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Question: Here's How Back To School Might Look In The New Normal

The students are met at the school door with a thermometer and a health quiz, answering questions like "Are you feeling sick today?" Once they pass this quiz, the students in this summer enrichment program outside St. Louis proceed to folding chairs spread 10 feet apart across the gymnasium to eat breakfast alone. Eating so far from friends has been "not great" for Jada Randle. "It's boring. You just have to sit away from people," said the 10-year-old. Jennings School District, which educates about 2,500 students just north of St. Louis, is using this summer program to test an in-person school model that it will roll out for the entire district next month. The program highlights the challenges that lie ahead for schools as they try to safely reopen amid a raging pandemic. Two groups of a few dozen students, in grades five through 12, come on alternating days for enrichment programs that include computer coding, building design and chess. Jennings is one of the first public school districts in the region to welcome any students and staff back into its buildings on a regular basis, even as neighboring districts cancel plans to open their schools in the fall. When school resumes in earnest on Aug. 24, Jennings will offer this alternating-day schedule along with a fully online version, a combination that administrators hope will keep capacity at just 25%. "It's really going well," said Vernice Hicks-Prophet, who oversees elementary schools for the district. "We're working this program so we can get all of the kinks out of it when students return in August." Teachers nationwide and in St. Louis have voiced their concerns about keeping themselves and their students healthy. This comes as pressure mounts from government leaders to reopen schools and as coronavirus cases spike around the United States. The union representing teachers in Jennings is against reopening for in-person classes. Business teacher Marc Reid volunteered to come back to school and teach: "Since we have a lot of safeguards in place, it made me feel very comfortable in doing so." Tables in his computer lab were spread as far apart as possible, with just one computer on each table. Sometimes it's hard to hear students' questions when their voices are muffled by their masks, he said. Students are instructed to wear masks except for sips of water from their own cups or bottles. If they show up barefaced, they are supplied a mask. Teachers are also expected to wear masks, though one wasn't. Students mostly complied with the rule, though masks didn't always stay on perfectly over their noses and mouths; masks are too hot, several students said. "Sometimes I pull it down to scratch my face and forget to pull it back up," said 13-year-old Curtis Grisby. Curtis, who's about to start his freshman year of high school, said he mostly doesn't mind the mask and distancing rules: "It's just a new experience." But he also predicted that his classmates will not follow every rule, especially when changing classes. In regard to mask and distancing infractions, Superintendent Art McCoy said it will take time to develop habits around the protocols. "We're not expecting perfect. That's why we're starting early," he said, adding that the goal will be to balance enforcement and maintaining a positive learning environment, all while keeping the number of COVID-19 cases as low as possible. When NPR visited, a custodian frequently lapped the hallways with a spray bottle of disinfectant; hand sanitizer and Clorox wipes were scattered around rooms; and teachers told students to sanitize their hands before coming into a classroom. The district still has some work to do before reopening — while chairs were spaced far apart for eating, not all classrooms were set up for kids to be separated by at least 6 feet. Jada, the 10-year-old student, said she's worried about more crowded schools too. And as a typical kid, she's not exactly excited about being back in school. But after being stuck inside since March, she "just wanted to get out of the house."

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Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: Bannon And Trump White House Raising Questions About Executive Privilege, Lawyers Say

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Former White House strategist Steve Bannon frustrated lawmakers this week when he declined to answer many of their questions about his time in the Trump administration. To hear members of the House Intelligence Committee tell it, Bannon was using the concept of executive privilege to evade legitimate oversight from Congress. At the podium Wednesday, White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders disagreed. "This White House is following the same practice that many before us have, that have gone back decades," Sanders said. "We encourage the committees to work with us to find the appropriate accommodation in order to ensure Congress obtains all the information that they're looking for." Lawyers from both political parties who have worked in the White House said the Trump administration's approach to the privilege is not so out of line with previous presidencies. Executive privilege is not enshrined in the Constitution, but the idea that it's important to protect internal deliberations so a president can receive candid advice is very old. Dwight Eisenhower coined the term, and since then, lots of White Houses have used it to try to shield documents and conversations on sensitive subjects. Bannon's use of the privilege to avoid answering questions about the transition period is unusual, the lawyers said. That's because there is very little law to support keeping secrets in that period, and because there's one president at a time. From November 2016 until January 2017, that president was Barack Obama. But, the lawyers said, when it comes to Bannon's time in the White House, his refusal to provide information to Congress is in line with prior administrations. Attorney General Jeff Sessions adopted a similar approach in congressional testimony last year, when he declined to talk about his conversations with President Trump about Russia or his conversations with the president about special counsel Robert Mueller. Back then, the attorney general indicated the White House might formally assert privilege to block his testimony. But the White House didn't go so far as to send a letter to Capitol Hill to trigger that process. Former Obama administration lawyers said asserting the privilege often happens late in the process, after negotiations with Congress have broken down. In those cases, the privilege can help serve as a defense or a "get out of jail free card" for an official held in contempt of Congress. That happened to Obama's attorney general, Eric Holder, over documents related to the Fast and Furious scandal, and to George W. Bush aides Joshua Bolten and Harriet Miers, in the scandal after the firing of U.S. attorneys. Asserting the privilege typically prompts court fights that can drag on for years, into a new administration. For example, the Obama lawyers defended the Bush officials, on the grounds that the principle was more important than the politics. But the shield of executive privilege does have its limits. In court precedent that goes all the way back to U.S. v Nixon, judges have balanced the president's need for candid, confidential advice against a need for evidence in grand jury proceedings or criminal trials. That's where the special counsel probe is now. So, Bannon and some of the other people who have been asked to sit for interviews with Mueller's team have to answer prosecutors' questions, unless they invoke their right to remain silent under the Fifth Amendment. Even Trump's White House counsel, Don McGahn, has to answer. The top appeals court in D.C. doesn't recognize attorney-client privilege when it comes to federal crimes. That decision dates to 1998, when Whitewater special counsel Ken Starr was investigating Bill Clinton's relationship with Monica Lewinsky. On Tuesday, the same day as Bannon's nearly 11-hour session with the House Intelligence Committee, Lewinsky tweeted on the 20th anniversary of her interview with Starr's investigators. That was two decades ago, but it's relevant again now.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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represent the headline to find a news subtitle on npr with more details.

For example, '['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "A Biography Of 'Boo' Across The World"]' should have a representation like '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Halloween is "boo" day. For such a short word, it\'s remarkably effective, and uttered — or shouted — in many parts of the world. Where did it come from and why is it so satisfying to say?']' but very far from '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Stories: 1) Marisa Tomei: From 'Cousin Vinny' To 'Cyrus' 2) A Saga In The Ozarks, Suited For The Screen"]'.

Question: Citizen Scientists Discover A Strange Planet In Four-Star System

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The universe continues to surprise us. Two citizen scientists have discovered a very rare world: A planet that orbits two stars and has a second pair of stars revolving around it. Wired explains just how odd this is:  "Out of the thousands of planets that have been discovered outside of our solar system, only seven of them have been found to orbit binary stars — these are known as circumbinary planets. None of these circumbinary planets have been found to have another pair of stars circling them. "The planet, called PH1 after the PlanetHunters website, is believed to be a gas giant a little larger than Neptune and six times the size of Earth, located around 5,000 light-years away. It was found by two US volunteers on the site — Kian Jek of San Francisco and Robert Gagliano from Arizona — who spotted faint dips in light caused by the planet passing in front of its parent stars."  The discovery was made by Kian Jek of San Francisco and Robert Gagliano of Cottonwood, Ariz. It was later confirmed by professional scientists at Yale and Oxford. According to Planet Hunters, "anyone viewing the sky from PH1 would have a spectacular view of all four stars." But the important thing about this discovery is that scientists are unsure just how a world like this could exist. In such a hostile environment, the planet should be ripped apart. "It's fascinating to try and imagine what it would be like to visit a planet with four suns in its sky, but this new world is confusing astronomers. It's not at all clear how it formed in such a busy environment," Dr. Chris Lintott, of Oxford University, said in a press release. Yale's Meg Schwamb, the lead author who will present their findings at the Division for Planetary Sciences annual meeting in Reno, Nevada, said that circumbinary planets represent the extreme in planet formation. "The discovery of these systems is forcing us to go back to the drawing board to understand how such planets can assemble and evolve in these dynamically challenging environments," Schwamb said in a statement. PH1 is the first confirmed discovery by Planet Hunters, a "citizen science project" that has volunteers sift through data taken by NASA's Kepler mission. Kepler, by the way, was the same mission that discovered Kepler-16b, a world a lot like Tatooine from Star Wars.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In Egypt: Fear That 'Day Of Rage' Will Add To Body Count. -- NSA Has Broken Privacy Rules 'Thousands Of Times Each Year'. -- There It Is! Area 51 Revealed In Declassified CIA Report. And here are more early headlines: Earthquakes Rattle New Zealand's Capital. (Radio New Zealand) Consumer Prices Rise Slightly In July. (Bloomberg) High Temperatures, Wind Fan Massive Idaho Wildfire. (Reuters) Caribbean Storm Could Form New Tropical Depression. (Weather.com) NASA Says Planet-Hunting Spacecraft "Kepler" Is Badly Disabled. (National Geographic) Voyager 1 Has Left The Solar System - Or Not. (Los Angeles Times) Dispute Over Burial Of Richard III's Bones Goes To Court. (BBC) Baseball To Widen Use Of Instant Replay Next Year. (ESPN)


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Question: CA Public Employees' Retirement Fund Steady Amid Economic Downturns

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Julie Small: Monday's slide in overseas stock markets caused US markets to tank early in the day, but after a shaky start, Wall Street rebounded some Tuesday.  With more economic uncertainty ahead, we got to wondering about the safety of California's Public Employees retirement system or CalPERS.  KPCC's Julie Small reports.

