press and revealed the title of the solo Batman film he\'s slated to direct. Ready? The Batman, he said. Perhaps sensing that this announcement would be greeted with the collective cricket-chirping shrug it has been, he immediately built himself a verbal escape clause: "At least, that\'s what we\'re going with now." There\'s plenty of time to change it; there\'s still not a finished script. And Warner Bros. suits will likely quibble with Affleck\'s choice of title, worried that simply slapping a definite article before the hero\'s name might not be enough to distinguish it from Tim Burton\'s 1989 Batman. (Or, for that matter, 1966\'s Batman: The Movie.) Generally, studios like to insert active verbs (Returns, Begins, Rises, Pouts) or adjectives (Incredible, Amazing) to their superhero franchises to keep things clear. Plus, there\'s the simple fact that it\'s hella boring, and that it doesn\'t truly reflect the feel of the the DC/Warner Bros. cinematic universe established to date. Which is why we\'re only too happy to help. Here are 27 carefully considered, thoughtfully curated title suggestions that advance the existing Bat-franchise while maintaining brand identity:  1. Batman: 2 Furious 2 Furious He Should Really Do Something About How Furious He Is 2. Batman: Electric Boo-Hoo-Hoo 3. Batman: Je Suis Désolé 4. Batman: Yep Parents Still Dead FYI 5. Batman: Sulky City 6: Batman: Puttin\' the Goth in Gotham 7. Batman: This City Needs Him. Because Crime. And Justice. Also Hope. 8: Batman: This Time He Kills Guys! Badass! 9. Batman: Shut Up, And Leave Me Alone 10. Batman: Hatful of Hollow 11. Batman: Kill Uncle 12. Batman: Gotham Just Don\'t Understand 13. Batman: Back to the Man Cave 14. Batman: The Dark Knight Grouses 15. Batman: Biff! Bam! Pow! Serotonin Reuptake! 16. Batman: The Squeakquel 17. Batman: Live Free Or Cry Hard 18. Batman: Prig in the City 19. Batman: Back 2 tha Hood, Where The Hood In Question Is Crime Alley, Where His Parents Were Killed 20. Batman: First Blood, Followed By Painful Bruising 21. Batman: The Killing, But Not Remotely Funny Because This Is Serious Here Guys Quit Laughing You Guys Quit It, Joke 22. Batman: Again, Please Take This Seriously 23. Batman: Brood Awakening 24. Batman: I Just Checked Again and Yeah Parents Still Dead 25. Batman: Gotham Guardian: The Owls of Ga\'Hoole 26. Batman: His Finest Glower 27. Batman: The Caped Crusader But Only You Know Not Gay Or Nothin']

Question: Not My Job: Elizabeth Edwards

Elizabeth Edwards, wife of Democratic presidential candidate, John Edwards, plays a game called, "You're Rich, Famous, and Hoovering the Entire Output of the Cali Cartel Up Your Surgically Altered Nose"; Three questions about treatment centers for celebrities.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: Field Notes from 91.7 WVXU

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For kids who can't get enough science, Thane Maynard's Field Notes introduces listeners to Crystal Clear after-school programs.

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Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: Iranian Police Disperse Opposition Supporters

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In Iran, thousands massed at Tehran's main Friday prayer service, and there are reports that police fired tear gas and used batons to disperse supporters of opposition leader Mirhossein Mousavi. The top cleric at the service called for the release of reformists jailed in June's post-election crackdown. Borzou Daragahi, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times, talks with Steve Inskeep about developments in Iran.

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Good Friday morning - here are our early headlines: Friday Prayers In Muslim Countries Bring Wider Anti-American Protests. Copts In U.S. Fear 'Terrible' Reaction In Egypt To Muhammed Film. And here are more stories: Extremely Powerful Hurricane Bearing Down On South Korea. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Now In Fifth Day. (Chicago Sun-Times) Pope Benedict XVI Arrives In Lebanon For Visit As Religious Tension Grows. (Washington Post) British Prosecutors Open Multi-Billion Dollar Fraud Case Against Ex-UBS Trader. (Reuters) Russia's Lower House Kicks Out Opposition Leader Who Protested Putin. (Financial Times) Afghan Bus And Fuel Truck Collide; Explosion Kills Dozens Of Passengers. (Bloomberg) French Magazine Draws Fire For Topless Photos Of Kate, Duchess Of Cambridge. (BBC) There Are Snowflakes On Mars! Dry Ice Flakes Fall On Martian South Pole. (Space.com)


