Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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E.g. ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'New England to advance to a Super Bowl matchup with the Chicago Bears, who bashed New Orleans. Tony Dungy of the Colts and Lovie Smith of the Bears will be the first black head coaches in the Super Bowl. ESPN columnist Jemele Hill talks with Steve Inskeep about winners and the losers in the NFL playoffs. STEVE INSKEEP, host:  Here is the game that kept some of us up late last night. The Indianapolis Colts beat New England, 38-34. The Colts now go to the Super Bowl to play the Chicago Bears who knocked off New Orleans earlier in the day. And for the first time, two black head coaches will be in the Super Bowl. Joining us now to talk about the games is ESPN\'s sports columnist Jemele Hill. Good morning.  Ms. JEMELE HILL (Sports Columnist, ESPN): Good morning.  INSKEEP: Let\'s talk about the coach of the Colts first, Tony Dungy. He\'s up against Bill Belichick of the New England Patriots in that game last night. Bill Belichick is obviously far more famous after winning some Super Bowls. But it was Dungy whose team kept coming back again and again.  Ms. HILL: Yeah. It was a very significant win not only for Tony but also, I think, for Peyton Manning and the whole Colts franchise, who had yet to get over the hump. They\'ve sort of been the favorite, I guess you can say going on two straight years, maybe possibly three, depending on how you look at it. And it was a significant victory just because they finally sort of overcame their arch-nemesis a little bit, the team that had tormented them more in the playoffs than any other.  And so it\'s definitely significant on that end. And also, I think it was important for Tony Dungy to - after what happened in Tampa Bay, with him sort of ending his time there because he was unable to win, quote, "the big one," or get to the big game," I think this is an important step in his career. And a lot of people are rooting for him, from a sentimental perspective, just given the suicide of his son last year. And I think a lot of people in the league and his fans and other people know that he\'s one of the good guys in sports. This is a big moment.  INSKEEP: Let me just mention. You said Peyton Manning. Of course he\'s the Colts\' quarterback who had knack on him for not winning the big games until this one. Interesting coaching moment at the end of the first half. Colts are way behind. They have a chance to go for a touchdown. Manning seems to want to go for a touchdown. And it\'s the coach, Dungy, who says, no, be safe, kick a field goal.  And then tells an interviewer at half time, we\'re going to be fine. We\'re going to score at the end of the - at the beginning of the second half. And we\'re going to get right back in this ball game, which is exactly what happened.  Ms. HILL: Yeah. And I think that took a lot of courage, because I think a lot of coaches in Tony Dungy\'s situation probably would have panicked, and maybe thought that they would have needed to throw the ball a little bit more, and kind of pass their way out of it, or try to just get everything back in a couple of series and possessions.  But I think it was important that, you know, he waited until the Colts offense gained the rhythm. And that\'s how they were able to attack. And all they needed to do was score on that first possession of the second half. And that - INSKEEP: All right. Now, tell me about the coaching match-up here between the Bears\'s Lovie Smith and Tony Dungy, which is what we\'ll see at the Super Bowl.  Ms. HILL: It will be interesting because, you know, they\'re both really good friends. Lovie Smith considers Tony a mentor. So I think there is a deep personal relationship there that we don\'t typically see in Super Bowls. But it will be interesting just because you\'re going to have a team, Chicago, one of the best defenses in NFL this year versus a sort of offense, a team that is known for their offense. So this will be like the best defense versus one of the NFL\'s best offenses.  INSKEEP: In just a couple of seconds, do you see a favorite?  Ms. HILL: Yeah. I think the Indianapolis is going to be the heavy favorite for this one.  INSKEEP: Over Chicago.  Ms. HILL: Over Chicago. They\'re going to be the heavy favorite. No question.  INSKEEP: Okay. We\'ll be checking to see what happens. Jemele Hill of ESPN, thanks very much.  Ms. HILL: Thank you.  INSKEEP: She\'s a sports columnist for ESPN, covering the games yesterday. Indianapolis won to go to the Super Bowl. And Chicago won to get the other berth.  (Soundbite of music)  You\'re listening to MORNING EDITION from NPR News.'] == ['represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth:\n\n\nThe query could be \'Siding With Mayor, Judge Rules Against Occupy Wall Street Protesters\' and should be close to \'A State Supreme Court judge has backed New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the owners of Zuccotti Park, saying police had a right to enforce rules that prohibit camping at the park overnight. In the pre-dawn hours, Bloomberg ordered the removal of protesters from the park. Earlier, another Supreme Court judge had issued a temporary injunction and ruled the protesters could return to the park with tents and sleeping bags. As we reported, earlier, at issue here was whether the city and owners of the park were imposing "reasonable time, place and manner restrictions," which are permitted under the First Amendment. In his ruling, Judge Michael D. Stallman said despite being privately owned, for the purposes of this ruling he would assume the owners are bound by the First Amendment. However, he said the protesters had "not demonstrated that they have a First Amendment right to remain in Zuccotti Park, along with their tents, structures, generators and other installations to the exclusion of the owner\'s reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park, or to the rights to public access of others who might wish to use the space safely." The New York Times\' City Room blog reports on the hearing and both sides\' arguments:  "Alan Levine, one of the civil rights lawyers representing the protesters, said that not allowing the protesters to return with their sleeping bags and tents was akin to stifling their message. "\'The power of the symbolic speech resides in the fact that it is a 24-hour occupation,\' Mr. Levine said in court. \'It an essential part of their speech that they are able to protect themselves from the weather.\' "Despite the protesters\' constitutional protections, they were violating the parks\' purpose for the public, said Sheryl Neufeld, a lawyer for the city. "\'It requires them to maintain it in a manner that is accessible to all, all the time,\' Ms. Neufeld said. \'The protesters took over the park for their own means.\'"  Update at 7:11 p.m. ET. Protester\'s First Meeting:  Live video of Zuccotti Park shows that protesters have started their first post-eviction General Assembly meeting. If you haven\'t seen one of these things before, the protesters have come up with a creative way around the no-amplification rule at the park. One person talks and the rest of the crowd repeats what they\'ve said so everyone can hear. "We\'re really happy to be here," said one of the protesters as the crowd echoed his words. "Last night was really hard. We lost a lot, but have so much more. They showed us their power and we\'re showing them ours." Update at 6:39 p.m. ET. Live From The Park:  Tim Pool, of the The Other 99 Percent, which has been covering the protests is live-streaming from the park using his cell phone. You can find his stream here. While it\'s unedited and raw, it gives you a feel of what\'s going on at the park: Update at 6:27 p.m. ET. What\'s Next?:  The Nation talked to a few  of the protesters outside of the courthouse, earlier today. They spoke to 31-year-old Alejandro Varela who had this to say about the future of Occupy Wall Street:  "Varela explained that physical space was a crucial factor in Occupy Wall Street\'s ability to attract supporters. \'We\'re reclaiming the commons. These parks were designed as places to talk, to share ideas, perhaps over a meal.\' He added that the location of Zuccotti Park in the financial district gave it a chance to send its message directly toward its intended recipient: Wall Street. \'We disrupted "business as usual" by being there,\' he said. \'We were a reminder that what Wall Street does is negative society.\' "But with or without the park, most Occupy supporters do not appear ready to back down from the momentum the movement has gained through laborious organization, ongoing outreach and visible public actions. \'No one piece of this movement is indispensable, except people—not even the park,\' said Varela. \'We need people most of all. Without the park, we\'ll just have to be more creative.\'"  Update at 6:16 p.m. ET. The New Rules: The New York Civil Liberties Union is keeping tabs on what the new rules of the park are. The organization is tweeting @nyclu and they report: So we have it confirmed from a white shirt that folks can stay the night, as long as no tent or sleeping bag No musical instruments either now. They rejected an accordion and guitar People are being denied entry because of "large" bags. One guy rejected for having a football. Update at 6:08 p.m. ET. Park Re-Opens:  Mayor Bloomberg announced that Zuccotti Park is now reopen. Protesters are allowed back in, but they can\'t camp out. The mayor released a statement that read in part:  "The court\'s ruling vindicates our position that First Amendment rights do not include the right to endanger the public or infringe on the rights of others by taking over a public space with tents and tarps. The City has the ultimate responsibility to protect public health and safety and we will continue to ensure that everyone \' but very far from \'Good morning - we\'re following these stories today. \'Epic\' Wildfire Sends Tens Of Thousands Scrambling For Safety In Colorado. Sign Of Peace: Queen Elizabeth Shakes Hand Of Former IRA Commander. Syrian Rebels Attack Pro-Government TV Station. (Reuters) On The Left, Rangel Survives; On The Right, Hatch Handily Wins. Weakened Tropical Storm Debby Still Pouring On Florida. (CBS) Stockton, Calif. Stops Bond Payments, Moves Toward Bankruptcy. (Los Angeles Times) Two Weeks After Firing Her, University Of Virginia Leaders Rehire University President. (Washington Post) Federal Judge Suspends Sales Of New Galaxy Tablet In Patent Dispute With Apple. (ComputerWorld) ACLU Will Represent Georgia Klan Chapter In Adopt-A-Highway Dispute. (Atlanta Journal Constitution) Search Continues For Victims Buried In Canadian Mall Roof Collapse. (Toronto Star)\'', 'Coaches in Focus as Colts, Bears Advance']