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Good morning - here are some of our early headlines: Protesters Attack U.S. Diplomatic Buildings in Egypt, Libya; One American Worker Killed. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Starts Third Day, No Breakthrough Seen. (Chicago Tribune) German Court Backs European Bailout Plan. (Wall Street Journal) Two Factory Fires In Pakistan Kill At Least 191. (Voice Of America) Obama Administration Approves First Group Of Immigrant Children Applying To Stay In U.S. (AP) That Big Stink In Los Angeles? It's Decaying Matter From The Inland Salton Sea. (Los Angeles Times) Apple Expected To Unveil New Smartphone Today. (WHEC) FAMU Blames Hazing Victim For His Own Death; Parents Outraged. (ABC) Calif. Refinery Pipe Was Corroded, Thinned Just Before Explosion Last Month. (San Francisco Chronicle) Tropical Storm Nadine Strengthens Far Out In Atlantic, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center)


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Question: 'With Malice Toward None': Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

It was on this day 150 years ago that President Abraham Lincoln delivered his last and perhaps most famous speech, his second inaugural address. The Civil War was drawing to its bloody close and the president used this speech to call for mutual forgiveness between the North and South, and a beginning to the work of rebuilding the nation. Here & Now’s Jeremy Hobson speaks with historian Vernon Burton about the enduring legacy of the words Lincoln spoke on March 4, 1865.
Read Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural address

Guest

Vernon Burton, professor of history, sociology and computer science at Clemson University. He tweets @VernonBurton1.

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['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "I'm one of the lucky ones. I have health insurance. That doesn't mean it's not frustrating at times. The statements can appear to be written in a foreign language. And if there's a problem, getting to a real person can take up most of a day. Some companies have a new voicemail system, a woman who, I guess, is supposed to sound like a real person having a real conversation. It's really annoying, not to mention that, in spite of her mechanical friendliness, the options you're offered are never the ones you need. But all these petty annoyances pale in comparison to the real problem. Being treated for cancer is expensive, very expensive. Without insurance, I couldn't pay for it. Some numbers: $80 per pill, a procedure that may cost $15,000, or more. Whether those prices are valid is a whole different issue. For the time being, those are the prices that are charged. Even with insurance, the costs that the patient pays can be a hardship. Insurance doesn't cover everything. The co-payments, the deductibles, the uncovered items, can bleed you like slow torture. If you don't have insurance? Cancer takes your health, but it can also take your job. That can mean no insurance. Or what if the care you need is in another city, or another state? Can you afford to move? If you don't have insurance, are you sentenced to death, knowing that the treatments to help you exist, and you just don't have access to them? There's truly something wrong when how much money you have determines whether you're given the most advanced treatments, or whether you're treated at all. It would be nice to think that this country could come up with a system that would allow patients just to concentrate on trying to get better, a system that would not bleed them, or their families. It's tough enough being sick. You shouldn't have to worry about bills, or leaving your family in debt. You shouldn't have to choose between treatments that you need, to decide which one you can pay for and which one you'll have to forego. The fact that the system adds insult to injury is just plain wrong. We, as a country, should be ashamed."] == ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Adding Insult to Injury']

Stories: 1) 'At Canaan's Edge,' Martin Luther King's Final Years 2) Martin Luther King's Last Campaign for Equality 3) Scorsese Captures the Stones, in Shadow and 'Light'


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Question: In Vegas, Intel Hopes A Smart Idea Takes Flight

The International Consumer Electronics Show came to a close Friday in Las Vegas — and with it: the end of a performance. The show is meant to be a happy time: party hard. Put your best face forward — even if you're not sure about the future of your company. The CEO of Intel, the chipmaker, is in just that awkward position. The Performer On stage at the Venetian hotel, a pop band and a cellist play a rendition of the song "Radioactive." The combination of modern and classical form, the refrain "Welcome to the new age, to the new age" — it was a fitting prelude to the real show. The tens of thousands of people at the week-long show didn't come for the musicians. They came to this gadget-fest for the engineers, for people like Intel CEO Brian Krzanich, who was the opening night headliner. As Krzanich stepped on stage, the audience expected to be dazzled. And he dazzled them with Nixie, which he called "the first wearable camera that can fly." The must-have drone has legs that fold around your wrist like a watchband. And when you want that selfie from the sky, unclasp it and it can hover around you to shoot. "Now those of you in the audience," Krzanich says, "Get your cameras ready — we're about to witness history." We watch Nixie take the first flying photo on the stage of this electronics show – and it's made possible by an Intel chip. For an hour, Krzanich uses whiz-bang technology to make a case: Just like Google is the software platform for developers around the world, Intel — the chipmaker — is the hardware platform. From drones to refrigerators to bracelets — if it computes, if it's smart, if it needs to communicate — it should be done with Intel inside. At least, that's the hope. A Comeback — With Wearable Devices? "It's a hard slog," says Michael Malone. "It can look like your divorced uncle going out dancing on a Friday night." Malone, the author of the book The Intel Trinity, says the company founded in 1968 fell behind the smartphone revolution and poured its money into making big chips for more intelligent PCs and servers. "That was a fairly reasonable conclusion to draw," Malone says. "However, it was the wrong one." Intel is now betting on the wearable device movement — like that wearable drone — even though it might flop. And according to research sponsored by Intel, customers are not sold. But, Malone says, Intel has to show the world that the company's in the game: "They're not stodgy old Intel. They're making connections with a lot of interesting folks that are doing interesting things." This Is Not The PC Era Off stage, CEO Krzanich talks about the new kinds of companies he's working with in this wearable era. Take the fashion industry: "They're used to changing product right up until the last moment, as fashion and what's desirable shifts. And that's something we've had to adapt to." Brands like Oakley sunglasses and Fossil watches are really different from the old PC makers — and from each other. And, Krzanich admits, he's not into the scene per se. "I can't say I went to any of the parties," he says about his time at New York Fashion Week. "An engineer at fashion week. It's not the exciting thing. It's not like a tech show." Intel has a real technology challenge: to figure out a button-sized superchip that'll serve the needs of many new, fragmented partners. Krzanich unveiled a prototype called Curie, which does not yet have a price. Intel's got to get the price right. Back in the PC era, it sold chips for as much as $1,000 — and had nice margins. But when I roam this convention floor and ask device-makers what they'd pay for a quality chip, I get single-digit answers: mostly $1 or $2. Mark Watterson with iFit.com says he'd go as high as $6. "The current chips on the market are limiting" his smartwatches and smart shoes, he says. But an expensive chip would have to be "good." Intel's chips — which are more than good — might be overkill. And so, as CEO Krzanich walks passed poker tables to lead Intel demos, he is making a gamble.

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Stories: 1) Reich Blames Economy's Woes On Income Disparity 2) Zach Galifianakis: A Comedic Actor Takes A Dark Turn


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Question: Week in Review: Ports, Polls and Leaked Tape

E.J. Dionne, a columnist for The Washington Post and David Brooks, a columnist for the New York Times talk with Melissa Block about the political flap over the port deal with Dubai, the leaked videoconference tape of the president before Hurricane Katrina, and recent polls.

Minimum Wage, Good News / Bad News, Real Bears vs. Real Colts, Space Diaries, Last Chance for Oysters, Life of a Dealer


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Question: Russia Begins 6 Days Of Military War Games With Ally Belarus

Thousands of Russian troops are taking part in war games on NATO's border, in an exercise that imagines a conflict with the West. It's the biggest show of Russian military might since the Cold War.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Kerry Announces Paris Trip, Brushes Off Criticism On Missing March. -- TV Wins At Golden Globes Hint At A TV Revolution. And here are more early headlines: Divers Locate 2nd AirAsia Black Box, Must Still Recover It. (Deutsche Welle) A New Winter Storm Is Powering Across Central, Eastern U.S. (NWS) 1 Month After Attack, Pakistani Children Return To School. (Reuters) South Korea Open To Talks With North Korea Without Preconditions. (Time) Firebombs Thrown At Home, Former Office Of Hong Kong Media Official. (South China Morning Post) U.N. Condemns Boko Haram's Suspected Use Of Child Suicide Bombers. (U.N. Media Centre) Pope Francis Heads For Philippines, Sri Lanka For Week-Long Visit. (Financial Times) Two Tuskegee Airmen Who Were Friends Die On The Same Day At 91. (AP) 1st College Football Championship Tonight Between Ohio State, Oregon. (Bleacher Report)


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Question: Fat Tuesday, California Style

The sun is up, the polls are opening across the Golden State, and for political watchers one of the most interesting California primaries in modern times is finally here.
It¿s going to be a long day, especially for the political operatives who have pulled marathon days in support of both presidential candidates and ballot measure campaigns. [...]