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Question: In Military Name Change, U.S. Pacific Command Becomes U.S. Indo-Pacific Command

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For instance, <<['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "A federal jury awarded $100 million to Mattel, maker of Barbie dolls, after a long-running legal battle with a smaller toy company, MGA, that sells Barbie's competitor. Mattel says the Bratz dolls' designer conceived the idea while on Mattel's payroll, meaning Bratz and their earnings should belong to Mattel. Mattel had sought nearly $2 billion."]>>  to "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', "Barbie's Maker Wins $100 M In Bratz Lawsuit"]"

In a largely symbolic move aimed at reflecting new national priorities, the Pentagon is changing the name of the Pacific Command to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. "Relationships with our Pacific and Indian Ocean allies and partners have proven critical to maintaining regional stability," Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said in prepared remarks delivered in Hawaii with the USS Arizona Memorial behind him.   "In recognition of the increasing connectivity between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, today we rename the US Pacific Command to US Indo-Pacific Command," he said. Mattis made the announcement during a leadership change, with U.S. Navy Adm. Philip Davidson taking over from outgoing Adm. Harry Harris. Harris has been nominated as U.S. ambassador to South Korea. According to The Associated Press the change, "carries no fundamental shifts in troops, military missions or other Pentagon activities." The change comes along with the internal re-designation early in the Trump administration of the region as "Indo-Pacific" rather than the "Asia-Pacific" terminology long a convention in U.S. diplomatic circles. In April, the U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Alex Wong told reporters the use of the term Indo-Pacific "acknowledges the historical reality and the current day reality that South Asia and in particular, India plays a key role" in the Pacific, in East Asia and Southeast Asia.  "That has been true for thousands of years and it's true today," Wong was quoted by the Press Trust of India as saying. In 2016, the U.S. and India signed a Logistics Exchange Agreement, which strengthened their mutual security ties and made it easier for the two countries to conduct joint military operations. India's NDTV writes that the agreement is aimed at countering "the growing maritime assertiveness of China." "The United States is also keen to tap into India's large [defense] market. It has emerged as India's No. 2 weapons supplier, closing $15 billion worth of deals over the last decade," according to NDTV. As India's The Economic Times noted recently, "Although Russia remained by far India's biggest arms seller, its share of total imports has fallen. Russia had a 62 per cent share of India's arms imports during the past five years, down from 79 per cent in 2008-12, according to the report that tracks the global arms trade."

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Search For 10 Missing Launched Off Singapore After U.S. Destroyer, Tanker Collide. -- Driver Plows Into Bus Shelters In Southern France, Killing 1  Person. -- Confederate Statues Are Coming Down At The University Of Texas. And here are more early headlines: Trump To Discuss U.S. Military Plan For Afghanistan Tonight. (AP) Barcelona Attack Death Toll Increased To 15 People. (NBC) Diplomatic Rift Stalls Qatari Pilgrims' Hajj To Saudi Arabia. (Reuters) U.S., South Korea Begin Annual Military Exercises. (New York Times) Sierra Leone Landslide Death Toll Nears 500 People. (AP) 5 U.S. Troops Remain Missing Off Hawaii. (Honolulu Star-Advertiser) Kenneth Becomes Major Hurricane In Pacific, No Land Threat Seen. (NHC) British Big Ben's Bongs Are Stilled For Repairs. (Telegraph)


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Question: Maryland Woman Becomes African 'King'

Host Allison Keyes is joined by NPR's West Africa correspondent Ofeibea Quist-Arcton for a peek into her reporter's notebook and some of the stories coming out of the continent. These stories include the tale of "King Peggy" a Maryland secretary who was chosen by her fishing village in Ghana to be its first female king, as well as the latest on the upcoming presidential runoff elections in the Ivory Coast and the staging of one of Africa’s biggest music festivals ever, the World Festival of Black Arts and Cultures.

