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Question: Can Congress Ever Restore Payroll Taxes To Their Usual Levels?

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Republicans rarely meet a tax cut that they don't like. Now that they have found one, they are finding it politically impossible to stop it. On Tuesday, President Obama called on Congress to extend a 2 percentage point reduction in payroll taxes, which fund Social Security. The cut, enacted last year, is otherwise set to expire at the end of the month. The current cut means a savings of about $20 a week to a worker who earns $50,000 a year and about $2,000 a year to someone making $100,000. House Republicans have already signaled that they will allow an extension through the end of the year. They were badly burned at the end of 2011, when the tax cut was originally set to expire and GOP members of Congress found themselves accused of wanting to raise taxes on working Americans.  Read More That raises the question of when it's ever going to be OK to restore payroll tax rates to their usual levels — and what that will mean for Social Security's financing over the long haul. Most Republicans still think the payroll tax cut is a bad idea precisely because it will eventually eat into Social Security's already precarious finances. They think it also has a limited benefit in terms of stimulating the economy. But they have calculated that the political costs would be too high to make a stand now. "A lot of Republicans will think that extending it is not the best policy," says Andrew Biggs, a resident scholar at the conservative American Enterprise Institute and a former Social Security Administration official. "The question is whether it is so important to them to stop the payroll tax cut that they're willing to pay a massive political price to do so, and I would guess not." That puts Obama and congressional Democrats in a good position. They get to extend an economic policy they like, while reaping political gains for doing so. But even liberals are starting to worry that the payroll tax cut, which was always meant to provide a temporary boost to the economy, could be difficult to restore to historic levels. For now, shortfalls in expected revenues for Social Security are being made up through general fund revenues. But over the course of the expected 10-month extension, that will add $100 billion to the federal deficit. "There's a concern that, even though the Social Security trust funds are being held harmless for the time being, that might be difficult to do over the longer run," says Paul Van de Water, a senior fellow at the liberal Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, and another former Social Security Administration official. Failing to raise the payroll tax back up, or making up the lost revenues through other means, would double the gap in long-term Social Security funding that already exists, Biggs says. "You have a system that's running roughly a 2 percentage point deficit," says Eric Kingson, co-director of Social Security Works, an advocacy group. "You can't cut 2 percent more out of it without having a problem." That has Social Security supporters nervous. Obama's budget, released on Monday, assumes that the payroll tax cut will expire in 2013. But observers already expect — even if the will is there to let the tax go back up at the end of the year — that it will not be done all at once, but rather in slow, phased increments. Some, such as Van de Water, are also worried that increasing the payroll tax to its historic level will trigger a good deal of political bargaining. Republicans may want to partially privatize Social Security accounts using the portion of taxes that are restored, while Democrats may seek to raise the current cap on salary levels that are subject to the payroll tax — in effect, seeking a tax hike on higher-income workers in exchange for letting taxes increase for everyone else. Such bargaining would complicate an already contentious question — simply letting the payroll tax climb back up. What was once considered a normal rate will now be considered a tax hike. Reverting to the status quo is now politically dicey. Kingson says he thinks Obama and other Democrats will allow the payroll tax cut to expire next January. Republicans may be happy to accommodate such a policy change, which they support anyway. But Kingson worries that the politics of the issue may mean the tax cut will become enshrined as the new baseline expectation. "If things go south on us, it has the potential to be very problematic for Social Security in the future by undermining its financing," he says.

Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: America Has A Large Trade Deficit, But Economists Aren't Too Concerned About It

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Like a lot of Americans, President Trump sees the U.S. trade deficit as an urgent problem — a symbol of U.S. economic decline. "Any way you look at it, it is the largest deficit of any country in the history of our world. It's out of control," Trump said earlier this month when he announced proposed tariffs on Chinese imports. Most economists, of various political leanings, are a lot less worried about the trade gap, which totaled $568 billion last year. "I don't think it's a problem for the U.S. to have a large trade deficit," says Veronique de Rugy, senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. The United States buys a lot of products from other countries, everything from oil and chemicals to shoes and automobiles, and when it does, it pays for them in dollars, she notes. As a result, countries such as China and Japan accumulate vast piles of U.S. currency. Those countries have to exchange those dollars for something, and for a long time they've used them to buy U.S. assets, such as stock, real estate and Treasury bills. "Every dollar that we send in exchange for goods will come back to us from foreigners in the form of investment. In a sense, if you think about it, it's a win-win for the U.S.," de Rugy says. Bilateral trade deficits — such as last year's $375 billion U.S. goods gap with China — are even less important, says Alan Blinder, a former Federal Reserve governor and a professor of economics. "They're absolutely normal components of trade. I now have a very large bilateral trade surplus with my employer, Princeton University, which gives me a paycheck, and I buy almost nothing from the university," Blinder says. "I have a bilateral deficit with the grocery store, where I buy lots of food and they buy nothing from me. That's the way trade goes," he says. Blinder says trade deficits can become a problem if foreigners suddenly stop wanting to invest in a country. That's what happened to Greece, he notes. "When it can be a problem is when the rest of the world decides you're not such a good credit risk," Blinder says. That hasn't happened to the United States and it doesn't appear that it will anytime soon. Foreign investors continue to shovel money into U.S. government debt, for example, resulting in a long period of low interest rates. And they're big buyers of U.S. real estate and stock. The specter of foreigners buying up U.S. properties may disturb a lot of Americans, who view it as ceding economic control over the country's assets. But it shouldn't, de Rugy says. "I'm French, and I can tell you these fears also exit in France," she says. "I remember the frenzy about Japanese buying our castles. It just never materialized. This fear people have that it will change the country, that it will put us at risk, it actually doesn't happen." And with the U.S. government amassing growing amounts of debt every year, it needs the money that foreign investors offer. "We should be happy that there are countries willing to lend us money at a lower price, because if they weren't it would mean the interest on the debt we pay would be way higher, and it would mean a bigger share of what the government spends going to interest payments," she says. But Celeste Drake, trade and global policy specialist at the AFL-CIO, is more skeptical about U.S. trade policy. Economists have been making lavish promises about trade agreements such as NAFTA for years. They've said trade makes U.S. companies more productive, allowing them to sell more products abroad and creating good, high-wage domestic jobs. Instead, the trade deficit has persisted and wages for many workers have been stagnant or worse, Drake says. It's reasonable to ask how long that can continue without damaging the economy, she says. "This is where we have to say, 'Why don't we revisit the policies that we've put in place? Why don't we start looking at this trade deficit that we've ignored for more than 30 years and to try to figure out how we can address it?' " Drake says. AILSA CHANG, HOST:  Last week, President Trump proposed new tariffs on products imported from China. The president says America is being taken advantage of by its trading partners. He says jobs are being lost because the U.S. buys more from other countries than it sells. It's a view shared by a lot of people but not by most mainstream economists. NPR's Jim Zarroli explains, starting from the shelves of a Target. JIM ZARROLI, BYLINE: So if you walk into any big-box store or department store like this one in New York City, you can quickly see that virtually everything that's for sale is made in another country - luggage and calculators and ballpoint pens and tube socks. And President Trump says it's a big problem. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: We have almost an $800 billion a year trade deficit with other nations - unacceptable. We are going to start whittling that down and as fast as possible. ZARROLI: A trade deficit is the difference be

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Protests, Clashes Build Again In Cairo. -- Deal Reached On Greek Debt, Markets Rise In Relief. -- Arafat's Grave Opened, Samples Taken To Be Tested For Poison. Other stories making news: -- "Fiscal Cliff Compromise: Devil Is In The Definition Of Revenue." (It's All Politics) -- Fiscal Cliff Talks "Accelerate." (The Washington Post) -- Bangladesh Factory Fire That Killed More Than 100 "Was Deliberately Set, Officials Believe." (The Guardian) -- "North Korea Suspected Of Planning Rocket Test." (The New York Times) -- Sandy-related Damage In New York And New Jersey Topped $60 Billion, Governors Say. (The Associated Press) -- Dr. Joseph Murray, Who Performed First Successful Kidney Transplant And Won A Nobel Prize, Has Died. (The Associated Press) -- Powerball Jackpot At Record $425 Million — And Growing — Ahead Of Wednesday Drawing. (ABC News)


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Question: Growing Economic Inequality 'Endangers Our Future'

Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz grew up in Gary, Ind. — a city that has weathered many economic storms over the past half-century. Stiglitz went on to study at Amherst College and MIT, where he received a Ph.D. in economics. He later served on and chaired President Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and became the chief economist at the World Bank. But even as a child, Stiglitz says, he noticed ways in which the markets weren't working. "I saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles, and I saw all kinds of inequalities," he tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross. "It was clear that America wasn't quite the dream that was depicted in some textbooks, and I wanted to understand why those textbooks were wrong and I wanted really to make a contribution to do something about it." In his latest book, The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future, Stiglitz argues that widely unequal societies don't function effectively or have stable economies and that even the rich will pay a steep price if economic inequalities continue to worsen. In the current system, top income earners who make their money through capital gains and stock dividends pay lower effective tax rates than the average person. Those capital gains tax rates were first lowered during the Clinton administration, when Stiglitz led the Council of Economic Advisers. "I very strongly opposed [lowering the tax rate]," he says. "I thought it was wrong because it increased inequities in our society and it encouraged speculation, and [I thought] that it would not lead to faster real economic growth. And unfortunately, all three of those concerns came to be true. ... And that has led to a period in which the growth of inequality has been higher than it has ever been and led to the kind of instability that led to the great [economic] crisis." The past 30 years have been markedly different for the middle class, says Stiglitz. Income levels have dropped, and fewer and fewer people are climbing to new income brackets. "The nature of our growth today is markedly different than in the decades after World War II," he says. "There, we had shared prosperity. More recently, what we've had is exactly the opposite. ... Right now, most Americans are worse off than they were 15 years ago. There has not been shared prosperity."  Interview Highlights On lobbying "People come from Wall Street and go into government and then leave government and go back into Wall Street. When you have this kind of revolving door, it's not just that their interests are not well-aligned with the public; it's that their mindset is captured by the industry from which they come. They see their interest — the interest of Wall Street — as if it were in the public interest. We call that cognitive capture. But you also see it through campaign contributions which affect both the administration and Congress. It's the interaction of the two which is so strong. Because the administration might say, 'Oh, we think we ought to do it differently, but we won't be able to get it through Congress.' Unfortunately, some parts of the administration are so influenced by the financial sector that they take a more active role and see the world through the eyes of the financial sector. There used to be an expression, 'What's good for General Motors is good for the United States and vice versa.' I think increasingly, given the strength of the financial sector, many thought, 'What was good for the financial sector was good for the economy.' And they're obviously wrong in their judgment." On President Clinton's decision to lower the capital gains tax rate "The Republicans controlled Congress, and he wanted, like any president, to show that he was doing something. The view among some of the political advisers was that doing something was better than doing nothing. My view was that doing something that was wrong was worse than doing nothing. And unfortunately that was one of those instances where the political advisers won and I think a wrong decision was made." On tax policy "I think most Americans today understand that our system isn't fair. One of the roles of the government is to try to make our system fair. And one part of fairness is that everybody ought to pay a fair share of their income in taxes. A basic premise that I think most Americans believe is that if your income is very, very high, you ought to pay at least the same percentage of your income in taxes as somebody whose income is lower. Most Americans would not agree with the view that speculators ought to be taxed half the rate as those who work for an income." On the 1 percent "It's a very small group; it's a very elite group of people whose incomes are very high. This 1 percent gets about 20 percent of all of the nation's income. It consists disproportionately of CEOs, of those in the financial sector — but there's an array of other people — high-paid lawyers who help

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Question: 'Disinformation' Is The Word Of The Year — And A Sign Of What's To Come

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As always, this year's word of the year candidates came from all over. There were the viral memes like "OK, boomer" and "weird flex, but OK," but they won't endure any longer than earlier years' candidates like FOMO and "manbun." "Quid pro quo" had a moment, but the jury's still out on that one. And a surge in dictionary lookups led Merriam-Webster to pick nonbinary "they." My choice of "disinformation" needs some explaining. It isn't a new word — just one of the family of names we give to the malignancies that contaminate the public discourse, along with "propaganda," and in particular "misinformation" and "fake news." Each of those last two was chosen as word of the year by some dictionary or organization in 2017. But over the past couple of years "disinformation" has been on a tear — it's 10 times as common in media headlines as it was five years ago, to the point where it's nudged its siblings aside. That rise suggests a basic shift in focus: What most troubles us now isn't just the plague of deceptive information on the Internet, but the organized campaigns that are spreading the infection. Most of those headlines concerned the Russians. There was their weaponization of social media during the 2016 elections, which The New York Times called "the Pearl Harbor of the social media age," and the fears it will be repeated next year. There were also the stories about their interference in recent elections in the U.K., Italy and other nations. And most recently, there was the Russians' success in planting the conspiracy theory that it was Ukraine rather than Russia that interfered in our 2016 elections, despite it being debunked by U.S. intelligence agencies. Disinformation is as old as human conflict — in the fifth century B.C.E., the great Chinese military theoretician Sun Tzu wrote that all warfare is based on deception. But the Russians can take credit for inventing the word itself. The term "dezinformatsiya" was reputedly coined by no less than Josef Stalin in the 1920s as the name of the section of the KGB tasked with deceiving enemies and influencing public opinion. Over the decades, that unit disseminated rumors by means of forgeries, moles, front organizations, fake defections and sympathetic fellow travelers, which, by the way, is another term that was translated from Russian. The Soviets put out that Pope Pius XII was a Nazi sympathizer and that the CIA had assassinated John F. Kennedy and invented the AIDS virus. "Dezinformatsiya" was anglicized to "disinformation" during the Cold War era and extended to Western intelligence operations. The characters in John le Carré's spy novels are always talking about planting disinformation to deceive the KGB, using the same clandestine techniques the Soviets did. But the advent of social media created a new field of play and a new panoply of tools for diffusing and amplifying disinformation: trolls and troll farms, bots, hacked accounts and microtargeting. The Russians weren't the only ones to see the possibilities. In a recent report called the Global Disinformation Order, the Oxford Internet Institute identified organized social media campaigns in 70 nations. Authoritarian regimes use social media domestically to discredit political opponents. A dozen or so nations, such as Russia, China, Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, use it to influence opinion in foreign nations. Dictionaries typically define "disinformation" as the dissemination of deliberately false information, and modern disinformation campaigns all make use of the mendacious techniques we associate with the Orwellian propaganda of the totalitarian states of the last century. They generate a deluge of deceptive narratives that some describe as the "firehose of falsehoods" concocted to glorify a leader or a cause or to malign their enemies. But these campaigns are not all lies. They're also aimed at sharpening tribal divisions and sowing confusion or apathy, and a lot of their effort goes to building out networks of followers. And for those purposes, a true report or even a benign cat photo can sometimes be just as effective as a blatant falsehood. You have to win friends to influence people. In fact, as Clemson University researchers Darren Linvill and Patrick Warren point out, a lot of the disinformation produced by the Russians is just spin, and they have taken their tactics from modern public relations and advertising — as Linvill and Warren put it, they're less like Boris and Natasha than like Don Draper. An ad man like Don Draper would have recognized the classic marketing tactic that led the Russians to fabricate the rumors of Ukraine's interference in the 2016 election. You undermine a competitor's product by creating a counternarrative to sow fear, uncertainty or doubt — what marketers call the FUD factor. But Draper would have marveled at how porous our online discourse was — how easy it was to inject an implausible rumor into its bloodstream. And he would have been astonished at how quic

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Question: Friday News Roundup - Domestic

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If the news this week has left you with questions, you’re not alone: “How do you take a job and then recuse yourself?” President Donald Trump asked about Attorney General Jeff Sessions in a revealing interview in the New York Times. But even though his boss seems to regret hiring him, Sessions says he’s not going anywhere. Outside of the White House, Senator John McCain shared his brain cancer diagnosis with the public and promised his colleagues he’d be back to work soon. That work includes efforts to repeal or replace the Affordable Care Act and to raise the debt ceiling. One newsmaker who won’t be back to work is Steve Whitmire. The voice of Kermit the Frog was fired this week after spending nearly three decades as the iconic amphibian. And that leads to the biggest question of the week … Why are there so many songs about rainbows? We’ll get to the other side in the Friday News Roundup. GUESTS Greg Ip, Chief economics commentator, The Wall Street Journal; author of “Foolproof: Why Safety Can Be Dangerous and How Danger Makes Us Safe” Lisa Desjardins, Correspondent, PBS NewsHour Byron York, Chief political correspondent, The Washington Examiner For more, visit http://the1a.org. © 2017 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Vanity Fair Article Chronicles Giuliani's Mayorship