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Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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Question: Listener Limerick Challenge

After hours at the zoo; Science explains the Virgin of the Grilled Cheese; Road Kill: It's What's for Dinner!


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Question: 2 Suspects Sought In Bourbon Street Shooting That Killed 1, Injured 9

Updated 1:45 a.m. ET Monday: Police in New Orleans are searching for two male suspects in a deadly shooting early Sunday morning in the heart of the city's famous French Quarter. At a news conference, police said the two men knew each other and had had an earlier dispute. When they ran into each other on Bourbon Street, they began arguing again and then the shooting started at approximately 1:30 a.m. One person was killed and nine others were injured. Police say none of the victims — ranging in age from 20 to 37 — was an intended target. Eight of the victims are males, including the deceased, and two victims are females. The Times-Picayune in New Orleans reports:  Demontris Toliver, a 25-year-old Baton Rouge tattoo artist in town to celebrate his birthday, has been identified as the man slain in the shooting. Toliver's brother, Joshua Davis, said Toliver was gunned down shortly after he and his fiancee left their Canal Street hotel.  Aaron Washington, who worked with Toliver at Effum Underground, said Toliver was a devoted apprentice at the shop, often arriving early to work and constantly refining his skills in a mission to become a full-time tattoo artist. "He was a very laid-back, carefree individual," Washington said, adding that Toliver was most always laughing, smiling and "trying to show you his artwork."  The Associated Press reports:  About 25 people who said they were friends and relatives of Toliver gathered late Sunday and lit candles at the scene of the shooting. They hugged each other, some crying. Several men in the group appeared to pray. Five of the injured victims have been released from the hospital and four remained hospitalized — but officials say they do not have life-threatening injuries.  The violence happened despite an increase in patrols. Authorities had prepared for a large number of people visiting the city because of two football games. The Bayou Classic between Southern and Grambling State universities was played Saturday night. And the NFL's New Orleans Saints were scheduled to play the Los Angeles Rams in the Superdome on Sunday. New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu called the violence "completely unacceptable." He told The Associated Press, that authorities will find the suspects. "We will go to the ends of the earth to make sure that we bring them to justice," Landrieu said.

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Good morning (and our apologies for being late with this). Some of our early headlines: -- Judge Says Nidal Hasan Can Represent Himself In Fort Hood Trial -- Report: NSA Is Searching 'Vast Amounts' Of Americans' Emails -- 'Total Disgrace': Jackie Robinson Statue Defaced In Brooklyn -- 'New York Times' Is Not For Sale, Sulzberger Says -- Fannie Mae Books $10.1 Billion In Second-Quarter Profits -- 3 Winning Powerball Tickets Sold: 2 In N.J., 1 In Minnesota -- Burglars Return Loot To Group That Helps Sex Assault Victims -- Stars And Stripes: Pair Of Sumatran Tigers Born At National Zoo -- World-Record Snakehead Fish Caught In U.S. Other stories in the news: -- Wildfire In Southern California "Grows To 10,000 Acres; One Person Burned 'Head To Toe.' " (Los Angeles Times) -- 4 Killed, 4 Wounded In Dallas-area Shooting Rampage. (The Dallas Morning News) -- "Suspect's Vehicle In California Murder-abduction Case Seen In Oregon." (Reuters) -- Suicide Bomber In Quetta, Pakistan, Kills At Least 28. (BBC News)


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Aristide Faithful Suspect Manipulation

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Ousted Haitian leader Jean-Bertrand Aristide's leading supporters accuse the Bush administration of overthrowing a democratically elected head of state. Bush administration officials insist Aristide is a failed president who resigned in the face of an armed rebellion. NPR's Michele Kelemen reports.

The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: Justice Dept. Opens Inquiry on Generic Drug Deal

The Justice Department is investigating a deal between two large brand-name drug makers and a generic company. The deal allegedly was made to keep a cheaper, generic form of Plavix off the market for several months. The drug, used to prevent blood clots after heart attacks, has annual sales of more than $3 billion. The charges of collusion potentially involve more than $1 billion in revenue for the brand-name makers.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Iran's Foreign Minister: Renegotiating Nuclear Deal Would Damage U.S. Credibility. -- Border Patrol Agent Acquitted In 2012 Fatal Shooting Of Mexican Teen. -- Prince's Family Files Wrongful Death Suit Against Hospital, Pharmacy Chain. -- Facebook Updates Community Standards, Expands Appeals Process. And here are more early headlines: Report: Confirmation Hearing To Be Delayed For V.A. Nominee. (Washington Post) Suit Filed Against New Indiana Abortion Law. (Indianapolis Business Journal) Government Seeks E-Coli Source In Contaminated Lettuce. (Washington Post) Despite Government Action, Nicaragua Protests Continue. (Los Angeles Times) New Afghanistan Attacks Leave 9 Dead. (RFE/RL) Ukrainian Agency Hit By Ransomware. (Reuters)


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Question: Does Preschool Pay Off? Tulsa Says Yes

In 2001, not long after Oklahoma had adopted one of the nation's first universal pre-K programs, researchers from Georgetown University began tracking kids who came out of the program in Tulsa, documenting their academic progress over time.  In a new report published in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management today, researchers were able to show that Tulsa's pre-K program has significant, positive effects on students' outcomes and well-being through middle school. The program, which serves seven out of 10 4-year-olds in Tulsa, has attracted lots of national attention over the years because of the on-going debate over the benefits of preschool and whether those benefits are long-lasting. William Gormley, a professor of public policy at Georgetown and one of the lead researchers, says the Tulsa findings offer convincing and compelling evidence that they are. Here's our conversation, edited for length: Why is this study a big deal?  Because it's the first long-term study of a universal pre-K program that shows how kids benefit. Middle school students who were in pre-K years earlier have higher math test scores, are more likely to enroll in honors courses, and are noticeably less likely to have been retained in grade. We hypothesize that a key reason for this is that elementary and middle school teachers have ratcheted up the academic rigor and quality of instruction because these kids were much better prepared [compared to students who weren't enrolled in preschool]. Classroom instruction then becomes more stimulating and beneficial to students. Teachers tell us they can spot a pre-K alumnus a mile away because that child is better prepared to learn. What exactly did you measure? We decided to look at a wide range of potential outcomes that the school district had good data on, deep into the middle school years. They included standardized test scores, letter grades, attendance, special education placement, whether students were in honors courses or gifted programs, suspension and retention rates. In earlier findings, the kids in your study were also more likely to be engaged in class, less timid, more confident, with one glaring exception: black boys. By middle school, they're not doing as well as their white or Latino peers. The results for African-American kids are not as promising in the long term as the results for members of other ethnic and racial groups. Other research, including studies of Head Start, reached similar conclusions. But one big important finding for all kids in Tulsa's pre-K program, including black students, is that they were less likely to be retained in grade. That's a really big, important finding because retention is closely associated with negative outcomes like weak academic performance, dropping out of school, higher crime rates, and lower earnings later in life. Still, Hispanic kids do benefit more in the longer run compared to black children. For example, the principal beneficiaries of pre-K were English language learners. Their reading gains, in particular, were phenomenal after only nine months of being in Tulsa's pre-K program. You say that one major factor in kids' overall success is that the Tulsa program is of really "high quality." How do you define high quality? There are two different ways to measure pre-K quality. The first way is to focus on the education level [of preschool teachers] and student-teacher ratios in the classroom. Those things look very good in the Tulsa program. Every teacher has at least a bachelors degree and is early childhood-certified. They get paid the same as a regular [elementary school] teacher. But the proof in the pudding is to see what's going on inside classrooms. In Tulsa, the legal requirement is that you have one teacher for every 10 students in the classroom. What about funding? We estimate that the cost of full-day pre-K in Tulsa is $10,000 per student. The latest data shows that the long-term benefits of the Tulsa program exceed the short-term costs by at least two to one in current dollars. In other words, taxpayers should be reassured that their investment in universal pre-K is paying off. But can a high-quality program somehow "inoculate" children from academic failure? Well, that's a tough question. A lot of students, especially disadvantaged students, suffer from low self-esteem. They do not think of themselves as being successful. That's when a high-quality pre-K can be enormously important. We don't necessarily know what's going on inside children's heads to account for their success. We don't know what's going on inside individual elementary and middle school classrooms that help sustain these successes. What we do know is that Tulsa's pre-K program is producing lasting dividends for students down the road. Is Oklahoma's universal preschool program a model for the nation? Yes, because Oklahoma has demonstrated a very strong commitment to pre-K over two decades. It has enormous public support so it would be hard to termi

Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


Question:
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Examples:

Given ['represent the headline to find a news subtitle on npr with more details', 'Palestinians Begin Registering Presidential Candidates'] it matches with ['represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr', "Registration began today for Palestinian presidential elections on January ninth. Palestinians face difficulties as they try to organize a free and fair vote. NPR's Julie McCarthy reports."] but not with ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "Good morning, here are our early stories: -- After Four Years, Chinese Dissident Artist Ai Weiwei Gets His Passport Back. -- Loops, Glitches Raise Questions About Dash Cam Video. And here are more early headlines: Critical Transportation Bill Stalls In Senate. (Politico) Congress To Get Briefing From Administration On Iran Nuclear Deal. (USA Today) Jury To Start Sentencing Phase In Colorado Theater Shooter Case. (NBC) Kyrgyzstan Ends Treaty With U.S. Following Diplomatic Row. (VOA) Burundi Counts Votes In Presidential Election That The U.S. Says Isn't Credible. (BBC) Armed Citizens Guarding Some Military Recruitment Centers. (AP) Navajo Nation Voters Loosen Language Requirements For Tribal Leaders. (Farmington Daily Times) Washed Out I-10 Freeway Bridge To Partially Re-Open Friday. (KJZZ) Scientists Believe They've Got Fragments Of World's Oldest Koran. (Time)"]

Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

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Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Foreign Policy: Ripe And Green With Envy

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Isolated, embarrassed, and defeated: That's how hundreds of European delegates returned to their capitals after the failed climate summit in Copenhagen last December. Having positioned itself as the world's champion in combating climate change for almost a decade, Europe lost another important battle. It will not be difficult to find a scapegoat: China. But before pundits in Brussels start to push for imposing green taxes on the big polluting bogeyman from the East, as suggested by countries such as France and Germany, they should be aware that the failure to shape an agreement on climate change in Copenhagen is also a consequence of Europe's own economic inertia, not merely China's intransigence. In fact, rather than vilifying China, Europe should consider taking a page from its playbook.  In many ways, China did exactly what a properly governed developing country should do: lift its people out of poverty while trying to reduce the negative effects of industrialization. Thus far, it has performed this balancing act remarkably well. It has invested massively in improving the efficiency of its economy and has committed to reducing the energy intensity of its industrial production to a level that could herald a new stage of green growth.  Although economic expansion is still the No. 1 priority, the prevention of environmental hazards related to global warming has been acknowledged to be a matter of national security. As Beijing's official planning documents for global warming, which project steep economic and agricultural losses, assert, "China is one of the countries most susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change."  Furthermore, Beijing has spent billions on research and development for new clean-energy technologies, recognizing them as a potential source of growth. In just a few years' time, Chinese companies such as Suntech and Goldwind have become global leaders in solar and wind energy, respectively. China will soon also start to make progress in niche markets like clean coal and hybrid car technologies.  This ambition to turn the challenge of climate change into an opportunity for economic growth has been entirely missing in the European Union. When melting glaciers started to make newspaper headlines, Europe started to dream of making green power into a sort of soft power. It spent billions to profile itself as a clean-energy champion vis-à-vis China, India, and Brazil. This engagement certainly helped raise awareness, but at the same time Europe failed to engage its own member states. Countries such as Germany, Britain, and Spain did their utmost to cash in on the first generations of wind turbines and photovoltaic systems but made little effort to maintain their edge in the long run.  The problem now is that Europe cannot back up its soft power with hard economic capabilities. Developing countries are asking for the transfer of green technology, but there is not much new technology in the pipeline for making money. The European Commission still faces difficulties pooling research projects scattered through Europe and persuading member states to do more.  This lack of innovation and ambition affects the competitiveness of the entire European economy. Europe's research-and-development programs have been stagnating for almost two decades, falling behind those of Japan, South Korea, and the United States. To a large extent, European manufacturers are still banking on their brands and technology from the past decades — but the products are the victim of diminishing returns.  Developing countries such as China have become increasingly aware of Europe's weaknesses. They know that internal opposition within the European Union will prevent it from reducing its emissions significantly more than the developing countries. They also know that Europe's economic uncertainty makes it impossible for the continent to provide much of the $100 billion that is needed annually to help developing countries curb their emissions. But most importantly, there is a genuine fear that Europe will use stringently monitored and binding carbon curbs as an alibi for green protectionism.  The European Union's increasingly defensive posture on climate issues is symptomatic of its waning economic power. Green taxes against goods from developing countries will by no means help save the environment, but they will undoubtedly accelerate Europe's political and economic decline.

Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: Nazi Salutes End In Arrests For Chinese Tourists In Berlin

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For example, ['represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Annie Leibovitz is the former chief photographer for Rolling Stone magazine and currently works for Vanity Fair. She recently published a book of photographs featuring several celebrity portraits. This story originally aired on All Things Considered on September 29, 1983.  The digital preservation of this audio has been made possible in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities.'] should be similar to ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Annie Leibovitz: Behind The Scenes Of Her Celebrity Portraits']

Two Chinese tourists posing for cell phone pictures in front of the Reichstag, Germany's parliament building, wound up under arrest Saturday for making the Heil Hitler gesture, according to multiple media reports citing German police. The two men, ages 36 and 49, have been released after each posting close to $600 bail. Hate speech and symbols are largely verboten today in Germany. The Nazis, who ruled between 1933 and 1945, used such methods to help whip up support, allowing millions of Jews and other minorities to be systemically slaughtered. After World War II, the Nazi party was banned and strict rules against hate speech and symbols were designed to protect vulnerable people. On Saturday, the Chinese men were charged under Germany's criminal code prohibiting the "use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations," including "flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting." Breaking the law is punishable by fine or up to three years in prison. The Reichstag holds powerful significance to Germans. It burned down in 1933; the Nazis blamed communists and exploited the blaze to increase the police state and restrict freedoms of speech, press and assembly throughout the country. The Reichstag was rebuilt after the war. The New York Times reports Germany has seen a surge of Chinese tourists in recent years, after the European Union was approved as a travel destination. Approximately 2 million Chinese visitors come to Germany each year. And while Germans are familiar with the legacy of World War II and the laws forbidding Nazi gestures, it is less certain that foreign tourists are aware of the rules. A police spokeswoman told The Times, she didn't know whether the tourists were still in Germany.

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------
E.g.:
['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details!', "The state's leading farm organizations lent their endorsement to Senator Dianne Feinstein's re-election campaign yesterday. They were meeting with her in Fresno to discuss immigration reform. Farm groups say that, even though they usually endorse Republicans, Democrat Feinstein has fought for California farmers on Capitol Hill."] == ["represent the headline to find a news subtitle on npr with more details.\nFor example, 'Bridging Differences on Patriot Act Renewal' should have a representation like 'A conference committee meets on renewal of the USA Patriot Act. The committee is trying to bridge the differences between the House and Senate bills. We look at what they agree and disagree on.' but very far from 'Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.'.", 'Farm Organizations Endorse Feinstein']

Happy Friday! We're looking at these stories this morning: Economy Slowed Further In Second Quarter.  Derecho, the Sequel: Storm Roars Over Pennsylvania And New York. In London, The Games Are Afoot. Activists Report Heavy Fighting In Aleppo, Syria's Largest City. (VOA) Chinese Woman Accused Of Poisoning British Man Is Held Incommunicado By Chinese Police. (Washington Post) China Orders Limit To Flooding Coverage After Outraged Victims Start Compiling Private Death Tolls. (AP) Afghan Militant Attacks Against NATO Forces Rose 11% In The Past Three Months. (AP) Cyprus Officials To Charge Man With Plotting Terrorism, Had Tracked Israeli Tourists. (Cyprus Mail) Ousted Head Of Oldest Black U.S. Fraternity Seeks His Job Back In A Georgia Court. (Atlanta Journal Constitution) Bird Hits Boy In The Face On Six Flags Coaster, Causing Minor Injuries. (Asbury Park Press)


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Question: 4 Takeaways From The South Carolina Democratic Debate

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The Democrats debated for the 10th time Tuesday night and it was a bit of a mess. There was shouting. There was overtalk. There were lots of attacks. So what to make of that muddle? Here are four takeaways that emerged as the dust settled. 1. Joe Biden was focused on the win in South Carolina South Carolina is a must-win for the former vice president after disappointing finishes in Iowa, New Hampshire and Nevada. He came into the debate with a game plan and executed it the best he could. Biden recognized that his two biggest threats to victory in South Carolina are Bernie Sanders and businessman Tom Steyer — and he went right after them. He landed a punch on Steyer on his ownership of a private prison in South Carolina, and Sanders was so muddied, not just by Biden but the rest of the candidates, that it helped Biden. There was an urgency to Biden on Tuesday night, because this state could be his last stand. Asked whether he would continue on if he doesn't win South Carolina, Biden responded, "I will win South Carolina." 2. Sanders is the man to beat, and he took the heat Sanders is the front-runner, and the candidates tried to take him down a few pegs. Even Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, who has been mostly hands-off with Sanders, went after him. She argued she'd be more effective at governing. Sanders was on the defensive all night, as opponents went after his record on electability, guns, alleged sympathy for socialist regimes and what he calls his "honest" view of America's role in the world. "Occasionally it might be a good idea to be honest about American foreign policy," Sanders said. "And that includes the fact that America has overthrown governments all over the world, in Chile, in Guatemala, in Iran. And when dictatorships, whether it is the Chinese or the Cubans, do something good, you acknowledge that. But you don't have to trade love letters with them." Republicans are led by a president who thrives on culture wars and proudly calls himself a nationalist. President Trump is salivating over the prospect of Sanders as the Democratic nominee. Foreign policy hasn't been a focus of the Democratic nominating contest, but it will factor in much more heavily in a general election when picking a commander in chief comes into sharper relief for voters. 3. Bloomberg was better, but ... Former New York City Mayor Mike Bloomberg had an easier go of it Tuesday night, given all the focus on Sanders, but he didn't stand out as the person who should be the clear alternative to the senator from Vermont. Bloomberg still has a problematic record for a good share of Democratic voters — lavish campaign spending or not. He was on the defensive again for his "stop and frisk" policy as mayor. And Warren reprised her criticism of nondisclosure agreements at Bloomberg's company. Her attack, though, didn't seem to have the same resonance as it did in the Nevada debate, when it was heard the first time. Bloomberg has been banking on a Biden collapse before Super Tuesday, when Bloomberg's name will first appear on ballots. That looked possible after Iowa, New Hampshire and Nevada. But if Biden wins South Carolina, Bloomberg's biggest impact on the race could be splitting up the moderate vote on March 3, when 14 states and one U.S. territory select more than a third of the delegates to the Democratic National Convention. 4. Coronavirus recalls what's at stake in elections The candidates were critical of how the Trump administration is responding to the coronavirus outbreak, notably that Trump's proposed budgets cut funding for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The stock market had some of its worst two-day drops in years because of fears of the virus spreading across the globe and in the United States. It's a reminder that for all of the arguing Democrats have been doing about who is most electable, that tussle is a sideshow, especially when weighing the reelection of a president. With unemployment under 4%, foreign entanglements in the background and no major crises, Trump would normally be the favorite in November. But if something goes badly wrong, it may not matter who the Democratic nominee is. Reelections are, first and foremost, a referendum on the sitting president — and this president is one of the most hotly polarizing in the nation's history.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: The Red Sox-Cardinals Legacy