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Stories: 1) An American In Japan, Investigating The 'Tokyo Vice' 2) Losing Jazz's Preconceptions With 'Historicity'


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Question: Terrorism Investigation

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NPR's Barbara Bradley reports that the FBI is shifting its focus from investigating terrorist crimes to preventing further terrorism. The move is requiring major adjustments in almost everything that the FBI does.

Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Democrats Riled By House Losses

Despite a sizable victory by Joe Biden in the electoral college, Democrats lost seats in the House and will govern with one of the slimmest majorities in decades come January.Now, the party's moderate and progressive wings are at odds over what went wrong. Rep. Abigail Spanberger, whose district was until recently a Republican stronghold, said that activist messaging like "defund the police" makes it harder for moderates to hold their seats. But Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and other progressives suggest ineffective campaign strategies and bad polling are more to blame.It is just the latest salvo in a long-standing Democratic spat, but it is more urgent now than it might be otherwise: two runoff elections happening in Georgia that will determine whether President-elect Joe Biden will have to spend the first two years of his presidency trying to advance his priorities through a divided Congress. How Democrats decide to sell their policies to voters now will determine how ambitious they can be with their legislation in the next term, on issues as varied as healthcare, climate change, and immigration.Another tension within the caucus is the age of its leadership: Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer are both in their early eighties and have run the Democratic caucus for nearly two decades. Rather than wait for a changing of the guard, many prominent, younger Democrats have decided to leave the House to advance their political careers elsewhere. Once such Democrat, Rep. Cedric Richmond of Louisiana, 47, has elected to leave the House for a role in President-elect Joe Biden's administration. Connect:Subscribe to the NPR Politics Podcast here.Email the show at nprpolitics@npr.org.Join the NPR Politics Podcast Facebook Group.Listen to our playlist The NPR Politics Daily Workout.Subscribe to the NPR Politics Newsletter.Find and support your local public radio station.

Lethal Injection On Trial. Greenhouse Gas Bill To Be Signed as Legal Fights Continue. End Music.


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Question: CA Public Employees' Retirement Fund Steady Amid Economic Downturns

Julie Small: Monday's slide in overseas stock markets caused US markets to tank early in the day, but after a shaky start, Wall Street rebounded some Tuesday.  With more economic uncertainty ahead, we got to wondering about the safety of California's Public Employees retirement system or CalPERS.  KPCC's Julie Small reports.

Good morning - here are some of our early headlines: Protesters Attack U.S. Diplomatic Buildings in Egypt, Libya; One American Worker Killed. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Starts Third Day, No Breakthrough Seen. (Chicago Tribune) German Court Backs European Bailout Plan. (Wall Street Journal) Two Factory Fires In Pakistan Kill At Least 191. (Voice Of America) Obama Administration Approves First Group Of Immigrant Children Applying To Stay In U.S. (AP) That Big Stink In Los Angeles? It's Decaying Matter From The Inland Salton Sea. (Los Angeles Times) Apple Expected To Unveil New Smartphone Today. (WHEC) FAMU Blames Hazing Victim For His Own Death; Parents Outraged. (ABC) Calif. Refinery Pipe Was Corroded, Thinned Just Before Explosion Last Month. (San Francisco Chronicle) Tropical Storm Nadine Strengthens Far Out In Atlantic, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center)


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Question: Who's Carl This Time

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The Everyone's a Winner Primary; arms for a country where women can't show their legs; in Texas they swear it flew by and it was as big as a Wal-Mart.

In this edition of This, That, or the Other, contestants must decide: is it a Danielle Steel novel, a Talking Heads song, or a Wrestlemania tagline? Heard on Javier Muñoz & David Harbour: The World Turned Upside Down


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Question: Critic Ted Libbey Joins

Critic Ted Libbey joins Martin for another of their weekly visits to the PT Basic Record Library. In a continuing series devoted to the music of Franz Schubert during his becentenary year, Ted recommends recordings of the two Schubert Piano Trios.

Stories: 1) Congressman, Civil Rights Icon John Lewis 2) Journalist, Author Ta-Nehisi Coates


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Question: The Front Row with Betsy Ross from 91.7 WVXU

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Suzanna Gagnier, author of Putting On The Blitz: The Football Guide for Women, is in The Front Row with Betsy Ross explaining how women can better enjoy the NFL.

A look back on the week's biggest local news stories from 91.7 WVXU.


