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Given ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'The Science Behind The Super Abilities Of Sherpas'] it matches with ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Sherpas are extraordinary human beings. In the high peaks of the Himalayas, members of the Nepalese ethnic group are famous for their speed-climbing records, ascents of routes that no one has ascended before, expert guiding and other skills. What makes Sherpas so good at climbing into the wispy atmosphere of the world\'s tallest mountains? They may be better at harnessing oxygen than the rest of us, suggests a new study, which also offers insights that could eventually help ordinary people whose tissues become deprived of oxygen because of medical conditions. "You don\'t need to spend very long in that part of world to see that the people living there, particularly the Sherpas, perform extremely well at altitude — a lot better than we do," says Andrew Murray, a physiologist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom and one of the study\'s authors. "There\'s certainly something really remarkable about their ability." The study adds to evidence that their genes play a role. The Sherpas and other ethnic groups have lived on the high plateau of the Himalayas at an average altitude of more than 14,700 feet going back at least 6,000 years. But life at such high altitudes remains inhospitable for most of us. People from low altitudes who travel or move to higher elevations face multiple risks: with access to limited oxygen above 8,000 feet or so, symptoms often include headaches, low appetite and trouble sleeping. Severe cases of mountain sickness can cause swelling in the brain, a condition called High Altitude Cerebral Edema, or fluid in the lungs, called High Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Both conditions can quickly become deadly. Pregnant women also suffer higher rates of miscarriage and other complications because of higher blood pressure at altitude — which illustrates the potential for evolution to favor genes that help mountain people cope with oxygen deprivation. So how do the Sherpas do it? Over thousands of years, the bodies of high-altitude dwellers have developed ways to make the most of oxygen, Murray says. When most of us climb, a hormone in our bodies called erythropoietin (EPO) triggers the production of more red blood cells, which can then carry more oxygen to our muscles. But the extra cells also thicken our blood, which puts extra stress on the heart to pump it and can cause symptoms of altitude sickness. Sherpas increase their red blood cell count at altitude, too, but not nearly as much as people from lower down do. To better understand how Sherpas manage to perform so well, even without help from a surge in extra oxygen-carrying red blood cells, Murray and colleagues studied a group of 15 Sherpas and 10 lowlanders on an expedition to Everest Base Camp in 2013. None of the participants were allowed to climb to extreme altitudes in the weeks leading up to the study, which began with a flight from either London or Kathmandu to Lukla, Nepal, at nearly 9,200 feet. All of the participants were offered the same food as they trekked for 10 days to Everest Base Camp at nearly 17,400 feet. Before, during and after the trek, the researchers took blood samples as well as pea-size chunks of muscle from everyone. Interesting differences showed up in the muscle cells of the two groups, the team reported this past week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In the muscles of the Sherpas, the study found, the cells\' mitochondria (the energy-producing parts) converted more oxygen into energy. "The Sherpas\' mitochondria were less leaky and therefore more efficient than the Westerners\' mitochondria," Murray says. "They were better at using oxygen." Like a small, high-efficiency car that has a smaller gas tank than a gas-guzzling 4x4, he says, the Sherpas\' muscles are capable of getting more mileage out of less total oxygen. The Sherpas were also able to produce more energy without any oxygen at all, a process called anaerobic metabolism. Together, the findings help connect the dots from previous research that has revealed intriguing mutations in the DNA of Sherpas, says Tatum Simonson, who studies the genetics and physiology of high altitude adaptations at the University of California, San Diego. For a 2010 study, she and colleagues scanned the genomes of Tibetan people living at high altitudes and found a handful of genes with distinct mutations that appeared to be related to oxygen metabolism and adapted to a low-oxygen environment. By probing deeper into the potential role of one of those genes (which also appears in people of Ethiopian ancestry who live at high altitude), Murray\'s group has built off her work "and taken it many steps further," Simonson says. "I think this is one of the first studies that has actually done that. I was so excited to see this paper." The study shows that the metabolisms of lowlanders and Sherpas work in similar ways at low altitudes, suggesting that gene differences between Sherpas and lowlanders kick in at high altitudes, she adds. 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Question: World Trade Organization

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NPR's John Nielsen reports on controversy surrounding the World Trade Organization. Environmental groups charge the Geneva-based WTO is too secretive in its workings, and too often sides with polluting industries in environmentally-sensitive trade disputes.

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Democratic Presidential Candidates Attend Native American Forum

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NPR's David Greene talks to Mark Trahant, editor of the news site Indian Country Today, about why Democratic presidential candidates are paying so much attention to Native American voters this year.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Bible As Official State Book? Tennessee's Governor Vetoes Bill. -- Obama Administration Issues New Rules For Offshore Drilling. And here are more early headlines: House GOP Squabbles, Will Miss Deadline To Pass Budget. (Washington Post) Deadly Earthquake Strikes Southern Japan. (Japan Times) North Korea's Attempted Medium Range Rocket Launch Fails. (USA Today) Defense Secretary To Visit U.S. Warship In South China Sea. (Reuters) Top Brazilian Court Allows Presidential Impeachment Vote To Proceed. (BBC) California Appeals Court Rules In Favor Of Teacher Tenure. (KPCC) Manson Follower, Leslie Van Houten, Recommended For Parole. (Los Angeles Times) Former N.Y. Gov. Pataki Endorses Kasich Ahead Of State's Primary. (CNN) Service Projects Commemorate 3rd Boston Marathon Bombing Anniversary. (AP)


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Question: Captain America: Civil War

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Code Switch's Gene Demby joins Stephen Thompson and Glen Weldon for a discussion of the new Marvel blockbuster Captain America: Civil War. Then, Linda Holmes interviews Joe and Anthony Russo about directing Captain America and many beloved television comedies. Plus, what's making us happy this week.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: The Proportion Of White Christians In The U.S. Has Stopped Shrinking, New Study Finds

Two dramatic trends that for years have defined the shifting landscape of religion in America — a shrinking white Christian majority, alongside the rise of religiously unaffiliated Americans — have stabilized, according to a new, massive survey of American religious practice.  What was once a supermajority of white Christians — more than 80% of Americans identified as such in 1976, and two-thirds in 1996 — has now plateaued at about 44%, according to the new survey, which was conducted by the nonpartisan Public Religion Research Institute. That number first dipped below 50% in 2012.  They have largely been replaced by Americans who do not list any religious affiliation, a group that has tripled in proportion since the 1990s. Today, the unaffiliated make up roughly a quarter of Americans. Young adults are most likely to identify this way with more than a third saying they are atheist, agnostic or otherwise secular, the study found.  "These things tend to be generational. And this really began with the millennial generation," says Robert P. Jones, CEO and founder of PRRI and author of White Too Long: The Legacy of White Supremacy in American Christianity.  White evangelicals began aligning politically with Republicans during the 1980s, meaning millennials were the first generation to grow up seeing the Christian right as the most public expression of religion, Jones says.  "And it was a partisan group, very conservative, and they had commitments, like anti-gay commitments, that really ran against the values of that generation," Jones says.  The survey is called The 2020 Census of American Religion. It is not related to the official U.S. census, which has not asked about religious affiliation since the 1950s, a policy that stems from concerns about the separation of church and state.  With that absence of large-scale census-style data, researchers at PRRI set out to create an ambitious report on the state of religion in the U.S. Over the course of seven years, they conducted nearly 500,000 phone interviews, asking not just about religion, but also age, race and ethnicity, geography, and political preference.  "It really does help us understand some of the cultural engines that drive our politics and can really help us understand, I think, the divisions really that the country is facing today," Jones says.  On the Republican side, the preferences of white evangelicals loom large, even as the overall number of white evangelicals in America continues to decline. Though they make up just 14% of Americans overall, they remain the largest single religious group among Republican voters with the power to sway party priorities — which this year have included anti-abortion bills and policies restricting health care and sports access for transgender people. "If you look at [the white evangelical] presence in the national religious landscape, it's actually quite diminished from what it was even 10 years ago," says Jones. "I think it's still surprising to many Americans because of how visible this population has been, particularly during the Trump administration." By contrast, Democrats are a more religiously diverse group with significant numbers of religiously unaffiliated people and nonwhite Christians — including Black Protestants, Latino Protestants and Latino Catholics — along with more Jews, Muslims and other minority religions. White Catholics, such as President Biden, comprise just 13% of Democrats.  The survey also marks the most ambitious geographic mapping of religious practices in decades, its authors say, in large part because the U.S. census has not collected wide-scale religious affiliation data since the 1950s.  The findings show that historical forces — such as slavery in the South, the Civil War dividing white Protestants, and 19th century immigration patterns — continue to shape the geography of American religion, Jones says.  The country's most religiously diverse counties are in major coastal metropolitan areas, along with Arizona's Navajo County, which encompasses several Native American reservations, and Maui County in Hawaii. Of the 10 least-diverse counties with at least 10,000 people, eight are in Mississippi.