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Question: Miss America Says Farewell To Its Swimsuit Competition, Embracing 'Whole New Era'

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Updated at 11:20 a.m. ET Miss America is waving goodbye to its swimsuit competition, scrapping one of its most iconic elements in an attempt to shift the annual ceremony's emphasis from its longtime focus on contestants' physical beauty. "We are no longer a pageant; we are a competition," Gretchen Carlson, the chairwoman of Miss America's board of directors, announced Tuesday on ABC's Good Morning America. "We will no longer judge our candidates on their outward physical appearance. That's huge." Carlson says the change, together with a move "revamping the evening gown competition," is intended to change the very nature of the program — to one that is "open, transparent, inclusive to women who may not have felt comfortable participating in our program before." "We have always had talent and scholarship," Carlson added, "and we need to message that part of the program better, as well." And she said the change will be all but immediate — with the move set to be implemented when the next edition is held on Sept. 9 in Atlantic City, N.J. Cara Mund, who holds the current title of Miss America, welcomed the move as ushering in a "whole new era," emphasizing it with a tweet depicting a bikini going up in smoke. That's apt, considering that Miss America's origins rest with an "Inter-City Beauty Contest" started in the early 1920s, with the prize going to "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America." The new era is also partly represented by Carlson herself. A former Miss America, back in 1989, the ex-Fox News anchor stepped up to helm the competition earlier this year. She was later joined by its first-ever all-female leadership team. When those latter appointments were announced last month, the organization heralded the move as a marker of "progressiveness, inclusiveness and empowerment." As NPR's Vanessa Romo reported at the time, it was also an attempt to recover from scandals involving Miss America's last leadership team:  "An investigation by HuffPost unearthed three years worth of emails in which several high-ranking officials exchanged denigrating messages about the sex lives, weight gain, and intellect of past Miss Americas. Among those involved were CEO Sam Haskell, board chair Lynn Weidner, and President Josh Randle, all of whom stepped down from the organization."  Carlson has waged her own war against sexual harassment in the workplace, alleging that former Fox News Chairman Roger Ailes created a "pervasively sexist atmosphere" at the company and made unsubtle suggestions that she could further her career by sleeping with him. Weeks after she filed her lawsuit against the network's parent company, Ailes stepped down and she later settled the suit for $20 million. The legal battle came just over a year before allegations against disgraced Hollywood megaproducer Harvey Weinstein helped inspire the #MeToo movement. That movement, which saw women telling their stories of sexual harassment and assault, has implicated powerful men in a gamut of industries — including, arguably, the men who once led Miss America. But Carlson said Tuesday that the focus of this move isn't on the past but rather squarely on the contestants themselves: "We're not going to judge you on your outward appearance, because we're interested in what makes you you." "Whatever they choose to do," Carlson added, "it's what comes out of their mouth that we're interested in when they talk about their social impact initiatives."

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Most Victims Of Friday's Massacre In Syria Were Executed, U.N. Says. -- Good News: Beryl Weakened. Better News: It Drenched Parched Areas. -- Italy Rocked By Second Deadly Quake. -- How Do You Spell Precocious? 6-Year-Old Spelling Bee Contestant Would Know. Other top stories: -- "Secret 'Kill List' Proves a Test of Obama's Will and Principles." (The New York Times) -- "Meet 'Flame,' The Massive Spy Malware Infiltrating Iran's Computers." (Wired's Threat Level blog) -- "Romney Ready To Claim GOP Nomination After Texas Primary Today." (The Associated Press) -- Jury In John Edwards Trial Starts Seventh Day Of Deliberations. (The Associated Press) -- Bob Dylan, Madeleine Albright, John Glenn To Each Receive Medal Of Freedom Today. (Minnesota Public Radio)


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Question: Actor Paul Reubens, 'Pee-Wee Herman'

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The complete 45-episode series of the TV show Pee-Wee's Playhouse is now out on DVD. Reubens originally created the Pee-Wee character at the Los Angeles improv group called The Groundlings. Pee-Wee's Playhouse went on the air in 1986. It ran on CBS for 5 years, garnering 22 Emmys.

One of America's funniest funny men has died at 81. Harvey Korman appeared on the Carol Burnett Show and on Blazing Saddles, as what the AP calls a "natural second banana." It's the Most. Comic powerhouse Harvey Korman dies at 81/ Japanese scientists create microscopic noodle bowl/ Japanese woman lived in man's closet/ "Uncontacted tribe" sighted in Amazon/ Eddie Murphy back in "Beverly Hills"


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Question: Martin Luther King Jr.

NPR's Joshua Levs reports on the ceremonies in Atlanta marking the holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Among the speakers paying tribute to the slain civil rights leader at Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King once preached, was First Lady Laura Bush.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers

Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. We feature an interview with biologist ROBERT SAPOLSKY about the effects of stress on humans and animals. Sapolsky is one of the first researchers to chart the effects of chronic stress, digestive problems and loss of libido, to name just a few. (Rebroadcast from 08/17/98)interview continuesinterview continues12:58:30 NEXT SHOW PROMO (:29)                           PROMO COPY               On the next archive edition of Fresh Air. . . The bestseller "Blind Man's Bluff" about America's Submarine espionage during the cold war is now in paperback. We feature an interview with the authors: SHERRY SONTAG and CHRISTOPHER DREW. That's coming up on the next Fresh Air.

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Stories: 1) Actor Peter Fonda, Headed West to 'Yuma' 2) What Part of 'Smart Aleck' Don't You Understand?


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Question: Prosecutor Releases More Documents Related To Ferguson Shooting

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St. Louis County Prosecutor Robert McCulloch made public nearly two dozen additional documents related to the investigation of police officer Darren Wilson, who fatally shot an unarmed black man last summer. It was the second time in a week he had released more documents related to the Nov. 24 grand jury decision not to indict Wilson for the fatal August shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. Among the new documents is a transcript of a police interview with Dorian Johnson, the young man who was with Brown at the time of the shooting. The first batch of material was released shortly after the grand jury's decision. At the time, McCulloch had promised the release was the entirety of the documents related the case. "Clearly, I inadvertently omitted some material" from the initial release, McCulloch said on Saturday. "I apologize for any confusion this may have caused." In the transcript, Johnson tells detectives that in the Aug 24 shooting he heard four shots and that before he was hit, Brown raised his hands and shouted that he was unarmed. "Once the officer fired the second shot at my friend Big Mike [Brown] I knew he was struck because he instantly stopped in his tracks," he said. "He stopped running. His hands were in the air before he turned around. "My friend went all the way down in the fatal [sic] position," Johnson said. "I watched him take every, several more shots. I watched his facial expression." The Associated Press notes:  "Johnson's account to investigators was generally similar to his later grand jury testimony, in which he portrayed Wilson as the aggressor during a struggle that began at the officer's vehicle and led to a brief chase before Brown's fatal shooting. "In both his original interview and his Sept. 10 grand jury testimony, which was previously released, Johnson said that Wilson reached out of his vehicle window toward Brown's throat or shirt. During the ensuring struggle, Johnson said he never saw Brown touch Wilson's gun."

