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Question: It's ScuttleButton Time!

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Let's be honest here. I have more experience doing ScuttleButton puzzles than any Supreme Court nominee in the past hundred years. For those of you coming to this site with empathy, you should know that the ScuttleButton game is a rebus. Simply take one word (or concept) per button, add 'em up, and, hopefully, you will arrive at a famous name or a familiar expression. (And seriously, by familiar, I mean it's something that more than one person on Earth would recognize.) And don't focus on a political answer. It doesn't necessarily have to be political, though it could be. A correct answer chosen at random gets his or her name in this column. Personally, I can't imagine a greater honor. You can't use the comments box at the bottom of the page for your answer. Send submission (plus your name and city/state -- you won't win without that) to politicaljunkie@npr.org. Here's the answer to last week's puzzle. And, by adding your name to the Political Junkie mailing list, you will be the first on your block to receive notice when a new puzzle goes up on the blog. Sign up at politicaljunkie@npr.org. Or you can make sure to get an automatic RSS feed whenever a new Junkie post goes up by clicking here. Good luck, and happy Friday!


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Question: Gasoline Pushed Inflation Rate Higher In April

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The prices consumers pay for goods and services went up 0.4 percent last month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics says, as higher costs for gasoline pushed the inflation rate up. In the past year, BLS added, consumer prices are up 3.2 percent. According to BLS, higher prices for gasoline accounted "for almost half" of the overall increase last month. Planet Money follows the economic trends over here.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In China, Obama Touts Visa Deal, Progress On Free-Trade Pact. -- Bombing At Nigerian High School Kills Dozens. -- Will Jeb Bush Run For President? His Brother Says Maybe. -- Study: Detergent Pods Can Harm Children Who Play With Them. And here are more early headlines: Chinese, Japanese Leaders Meet In Ice-Breaking Talks. (Wall Street Journal) Frigid Weather Plunging South Into U.S., Brings Sub-Normal Temps. (USA Today) 3 Astronauts Return Safely From International Space Station. (CBS) Talks Extended Into Monday For Iran's Nuclear Program. (Reuters) Bombings In Afghanistan Kill Afghan Security Officers. (VOA) Survey Finds Regular Gas Prices Down 13 Cents In Last 2 Weeks. (AP)


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Question: Weekly Standard: 'Liberated' From The Tea Party

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Fewshot example: "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "A ruling from the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has declared the 'under God' part of the Pledge of Allegiance as unconstitutional. In another ruling, the Supreme Court said parents in Cleveland who have children in troubled public schools and want to place them in private schools as a way of improving their educational options may use vouchers. Karen Grigsby Bates speaks with Jay Sekulow, chief counsel for the American Center for Law and Justice and Elliott Minchberg, co-counsel in the Cleveland voucher case and vice president of the People for the American Way Foundation."]" == "['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details!', 'Separation of Church and State']"

Stephen F. Hayes is a senior writer at The Weekly Standard. In many ways, the story of the 2012 Republican primary has been the inability of Mitt Romney to win over more than a third of self-identified "strong Tea Party supporters" or "very conservative" voters. If he had received the support of those voters, even a slim majority of them, the race would almost certainly have been over weeks ago. Where Romney hasn't yet succeeded with most grassroots conservatives and Tea Partiers, he's had remarkable success in the past two weeks gaining the support of their leaders. Senators Jim DeMint and Pat Toomey offered strong words of support for Romney, each coming as close to endorsing as possible without actually offering formal backing. Others went further: Senators Mike Lee and Marco Rubio both endorsed last week. Representative Paul Ryan formally endorsed on Friday. And Senator Ron Johnson announced on Meet the Press not only that he was backing Romney but also that Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell asked him to coordinate messaging between the presidential campaign and Republicans in Congress. In the space of two weeks, the candidate who struggled to convince Tea Partiers to join him had gotten the support of many of the most prominent elected leaders of that movement. It would seem, then, that everyone associated with Romney's campaign would avoid saying anything to erode this fragile trust or to jeopardize this budding relationship. But in a Washington Post article on Romney's thinking about a running mate published this weekend, someone from "Romney's team" may have done just that. The conventional thinking has been that after a long and divisive primary campaign, the challenge of uniting the GOP would force Romney to pick a running mate with strong appeal to tea party activists and evangelicals. But Romney's team thinks he may be liberated from that pressure if he can finish off remaining rivals Rick Santorum, Newt Gingrich and Ron Paul in the next few weeks. "Liberated" from having to choose a candidate who appeals to evangelicals and the Tea Party? It's the kind of formulation that would only be used by someone who sees those groups as liabilities, not assets. It is not likely to sit well with Tea Party supporters. "Brilliant, I always thought Romney needed to moderate his image," deadpans one aide to a conservative senator. Does it truly reflect the thinking of "Romney's team?" Top Romney strategist Eric Fehrnstrom says, forcefully, it does not. "I have no idea where this uninformed speculation comes from, but it's not accurate." The campaign, he adds, is focused "on securing the nomination, not on making a ticket." Other Romney advisers point out that the candidate has made clear that any running mate vetting process would start by ruling out pro-choice candidates, a test that would appeal to many evangelicals. Romney has also said several times that Marco Rubio would be on anyone's list of possible running mates, including an unprompted mention last July. Will it matter to Tea Party members that several of their most visible spokesmen have endorsed Romney? We may have a better idea from exit polls Tuesday night. Romney may well get the nomination without strong backing of rank-and-file Tea Party members, but it's hard to imagine him getting elected without their enthusiasm. After all, it was on the strength of the Tea Party and other conservatives that Republicans won historic gains in the 2010 midterm elections. Romney has made great strides with Tea Party leaders in the past two weeks. Can he build on it?

News Headlines: Jan. 16, 2007 Talk About It:ABC News: Safe to Eat That Cloned Cow -- "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reported that the meat and milk from cloned cows are safe for human consumption. The FDA said its decision came after extensive study of some 600 clones. The agency examined their health and the characteristics of the animals' meat and milk." More: Blogger Response Critics are skeptical, saying there are too many unknowns about cloned meat and milk. What do you think? And if it were to hit the market, would it unfairly affect the nation's poor (assuming the "real" stuff would be more expensive)? Election 2008:New York Times: 3 Winners, but No Anchor for Republicans Washington Post: Clinton, Obama Move From Talk of Race The Boston Globe: King's Son Says Clinton Erred Miami Herald: Clinton, Obama Spar Over Florida Nation:New York Times: Tenants Might Buy Birthplace of Hip-Hop The AJC: How Low? Atlantans Get a Saggy Pants Forum USA Today: Minority-Hiring Policy Stiffens for Major Football Programs Politico: War Rages, But Congress Moves On S.F. Chronicle: Residents Send Medical Gear to Native Ethiopia BBC: Black Women Get Cancer 'Earlier' World:New York Times: Protesters and Police Clash in Kenya The Jerusalem Post: African American-Israel Ties Saluted AP: 66 Nigerians Held on Trafficking Charges Op-Ed:Michael Chabon: Hey, Farrakhan and Cohen: You Can't Scare Me


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Question: Depression On The Rise For Teenage Girls

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Depression is up among teenage girls. We’ll look at the latest research and how to help. Over the past decade, clinical depression is up among American adolescents and young adults.  American teens are feeling it. And especially teenage girls. Why? We’re asking today. Is it’s the times, or expectations, or fears? New social pressures? Social media? How can we recognize it? Help head it off? And when it really comes – depression, beyond the blues or a little teenage angst – what do we do about it? This hour On Point, combating teenage depression, and especially the challenges of girls. — Tom Ashbrook  Guests Catherine Steiner-Adair, clinical psychologist who works with girls and adolescents. Author of “The Big Disconnect.” (@csteineradair) Dr. Anne Glowinski, child psychiatrist and professor of child psychiatry at the Washington University School of Medicine, where she is also the director of education and training in child and adolescent psychiatry. Dr. Mark Olfson, professor of psychiatry at the Columbia University Medical Center, where he directs studies on the delivery of mental health services in community settings. Co-author of a national study on depression in adolescents and young adults. From Tom’s Reading List NPR News: Depression Strikes Today’s Teen Girls Especially Hard — “It’s tough to be a teenager. Hormones kick in, peer pressures escalate and academic expectations loom large. Kids become more aware of their environment in the teen years — down the block and online. The whole mix of changes can increase stress, anxiety and the risk of depression among all teens, research has long shown.” Pediatrics: National Trends in the Prevalence and Treatment of Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults — “The prevalence of depression in adolescents and young adults has increased in recent years. In the context of little change in mental health treatments, trends in prevalence translate into a growing number of young people with untreated depression. The findings call for renewed efforts to expand service capacity to best meet the mental health care needs of this age group.” STAT: This study could unlock the mysteries of teen brain development — “Consider this: When parents take their child to a pediatrician, the child’s physical development can be plotted and compared to established norms, such as growth curves for height and weight. Just by stepping on a scale and having his or her height measured, much can be determined about how appropriately a child’s physical development is progressing and what health issues might need to be addressed.” Caller Meg: “It Just Kind Of Eats You Up” Today’s show about adolescent depression stuck a nerve with listeners. Many of them called in to share personal experiences. One of those callers was Meg from Champaign, Illinois. Meg, 25, told us about how she has struggled with depression since the age of 16. She was diagnosed during high school, when she attended a rigorous boarding school. “I was surrounded by kids who were stressed out all the time,” Meg said. “So it was difficult to separate that normal homework stress from an actual mental illness.” Meg decided to seek treatment after her symptoms began to interfere with everything she did – homework, extracurriculars, sleep. “You just feel this way for what seems like no reason and it’s inescabple,” Meg said. “It just kind of eats you up, and you can’t get out of it,” she said. At that point, Meg and her parents agreed that this was not normal, and that she needed to find help. After seeing a psychiatrist, she said she began with medication and regular therapy, which helped her a lot. As an adult, Meg still has her challenges, she said. She’s functional but she still has, in her words, “bad days.” And as she’s moved around, finding new doctors that are covered by her insurance remains a challenge. For parents and adolescents alike who may be struggling with this, Meg said the key is to be understanding. “I’ve had friends who’ve had parents who say, ‘You just need to pick yourself up. Just get over it,'” Meg said. “And you can’t, it’s not possible.” If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, please consider the following resources: Anxiety and Depression Association of America: Support Groups American Foundation for Suicide Prevention: 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance: 1-800-826-3632 Families for Depression Awareness: 1-781-890-0220 To Write Love On Her Arms: 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) (via EverdayHealth.com)