Former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani is a leading contender for the Republican presidential nomination. He's also the subject of a Vanity Fair article on his colorful — and combative — tenure as New York City mayor. Writer Michael Wolff talks about Giuliani, then and now, with Madeleine Brand. MADELEINE BRAND, host:  A lot people like Rudolph Giuliani because they remember him as a hero after 9/11, when as New York's mayor he calmed the city and the nation. But journalists who covered Giuliani for years pre-9/11 saw a different side, one Vanity Fair writer Michael Wolff says is not so pretty.  Michael Wolff joins me now. Welcome to the program.  Mr. MICHAEL WOLFF (Writer, Vanity Fair): Thank you very much.  BRAND: Well, you write that reporters working in New York when Giuliani was mayor would often encounter what's known as the full Rudy. What is that?  Mr. WOLFF: Well, I think I can't be more explicit in the column I wrote, in that I say that Rudy is crazy, actually mad. And I think that's what many of the people - reporters, political pros, not to mention average New Yorkers - encountered.   Here was a guy whose behavior was not ruled by any sort of rational explanation, no less a political explanation. He would do anything, and I think the theme is he would do anything to stay at the center of attention.  BRAND: Well, you know, a lot of people like that. They say that he's forceful, he's a good leader, and you know, New Yorkers re-elected him.  Mr. WOLFF: They did, and I voted for him once. And arguably he was, at certain points, a good mayor. The problem is that - or one of the problems - is that he's entirely unpredictable. He's a person who rationality does not govern, and he is running to be the president of the United States.  BRAND: Give me an example.  Mr. WOLFF: Well, in virtually all walks of his life, his personal life - not a only a catastrophe; many people have catastrophic personal lives, but let's remember he did announce that he was breaking up with his wife in a news conference. Why? Why was that necessary? Two, the way he dealt with the press, which was always to micromanage and to berate and to literally insist that it was his show - always his show.  BRAND: Well, you mentioned he likes to run his own show. He literally had his own show on a local radio station when he was mayor. And there is this infamous episode where he takes on a ferret owner - the little animal, ferret. Here is Mayor Giuliani on his radio show shortly after he banned ferrets in the city.  Mr. RUDOLPH GIULIANI (Former New York Mayor): David!  DAVID (Ferret Owner): Important issue taking care of where the city violating state laws. And I asked you last week if you care about the law.  Mr. GIULIANI: Yes, I do care about the law. I think you have totally and absolutely misinterpreted the law because there's something deranged about you.  DAVID: No, there isn't, sir. The law states...  Mr. GIULIANI: The excessive concern that you have for ferrets is something you should examine with a therapist.  DAVID: Sir, understand that - well, first of all...  Mr. GIULIANI: Not with me.  DAVID: Don't go insulting me again.  Mr. GIULIANI: I'm not insulting. I'm...  BRAND: Michael Wolff of Vanity Fair magazine, what does that exchange say to you about Rudy Giuliani?  Mr. WOLFF: I mean one of the things it says is that his mania can be entertaining. I think that you listen to that and say, you know, he's a ferret owner.  BRAND: Yeah. And it was pretty fun. Yeah.   Mr. WOLFF: And this is kind of amusing. I mean, it's interesting to have a politician to speak his mind. That's on the one hand. On the other hand, I think that this is a man who just, in that instance, lost control. And even, it's really a question of losing control. It's a question he didn't care what anyone thought.  BRAND: Are you saying he is literally insane or does he just have a larger than life personality and maybe some anger issues?   Mr. WOLFF: I think, with Rudy, I think the behavior, the political behavior, it's so odd, it's so extreme, that you reasonably, since he is running for president of the United States, you reasonably ask the question.  BRAND: Doesn't everyone have to be just a little touch crazy to run for president? I mean, you know.  Mr. WOLFF: I think that that's absolutely true. It's a fair question to ask. What's the nature of a person's temperament? What's the nature of what moves a person who might be president to action? Can we be confident that the person in charge is reasonable, methodical, fair-minded? And I think most people would agree with this. And then to push it and then look at a possible president and say, whoa, you know, there might be real issues here. There might be a temperament, a nature that is beyond his or her own control.  BRAND: Michael Wolff. His article on Rudy Giuliani is in the June issue of Vanity Fair magazine. Michael, thanks for joining us.  Mr. WOLFF: Thank you.  BRAND: And this note. We talked to the Giuliani

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Stories: 1) How Companies Are 'Defining Your Worth' Online 2) After 'Putin's Kiss,' A Young Girl's Change Of Heart


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Question: Please Take Our Survey. (Please)

How did you find us? Do you want more Planet Money in your life? Less? We want to know. So we put together this survey. If you could please take a few minutes to fill it out, it would be a big help. Thanks very much.

Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


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Question: Actor David Carradine, Star Of 'Kung Fu,' Dies

Actor David Carradine was found dead Thursday in a Bangkok, Thailand, hotel room. The actor was best known for his leading role in the 1970s television series Kung Fu. Carradine was in Thailand shooting a movie, one of well over a 100 filmed during a long, eclectic career.

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Stories: 1) Kevin Costner, Dancing With Death Again 2) On DVD: 'Twin Peaks,' 'Seinfeld,' 'My So-Called Life' 3) Brad Bird and Patton Oswalt, Telling a Rat's Tale 4) 'American Gangster': An American Critique


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Question: How The Pandemic Has Affected Religious Practices In Different Communities

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NPR's Michel Martin speaks with Imam Mohammad Altahir of the Islamic Center in Wyoming and Lane Moore of the Northwest Louisiana Baptist Association about pandemic's effects on religious practices.

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"['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth!', 'The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there\'s some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards\' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone\'s political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn\'t do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states\' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving\'s Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry\'s heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it\'s pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan\'s running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party\'s nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards\' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac']" == "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Should I Stay or Should I Go?']"

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Attack On University In Pakistan Kills At Least 20. -- Fire At Dubai High-Rise Tower Is Blamed On Electrical Issue In Spotlight. And here are more early headlines: Coast Guard Suspends Search Off Hawaii For Missing Marines. (KHON-TV) Portland Demonstrators Tell Armed Group On Federal Land To Go Home. (KOPB) Global Selloff In Asian Markets Continues. (MarketWatch) Report: Kurd Militias Tearing Down Arab Homes In Iraq. (Amnesty International) ISIS Confirms Suspicion That "Jihadi John" Killed. (New York Times) U.S. Official Urges China To Show "Leadership" With North Korea. (Yonhap) Fairy Tales May Be Older Than Some Religions. (Discovery News) To Help Some Farmers, Coconut Trees Aren't Trees Anymore In Indian State. (AP)


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Question: From A Concert Recorded

From a concert recorded last year in Carnegie Hall, JoAnn Falletta conducts her other orchestra -- the Virginia Symphony -- in the last of the "Enigma" Variations by Sir Edward Elgar. (Virginia Symphony Limited Edition C-D

A Grand Tradition, Bill Frisell Interview, Hope Come True, Portrait of Madame X, Gallery Talk - Watercolors, Conscious Choice Cinema


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Question: Miguel: An 'Honest Introduction' To An R&B Star

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In a year dominated by bombastic dance hits, Miguel wielded a far simpler sound — and wound up scoring five Grammy nominations. Miguel Pimentel has been releasing music and collaborating with other artists for years, but he broke through to a national audience in 2012 with his album Kaleidoscope Dream and its lead single, "Adorn." He recently spoke with NPR's Audie Cornish about the changing conversation around R&B music, growing up biracial and why fans shouldn't expect a Spanish-language album just yet. Hear the radio version at the audio link on this page, and read more of their conversation below. AUDIE CORNISH: What do you hear in modern R&B? Are there specific things you embrace in your own music and others' that you're trying to move away from? MIGUEL: I don't want to overgeneralize. Historically, black music has influenced other cultures and other genres, and created other genres. Rock would have never happened without blues, you know what I mean? We would have never had hip-hop without R&B. And somehow I feel like R&B and soul music has forgotten that it was, at one time, the influencer. Now, it's being more influenced by other sounds. Which is great; I think we should be cultured and want to incorporate other influences. That's what art is really about: taking your knowledge and your sensibilities and incorporating them in a way that celebrates the commonality, but also highlights the individuality. R&B has been kind of consumed by dance music in recent years. I think that in those balances where the commonality and individuality happen, R&B has lost the importance of the individuality. It's more about, "What does everyone else like? What is everyone else doing? Let me be acceptable to everyone else." It's so commercially driven that it's lost the essence, the soul and the emotion behind it. [On the other hand], take an artist like Adele: She can create a song that can live in a dance world, or is danceable, but still is soulful. That's R&B to me. I mean, there's plenty of artists who are making R&B music, but because of their ethnicity, it's considered something else. You're one of a few R&B artists to be singled out lately as pushing the music different directions. You and Frank Ocean and The Weeknd all have very different sounds, but you do share some things: Your production is denser, and your songs are more lyrically focused. Is there a little bit of a quiet revolution going on? I mean, why not? There are artists that are pushing boundaries. More than anything, I think there's an awareness for soul again — almost redefining or reprogramming people's expectations or whatever preconceived notions there might have been, based on the past decade and a half. Because pop music, and R&B pop music in particular, can be very regimented: chorus, bridge, breakdown, rapper comes in. Yeah, it's very formulaic. But a song like "Where's the Fun in Forever?" doesn't feel that way at all. I appreciate that. That song was originally written with and for Alicia Keys, [who was recording an album in Jamaica and invited me to come]. We created a makeshift studio on the roof — so, I mean, just a blanket of stars in the sky, and nothing but the sound of the ocean in the distance. The very first thought [I had] was, "We're not gonna live forever, but where's the fun in forever, anyways?" And it just became this song. For me, the notion was very personal, because I feel like this year I started to realize that I'm not invisible or invincible anymore. Times are changing, I'm changing, my family's getting older — and I'm happy to be responsible for things now. For a moment, it felt really heavy. But for some reason, at that moment in Jamaica, just looking up at the stars, I felt this incredible sense of relief. Were there particular artists you were thinking of while you were making Kaleidoscope Dream? People who had influenced you? I think I was trying not to think of those artists. For me, the creative process for me always starts in a personal place. I step away from my iPod or any records or CDs. I don't really want to listen to music; I just want to listen to myself and do as much meditating, as much personal reflection and planning [as I can]. ... I wanted this album to set the tone for the kind of career that I would like to have as a musician, and hopefully be some indication of my desire to push the boundaries and educate my audience. You grew up in Los Angeles; your father is Mexican and your mother is black. What effect did that have on your music? I grew up in San Pedro, which is, like, a port city in L.A. It's got its good parts and its bad parts, and I grew up right where the projects start, kind of in the not-so-good parts. It was the early '90s; there was a lot of racial tension, which, in retrospect, I think helped me realize that life is very much about making decisions. I caught myself in the middle of a few scuffles growing up; you know, what side I was gonna be on, Mexican or black. And I think maki

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Stories: 1) Our Digital Lives, Monitored By A Hidden 'Numerati' 2) Michael Cera, Making The Perfect 'Playlist' 3) Newman Reflects On An Acting (And Active) Life


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Question: The Good Listener: How Do I Play DJ Without Embarrassing Myself?