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Actress Angelina Jolie Shares Story Of Her Double Mastectomy. -- Russian Security Service Claims To Have Uncovered CIA Agent. -- Afghan Taxes Weigh Heavily On U.S. Contractors, Report Says. -- Book News: Amazon Debuts Its Virtual Currency. Other stories of the morning: -- "IRS Officials In Washington Were Involved In Targeting Of Conservative Groups." (The Washington Post) -- Associated Press Blasts Justice Department's Search Of Reporters' Phone Records. (Morning Edition) -- Cleveland Kidnappings Suspect Was Previously Accused, But Not Formally Charged, With Abusing Common-Law Wife And Threatening Neighbors. (The Plain Dealer) -- New Orleans Police Identify One Suspect In Mother's Day Shooting That Injured 19. (The Times-Picayune) -- "Comfort Women" Were "Necessary" During World War II, Prominent Japanese Politician Says. (BBC News)


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Question: After The Trip Seen 'Round The World, Syrian Refugee Builds A New Life

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Last September, Miguel Ángel Galán was busy in his office south of Madrid when he happened to glance up at a TV on in the background. He was shocked by what he saw: footage of a Hungarian TV camerawoman kicking migrants and refugees as they scrambled across a field on the Serbia-Hungary border. A Syrian man, carrying his child in his arms, tripped and fell to the ground. "It made me so angry! I felt such repugnance for that journalist, and such compassion for the man with his child in his arms. So I started searching the Internet," Galán says. "I found out the refugee was a soccer coach back home in Syria. And that's the moment when I realized I might be able to help." Galán runs Cenafe Academy, the biggest soccer coaching school in Europe, headquartered in Getafe, south of Madrid. "At the time, we were looking for an external relations rep — someone who could strengthen our ties with the Arab world, America and China," says Galán. So he contacted an Arabic translator to help and started working the phones — until he finally reached Osama Abdul Mohsen, who by then had arrived in Germany. Would he like to move to Spain? Galán asked him. Within days, Abdul Mohsen arrived in Madrid with two of his sons, ages 17 and 8 — and a new job at Cenafe Academy, which sponsored his work visa. The Spanish government has granted them asylum. "I am very happy — very, very happy! Thank you," Abdul Mohsen told reporters who'd gathered at Madrid's Atocha train station in the middle of a September night to watch him arrive. Since then, Abdul Mohsen and his sons have become local celebrities. They were VIP guests at a Real Madrid game and met their idol, soccer superstar Cristiano Ronaldo. The family now lives a five-minute walk from Abdul Mohsen's new job, in a spacious, furnished apartment paid for by Cenafe Academy. On the mantel sits a soccer ball signed by all the Real Madrid players. In addition to providing his flat, Abdul Mohsen's job pays him about $1,300 a month — more than 1.5 times the Spanish minimum wage. He manages to send about two-thirds of that to his wife and two other children, who are still in Turkey, awaiting asylum in Spain. "I thought at first that maybe it was a joke!" Abdul Mohsen says, laughing. "But after another telephone call and another, and offers of a job and house, I thought, this is better for my future. So I came immediately." Abdul Mohsen says he rarely thinks about Petra Laszlo, the Hungarian camerawoman who tripped him. She lost her job with a right-wing affiliated channel after the footage emerged, and has since apologized. She has also threatened to sue the media for damaging her reputation. "I don't know, but I think she just doesn't like refugees," Abdul Mohsen says, shrugging. He says he feels lucky to have escaped war in his hometown of Deir ez-Zor, Syria — now under siege by ISIS militants — and to have found work and asylum in Europe. So many other Syrians have not. But on the other hand, "I feel unlucky because of what happened to my son. It's very, very difficult," he says. After Zaid, then 7, was kicked by Laszlo, he grew very ill, with a fever. They were sleeping outdoors in Hungary and then Austria, and it took days to find him a doctor along the migrant trail. Zaid still cries every night. "He's very small, and he needs his mama always," Abdul Mohsen says. "At night, it's always, 'Papa, I need mama, I need mama!' It's very difficult. He cries for an hour every night, and also in the morning." Zaid's teachers say he's doing well in school — learning Spanish quickly and making friends. Speaking a mix of Arabic and Spanish, the boy says he cannot remember his life in Syria or Turkey, where the family lived for two years after fleeing Deir ez-Zor. He just misses his mother. Abdul Mohsen is desperate to reunite with his wife and two other children, a son, 18, and a daughter, 13. "In Spain, I am very happy. All the people here have been very, very good to me," he says. "But I cannot live alone." The Spanish government won't grant his wife asylum without certain paperwork, which she hasn't been able to get from the Syrian Embassy in Turkey. So Abdul Mohsen says he's considering moving to another country — possibly back to Germany, though his dream is to go to the U.S. But he'd go anywhere safe where his family might be reunited. For now, Abdul Mohsen and his sons are learning Spanish and trying to adapt. Zaid tags along to evening practice sessions, where his father coaches Mohammad's local soccer team. Using gestures and broken Spanish, Abdul Mohsen drills the players: "Pase corto -- short pass! Pase largo — long pass! Correr — run! I know what the most important Spanish words are for me," Abdul Mohsen says, laughing. Then he sprints back to his team on the soccer field — his one real refuge, where language doesn't matter.

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E.g. ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "After months of campaigning, it all boiled down to Super Tuesday. Yesterday, 24 states held Democratic or Republican political contests. None of the candidates won convincingly in either of the races.  Farai Chideya talks with NPR senior Washington editor Ron Elving about yesterday's multi-primary results. FARAI CHIDEYA, host:  From NPR News, this is NEWS & NOTES. I'm Farai Chideya.  There is no rest for the weary. Yesterday, 24 states held Democratic or Republican political contest. So what happened?  Well, let's start with what didn't happen. None of the candidates won convincingly in either of the races.  Here is Republican Mitt Romney.  Mr. MITT ROMNEY (Former Republican Governor, Massachusetts; Presidential Candidate): One thing that's clear is this campaign is going on.  (Soundbite of crowd)  CHIDEYA: And here to break it down for us is NPR's senior Washington editor, Ron Elving.  Hey, Ron.  ELVING: Hello, Farai.  CHIDEYA: So I can hear a little weariness in your voice. Where you up late last night?  (Soundbite of laughter)  CHIDEYA: Anyway…  ELVING: It all sort of runs together.  CHIDEYA: Exactly. So, are we any closer to having a Republican or Democratic nominee after yesterday?  ELVING: Republican, yes. Democratic, no. I'm afraid that there's quite a contrast between the parties. The Republicans engineered their rules to try to reach consensus and get it done. And those rules went to work last night.  John McCain with an impressive performance, winning New York, California, Illinois, New Jersey - all but Massachusetts really. And Massachusetts after all is Mitt Romney's home state. And he also won in Utah, the most Mormon state, and several small caucus states.  Mitt Romney really did not make much of showing it all on Super Tuesday. He was eclipsed by Mike Huckabee who won five states on the south, but he won five states, including the large Georgia and somewhat smaller Tennessee. Pretty impressive to become at least a regional champion. So he really had more bragging rights yesterday than Mitt Romney who has to be, today, really taking a long look at how much of his own money he wants to spend on running in the south.  CHIDEYA: Well, you've mentioned Mike Huckabee. He was counted out by some people before yesterday. And let's hear a little bit from him.  Mr. MIKE HUCKABEE (Former Republican Governor, Arkansas; Presidential Candidate): Over the past few days, a lot of people have been trying to say that this is a two-man race.  (Soundbite of crowsd)  Mr. HUCKABEE: Well, it is. And we're in it.  (Soundbite of laughter)  CHIDEYA: So, where does that campaign go from here?  ELVING: I think the Huckabee campaign can go into a number of states that have either a Southern flavor or that are in the south, or that have a substantial number of evangelical voters, or it can go on and become the general receptacle for all people who don't want to accept John McCain as the nominee.  Now, McCain is about halfway to the delegate total that he needs to be the nominee, and he should be able to run up the rest in the remaining events as we go through February and March, maybe even into April. It shouldn't be a problem for him, and there does not seem to be a path for the Mitt Romney candidacy.  So if Mitt Romney decide to save a little bit of his personal fortune for his many heires, then Mike Huckabee could slide into the slot as the alternative Republican, remain in the race, do decently well. He's not probably going to take very many states away from John McCain but do well enough to essentially establish a claim to that number two slot on the ticket.  CHIDEYA: You've mentioned Romney's finances. He's been - he's a wealthy man. He's been dipping into his own millions of dollars by what amount? How much has he spent so far, you think?  ELVING: Well, $35 million of it is on the books. That's all been reported. I think everyone will agree that if he spent that much by the end of last year, he probably spent well over $50 million, when you count in all the January and all the Super Tuesday competitions. But some people think it could be substantially more than that. But certainly $50 million, maybe closer to $60, $65, $70.  CHIDEYA: Kind of hard to take the consolation prize when you put up that kind of money.  ELVING: It's true, but there's a fairly active dislike between Romney and the other two main Republican candidates. Huckabee and McCain have actually been collaborating a fair amount - Huckabee won West Virginia yesterday with support from McCain people. And it's entirely possible that Mitt Romney would just see what's going on here and decide tha he's not going to be the vice president. There's nothing really further for him to gain.  CHIDEYA: Well, let's talk about the Democrats. How did those two candidates do?  ELVING: We'll be talking about these two Democrats for quite some while because while Hillary Clinton won the dominant events, the mark-key events of California, New York, New Jersey, also Massach"] == ['represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr', 'Dems, GOP Closer to Choosing a Candidate?']