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: From One Of The C-D Recordings

From one of the C-D recordings of Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata which Ted Libbey has selected for the P-T Library, pianist Maurizio Pollini performs the final movement. (DG 419 199-2

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The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: Top Stories: Clashes In Egypt; Attack In Nigeria

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- After Deadly Clashes, A Tense Cairo Braces For More Violence. -- If Snowden Tries To Get To Latin America, Cuba Could Be Key. Other top stories: -- " 'Dozens Dead' In School Attack In Nigeria's Yobe State." (BBC News) -- "Man Found With Firebombs Had Maps To 3 Seattle Colleges." (The Seattle Times) -- At George Zimmerman's Trial, Mothers Of Victim, Shooter Disagree About Whose Voice Is On Recording. (The Orlando Sentinel) -- "It's H-Town For Howard." Houston Rockets Land Center Dwight Howard. (Houston Chronicle) -- "Solar Powered Plane On Final Leg Of Flight To NYC." (The Associated Press)

Happy Friday! We're looking at these stories this morning: Economy Slowed Further In Second Quarter.  Derecho, the Sequel: Storm Roars Over Pennsylvania And New York. In London, The Games Are Afoot. Activists Report Heavy Fighting In Aleppo, Syria's Largest City. (VOA) Chinese Woman Accused Of Poisoning British Man Is Held Incommunicado By Chinese Police. (Washington Post) China Orders Limit To Flooding Coverage After Outraged Victims Start Compiling Private Death Tolls. (AP) Afghan Militant Attacks Against NATO Forces Rose 11% In The Past Three Months. (AP) Cyprus Officials To Charge Man With Plotting Terrorism, Had Tracked Israeli Tourists. (Cyprus Mail) Ousted Head Of Oldest Black U.S. Fraternity Seeks His Job Back In A Georgia Court. (Atlanta Journal Constitution) Bird Hits Boy In The Face On Six Flags Coaster, Causing Minor Injuries. (Asbury Park Press)


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Question: Cincinnati Edition for September 16, 2006

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The Front Row with Betsy Ross, The Seth Bailey Memorial Flight, The Economic Effects of 9/11, Fall Gardening Tips, Women Writing for (a) Change

A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


Question: U.S. Participates In Hiroshima A-Bomb Memorial

A U.S. representative for the first time joined Japan's annual memorial ceremony to mark the 1945 atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima, a 65th anniversary event that organizers hope will bolster global efforts toward nuclear disarmament. For decades, a moment of silence and then the sounding of a bell in Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park has become the ritual to pay respect to those who died in the American bombing. This year, calls for the total elimination of nuclear weapons by 2020 were bolstered by the presence of U.S. Ambassador John Roos, who stood among representatives of a record 74 countries.  "Let us realize our dream of a world free of nuclear weapons, so our children and all succeeding generations can live in freedom, security and peace," Ban Ki-moon said Friday, making the first appearance by a U.N. secretary-general. Hiroshima Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba, an A-bomb survivor and leading anti-nuclear activist, said it is time for Japan to take the lead in nuclear disarmament toward "turning a new page in human history."       "I offer my prayers to those who died -- we will not make you be patient much longer," he said.       Akiba welcomed Washington's decision to send Roos to the commemoration, which began with an offering of water to the 140,000 who perished in the first of two nuclear bombings that prompted Japan's surrender in World War II.        "We need to communicate to every corner of the globe the intense yearning of the survivors for the abolition of nuclear weapons," Akiba told the 55,000 people at the ceremony.       Along with the U.S., nuclear powers Britain and France also made their first official appearance at the memorial. China, which sent a low-ranking official in 2008, did not participate. Officials said Beijing did not give a reason.       Hiroshima was careful to ensure that the memorial -- while honoring the dead -- emphasized a forward-looking approach, focusing not on whether the bombing was justified, a point that many Japanese dispute, but on averting any future nuclear attacks.       Roos said the memorial was a chance to show resolve toward nuclear disarmament, which President Obama has emphasized as one of his administration's top objectives.       "For the sake of future generations, we must continue to work together to realize a world without nuclear weapons," Roos said in a statement.       Ban, who presented flowers at the Eternal Flame in Peace Memorial Park, said this year's memorial will send a signal to the world that nuclear weapons must be destroyed.       "Life is short, but memory is long," Ban said. "For many of you, that day endures ... as vivid as the white light that seared the sky, as dark as the black rains that followed."       He added that the time has come to move from "ground zero to global zero" -- a world without any nuclear arms.       The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty's 190 member countries in May adopted a plan to speed up arms reductions and take further steps toward banning nuclear arms in the Middle East.       The nuclear treaty recognizes five atomic-weapon states: the U.S., Russia, Britain, France and China. India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea have also developed nuclear weapons but are not party to the treaty.       Independent analysts estimate the current total world stockpile of nuclear warheads at more than 22,000 -- less than one-third the number at the peak of the Cold War in the 1980s but still enough for more than 100,000 Hiroshimas.       In May, Washington acknowledged a total stockpile of 5,113 nuclear warheads as of September 2009, down 75 percent from 1989. The U.S. and Russia in April agreed to shrink the limit on a specific type of long-range warheads to 1,550 for each country, down about one-third from the current ceiling.       Washington's decision to attend the anniversary has been welcomed by Japan's government but has generated complex feelings among some Japanese who see the 1945 bombing as unjustified and want the United States to apologize.       "I'm not sure if I would welcome President Obama here," said Katsuki Fujii, a 20-year-old college student. "I don't think we have the same idea what peace is. He seems to think some wars are good and some are bad -- I think they are all bad."       Katsuko Nishibe, a 61-year-old peace activist, said she welcomed the decision to send Roos, but added that she thought it was dangerous to think that the bombing of Hiroshima was justified.       "We have a very different interpretation of history," she said. "But we can disagree about history and still agree that peace is what is important. That is the real lesson of Hiroshima." Concerns that attending the anniversary ceremony would reopen old wounds had kept the U.S. away until this year. Lucy Craft contributed to this report for NPR from Tokyo.

Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: Assad Names New Prime Minister, Fighting Continues In Aleppo. Done In a Day: China Wraps Up Murder Trial Of Once-Prominent Politician's Wife. Gunmen Attack Egyptian Police Station In Sinai; Follows Militant Attack On Egyptian Border Post. (UPI) George Zimmerman To Seek New 'Stand Your Ground' Hearing In Case Of Shooting Of Treyvon Martin. (Central Florida News) Home Foreclosures Fell In July, But More Homes Started The Foreclosure Process. (Philadelphia Inquirer) U.S. Assists In Agent Orange Cleanup Project In Vietnam. (Reuters) Russia's Prime Minister To Publically Blame Officials Responsible For Failed Satellite Launch. (RIA Novosti) Sick American Rescued From Antarctica Research Station, Flown To New Zealand. (ABC) Homeless Miami Man Describes Cannibalistic Attack That Destroyed Parts Of His Face. (Miami Herald) Oscar Pistorious, South African 'Blade Runner', Denied Chance To Run In Olympic Relay. (BBC)


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Question: Cory Booker Is A Stirring Speaker, Iowa Voters Say. But His Support Still Lags