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Question: Early Cholesterol Problems Spell Trouble For Middle-Aged Arteries

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Researchers  say too much cholesterol isn't safe -- at any age. And a recent study suggests it  really does matter what you eat and how much you exercise in  your 20s and 30s. How come? A heart-healthy diet and regular exercise can lower LDL, or "bad" cholesterol. That's the stuff that can really clog up arteries that feed the heart.  And, it turns out, the clogging process starts early. So it's never too soon to start being nicer to your heart. Seems obvious, right? But researchers say the medical community hasn't fully appreciated  the consequences of high cholesterol during young adulthood. Read More Now, though, a study in the Annals of Internal Medicine sheds some interesting light on how plaques build up. Researchers found individuals who had moderate or high levels of bad cholesterol or  lower levels of HDL, the good cholesterol, as young adults were more likely  to develop spots of calcium in plaques of their coronary arteries. Those calcium deposits can be seen by a CT scanner and are a marker for heart disease. Bottom line: 44 percent of people with  abnormal cholesterol  in their 20s developed coronary calcium by their mid-40s, compared with only 8 percent of  those with  normal cholesterol levels. The study began  in 1985 and involved healthy, young men and women in their 20s. Researchers followed the nearly 3,300 people for two decades.   Researchers measured cholesterol levels and triglycerides (blood fat) over the 20 years. The work was funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood  Institute. If  you want to calculate your risk of developing a heart problem, try this 10-year  disease-risk calculator.

Stories: 1) Putting Puppies Behind Bars (For A Good Cause) 2) Forensic Vet Helps Prevent Animal Cruelty 3) Rescuing Katrina's Four-Legged Victims


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Question: Student Identifed as Shooter at Virginia Tech

Police in Blacksburg, Va., say a 23-year-old student is responsible for the worst shooting rampage in U.S. history. They identified Seung-hui Cho as the gunman who killed at least 30 people at Virginia Tech Monday morning.

Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: Assad Names New Prime Minister, Fighting Continues In Aleppo. Done In a Day: China Wraps Up Murder Trial Of Once-Prominent Politician's Wife. Gunmen Attack Egyptian Police Station In Sinai; Follows Militant Attack On Egyptian Border Post. (UPI) George Zimmerman To Seek New 'Stand Your Ground' Hearing In Case Of Shooting Of Treyvon Martin. (Central Florida News) Home Foreclosures Fell In July, But More Homes Started The Foreclosure Process. (Philadelphia Inquirer) U.S. Assists In Agent Orange Cleanup Project In Vietnam. (Reuters) Russia's Prime Minister To Publically Blame Officials Responsible For Failed Satellite Launch. (RIA Novosti) Sick American Rescued From Antarctica Research Station, Flown To New Zealand. (ABC) Homeless Miami Man Describes Cannibalistic Attack That Destroyed Parts Of His Face. (Miami Herald) Oscar Pistorious, South African 'Blade Runner', Denied Chance To Run In Olympic Relay. (BBC)


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Question: Ithaca, N.Y., Forms Currency for Local Use