Stories: 1) Paul Greenberg: The Future Of 'Wild Fish' 2) Two Ladies: Are You Team Bella, Or Team Lisbeth? 3) Seventeen Years Later, The Blue Shadows Reach U.S.


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J

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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

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The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there's some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone's political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn't do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving's Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry's heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it's pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan's running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party's nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac

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Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


Question:
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Fewshots:
'['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Stories off the sidewalk']' == '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'For several years, StoryCorps booths have allowed ordinary people relate their own stories to be preserved in a huge and growing collection in the Library of Congress.']' != '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Old rockers come back for more wild times on the grapevine.']'

Question: What Are You Listening To?

Textbook editor Ben Scott is the latest contributor to the continuing All Things Considered series "What Are You Listening To?" NPR's Steve Inskeep listens along. His first choice is the fourth movement from Beethoven's Symphony No. 5. Scott began listening to classical music thanks to his high school history teacher who incorporated music into the curriculum. After hearing a Handel piece in class, he thought "I have to have this, and more of it!" He says he was probably the only kid in Concord, Mass., whose parents told him to "turn down that damn Beethoven!" While he says he doesn't like much music from the 20th century, Scott has also chosen a more contemporary piece -- "Saturday Night Waltz" from Aaron Copland's Rodeo. Scott says the lyric quality and calm beauty evokes the sunsets of Montana. His final selection is a Passacalle from the "Night Music of the Streets of Madrid" by Boccherini. The piece is supposed to evoke street musicians in Spain, and the violinists pluck their instruments like guitars. Scott says like the Copland piece, this composition has a transporting quality.

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Examples:

"['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'What is the role of race and language in the offenses branded as hate crimes? Columbia University law professor Patricia Williams and Farai Chideya take a closer look.']" == "['represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr.\nFor example, \'Worried About Your Wallet? Listen Up To Deficit Talk\' should have a representation like \'I have a few words about the series we are running this week. We are calling it "Show Me the Recovery," and we are going to try to explain some of the challenges and choices around the budget issues that our government leaders are grappling with right now on our behalf. As we mentioned in Monday\'s program, talk about the budget and deficits are dominating the headlines this week because President Obama appointed a bipartisan group to try to get a handle on reigning in the government\'s enormous and growing budget deficits, and, of course, the accumulating debt. That group is set to give its report on Wednesday after testing the waters with the chairmen\'s recommendations earlier this month. Meanwhile, another group headed by representatives of the two major political parties has released its recommendations already. Both groups call for a combination of spending cuts or caps on spending, plus tax increases. Can I just tell you? I know this can seem about as interesting as watching paint dry. It\'s like when you were in college and the administration asked for "student input" on some thing or another. You knew it was important, so you\'d find the nerdiest guy or girl in your class and try to get him or her to go so you could go party. But guess what? The party is over. Or it will be soon enough. Simply put, the government is spending more than it is raising in revenue, and it\'s borrowing to make up the difference. It\'s kind of like living on credit cards. At some point, that bill comes due and it can take up a bigger and bigger share of the budget. What happens then? Interest rates go up. Everything costs more, and there is less to spend on everything else, like our kids, our seniors or our technology. So these are decisions that affect everybody, and everybody deserves to understand what\'s on the table. This week we are also going to talk about what could improve economic conditions in the near term. Now, I know it\'s a lot more fun to talk about whether Kanye West is an idiot or a genius, and why Bristol Palin survived when anybody can see she can\'t dance. And if you\'re like most people, you\'re worried about getting ready for the holidays. And if you\'re like too many people, you\'re worried about getting through the holidays with less money in your pockets than you wish you had, or than you had last year. But worrying and planning are two different things. If you are worried about what\'s in your wallet, and let\'s face it, most of us are, then this is the time to listen up, because the choices our leaders make or don\'t make today will have a great deal to do with what\'s in your wallet tomorrow and your children\'s wallets later on. We are going to try to make it as simple as possible. But make no mistake: It\'s important. MICHEL MARTIN, host:  Finally, I have a few more words about the series we are running this week. We\'re calling it Show Me the Recovery and we are going to try to explain some of the challenges and choices around the budget that our government leaders are grappling with on our behalf right now.  As we said earlier in the program, talk about the budget and deficits are dominating the headlines this week because President Obama appointed a bipartisan group to try to get a handle on reining in the government\'s enormous and growing budget deficits and the accumulating debt. And that group is set to give its report on Wednesday after testing the waters with the chairman\'s recommendations about a week or so ago. Another group headed by two different people who also represent the two major political parties have released their recommendations already. Both groups call for a combination of spending cuts or caps on spending and tax increases.  Can I just tell you, I know this sounds about as interesting as watching paint dry. It\'s like when you were in college and the administration asked for student input on something or another and you knew it was important so youd try to find the nerdiest guy or girl in your class and try to get him or her to go so you could go party. But guess what? The party is over, or it will be soon enough. Simply put: the government is spending more than it is raising in revenue and is borrowing to make up the difference. Kind of like living on our credit cards. And just like your credit card, at some point the bill comes due and it is taking up a bigger and bigger share of the budget.  What happens then? Interest rates go up. Everything costs more and there is less to spend on everything else: On our kids, on our seniors, on technology, on everything else. So these are decisions that affect everybody and everybody deserves to understand what is on the table. We are also going to talk about what could improve economic conditions in the near term.  Now I know it\'s a lot more fun to talk about whether Kanye is an idiot or a genius and why Bristol survived when anybody can see she can\'t dance. And if you\'re like most people, you\'re worried about getting ready for the holidays. And if\' but very far from \'Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Syria\'s Chemical Weapons Facilities Destroyed, Watchdog Says. -- Big Papi, Worst-To-First; 1918: Your World Series Must-Knows. And here are more early headlines: New Cuts To Food Stamps Take Effect Friday. (Reuters) "Sophisticated" Drug Tunnel Discovered Between U.S. And Mexico. (CNN) New Jersey Senator-Elect Cory Booker To Be Sworn In Today. (Star-Ledger) FDA Warns Some Imported Spices Are Tainted. (Bloomberg) UC President Napolitano To Offer 5 Million To Illegal Immigrant Students. (AP) Twitter Sued Over Alleged Private Stock Sale. (Forbes) New Istanbul Rail Tunnel So Popular It\'s Disrupted By Crowds. (Guardian) Trick-Or-Treaters Headed For White House Halloween Party. (AP)\'.', 'Tying Hateful Language to Criminal Cases']"

Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: What Are You Listening To?