Cory Booker is a politician who sounds like a preacher. "We may be down in a valley right now," he said during an Iowa campaign stop this week, "but I promise you, if you stand with me, if you caucus with me, if we stand for that spirit, I promise you, we will get to the mountaintop and we'll do it, because together as Americans, we know we will rise." Voters who listen to Booker often praise his charisma and authenticity. But the New Jersey senator has struggled to gain traction in state and national Democratic presidential primary polls, and he almost certainly won't be on the party's debate stage in Iowa next week.  That disconnect between many voters' reactions to Booker at his events and his overall support often surprises onlookers. Sue Dvorsky, a former chair of the Iowa Democratic Party, is unaligned with any candidate but has heard Booker speak several times. "I still get a little teary," she said. "I still get goosebumps on my arms." But Dvorsky, who was an early supporter of candidate Barack Obama in 2007, says there's a different calculus this year. A lot of voters don't want to pick a candidate with their heart; they're picking with their head, trying to find the Democrat they think has the best odds of defeating President Trump.  Still, Dvorsky said: "It is undeniable that people like him." And so Booker's fans are confused: Why isn't that goodwill translating into concrete support? Some say maybe it's because he's black and many Democrats want to go with a safe, white male option this election. Others say maybe Booker's message of love and unity isn't what voters want this year; they want a fighter.  Regardless, when Booker speaks he captures the attention of a crowd better than most of his rivals.  "He has a really charismatic personality," Thomas Lecaque, who was sporting a Julián Castro campaign button on his jacket, said at a Booker house party. The former housing secretary, who last week dropped out of the race, had been Lecaque's first choice. But after hearing Booker in person, he was impressed. "I trust him as a human being," Lecaque said. "He is someone who strikes me as being honest and idealistic in trying to do the right thing." Booker has a massive extended family in Iowa, and the other day one of his cousins hosted a black women's luncheon for him in Des Moines. One attendee, Lauren Patrick, said she wants Booker's voice in the race.  "I probably would [caucus for him]," she said. "Whether that's like a loyalty within the black community or just feeling like he's a solid candidate and he should have an opportunity to be on the platform, and then how people decide to vote from there is another thing. But I just want to make sure he has a fair shot." Booker himself is pleading with Iowans in these final few weeks of campaigning ahead of the caucuses, asking them to ignore news headlines and polls. "I am asking you to make a decision when you leave here to caucus for me," he told those gathered for a recent event. "I love Iowa 'cause you don't care about national polls, you really don't. You belie them all the time." Jason Oelmann was in the crowd, eagerly listening. And after he went up to take a picture with the senator. Booker recorded a video message for Oelmann's partner, who didn't make this event. "We're sending you lots of love and lots of gratitude," Booker said in the video. "I hope I get to meet you. Come to one of my future events. Please." This is the Booker way: messages of love sent via modern technology.  Oelmann walked away thrilled. "He's very charismatic and he's very, very positive," Oelmann said of Booker. "I feel like positive energy really radiates, it speaks to me." But still, Oelmann's not sure he's going to caucus for Booker.  Booker's in his top three. But that's the predicament for the New Jersey senator. He's in a lot of people's top three. He's just not necessarily their No. 1.

Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

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Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: The Big Screen from 91.7 WVXU

Larry Thomas reviews the new Ben Affleck directed film, Gone Baby, Gone.

Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: Man Accused of Ruse in Abortion Clinic Ads

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An anti-abortion activist is being sued for pretending to offer abortion services to pregnant women seeking the procedure. The Louisiana man is accused of stalling women who called his listing, under abortion services, until it was too late for them to have an abortion. Susan Roesgen of member station WWNO reports.


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Question: Cowboy Junkies On Mountain Stage

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Cowboy Junkies' landmark 1986 album The Trinity Session made the band members cult heroes, and they've since continued to release moody albums filled with original material and interpretations of classic country and gospel songs. Recorded in Glenside, Pa., making its seventh appearance on Mountain Stage, the band includes Michael Timmins (guitar), Peter Timmins (drums), Margo Timmins (lead vocals), Jeff Bird (mandolin, percussion, harmonica and background vocals) and Alan Anton (bass). Led by Margo Timmins' haunting voice, the band finds an ambient groove in this live performance of songs from Cowboy Junkies' 2007 album At the End of Paths Taken.

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Stories: 1) Actor Paul Rudd, Rewriting the Commandments 2) Massacre's 'Lonely Heart,' Claudia Quintet's 'For'


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Question: Nevada GOP Aggressively Tries To Break Democrats' Lock On Latino Voters

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Latino voters in swing states like Nevada could decide the outcome of the 2016 race for president. Democrats have historically had a lock on their vote. But Republicans think they can change that.

Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: A Dark Journey to the North Pole

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To give you a sense - "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'If there\'s one defining characteristic of political discourse in our era, it\'s that the truth is swamped by myth. Made-up stories saturate social, and other, media — and real journalism is falsely targeted with chants of "fake news." So it\'s the perfect moment to reflect on Ernesto "Che" Guevara, the veritable embodiment of the power of myth to eclipse reality. More than 20 years ago, Jon Lee Anderson set out to disentangle the revolutionary\'s real history from his legend. The result was the critically acclaimed biography Che: A Revolutionary Life. Now, in partnership with award-winning political cartoonist José Hernández, Anderson has adapted Che into a 421-page illustrated biography. Anderson takes on a particularly unwieldy subject in Guevara. Even writers who criticize the Che myth are irresistibly drawn to focus on it — to point out that the most famous image of Guevara was shot by a fashion photographer, or that so-many-thousand people have visited his mausoleum in Cuba, the country he helped Fidel Castro take from the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. A fixation on Guevara\'s epic qualities is perhaps natural given his addiction to the guerilla life. Both as a middle-class Argentine medical student and as second-in-command to the triumphant Castro, Guevara turned his back on the prosaic realities of law and routine to live as a perpetual revolutionary. At various times, Guevara trained or fought in Guatemala, Mexico, Bolivia and the Congo. His personal ideology, too, emphasized the importance of spreading revolution around the world. Guevara\'s many maxims reflect both his cruelty and his idealism. Sometimes both qualities make an appearance in ironic succession, as in Che\'s final quote in the book, from a letter he wrote to his family: "Remember that the revolution is the most important thing, and that each one of us, alone, is worth nothing. Above all, try to be able to always feel deeply any injustice committed against any person in any part of the world." For Guevara, these two approaches to the value of individual life were harmonious. It\'s Anderson\'s triumph that he enables the reader to understand how that could be the case. It has to be said, though, that Anderson\'s attitude toward contemporary readers is a bit... cranky. He decided to adapt this book, he writes in the introduction, because he thought a graphic novel might help "explain Che to youngsters who, unlike those of us who lived through the sixties and seventies, can\'t imagine picking up a gun to fight for their ideals." But comics isn\'t simply a format that happens to appeal to attention-span-challenged "youngsters" lacking the stamina for real books. It\'s a medium all its own, with its own powers and limitations. Here, it places an indelible stamp on Guevara\'s tale — one that Anderson may not have intended. In fact, comics isn\'t really the ideal medium for a story aiming to puncture myths. Its signature tools, after all, are exaggeration and condensation: The artist makes a person memorable by boiling down and blowing up their features until they\'re identified irrevocably with one or two notable characteristics. Hernández and Anderson struggle continually to balance nuanced truth with cartoony distillation. Usually they succeed, and Anderson\'s well-balanced reportage is brought to life by Hernández\' subtle, ever-changing faces. Hernández is a phenomenal draftsman with a cinematic eye. The mid-century time period is rendered in sepia hues perfect for a book of history, and many full-page compositions cry out to be framed. The sheer amount of artistic labor that\'s on view in these 421 pages is awe-inspiring in itself. Still, the creators falter when they try to condense complex ideological questions into too few panels. The most drastic case is the book\'s treatment of the single most controversial episode in Che\'s life: his role, shortly after the revolutionaries took power in Cuba, in directing the executions of several hundred of Batista\'s functionaries. In the original biography, Anderson addresses a wealth of issues surrounding the executions. He discusses what evidence there was, and wasn\'t, against the prisoners; what specific offenses were held to justify execution; and how long the trials lasted. Here the whole episode takes up a mere three pages and lacks context. Even with its problems, though, Che remains a remarkable accomplishment, one that belongs next to such works of graphical history as the March series and Shigeru Mizuki\'s Showa books. By foregrounding the tension between myth and truth, Che illuminates the present state of our politics as well as the past. Etelka Lehoczky has written about books for The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times and Salon.com. She tweets at @EtelkaL.']" should be close to "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth!', "'Che' Graphic Biography Explores The Myths And Truths Of The Legend"]"

This Sunday, two of the world's top solo explorers will attempt to do what no one has ever done: travel 620 miles on an unsupported mission to the North Pole in the total darkness of Arctic winter. On foot. No one has reached the North Pole during the brutal months of eternal night with no airdrops of food and no pre-arranged rest stops. Borge Ousland of Norway and Mike Horn of South Africa will depart Cape Arktichesky in Western Siberia, and will make their way to the pole in 10-mile stretches per day. The men, who have been to the North Pole before, will be dragging more than 300 pounds each of food, fuel, and supplies on sleds. And they won't have the help of dogs either. Horn, 39, and Ousland, 43, join us by phone from Norilsk, Siberia, to discuss their upcoming journey.      MICHELE NORRIS, host:       This Sunday, two of the world's top explorers will set out for the North      Pole, dragging 300 pounds of gear through total darkness.  Borge Ousland      of Norway and Mike Horn of South Africa have both been there before, but      no one has made the trek during the long winter night with no airdrops of      food, no pre-arranged substations with supplies.  We talked to the two      men today. They're in Norilsk, Siberia, and Mike Horn told us this      620-mile trek will take just over two months.       Mr. MIKE HORN (Explorer):  We plan for about 64 to 67 days.  We'll be      taking about 70 days of food in case of bad weather, but normal daily      intake would be about 7,000 calories for each of us.       NORRIS:  What do you eat to get to 7,000 calories?  How do you keep up      your stamina and your strength, Borge?       Mr. BORGE OUSLAND (Explorer):  It's not like NASA food or some special      pill we take.  It's just lots and lots of food, lots of fats, lots of      carbohydrates and, of course, lots of protein to build up muscles again      and lots of chocolate.  That's our favorite.       NORRIS:  Chocolate?       Mr. BORGE:  Chocolate, yes.       NORRIS:  What about preparing yourself psychologically for this?  How do      you get your head right for a trip like this?       Mr. HORN:  For us, we go up in the darkness, so the mental preparation is      about 80 percent of the success of an expedition like this.  And you feel      like sleeping, first of all, the whole day because the sun never comes      above the horizon.  But we're not there to sleep.  We're there to do a      job.  And it's like I always explain to the people.  It's not the risks      that we like.  It's not the danger that we like.  It's simply the      challenge to overcome these risks and to overcome these dangers.  And,      today, it's like progression.  If we can progress in computers and      building cars, we can progress by exploring the human mind and body and      soul.       NORRIS:  Tell me about the logistics.  You take off Sunday and you'll be      traveling primarily across land or ice?       Mr. OUSLAND:  Oh, it's all going to be drifting ice.  Underneath us on      the North Pole, it's 4,000-meter deep water.  Sometimes there is no ice      at all. And then we just have to swim across to get across to the other      side.       NORRIS:  I just want to make sure I'm understanding you.  So you      basically swim across open Arctic water to get to the other side...       Mr. OUSLAND:  Yeah, it...       NORRIS:  ...carrying all of that equipment?       Mr. OUSLAND:  Yeah.       NORRIS:  What does that do to your body temperature?       Mr. OUSLAND:  The thing which you don't really think about is that when      you go in the water, the water is zero degrees.  On the outside, it's      minus 30 to 40.  So if you can keep dry, it's actually 30 to 40 degrees      warmer in the water than on the land.       NORRIS:  Mike, I want to ask you in particular about how you prepare for      the cold, because you've already, as I understand, lost the tips of some      of your fingers to frostbite.       Mr. HORN:  Yeah, we're always covered.  I've got a system as soon as I      get out of the tent, I take the snot that runs out of your nose, and I      just rub it all over my face and it forms a layer of ice on my face.  So      basically that just takes the bite out of the wind.       NORRIS:  When you travel in this area, you're not going to be the only      inhabitants.  So what happens when you come upon polar bears, which I      understand has happened to you before.       Mr. OUSLAND:  Yeah, I met polar bears a few times.  Personally, I was      attacked one time and I'd just shoot the polar bear.  I never had to do      that again. Normally, you're able to scare away polar bears.       Mr. HORN:  And if the worst happens, we also have a gun which we can use.       NORRIS:  Now you're both married.  You're both fathers of young children.      What do your families think about this?  Mike?       (Soundbite of children playing)       Mr. HORN:  I'm very, very, very much supported by my wife, Cathy, and my      t