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We get a lot of mail at NPR Music, and alongside the brick-sized bale of bills that arrived during our recent vacation is a slew of smart questions about how music fits into our lives. This time around: thoughts on how to play DJ from the passenger seat of a friend's car. Lee C. writes via email: "I don't have a car, so I spend a lot of time in the passenger seat of other people's cars. Usually, the fare for such a ride is being handed someone's phone and asked to pick music. I am not a person who feels super-confident about their taste in music, and I am generally motivated by a strong desire to not embarrass myself in social situations. What do I play in the car of a friend I want to impress? What do I play in the car of my boyfriend, who asks me to pick music on a regular basis and is getting sick of my hemming and hawing and eventually just picking The Weepies again?" [Before we get started, a quick note: If you have any questions you'd love to see answered in The Good Listener, email Stephen Thompson at goodlistener@npr.org! We're always looking for column ideas.] First of all, there's no shame in picking The Weepies! If anything, your friends may be asking you to pick the music because you're astute enough to play the good stuff. In fact, if you want them to stop asking, a steady diet of "(You're) Having My Baby," "We Built This City" and the complete collected works of MC Skat Kat ought to shut that right down, though you may have a trickier time finding rides going forward. I'm assuming that, when someone hands you his or her phone and asks you to pick music, you're using an app like Spotify rather than an individual's MP3 or cloud library, right? Because an indecisive music-picker's best friend is limited options. Faced with the virtual infinity that is Spotify — or the seeming near-infinity of a 20,000-song iTunes library — it's easy to freeze up and get bogged down. If you're able to narrow the possibilities down to something you can scroll through easily, you'll have a much less difficult time landing on go-to Weepies equivalents in a pinch. For years, I've sorted my 40-song year-end best-of sets into iTunes playlists, which come in supremely handy as background music, fallback options, road-trip music everyone in the car can agree on, and so forth. In recent weeks, as I've begun to explore the cutting edge of technology circa 2012, I've tinkered around with Spotify to create playlists of my favorite songs of 2015's first half, instrumental music to filter out distractions while I'm editing, and songs I enjoyed as a grocery-store stock boy in the late '80s. In the weeks and months to come, I'll add old year-end lists, all-time favorites and high-concept lists I concoct on a whim — not only because my bosses at NPR Music asked me to, but because I too am sometimes overwhelmed by the listening options at my fingertips. Finally, I will always push back against the idea that one's musical tastes should be the source of shame, social pressure or embarrassment, and will happily remind you that the people you're trying to impress — the cool friend, the romantic partner — are often asking you to pick music because they don't want to subject their taste in music to ridicule. But you can absolutely inoculate yourself against embarrassment by preparing playlists in advance, whether they're Spotify lists you can access from a friend's phone or MP3 folders you keep stashed on your own device. Go ahead and start writing down the names of the artists, albums and songs that you love and would enjoy sharing — if you feel you must, don't be afraid to crib from other sources — and then build yourself a master list you can call on in a pinch. Before you know it, you'll be fielding requests like a real DJ. Got a music-related question you want answered? Leave it in the comments, drop us an email at goodlistener@npr.org or tweet @idislikestephen.

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Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: At Your Leisure: Episode 26

Join NPR's Scott Simon as he delivers a pitch-perfect speech, written by a Princeton alumn over a century ago; talks to one of the thousands of owners of a soccer team, where all the shots are called by its online ownership; a blogger who's sick of the sports-entertainment industry; the controversy surrounding Vladimir Nabokov's last manuscript.  Hear about St.  Petersburg's changing skyline and one child's try at riding in a sheep rodeo.

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Stories: 1) Latino USA Episode 875 2) Latino USA Episode 876 3) Latino USA Episode 877


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Question: From One Of Ted's Recommended

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From one of Ted's recommended recordings, soloist Dennis Brain joins conductor Herbert von Karajan and the Philharmonia Orchestra for a performance of Mozart's Horn Concerto No. 1.

2021 Podcast By Emily M. 9/11 NPR A Cultural Disconnect: The US and Iran A Dive into Diversity Aidan Sockrider's NPR Student Contest Submission Albert Barnes All About Cancel Culture All Natural: Yellowstone National Park An Ode to Ants Anxiety In Kids and Teens AP B3 A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words A Possibly Positive Pandemic? Arab Teens Asian Stereotypes Athlete's Corner: Pandemics, Protein Shakes, and Home Workouts Auggie's Pet Podcast Avocado Mafia Break In The Story Of Laurie Dann Butterflies in our Stomach Butterflies Unscripted Candy to My Ears Charlie's Family Podcast Charlie Brown Parallels to the Past Part Two Cinthia A - NPR Podcast Challenge 2021 Climate Change Coping with Covid Covid Conversations Creativity and Nature Dancing Fire Dark 'n' Stormy Dark Childhood Theories Death By Sugar: The Great Molasses Flood Of 1919 Different Bodies, Different Reasons Dinosaurs Drinks with a Tasteful Twist Environmental Activism With Orla Malloy Escape From Alcatraz Evolution Of Slang Exhale Forget, Fix, or Forgive Food Waste Frog Bridge & The Soul of Willimantic Genres Of Music Gratitude GSNPR Podcast Contest Guinness World Records Harmful Gender Norms Haunted Hometown: Pleasanton, California Helmet Podcast Hieu Tam Pham High School Memories History of Music Hole Donut How Are Sports Affected? How Can We Stop Global Warming How the first trillionaire will come about How to Bake the World's Best Chocolate Chip Cookies How to Make Students' Lives Engaging During COVID-19 Hyphenated I Am Black Excellence If You Close Your Eyes In a Pickle Inclusion Indian Small Farmers' Fight for Democracy Industry Juniors Interviews with Grandma In The Eye Of The Storm IRL Podcast It's A Twin Thing Japanime Podcast Just Clowning Around KIDWARZ Leadership Podcast Legal Misconduct Let's Talk About Sustainability! LGBTQ discrimination Life Of A Racecar Driver Llama Podcast Local Artist LOTR Male Depression Match Of The Century Media and Reality: TV's Effect on Black Women Megan Ramirez NPR Mental Health For Students Mental Health in Movies and TV Mirror, Mirror On The Dog Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women Miss Mattie and Scooter Mouse MLK Marches in Cicero My Small Business Journey Mysterious Earth Nad - Cast 1 - 3 12 21, 10.45 PM Nate Drohan: Sleep Talk Podcast Native American Mascots Neighborhood News NMC21: Q No Longer a Child One year of distance Online or in person schooling? Operation Paperclip Opinions on Group Homes Pandemic Blues Pandemics and Students Parents Just Don't Understand Parents Vs. Kids Pickled Punks Podcast PTSD: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Quarantine Daydreams R.O.G.U.E. Podcast Episode 4 Part 1: Authenticity Representation In Film Risk Takers Podcast Sardines Lost At Sea Scary Story Slight of Hand Sophia's Podcast on Eagles Speech And Debate Podcast Stories Around The Ghost Light: 24 Hours Before You Lose It All Survival Of The Vietnam War Taylor A's Story Technology Dating Texting While Zooming The Breakout Room The Days Before US The Degradation of the Y Chromosome The Effect Of Machismo The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly: The Electoral College The Great Emu War The Hauntings of Breckie The Hauntings of Breckie The History of Classical Music The Importance Of Self Care During A Pandemic The Inexplicable Heist The Lavender Scare The Mystery Of Roanoke Island The Podcast People There is a Banana in my Podcast The Rise Of Anti - Asian Hate The Simpsons Podcast The Speculative Implications of Trans- Temporal Travel The Subtle Things: Teacher-Student Relationships The Trolley Problem The Underlying Problems In The Gaming Industry The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Water Rights Settlement Act The Weekend that Went Wrong This or That: School Edition Through Many Glass Ceilings Thurscast TriplePoint Two Brothers, One Mother Tye Rollins: A Hero in Scrubs and a White Coat Understanding the Hijab Unknown Monsters: Climate Change Victoria Viruses are NOT a Race Voices Of Hawaii Weird Laws in America What's Good? What is Worth Fighting For? Where Are You Daddy? Why TikTok is a Black Hole Zobia and Lila


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Question: Trump Lashes Out At House Democrats Ahead Of Busy Week For Impeachment Inquiry