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Provided: "['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Editor\'s note: This report includes descriptions of sexual assault.  After more than a decade of investigations into sexual abuse in Pennsylvania\'s Catholic Church, last year\'s grand jury report still contained new revelations. The numbers were superlative — more than 1,000 allegations against 301 priests, spanning seven decades. Reactions came swiftly. The U.S. Department of Justice began investigating. Victims demanded new laws. Leaders of seven of Pennsylvania\'s eight dioceses announced compensation programs, offering confidential settlements in exchange for agreeing never to sue the church. Hundreds of victims have now taken lump sum payments averaging from $120,000 to nearly a quarter-million dollars.  A much smaller group has turned to the courts, suing the dioceses themselves for conspiracy and fraud, based on information contained in grand jury investigations.  What made John Patchoski, 57, want to sue was "the anger inside of me," he said. "That the church would actually have the gall to bring up a victim\'s fund to tell you what you\'re worth, tell you what it was like to live with this for 40-some years, with all this." A recent Pennsylvania court ruling allowing such cases to go to trial has breathed new life into old claims of childhood sexual assault in spite of state law that puts time limits on legal action. "What if it didn\'t happen this way, where would I be?" For some, these payments provided a kind of closure, after years of "howling into the wind," as 67-year-old John Quinn put it. He first came forward two decades ago with allegations of sexual assault by a Philadelphia priest and said he considered waiting to sue.  Instead, he received $250,000 from the Archdiocese of Philadelphia Independent Reparations and Reconciliation Program in February.  "I\'m a man of my word; I signed it and I said I wasn\'t going to go after them anymore," said Quinn. Still, doubts and questions persist, he said. "I get stressed, I get depressed, I get what-ifs ... what if it didn\'t happen this way, where would I be?" Growing up in Philadelphia, he bounced between his family\'s home and a half-dozen Catholic orphanages around the region. For thousands of young people who filtered through church-run orphanages in Philadelphia, these institutions often offered a reprieve from a difficult family life. But they also created an environment ripe for the abuse of vulnerable children. At St. Joseph\'s House for Homeless and Industrious Boys in Philadelphia, Quinn said, a layperson working as a dorm supervisor molested him. After that, he ran away repeatedly. After one escape, he said, the Rev. Charles Siegele, a diocesan priest, found him and brought him back to his mother\'s house. On the way, Quinn said, the priest stopped at an apartment outside Philadelphia, got him drunk and sodomized him. "It seemed like I had something written across my head, \'I\'m available, take me,\' because I\'d been abused so many times," he said.  The Archdiocese of Philadelphia said it could not confirm Quinn\'s allegations, but officials say Siegele, who remained in ministry until he died in 1989, is on its list of credibly accused priests. As an adult, Quinn became addicted to drugs and alcohol, fleeing from one town to the next, from relationship to relationship. In the late 1980s, he went into treatment, where he decided to confront his past. He told church leaders his story and began receiving church-subsidized counseling and a living allowance, although no acknowledgement of wrongdoing.  Slowly, his life stabilized. He met his fourth wife, Enriqueta, and they have two teenage sons. Going through the Archdiocese of Philadelphia\'s compensation process provided more stability — $250,000 worth. With it, he paid $50,000 in credit card debt, bought one son a car and the other braces. "Now, I live halfway comfortably," he said. Statute of limitations Stories like Quinn\'s provide one example of why more than 500 people registered abuse claims with the Archdiocese of Philadelphia alone. Ninety-eight percent of applicants to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia\'s compensation fund accept the settlement offered, said retired Judge Lawrence Stengel, chair of the fund\'s oversight committee. "[That\'s] pretty strong evidence that those are adequate and fair," he said. Half of all people who registered claims with the program had never come forward before, according to Stengel, signaling that the confidentiality and independent nature of the process helped victims otherwise afraid to go public with their claims.  So far, the total amount paid out across all seven programs is north of $50 million, with dozens of claims still pending. The Archdiocese of Philadelphia has the most heavily used program, having already doled out $32 million. "The Pennsylvania compensation programs were needed," said Marci Hamilton, CEO of Child USA, a think tank dedicated to addressing child abuse. However, she noted that in taking the money victims turned down a potentially bigger w']" Match: "['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', 'Clergy Abuse Reparations Are Closure For Some Victims, Resurface Trauma For Others']"

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Protests, Clashes Build Again In Cairo. -- Deal Reached On Greek Debt, Markets Rise In Relief. -- Arafat's Grave Opened, Samples Taken To Be Tested For Poison. Other stories making news: -- "Fiscal Cliff Compromise: Devil Is In The Definition Of Revenue." (It's All Politics) -- Fiscal Cliff Talks "Accelerate." (The Washington Post) -- Bangladesh Factory Fire That Killed More Than 100 "Was Deliberately Set, Officials Believe." (The Guardian) -- "North Korea Suspected Of Planning Rocket Test." (The New York Times) -- Sandy-related Damage In New York And New Jersey Topped $60 Billion, Governors Say. (The Associated Press) -- Dr. Joseph Murray, Who Performed First Successful Kidney Transplant And Won A Nobel Prize, Has Died. (The Associated Press) -- Powerball Jackpot At Record $425 Million — And Growing — Ahead Of Wednesday Drawing. (ABC News)


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Question: Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!

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NPR's weekly current events quiz. Have a laugh and test your news knowledge while figuring out what's real and what we've made up.

Producers Ian and Eva talk about this weekend's episode of "Wait Wait Don't Tell Me!"


Question: U.S. Ethics Official: Trump's Divestiture Is Hard, Pricey And Essential

At a Wednesday press conference, President-elect Donald Trump and his lawyer described the steps the real estate mogul would take to separate from his business empire while in office. It wasn't nearly enough, according to Office of Government Ethics Director Walter Shaub. "The president is now entering a world of public service," Shaub said in a speech at the Brookings Institution. "He's going to be asking his own appointees to make sacrifices. He's going to be asking our men and women in uniform to risk their lives in conflicts around the world. So no, I don't think divestiture is too high a price to pay to be the president of the United States of America." Trump said on Wednesday that among other moves, he would hand all management of his businesses to his sons, who would make no new foreign deals and would need an ethics review of any new domestic deals. Divestiture would require him to go much further. It would mean the sale of all of the president's assets, with their value conveyed to a blind trust — and an investment portfolio of which he and his family would have no knowledge or control. Of course, no past U.S. president has had business holdings of the scale or complexity of the president-elect's. Trump lawyer Sheri Dillon said at the press conference that would make divestiture unworkable, NPR's Jackie Northam reported. "The Trump brand is key to the value of the Trump Organization's assets," Dillon said. "If Trump sold his brand, he'd be entitled to the royalties for the use of it." And if the brand was mothballed entirely, the value of Trump's holdings would crater, and they would have to be sold off in a fire sale. Nevertheless, that's what Shaub said needs to happen — both to completely safeguard against conflicts of interest, and to set an example. "The ethics program starts at the top — the signals a president sends [set] a tone across the executive branch," Shaub said, adding that "officials in any administration need their president to show ethics matters, not only through words but through deeds." The ethics official pointed to the steps undertaken by Secretary of State nominee Rex Tillerson, whose separation from Exxon Mobil reportedly will cost the former CEO about $7 million. "Mr. Tillerson's making a clean break from Exxon," he said. "His ethics agreement serves as a sterling model for what we'd like to see with other nominees." Unlike the president, Shaub said, Tillerson worked closely with the ethics office to create his divestment plan. And it's not just inside the government that the president's example matters, Shaub said. The ethics program run by the executive branch, including presidential divestment, has been viewed as a gold standard internationally, he said, with the office frequently consulting with governments in the developing world to set up similar programs.

Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: 'Twilight' Author Says She'll Release Prequel, A Moment Fans Thought May Never Come

Fifteen years after the first "Twilight" book was released, author Stephenie Meyer has announced she will release "Midnight Sun," the prequel to the saga long anticipated by fans.  The new edition to the series retells the story of "Twilight" — a love story in which human Bella Swan falls for vampire Edward Cullen — from Cullen's perspective. Swan narrates the other four books. Publisher Little, Brown and Company says "Midnight Sun" is the original story with a "new and decidedly dark twist." The "Twilight" series was immensely popular in the late 2000s, breaking book sale records previously held by the "Harry Potter" books and grossing a total $2.5 billion dollars between all of the franchise's films, according to Forbes. Meyer's announcement comes more than ten years after a tumultuous struggle between the author and her fans over the prequel's originally-promised release. In 2008, around the apex of the series' popularity, a draft of part of the "Midnight Sun" manuscript leaked online. In response, Meyer postponed the book's release indefinitely, saying she was too upset to continue writing. "I did not want my readers to experience Midnight Sun before it was completed, edited and published," Meyer wrote in a 2008 letter to fans on her website. "I think it is important for everybody to understand that what happened was a huge violation of my rights as an author, not to mention me as a human being." Meyer seemed to further shut the door on the world of vampires when she said she was "so over" the "Twilight" series in a 2013 interview with Variety. "I get further away every day," she told the entertainment outlet. "For me, it's not a happy place to be." But despite years of negative signaling, Meyer announced Monday morning that the prequel is now set to be released this August. In a video message to fans that aired on "Good Morning America," Meyer cited the current global uncertainty due to the coronavirus pandemic as inspiration for announcing the release. "It's a crazy time right now and I wasn't sure it was the right time to put this book out, but some of you have been waiting for just so so long it didn't seem right to make you wait any more," Meyer said in the video. Fans speculated that Meyer would announce a new book in the "Twilight" series when she posted a countdown timer set for Monday morning on her website. The online pile-up grew so large as the counter reached zero that the site crashed. Fans of the series, known as 'Twihards,' reacted on social media with a slew of excited posts and memes. Many of them said they thought this day might never come.

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Stories: 1) Darren Aronofsky On 'The Wrestler' 2) Vast Conspiracies, Just Waiting To Be Exposed


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Question: New York City Marathon

NPR's Margot Adler talks to Liane from the streets of Manhattan, where the New York City marathon is being run.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Little League World Series

Robert Siegel talks with Douglas Montero of the New York Post, who is covering the Little League World Series in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

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Everything you need to know about the Tokyo Summer Games.


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Question: High School Football

In the second part of his year-long series on life at Roosevelt High School in Seattle, NPR's Robert Smith looks at the Roughriders' football team and its losing record against better financed, better supported suburban teams.

San Diego Schools Reopen. Electoral Initiative. End Music.


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Question: The Bear Necessities

Ten years ago, the investment bank Bear Stearns collapsed, and the government stepped in to broker a bailout. William D. Cohan thinks that was a mistake. He wrote about Bear in his book, House of Cards. He talked to us about what happened then and what's changed since. Music by Drop Electric. Find us: Twitter/ Facebook. Subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, PocketCasts and NPR One.

The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: How The Widespread Mask Use Could Slow The Coronavirus Pandemic

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NPR's Mary Louise Kelly talks with Dr. Atul Gawande, a staff writer for the New Yorker, about the efficacy of different face masks and why masks remain essential in dealing with the coronavirus.

Good Friday morning - here are our early stories: Strong Earthquake Strikes Japan, Triggering Small Tsunami. And here are more early headlines: Skittish Investors Waiting For Latest Unemployment Rate News. (MarketWatch) Egyptian Opposition Refuses To Hold Talks With President Morsi. (BBC) Hamas Political Leader Visits Gaza For Visit After Conflict With Israel. (Bloomberg) Syria Situation Is 'Accelerating', Warns Clinton. (CNN) Hurricane Kills More Than 500 In Philippines, Just As Many Missing. (VOA) George Zimmerman Sues NBC For 'Yellow Journalism' In Martin Shooting Coverage. (Orlando Sentinel) Report: U.S. Seeks To Ease Rules On Brain Injury And Veterans' Benefits. (New York Times) NHL Contract Talks Break Down Again; No Pro Hockey On Horizon. (ESPN) Whale Carcass Rotting In Malibu Emits 'Severe' Stench For Residents. (Los Angeles Times)


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Question: International Space Station

NPR's Richard Harris reports that the international space station may be back on track again. Several weeks ago, there were reports that Russia had run out of cash for the effort, setting back the project for nearly a year. Now it appears that Russia is pouring money back into the effort.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Cannes Film Festival

Host Alex Chadwick speaks with Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan about the Cannes Film Festival, where a longer cut of Apocalypse Now and a new film by Jean-Luc Goddard are being screened.


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Question: Legendary Manga Artist Kentaro Miura, Creator Of 'Berserk,' Has Died

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Manga creators and fans across the globe have taken to social media to mourn the celebrated Japanese manga artist Kentaro Miura, whose aesthetic and commercial impact on the genre was substantial. His defining serial, the 30-year, 40-volume saga Berserk, is known for both its sophisticated artwork and a story that infuses sword fights and supernatural encounters with poignant emotionalism, knotty moral dilemmas and complex themes. Miura's English-language publisher, Dark Horse, reports that he passed away on May 6 of an acute aortic dissection. He was 54. "I went to open a copy of Berserk just now, and I pictured for a moment that every page was blank, to remind myself that's how each one of Berserk's thousands upon thousands of pages began," Dark Horse manga editor Carl Horn wrote in a remembrance released by the publisher last week. "Miura ... fill[ed] those pages with an epic of boldness, elegance, horror, adventure, love, redemption, perseverance, friendship, humor — an epic of contradictions: beautiful, grotesque, whimsical, cosmic." As CBR.com noted in 2019, Berserk's gritty tone is more reminiscent of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire than J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. Though its protagonist, Guts, is a big guy with an even bigger sword – all too common a sight in manga aimed at a male readership – he's no mere jock. "Guts is a survivor of horrific sexual assault, [which] defines his early characterization more than anything else," points out Kotaku's Patrick Marlborough. Berserk is also distinguished by the quality of Miura's pen-and-ink artwork, which is far more intricate and detailed than is typical for its genre. Manga are usually created through an assembly-line process, with a bevy of assistants filling in backgrounds and putting other finishing touches on the head mangaka's drawings. Though Miura employed several assistants at his production company, Studio Gaga, he drew most of Berserk himself. His style was distinguished by an almost obsessive use of minute crosshatching and other textural details. His diverse sources of inspiration included the Guin Saga, a bestselling Japanese fantasy series in continuous publication since 1979, as well as several Western influences: M.C. Escher, Gustave Doré, Hieronymus Bosch, and Disney and Paul Verhoeven films. Born on July 11, 1966 to artist parents, Miura began drawing at age 10. While still a teenager, he won a New Artist Award from the leading manga magazine Weekly Shonen. He attended the art college of Nihon University in Tokyo and saw the first installment of Berserk appear in print shortly after he graduated in 1989. He would draw thousands of pages of the series over the course of his career. At the time of his death, Miura enjoyed both bestselling status and a considerable critical reputation. Selling more than 50 million copies worldwide, Berserk inspired two TV series, a film trilogy and two video games. It also contributed to manga's growing popularity in the U.S. — Dark Horse reported in 2018 that Berserk was the top-selling series in the publisher's history, with nearly two million copies sold. Miura also worked on a number of other projects throughout his career. His most recent creation, 2019's Duranki, features a genderless protagonist exploring a world inspired by ancient mythology. In 2019 he told Otaquest.com's Jacob Parker-Dalton that "he'd ... always been fascinated by the aesthetic of the myths of ancient Greece and Mesopotamia.. particularly when it comes to gender and body image." (As Parker-Dalton notes, Berserk features a genderless character, too: Guts' elf companion Puck.) Greek myth also served as the inspiration for Miura's 2013 miniseries Giganto Maxia. Early in his career Miura collaborated several times with Buronson, creator of the bestselling 1980s martial arts series Fist of the North Star. Contemporary mangaka who cite Miura as an influence include Attack on Titan's Hajime Isayama and Black Butler's Yana Toboso. His style is evident in video games such as Dark Souls and Final Fantasy XIV and in TV shows like Netflix's Castlevania. He received an Osamu Tezuka Cultural Prize in 2002. Miura's death leaves Berserk unfinished, adding to the anguish of fans who've followed the series for decades. Still, Dark Horse's Horn concluded his memorial on a resilient note that was welcome in the wake of a year of COVID deaths. "By the millions he touched lives, inspired lives — put life into people, sometimes when we truly needed it," Horn writes. "You who are his fans knew that already; some of Miura-sensei's life is in you now. You are already carrying the story forward." Etelka Lehoczky has written about books for The Atlantic, The Los Angeles Review of Books and The New York Times. She tweets at @EtelkaL.