We want to know what you're listening to. We've been asking what's on your stereo or your iPod, or vibrating in your tooth fillings... even if it's not the music that the music industry is putting on right now. This week's selections come from Rob Bourdaud'hui of Washington, D.C. Bourdaud'hui is originally from England, but he's been living in the United States for more than 15 years. And in his selections for our segment, he didn't pick any British music. Instead, he started with a song by the Byrds. "Set You Free This Time" is from the album Turn! Turn! Turn!, released in 1965.  Bourdaud'hui says that as a teenager, he used to slow the song down on his turntable so he could figure out exactly what The Byrds' Roger McGuinn was playing on his 12-string guitar. Bourdaud'hui's second selection is "From a Photograph" off of Chris Whitley's album Rocket House. On the album, Whitley uses an acoustic resonator guitar, which dates back to the 1930s, and overlays the sound with washes of electric guitar. Whitley's music is moody and intense. Finally, Bourdaud'hui brings along Orchestre Baobab's "Jiin Ma Jiin Ma" from the album Specialist in All Styles. Orchestre Baobab is Senegalese, but their music sounds very Cuban.  Bourdaud'hui likes the hypnotic, relaxed sound of this band. He says it doesn't matter if you can't understand the language they're singing in. It's the groove that matters.

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Fewshot example: "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "This morning's first hour explores issues driving the contract impasse between the California State University system and its faculty."]" == "['', 'California State University vs. Its Faculty']"


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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Question: What Are You Listening To?

Every few weeks, All Things Considered calls on you... out there in radio land... to tell us what sort of music you're listening to. Construction worker David DelValle doesn't get to listen to too many tunes while he's working away building ramps at Logan Airport or doing other construction work around Boston. So he sings to himself and waits for a car to drive by that's playing something good. DelValle sent us his list of some of his songs of summer, starting with "Go Li'l Camaro Go" by the Ramones, with Debbie Harry of Blondie singing backup. It's from the Ramones album Halfway to Sanity, released in 1987. For the ride home after work, DelValle turns to a classic: "Dancin' in the Street" from Martha Reeves and the Vandellas. "The simple, pounding rhythm is perfect for a nice early evening drive," he says. His favorite version is from the 1965 album Dance Party. To DelValle, hot-weather weekends mean mixing with the folks: "A most cherished part of my summer is frequenting cultural festivals such as the Portuguese Festas do Santo Divino, the Italian St. Anthony's Feast and Fall River's Festival of the Americas," he says. "The traditional music one can experience at these gatherings can make a fine Saturday even more dandy." In that spirit, pick number three is "Chamarrita," a traditional Portuguese folk song of the type you might hear at a Portuguese summer festival. It's by Belaurora, off the album Traditional Music from Azores.

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Question: Frequently Asked Questions


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Question: Ancient Plague's DNA Revived From A 1,500-Year-Old Tooth

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Scientists have reconstructed the genetic code of a strain of bacteria that caused one of the most deadly pandemics in history nearly 1,500 years ago. They did it by finding the skeletons of people killed by the plague and extracting DNA from traces of blood inside their teeth. This plague struck in the year 541, under the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, so it's usually called the Justinian plague. The emperor actually got sick himself but recovered. He was one of the lucky ones. "Some of the estimates are that up to 50 million people died," says evolutionary biologist David Wagner at Northern Arizona University. "It's thought that the Justinian plague actually led partially to the downfall of the Roman Empire." The plague swept through Europe, northern Africa and parts of Asia. Historians say that when it arrived in Constantinople, thousands of bodies piled up in mass graves. People started wearing name tags so they could be identified if they suddenly collapsed. Given the descriptions, scientists suspected that it was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis — the same kind of microbe that later caused Europe's Black Death in the 14th century. The bacteria get spread by fleas. After someone gets infected from a flea bite, the microbes travel to the nearest lymph node and start multiplying. "And so you get this mass swelling in that lymph node, which is known as a buboe," says Wagner. "That's where the term bubonic plague comes from." The Justinian plague has been hard to study scientifically. But recently, archaeologists stumbled upon a clue outside Munich. Housing developers were digging up farmland when they uncovered a burial site with graves that dated as far back as the Justinian plague. "They found some [graves] that had multiple individuals buried together, which is oftentimes indicative of an infectious disease," Wagner says. "And so in this particular case, we examined material from two different victims. One of those victims was buried together with another adult and a child, so it's presumed that they all may have died of the plague at the same time." Skeletons were all that was left of the pair. But inside their teeth was dental pulp that still contained traces of blood — and the blood contained the DNA of plague bacteria. By decoding the bacteria's DNA, Wagner and a team of international scientists could trace the pathogen's evolutionary journey. They think the strain of bacteria that caused the Justinian plague jumped from rodents into humans and then died out, the team wrote Tuesday in the journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases. The later emergence of Black Death seems to have been caused by a separate event. The DNA also suggests that, like Black Death, the original source of the plague was in China, says microbiologist Paul Keim, another member of the research team at Northern Arizona University. "So the ecological reservoir for plague, the historical reservoir, is in China," Keim says. "And it's this emergence, this pattern over and over again, with people moving commodities, rats and fleas around the world that we're able to document." Overall, this ancient strain is not that different from modern ones that still circulate in places like Arizona, says Keim. "The biology of the pathogen no doubt could cause another pandemic if it weren't for the changes in human culture and medicine," Keim says. These days, though, antibiotics can quickly stop plague outbreaks in their tracks. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:  When people hear the words bubonic plague, they usually think of the Black Death, the epidemic that hit Europe in the 14th century. You learn about this in school. But the first recorded plague pandemic actually happened 800 years earlier, during the days of the Roman Empire. NPR's Nell Greenfieldboyce reports that scientists have now recovered the entire genetic code of the bacteria responsible for that ancient pandemic. NELL GREENFIELDBOYCE, BYLINE: This plague struck in the year 541, when the Roman emperor was named Justinian, so it's usually called the Justinian Plague. He actually got sick himself, but recovered. He was one of the lucky ones. DAVID WAGNER: Some of the estimates are that up to 50 million people died. GREENFIELDBOYCE: David Wagner is an expert on microbial genetics at Northern Arizona University. He says the plague swept through Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia. And it's thought that the Justinian plague actually led partially to the downfall of the Roman Empire. Contemporary accounts of this plague made scientists suspect it was caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, the same kind of microbe that later caused Europe's Black Death. The bacteria gets spread by fleas. After someone gets infected from a flea bite, the bacteria travel to the nearest lymph node and start multiplying. WAGNER: And so you get this mass swelling in that lymph node, which is known as a buboe. That's where the term bubonic plague comes from. GREENFIELDBOYCE: The Justinian plague has been h

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Jordan Strikes At ISIS; Obama Said To Be Preparing To Request War Powers. -- Pilots Of Doomed Taipei Flight Faced Problems With Both Engines. And here are more early headlines: French, German Leaders To Fly To Moscow To Discuss Ukraine. (Telegraph) Heavy "Pineapple Express" Storm To Hit West Coast. (Los Angeles Times) IMF Officials Offer $100 Million In Debt Relief To 3 Ebola-Hit Countries. (Guardian) Australian Prime Minister Faces Internal Leadership Challenge. (New York Times) Kansas Governor Will Reduce Education Spending To Close Budget Gap. (Kansas City Star) Virus Kills A Fourth Giant Panda At Chinese Rescue Center. (South China Morning Post) Canal Builders In Nicaragua Discover 15,000 Ancient Relics. (AP) Obituary Jokes That Seahawks' Superbowl Loss Led To Man's Death. (Time)


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Question: Homeowners Insurance

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NPR's Jack Speer reports on the increasing number of homeowners insurance policies that are being cancelled. Insurance companies say they had big losses last year because of property damage claims. Insurers have been dropping policyholders with homeowner's insurance who have filed only a few claims. The practice is legal, but the customers complain it's not fair.