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A Year in the Life of a South African Teenager


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Question: The Front Row with Betsy Ross from 91.7 WVXU

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Suzanna Gagnier, author of Putting On The Blitz: The Football Guide for Women, is in The Front Row with Betsy Ross explaining how women can better enjoy the NFL.

A look back on the week's biggest local news stories from 91.7 WVXU.


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Question: 'The Bin Ladens,' A Complicated Family Tree

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In his new book, The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in The American Century, author Steve Coll details the complicated family history of Osama bin Laden, one of 54 children born to Mohamed bin Laden.  The elder bin Laden transformed himself from an illiterate bricklayer into an immensely wealthy and powerful businessman. Mohamed bin Laden died in a plane crash in 1967, leaving each of his sons a 2.7 percent share of the company assets, and each daughter a 1 percent share. While most of his brothers began working for the family company, Osama instead focused on Islamic political causes. Coll is a two-time Pulitzer-Prize-winning journalist who has written for The Washington Post (where he also served as managing editor) and The New Yorker. He is the president and CEO of The New America Foundation, a non-partisan think tank based in Washington DC. Note: Translator's footnotes have been omitted. Prologue: "We all worship the same God" October 1984 to February 1985 Lynn Peghiny played piano most mornings at the Hyatt Regency Grand Cypress Hotel in Orlando, Florida. She was twenty-four, dark-haired, slim, and spirited. She had grown up in Melbourne, on the Atlantic coast, and studied music at the University of Central Florida. She was drawn to the piano and made a living at it, if barely. The breakfast shift in the Hyatt's cavernous atrium was normally subdued — sleepy tourists fortifying themselves for a day at Disney World, businessmen murmuring about real estate. One morning in October 1984, however, a middle-aged man with bright eyes and a mop of black hair walked over and asked in an unfamiliar accent if she would play Beethoven's Für Elise. He listened appreciatively, then handed her a twenty-dollar tip. "Do you play private parties?" he asked. They exchanged business cards. His name was Salem Bin Laden. He had a house just west of Orlando, he told her, not far from Disney World, and he happened to be entertaining some visitors from his native Saudi Arabia who were members of that oil-endowed country's royal family. He owned a piano and hoped she would play at an evening party. A few days later, she drove out State Road 50, which ran due west through miles of orange groves toward Lake County. Salem's home, near the decaying railroad town of Winter Garden, turned out to be an ochre-walled five-acre estate with horse stables, a tiled swimming pool, weeping willows, and palm trees. The main house, a Mediterranean Revival built during the 1920s, had russet Spanish-tile roofing, cupolas, and arched, shaded walkways; it rested on a knoll above a sparkling lake. "Leeen! Leeen!" Salem exclaimed when she arrived, waving her into the dining room, where his guests were taking breakfast at four in the afternoon. "Come, come," he said. "Sit with us." He placed her next to his guest of honor. Abdul Aziz Al-Ibrahim was a brother of Princess Jawhara Al-Ibrahim, the fourth and reputedly the favorite wife of Saudi Arabia's King Fahd. The Ibrahims had ascended from obscurity after Fahd fell for Jawhara; she left her husband for the king and gave birth to a son, Abdulaziz, upon whom Fahd doted. Princess Jawhara's place at the king's side created opportunities for her brothers. They became influential businessmen, exciting jealousy and gossip in royal circles; they had recently started to invest in Orlando real estate. Salem Bin Laden, whose family's construction firm relied upon access to the king's court, cultivated the Ibrahims' friendship. Lynn chattered freely; Ibrahim ate vigorously, but in silence. Salem leaned over and whispered, "You're not allowed to speak directly to him." Mortified, she fell silent; she wondered what she had gotten herself into. Salem took her outside to show her the grounds. He was a slight man in his late thirties, about five feet and seven inches, slim but soft from a life without much exercise. He smoked cigarettes continually, and dark bags had formed beneath his eyes. Yet he radiated a magnetic energy that seemed, along with his money, to immediately attract people and hold them in his orbit. He was a skilled pilot who spoke passionately about flight; he mentioned that one of his brothers had recently injured himself in a crash near the lake. He seemed restless, in perpetual motion, yet also sweet and trustworthy. Gradually that afternoon Lynn came to understand that she had been invited into some sort of rolling intercontinental party over which Salem presided, a party that had no particular beginning or end. He told her that he would be leaving soon on his private jet for California; he had a meeting there, he said, about a possible movie project involving the actress Brooke Shields. As evening fell the estate began to fill, mainly with Saudi men who appeared to be on vacation. There were also a few middle-aged American women who were friends of Salem's, or seemed to be in business with him. Lynn found a Yamaha upright piano in the living room and began to play. Eventually Salem told her that

Stories: 1) 'Sirius' Poetry From New Poet Laureate W.S. Merwin 2) Stephen King: The 'Craft' Of Writing Horror Stories 3) 'I Am Love': A 'Madame Bovary' For Our Century


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Question: Suspicions Bog Down Talks On Iran's Nuclear Program

Negotiators from Iran and six world powers resume talks Thursday in Geneva on Iran's nuclear program. Iran's Supreme Leader says he's not optimistic, and U.S. officials say "no deal is better than a bad deal." Still, Iran's desire to get out from under crippling economic sanctions may drive progress forward despite the long odds.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: Panetta: Don't Leap To Conclusions About Gen. Allen. Should Petraeus Scandal Be A Big Topic At Obama's News Conference Today? And here are more early headlines: Long Island Utility Chief Quitting Over Superstorm Sandy Response. (Newsday) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi To Announce Decision On Her House Post. (Los Angeles Times) Anti-Austerity Strikes Underway In Several European Countries. (NBC) Chinese President Hu Jintao Leaves Political Office As Part Of Power Transition. (VOA) Second Day Of Protests In Jordan Over High Gas Prices. (Jordan Times) African Union Seeks U.N. Authorization To Invade Mali And Fight Islamist Militants. (AP) Pakistan To Release Some Afghan Taliban Prisoners To Help Peace Process. (Reuters) Car Bombs Kill Many In Iraq Ahead Of Islamic New Year. (BBC) Contraception Is A Human Right, Says U.N. Agency. (AP)


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Question: Finding The Sum Of True Love On The 88th Try

Mathematician Chris McKinlay wasn't having any luck finding love, so he used an algorithm to crack the dating website OkCupid. After a mountain of data mining and more than 80 first dates, he finally met his fiancée.

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Stories: 1) Untangling The Complex Foreclosure Mess 2) Finding The Best Of The Bands On The Beatles' Label


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Question: Martin Talks To Soprano Susan

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Martin talks to soprano Susan Rode Morris about the classic New Year's Eve song "Auld Lang Syne" by Robert Burns. And Rode Morris sings it, from a CD entitled "Between the Late and Early--Romantic Songs of Robert Burns." (Donsuemor DSM40601)

The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: Guantanamo Tightens Security After Prisoner Riot

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['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Adolfo Guzman-Lopez: An observant Muslim woman alleges in a federal lawsuit filed today that Orange County Sheriff's deputies unlawfully forced her to remove her headscarf while she was in custody. KPCC's Adolfo Guzman-Lopez reports."] == ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "Muslim Woman Sues OC Sheriff's Department Over Headscarf Removal"]

The U.S. military detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, is beefing up security.  Officials say a riot last spring is prompting some of the changes, which included the transfer of a large number of prisoners from medium- to maximum-security settings.