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Some communities around the U.S. are busy creating their own currencies, hoping to give local businesses a chance to compete against big box retailers. The local currency in Ithaca, N.Y., is called "Ithaca Hours." They are bought with U.S. dollars and can be traded with local shops for products or services. The southern Berkshire region of Massachusetts calls its currency "Berk-Shares" and in Traverse City, Mich., the currency is called "Bay Bucks." RENEE MONTAGNE, host:  While Benn Steil argues for the consolidation of currencies, some communities around the U.S. are busy creating their own, hoping to give local businesses a chance to compete against big box retailers. The southern Berkshire region of Massachusetts calls their currency BerkShares. In Traverse City, Michigan it's Bay Bucks. And the local currency in Ithaca, New York is called Ithaca Hours. These bills are bought with U.S. dollars and can be traded with local shops for products or services.  Producer Jon Miller has had some Ithaca Hours on hand for a while and he's finally cashing in.  JON MILLER: I bought my first Ithaca Hours three years ago at the Autumn Leaves Used Bookstore. I actually recorded it.  Unidentified Woman #1: Hey, there.  Unidentified Woman #2: Hello.  Unidentified Woman #1: Can we ask for the Hours box, please?  Unidentified Woman #2: Yeah.  MILLER: They keep the Hours cash box behind the counter.  So what if I want to buy some right now?  Unidentified Woman #2: You should give me money.  MILLER: I handed her $20 and she gave me a crisp new two Hour bill.  In Ithaca we trust. And on the back: Time is money. This note entitles the bearer to receive two hours labor or their negotiated value in goods or services. Please accept it. Then spend it.  Well, it's three years later and I still haven't spent both my Hours. It's not like I haven't had a chance. More than 600 businesses use or accept Hours here.  (Soundbite of music)  MILLER: Feeling guilty, I go see Steve Burke at his record store, Small World Music. He's chairman of the Ithaca Hours Board of Directors. He says the point of the Hours isn't to replace dollars but to compliment them.  Mr. STEPHEN BURKE (Ithaca Hours Board of Directors): To join the system costs $10. But also for that $10 you get a disbursement of two Ithaca Hours, which is worth $20. So you pay in $10 and you get 20. What that does, it creates an entirely new revenue stream for this town that stays in this town.  MILLER: So the idea isn't to do what I did - buy Hours straight up for dollars - but to sign up and offer something the community needs. I'll proofread your newsletter if you give me an Hour. You give me a haircut and I'll give you an Hour back. And because we're both members, we actually gain an Hour in the bargain, free money, which we can spend on whatever.  Hey there, can I get a donut please?  Unidentified Man: Yes, you may.  MILLER: And I've got this eight Hour of six Hours.  Unidentified Man: Just for one donut?  MILLER: The Ithaca farmers market does a brisk business in Hours. Dennis Hartley takes them for the cider and donuts he brings up from his orchard south of town.  Mr. DENNIS HARTLEY (Farmer): I think it's a great idea. The problem is awareness. There are still many, many people who like at you funny when you say Ithaca Hours. You can't go to a doctor and pay in Ithaca Hours. You can't go to a dentist and pay in Ithaca Hours.  MILLER: And you can't hardly go anywhere here on Route 13, Ithaca's big box strip. Of course that's the point. Hours are a reaction against this sort of economy. Back in the '90s, activists in Ithaca helped keep Wal-Mart from coming to town. But in the last few years, ka-boom, not just Wal-Mart but Loews, Home Depot, Borders, Barnes & Nobel. And just last year, our first Starbucks.  Unidentified Woman #3: Hi, there.  MILLER: Hi. Could I get a tall decaf latte, and do you accept these things, Ithaca Hours?  Unidentified Woman #3: No. I'm sorry, we don't.  MILLER: You don't? Just U.S. dollars?  So Starbucks wouldn't take my Hours. I know lots of locally owned coffee shops that will, but this place is packed. The national chains do tens of millions of dollars in business in our town. All told, there are about $120,000 worth of Ithaca Hours in circulation. It is a new source of revenue and it does all stay local. There's just not that much of it.  For NPR News, I'm Jon Miller in Ithaca, New York.

State to Impose New Emissions Rules for Small Engines. Solar Initiative Launches January 1. End Music.


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E.g.
['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "It's ScuttleButton Time!"] == ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "For awhile I thought I was in Napa Valley last week, with all the whining going on.\xa0 It's Friday and where, you ask, is ScuttleButton? It's been a crazy day, with lots of news and lots of meetings. But then again, it IS Friday. And that means only one thing. But first, as always, the tutorial on how to play. Every Friday on this blog, there are buttons displayed vertically. Simply take one word (or concept) per button, add 'em up, and, hopefully, you will arrive at a famous name or a familiar expression. (And seriously, by familiar, I mean it's something that more than one person on Earth would recognize.) And don't focus on a political answer. It doesn't necessarily have to be political, though it could be. A correct answer chosen at random gets his or her name in this column. Personally, I can't imagine a greater honor. You can't use the comments box at the bottom of the page for your answer. Send submission (plus your name and city/state -- you won't win without that) to politicaljunkie@npr.org. Click here for the answer to last week's puzzle. And, by adding your name to the Political Junkie mailing list, you will be the first on your block to receive notice when a new puzzle goes up on the blog. Sign up at politicaljunkie@npr.org. Or you can make sure to get an automatic RSS feed whenever a new Junkie post goes up by clicking here. Good luck, and happy Friday! P.S. I usually reveal the answer -- and announce the winner -- in this space on Tuesdays. So you should get your answer in by then."] != ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: It's a Bird! It's A Plane! It's Amazon!; The Holy Doorman; Father Stealthmas."]