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News Headlines: Jan. 16, 2007 Talk About It:ABC News: Safe to Eat That Cloned Cow -- "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reported that the meat and milk from cloned cows are safe for human consumption. The FDA said its decision came after extensive study of some 600 clones. The agency examined their health and the characteristics of the animals' meat and milk." More: Blogger Response Critics are skeptical, saying there are too many unknowns about cloned meat and milk. What do you think? And if it were to hit the market, would it unfairly affect the nation's poor (assuming the "real" stuff would be more expensive)? Election 2008:New York Times: 3 Winners, but No Anchor for Republicans Washington Post: Clinton, Obama Move From Talk of Race The Boston Globe: King's Son Says Clinton Erred Miami Herald: Clinton, Obama Spar Over Florida Nation:New York Times: Tenants Might Buy Birthplace of Hip-Hop The AJC: How Low? Atlantans Get a Saggy Pants Forum USA Today: Minority-Hiring Policy Stiffens for Major Football Programs Politico: War Rages, But Congress Moves On S.F. Chronicle: Residents Send Medical Gear to Native Ethiopia BBC: Black Women Get Cancer 'Earlier' World:New York Times: Protesters and Police Clash in Kenya The Jerusalem Post: African American-Israel Ties Saluted AP: 66 Nigerians Held on Trafficking Charges Op-Ed:Michael Chabon: Hey, Farrakhan and Cohen: You Can't Scare Me


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Question: Small Business Loans

NPR's Chris Arnold reports that two studies released this week show small business owners are having better luck when they go to the bank. Banks are approving more applications from small business owners, but analysts aren't sure whether the change will last for very long.

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For example, ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "One day after Tavis Smiley's 40th birthday, commentator Cornel West calls in to tell Smiley what that milestone meant to him."] should be similar to ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR.', 'Cornel West: A Tavis Smiley Milestone']

State to Impose New Emissions Rules for Small Engines. Solar Initiative Launches January 1. End Music.


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Question: New York City Marathon

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NPR's Margot Adler talks to Liane from the streets of Manhattan, where the New York City marathon is being run.

Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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E.g.
['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "Should Professors Be Allowed To Date Students? One Professor Says 'Yes'"] == ['Represent the following document', 'Professor-student relationships are nothing new. Movies have featured them, books have centered on them. Occasionally they’ve led to marriage. But they’ve also led to power struggles, charges of coercion and abuse of power. Now, an increasing number of schools are outright banning relationships – even consensual ones – between professors and undergraduates.\xa0The list of schools with these policies in place has grown to include Stanford, Harvard, Yale, The College of William and Mary, the University of Connecticut and Northwestern University. Laura Kipnis, a professor in Northwestern’s School of Communication, criticized her school’s policy in a controversial essay in the Chronicle of Higher Education, arguing that the ban assumes that professors are predators, and also that these policies infantilize students. Her essay was met with outrage by some students, two of whom filed a Title IX suit against her, claiming Kipnis was retaliating against students at her school who had filed a complaint against a professor. They also said she created a “chilling effect” on students’ ability to report sexual misconduct. The suits were eventually investigated and dismissed, and she responded with a second Chronicle of Higher Education article, responding to her critics and outlining what happened after the suits were filed. Kipnis joins Here & Now‘s Robin Young to discuss the articles and the firestorm they created. Guest\n\nLaura Kipnis, cultural theorist and critic, and a professor in Northwestern University’s School of Communication. She tweets @laurakipnis.'] != ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Louisville Player\'s Surgery A Success; Leg Break Shouldn\'t End His Career -- Texas On \'High Alert\' After District Attorney\'s Killing -- It\'s Almost Cicada Time! Help Radiolab Track #Swarmageddon -- Book News: Shakespeare Was A Tax Evader And Food Hoarder, Researchers Say -- If Something Smells Funny, Remember What Day It Is Other stories making headlines: -- "South Korea Vows Fast Response To North; U.S. Deploys Stealth Jets." (Reuters) -- "Drug Maker Novartis Loses India Patent Battle." (The Associated Press) -- In Southwestern Virginia, "3 Dead, Dozens Hospitalized" After Dense Fog Causes Multi-Vehicle Pileup. (The Roanoke Times) -- Prosecutors Weigh Pursuing Death Penalty In Colorado Theater Killings; James Holmes Has Offered Guilty Plea For Life Sentence. (The Denver Post) -- Atlanta Educators Indicted In Cheating Scandal To Turn Themselves In. (The Atlanta Journal-Constitution) -- Play Ball! Major League Baseball Season Gets Going. (MLB.com)']

Question: Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon

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Actor Kevin Bacon was first recognized in the 1982 film Diner. Since then, he's starred in more than 50 films. His most recent is The Woodsman, which is now out on DVD. He's also inspired the game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon,  in which players try to link another actor with Bacon in as few steps as possible. We rebroadcast an interview from Jan. 18, 2005.

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For example, ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'When Jill Lepore investigated the history and politics of breastfeeding for the New Yorker, she went beyond whether it\'s OK to nurse your baby in public.  Lepore writes about "the cynical politics of [breast] pump promotion," and how it has affected women in the workplace.'] should be similar to ['represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr', 'The Politics Of The Breast Pump']

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: National Weather Service

Noah speaks with Kevin Darmofal, a lead meteorologist for the National Weather Service about the deadly tornadoes that hit Plains states yesterday. Darmofal talks about tracking tornadoes using radar equipment and reports from volunteer tornado spotters.

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School Funding, Focus On Technology, National Audubon Society, The Android's Dream, Chase's Calendar of Events, Letters from Iwo Jima, Commentary: Exercise and Pre-teen Martial Arts


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Question: Weapons of Mass Destruction

Over the weekend, a defensive President Bush cited the discovery of what may be two mobile bio-weapons labs in answer to the question that's beginning to haunt his administration: Where are Iraq's weapons of mass destruction? Join host Neal Conan and guests for a discussion.

 Guests:

 NPR'S Tom Gjelten
 *NPR News national security correspondent

 Marvin Ott
 *Professor of National Security Policy at the National War College

 Sen. Christopher "Kit" Bond
 *Republican from Missouri

 Amy Smithson
 *Senior associate with the Henry L. Stimson Center

 Rep. Jane Harman
 *Democrat from California's  36th District

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Question: Peacekeeping in Africa

GUESTS: DENNIS JETT, Ph. D. *Author, Why Peacekeeping Fails. (St. Martin's Press, 2000) *U.S. ambassador to Peru from 1996 until 1999 and Ambassador to Mozambique from 1993 to 1996  DAVID SMOCK *Director, Africa Program, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC *Co-editor of African Conflict Resolution: The U.S. Role in Peacemaking (USIP 1995)   MOHAMED SAHNOUN *Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General on Africa  When several hundred poorly prepared UN peacekeepers were taken hostage in Sierra Leone, it marked only the latest in a series of embarassments for the United Nations in Africa. After failed missions from Somalia to Rwanda, can the international community develop an effective approach to nurturing peace in Africa?

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Episode # 1983 Inventing the newspaper in seventeenth-century England.


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Question: Weapons of Mass Destruction

Guest:

JOSEPH CIRINCIONE
*Author, Deadly Arsenels
*Director, Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace


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Question: Weapons of Mass Destruction

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Will the United States find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq?  If not, how will it impact President Bush's image at home and abroad?  NPR's Tavis Smiley discusses those questions with Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Norman Lockman, a syndicated columnist for the Gannett News Service and the associate editor of the Wilmington, Del., News Journal. Smiley also talks with Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Jonathan Capehart, the deputy editorial page editor of the New York Daily News.