A look at the Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series, past and present. Guest:  Bud Lamoreaux, producer, Woody's World for ESPN Classic

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Carl reads three quotes from the weeks news: A Fearsome Foursome; A Coke or Pepsi Debate; Peter Parker's Broadway Debut.


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Question: Russia Investigation Still Looms Over Trump Administration

From the latest GDP numbers, to a detente in the E.U.-U.S. tariff war, to news that North Korea has released possible remains of "DoD personnel," President Trump has much to talk about this week, but as always, there is some bad news from the Russia matter.


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Question: Bush Administration Divided over Approach to N. Korea

President Bush and South Korean President Roh Moo Hyun issue a joint statement calling for a North Korea free of nuclear weapons. But within the Bush administration, divisions exist between those who think the U.S. approach to North Korea should focus on diplomatic talks and others who favor regime change. NPR's Mike Shuster reports.

Good morning, here are our early stories: Panetta: Don't Leap To Conclusions About Gen. Allen. Should Petraeus Scandal Be A Big Topic At Obama's News Conference Today? And here are more early headlines: Long Island Utility Chief Quitting Over Superstorm Sandy Response. (Newsday) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi To Announce Decision On Her House Post. (Los Angeles Times) Anti-Austerity Strikes Underway In Several European Countries. (NBC) Chinese President Hu Jintao Leaves Political Office As Part Of Power Transition. (VOA) Second Day Of Protests In Jordan Over High Gas Prices. (Jordan Times) African Union Seeks U.N. Authorization To Invade Mali And Fight Islamist Militants. (AP) Pakistan To Release Some Afghan Taliban Prisoners To Help Peace Process. (Reuters) Car Bombs Kill Many In Iraq Ahead Of Islamic New Year. (BBC) Contraception Is A Human Right, Says U.N. Agency. (AP)


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Question: Who's Bill This Time

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Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.

Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news ... Moving on Up, Prez Charming, and Who's Big Gulping now?


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Question: All Songs Rewind: This Summer, Think Pink

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Note: This episode originally ran in July, 2018.  It all started with a tweet. (Doesn't it always?) Last June, NPR Music's Lars Gotrich tweeted just one word: "roséwave." Then, a follow-up that was more like a challenge: "Y'all can already list 5 bands for which roséwave rings true, c'mon." He wasn't exactly describing a genre — more a lifestyle that deserved (or, perhaps, inherently contained within it) its own soundtrack. Rosé wine, the pink varietal that was once a punchline, has become ubiquitous in the summer months. Roséwave defies easy definition; it's meant to be felt, not understood. "It's unapologetic enjoyment for something maybe a little basic, but makes you feel good," one enthusiast offered. Last year, when we published the first official roséwave playlist, its patron saints were HAIM, Lorde and Migos. When we re-launched roséwave this summer, that title went to artists like Kacey Musgraves, J Balvin and Dua Lipa, who have all given us summer-ready tracks that pair perfectly with pink drinks. Of course, that's just the beginning. Just as many varieties of grapes can make rosé, many genres of music fall within the loving embrace of this style. In this special episode of All Songs Considered, NPR Music's official roséwave correspondents — Lars Gotrich, Lyndsey McKenna and Marissa Lorusso — fill you in on how to shade your summer pink with this new soundtrack.

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Bleephole, Hawaii Def-con 5-0, Fly Nervous Like The Rest Of Us, Doritas, Two Facedbook, Do You Hear What Yanni Hear?


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Question: You 2.0: How To Build A Better Job

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Why do you work? Are you just in it for the money, or do you have a greater purpose? Popular wisdom says your answer depends on what your job is. But psychologist Amy Wrzesniewski at Yale University finds it may have more to do with how we think about our work. Across a diverse array of jobs — from secretaries to custodians to computer programmers — Wrzesniewski finds people are about equally split in whether they say they have a "job," a "career" or a "calling." This week on Hidden Brain, Shankar Vedantam talks with Wrzesniewski about how we find meaning and purpose at work. The Hidden Brain Podcast is hosted by Shankar Vedantam and produced by Maggie Penman, Jennifer Schmidt, Renee Klahr, Rhaina Cohen, Parth Shah, and Lucy Perkins. Our supervising producer is Tara Boyle. You can also follow us on Twitter @hiddenbrain, and listen for Hidden Brain stories each week on your local public radio station. SHANKAR VEDANTAM, HOST:  Hi, Shankar here. If you tuned in last week, you'll know that we just launched a six-week series called You 2.0. It's a deep exploration of how we think about our lives, how we approach both the big decisions and the daily grind. Today's episode, from March 2016, is about dream jobs - how we think about work and how we can find joy in the more mundane aspects of our jobs. We hope you enjoy it. (SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "OFFICE SPACE") JOHN MCGINLEY: (As Bob Slydell) If you would, would you walk us through a typical day for you? (SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) VEDANTAM: This is HIDDEN BRAIN. I'm Shankar Vedantam. Today, we're talking about finding meaning in our work. (SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "OFFICE SPACE") RON LIVINGSTON: (As Peter Gibbons) I generally come in at least 15 minutes late. I use the side door. That way Lumbergh can't see me (laughter). And after that, I just sort of space out for about an hour (unintelligible). PAUL WILLSON: (As Bob Porter) Space out. LIVINGSTON: (As Peter Gibbons) Yeah, I just stare at my desk, but it looks like I'm working. VEDANTAM: This clip from the movie "Office Space" describes what work feels like to many people, not the stuff of poetry. But now imagine something that feels more than just a job, something that feels like a calling. AMY WRZESNIEWSKI: What we learned is people who see their work as a calling are significantly more satisfied with their jobs. They're significantly more satisfied with their lives. They're more engaged in what it is that they're doing and tend to be better performers, regardless of what the work is. VEDANTAM: This week on HIDDEN BRAIN, a conversation with Amy Wrzesniewski, professor of organizational behavior at the Yale School of Management. Amy studies work and something that she calls job crafting. Job crafting can help you make the job that you have right now more meaningful and more satisfying. Amy Wrzesniewski, welcome to HIDDEN BRAIN. WRZESNIEWSKI: Thanks so much for having me. VEDANTAM: I was reading one of your papers recently, and I was struck by an excerpt that you had at the top. One came from a corporate securities lawyer, and one came from a taxidermist. And I was struck by what the two of them said. Can you tell me what they said? WRZESNIEWSKI: Sure. So the corporate securities lawyer was bemoaning the fact that his job, as he saw it, was - I think his words were, deal with the devil, that he did the job not because he liked it but because it allowed him to stay geographically in an area that worked for his family and so on. And in contrast, the taxidermist was talking about the way in which the kind of work he did sometimes moved people to tears when they came and picked up the pieces that he had created for them and how for him the feeling of satisfaction that comes from work that has that kind of impact is one of the biggest things in his life. VEDANTAM: I have the paper in front of me. The taxidermist said, I did a duck for a guy the other day, and when he came and picked it up, he almost started crying because it looked so nice. He was just so happy, and that made me feel good that he thought I'd done a good job. Self-satisfaction is a big deal in any job. It's a big deal in life. And I was so moved by that comment because, of course, if you just looked at those two jobs side by side, you might assume that the corporate securities lawyer with the high-profile fancy job is the person who's actually happier at work, but that's not often the case. WRZESNIEWSKI: That's not often the case. And in fact, a good amount of the research that I've done has tried to look at how the experiences that people have in their work, in the ways in which they talk about it and come to think about its place in their lives vary so much across the entire spectrum in ways that  research hasn't necessarily recognized. VEDANTAM: When you went into a hospital some years ago and you looked at the people working as the cleaning staff at the hospital, you discovered something very interesting. You found that they did not all think of their jobs the same