Stories: 1) Charting The Career Of 'Iron' Mike Tyson (Part 1) 2) Talking 'Tyson' With Filmmaker James Toback 3) Charting The Career Of 'Iron' Mike Tyson (Part 2)


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Question: High-Paying Trade Jobs Sit Empty, While High School Grads Line Up For University

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Like most other American high school students, Garret Morgan had it drummed into him constantly: Go to college. Get a bachelor's degree. "All through my life it was, 'if you don't go to college you're going to end up on the streets,' " Morgan said. "Everybody's so gung-ho about going to college." So he tried it for a while. Then he quit and started training as an ironworker, which is what he is doing on a weekday morning in a nondescript high-ceilinged building with a concrete floor in an industrial park near the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Morgan and several other men and women are dressed in work boots, hard hats and Carhartt's, clipped to safety harnesses with heavy wrenches hanging from their belts. They're being timed as they wrestle 600-pound I-beams into place. Seattle is a forest of construction cranes, and employers are clamoring for skilled ironworkers. Morgan, who is 20, is already working on a job site when he isn't at the Pacific Northwest Ironworkers shop. He gets benefits, including a pension, from employers at the job sites where he is training. And he is earning $28.36 an hour, or more than $50,000 a year, which is almost certain to steadily increase. As for his friends from high school, "they're still in college," he said with a wry grin. "Someday maybe they'll make as much as me." Raising alarms While a shortage of workers is pushing wages higher in the skilled trades, the financial return from a bachelor's degree is softening, even as the price — and the average debt into which it plunges students — keeps going up. But high school graduates have been so effectively encouraged to get a bachelor's that high-paid jobs requiring shorter and less expensive training are going unfilled. This affects those students and also poses a real threat to the economy. "Parents want success for their kids," said Mike Clifton, who teaches machining at the Lake Washington Institute of Technology, about 20 miles from Seattle. "They get stuck on [four-year bachelor's degrees], and they're not seeing the shortage there is in tradespeople until they hire a plumber and have to write a check." In a new report, the Washington State Auditor found that good jobs in the skilled trades are going begging because students are being almost universally steered to bachelor's degrees. Among other things, the Washington auditor recommended that career guidance — including choices that require less than four years in college — start as early as the seventh grade. "There is an emphasis on the four-year university track" in high schools, said Chris Cortines, who co-authored the report. Yet, nationwide, three out of 10 high school grads who go to four-year public universities haven't earned degrees within six years, according to the National Student Clearinghouse. At four-year private colleges, that number is more than 1 in 5. "Being more aware of other types of options may be exactly what they need," Cortines said. In spite of a perception "that college is the sole path for everybody," he said, "when you look at the types of wages that apprenticeships and other career areas pay and the fact that you do not pay four years of tuition and you're paid while you learn, these other paths really need some additional consideration." And it's not just in Washington state. Seventy-percent of construction companies nationwide are having trouble finding qualified workers, according to the Associated General Contractors of America; in Washington, the proportion is 80 percent. There are already more trade jobs like carpentry, electrical, plumbing, sheet-metal work and pipe-fitting than Washingtonians to fill them, the state auditor reports. Many pay more than the state's average annual wage of $54,000. Construction, along with health care and personal care, will account for one-third of all new jobs through 2022, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. There will also be a need for new plumbers and new electricians. And, as politicians debate a massive overhaul of the nation's roads, bridges and airports, the U.S. Department of Education reports that there will be 68 percent more job openings in infrastructure-related fields in the next five years than there are people training to fill them. "The economy is definitely pushing this issue to the forefront," said Amy Morrison Goings, president of the Lake Washington Institute of Technology, which educates students in these fields. "There isn't a day that goes by that a business doesn't contact the college and ask the faculty who's ready to go to work." In all, some 30 million jobs in the United States that pay an average of $55,000 per year don't require bachelor's degrees, according to the Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. Yet the march to bachelor's degrees continues. And while people who get them are more likely to be employed and make more money than those who don't, that premium appears to be softening; their median earnings were lower in 2015, when adjusted

Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Alternative Medicine

NPR's Rebecca Perl takes a look at the Journal of the American Medical Association's first-ever theme issue on alternative medicine, which was released today. Perl reviews some of the main articles presented in the journal, from a lead article saying that utilization is up -- no surprise -- to details of an alternative medical technique to help breech babies turn over in the womb.

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EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


Question: Campaign From Italian Museums Aims To Help Earthquake Relief Efforts

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Italy's state museums are donating their proceeds today to reconstruction efforts, following a massive earthquake that killed at least 291 people and nearly leveled three medieval towns. Culture Minister Dario Franceschini is appealing to people to visit the country's museums to show their solidarity with the victims of the powerful temblor, as NPR's Eleanor Beardsley tells our Newscast unit. Franceschini made the appeal in a post on Twitter. "He said the idea is to harness the nation's rich artistic heritage to help recover and restore other art damaged by the earthquake," as Eleanor reports. This comes as officials involved in rescue operations say that now, there is "no change of finding anyone else alive," Eleanor says. As The Associated Press reports, "nobody has been found alive in Italy's earthquake ruins since Wednesday, and hopes have vanished of finding any more survivors." Florence's Uffizi Gallery posted this video on Twitter, showing a moment of silence in their galleries as part of the relief campaign: Franceschini said "293 culturally important sites in the area affected, many of them churches, had either collapsed or been seriously damaged," as the BBC reports. In the hard-hit village of Accumoli, Eleanor spoke with Fabio di Prospero, who is leading a military police unit aimed at recovering art. "It's a very difficult job for us because this land is a mountain land. And we are checking each church in each small town," di Prospero said. Meanwhile, Italy is beginning to plan rebuilding efforts, which Eleanor says are "forecast to cost over a billion euros." But clean-up and rebuilding plans are complicated by continuing, powerful aftershocks. As reporter Christopher Livesay tells our Newscast unit, the town at the epicenter of the quake is facing an increasingly desperate situation. "The mayor of Amatrice, Sergio Pirozzi, warned that aftershocks are gnawing away at the few accessible entry points that remain in the town, and that it could be completely shut off if conditions worsen," Livesay reports. Other towns also face bridges and road closures. Also on Sunday, Pope Francis announced plans to travel to the impacted area during his Sunday Angelus service. "I want to renew my spiritual closeness to the inhabitants of the area that was heavily hit by the earthquake. I will visit you and personally offer the comfort of faith, as soon as possible," the Pope said, as Christopher reports. Meanwhile, the majority-Catholic country held its first Sunday mass service since the earthquake struck. In the town of Ascoli Pecino, the bishop told worshipers this tragic story about two sisters, as Eleanor reports:  "Nine-year-old Giulia, whose body protected her younger sister Giorgia. The five-year-old Giorgia lived, while Giulia died. Giulia was one of the victims honored in a state funeral Saturday. A note had been left on her coffin by the firemen who rescued her sister. It said: 'Ciao, little one. Sorry we arrived too late.'"