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Question: Weapons of Mass Destruction

Host Bob Edwards talks with Joe Cirincione about his new book Deadly Arsenals: Tracking Weapons of Mass Destruction (publisher: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)


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Question: For Twist On Tradition, Try Mexican Mole Sauce On Turkey Leftovers

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Cuban-born chef, medieval scholar and chocolate expert Maricel Presilla has spent her life studying the culinary intersections of the old and new world. One of her favorite subjects is mole. The version of the sauce with lots of hot chili peppers, combined with chocolate, is known as mole poblano. It was created, legend has it, in 16th century Mexico to season a turkey dish, so it will be great for Thanksgiving leftovers. We revisit Here & Now host Meghna Chakrabarti’s conversation with Maricel Presilla in December 2013.
See Maricel Presilla’s recipe for mole poblano

Guest

Maricel Presilla, author of “Gran Cocina Latina: The Food of Latin America,” which won 2013 Cookbook of the Year from the James Beard Foundation. She is the chef and co-owner of Zafra and Cucharamama, two pan-Latin restaurants in Hoboken, NJ. She tweets @MaricelPresilla.

Good Friday morning, here are our early headlines: Kerry Warns North Korea, But Holds Out Hope For Diplomacy.  Dodgers' $147 Million Ace Greinke Breaks Collarbone In Brawl.  And here are more early headlines: Deadly Spring Storm Exits Midwest, Heads South. (AP) Authorities Intercept Suspicious Package Addressed To Controversial Arizona Sheriff. (Arizona Republic) Bankruptcy Judge Rejects $20 Million Severance For American Airlines CEO. (Dallas Morning News) NASDAQ Cuts Its CEO's Bonus Over Bungled Facebook IPO. (Reuters) Venezuelans To Vote On Sunday For Chavez Successor. (Bloomberg) Bailed Out Cyprus To Ask For Fresh Financial Help. (BBC) Early American Christian Hymnal Could Fetch $30 Million At Auction. (Christian Post) Seaweed Latte, Bacon Coffee Featured At National Barista Competition. (CBS) At Masters Tournament, 14-Year-Old Golfer Plays Beyond His Years. (ESPN)


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Question: Weapons of Mass Destruction

The failure of the administration to find the weapons of mass destruction it accused Iraq of having is prompting increased calls for a look at the information that was used to justify the war. NPR's Tavis Smiley talks with Loren Thompson, chief operating officer for the Lexington Institute, and Phyllis Bennis, a senior fellow with the Institute for Policy Studies. They will discuss the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.


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Question: Weapons of Mass Destruction

Host Joe Palca talks with Dana Priest of The Washington Post about the congressional hearings this past week on U.S. intelligence regarding Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Priest says the hearings are more than routine oversight by the House and Senate intelligence committees. At the same time, because of popular support for the President Bush's policy on Iraq, there is limited political pressure on the Democrats to aggressively investigate whether the administration exaggerated the Iraqi weapons threat.

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Question: Alexa Interrupts Chipmaker Qualcomm Presentation At CES

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The Qualcomm representative was saying smart speakers can recommend hotels and restaurants while people are driving. Alexa said, "That's not true." It's not clear why Alexa chimed in at that point.

Good morning, here are our early stories: Democrats Unleashed Some 'Dubious Or Misleading Claims,' Fact Checkers Say. Michelle Obama: 'Being President...Reveals Who You Are.' And here are other morning headlines: Deadly Shooting Breaks Out At Victory Party For Quebec's First Female Premier-Elect. (CTV) U.N. Says Nations Arming Both Sides In Syrian Conflict. (Reuters) Hurricane Isaac Washed Old Tar Ashore In Louisiana, Triggering Fishing Restrictions. (AP) Pirates Off Nigeria's Coast Hijack Oil Tanker. (BBC) Unification Church Readies For Thousands Attending Rev. Moon's Funeral. (AFP) Striking Workers March Near Troubled South African Platinum Mine. (AFP) Apple Issues Invitation To Mystery 'Event': Could It Be A New IPhone? (CNET) The Pigs Of 'Angry Birds' Fame Get Their Own Mobile Game. (Los Angeles Times)


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Question: Investigating War Crimes

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NPR's Christopher Joyce reports from the Kosovo town of Krushe Vogel on how war crimes tribunal investigators are trying to retrace the trail of murder and destruction that has led to the indictment on war crimes charges of Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosevic and four close advisors.

Lethal Injection Hearings Continue. Violent Crime Wave Sweeps Tijuana. End Music.


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Question: Mothers and Daughters

This program will feature stories and poems that explore the relationship between mothers and daughters: The Unnatural Mother by Charlotte Perkins Gilman; The Sempstress by Colette; Girl by Jamaica Kincaid; Where Is the Water by Jan Shoemaker; and Anne Sexton's poems Pain for a Daughter and Mothers. January 4, 2008

Stories: 1) Crucial Moments, Courageous Decisions 2) Lafayette Gilchrist: '3'


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Question: The Kindness of Strangers

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I believe in the kindness of strangers. I learned to believe this from a hurricane and a newborn baby boy.  Our son Owen was born just as Hurricane Katrina approached the Gulf Coast.  Two days later, as Katrina neared landfall, Owen began suffering seizures; he'd had a stroke. I didn't follow the catastrophe on the Gulf Coast as closely as I might have, but those weeks taught me some things about catastrophe and about the kindness of strangers.  All catastrophes are personal. Some in the Gulf Coast sought survival; some sought to help others. Some prayed; some preyed upon others.  At the hospital, we watched our son Owen sleep. Despite the tubes dripping and the monitors beeping, he still slept his baby sleep. My wife asked for the pastor; I asked for the doctor. She prayed for him. I held the CAT scan up to the light and searched for answers. No one can know what you will feel or fear in a time of need, but I learned that in this, the most difficult time of my life, the people our family depended upon most were people we had never met, people who we would likely never see again -- strangers. We depended upon strangers, strangers who knew their duty was to help others. We depended upon the nurses who cared so well for our son, who cooed to him and caressed him, who watched me hold him through the night and never seemed to notice how ugly a man is when he cries. We depended upon the hostel that gave us a place to stay near the hospital, upon the members of my union who believe caring for our child's health should not ruin us, upon the doctors and clerks and ambulance drivers. We depended upon a commitment made to helping others. This commitment is a web that holds us together in times of need. By the time we took Owen home, the worst effects of Katrina were evident. I watched the images from the Gulf Coast, images of communities, lives and families whose fabric had been torn apart. I thought of that web of strangers that had embraced my family in our time of need, and that it is the most fortunate among us who are served best by it.    I can only hope this web will be strong enough, that it will be spun wide, that it will hold and care for many, that we can all depend upon the kindness of strangers.      Unidentified Man #1:  I believe in honor, faith and service.       Unidentified Woman #1:  I believe that a little outrage can take you a      long way.       Unidentified Man #2:  I believe in freedom of speech.       Unidentified Woman #2:  I believe in empathy.       RENEE MONTAGNE, host:       On Mondays, we bring you our series This I Believe, short statements of      personal conviction from prominent people and from our listeners and      citizens at large.  Daniel Ferri teaches sixth grade at a middle school      west of Chicago.  He is one of more than 7,500 of you who have sent us      essays.  Here's our series curator, independent producer Jay Allison.       JAY ALLISON reporting:       In reading your essays, we find that moments of crisis often clarify      belief. During Hurricane Katrina, Daniel Ferri had a crisis of his own      far away from the storm, but he saw clearly that the belief that      sustained him is the same one that people in trouble everywhere need to      rely upon.  Here is Daniel Ferri with his essay for This I Believe.       Mr. DANIEL FERRI:  I believe in the kindness of strangers.  I learned to      believe this from a hurricane and a newborn baby boy.  Our son Owen was      born just as Hurricane Katrina approached the Gulf Coast.  Two days      later, as Katrina neared landfall, Owen began suffering seizures.  He'd      had a stroke.  I didn't follow the catastrophe on the Gulf Coast as      closely as I might have, but those weeks taught me some things about      catastrophe and about the kindness of strangers.       All catastrophes are personal.  Some in the Gulf Coast sought survival.      Some sought to help others.  Some prayed.  Some preyed upon others.  At      the hospital, we watched our son Owen sleep.  Despite the tubes dripping      and the monitors beeping, he still slept his baby's sleep.  My wife asked      for the pastor.  I asked for the doctor.  She prayed for him.  I held the      CAT scan up to the light and searched for answers.       No one can know what you will feel or fear in a time of need, but I      learned that in this, the most difficult time of my life, the people our      family depended upon most were people we had never met, people whom we      would likely never see again, strangers.  We depended upon strangers,      strangers who knew their duty was to help others.  We depended upon the      nurses who cared so well for our son, who cooed to him and caressed him,      who watched me hold him through the night and never seemed to notice how      ugly a man is when he cries. We depended upon the hostel that gave us a      place to stay near the hospital, upon the members of my union who      believed caring for our child's health sh

Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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Question: Technology Transfer to China

NPR''s Peter Overby reports that after several months of investigation, a congressional panel says that two U.S. aerospace companies sent sensitive technological information to China.