Question: Remembering Nature Writer Barry Lopez

Lopez, who died Dec. 25, won the 1986 National Book Award for Arctic Dreams, an account of his travels in the far north over a period of four years. Originally broadcast in 1989 and 2013.

Stories: 1) Hank Williams' Family Legacy on Display 2) Remembering Wayne Conner


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Question: Summer Reading For Your Woke Kid

Social activist Innosanto Nagara wanted to find a fun book to read to his 2-year-old son that also talked about the importance of social justice. He wasn't looking for the typical fiction written for children. Instead, he was looking for unique narratives — by writers of color and/or authors who can speak about social issues through their own experiences. Nagara couldn't find any. So he wrote one. "Parents and teachers are realizing that what students read and learn affects how they see the world." said Deborah Menkart, Executive Director for Teaching for Change, an organization that puts together social justice reading lists to inspire children throughout the summer. "Give kids credit," says Stan Yogi, one of the authors on our list. "They have an innate sense of what's right and what's wrong. Being able to draw on that innate sense of justice through relatable stories is so important." Not all parents have the time to do what Innosanto Nagara did. For those who can't, we've compiled a list — with help from Teaching for Change — of books that frame big issues through a lens children can understand.

Minimum Wage, Good News / Bad News, Real Bears vs. Real Colts, Space Diaries, Last Chance for Oysters, Life of a Dealer


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Question: My River Home: A Journey from the Gulf War to the Gulf of Mexico

Guest: Marcus Eriksen, Director of Research and Education for the Algalita Marine Research Foundation and an active member of Veterans for Peace

Stories: 1) Teddy Roosevelt And The Fire That Saved The Forests 2) A Memoir Of Pakistan, Islamic Fundamentalism


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Question: Tuesday's Just As Link Dump

Where we continue to espouse "the Middle Mind mediocrity of NPR fern bar jazz." --JazzTimes Suspends Publication, Furloughs Staff: So there you have it. Personally, I see a note of optimism in this, though; while we were all steeling ourselves mentally for the rag to go under immediately, it looks like it'll be back up and running if the management can find a new owner. As for reactions, Marc Myers of JazzWax ties it to the death of Old Media everywhere, and I'm inclined to agree. The problem wasn't necessarily that people are caring less about jazz -- though my more misanthropic side might also suggest that argument -- it's that the medium defined the message. Let's hope it was the case of a talented staff (their managing editor writes for NPR Music, you know) hamstrung to a business model that compromised its relevance, or sustainability, or probably both. I hope they at least come back on the Web; the more people who care enough to think publicly about jazz, the better. Sugar daddies, your attention please. (Related: the Bay Area's only remaining all-jazz station is also in trouble.) --Six Gateway Jazz Albums: Speaking of dying print magazines, Paste ran this little feature on introducing jazz to "rock elitists." Some of the rock to jazz analogies are a bit of a stretch -- "if you love Deerhoof's wacko math-rock, you'll love the collegiate, controlled trot of Dave Brubeck's music!" -- but the more eyes who see that Speak No Evil exists, the better. (Plus, it's not like we've never resorted to occasional corniness in introducing people to jazz, either.) Of course, nowadays I'd like to think that the jazz establishment and the pop/rock crowd ("normal" people) are at least on speaking terms; high/low cultural distinctions are increasingly irrelevant, and digital music culture can fully divorce a sound file from its apparently odious context. But it's a good list of albums in any event (after 1958, anyway). --'Tradition' And Ornette Coleman: Pi Recordings, which seems to put out at least one of my favorite new releases every year, has an occasionally-updated blog penned by someone ostensibly younger, smarter and more talented than I am. Rafiq Bhatia has a illustrative anecdote to share which more or less sticks it to Stanley Crouch for his attempt to circumlocute Ornette Coleman into the jazz "tradition" -- and shows how that line of pedagogy could lead to poor jazz. I bet I'd have the same reaction if I were in that auditorium. In fact, after thinking about it, the only thing I really have to contribute to this discussion without resorting to a feature-length essay about the "jazz wars" would be a question I've wondered for a while: if it's more-or-less become a standard, why are there hardly any good versions of "Lonely Woman" other than the original? Anyway, related: Act Like You Know: Ornette Coleman --The Memphis Mafia: WFIU's Night Lights program, one of public radio's real multi-platform pioneers, has the archive of a brilliant program about a group of Memphis musicians. Trumpeter Booker Little, saxophonists George Coleman and Frank Strozier and pianist Harold Mabern all went to high school together, all migrated to Chicago and all became important players for a short time in the heart of hard bop. (Funky pianist Phineas Newborn Jr. also came from Memphis, albeit slightly earlier.) Coleman is probably the best known of the bunch, for his association with Miles Davis in 1963-1964, but Little has always been a personal hero of mine. That scene begs for a professional history. In whatever case, the underlying story is one seen elsewhere in jazz as well: Philadelphia's Mastbaum High, Detroit's Cass Tech and Chicago's DuSable High (just to name a few) produced peer groups of great musicians who all eventually struck out more-or-less together for greener pastures. The power of peer pressure meets music programs worth a damn, it would seem. --The Jazz Speakers Bureau: Finally, All About Jazz has is launching a new service: a clearinghouse for lecturers who can teach you or your organization how to use the Jazz Internet to your advantage. AAJ Publisher Michael Ricci, JazzVideoGuy Bret Primack, Promoter Jim Eigo and aforementioned blogger Marc Myers can now be hired for panels and workshops wherever you are. Ironic that one might hire an analog presentation for the digital workspace, but judging by the general slow creep of jazz toward the Internet, not particularly surprising that it could be monetized. But anything that would bring about more Jazz Internet is welcomed around these parts. P.S. The Vision Festival starts today in New York City. We do not live in New York City. Nonetheless, more thoughts are coming.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...House Keeper Wanted; Bidin' His Time; Stacked Up On The Runway.