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Attack On University In Pakistan Kills At Least 20. -- Fire At Dubai High-Rise Tower Is Blamed On Electrical Issue In Spotlight. And here are more early headlines: Coast Guard Suspends Search Off Hawaii For Missing Marines. (KHON-TV) Portland Demonstrators Tell Armed Group On Federal Land To Go Home. (KOPB) Global Selloff In Asian Markets Continues. (MarketWatch) Report: Kurd Militias Tearing Down Arab Homes In Iraq. (Amnesty International) ISIS Confirms Suspicion That "Jihadi John" Killed. (New York Times) U.S. Official Urges China To Show "Leadership" With North Korea. (Yonhap) Fairy Tales May Be Older Than Some Religions. (Discovery News) To Help Some Farmers, Coconut Trees Aren't Trees Anymore In Indian State. (AP)


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Question: Man's Ancient Friend: 6,000-Year-Old Dog Remains Found On Arabian Peninsula

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As archeologists in Saudi Arabia excavated an ancient tomb last year, they were surprised to find the remains of a dog buried alongside humans some 6,000 years ago. "It was an incredibly exhilarating moment," archaeologist Hugh Thomas says. "Suddenly it dawned on us: Wow, do we have the oldest domesticated dog in Arabia?" The burial placement suggested that the dog was domesticated, Hugh says. Signs of aging and arthritis on the dog's bones corroborated the theory because wild animals would not have lived such long lives. Given how old the tomb was, Thomas suspected he may have found a historically early example of a pet dog. He wanted to use carbon-14 testing to date the remains to see whether he had a discovery on his hands.  Then COVID-19 hit. The team packed their things and rushed out of Saudi Arabia, leaving behind a mass of archaeological evidence. While home in quarantine, Thomas began writing a study about the land survey and submitted it for publication. The publishers inquired about how old the dog remains were. The best Thomas could provide was a broad estimate based on the human bones. Then suddenly, a tiny piece of the dog's jawbone was extracted from the site and submitted for carbon-14 testing. It turned out to be the oldest domesticated dog in the region. The 6,000-year-old remains aren't groundbreaking; one of the earliest accounts of dog domestication is from 14,000 years ago in Germany. But this discovery does give researchers a clue about ancient life in the region. "Little facets like this, like a single dog bone being C-14 dated, suddenly becomes a major part of the story of these people," Thomas says. "It ties in really nicely with the rock art that we have in the region showing packs of dogs used for hunting." Thomas' team combined the bone sample with other types of evidence to get a clearer understanding of history. A big piece of the historical puzzle was rock art — paintings and etchings on slabs of rock created by people thousands of years ago. Archaeologist Maria Guagnin, who specializes in rock art, teamed up with Thomas to develop the historical narrative around this now-oldest example of Arabian dog domestication. "There's always been this debate," she says. "How much control did humans actually have over these dogs? Just from bone remains, you can't really answer that question. In the rock art, we could see there were leashes, and there was clear control over dogs. ... It was quite a close relationship." In addition to leashes, the rock art shows dogs helping with hunting and other parts of daily life.  "Of course, a bond would grow between these people and the dogs," Thomas says. "The same way that we have a bond with dogs today."

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Jordan Strikes At ISIS; Obama Said To Be Preparing To Request War Powers. -- Pilots Of Doomed Taipei Flight Faced Problems With Both Engines. And here are more early headlines: French, German Leaders To Fly To Moscow To Discuss Ukraine. (Telegraph) Heavy "Pineapple Express" Storm To Hit West Coast. (Los Angeles Times) IMF Officials Offer $100 Million In Debt Relief To 3 Ebola-Hit Countries. (Guardian) Australian Prime Minister Faces Internal Leadership Challenge. (New York Times) Kansas Governor Will Reduce Education Spending To Close Budget Gap. (Kansas City Star) Virus Kills A Fourth Giant Panda At Chinese Rescue Center. (South China Morning Post) Canal Builders In Nicaragua Discover 15,000 Ancient Relics. (AP) Obituary Jokes That Seahawks' Superbowl Loss Led To Man's Death. (Time)


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The provided query could be '['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "Chris Rock Stars In Newest Season Of 'Fargo'"]' and the positive '['represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr\n\n\nExamples:\n\n\n"It began with anxiety and depression. A few months later, hallucinations appeared. Then the Texas man, in his 40s, couldn\'t feel the left side of his face. He thought the symptoms were because of a recent car accident. But the psychiatric problems got worse. And some doctors thought the man might have bipolar disorder. Eventually, he couldn\'t walk or speak. He was hospitalized. And about 18 months after symptoms began, the man died. An autopsy confirmed what doctors had finally suspected: the human version of mad cow disease, called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.* The case, published Wednesday in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, is only the fourth one diagnosed in the U.S. In those previous cases, people caught the disease in another country. Right away the man\'s diagnosis raised a new question: How did a rare disease linked to contaminated beef in the U.K. more than a decade ago get to a Texas man? Back in the early \'80s, British ranchers noticed some of their cows were dying of a strange neurological disease. The cows became aggressive. They couldn\'t walk. Eventually, scientists figured out the culprit. A rogue protein formed large clumps in the brain and spinal cord. Over time, the clumps spread throughout the brain and damaged tissue. Cows were catching the deadly protein from feed that contained ground-up brains of sheep and cows. Once ranchers stopped feeding their animals these organs, the disease almost vanished. But figuring all that out took time. And from 1980 to 1996, the U.K. continued to export contaminated beef around the world. More than 200 people in 12 countries died from vCJD. It can take more than a decade for symptoms to appear after a person is exposed to the mad cow protein. But in every reported case, people had eaten beef in the U.K. or in a country known to have imported contaminated meat. The source of the infection in Texas is less clear, says Dr. Atul Maheshwari, a neurologist at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. Maheshwari was one of the doctors who took care of the patient with vCJD, and he led the study. The patient had lived in the U.S. for 14 years before becoming sick. Maheshwari says he most likely didn\'t catch the disease here. The country has recorded only a handful of mad cow cases in cattle since it began testing in 2003. And the U.S. didn\'t import contaminated beef from the U.K. So Maheshwari and his team started tracking down where their patient had lived decades earlier, when the U.K. was exporting dangerous meat. The doctors narrowed down the source to three countries: Kuwait, Lebanon or Russia. None of them have reported any vCJD cases in people or had large outbreaks of mad cow disease in cattle. But Kuwait was importing a large quantity of beef, per capita, from the U.K. while the man was living there. "The risk of infection would have been highest in our patient when he lived in Kuwait," Maheshwari says. "But we do not think," he stresses, "that [the new case in Texas] means it is more risky now to eat beef today in Kuwait, Lebanon or Russia." Since 2012, there have been only four cases of vCJD detected in people around the world, including the one in Texas. And the U.K. has improved its tracking and monitoring of cattle. But Maheshwari hopes the case will have a few repercussions. First off, he hopes doctors and nurses will be more aware that vCJD, although extremely rare, can occur, even in people in the U.S. And the case will help remind health officials around the world that watching out for mad cow disease is still critical. It can crop up in new places, at any time. "Since 1996, there have not been any known large epidemics in cows," Maheshwari says. "But the U.S. has been monitoring the beef industry to make sure another epidemic does not occur."  *Note: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is related to another disease, called sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Caused by a human protein, sCJD is more common than vCJD but still quite rare, with about 1 case per 1 million people each year." == "\'Mad Cow\' Disease In Texas Man Has Mysterious Origin"', "Fargo, FX's popular adaptation, begins its new season. It's directed by Noah Hawley and stars Chris Rock as a gangster in 1950s Kansas City."]' and the negative '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "Stories: 1) Kevin Costner, Dancing With Death Again 2) On DVD: 'Twin Peaks,' 'Seinfeld,' 'My So-Called Life' 3) Brad Bird and Patton Oswalt, Telling a Rat's Tale 4) 'American Gangster': An American Critique"]'

Question: New England Patriots

Toni Randolph of member station WBUR reports New England sports fans are savoring the Patriot's first Super Bowl victory. The Patriots pulled off a major upset over the St. Louis Rams.

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Carl reads three quotes from the weeks news: A Fearsome Foursome; A Coke or Pepsi Debate; Peter Parker's Broadway Debut.


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Question: International Space Station

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Guests: Marcia Smith Specialist in Aerospace Policy, Congressional Research Service Library of Congress Washington, D.C.  Robert Park Director of the Washington D.C. Office American Physical Society Professor of Physics  University of Maryland College Park, Maryland  John-David Bartoe Research Manager for the International Space Station  NASA's Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas  It's been called the "world's biggest science project," but after 20 billion dollars and more than ten years, the future of NASA's International Space Station is still up in the air. Will bailouts make the station fly? Or are we just throwing good money after bad? In this hour, we'll have a debate on the international space station.