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Good Tuesday morning - we're following these stories today: In Afghanistan: General's Plane Damaged; Afghans Start Spying On Own Troops.  As Deadline To Drop Out Nears, Rep. Akin's Best Defender Is His Opponent. Diana Nyad Ends Latest Bid to Swim From Cuba To Key West. Thousands Flee California Wildfire, One Of Many Blazes Scorching West. (Los Angeles Times) Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Dies, Ally Of U.S. (BBC) South African Mine Drops Threat To Fire Striking Miners. (Financial Times) Jury Begins To Deliberate Whether Samsung Infringed On Apple Patents. (ComputerWorld) Tropical Depression Forms In Caribbean, Will Strengthen To Hurricane South Of Puerto Rico. (National Hurricane Center) Venezuelan Prisoners Riot As Families Visit; At Least 25 Dead. (AFP) Thieves Steal Floor Plans Of French Presidential Palace, Documents Not Classified. (AP) Good Samaritans Grab Wrong Man In Fight, Letting Robber Escape. (Central Jersey.com)


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Question: Migrant Advocates Call For More Testing Before Deportations

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Migrant advocates say more testing must be done in the U.S. and Mexico before deportees are sent back to their home countries.  At least 100 Guatemalans infected with the coronavirus were deported from the U.S. from mid-March through mid-April. The U.S. suspended deportation flights to Guatemala after 44 migrants tested positive on a flight on April 13. But this week at least one flight resumed. On Thursday the U.S. deported 89 Guatemalan migrants. All tested negative before boarding, according to Guatemalan officials.  U.S. immigration authorities had previously taken deportees' temperatures and screened for obvious symptoms but until this week had not tested deportees for the coronavirus. In Mexico, deportations have accelerated in recent weeks. Officials with the Mexican government's National Migration Institute say they have deported more than 3,500 migrants back to Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador from their 65 detention centers. The move was in hopes of stopping the spread of the virus in the centers. Mexico had been under pressure since March to empty the centers. Migrants had been complaining of overcrowding and dirty conditions for months as fears of the spread of the coronavirus grew. Border closures throughout Central America, in attempts to curb transmission of COVID-19, had complicated deportations. Officials say there are only about 100 migrants left in the Mexican detention centers that have the capacity to house more than 8,000 people.  Advocates say it is troublesome that Mexico is not testing the migrants before sending them back to their home countries. "With the deportations, Mexico's Immigration Institute has demonstrated absolute irresponsibility, insensitivity and negligence," says Salva La Cruz of the Fray Matías de Cordova Human Rights Center in Tapachula, Chiapas, which is located just miles from the Mexico-Guatemala border. Others are concerned that continuing deportations without proper testing will put undo strain on the already weak health systems in Central American countries. "What we're going to be doing is importing this virus in communities that simply cannot afford it once it gets there. The spread will be fast," said a U.N. official who would only speak on condition of anonymity. "You are potentially injecting COVID into a situation which will not be able to manage and will further destabilize these countries," added the U.N. official. In a statement, Mexico's National Migration Institute says that before boarding all buses to be returned to their home countries, migrants are checked out by health professionals and their temperatures are taken. The deportees are also given masks and sanitizing gel for the trip. The statement did not mention testing for COVID-19.  The number of confirmed coronavirus cases in the northern triangle countries of Central America remain in the hundreds. Honduras is battling the biggest outbreak, with at least 899 cases and 75 deaths. El Salvador has about half that number of cases, with 446 confirmed cases and 10 deaths. Guatemala is dealing with at least 644 cases and 16 deaths according to the Johns Hopkins COVID tracker. Nearly one fifth of the cases there have been traced to deportees from the U.S., according to Guatemalan health officials. Some deportees are experiencing harassment upon return to their hometowns. In Guatemala, some villages are threatening deportees, fearful that they have brought back the virus, according to Reuters.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- China Has Deployed Missiles On Disputed Island, U.S. And Taiwan Say. -- Apple Opposes Judge's Order To Help FBI Unlock San Bernardino Shooter's Phone. And here are more early headlines: Federal Judge Denies Bail To Nevada Rancher Cliven Bundy. (Oregonian) 4 U.S. Stealth Fighters Fly Over South Korea, Warning North Korea. (Yonhap) Greece Sets Up Processing Centers For Migrants. (Reuters) U.N. Hopes To Deliver Aid To 5 Syrian Towns. (New York Times) U.N. to Ask For Billions To Aid Yemeni Civilians. (VOA) Colorado, Arizona Hospitals Offer Testing Following Drug Tampering Cases. (Denver Post) More Tornadoes Reported In Florida. (WTVJ-TV)


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Question: Democrats' Energy Plan

NPR's Peter Kenyon reports that House Democrats yesterday introduced their plan to solve America's energy problems. At a Washington, D.C., gas station they called for price caps on electricity in the West, tax credits for consumers and producers, and a new focus on alternative energy sources that are better for the environment.

Jerry Brown Takes on EPA. Olympic Torch in SF.


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Question: Our Corrections Page Shows Too Many Unforced Errors; Let's Fix That

Misspelled names. Wrong titles. Math mistakes. The list could go on. A scroll down our corrections page makes clear that we're not doing a good enough job checking and re-checking many basic things. Bad information is getting into story collections and DACS lines. It's getting into captions and blog posts. It's getting on the air. We've got to do better. We can do better. Here's how: - Be sure about "facts" you put into DACS, scripts, promos, blog posts or basically anything that could find its way onto our website or onto our airwaves. Remember, your keyboard is a live mic. - Double- or triple-check everything, and never assume that the next person in the process is going to do it for you. If you write it, say it or approve it, you own it. - Use the Accuracy Checklist.

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Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: The Art of the Memoir

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Three memoir authors join Farai Chideya to talk about the craft of writing your own story. Dominick Carter is author of No Momma's Boy. Kym Ragusa memoir is titled The Skin Between Us, and Thulani Davis put her family history down in My Confederate Kinfolk.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Filmically Perfect: "DOUBLE INDEMNITY" (1944)

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Phyllis (Stanwyck): There's a speed limit in this state, Mr. Neff. 45 miles an hour.  Walter (MacMurray): How fast was I going, officer?  Phyllis: I'd say around 90.  Walter: Suppose you get down off your motorcycle and give me a ticket.

Film critic DAVID THOMSON and filmmaker and director JAMES TOBACK. They interview each other for a revival of round table discussion at "Spoken Word at the Algonquin" in New York city's famous Algonquin Hotel, and discuss the state of moviemaking and movie criticism today. THOMSON's latest book is "Beneath Mulholland: Thoughts on Hollywood and its Ghosts" (Knopf). TOBACK directed the movies "Fingers," "Exposed," and "The Pick up Artist." (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW).12:28:30  FORWARD PROMO (:29)12:29:00  I.D. BREAK (:59)12:


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Question: Mindless Arcade Friday: One Chance

The Game: 'One Chance' by AwkardSilenceGames Okay, this isn't actually mindless. Okay, actually,  it's the opposite of mindless. It asks you, via crudely pixellated  characters and limited controls, to make life and death decisions that reflect  your deepest values. But I'm the kind of person who makes life and death  decisions without really thinking about them. In fact, I played the game while  doing two other things at the same time, which is probably why I ended up dead  in a park with the ruins of creation turning to ashes around me. The Scenario: You're a scientist who is responsible for  an experiment which, unfortunately, will destroy life on earth in six days. Every  day, you're asked to make choices about what to do. Do you work to try to stop  the destruction? Spend precious time with your family? Hook up with a willing  co-worker, because, well, who needs a because? I am told that the choices you make actually affect the outcome of the game -- this isn't  a sick joke -- but be aware, the designer is serious about the One Chance thing.  You get to play it once. Try to play it again, and it won't let you. (I'm sure  there's a simple way around this, maybe by removing the cookies on your browser,  but I kind of like the feature, so I haven't tried.) Recommended for: Depressed people, people who aren't  depressed but want to be, people who like very limited but meaningful choices,  people who wished "I am Legend" had more walking and driving and less shooting  at zombies.

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Bleephole, Hawaii Def-con 5-0, Fly Nervous Like The Rest Of Us, Doritas, Two Facedbook, Do You Hear What Yanni Hear?


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Question: Hispanic Farmers Fight To Sue USDA