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EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: The United States Marine

The United States Marine Band helps celebrate an all-American Fourth of July with two marches. Leonard Slatkin is the guest conductor, leading the "Country Band March" by Charles Ives and the march "Washington Post" by John Philip Sousa. Recorded earlier this year at D.A.R. Constitution Hall in Washington. (U.S. Marine Band Recording Lab)

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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------
Examples:
Provided: ['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "Movie Review: 'Troy'"] Match: ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Film critic David Edelstein reviews Troy, directed by Wolfgang Petersen (The Perfect Storm) and starring Brad Pitt as the Greek warrior Achilles.'] Hard Negative: ['', "Stories: 1) Alan Ball, Talking 'True Blood' and 'Towelhead' 2) Novelist, Songwriter Say 'You Are All My People'"]

Question: The American Century

Scott speaks with Harold Evans, author of "The American Century." (Alfred A. Knopf)

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Mothers and Daughters

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Given ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'James Der Derian was working on a book about his documentary film Human Terrain at the American Academy in Berlin when he heard about  an effort to negotiate a Berlin Memorial honoring American President Ronald Reagan. Der Derian recently spoke at the Academy about his findings, as well as Quantum Diplomacy, German-American relations, and a "Psychogeography" of Berlin. James Der Derian is Professor of Research at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University. He was a Bosch Public Policy Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin.'], a positive would be ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', "The 'Psychogeography' Of Berlin"]

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Question: Been There, Done That

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My time off may be over. The scheduling folks at Hopkins are trying to find a day when I can have a CT scan, blood work and a brain MRI. Oh yeah, there's also a 15 minute drug infusion that I need to get as well. It will be a busy day. I have to admit that I have gotten used to time off from all that. It's been a while since anyone had to stab me with a needle. Now, there are a couple of things that I'm not going to do. I'm not having another spinal tap any time soon. The risks just seem to outweigh the benefits. An MRI on my spine would be a waste of time, given all the metal that's there now. They wouldn't be able to see anything. But let's say we do see something troubling. Then what? I don't have a lot of options. We've pretty much used up radiation. Chemo really isn't an option for me. I joke with my doctors that I've already had just about every procedure there is, but that's not too far from the truth. So I'm left with that troubling question. If we find something, and I think the chances are good that we will, then what? I hope my doctors may have some new ideas, cause I sure don't.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Shawshank Reality, He Who Shall Not Be Elected, There's an app for that?


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Question: The Kindness of Strangers

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Guest:

Don George
 *Global travel editor for Lonely Planet Publications

 Simon Winchester
 *Author of Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded and The Map that Changed the World


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Question: How Does Your Garden Grow?

With rising food costs and a salmonella outbreak sickening over 1,000 people this summer, more Americans seem to be turning to their own backyards for produce.  Barbara Ellis, author of The Veggie Gardener's Answer Book, and Rosalind Creasy, landscape designer and author of The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping and Rosalind Creasy's Recipes From The Garden, share their tips for making your thumb a little greener and help supply food for your dinner table. IRA FLATOW, host:  It's summer time. It's a skyrocketing food-price time. Salmonella outbreaks that have sickened over 1,000 people this summer. Maybe you've had enough. You've decided, hey, I could grow these veggies myself. At least I know where they come from when I grow them. The seed is a lot cheaper than the stuff trucked in from across the country. So, you've started your own energy garden. You started an E-garden, let's call it. Well, you're not alone. We heard earlier from George Ball, the president of Burpee Seed Company, that growth in veggie and herb sales at Burpee has doubled. It's doubled this year.  So, a lot of folks are thinking like you are. But do your E-garden eggplant leaves look like Swiss cheese by this time of the year? Your tomatoes, are they covered with blight? Are these squirrels and rabbits treating your garden like it's their own salad bar? Well, what can you do? My next guests are here to talk tips on how to troubleshoot your summer - how to troubleshoot your summer plot, as we are well into the growing season, and maybe there are things not working out so well in our garden, and you'd like some advice.  Let me introduce my guest. Barbara Ellis is a garden writer and she's the author of too many books to name, but her latest is "The Veggie Gardener's Answer Book: Solutions to Every Problem You'll Ever Face." I think I feel like I'm Johnny Carson. Answers to every question you'll ever ask. Welcome to Science Friday.  Ms. BARBARA ELLIS (Author, "The Veggie Gardener's Answer Book: Solutions to Every Problem You'll Ever Face, Answers to Every Question You'll Ever Ask"): Thank you, Ira. It's good to be here.  FLATOW: I'm sure our listeners are going to come up with a problem that's going to be hard to solve because...  Ms. ELLIS: Well, everybody has unique problems in their own gardens, but there are certain problems that almost everybody has. So, it...  FLATOW: We'll get to them, believe me.  Ms. ELLIS: Yeah.  FLATOW: Let me also introduce Rosalind Creasy. She is a landscape designer who is credited with starting the edible-landscaping revolution. She is the - also the author of many gardening books, including "The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping," and most recently "Rosalind Creasy's Recipes From the Garden." Welcome to Science Friday.  Ms. ROSALIND CREASY (Author, "The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping: Home Landscaping with Food-Bearing Plants and Resource-Saving Techniques"): Thank you, Ira. Ira, Ira, Ira, you're all making it problems. So much of a time, it's not a problem.  FLATOW: Well, we'll talk about it. I'm a great gardener - I like to think of myself as a gardener, and I have had some garden problems myself this year. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK, if you need some garden advice. And let me ask, start up while we have folks lining up - queuing up on the phone lines. My biggest - you know what biggest problem is in my garden? Keeping the rodents out. The squirrels and the rabbits.  Ms. ELLIS: Yes.  Ms. CREASY: Yes.  FLATOW: You know...  Ms. CREASY: You want to take it, Barbara? And by the way, hi, Barbara. I haven't talked to you in years.  Ms. ELLIS: Hi, Roz. Your best defense for all those - all the creatures that want to share your bounty is a fence. And for things like rabbits and smaller rodents that get in, one is where you dig up - you dig a trench all the way around your garden and you have chicken wire lining the inside of the trench so that they can't dig under.  FLATOW: Right. I built a patio tomato this year, and I built this cage around it. And you know, nothing has gotten in, but the tomato is now outgrowing the cage.  Ms. ELLIS: Well, that's the problem with tomatoes. They require a much bigger cage than you ever think they will in the spring.  FLATOW: I'm sure they do. I guess that's a testimony to my green thumb, but it's not helping me, you know, having to restructure this cage.  Ms. ELLIS: Absolutely.  Ms. CREASY: May I make a...  Ms. ELLIS: Go ahead.  FLATOW: Please.  Ms, CREASY: Yeah, make a suggestion, and that is the next - for next year, put in a raised box that's about 18 inches, maybe two feet high, and underneath it, put in your wire, even stronger than chicken wire. You can use the little reinforcing wire that's about a quarter inch. And then put the rabbit wire up around it. They sell it by the yard, and you can just surround that and then you let your tomatoes grow over the top. It's too flimsy for them to climb up, and gophers and any of the moles and so forth can'

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May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: State of the Union Address

Forum assesses President Bush's State of the Union address.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: State of the Union Address

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Question: The Art of the Memoir

Three memoir authors join Farai Chideya to talk about the craft of writing your own story. Dominick Carter is author of No Momma's Boy. Kym Ragusa memoir is titled The Skin Between Us, and Thulani Davis put her family history down in My Confederate Kinfolk.