Question: Moody's Puts U.S. Credit Rating On Review For Possible Downgrade

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As the clock ticks down to the Aug. 2 deadline to raise the debt ceiling, Moody's Investor Service became the first of the big-three rating agencies to put the United States' triple-A credit rating on review for possible downgrade. Reuters reports:  In a statement, Moody's said it sees a "rising possibility that the statutory debt limit will not be raised on a timely basis, leading to a default on U.S. Treasury debt obligations."  In its release, Moody's explains the chance of default is low:  ... But no longer to be de minimis. An actual default, regardless of duration, would fundamentally alter Moody's assessment of the timeliness of future payments, and a Aaa rating would likely no longer be appropriate.  As the Washington Post reports, congressional leaders and the president had their fourth meeting in as many days today, but are still not closer to a compromise. Our friend Frank James at It's All Politics, wrote about a plan proposed by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) that would hand President Obama the power to raise the debt ceiling all by himself. But, today, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-VA) rejected McConell's proposal. The Federal Reserve Chairman, Ben Bernanke, told the House Financial Services Committee that Congress needs to raise the debt ceiling. The New York Times reports he said "failure to do so would cause 'huge financial calamity.' And he compared the arguments against an increase to 'having a spending spree on your credit card and then refusing to pay the bill.'" Update at 8:40 p.m. ET. Negotiations End On A Testy Note:  The meeting between President Obama and congressional leaders ended on a testy note, this evening. The president told lawmakers that they were confirming what many Americans already believe about their dysfunctional government. Obama then walked out of the cabinet room. NPR's Scott Horsley reports the president said, "Enough is enough." Other news outlets like Reuters, Associated Press, Politico and NBC News are reporting that the president and House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-VA) came to a head at the meeting. Scott adds:  Lawmakers are due back at the White House tomorrow when they'll take up the divisive issue of taxes. President Obama wants higher taxes on the wealthy beginning in 2013, to help cut the deficit.  Republicans have so far refused.

Good morning, here are the stories we're following today: Anti-U.S. Protests Spread; Attack Against U.S. Embassy In Yemen. (AP) Hints Of Progress In Chicago Teachers' Strike. (AP) Federal Reserve Ends Policy Meeting; Investors Wait For News On Possible Stimulus Action. (Wall Street Journal) Dutch Voters Back Pro-European Prime Minister; Centrist Leader To Form New Government. (Reuters) New U.N. Peace Envoy Arrives In Damascus, Syria. (Voice Of America) Cambodian Special Court Deems Khmer Rouge 'First Lady' Too Sick To Face Genocide Trial. (CNN) New York City Officials To Vote On Plan Reducing Super-Sized Sodas. (NBC New York) New Apple Smartphone Could Become Fastest Selling Tech Device Ever. (Businessweek) Atlantic Tropical Storm Nadine Close To Hurricane Strength, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center) New Species Of Monkey Discovered In Democratic Republic Of Congo. (Telegraph)


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Question: California State University vs. Its Faculty

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This morning's first hour explores issues driving the contract impasse between the California State University system and its faculty.

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Recession Drives Women Into Role Of Breadwinner