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Question: Here and Now for Tuesday, February 13, 2007

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For example, '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "Attorney General Eric Holder  testified before Congress this week about his and the Department of Justice's role in  Operation Fast and Furious. Mike Lester thinks most media outlets are helping to  cover up the story, while Pat Bagley charges Fox News with undue hyping."]' should be close to '['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "Double Take 'Toons: Media: Fasting Or Furious?"]'

Congress begins debate on a non-binding resolution that would support the troops in Iraq but oppose sending more. We speak with Gail Chaddock of The Christian Science Monitor.

Virgin Galactic, the space era spin-off of Virgin Atlantic, plans to send tourists on sub-orbital flights within the next three years.

Iran's influence in the Middle East has grown in recent years. Is this due to Iran or the war in Iraq? Guest: Anthony Shadid, The Washington Post.

Mitt Romney goes to Michigan to announce he'll run for president. We look at Mitt Romney's Michigan ties with Nolan Finley of the Detroit News.

We look back on the short and remarkable life of Hanley Denning, who helped raise money to educate the children whose families made their livings picking through the trash.

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A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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U.S. Convoy Moves through Baghdad

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U.S. tanks re-enter Baghdad as U.S.-led warplanes continue 24-hour patrol missions over the Iraqi capital. Iraqi officials call for a nighttime curfew, but the U.S. military says troops will ignore the ban and "go wherever and whenever we want." And as U.S. forces mass on the outskirts of Baghdad, civilians flee the city. Hear NPR's Nick Spicer and NPR's Anne Garrels.

Good morning - here are our early stories: Obama, Romney Trade Jokes; Critics Aim At Obama's 'Optimal' Comment. Malala Stands For First Time Since Being Shot By Taliban, Doctors Say. And these headlines: Ill. Rep. Joe Walsh Says Abortions Not Needed To Save Women's Lives. (Politico) Syrian Jets Drop Cluster Bombs On Rebel Town, Killing Civilians. (AFP) Turkey Retaliates Again After Syrian Shells Fall Into Its Territory. (Al-Arabiya) North And South Korea Trade War Threats Over Provocative Leaflets. (Korea Times) Following Alleged Rape, Curfew Imposed On All U.S. Military Personnel In Japan. (Stars and Stripes) Amtrak High Speed Train To Travel 110 MPH In Illinois Today In Midwest. (AP) Sandusky Seeks New Trial, Claims Insufficient Evidence To Convict Him. (CNN)