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In Texas and across the Southwest, Hispanic farmers have been fighting the Agriculture Department for close to a decade.  The farmers say the department's Farm Services Agency discriminated against them — denying or delaying loans, and refusing to investigate when they cried foul.   The government settled a similar complaint brought by African-American farmers for $1 billion.  And while the claims of discrimination and other factors are almost identical, the Hispanic farmers have gotten nothing. 'Always No'  Noe Obregon, 47, looks exactly like the South Texas farmer he's been all his life: cowboy hat, blue denim shirt, jeans and cowboy boots. Obregon says that in the 1970s, '80s and '90s, it didn't matter what you looked like or how good of a farmer you were. If you were Hispanic in Texas, getting a farm loan from the USDA was like the quest for the Holy Grail.  "I would go and apply, and it would take about two to three weeks," says Obregon. "Then they would turn me down, say it was a high risk crop or different reasons. But it was always, 'No.' Then I would appeal, and it would take 90 to 120 days, and by then my planting season was over."  Instead of getting his loan in the spring, Obregon says his money would come in November. He would use the late arriving loan to get his family through the winter, and then he'd apply earlier the next year.  But Obregon learned it didn't matter how early he applied. While his white neighbors got their loans in February and planted and raised crops, Obregon seethed and his debt mounted.  By 1990, he owed the government $150,000, and the USDA moved to foreclose on his farm. He says it was the same with nearly every Hispanic farmer in the county. "They were either foreclosed, or they'd take their lands, put them up for auction, and Anglos bought them because they had the finances and they had the way to buy them," he says. 'No Help For Them' Down the road from Obregon's farm, 65-year-old Modesta Salazar tells the same story. "They would give the loans late when the Anglos were already raising their crops," Salazar says.  As some scraggly cows gather around her, Salazar looks out over her 500 acres of mesquite scrub, tumbleweeds, ruined barbed wire fencing — what's left of the family farm. For more than 30 years, this was a vast expanse of cotton, maize and vegetables, with hundreds of horses and cattle. Now it's mostly brush.  Salazar says the farmers who sat on the local USDA loan board were made up of the most prosperous farmers in the county. She says these men gave the government loans to other white farmers — the people they'd gone to school with and known all their lives — while Hispanic farmers slowly went broke.     "All the farmers, from Cotulla, from Bigfoot, Devine, from everywhere — all the farmers were in the same situation; no help for them," she says.  A Long History Of Discrimination Both Obregon and Salazar's families filed discrimination complaints with the USDA, but say they never heard anything back. The agency refuses to comment about specific cases.  But if you're expecting the Agriculture Department to issue an indignant rebuttal to the overall accusation that it discriminated for decades, you're going to be disappointed.  In 1997, then-Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman testified before Congress and conceded a long history of discrimination in the loan program. He talked about "good people who lost their family land, not because of a bad crop, not because of a flood, but because of the color of their skin."  "[Agriculture] Secretary [Tom] Vilsack often talks about how the department is known in some quarters as 'The Last Plantation.' That's a reputation that's unfortunate and one we intend to fix," says Justin Dejong, Vilsack's spokesman. "By empowering the Office of Civil Rights at the USDA, Secretary Vilsack is laying the foundation for people to be treated better in the future." No Class Action Soon after President Reagan took office in the early 1980s, the USDA's civil rights division was quietly dismantled. Nevertheless, the agency continued to tell farmers that if they felt they weren't getting loans because of their color or gender, they should file a complaint.  But for the next 14 years, those complaints were put into an empty government office and never investigated. By the 1990s, black farmers filed a lawsuit — Pigford v. Glickman. Because the USDA failed to investigate years of discrimination complaints, U.S. District Judge Paul Friedman certified the black farmers' case as a class action. And with that ruling, rather than risk a trial, the federal government settled with 15,000 black farmers for $1 billion.  The next year, Hispanic farmers filed their lawsuit. And although their discrimination complaints had been thrown into the same empty USDA office, the judge in their case decided the Hispanic farmers would not be allowed to sue as a class.  The federal government has opposed them in court for the past nine years. Matthew Miller, sp

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Here and Now for Wednesday, July 11, 2007

US officials are voicing concerns about the increased risk of a terrorist strike inside the United States this summer.  Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff says he has a gut feeling about a possible attack, and ABC News reports that a small Al Qaida cell is either on its way to the US or already here.

A conversation with first-time Saudi novelist Rajaa Alsaneh, whose "Girls of Riyadh" has shocked the Arab world because of its matter-of-fact treatment of the love lives of four young upper class Saudi women.

Some bookstore owners are looking forward to next week when the final book of the Harry Potter series is released.  But what happens post-Potter?  Will these young readers continue to read?  We speak to David Mehegan of the Boston Globe and Paula Brehm-Heeger, president elect of the Young Adult Library Service Association, and manager of the teen department at the Cincinnati and Hamility County Public Library in Ohio.

Here and Now's Kevin Donovan reports that easter

A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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Question: [1] Simon/Baseball Guy

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Scott talks to Bryan Johnson who caught and returned the home run Cal Ripken hit the night he broke Lou Gehrig's record.

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¿ Reich wins Polar Prize
¿ C
leveland looks for Trombonist
¿ Mood
 Music for Sharks?


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Question: Mel Brooks: 'I'm An EGOT; I Don't Need Any More'

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Over the 60 years that Mel Brooks has been in the entertainment business, his name has become synonymous with comedy. He is the man who broke Broadway records for most Tony Award wins with The Producers (an adaptation of his own movie); who satirized Westerns and racism in Blazing Saddles; and who poked fun at monster movies with Young Frankenstein. Before the films, there was his TV career: Brooks was a writer for Your Show of Shows, one of the most influential comedy series in television history and a precursor to Saturday Night Live; and he was the co-creator of the spy spoof series Get Smart. Brooks, who is the subject of a new American Masters documentary, Make a Noise from filmmaker Robert Trachtenberg, that premieres May 20 on PBS, says his penchant for spoofing genres was firmly in the tradition of poking fun out of love. "I loved Westerns as a little kid, and I loved horror films," Brooks tells Fresh Air's David Bianculli. "I had fun with them, but I also saluted the glory of the Western and the glory of James Whale's Frankenstein and Dracula. Brooks grew up in Brooklyn, raised by a single mother (his father died of tuberculosis when he was 2) who was just scraping by. Going to the movies was his introduction to a larger world, and his mother recognized this. Even though she couldn't afford it, she encouraged his enthusiasm, one time even asking a neighbor for the final penny to pay the price of a movie ticket. The neighbor acquiesced. "I was able to go see the Western," Brooks remembers. "So I cherish those movies because they really lifted my spirits and are indelibly ingrained in my brain as important steps in my world education." That neighbor made an excellent investment. Brooks is one of 11 people to have won Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony awards — widely considered something of a benchmark in the entertainment world. And his position as an American institution was further cemented in 2009, when he was tapped for the Kennedy Center Honors. Funny story, Brooks says: It wasn't the first time he'd been offered the award. "I shouldn't say this ... but I'll say it anyway," he says. "I was offered this — the Kennedy Center Honors — maybe a year or two before, and I said, 'Well, I'm going to wait for another president, if I'm still alive, if you don't mind.' I just didn't feel comfortable when Bush was president to accept the honors. ... Had I not gotten 110 awards — you know, I'm an EGOT, so I don't need any more. ... The Kennedy Center Honors, at the moment, I didn't need them. ... "The only award I haven't received, I think, is Woman of the Year, and I don't know if that's not in the works. Just as an honorary Woman of the Year. I may get that too, but I'm not looking for it."  Interview Highlights On Hitchcock and 'High Anxiety' "I wrote a letter saying, basically, 'Dear Mr. Hitchcock, I do genre parodies and in my estimation you are a genre. I don't mean that you're overweight. I mean that you've done every style and type of movie, and that you're just amazing, and I would like to do a movie dedicated to you based on your style and your work.' And ... he called me and he said, 'I loved Blazing Saddles. I think you're a very talented guy, and come to my office.' "I came to his office at Universal, and he told me to come back every Friday at a quarter to 12, because at 12:30 we would eat. So 45 minutes of work. And he would work on my script — on High Anxiety — with me. And he said, 'Well, don't leave out this and don't leave out that.' And he said, 'What are you going to do about The Birds?' I said, 'Well, gee, at the moment I haven't included it.' And he said, 'Well, why don't you have them attack you with ... their doody? If they all sh-t all over you, I mean, it's going to be funny.' I said, 'Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Hitchcock.' " On thanking Gene Wilder three times when he won an Oscar for The Producers "Gene brought a certain something that was never before, that was kind of creative comedy. And he worked tirelessly to play Leo Bloom. He's really the nucleus, the brilliant key to the emotion of the whole piece — and Gene worked for almost scale, for nothing, day and night. And ... I couldn't thank him enough. When I finally put the movie together, I said, 'It would have been a good movie with just Zero Mostel and anybody, but with Gene Wilder it's a wondrous movie." On Madeline Kahn "I'm in tears thinking about Madeline. What an incredibly gifted gift from God, Madeline Kahn. The funniest and most talented comedienne I think, including people like Carol Burnett, who are great, you know, and Gilda Radner who was magnificent. But nobody — listen to me, David Bianculli — nobody could approach the magnificence and wonder of Madeline Kahn. "She was really a great gift to us all. ... I saw art [in her], not just funny. But I saw a person who was gifted with art. She's the only one who actually could have worked in opera as an opera singer, as a coloratura. She was that talented. Or I think she cou

Stories: 1) Actor Peter Fonda, Headed West to 'Yuma' 2) What Part of 'Smart Aleck' Don't You Understand?


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Question: Stories off the sidewalk

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For several years, StoryCorps booths have allowed ordinary people relate their own stories to be preserved in a huge and growing collection in the Library of Congress.

Old rockers come back for more wild times on the grapevine.


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Question: War Update: View from Baghdad

NPR's Anne Garrels reports on the events of the day in the Iraqi capital. U.S. Marines swept into the heart of the city from the east, meeting little resistance as they linked up with Army units that had entered western Baghdad earlier in the week.

Ms. Miller Goes to Washington. Anti-Gang Summit in Oakland. End Music.


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Question: Other Headlines: Warren Christopher Has Died; Obama Is In Brazil

While we follow the news from Japan (here) and Libya (here) in separate posts, here's a quick look at some other stories making headlines: -- "Former Secretary Of State Warren Christopher Dies At 85." (The Washington Post) -- "Brazilians Welcome Obama As Their Own." (Weekend Edition Saturday) -- "Super Moon" To Rise Tonight. -- "Domain '.xxx' Approved For Web Porn Sites." (The Associated Press) -- "Unpredictable Mason Makes Up For Quieter Day," in men's college basketball. (CBS Sports)

News Headlines: Sept. 26, 2007 AP: Lawmakers Seek Jena 6 Teen's Release -- "'Our first responsibility is to get young Mychal Bell out of prison,' said Rep. John Conyers, the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, who said he will pressure the Justice Department to take a hard look at 'the miscarriages of justice that have occurred in Jena, Louisiana.'" Jesse Jackson says Pres. Bush should intervene in this case. Should he? More Headlines:The AJC: Cosby, Morehouse Chief: Parenting Is the Answer Chicago Tribune: Family Steps Up Search for Missing Chicago Woman The AJC: Tyler Perry Property Dispute Creates Drama Radio Free Europe: At UN, Bush And Ahmadinejad Talk Poverty, Tyranny | Bush's UN Speech Full of Phonetic Pronunciations AP: Giuliani $9.11 Party Draws Criticism From Dodd CBS News: Subtle Racism Might Make Your Brain Hurt AP: Group Points Out O'Reilly Race Comments Reuters: Smithsonian Opens Virtual African American Museum The New York Times (Editorial): Detroit at the Brink NBC News: Verdict In: Bonds Ball Headed for Cooperstown [An update to our interview with Marc Ecko.]