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On Monday, President Trump said he’ll “strongly consider” testifying or providing answers in writing in the impeachment inquiry as the House Intelligence Committee gears up for a week in which eight current and former officials are scheduled to publicly testify about his dealings with Ukraine. Here & Now‘s Robin Young speaks with Toluse Olorunnipa (@ToluseO), White House reporter for the Washington Post. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: State Of The Obama Economy: Far Better, But Still With Many Troubles

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When President Obama first took the oath of office seven years ago this month, the U.S. economy was so battered that many economists were pondering the possibility of another Great Depression. The fears were real: Employers were cutting 796,000 jobs; the auto industry was facing bankruptcy; private foreclosures and public debts were soaring. So the new president's rhetoric was somber. For millions of Americans, "the state of our economy is a concern that rises above all others, and rightly so," Obama said in his first address to a joint session of Congress. "It's the worry you wake up with and the source of sleepless nights." Today, the U.S. economy is in far better shape — a message Obama will underscore Tuesday in his State of the Union address. He'll have plenty of upbeat talking points to mention. For example, last month, employers added 292,000 workers and the jobless rate held steady at 5 percent, down from 2009's peak of 10 percent. Compared with January 2009, these are far better days for both workers and business owners. Still, serious challenges remain, and critics will have plenty of problems to point out. Here's a quick look at the state of the economy as Obama enters the final year of his presidency. First, the good news:  Jobs: In the winter of 2009, employers were announcing mass layoffs that did not peak until March 2009, when the country lost 824,000 jobs. That dynamic has turned around, following a record-breaking 70 consecutive months of private sector job growth. Over just the past two years, employers have added nearly 6 million jobs — the strongest pace since the late 1990s. Autos: In January 2009, new-vehicle sales plunged, falling 55 percent at Chrysler, and by nearly 50 percent at GM. Ford was down by 40 percent. Chrysler and GM had to borrow $13.4 billion from the U.S. Treasury to dodge bankruptcy. Today, the industry is booming. In 2015, U.S. sales hit 17.47 million vehicles, breaking old the record of 17.41 million, set in 2000. Stocks: In early 2009, stocks were taking frightful plunges. The Dow Jones industrial average hit a bottom of 6,507 by March. Once a turnaround began, prices soared. Over the past year, prices have fallen back amid worries about global slowing, but still, the DJIA is above 16,300. Foreclosures: In 2009, about 2.82 million properties filed for foreclosure. Today, foreclosure filings have fallen to near a 10-year low. As of November 2015, fewer than 700,000 properties were still in the nation's foreclosure inventory. Low inflation: Throughout the recovery, consumers have seen relatively little inflation. In fact, over the past 12 months, the consumer price index has risen only 0.5 percent, which has in turn helped keep interest rates at historic lows. Gas prices: In the summer of 2008, gasoline was selling above $4 a gallon as the national average. When the economy plunged, so did the price of gas, down to around $1.60 in January 2009. Today, gas is averaging $1.96, according to AAA, the auto club. After adjusting for inflation, the current price is just slightly higher than in 2009 — but without the drama of a domestic demand collapse.  And here are some of the still-unsolved problems:  Soaring federal debt: When Obama took office, the national debt stood at $10.6 trillion. Today, it's nearly $19 trillion. By the time he leaves office, the debt will have nearly doubled on his watch. Stagnant wages: In the winter of 2009, average hourly earnings were around $22. Now they are about $25.24. After adjusting for inflation, workers have seen their buying power rise by less than a dollar, even though corporate profits have soared. Tax code mess: Virtually everyone in Washington, including Obama, says the tax code is far too complicated. Yet there appears to be no real hope that the White House can get Congress to reform it. Skills gap and student debt: Many employers say jobs are going begging, but workers lack the skills to fill them. The mismatch between skills and job openings is becoming a major barrier to growth, with more than 5 million jobs going unfilled today. At the same time, Americans are carrying about $1.3 trillion in student debt, far more than anytime in history.

Stories: 1) Is Wall Street At Fault For Mortgage Meltdown? 2) Economy's Woes Mean Housing Crisis For Pets, Too


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Question: Inside The HHS Flu War Room

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Ever wanted to go behind the scenes in a war room? The federal government has been waiting for the new H1N1 virus, or any other new microbe to appear on the scene, for several years now so that they can use the room set up at HHS. And use it for swine flu, they are. Tune in to Morning Edition tomorrow as NPR's Joanne Silberner takes us on the inside tour of the Secretary's Operations Center. She tells us what's happening there, including how planners are tracking cases and deciding when and how to send medical tools and supplies around the country.

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Stories: 1) Venturing Inside Bellevue's Psychiatric ER 2) Capitalism's Paradoxes, Writ Personal On Film


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Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: A Church Divided Over Gay Clergy: Interview

Host Scott Shafer talks with Kevin Eckstrom, editor of the Washington D.C.-based Religion News Service about the compromise offered by the national Episcopal Church.

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: A Surprising Revelation About the GOP Front-Runner; The Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Clean Undies; Palin vs. Couric Round 2.


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Question: Heavy Rotation: 10 Songs Public Radio Can't Stop Playing

Weighty collaborations abound in January's mix of new songs handpicked by 10 public-radio music curators. Start off with the single that Valerie June wrote for (and performs with) Mavis Staples, then hear a JD McPherson-produced tune by The Cactus Blossoms, Charlie Hilton's duet with Mac DeMarco, and more. These are the songs some of our favorite DJs loved this month; chances are you'll find something here to love, too.

It's been more than a decade since Mandy Moore dropped a new album. After spending much of that time on acting, she's back this week with a collection of unambiguously upbeat songs on love and forgiveness. The R&B singer Jhené Aiko takes a deep dive into the world of spiritual healing on her latest, Chilombo and the electro-pop duo Phantogram has a darker but reflective and ultimately hopeful new album on recovery. Host Robin Hilton is joined by NPR Music's Jewly Hight, Marissa Lorusso, Sidney Madden and Stephen Thompson, along with host of Culture Cypher Radio on XPN and co-host of the podcast Serious Rap S*** on iHeart Radio, John Morrison as they share their picks for the best new albums out on March 6. Featured Albums:  Phantogram — CeremonyFeatured Song: "Love Me Now" Pantha Du Prince — Conference of TreesFeatured Song: "Transparent Tickle Shining Glace" Mandy Moore — Silver LandingsFeatured Song: "Forgiveness" Jhené Aiko — ChilomboFeatured Song: "Happiness Over Everything" Nadia Reid — Out of My ProvinceFeatured Song: "Get The Devil Out" Stephen Malkmus — Traditional TechniquesFeatured Song: "Xian Man" Caroline Rose — SuperstarFeatured Song: "Do You Think We'll Last Forever" Swamp Dogg — Sorry You Couldn't Make ItFeatured Song: "Please Let Me Go 'Round Again" Cornershop — England is a GardenFeatured Song: "No Rock: Save In Roll" THICK: 5 Years BehindFeatured Song: "Mainsplain"  Other notable releases for March 6: Anna Calvi — Hunted; Disq — Collector; Esmé Patterson — There Will Come Soft Rains; Grafh — The Oracle III; José James — No Beginning No End 2; Noel Gallagher's High-Flying Birds — Blue Moon Rising; Overcoats — The Fight; Riz Ahmed — The Long Goodbye; U.S. Girls — Heavy Light; Worriers — You Or Someone You Know.


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Question: My River Home: A Journey from the Gulf War to the Gulf of Mexico

Guest: Marcus Eriksen, Director of Research and Education for the Algalita Marine Research Foundation and an active member of Veterans for Peace

Stories: 1) Teddy Roosevelt And The Fire That Saved The Forests 2) A Memoir Of Pakistan, Islamic Fundamentalism


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Question: Heavy Rotation: 10 Songs Public Radio Can't Stop Playing

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Heavy Rotation is a monthly sampler of public radio hosts' favorite songs. Check out past editions here. DAVID GREENE, HOST:  OK. It's time now for Heavy Rotation. This is our series where public radio hosts tell us about a song that they love. And this month's song is by an artist from Mali. His name is Habib Koite. The song's called "L.A." Koite got to know Los Angeles while he was touring the United States, and his song found its way to a Emmanuel Nado. He's the host of "Africa Mix" on KALW in San Francisco. One instrument stood out for Nado. Here, it was the banjo. EMMANUEL NADO: For many years, I have thought that the banjo was an American instrument. (SOUNDBITE OF HABIB KOITE SONG, "L.A.") HABIB KOITE: (Singing in foreign language). GREENE: In fact, as Nado learned, the banjo is from Africa. The slave trade brought it to America. NADO: I've never seen any African artists, or contemporary African artists, playing the banjo. And when I saw Habib Koite using the banjo in his latest album, I was so happy. (SOUNDBITE OF HABIB KOITE SONG, "L.A.") KOITE: (Singing in foreign language). NADO: The lyrics are in the native language of Mali. Habib compares the landscape of Los Angeles to that of his native Mali. GREENE: One part of the song is in English. It's a trip to the bar. (SOUNDBITE OF HABIB KOITE SONG, "L.A.") KOITE: (Singing) One shot, two shot, three shot, four shot, five... GREENE: The song is "L.A." from musician Habib Koite. It was chosen by Emmanuel Nado. He's the host of "Africa Mix" on KALW in San Francisco. And you can hear more Heavy Rotation selections at nprmusic.org. This is NPR News.