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Question: Fresh Air Weekend: Octavia Spencer; Conductor Yannick Nézet-Séguin

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Fresh Air Weekend highlights some of the best interviews and reviews from past weeks, and new program elements specially paced for weekends. Our weekend show emphasizes interviews with writers, filmmakers, actors and musicians, and often includes excerpts from live in-studio concerts. This week: 'I Always, Always Fight': Octavia Spencer On Demanding More From Hollywood: Spencer plays businesswoman Madam C.J. Walker in a new Netflix series Self Made. Walker was born on a plantation in 1867 and built an empire selling hair and makeup products designed for black women. Highly Watchable, Yet Lacking Spark: 'Little Fires Everywhere' Fails To Ignite: Hulu's new eight-part series uses the fraught encounter between two families — one well-off and white, one bohemian and black — to raise tricky questions about race and social class.  'This Is Why We Play': Amid Pandemic, Philadelphia Orchestra Livestreams Beethoven: The Philadelphia Orchestra has shuttered its doors in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conductor Yannick Nézet-Séguin reflects on their final performance — streamed for people at home. You can listen to the original interviews and review here:  'I Always, Always Fight': Octavia Spencer On Demanding More From Hollywood Highly Watchable, Yet Lacking Spark: 'Little Fires Everywhere' Fails To Ignite 'This Is Why We Play': Amid Pandemic, Philadelphia Orchestra Livestreams Beethoven

Stories: 1) Anita O'Day: Revisiting A Classic Voice 2) Harvey Kurtzman: The Comics World's 'Mad Genius' 3) Zooey Deschanel, From Actress To Indie Rocker 4) Foul Mouths And A Penetrating Farce In 'The Loop'


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Question: World Economic Forum

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NPR's Julie McCarthy reports from the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, where British Prime Minister Tony Blair today called for a new round of global trade talks. He acknowledged that last month's World Trade Organization in Seattle -- plagued by protests -- was a setback. Blair also outlined fundamental reforms he believes are needed for the European Union to flourish.

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Chicago Outreach Coordinator Works To Stop Violence Through Intervention

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NPR's Michel Martin speaks with Marcus Mitchell, community outreach manager with the Institute for Nonviolence Chicago, about his work to prevent gun violence in his community.

Good morning - here are some stories we're following today: Luxury Cars Do Poorly In New Type Of Crash Test. Unsealed Documents 'Hint At The Evidence' In Colorado Shootings. N.J. Gov. Chris Christie, Fla. Senator Marco Rubio To Give Key Speeches At Republican National Convention. (National Journal) Western Wildfires Destroy Homes, Leave One Firefighter Dead. (AP) Defected Syrian Prime Minister Claims Assad Regime Is Collapsing. (BBC) In A Change, Iran Now Welcomes Aid For Earthquake Victims. (VOA) French Youths Clash With Police For Second Night. (Reuters) Violence Turns Deadly Between Two Unions At South African Platinum Mine. (AllAfrica.com) Educational Accrediting Agency Issues Warning To Penn State. (USA Today) Conn. Woman Wrongly Billed For 25 Years For Streetlights, Gets Refund. (Hartford Courant)


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Question: International Criminal Court

Guests:

 Lee Casey
 * Partner, Law Firm of Baker & Hostettler (Washington, DC)
 * Former Attorney Advisor for Constitutional and International Law at the U. S. Department of Justice

  David Scheffer
 * Senior Vice President, the United Nations Association-USA
 * Former Ambassador at Large for War Crimes during the Clinton Administration

  Constance Stelzenmuller
 * Foreign Policy and Security Editor, DIE ZEIT (German newspaper)

  The United States has threatened to pull its peacekeepers from the international mission in Bosnia as early as next week. At issue? Immunity for US soldiers from a newly created International Criminal Court. What's behind the US objections? Can the court really work without US support? The US and the new war crimes court.


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Question: Donald Trump's First Week As President: What's Reality In The Show

The first week of the Trump administration has been marked by a flurry of executive actions — and lots of bombast and argument with the press. President Trump's executive actions — in the form of orders and memorandums, which differ slightly — aim to show that President Trump will deliver on the promises made by Candidate Trump. And the actions hit on many of the most contentious issues in American politics: Trump moved to repeal the Affordable Care Act, remove roadblocks from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, impose a hiring freeze on federal employees, withdraw the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border and withhold federal funds from so-called sanctuary cities. Along the way, Trump and his surrogates claimed to have drawn the largest-ever inauguration crowd (he didn't), said that 3 million to 5 million votes were illegally cast (no evidence of that), softened his stance toward the CIA and said that he would announce his pick for the Supreme Court next week. The Senate approved four of his nominees for high-level positions, and 10 others have finished their confirmation hearings and await votes. And it comes as congressional Republicans huddle to figure out a legislative way forward with the new president. Here, we take a look at the biggest issues and where they stand, one week into the Trump presidency:  Affordable Care Act Within hours of being inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States, Trump signed an executive order that seeks to "ease the burdens" of the Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare. The order allows the head of the Department of Health and Human Services, or any other agency with authority under the law, to not enforce regulations that impose a financial burden on a state, company or individual. What are the consequences? It's not totally clear yet. The order is so broad that it's possible it could dismantle key parts of the ACA before a replacement plan is ready owing to a potential lack of enforcement of some of the tax provisions like the mandate, the requirement that if you don't have health insurance, you have to buy it. That's despite previous statements from Republican lawmakers that a replacement plan would immediately follow repeal. What happens next? The action adds a lot of confusion to an already complicated system. Trump's pick to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, Rep. Tom Price, hasn't yet had his confirmation hearing or vote. He will be responsible for administering the program and exchanges run by the federal government for states that opted not to create their own systems. Price is an opponent of the ACA, and congressional Republicans are vowing to repeal the law. But they haven't yet settled on an alternative. Trump has also confused matters with a pledge to offer "insurance for everybody," though congressional Republicans say they assume he means "access" for everyone.  Immigration and a border wall On Wednesday, Trump signed two executive orders related to immigration and border security, shortly after the new head of the Department of Homeland Security, Marine Gen. John Kelly, was sworn in. "Beginning today, the United States of America gets back control of its borders," Trump said. What are the consequences? The move communicated that Trump planned to follow through with his oft-spoken-of plan to build a border wall, estimated to cost $15 billion or more. The fallout was immediate: Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto canceled a planned visit to Trump in Washington next week. What happens next? Trump and Congress need to figure out how to pay for it, for starters. Though Trump has repeatedly said he would make Mexico pay for the wall, on Wednesday he told ABC News that the U.S. will be "reimbursed at a later date" by Mexico for the costs of building the wall. Congressional Republicans vowed to come up with the funding during a policy retreat Thursday in Philadelphia, though they did not specify how. On Thursday, White House press secretary Sean Spicer told reporters that one way the administration is considering paying for the wall is via a 20 percent tax on imports from Mexico — a cost that would mean that U.S. consumers would, in fact, pay for the wall. Ironically, that was part of a congressional plan that Trump, less than two weeks ago, derided as "too complicated." Hours later, the White House walked it back, saying there are many funding options being considered.  Voter fraud On Monday, Trump told congressional leaders in a bipartisan, bicameral meeting at the White House that that he would have won the popular vote, were it not for 3 million to 5 million votes cast against him by "illegals." When asked about it at the Tuesday press briefing, Spicer affirmed that "the president does believe that." It was revealed by the New York Times that Trump is partially basing his belief on a story he heard thirdhand from a professional golfer, born in Germany, who wasn'

Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: The Bear Necessities

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The man who wrote the book on the collapse of Bear Stearns talks about what happened a decade ago and where we are today.

The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: How One Video Game Unflinchingly Tackles Racism With History And Raw Interactions