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Question: For The Chulita Vinyl Club, Crate Digging Is More Than A Hobby

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Editor's note: This is one of three segments in this week's episode of Alt.Latino. Listen to the full show.  On her days off, Claudia Saenz scours used record shops, thrift stores and yard sales, keeping her eyes peeled for records her parents grew up on. They remind her of her childhood. "I just feel that [vinyl] is definitely more intimate than playing it on my phone on, like, Spotify or a streaming app," Saenz says. "I just like holding that piece of history." She's founder of the Chulita Vinyl Club, an all-girl vinyl collecting crew spread throughout the Southwest and California. And although they collect all kinds of records, Chicano soul is one genre that rings near and dear to the club's heart and style. Chicano soul is the product of black and brown communities living side by side. The group Little Joe y La Familia is the perfect example of this fusion. Little Joe grew up on the cotton fields of Texas, where his was one of the only Mexican families living in a community of largely black families. It should come as no surprise, then, that he was one of the pioneers of Tejano soul. According to music historian Ruben Molina, families like Little Joe's were Mexican farm workers following the harvest — and the music went with them. "They followed the immigration of farm workers from Texas to Tennessee to Michigan to Wisconsin," Molina says. "So these bands would follow that group of people and perform at bars and dance halls and concerts out in the fields. They all had to know both Spanish and rock and pop and soul music. They were versatile." So when Chicanas like Saenz grew up in the Rio Grande Valley listening to Chicano soul, collecting these records was more than an expression of their style. It was a way of archiving their history. Xochi Solis, head of the Austin chapter of the Chulita Vinyl Club, sums it up: "I think there's a real beauty there — of us holding on and being the conservators of this sonic information." Ryan Katz, Marnette Federis and Esther Manilla helped produce this segment.

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Stories: 1) Catherine Russell: 'Real Thing' Gets Sentimental 2) For Novelist, Imagining is an Act of Prayer


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Question: Garry Wills: "What Paul Meant"

Forum in conversation with historian Garry Wills about the New Testament writings of Saint Paul.

Stories: 1) Jacob Weisberg, Chronicling 'The Bush Tragedy' 2) Sean Michael Flynn, 'From Ground Zero to Baghdad'


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Question: Excerpts: 'The Araboolies of Liberty Street'

Peek inside Sam Swope's book The Araboolies of Liberty Street.   Once there was a street called Liberty Street, and Liberty Street was lined with white houses that were so much alike it was difficult to tell one from another. This was just the way fat General Pinch and his skinny wife liked it.

Stories: 1) Primary Colors, Brighter than Usual? 2) Adrian Tomine, Drawing Delicately from Life 3) Believe It or Not, 'Lost' Returns for a New Season


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Question: Najaf Fighting Flares; Sadr Forces Hold Shrine

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U.S. forces clash again in Najaf with fighters loyal to Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr. Efforts by the Iraqi government to reach a disarmament deal with Sadr are at an impasse, and his forces continue to hold the Imam Ali shrine. Hear NPR's Jennifer Ludden and Washington Post reporter Karl Vick.

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Lethal Injection Hearings Continue. Violent Crime Wave Sweeps Tijuana. End Music.


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Question: Buddy Collette, California Jazzman And Musicians' Advocate, Has Died

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Multi-instrumentalist, composer and educator Buddy Collette, an important presence in the Los Angeles musical scene for over a half century, has died. He was 89. A childhood friend of Dexter Gordon and Charles Mingus, Collette never moved to New York like many of his peers. He helped introduce bebop styles to Southern California after World War II, and played an important role in West Coast-based jazz developments, including the celebrated quintet led by Chico Hamilton and the large orchestra led by Gerald Wilson. Collette was a great music educator, mentoring players like Eric Dolphy and Charles Lloyd; he held teaching positions at several local universities. He was also a first-call studio musician, excelling on flutes, saxophones and clarinet. His talents allowed him to become one of the first African American musicians to play in ensembles for radio, television and film productions; with his access, he led a campaign to desegregate the local musicians union, and thus open up higher-paying jobs for black musicians. Read More >> In an interview for NPR's Jazz Profiles, Collette says his approach to music reflected his surroundings. "I didn't grow up in an area where they did that much -- like, you know, in New Orleans, where they grow up and are all playing blues clarinet or something," he said. "I grew up where there was studio work, and classical [music], and I went to integrated schools. Even in [the neighborhood] Watts, all of our friends were everybody -- lots of diversity, you know? So of course, you take on that." A Los Angeles Times obituary has more information. Marc Myers' interview, in five parts, starts here. And here is NPR's Jazz Profiles hour-long documentary feature. [Jazz Profiles: Buddy Collette: 'Man of Many Parts']

Good morning, here are some of the early headlines we're watching: Trayvon Martin Death: Video Shows No Signs Of Zimmerman's Injuries. Court Takes Health Care Case Behind Closed Doors. (AP) Arab Leaders Gather For Meeting On Syria. (New York Times) Colorado Governor Stops Prescribed Burns After Wildfire. (AP) New Evidence In High-Profile Shaken Baby Case. Man With Explosives Attempts To Board Plane In Philadelphia. (WPVI-TV) MegaMillions Jackpot Rises To $500 Million; Drawing Friday. (AP) And today on Morning Edition, remembrances of two notable artists who passed away yesterday. Bluegrass Legend Earl Scruggs Has Died. NPR's Sami Yenigun listens to the musician's work. Influential Poet Adrienne Rich Dies At 82. NPR's Laura Sydell looks back over the poet's life.


Question: Let's Stay United About How To Say Divisive

The word "divisive" has been coming up often lately, and we seem to be dih-VYD-id about how to say it.  Fortunately, someone in years past dih-VYZED a solution for us.  From our pronouncers database:  divisive — dih-VY-sihv

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: A Surprising Revelation About the GOP Front-Runner; The Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Clean Undies; Palin vs. Couric Round 2.


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Question: Security Violation?: U.S. Troops Told They Can't Access WikiLeaks Website

As Noah Shachtman, the editor of Wired's Danger Room blog notes, "any citizen, any foreign spy, any member of the Taliban, and any terrorist can go to the WikiLeaks website, and download detailed information about how the U.S. military waged the war in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2009."  Members of that same military, however, are now banned from looking at those internal military documents. "Doing so would introduce potentially classified information on unclassified networks," according to one directive issued by the armed forces.  Read More In a memorandum obtained by The Washington Times, the Special Security Office of the Marine Corps Intelligence Department said that, "by willingly accessing the WIKILEAKS website for the purpose of viewing the posted classified material -- these actions constitute the unauthorized processing, disclosure, viewing, and downloading of classified information onto an UNAUTHORIZED computer system not approved to store classified information, meaning they have WILLINGLY committed a SECURITY VIOLATION." The National Security Litigation Division of the Navy's Judge Advocate General's Corps said "personnel should not access the WikiLeaks website to view or download the publicized classified information."  Doing so would introduce potentially classified information on unclassified networks.  According to Shachtman, because of WikiLeaks, the Department of Defense may be reconsidering its new, progressive policies about new media. "There was a time, just a few months ago, when the Pentagon appeared to be growing comfortable with the emerging digital media landscape," he writes.  Troops were free to blog and tweet, as long as they used their heads and didn’t disclose secrets. Thumb drives and DVDs could be employed, as long as they didn't carry viruses or classified information. But the WikiLeaks disclosures -- tens of thousands of classified documents -- seem to have reversed that trajectory.  The purpose of all the stern memos and warnings may be to strike fear into U.S. troops, Shachtman concludes, begging this question:  Does clinging to military regulations at the expense of basic logic encourage people to respect classification policy -- or only make the secrecy regime seem more absurd.

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It's Friday, and we're following these stories: Real-Life Horror: Many Killed, Dozens Wounded At Colorado Movie Theater. Syrian Intelligence Official Dies From Damascus Bombing; 4th Assad Aide To Perish. (Reuters) Syria Denies Russian Envoy's Statement That Assad Ready To Step Down. (RiaNovosti) European Finance Ministers Prepared To Offer Spain Bailout Loan. (Irish Times) Russian Police Arrest 4 In Murders Of Russian Muslim Leaders. (BBC) Non-Muslims In Saudi Arabia Must Observe Ramadan Fasting Traditions, Or Leave. (AP) South Korea Increases Readiness After North Korea Shakes Up Military Leadership. (VOA) Viacom, DirecTV Settle Fee Dispute; 17 Darkened Channels Will Be Restored. (CNET) Racial Profiling Case Against Arizona Sheriff Opens In Federal Court. (Los Angeles Times) Australia Reviews Travel Policies After Male Olympic Basketball Players Fly In Business Class While Women Take Economy. (Sydney Morning Herald)


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Question: Show 363: Feat. Food Network Star Molly Yeh and Pianist Peter Dugan

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To give you a sense - "['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'A rebroadcast of our discussion on group denial. We have all experienced it, a situation where everyone knows the secret but no one acknowledges the obvious truth. We talked with EVIATAR ZERUBAVEL author of  "The Elephant in the Room: Silence and Denial in Everyday Life." He is a professor of sociology at Rutgers University in New Brunswick. Originally aired 7/27/06']" should be close to "['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'A rebroadcast of our discussion on group denial.']"