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Question: For Many College Students, Hunger 'Makes It Hard To Focus'

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As students enter college this fall, many will hunger for more than knowledge. Up to half of college students in recent published studies say they either are not getting enough to eat or are worried about it. This food insecurity is most prevalent at community colleges, but it's common at public and private four-year schools as well. Student activists and advocates in the education community have drawn attention to the problem in recent years, and the food pantries that have sprung up at hundreds of schools are perhaps the most visible sign. Some schools nationally also have instituted the Swipe Out Hunger program, which allows students to donate their unused meal plan vouchers, or "swipes," to other students to use at campus dining halls or food pantries. That's a start, say analysts studying the problem of campus hunger, but more systemwide solutions are needed. "If I'm sending my kid to college, I want more than a food pantry," says Sara Goldrick-Rab, a professor of higher education policy and sociology at Temple University in Philadelphia, and founder of the Hope Center for College, Community and Justice. "I want to know that they're addressing high food prices on campus and taking steps to ensure no student goes hungry," Goldrick-Rab says. One of the reasons the issue hasn't received great attention may stem from a misperception about what today's students are really like, says Katharine Broton, an assistant professor in educational policy and leadership studies at the University of Iowa, who has published research on food and housing insecurity in colleges. Many students don't fit the stereotype of someone who attends a four-year institution full-time and doesn't have a job, Broton says. Rather, about 40 percent of students these days are working in addition to going to school. And nearly 1 in 4 are parents. The juggling act can be hard to maintain. "Most of the students, we find, are working and receiving financial aid, but still struggling with food insecurity," Broton says. Adding to the stress is the fact that while tuition and fees continue to rise, financial aid hasn't kept pace. In the 2017-18 school year, after accounting for grant aid and tax benefits, full-time students at two-year colleges had to cover $8,070 in room and board, on average, while those at four-year public institutions faced an average $14,940 in room, board, tuition and fees. Hunger researchers credit students with both sounding the alarm about the problem on campus and in some cases offering ingenious solutions. Rachel Sumekh, who founded the Swipe Out Hunger program with friends several years ago, when she was a student at UCLA, says they wanted to do something useful with the unused credits from the meal plans that they were required to buy. The program now counts 48 schools as participants, and Sumekh says in the past year they've seen a "dramatic" increase in the number of colleges that are reaching out to them about getting involved. "Free dining passes have given me chances to eat when I thought I wouldn't be able to," one student wrote to the Swipes program. "I used to go hungry and that would make it hard to focus in class or study. [The passes] really helped my studying and may have helped me get my GPA up." The University of California, Berkeley is part of Swipes. That program is one element in a multipronged effort at Cal that targets students who may need extra support to meet their basic housing, food and other needs, says Ruben Canedo, a university employee who chairs the campus's basic needs committee. (He also helps govern a similar committee for all 10 UC campuses.) According to a survey of UC Berkeley students, 38 percent of undergraduates and 23 percent of graduate students deal with food insecurity at some point during the academic year, Canedo says. In particular, the school reaches out to groups known to be at risk for food insecurity — including students who are parents, low-income or who identify as LGBTQ, as well as those who are first-generation college students. Canedo says a key focus this fall will be to enroll eligible students in CalFresh, the California version of the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, informally known as food stamps or SNAP. Under federal rules, students generally must work at least 20 hours a week to qualify for SNAP, something many cannot manage. But states have flexibility to designate what counts as employment and training programs, says Elizabeth Lower-Basch, director of income and work supports at CLASP, an anti-poverty advocacy organization. In California, for example, students who participate in certain educational programs at school are eligible for CalFresh, she says. "That's our first line of defense," Canedo says. "Students are being awarded about $192 per month." For students who don't qualify for CalFresh, the school sponsors a parallel food assistance program that also provides benefits. There's a food pantry that offers regular cooking demonst

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Stories: 1) 'Brain Bugs': Cognitive Flaws That 'Shape Our Lives' 2) What It Means To Be 'Always On' A Smartphone 3) 'Turn Of Mind': The Haunted House Is In Your Head