It's 1968 in New Bordeaux, La. On the surface all looks tranquil as you drive through the bustling city in your red Pontiac, tapping your foot to Sam Cooke's "Chain Gang." But as you take a sharp left down a winding back alley, an alarming sight gives you pause. Behind you, trucks painted with the Confederate flag begin to appear, the white men behind the wheel angry and visceral as they shout racial slurs. Your name is Lincoln Clay. You're a 23-year-old biracial man — but in this place, this time, you're black, and instances of racism and bigotry are commonplace. This is Mafia III, an action-adventure video game developed by Hangar 13 and published by 2K Games. It's a game that, in a lot of ways, meticulously adopts and adapts from the racial and political history of the era. And it's become a provocative and in some ways cathartic alternate reality that directly confronts gamers of all walks of life with the reimagined raw trials of a protagonist rarely featured by the industry. The game's authentic use of past racial tensions isn't the crux of the plot — its premise is similar to other Mafia games, in which a protagonist goes up against the mob. But their presentation is heavy and deliberate. Senior writer Charles Webb says the creators wanted to spark players' consciousness without overindulging in a history lesson. "One of the things I'm really, really proud of is we've kind of created this game of empathy," Webb says. "This is what it was like to occupy this space, as this particular type of person, as a young black man in 1968 in the South." Grounded in history As you drive throughout the city or make a pit stop for some quick cash, music of the era — Nina Simone or Janis Joplin — keeps you company. News broadcasts reflect the period, announcing tragedies like the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. or the arrests of Freedom Riders. "We attached ourselves to this idea of the documentary. It gets you to think about how have things changed, if at all," says Creative Director Haden Blackman. The writers say they did extensive research, studying films, documentaries and literature, including The Trials of Muhammad Ali; The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975; the James Baldwin debates with William F. Buckley from 1965; and Matterhorn: A Novel of the Vietnam War. The writers cited "The Ballot or the Bullet," speech from April of '64 by Malcolm X as a primary influence. An invisible character by the name of "The Voice" delivers evidence of this research: As a radio personality, he often speaks directly to the player, providing critical commentary and analysis of the prejudice and injustices within this reimagined narrative. "Being able to have him as this 'voice of the people' in the city, especially of the marginalized, specifically black community, at the time — it's one of those things that really helps tie things together," says Senior Writer Ed Fowler. "The way that it evokes the time and still resonates today speaks to many things, just in general in our world right now." 'Scared as all get-out' With so much history involved, the team admits the game's subject matter can be, at times, grueling and potent. As Clay, you go on a mission to dismantle the Ku Klux Klan and confront other white supremacists groups on numerous side quests. You hear racial slurs and witness hateful acts against African-Americans. The police watch you — always. The game's open world is abundant but you, the player, are not welcome in every aspect of its landscape, simply on the basis that you are you. The ambiance of bigotry — quiet or bombastic — is consistent, whether in hateful glances when you walk through areas reserved for "whites only" or the seemingly increased police presence when you stroll through predominantly white suburbs. The team knew the game had the potential to be polarizing. "I was definitely scared, scared as all get-out," Webb says. "It was very important to our team as a whole to hammer home to be authentic and true to the period, and that's a fine line ... not only respecting how hostile this space might be toward Lincoln but also figuring out ways to not make it completely repellent to the player." It all appears to have worked, as Mafia III became the fastest-selling title by 2K Games, with more than 4 million units shipped in the first week. But despite the game's positive reception, some reviewers have argued that its excessive and chaotic violence overshadows the abuse black and brown people experienced during the era, as The Verge's Chris Plante has argued:  "A black man lynching a white man in the American South in 1968 is an arresting image, except its power is undercut by the game's pace. It takes no time to unpack what we're seeing, let alone acknowledge that, below the hanging man, fester dozens of other men murdered by Lincoln Clay."  Female representation Still, Mafia III inches away from the familiar tropes of shoot-'em-up games. One of them is the poor depiction of women, who are often

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Actress Angelina Jolie Shares Story Of Her Double Mastectomy. -- Russian Security Service Claims To Have Uncovered CIA Agent. -- Afghan Taxes Weigh Heavily On U.S. Contractors, Report Says. -- Book News: Amazon Debuts Its Virtual Currency. Other stories of the morning: -- "IRS Officials In Washington Were Involved In Targeting Of Conservative Groups." (The Washington Post) -- Associated Press Blasts Justice Department's Search Of Reporters' Phone Records. (Morning Edition) -- Cleveland Kidnappings Suspect Was Previously Accused, But Not Formally Charged, With Abusing Common-Law Wife And Threatening Neighbors. (The Plain Dealer) -- New Orleans Police Identify One Suspect In Mother's Day Shooting That Injured 19. (The Times-Picayune) -- "Comfort Women" Were "Necessary" During World War II, Prominent Japanese Politician Says. (BBC News)


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Question: Hormone Replacement Therapy

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Commentator David Kessler describes the postive and negative effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy. (3:08) See NPR's expanded coverage.

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Criminal Charges in HP Spying Scandal. CDC Study Shows Health Effects of Perchlorate. End Music.


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International Criminal Court

NPR's Michele Kelemen reports that the world's first permanent war crimes tribunal came a step closer to reality today, despite opposition from the United States. At the U.N. today, 10 countries formally handed in papers for ratification of the Rome Treaty, establishing the court. Many lawmakers and Bush administration officials have voiced concern that an international tribunal might try American servicemen or women on politically motivated charges.

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EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: Houston Astros Win World Series

The Houston Astros beat the Los Angeles Dodgers to capture their first World Series title in the franchise's 56-year history.

Stories: 1) Going 'One On One' With Sports' Greatest Stars 2) At Midseason, Serial Dramas Serve Up Big Twists


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Question: United Nations Population Fund

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Karen Grigbsy Bates discusses the implications of the Bush administration's decision to cut funding for the United Nations Population Fund with Gloria Feldt, the president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America and Stephen Moore, the president of the Club for Growth.

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Question: World Trade Organization

Liane speaks with Owen Ullman, Business Editor of USA Today, about the collapse of the World Trade Organization meetings in Seattle this past week. Outside the meeting, the delegates were met by angry demonstrators and inside, they were unable to agree on the best way to foster continued economic growth and international trade.

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Question: In Iowa, A Commitment To Make Prison Work Better For Women

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The warden at the women's prison in Iowa recently instructed her corrections officers to stop giving out so many disciplinary tickets for minor violations of prison rules, like when a woman wears her sweatshirt inside out or rolls up her sleeves. It's a small thing. But it's also part of a growing movement to reconsider the way women are treated in prison. Called "gender-responsive corrections," the movement is built on a simple idea: that prison rules created to control men, particularly violent ones, often don't work well for women. That women come to prison with different histories from men — they're more likely to be victims of violence, for example — and they need different rules. Something as trivial as an inside-out shirt? That could signify a gang affiliation in a men's prison. In a women's prison, the inmates might just like how it looks. At the newly built Iowa Correctional Institution for Women, Warden Sheryl Dahm has endorsed the idea. Every corrections officer there is getting trained in these differences. "Having someone be authoritarian, or for lack of a better word, in power and controlling, is not what we want in here," Dahm said. Officers are being trained to listen to prisoners more, give them more freedom — about how they wear their clothing — and to discipline them less. Discipline is a focus of the new thinking because punishment designed for men often gets applied to women in unequal and harsh ways. That's the finding of an investigation by NPR and the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. We found that women in prison are punished at significantly higher rates — often two to three times more often than men — for things that prisons classify as more minor violations of prison rules. We collected data from men's and women's prisons in 15 states and found that women are more likely than men to be punished for infractions like talking back to, disobeying or cursing at a corrections officer. Even citations for minor infractions can lead to significant punishments for women. They can get time added to their sentence or go to solitary confinement. They can lose privileges, including permission to see visitors or to use the phone. Those matter: Because women in prison, far more than men, are the caregiving parent for a minor child. "The punishment of women is more egregious than for men," says Kathy Tyler, a prisoner at the Iowa Correctional Institution for Women. And punishment for minor violations, she says, makes it hard for women to think they can change while in prison. "If you get disciplined, it insinuates that you're a bad person or that you're a rule breaker or you are not honorable." The policy about rolling up shirtsleeves or wearing a sweatshirt inside out is an example. "It's not gang related," said Dahm. "Women want to have control over how they look, about how they present themselves. ... Maybe she had a coffee stain." 'I Thought I'd Seen It All' Gender-responsive corrections is a concept that grew out of research into the paths women take to prison, and how those are generally different than for men. Many women come to prison for property and drug crimes. They commit fewer violent crimes than men and are less likely to use a gun. Additionally, some 75 to 90 percent of women in prison have been the victims of previous sexual or physical violence. Dr. Jerome Greenfield, who runs health services for all of Iowa's prisons, says prison officials often underestimate the level of abuse in the lives of women before they get to prison. He left a psychiatry practice in Des Moines several years ago to first work as a staff psychiatrist on the mental health ward at the women's prison. "Through the years of my practice, I thought I was a seasoned psychiatrist. I thought I'd seen it all," he says. But when he came to work at the women's prison, "that's when I really saw and heard traumatic stories that were just beyond belief," Greenfield says. "I saw patients that had been chained for months at a time in a basement. Sold as property. Victims of Satanic rituals. But it goes even beyond that, because then in their homes, they were, many of them, beaten to the point of having traumatic brain injuries." Many women coped, he says, by "using drugs at an early age. Methamphetamine. Heroin. Anything to dampen the anguish." And many developed serious mental illnesses. A large percentage of men in prison and jail have been diagnosed with mental health problems, but the percentage is even higher among incarcerated women. Still, in prison, women are less likely than men to be violent. Becki Ney, a pioneer of gender-responsive corrections, says the survival skills that help women outside prison walls may get them in trouble inside prison. When a corrections officer — especially if it's a man — gives a command in a harsh voice, or even grabs a woman, women are apt to react in a way that leads to discipline. "You may fight back. You may lash out. You may isolate. You may cut yourself,"

Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Hormone Replacement Therapy

NPR's Snigdha Prakash reports that women have mixed feelings about a recent findings that hormone replacement therapy may carry a variety of health risks. While some worry that HRT will lead to cancer, strokes and other ailments, others say the doses of estrogen are good for the body and soul.