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Question: Excerpt: The Unsung Hero

8 August Tom swung his duffle bag down from the overhead rack and shuffled slowly with the other passengers off the commercial flight and out into Boston's Logan Airport. Moving slowly was good, especially since--like right now--he still had bouts of dizziness from that head injury that had nearly taken him out of action permanently. Outside the terminal, the city skyline was muted by the hazy morning sky. Welcome to summer in New England. The humidity would lift, Tom knew, as he headed toward the tiny North Shore community of Baldwin's Bridge. The stiff ocean breezes kept the temperature down and the skies blue in the picture-perfect tourist town. Tom was staying only until Sunday. He had thirty days of convalescent leave to fill, which pissed him off. He didn't want thirty days, dammit. He'd just spent far too much time in the hospital, too much time away from his command. Of course, thanks to Rear Admiral Larry Tucker, at this point he wasn't sure he even had much of a command to return to. Was it any wonder he'd lost his temper when he'd found out that while he was in a frigging coma, Tucker had tried to make SEAL Team Sixteen a line item to be deleted on the upcoming fiscal year's budget? And when Tom had found out that Tucker had taken Sixteen's SO squad, the elite group of men that Tom had taken years to handpick--nicknamed "The Troubleshooters" by some and "The Troublemakers" by the non-SEAL brass like Tucker--and scattered them to the ends of the earth ... But Tom had only lost his temper with the rear admiral. He hadn't thrown the man through the fourth-story window of his D.C. office. He hadn't even slapped the self-satisfied smirk off the bastard's face. All he'd done was list his objections perhaps a little more strenuously than he normally might have. And for that, he'd lost another week of his life undergoing psych evaluations, as teams of medical doctors and psychiatrists tried to decide whether or not his outburst was directly related to his recent severe head injury. Tom had tried to assure them that, indeed, his loss of temper was merely a side effect of dealing with Tucker. But his doctor was a captain--Howard Eckert--who was up for promotion and eager to please Rear Admiral Tucker, and Tom's excuses didn't fly. Eckert gave him thirty days' convalescent leave in an attempt to recover further from the head injury. The doctor and the shrinks warned Tom that with such an injury it wasn't unusual to experience some temporary and slight changes in personality. Aggressive behavior. Feelings of persecution and paranoia. And of course there was the dizziness and headaches. He should try to stay calm and relaxed. Because after thirty days, when he returned to the naval base in Virginia, he would undergo a similar set of psychiatric tests, after which his fate would be decided. Would he be given a medical discharge and cut adrift, or would he be allowed to continue his career in the U.S. Navy? Tom didn't want choice A, but he knew that Tucker would be pushing to have him safely retired. And that meant Tom needed to spend these next thirty days doing everything he could to get as rested and relaxed--and as sane--as possible. He knew himself well enough to know that going home for more than a long weekend would be a major mistake as far as staying sane went. And Tuesday through Sunday made for a very long weekend. But a short visit would be good. He wanted to see his great-uncle, Joe. He even wanted to see his sister, Angela, and his niece, Mallory. Mal had graduated from high school this year. Her teenage years were proving to be as rocky as his and Angie's had been. Apparently it still wasn't easy to be a Paoletti kid growing up in highbrow Baldwin's Bridge, Massachusetts. Hell, there were members of the police force who still bristled when they saw Tom coming. He was thirty-six years old now, a highly decorated and respected commanding officer in the U.S. Navy SEALs, yet all those old labels--troublemaker, fuckup, "that wild Paoletti kid"--persevered. No, as much as he missed Joe's solid company, a weekend in Baldwin's Bridge would definitely be long enough. But maybe he could talk Joe into going to Bermuda with him for a week or two. That would be cool. And if Joe insisted, Tom would even bring Charles Ashton along on this trip. Mr. Ashton was Joe's crotchety best friend or arch nemesis, depending on the two old men's moods. He was a contender for Mr. Scrooge and the Grinch all rolled into one delightful, alcohol-soused package. But Joe had known the man since the Second World War. There was a lot of history behind his loyalty, and Tom could respect that. Besides, any man who'd managed to father Kelly Ashton couldn't be that bad. Kelly Ashton. Tom thought of her every time he returned to Baldwin's Bridge. Of course, he thought of her when he wasn't there as well. In fact, he thought of her far too often, considering it had been more than sixteen years since he'd see

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Stories: 1) Do You See What I See? A Scientist's Journey Into 3-D 2) Dr. John: Righteous Anger, Graced By Wit 3) Clunky Characters, Cancer Characterize 'Big C'


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Question: When The Going Gets Hot, Construction Workers Get Nocturnal

A team of construction workers is pouring concrete onto the frame of a structure that will eventually become a wastewater treatment plant. It's 1 a.m. on a clear night in the suburbs of Phoenix. The temperature is still in the high 80s. But that's way down from the area's recent record high temperatures, up to 118 degrees. Around here, it never really gets cool in the summer. That's partly because Phoenix is such a big city that it traps the heat — a heat island. But now in the middle of the night, it's finally cool enough to start work. "We try to pour and place and finish concrete when it's below 90 degrees," says Daniel Ward, the construction company's project director. From inside an air-conditioned trailer, he says there are things you can do to modify the concrete, like adding ice to cool it down. But it's just best to work when it's not as hot. There are two reasons for working such strange hours. One is the concrete itself. "It sets up too quick in the day with the sun on it," says general superintendent Mike Wigness. "Here it's a little bit slower and manageable." The other reason is making sure the workers don't overheat. "Everything out here is metal," Wigness says. "I mean, the rebar, a lot of the forms — it gets hot. I mean, it burns your hands." But at this hour, he adds, laughing, "they're under the natural shade of the moon." Remember, though, it's still in the high 80s. "It's hot — that's it. You sweat, you work, you sweat," says Ray Anderson, who's on the crew for tonight's pour. "It's better than the daytime." And it's all really loud. The city of Chandler, where this project is taking place, has regulations about what time construction work can be done if it's close to houses. This is not that close. But Ward says they still try to think about the neighbors. "We'll always pay attention to where the closest neighborhoods are, what time we're pouring — but making sure that we're getting the message out to them of what's going on," Ward says. So the work goes on in the shade of the moonlight. Concrete mixers pull in and out of the site, guided by workers in reflective vests and glow sticks on the ground. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:  This is the season when many Americans complain about the heat. But it's going to be harder to complain for those of us who do not live in Phoenix, Ariz. That city is so hot that it's hard to imagine taking a stroll outside. Even people who need to work outside cannot easily do that. Sarah Ventre of member station KJZZ takes us to a construction site where the concrete has to be poured in the middle of the night. SARAH VENTRE, BYLINE: It's in the high 80s at 1 a.m. on a clear night out in the suburbs of Phoenix. That's way down from recent record highs of up to 118. Around here, it never really gets cool in the summer. That's partly because Phoenix is such a big city that it's a heat island. The city traps the heat. But now in the middle of the night, it's finally cool enough to start work. (SOUNDBITE OF CONSTRUCTION) VENTRE: A team of construction workers is pouring concrete onto the frame of a structure that will eventually become a wastewater treatment plant. (SOUNDBITE OF CONSTRUCTION) DANIEL WARD: We try to pour and place and finish concrete when it's below 90 degrees. VENTRE: Daniel Ward is the construction company's project director. From inside an air conditioned trailer, he says there are things you can do to modify the concrete, like adding ice to it to cool it down. But it's just best to work when it's not as hot. UNIDENTIFIED MAN: (Foreign language spoken). VENTRE: There are two reasons for working such strange hours - one is the concrete itself. MIKE WIGNESS: It sets up too quick in the day with the sun on it. Here, it's a little bit slower and manageable. VENTRE: That's general superintendent Mike Wigness. The other reason is making sure the workers don't overheat. WIGNESS: Everything out here is metal. I mean, the rebar, a lot of the forms - it gets hot. I mean, it burns your hands. VENTRE: But at this hour... WIGNESS: They're under the natural shade of the moon (laughter). VENTRE: And remember, it's still in the high 80s. Ray Anderson is on the crew for tonight's pour. RAY ANDERSON: Hot - that's it. You sweat, you work, you sweat. It's better than the daytime. VENTRE: And it's all really loud. (SOUNDBITE OF CONSTRUCTION) VENTRE: The city of Chandler, where this project is taking place, has regulations about what time construction work can be done if it's close to houses. This is not that close. But Daniel Ward says they still try to think about the neighbors. WARD: We'll always pay attention to where the closest neighborhoods are, what time we're pouring - but making sure that we're getting the message out to them of what's going on. VENTRE: So the work goes on in the shade of the moonlight, as the concrete mixers pull in and out of the site, guided by workers in reflective vests and glow sticks on the ground. For NPR News, I'm Sarah Ventre in Chandler,

Stories: 1) How 'Italian Food' Became A Global Sensation 2) Cyro Baptista: Sounds From Everywhere, Evoking Home 3) How Western Diets Are Making The World Sick 4) 'We're Broke': Empty Bank Accounts, Empty Meaning?