This week's guest host is Molly Yeh a young chef with her own show on the Food Channel called "Girl Meets Farm." But before she developed an interest in food, she was an extraordinary classical percussionist who appeared on From the Top over a decade ago when she was just 15-years-old. This week, she returns to introduce us to an impressive lineup of young musicians including a talented teenage bassoonist from rural Oklahoma and a 17-year-old pianist who delivers a fiery performance of Stravinsky's Firebird Suite.

Week In Review, On the Money with Chris DiSimio, Queen City Classic Chess Tournament, Forgive Me, The Front Row with Betsy Ross, The Big Screen: City of Men


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Question: With Funding Gone, Last Undersea Lab Could Surface

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While you're enjoying your coffee this morning, half a dozen scientists are already at work. They're not sitting at desks, however, but a few miles off the Florida Keys, 60 feet down on the ocean bottom. The researchers are living and working this week at Aquarius Reef Base, the world's last undersea research laboratory. The 25-year-old facility, built by the federal government, has hosted everyone from marine biologists studying endangered coral reefs to NASA astronauts training for weightless missions in space. But the Aquarius Reef Base itself is now endangered. Among marine researchers, there are few people more distinguished or respected than Sylvia Earle. Former chief scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and now explorer-in-residence at National Geographic, she's no stranger to what are called "saturation dives." Those are dives where people spend days, or even weeks, underwater. This dive, Earle says, marks an important scientific anniversary. It's been 50 years since saturation diving was first pioneered by underwater explorers Ed Link and Jacques Cousteau. "This is a historic event, and I was invited," Earle said. "I didn't knock on the door; they knocked on my door, and I said, 'OK.' " In 1970, Earle led the first team of women to conduct a saturation dive — a two-week stay in an undersea lab off the Virgin Islands. She's now 76 years old, and this week marks her 10th extended stay underwater. Last week, at Aquarius Reef's training facility in Key Largo, Fla., Earle said she's disappointed that saturation diving and the undersea research facilities that make it possible are still uncommon today. For marine researchers, she says, it's all about what she calls "the gift of time." "This difference in perspective you get when you don't have to bounce in and out — you have the ability to stay for hours and hours and watch that fish do its thing," she says, "or conduct an experiment without constantly looking at your watch saying, 'I've got three minutes left, I've got to go.' " Last Of Its Kind Aquarius Reef Base is owned by the federal government but run by researchers from the University of North Carolina, Wilmington. The base is an 85-ton, cylindrical steel chamber with windows — they're called viewports — and a "moon pool" entryway where divers plunge in and out of the pressurized structure. There are bunks, a galley area and room for six people. "Typically, our divers stay 10 days [and] make excursions out on the reef for about nine hours down to 95 feet," says director Tom Potts. "So we get about ... 10 times the productivity over diving from the surface." Last month, a team of NASA astronauts led by Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger spent 11 days at Aquarius Reef training underwater in conditions that simulate the near-zero gravity of an asteroid. It was NASA's 16th mission at Aquarius Reef Base. At one time or another, there have been about 50 undersea research bases like Aquarius Reef around the world. Today, it's the last one that remains devoted to scientific research, and its days might be numbered. After some years of declining budgets, the Obama administration eliminated funding for the base, leaving its staff with just two options: Close up shop, or find their own money. Part of this week's mission is outreach and education aimed at helping save Aquarius Reef. Spreading The Word On Monday, sitting in his shorts and T-shirt inside the undersea research base, lead researcher Mark Patterson, a marine science professor at the College of William and Mary, took part in a live Web chat. "The whole point of the habitat is actually not to be inside," Patterson said from inside the lab. "So, we're chafing at the bit to get outside into the water and begin doing our science." Patterson has conducted several missions over the years at Aquarius Reef. Last week, while training in Key Largo, he said it's one of the world's few underwater ecological observatories. It's a place, he said, where scientists are able to conduct measurements and experiments using delicate instruments, something not possible on a two-hour dive. "Some of the things that I've used Aquarius for through the years have involved some very careful setup that took hours to days to get the experiment going just right," he says. "The neat thing was that the corals or sponges that we were making measurements on were still in nature." Earle says the development of sophisticated robots and remote-operated vehicles has done much for ocean exploration. But interest in technology, she says, shouldn't come at the expense of manned undersea research. "You can't surprise a machine," she says, "but you certainly can surprise a human being, and a human being can react with a body of knowledge. That's the joy of exploration. "If you knew what you were going to find, you wouldn't have to go. But it's the unexpected you have to prepare for, which is what humans do," she says. In Key Largo, an independent group, the Aquarius Fo

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For example, '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "What drove Nebraska parents to take the matter of school district mergers all the way to the Supreme Court? It's an issue elsewhere as well; Pennsylvania is planning to combine two districts for the first time in 20 years and merger battles are underway in Georgia, Maine, North Dakota, among other states. MADELEINE BRAND, host:  This is Day to Day. I'm Madeleine Brand. The bad economy isn't just being felt on Wall Street. Schools across the country are facing cutbacks. Here's one solution, get rid of the schools entirely. Celeste Headlee reports.  CELESTE HEADLEE: Theodore Kowalski says district consolidation in most places means small schools may vanish.  Dr. THEODORE KOWALSKI (Educational Administration, University of Dayton): So that in some small towns, the only school they have is going to disappear. And when that happens, there's a loss of community identity and pride.  HEADLEE: Kowalski teaches educational administration at the University of Dayton in Ohio.  Dr. KOWALSKI: When you have government-imposed consolidation, it usually creates major political conflict, and it takes years to get over that.  HEADLEE: That's what happened in Nebraska when the state legislature decided to close its one-room schools. Mike Nolles' daughter Katie attended in a tiny brick building with one teacher instructing kindergarten through eighth grade. Nolles says the state promised to offer more new courses after consolidation, but he hasn't seen any.  Mr. MIKE NOLLES (President, Class Ones United): I don't know that we've seen an improvement in the quality of education. We haven't with our daughter.  HEADLEE: The parents used to mow the school's lawn and fix broken water mains. There was a robust PTA, and parents were aggressive fundraisers. Now, the district administrators are 25 miles away, and parents like Nolles feel disconnected.  Mr. NOLLES: We went from 100-percent parental participation to zero.  HEADLEE: Nolles is president of the nonprofit group Class Ones United. His group is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the consolidation law. But State Representative Ron Raikes says Nebraska had too many tiny districts, and some of them no longer serve any kids.  State Representative RON RAIKES (Republican, Lincoln, Nebraska): There was taxpayer money being spent, I think, to the tune of $800,000 or something at the time to support these districts that actually had no students.  HEADLEE: The recent consolidation cut the number of Nebraska's school districts nearly in half, and it's happening all over the country. In the past eight years, Arizona, Montana, Arkansas, California, South Dakota, West Virginia and Maine have all passed legislation related to district consolidation. And in places like Arkansas, where largely black districts have merged with nearby majority-white districts, there's been a dramatic drop in the number of African-American school-board members. Linda Brookhart teaches at the University of Denver.  Dr. LINDA BROOKHART (Education, University of Denver): Because it is quite possible, intentionally or inadvertently, reorganization could be used to disempower a group of people.  HEADLEE: In Maine, where the state is hoping to reduce the number of districts by more than 100, the issue is bit less contentious. That's because the state doesn't plan to close any schools, just merge administrative teams. Voters haven't been able to weigh in on the issue, yet they'll vote to approve or disapprove their districts reorganization plans in November. And parents at Falmouth Middle School seem torn on the issue.  Ms. MARYBETH PAGE (Resident, Falmouth, Maine): It's going to overcrowd the schools, and it won't make for a great environment for the children. It also will bring a lot of busing issues.  Ms. DEE CONROY VELA (Resident, Falmouth, Maine): I think it's going to be cost effective. And I think it's going to bring the communities together more and allow us to have more expert teachers in AP classes.  HEADLEE: That's Marybeth Page (ph) and Dee Conroy Vela (ph). Often the most violent opposition to consolidation comes from parents who're afraid to lose local control. But the fact is state and federal governments make nearly all the decisions in public education now. So, the battle for local control of schools may already be over. For NPR News, I'm Celeste Headlee."]' should be close to '['represent the headline to find a news subtitle on npr with more details', 'Parents Battle Over School Mergers']'

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Mali's First Ebola Case In Current Outbreak Is 2-Year-Old Girl. -- Man With Hatchet Shot Dead After Attacking NYPD Officers. -- Frank Mankiewicz, Aide Who Announced Robert Kennedy's Death, Dies. And here are more early headlines: E-U Leaders Set Targets For Greenhouse Gas Cuts. (New York Times) Lebanon Says It Won't Accept Any More Syrian Refugees. (Daily Star) Japan Warns Of Activity At Volcano Near Nuclear Plant. (Reuters) Navajo Nation Court Replaces Presidential Candidate; Election Delayed. (Farmington Daily Times) Federal Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against IRS On Tax Exempt Status. (Politico) Lawmakers Call For National Recall Of Faulty Airbags. (USA Today) China Launches Probe To Moon, Will Return Next Week. (CNN)