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Question: World Economic Forum

NPR's Julie McCarthy reports from Davos, Switzerland, that the annual World Economic Forum got under way today amid concern over a downturn in the U.S. economy. This year's event did not draw as many top leaders to Davos as last year's 30th anniversary meeting. The Bush administration -- in the midst of confirmation hearings -- sent no senior official to Davos. Swiss police have mounted a huge security operation to prevent the kind of "anti-globalization" protests that have surrounded recent meetings of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organization.

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: National Weather Service

Noah speaks with Kevin Darmofal, a lead meteorologist for the National Weather Service about the deadly tornadoes that hit Plains states yesterday. Darmofal talks about tracking tornadoes using radar equipment and reports from volunteer tornado spotters.

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School Funding, Focus On Technology, National Audubon Society, The Android's Dream, Chase's Calendar of Events, Letters from Iwo Jima, Commentary: Exercise and Pre-teen Martial Arts


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Question: Cannes Film Festival

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Host Bob Edwards talks to Kenneth Turan, film critic for the Los Angeles Times, about the 53rd Cannes International Film Festival which opened in France this week.

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Question: World Trade Organization

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At the end of a rocky, contentious and protest-filled week in Seattle, the World Trade Organization has failed to launch a new round of global trade talks. As NPR's John Ydstie reports, there was no shortage of opinions about why the talks failed.


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Question: Holy Guacamole! Avocados Are Pricey And It's The Pits

What's a Mexican restaurant without guacamole? What's a hipster cafe without avocado toast? Some restaurateurs may be contemplating these questions this summer as the price of avocados has spiked to almost double the price a year ago.    In Los Angeles' Boyle Heights neighborhood, El Tepeyac Cafe uses loads of avocados for its delicious homemade guacamole. In fact, it goes through about 50 boxes of the fruit every week. Operations manager Bernadette Thom says the restaurant has no choice but to pay more.  "I mean, we're in a Mexican restaurant, and everything pretty much on our plate requires guacamole," she says. "So to completely be out of it would not work." El Tepeyac has been around since 1955, and Thom says the owners are resigned to price spikes. She says they try not to charge customers more, but in the past they have had to resort to charging a bit more during price spikes. The higher prices also mean they have to shop around. "We always find avocados somewhere," says Thom. "If we can get a different quality or different sizes, like a little bit cheaper and they're a little bit smaller, or a different kind of avocado, then we'll do that as well too, until we can get through it." There's a simple explanation for expensive avocados, says David Magaña, a senior horticulture analyst in Fresno, Calif., with RaboResearch: "We have the highest or the strongest demand for avocados in the U.S., probably ever."  Magaña analyzes wholesale prices from Mexico, which supplies most of the United States' avocados. He says 24-pound cartons of midsize avocados from Michoacán are selling for $66 each. That's 91% more expensive than they were a year ago. And prices were even higher earlier this month. Magaña says fruit and vegetable production is always subject to weather conditions. This year, production of California avocados was way down. "Remember that last year we had a heat wave in California late in July, August?" he asks. "That impacted blooming. It started later than normal, and yields were lower this year." He says Mexican farmers had to take up the slack for California, so they sent their best.  But now they're running out. As a result, some LA taquerias have been selling guacamole without avocados — without disclosing this to customers, reports Javier Cabral, the new editor in chief of the alternative news outlet L.A. Taco. "The secret ingredient that I'm sure, you know, no taqueria would ever be 100% proud to admit is Mexican summer tender, little squash," he told NPR's All Things Considered. "The Mexican variety is light in color, almost the color of a nice buttery avocado. ... It's scary how much this fake guacamole tastes like the real guacamole." When California avocados are out of season, the restaurant Sqirl simply takes avocado dishes off the menu. The popular eatery, in LA's Silver Lake neighborhood, is known for its gourmet avocado toast: an entire avocado on a thick slice of country bread from a local bread-maker, with garlic creme fraiche and topped with hot pickled carrots and homemade za'atar. "It's kind of wild and quirky, not what you think of avocado toast," says chef and owner Jessica Koslow. Sqirl's avocado toast goes for $10 a slice. Koslow says she believes avocados are a luxury item, and she uses only those grown locally in California  — and only when they are in season. "So that's where the challenge comes in," she says.  "How do you have avocados year-round? We don't. But we're not everyone else." By now, Koslow is used to seeing high prices for avocados everywhere. "Last year I was in New York and I saw avocados being sold in the Lower East Side for $4 an avocado," she says. "That shocked me. I remember laughing and taking a photo of it. And now it doesn't surprise me." The good news is that prices are expected to be lower by September, as production ramps back up in Mexico.

Stories: 1) How 'Italian Food' Became A Global Sensation 2) Cyro Baptista: Sounds From Everywhere, Evoking Home 3) How Western Diets Are Making The World Sick 4) 'We're Broke': Empty Bank Accounts, Empty Meaning?


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Question: Rudy Giuliani To Advise Trump On Cyber Issues

The incoming Trump administration has found a job for former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani. The Trump team announced Thursday that Giuliani will "be sharing his expertise and insight as a trusted friend" on cyber-security matters. Giuliani was a surrogate and adviser to Trump during the campaign. He had reportedly been under consideration for a variety of high-level posts in the new Trump administration, including Secretary of State, a job he expressed interest in. But no such high-level post was offered. Now, Giuliani will be leading a team of experts from the corporate world because of his "long and very successful government career in law enforcement, and his now 16 years of work providing security solutions in the private sector," according to a statement issued by the Trump transition office. Giuliani himself, in a phone call with reporters, compared the issues with cyber security to cancer, saying if all the people doing cancer research were brought together, "you might be able to cure it." Giuliani said there's an "awful lot of research going on both here, in Israel, in Germany on cyber defense." His job he said, will be to bring those experts to the President-elect so they can share with him their solutions. Cyber security has become emerged as a key issue for the Trump team. U.S. intelligence agencies have fingered Russia for hacking email servers at the Democratic National Committee with the aim of helping the Trump campaign. Trump on Wednesday conceded Russia was behind the hacks (although it "could have been others," he said), but he denied they helped win him the election. He said he would create a panel that would recommend within 90 days steps to take to end what he called the new hacking "phenomenon." Giuliani said he will focus on bringing "things the private sector (is) doing" regarding cyber defenses to the President-elect's attention. Of course, corporations have not been immune from hacking either, as customers of Target and Home Depot who had their credit accounts stolen can attest, or employees of the Sony Corporation whose e-mails were hacked. It's not clear exactly what Giuliani's title will be, and whether he will be paid for his advice. Giuliani is chairman of the global-security practice at the Greenberg Traurig law firm and has his own security-consulting company.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Rep. Duncan Hunter And His Wife Indicted For Using Campaign Funds For Personal Uses

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Rep. Duncan Hunter, R-Calif., says charges filed by the Justice Department against him and his wife for allegedly using campaign funds for personal uses are politically motivated.

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- New Reports Of Chemical Weapons In Syria; Dozens May Be Dead. -- School Clerk In Georgia Persuaded Gunman To Lay Down Weapons. -- Kodak Reinvents Itself, Judge Approves Bankruptcy Exit. -- Book News: Barnes & Noble Founder Pulls Plug On Buyback Plan. Other news: -- "New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach." (The Wall Street Journal) -- "Marian McPartland, 'Piano Jazz' Host, Has Died." (The Record) -- Army Pfc. Bradley Manning To Be Sentenced For Leaking "Reams Of Classified Information." (The Associated Press) -- "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Appears At Risk Of Falling Apart." (The Washington Post) -- U.S. Soldier Who Killed 16 Afghan Civilians Faces Angry Villagers At Sentencing Hearing. (The Associated Press) -- Family Of James DiMaggio Requests DNA Samples From Family Of Hannah Anderson. (CNN.com)