Stories: 1) U.S. Military Searches For A Device To Stop IEDs 2) Matchmaker, Matchmaker ... Run Your Algorithm 3) Thelonious Monk: Making The Piano Hum


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Question: Roberts Hearings: Tuesday's Audio Highlights

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The Senate Judiciary Committee on Tuesday opened its second day of hearings on the nomination of John Roberts for U.S. chief justice. Chairman Arlen Specter (R-PA) immediately questioned Roberts on the issue of abortion rights. Sen. Edward Kennedy (D-MA) suggested that Roberts has a "mean-spirited view of the law" with regards to civil rights and discrimination. Tuesday's hearings began at 9:30 a.m. ET and are expected to last until nearly 8:00 p.m. Listen to some highlights so far from Tuesday's hearings:

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Good morning. Today's top story broke just as our day began: -- Pope Benedict XVI Is Resigning. Other stories making headlines include: -- Manhunt For Ex-L.A. Cop Continues; "Dorner's LAPD Firing Case Hinged On Credibility." (Los Angeles Times) -- "Tornado Rips Through Hattiesburg, Miss; State Of Emergency Declared." (Mississippi Public Broadcasting) -- After Weekend Blizzard, Weekday Commuters In New England Asked To Use Caution, Take Time; Thousands Of Customers Still Without Power. (WBUR) -- Medal Of Honor Recipient's Heroic Story Told In 'The Outpost'; Medal To Be Awarded Today To Former Army Staff Sgt. Clinton Romesha. (Morning Edition) -- "Senator Vows To Delay Obama's Nominees Over Libya." (The Associated Press) -- "Book News: Pablo Neruda's Body Will Be Exhumed For Autopsy." (Our daily lowdown on books, publishing, and the occasional author behaving badly.)


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Question: Explosion Outside Dutch Coronavirus Testing Site, Police Say

Dutch police in a town north of Amsterdam are investigating an explosion outside of a coronavirus test center early Wednesday. Police say the explosion went off at about 6:55 a.m. outside of the center in Bovenkarspel, a town about 40 miles northeast of Amsterdam. There were no injuries from the blast.  Investigators told local media that the explosion appeared intentional, as remnants of an exploded metal cylinder were found outside of the building. Police spokesman Menno Hartenberg told Reuters that it "must have been placed" there. "Something like that doesn't just happen by accident."  Officers were alerted to the incident by a security guard, who called police saying he heard a loud bang. The area surrounding the test center was cordoned off while police investigated. Police said five windows were shattered, according to Deutsche Welle. This incident comes just two weeks ahead of national elections on March 17. It also happened the same day that pandemic lockdown rules in the Netherlands were eased, after months of strict quarantine measures.  Several Dutch cities in January saw by major protests in response to strict lockdown rules. Large crowds of protesters clashed with police and hurled rocks at officers. Fires burned in the streets and shops were broken into and looted. The government imposed a curfew, shut many businesses, and limited the number of visitors to each household per day.

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Question: Senate Passes Budget After Late-Night 'Vote-A-Rama'

It took until the wee hours of this morning, but the United States Senate has passed a budget for the first time in four years. But before senators could vote on the budget itself, they had to work their way through dozens of amendments, in a process known as "vote-a-rama."  Host Scott Simon talks to NPR's Tamara Keith, who was following along.

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Given ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'A little political intrigue for the end of the week, as a newspaper report suggests California¿s most recognizable conservative lawmaker may be considering a run for Congress from Sacramento.\nWashington, D.C. based Roll Call reports today that state Sen. Tom McClintock (R-Thousand Oaks) may run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat representing California¿s 4th district. [...]'], a positive would be ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Rep. McClintock, R-Sacramento?']

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Bombing Kills At Least 14 In Afghanistan, Including Three NATO Troops. -- With First Debate This Week, We Really Are In Campaign's Final Stretch. Other stories in the news: Read More -- "Payroll Tax Cut Is Unlikely To Survive Past Jan. 1 Deadline." (The New York Times) -- California Bans "Gay-Repair Therapy For Minors." (San Francisco Chronicle) -- Supreme Court Opens; Justices Prep "For Another Headline-Making Term." (Morning Edition) -- European Team Makes Dramatic Comeback, Retains Hold On Golf's Ryder Cup. (Morning Edition) -- "With No Contract, Minnesota Orchestra Locks Out Musicians." (Minnesota Public Radio) -- "Carma-What?" Los Angeles Gets Through "Carmageddon II" With Few Problems; Interstate Reopens After Bridge Destruction. (Southern California Public Radio) -- "Spain Expects A Wider Budget Gap." (The Wall Street Journal) -- "Russian Court Adjourns Punk Band Appeal Hearing." (Reuters)


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Question: Film Critic Henry Sheehan

Film critic Henry Sheehan reviews Save The Last Dance.

Contestants guess the piece of classic children's literature based on imagined hoity-toity reviews. Heard On Ira Sachs, Jennifer Ehle, Garance Doré: New York Or Paris?


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Question: The Wealth of Baby Boomers

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Like many baby boomers, Geri Spieler just can't recognize herself in those ads picturing retirement to beachfront homes and exotic vacations.

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Stories: 1) Venturing Inside Bellevue's Psychiatric ER 2) Capitalism's Paradoxes, Writ Personal On Film


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Question: Iraq Update: Major U.S.-Led Offensive in Fallujah

NPR's Alex Chadwick talks with Scott Peterson of The Christian Science Monitor, reporting from Baghdad about the latest developments in Iraq.  There is a major U.S.-led offensive in Fallujah, with U.S. troops bombing suspected terrorist hideouts and Iraqi forces conducting extensive searches on the ground for insurgents.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Strong Quake Hits Near Iran-Iraq Border, Killing More Than 200.  -- Human Rights Barely Registers In Meeting Between Trump, Philippines' Duterte. -- Is A Corporate Tax Cut What The Economy Really Needs Right Now? --  Mueller Russia Probe Moves Into The White House And GOP's Math Problem On Taxes. And here are more early headlines: Democrats Draw Attention At U.N. Climate Conference. (Politico) Report: Syria Allegedly Starving Civilians To Force Surrender. (Amnesty International) Saudi Coalition To Ease, But Not Lift, Yemen Blockade. (VOA) North Korean Soldier Shot While Defecting To South Korea. (Yonhap) Eight Afghan Police Reportedly Killed In Western Province. (AP)  French Review Security, 2 Years After Paris Attacks. (Reuters) Menendez Jury Resumes Work With New Member. (NJ.com)


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Question: Researchers Continue to Push Life of Batteries

What improvements are needed to make electric cars and other environmentally-friendly products more feasible? What exactly are the stumbling blocks? Guest: Tom Fuller, principal research engineer at Georgia Tech Research Institute; director, Center for Innovative Fuel-Cell and Battery Technologies; professor, chemical and biomolecular engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology IRA FLATOW, host:  You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION: SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Ira Flatow.  A program note: On Monday's show, Rebecca Roberts guest hosts for the look at whether or not guns should be allowed on campus. Plus, on the Opinion Page, a sense of responsibility for the Virginia Tech shootings hits along ethnic lines. That's Monday on TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.  We're talking this hour about energy and the environment. It's sort of our Earth Day show. Earth Day is this Sunday. And, you know, we always talk about electric-powered cars. We've been talking them this hour - some plug-ins, some hybrids. And you know every time, and we did this on the program we did a few weeks ago about the car show and the plug-in cars there; every time you talk to a carmaker or producer about plug-in cars, you see this concept cars they have at these shows, and you ask them, well, when am I going to be able to buy one of these plug-in cars? They'll say, well, the battery technology is not there yet. We have to wait for the batteries. Without better batteries, the cars wouldn't have the range or the power or some other property that they need to build a car that regular folks want to buy and use.  So where do we stand with batteries for greener cars? And what exactly are the stumbling blocks? Joining me now is Tom Fuller. He's a principal research engineer at Georgia Tech, and the director of the Center for Innovative Fuel Cell and Battery Technologies there. He's also a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He joins us now from George Public Radio, across the street there. Hi, welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.  Dr. TOM FULLER (Research Engineer, Center for Innovative Fuel Cell and Battery Technologies, Georgia Tech): Good afternoon. Glad to be here.  FLATOW: Why do we keep hearing them telling us that batteries aren't ready yet?  Dr. FULLER: Well, I think the truth is they're not quite ready. And when you compare them to the alternatives, the internal combustion engine in terms of energy density and specific power, they don't compare quite as well as they should.  FLATOW: And what is lacking here? What cannot a battery do and how do we make it do what we want it to do?  Dr. FULLER: Well, I think you have to look at sort of three key factors here, three metrics. One is the energy density, so just how much energy you can get out per unit volume or unit mass; the cost of the battery; and the durability or cycle life. And typically, it's trying to meet all of those three requirements simultaneously is where batteries fall down. You maybe able to get the good energy density, you maybe able to get good durability, but it will come at a very high cost. And if you can get lower cost, you may not have the same durability.  FLATOW: Do we need a breakthrough to bring the cost down?  Dr. FULLER: I don't think you need a breakthrough. I think it's unlikely, in fact, that we'll see a really dramatic breakthrough. We're certainly not going to see a breakthrough, I would say, like the Moore's Law with semiconductors and how many transistors you can fit on a chip.  You're going to see, in my mind, more incremental changes, continuous improvements - engineering. If we were to find a breakthrough, that would be wonderful, but I wouldn't count on it.  FLATOW: So we're not trying to find some new battery material. We hear that, you know, the lead-acid batteries, there's nickel, there's all kinds of stuff.  Dr. FULLER: Right. So today I would say most of the focus of research is on lithium batteries. And it's not because they have better cycle life, it's because they have the potential for better energy density out of them.  FLATOW: You can get more energy per square spot - for battery size.  Dr. FULLER: Per volume of the battery…  FLATOW: Yeah.  Dr. FULLER: …or per unit mass of the battery, you can store more energy in a lithium system. And I think that has sort of overcome or, you know, sort of been the main focus for the last decade, and I expect it will be for quite sometime. There are, I would say unfortunately, not nearly as much effort as going in to looking for new battery chemistries. If you're looking for a breakthrough similar to the improvements of, say, lithium made over a lead-acid battery, I don't think there's really a lot of activity in that area, unfortunately.  FLATOW: Why not?  Dr. FULLER: Well, I think part of it is the funding has been driven more towards fuel cells and away from batteries, and that may be shortsighted.  FLATOW: And who determines the funding?  Dr. FULLER:

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: A Brief Reunion And A Heartbreaking Final Goodbye For A Separated Korean Family

Families from South and North Korea met in North Korea this week for family reunions after a three year hiatus.

Stories: 1) Dan Fante: Reliving Addictions One Page At A Time 2) Hot Chip Brings Romance To The Dance Floor 3) Damon and Soderbergh, An Informative Pair 4) Two Movie Islands, One Worth Visiting


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Question: Michael Jordan Announces Retirement

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Host Bob Edwards talks with commentator John Feinstein about Michael Jordan''s announcement that he will retire from the NBA.

Brett Favre announced yesterday that he will continue playing. But only for one more year. And if you believe that, then you also must believe that the following events will also occur, as they appear to be far more likely than his actual retirement -- as we noted in a post that ran one year ago yesterday. 1. Yale Students Welcome Snooki On Her First Day 2. Lady Gaga Unveils Line Of Tummy-Shaping Undergarments 3. New 'American Idol' Judges Are A Big Hit; Show's Problems Solved 4. J-Lo Arrested In Extensive Anti-Booty Rioting 5. Brett Favre Eaten By Coyotes 6. James Franco: 'It's Probably Time To Calm Down' 7. Kathryn Bigelow Says James Cameron Is 'Probably Right' About 3D 8. What Ever Happened To Justin Bieber? 9. Herbert Hoover Reincarnated As Large, Enthusiastic Cocker Spaniel 10. Bryn Mawr Endows Katy Perry Chair 11. Musicologists Discover 'Thus Spake Zarathustra' Speeded Up 800 Percent Sounds Like 'Yakety Sax' 12. Experts Agree: Helen Mirren Has Totally Let Herself Go 13. Bret Michaels Gets Green Party Endorsement 14. Kanye Interrupted At VMAs By Irate, Obscene Rant From Bon Iver's Justin Vernon 15. Brett Favre Shocks World By Totally Not Retiring At All 16. Starbucks Introduces Prozac-Infused "Happuccino" 17. Health Trend Continues As 'Fiber Emporium' Buys Out 436 Dying Cupcake Stores 18. Internet Reaches Consensus: 'It Turns Out It Was Mostly A Misunderstanding' 19. Public Embraces Inexpensive Pacifiers Made From Recycled Truck Tires 20. It's Official, Guv'nor: Brits Love American-Made Tea 21. Worldwide Fretting Over Jennifer Aniston's Love Life Suspended 22. Brett Favre Struck By Lightning While Playing Golf 23. Cold Fusion Discovered By Participant In ABC's 'Shark Tank' 24. Facebook Streamlines Privacy Controls With 'Just Don't Tell Anybody Anything About Me Unless I Say It's Okay' Button 25. Brett Favre Plans Stint In Minor League Baseball: What Could Go Wrong?


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Question: Blue Whales Croon A New Tune

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Blue whales are updating their playlist, according to new research on the huge mammals.  It's not quite West Side Story, but male blue whales use songs to warn away other males and attract females. It's a pulsing sound, more like a large piece of machinery than the Jets and the Sharks. But that song has been changing. John Hildebrand of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography studies whale sounds and says he's been hearing something new lately.  "They've been shifting the frequency. They've been shifting the pitch to be lower each year. And that shift in pitch has resulted in song that is now about 30 percent lower than it was in the 1960s," he says. He says the change is happening in blue whale colonies all over the world.  Hildebrand believes the change is tied to the elimination of blue whale hunting. Before hunting was banned in 1966, the numbers of blue whales were dangerously low.  "Worldwide in the early '60s, there probably would have been a few thousand," he says. Those low numbers meant there were few females available to hear a male's come-hither song. For males in that situation, "there's a push to have the sound go to higher frequency so that more of the girls can hear it." In other words, the guys had to shout to be heard. But now that blue whales are more numerous, Hildebrand thinks the males have gone back to singing bass because it makes them sound bigger and more attractive to females. He says males of many species use lower tones to attract mates.  "In fact, human females, if you put some headphones on and play a bunch of male voices and you tell them to pick out the sexy voice, do they pick the weak little voice or do they pick the big booming voice?" Hildebrand says. "You know the answer." No one disputes the finding that blue whale songs have gone down in pitch. But Hildebrand's theory of why it's happened has raised some eyebrows.  "It's a great anthropomorphism to suggest that the whales have thought this through," says Richard Ellis, a whale expert at New York's Natural History Museum. "I really don't think that the whales — for all their big brains and everything else — I really don't think the whales think about this," Ellis says. Still, Hildebrand says, if a lower tone becomes an advantage to some males, it will be copied by others. AUDIE CORNISH, host:  Researchers in San Diego say blue whales are singing a new song. They don't know why it's happening, but scientists report that blue whales are now singing half-octave lower than they did in the 1960s. From member station KPBS, Tom Fudge reports.  TOM FUDGE: Here on the coast of San Diego, it's not unheard of to see a spouting blue whale. The Eastern Pacific is one of a handful of areas where blue whales migrate and feed. Just a couple of blocks from here is the office of John Hildebrand. He is a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and he studies the sounds of dolphins and whales.  Professor JOHN HILDEBRAND (Scripps Institution of Oceanography): So that's the pulse part.  (Soundbite of music)  Prof. HILDEBRAND: (Unintelligible)  (Soundbite of laughter)  FUDGE: That pulsing sound was one of the songs a male blue whale sings to warn away other males and to attract females, but Hildebrand says their song has been changing.  Prof. HILDEBRAND: They've been shifting the frequency. They've been shifting the pitch of the song to be lower each year. And that shift in pitch has resulted in a song that is now about 30 percent lower than it was in the 1960s.  FUDGE: Hildebrand says this change in register is happening in blue whale colonies all over the world. And he believes the change is tied to the elimination of blue whale hunting. Before hunting was banned in 1966, the numbers of blue whales were dangerously low.  Prof. HILDEBRAND: Worldwide in the early 60s, there probably would have been a few thousand.  FUDGE: Those low numbers meant there were few females available to hear a male's come-hither song. Hildebrand says for males in that situation...  Prof. HILDEBRAND: There is a push to have the sound go to higher frequency so that more of the girls can hear it.  FUDGE: In other words, the guys had to shout to be heard. But now that blue whales are more numerous, Hildebrand thinks the males have gone back to singing bass because it makes them sound bigger and more attractive to females. He says males of many species use lower tones to attract mates.  Prof. HILDEBRAND: In fact, human females, if you put some headphones on and play a bunch of male voices and you say I want you to pick out the sexy voice, do they pick the weak little voice or do they pick the big booming voice? Right? I mean, you know the answer.  FUDGE: No one disputes the finding that blue whale song has gone down in pitch. But Hildebrand's theory of why it's happening has raised some eyebrows.  Mr. RICHARD ELLIS (Natural History Museum, New York): It's a great anthropomorphism.  FUDGE: Richard Ellis is a whale expert at New York's Natural History Museu

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Stories: 1) Saxophone Stylings, With A South-Asian Flair 2) Green Goes Blue With 'Grant's First Stand' 3) 'Her Peers': A Gutsy Anthology Of Women Writers


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Question: The Political Fuss Over Federal Courts

When we think about presidential judicial appointments, it might seem like all the space is taken up by nine seats — the ones on the Supreme Court.But presidents get to choose other judges, too ... judges that decide thousands of more cases than the Supreme Court. And President Trump is leaving his mark on those lower courts, particularly the appeals courts, at what some are calling a historic rate.So far he's appointed 44 judges with another 88 nominations pending, which includes 23 at the appeals level: more than any administration has ever advanced in the same amount of time. One of the reasons the president's nominations have been so successful is Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and a whole lot of politics. But why were there so many vacancies in the first place? And what's the big deal about federal appeals courts, anyway?

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Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: A Surprising Revelation About the GOP Front-Runner; The Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Clean Undies; Palin vs. Couric Round 2.