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Question: Tuesday October 30, 2007

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The apple harvest is nearly past and we check in with growers and agriculture officials about the physical and financial health of this year's crop. Also, we hear stories from the orchard from a grower who cultivates heirloom varieties, and from his wife, who doesn't see him much around picking time.

A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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Question: Film critic John Powers

Film critic John Powers reviews the new film Road to Perdition directed by Sam Mendes, starring Tom Hanks, Paul Newman, Jude Law and Jennifer Jason Leigh.

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With a special birthday hello for Charlton Heston, Luke Burbank's Hollywood hero.


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Question: Who's Bill This Time

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: "President Grump," "Prime Real Estate" and "Brexiting Is Hard To Do."

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Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news ... Moving on Up, Prez Charming, and Who's Big Gulping now?


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Question: Yes, It Is Possible To Get Your Flu Shot Too Soon

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The pitches from pharmacy chains started in August: Come in and get your flu shot. Convenience is touted. So are incentives. CVS offers a 20 percent-off shopping pass for everyone who gets a shot, while Walgreens donates toward international vaccination efforts. The start of flu season is still weeks, if not months, away. Yet marketing of the vaccine has become an almost year-round effort that starts when the shots become available in August and is hyped as long as the supply lasts — often into April or May. Not that long ago, most flu-shot campaigns started as the leaves began to turn in October. But two things have stretched the flu-shot season: the decade-long increase in the number of drugstores that have a retail medical clinic inside, and state laws that allow pharmacists to give vaccinations. Drugstores have figured out how "to deliver medical services in an on-demand way," says Tom Charland, founder and CEO of Merchant Medicine, which tracks the walk-in clinic industry. The approach appeals to customers, particularly millennials, and turns out to be good business. "It's a way to get people into the store to buy other things," Charland says. But some doctors warn that the marketing may be overtaking medical wisdom, since it's unclear how long the immunity imparted by the vaccine lasts, particularly in older people. Federal health officials say it's better to get the shot whenever you can. An early flu shot is better than no flu shot at all. But the science is mixed when it comes to how long you'll get optimal protection from a flu shot promoted and given during the waning days of summer; the typical flu season peaks in midwinter or beyond. Immunologists and public health officials are divided on how patients should respond to such offers. "If you're over 65, don't get the flu vaccine in September. Or August. It's a marketing scheme," says Laura Haynes, an immunologist at the University of Connecticut Center on Aging. A combination of factors makes it more difficult for the immune systems of people older than 65 to respond to the vaccination, she says, and the protective effect may also wear off faster than it does in young people. So, when is the best time to vaccinate? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises physicians that it's safe to make flu shots available to all age groups whenever the vaccine becomes available, each year. While "delaying vaccination might permit greater immunity later in the season," the CDC notes, citing evidence from a 2013 study, that "deferral could result in missed opportunities to vaccinate." How long will the immunity last? "The data are very mixed," says Dr. John J. Treanor, an infectious disease specialist at the University of Rochester medical school. Some studies suggest vaccines lose some protectiveness during the course of a single flu season. Flu activity generally starts in the fall, but peaks in January or February and can run into the spring. "So some might worry that if [they] got vaccinated very early and flu didn't show up until very late, it might not work as well," he says. But other studies show "you still have protection from the shot you got last year," Treanor adds, "if it's a year when the strains didn't change." In any given flu season, the effectiveness of immunization varies, partly dependent on how well the vaccine matches the strain of flu virus that's predominant that year. In the overall population, the CDC says studies show a vaccine can reduce the risk of flu by about 50 to 60 percent when the vaccine is well-matched. It's especially important to vaccinate children, to help keep parents and grandparents healthy, as well as the kids themselves, doctors say. While most people who get the flu recover, it is a serious disease responsible for many deaths each year, particularly among older adults and young children. The intensity of illness provoked by each influenza strain can vary, too; U.S. deaths associated with the flu have ranged from about 3,300 a year to 49,000 in the past 31 seasons. To develop vaccines, manufacturers and scientists study what's circulating in the Southern Hemisphere during its winter flu season — June, July and August. Then, based on that evidence, they forecast what flu strains might be circulating in the U.S. the following November, December and January, and incorporate that information into flu vaccines that are generally ready by late July. For the upcoming season, the vaccines will include three or four strains — including two influenza A strains, an H1N1 and an H3N2, as well as one or two B strains, according to the CDC. The federal health officials recommend that everyone older than 6 months gets vaccinated, unless they have a health condition that would prevent it. The vaccines can't give a person the flu because the virus is killed before it's used in the shot. This year, the nasal vaccine — a squirt of liquid that includes a live attenuated virus — is not recommended for use, as studies showed

Good morning - here are some of our early headlines: Protesters Attack U.S. Diplomatic Buildings in Egypt, Libya; One American Worker Killed. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Starts Third Day, No Breakthrough Seen. (Chicago Tribune) German Court Backs European Bailout Plan. (Wall Street Journal) Two Factory Fires In Pakistan Kill At Least 191. (Voice Of America) Obama Administration Approves First Group Of Immigrant Children Applying To Stay In U.S. (AP) That Big Stink In Los Angeles? It's Decaying Matter From The Inland Salton Sea. (Los Angeles Times) Apple Expected To Unveil New Smartphone Today. (WHEC) FAMU Blames Hazing Victim For His Own Death; Parents Outraged. (ABC) Calif. Refinery Pipe Was Corroded, Thinned Just Before Explosion Last Month. (San Francisco Chronicle) Tropical Storm Nadine Strengthens Far Out In Atlantic, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center)


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Question: Fearful Of ISIS, Saudis Continue To Fortify Border With Iraq

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Officials in Saudi Arabia estimate that more than 2,000 young men have joined up with the self-proclaimed Islamic State, or ISIS. The Saudi Special Operations Forces, under the Ministry of the Interior, have begun large-scale exercises to protect the border between that country and Iraq, to the north. Officials also worry about Saudis returning home after fighting with ISIS and carrying out attacks. NPR’s Deborah Amos visited the Saudi Special Operations Center in Riyadh today and joins Here & Now’s Meghna Chakrabarti to talk about the technically sophisticated training she witnessed and how expectations in Saudi Arabia have changed since the new king took the throne last month. Guest

Deborah Amos, international correspondent for NPR. She tweets @deborahamos.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Strong Quake Hits Near Iran-Iraq Border, Killing More Than 200.  -- Human Rights Barely Registers In Meeting Between Trump, Philippines' Duterte. -- Is A Corporate Tax Cut What The Economy Really Needs Right Now? --  Mueller Russia Probe Moves Into The White House And GOP's Math Problem On Taxes. And here are more early headlines: Democrats Draw Attention At U.N. Climate Conference. (Politico) Report: Syria Allegedly Starving Civilians To Force Surrender. (Amnesty International) Saudi Coalition To Ease, But Not Lift, Yemen Blockade. (VOA) North Korean Soldier Shot While Defecting To South Korea. (Yonhap) Eight Afghan Police Reportedly Killed In Western Province. (AP)  French Review Security, 2 Years After Paris Attacks. (Reuters) Menendez Jury Resumes Work With New Member. (NJ.com)


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Question: Filmically Perfect: "DOUBLE INDEMNITY" (1944)

Phyllis (Stanwyck): There's a speed limit in this state, Mr. Neff. 45 miles an hour.  Walter (MacMurray): How fast was I going, officer?  Phyllis: I'd say around 90.  Walter: Suppose you get down off your motorcycle and give me a ticket.

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Film critic DAVID THOMSON and filmmaker and director JAMES TOBACK. They interview each other for a revival of round table discussion at "Spoken Word at the Algonquin" in New York city's famous Algonquin Hotel, and discuss the state of moviemaking and movie criticism today. THOMSON's latest book is "Beneath Mulholland: Thoughts on Hollywood and its Ghosts" (Knopf). TOBACK directed the movies "Fingers," "Exposed," and "The Pick up Artist." (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW).12:28:30  FORWARD PROMO (:29)12:29:00  I.D. BREAK (:59)12:


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Question: A Missed Chance To Intervene In Tucson?