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E.g. ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Vanguard Founder John Bogle'] == ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "Time magazine called him one of the world's 100 most powerful and influential people. Now John Bogle weighs in on the current direction of America with his new book, The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism."] != ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Stories: 1) Garry Kasparov, Carefully Planning His Next Moves 2) 'Gone Baby Gone' Star Casey Affleck"]

Question: Winter Is What You Make It

It's been a weekend of bright blue beautiful days. Very cold but spectacular days. Walking on the C & O canal, I look up into a sky that is so clear. No clouds. Just the bare branches of the trees in their deep winter sleep, reaching up to the heavens. My dear friend Carol, who walks with me, made an interesting comment as we were finishing our six mile jaunt. She said before she got into walking in the winter with me, she only thought of it as something she had to get through to reach Spring. What she doesn't know -- until now, because she reads the blog -- is that she has made this winter bearable for me. That early morning frosty air clears the mind. I've been able to put one foot in front of the other and march down the canal path because she has been by my side and listened to my sorrow spill out in rants and tears and Leroy stories and sometimes all three combined into one long walk. Some days, the hurt has just poured out of me. Remember what the experts tell those of us who are hurting from our time in cancer world. Get plenty of rest, eat well, and exercise. And if you have a "Carol" in your life, you'll find that winter is what you make it.

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Stories: 1) Primary Colors, Brighter than Usual? 2) Adrian Tomine, Drawing Delicately from Life 3) Believe It or Not, 'Lost' Returns for a New Season


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Question: Protesters Set Fire To Vehicles, Buildings Near White House

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For a third night, demonstrations were held near the White House on Sunday. Protesters set fire to vehicles and nearby buildings. They were met with a heavy show of force by authorities.

Happy Friday! We're looking at these stories this morning: Economy Slowed Further In Second Quarter.  Derecho, the Sequel: Storm Roars Over Pennsylvania And New York. In London, The Games Are Afoot. Activists Report Heavy Fighting In Aleppo, Syria's Largest City. (VOA) Chinese Woman Accused Of Poisoning British Man Is Held Incommunicado By Chinese Police. (Washington Post) China Orders Limit To Flooding Coverage After Outraged Victims Start Compiling Private Death Tolls. (AP) Afghan Militant Attacks Against NATO Forces Rose 11% In The Past Three Months. (AP) Cyprus Officials To Charge Man With Plotting Terrorism, Had Tracked Israeli Tourists. (Cyprus Mail) Ousted Head Of Oldest Black U.S. Fraternity Seeks His Job Back In A Georgia Court. (Atlanta Journal Constitution) Bird Hits Boy In The Face On Six Flags Coaster, Causing Minor Injuries. (Asbury Park Press)


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Question: Jeremy Denk: Playing Ligeti With A Dash Of Humor

The pianist's latest album features some of the most difficult etudes ever written for solo piano by the Hungarian composer Gyorgy Ligeti. "Ligeti took the piano to places it had never been before," he says, "and makes demands of the pianist and the mind that had never been made before."

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Stories: 1) Anita O'Day: Revisiting A Classic Voice 2) Harvey Kurtzman: The Comics World's 'Mad Genius' 3) Zooey Deschanel, From Actress To Indie Rocker 4) Foul Mouths And A Penetrating Farce In 'The Loop'


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Question: The Big Screen from 91.7 WVXU

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For example, ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'A discussion with Nobel Peace Prize-winning biologist Wangari Matthai. (pre-recorded)'] should be similar to ['represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth\n\nE.g.\nLow-Income Renters Squeezed Between Too-High Rents And Subpar Housing == Terrell Walker lives in a one-bedroom apartment in Southeast Washington, D.C., with her 9-year-old and 2-year-old daughters. Walker stopped paying her rent last September because, she says, her apartment is in horrible condition — and she is fighting her landlord\'s eviction threat in court. But when tenants don\'t pay, landlords say they have less money to fix things up. It is a vicious cycle that can often land the parties in court, and it\'s a scene that has become common around the country. The lack of affordable housing is forcing low-income renters to choose between apartments they can\'t afford or those that aren\'t in the best shape. A Frustrating Legal Process When Walker is at her job as a coach for disabled workers, her mother, Patsy Yates, watches the girls. Yates shows me the conditions of her daughter\'s apartment one day when she is looking after the children. "If you sit right here by this window, like you\'re sitting watching TV, the wind is coming in the window so bad that you can feel it," Yates says. "The bathroom is extra cold. The bedroom back there is extra cold. So I usually try to boil some water or something to try to keep it warm in here." But she says that\'s dangerous with a little child running around. "And you don\'t never know when she\'s going to hit that stove," Yates says. The apartment is crowded for three people. In the living room, there\'s a bed with a bright pink comforter. The building is more than 50 years old. The baseboard heaters are falling away from the wall, although they\'re warm to the touch. Then, Yates has me feel around the window frames. "You see, you feel the wind. It doesn\'t stay warm in here," she says. There is a breeze, at least where there\'s no newspaper stuffed into the cracks. Yates also says the appliances are old and don\'t work that well. In the bathroom, the tub\'s finish is all worn off and corroded around the drain. The landlord never glazed the tub properly, she says. "Inspector asked them to reglaze it. He ain\'t done that." Yates says her daughter and grandchildren also had a bedbug infestation last year, which makes paying $727 a month in rent seem like an insult. A week later, Walker is at the Landlord and Tenant Branch of the D.C. Superior Court. "I\'m basically just here today to try to get justice," she says. It\'s the second time she\'s been in this court since her landlord sued her last November for not paying the rent. Walker has asked for a trial so she can make her case that she shouldn\'t have to pay until the place is fixed up. Like other tenants, Walker carries what she hopes will be evidence: a manila envelope filled with papers including lead inspection reports, photos and her handwritten list of everything she says is wrong with the apartment. "I\'ve complained about it and I\'ve got nothing done," she says. Still, the legal process is time-consuming and frustrating. That day, there was supposed to be a hearing to decide how much money she should pay into escrow during the trial. But the landlord\'s witness didn\'t show up. After three hours, the parties agreed to postpone the hearing — but Walker had already taken off work, losing a whole day\'s pay. "[That is] something that I really can\'t afford, for them to basically tell me that I have to come back again, you know to take off," she says. "So it\'s like nothing really got solved today." That\'s how it often goes in the court. Few tenants have attorneys — which can put them at a disadvantage because almost every landlord has a lawyer. Landlords Need To Get Paid, Too Aaron Sokolow represents Walker\'s landlord. He wouldn\'t talk about her specific case, but he did say low-income renters aren\'t as powerless as it might seem, especially in Washington, where tenant protections are strong. "In my experience, there\'s very little risk that a tenant will flat out lose a case because they don\'t understand what\'s going on," Sokolow says. Instead, some tenants have become adept at claiming housing code violations to avoid paying rent, he says. They could take their complaints to a separate housing conditions court. Instead, he says, they go to the landlord tenant branch, where they can drag the process out for months — during which time the landlord doesn\'t get paid. "And that\'s a great frustration for a lot of my clients. They say, \'I\'m not excused of my tax payment; I\'m not excused of my mortgage payment,\' " Sokolow says. "So the notion that I have to come out of pocket for 18 months of litigation, it can get very daunting, very quickly." Art Nalls is a landlord with two buildings in the city. Nalls thinks it\'s important that low-income residents have a decent place to live. "We try to take care of people and we try to offer good decent, affordable housing at a reasonable rate," he says. But if people don\'t pay their rent, Nalls says, it\'s hard to do. "It means that I can\'t cover all that other stuff. So I have to call my refrigerator guy and say, \'I\'m going to have to pay you next month when I get rent,\' != Stories: 1) Is Wall Street At Fault For Mortgage Meltdown? 2) Economy\'s Woes Mean Housing Crisis For Pets, Too', 'Nobel Peace Prize Winner Wangari Matthai']

Larry Thomas reviews the new George Clooney film, Michael Clayton.

Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: Why free security software is your best bet

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Rob Pegoraro of the Washington Post says a patchwork quilt of free and cheap security software probably beats any expensive suite from the likes of Symantec, McAfee and Trend Micro.

A bug called Heartbleed has revealed a hole in one of the most popular encryption programs online. Tech professionals are working on other ways to protect your data beside needing a password.


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Question: Iraqi Political Process Stuck in Neutral

The political process in Iraq is stalled. Steve Inskeep talks to Anne Garrels about what is keeping it from moving forward, and what needs to happen to get it going again.

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- 'Path To Citizenship' Part Of Senators' Bipartisan Immigration Plan -- Brazilian Nightclub Disaster: Toxic Smoke, Barriers Blamed For Horrible Toll -- In Egypt: Protests Continue, Opposition Balks At Talks With Morsi -- French And Malian Forces Take Airport In Timbuktu; Islamists Burn Library Some of the morning's other top stories: -- "Google Explains How It Handles Police Requests For Users' Data." (Morning Edition) -- "Significant Activity" Detected In Former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Brain; He Has Been Unconscious Since Suffering Brain Hemorrhage In 2007. (Haaretz) -- "Toyota Again World's Largest Auto Maker." (The Wall Street Journal) -- Assad's Grip On Power Is "Slipping Away," Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev Says. (CNN.com)