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Jared Loughner could have been involuntarily admitted for evaluation under Arizona's progressive mental health laws long before he allegedly showed up at a Tucson grocery store parking lot with a semi-automatic pistol, mental health professionals say. Whether or not Loughner is mentally ill is unclear. But what is known is that friends, relatives and teachers watched as Loughner's behavior apparently became increasingly erratic, including outbursts in class, isolation and bizarre Internet postings suggestive of someone in the least disturbed and at times incoherent. Arizona allows for family, friends or even acquaintances to petition a local court for a mental evaluation, said Suzanne Hodges, chief compliant officer at the Community Partnership of Southern Arizona, the group that provides mental health treatment for Pima County, where the shooting occurred. The court would have then sent someone to interview Loughner and determine if he needed treatment -- even if he was not an imminent danger to himself or others, as most other state require. Being in such treatment would have prevented him from purchasing a handgun, according to Arizona's gun laws. "[The mental health law] is very flexible," Hodges said. "It's ahead of some other states -- the fact that you don't have to be imminently dangerous to yourself or others." But that's not what happened. Signs Of Increasingly Erratic Behavior   Instead, Loughner left in his wake a series of increasingly odd outbursts over the course of almost two years. On the Web, writings attributed to Loughner appear nonsensical and even paranoid. Frequently using an "if/then" construction, he writes about how he believes the government is controlling a secret currency, is controlling his mind and even that the government was controlling the words that make up language. In postings apparently from Loughner, he writes: "I teach a mentally capable 8 year old for 20 consecutive minutes to replace an alphabet letter with a new letter and pronunciation. Thus the mentally capable 8 year old writes and pronounces the new letter and pronunciation that replaces and alphabet letter in 20 consecutive minutes." Later, he continues, "The government is implying mind control and brainwash on the people by controlling grammar…what's government if words don't have meaning." Dr. Alan J. Lipman, director of the Center for the Study of Violence, has not treated Loughner. But he has spent many years working in psychiatric wards. Lipman said he would have been suspicious of a problem had he known Loughner and seen these writings. He said discussion of language can reflect a mind that is struggling to make sense of its own thoughts but that no longer has the logical reasoning in place to do so.   "The bonds that ordinarily keep language together come apart," Lipman said. "So they make up new words, with opaque, twisted, nonsensical meanings. This is not an effort at creativity, but [is instead] because they are having delusional ideas that need to be expressed in new ways." 'He Was A Very Strange Kind Of Person' Lipman said there is no way to know from reading postings what could be happening in Loughner's mind. But such writings could have been enough for someone who knew Loughner to bring it to a court's attention. That, and the behavior that some of Loughner's friends say they witnessed. Several of Loughner's friends told Mother Jones magazine that he seemed to become more irrational by the end of high school. At Pima Community   College, campus police were called five times to the classroom because of his outbursts, which scared his teachers and classmates. One former friend and classmate at the community college, Don Coorough, told NPR that during one class, while all the other students remained seated, Loughner jumped out of his seat to read a poem, aggressively grabbing his crotch while talking about mundane everyday activities. "He was a very strange kind of person," Coorough said. "He was very much a loner." Ben McGahee, who taught Loughner at the college, told NPR: "He would come out with these senseless outbursts. It's like, he would say, 'How can you deny math instead of accepting it?' " After Loughner wrote "Mayhem Fest!!!" across one of his quizzes, McGahee decided to alert the dean. "When I saw that on the quiz, I became very concerned for the safety of our students in the classroom and for the school as well," McGahee said. Mayhem Fest is the name of a music festival that tours the country each summer. Officials at Pima Community College said they told Loughner and his parents that he could only return to the college if he sought a mental evaluation. He did not try to return and the matter was dropped. Missed Opportunities For Intervention   Neither officials, students nor his parents sought to have a court-appointed counselor interview Loughner. Such a failure to intervene, Lipman said, is a common scenario among friends and relatives who are unaware of available local resources, a

Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: Assad Names New Prime Minister, Fighting Continues In Aleppo. Done In a Day: China Wraps Up Murder Trial Of Once-Prominent Politician's Wife. Gunmen Attack Egyptian Police Station In Sinai; Follows Militant Attack On Egyptian Border Post. (UPI) George Zimmerman To Seek New 'Stand Your Ground' Hearing In Case Of Shooting Of Treyvon Martin. (Central Florida News) Home Foreclosures Fell In July, But More Homes Started The Foreclosure Process. (Philadelphia Inquirer) U.S. Assists In Agent Orange Cleanup Project In Vietnam. (Reuters) Russia's Prime Minister To Publically Blame Officials Responsible For Failed Satellite Launch. (RIA Novosti) Sick American Rescued From Antarctica Research Station, Flown To New Zealand. (ABC) Homeless Miami Man Describes Cannibalistic Attack That Destroyed Parts Of His Face. (Miami Herald) Oscar Pistorious, South African 'Blade Runner', Denied Chance To Run In Olympic Relay. (BBC)


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Question: The GOP's New Attitude On Military Intervention

The House rebuke of the U.S. role in Libya may signal a new note being heard among Republicans. A growing number of prominent Republicans, including several candidates for president, are calling for speedier withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, and question U.S. involvement in Libya. Host Scott Simon talks to Rep. Jeff Flake (R-Ariz.), about shifting positions in the Republican Party on military involvements overseas.

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The major news of the morning, as we've reported, is the 8.9 magnitude earthquake that struck Japan today and the tsunami warning that stretches east to Hawaii and the Pacific coast of the continental U.S. We'll be following that story as the day continues. Other stories making headlines include: -- Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: Court Battles, Recalls Likely After Passage Of Collective Bargaining Bill. -- The New York Times: "Obama Seeks A Course Of Pragmatism In The Middle East." -- BBC News: European Union Leaders Say Gadhafi Must Go. -- The Guardian: "Libyan Troops Enter Ras Lanuf." -- The Wall Street Journal: "U.S. Families Slice Debt To Lowest In 6 Years." -- Politico: "GOP's 2012 Playbook: Budget Cuts Blaze Trail." -- NPR.org: "Tears, No New Fears At Muslim Radicals Hearing."


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Question: Contribute to NPR's Search for Sound

Update — Nov. 12. 2007: NPR is no longer accepting submissions for this feature. In movies, sound is as important as sight in telling stories and setting mood. Music is part of that, and so is dialogue. But there are also  other sounds, such as footsteps and doors opening. And then there is the type of sound made by factory whistles, machines, grinders, echoes in valleys, animals. Sound designers use a lot of this type of audio in film. One of the best in the business is Randy Thom, who crafted the sound for the upcoming Steven Spielberg release War of the Worlds. Over the years, Thom has worked on the sound design for many pictures, including Apocalypse Now, The Polar Express, The Incredibles and some of the Star Wars films. Now Thom wants the help of NPR listeners to broaden his palette of sounds from the real world. You can describe the sound — and even better, record a bit of it so we can hear it, too. There's no prize, but your sound may end up featured in a Hollywood film.

Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: It's ScuttleButton Time!

There are two ways for me to approach ScuttleButton.  The first is to put together a puzzle that's clever but challenging to figure out.  The other is to be topical but ridiculously easy, simple and pedestrian. I chose the latter course this week. Of course, it would help if you knew how to play. Every     Wednesday on this site I put up a  vertical display of buttons.   Your    job is to simply take one word  (or   concept)  per  button, add     'em up, and,     hopefully, you will  arrive at a   famous   name or  a familiar expression. (And       seriously,  by familiar, I mean it's something      that      more than one       person  on Earth would recognize.) For     years, a   correct   answer chosen at   random would get his or  her    name  posted in this   column, an incredible honor in itself.   Now the   stakes are  even  higher.  Thanks  to the efforts of the folks  at Talk of the Nation, that person also  hears their name mentioned on the Wednesday show and receives a Political Junkie t-shirt in the bargain.  Is this a great country or what? You can't  use the   comments box at the bottom  of  the page    for your answer.  Send   submission (plus your   name and   city/state — you   won't   win without that) to  politicaljunkie@npr.org. And,         by adding your name to    the Political                  Junkie mailing list,   you  will be among the first on your  block to          receive notice       about the column and the puzzle.  Sign up  at politicaljunkie@npr.org.          Or you can make sure to get an automatic RSS feed whenever a new        Junkie   post goes up by clicking here. Good                           luck! By       the way, I      usually reveal the answer — and announce the  winner  —     on   Wednesday's Junkie segment on TOTN.  So you should  get your    answer   in by   Tuesday. Here's the answer to last week's puzzle: Cows (with a picture of a cow) — I'd say this button is about cows.  I can't think of anything udder than that. 1985 baseball card of New York Yankees' Omar Moreno — In fairness, Moreno, a center fielder, had his best years with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Keep Kuh District Attorney — When legendary Manhattan D.A. Frank Hogan stepped down because of ill health in 1974 after 32 years in office, New York Gov. Malcolm Wilson named Kuh, Hogan's deputy, to succeed him.  But Kuh was clobbered by Robert Morgenthau in the Democratic primary in September of that year, and the margin was even greater when Kuh ran in November as the Republican nominee.  (No detail is too small for ScuttleButton.) Daffy Duck button — For the record, I always liked Daffy Duck and Looney Tunes over Bugs Bunny and Merrie Melodies.  Just sayin'. So, when you combine Moo + Omar + Kuh + Daffy,    you    kinda get ... Muammar Ghadafi (or Gaddafi or Qaddafi). However you spell it, it's the name of the former Libyan dictator who met a violent end last month.  And the winner, chosen completely at random, is ... Bob Libutti of New York City. Bob gets a TOTN t-shirt.

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Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: It's a Bird! It's A Plane! It's Amazon!; The Holy Doorman; Father Stealthmas.


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Question: Governor Napolitano on Here and Now

Governor Napolitano joined Steve Goldstein on KJZZ's Here and Now.  As part of her usual monthly visit, she talked about issues facing the state, campaign politics and answered listener comments and questions as well.

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Washington's Weiner; Sarah Palin's Mystery Tour; A Good Reason to Hang up the Phone.