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There are a lot of women who earn more than their husbands, or have jobs once held only by men. But when you look at the U.S. economy as a whole, that's not what stands out. "Our labor market still remains highly segregated," says labor economist Heather Boushey of the Center for American Progress.  So far, 7.5 million jobs have been lost in this recession, and the lion's share of them — 75 percent — were held by men. Boushey says men have been hit hard during the downturn because they're concentrated in the industries most affected, including construction, auto manufacturing and Wall Street. Positions in these fields also pay pretty well. Meanwhile, more and more women have had to become their family's primary source of income. But women still don't make as much money as men.   Careers That Pay Less "So because women are concentrated in caring jobs, like child-care workers or nursing or home health aides, many of those are paid far less than comparably skilled male jobs," Boushey says. A woman today makes 77 cents to a man's dollar. That pay gap has held steady for the past decade. It means that when a woman becomes the breadwinner, her family must survive not just on less, but on less than half of their previous income.  Joan Entmacher, a vice president with the National Women's Law Center, says women are also less likely to get health insurance coverage on the job.  "They are still more likely to work part time and take time out of the labor force for unpaid care giving, which lowers their overall earnings and their opportunity to get other benefits such as retirement benefits," Entmacher says.  Stalled Legislative Action  There are bills pending in Congress to strengthen fair pay laws, to mandate paid sick days, and to make it easier to ask for a flexible work schedule. But this legislation is stalled. Entmacher hopes that families' increasing reliance on women's work during this recession will get lawmakers to pay more attention.  Entmacher says women have also been losing their jobs, and the toll has been especially hard on single mothers. In the latest month, unemployment among single moms hit 11.6 percent.   Overall, women's share of layoffs has been increasing, and could go up sharply if state and local governments shed more jobs, like teachers.  But the disproportionate losses for men in this downturn have given women's role in the economy a sizable boost. It's pushed their share of jobs toward an all-time high of 50 percent. Boushey says that rise is part of a long-term trend.  "When you look from the period from the mid-1970s to today, if you are a married couple and you don't have a wife working — your standard of living is exactly the same today as it was back in the mid-1970s in inflation-adjusted terms," she says.  RENEE MONTAGNE, host:  The government updates its monthly unemployment numbers this morning. In this recession, seven and a half million jobs have already been lost, and the lion's share of them - 75 percent - were held by men. This means more and more women have become the primary source of income for their families. But here's the problem: women still don't make as much money as men. NPR's Jennifer Ludden reports.  JENNIFER LUDDEN: There are a lot of women who out earn their husbands, or have jobs once held only by men. But when you look at the U.S. economy as a whole, that's not what stands out.  Ms. HEATHER BOUSHEY (Center for American Progress): Our labor market still remains highly segregated.  LUDDEN: Labor economist Heather Boushey is with the Center for American Progress. She says men have been hit so hard this downturn because they're concentrated in the industries most affected - construction, auto manufacturing, Wall Street. Those all pay pretty well, too.  Ms. BOUSHEY: So because women are concentrated in caring jobs, like child-care workers or nursing or home health aides, many of those are paid far less than comparably skilled male jobs.  LUDDEN: Here's how far. A woman today makes 77 cents to a man's dollar. That's a pay gap that's held steady for the past decade. And as men have lost jobs, this gap has hit families hard.  Ms. MICHELLE QUINN: He was the primary breadwinner, so we have - I mean, our income went down by over 50 percent.  LUDDEN: Michelle Quinn's husband lost his advertising job in Austin, Texas, in January. She works for the state government, but she never imagined the couple would rely only on her job.  Ms. QUINN: I've always, kind of, bounced around from jobs and never really had the expectation of being, like, the working career women. Because we're older, I had the anticipation of starting a family pretty quickly and, you know, resigning from my position. However, due to the economy and our situation, that's no longer a reality.  LUDDEN: Quinn does have employer-sponsored health insurance and was able to put her husband on her policy. In that, she's lucky. Joan Entmacher, of the National Women's Law Center, says women are also less likely to have

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Good Friday morning - here are our early stories: Strong Earthquake Strikes Japan, Triggering Small Tsunami. And here are more early headlines: Skittish Investors Waiting For Latest Unemployment Rate News. (MarketWatch) Egyptian Opposition Refuses To Hold Talks With President Morsi. (BBC) Hamas Political Leader Visits Gaza For Visit After Conflict With Israel. (Bloomberg) Syria Situation Is 'Accelerating', Warns Clinton. (CNN) Hurricane Kills More Than 500 In Philippines, Just As Many Missing. (VOA) George Zimmerman Sues NBC For 'Yellow Journalism' In Martin Shooting Coverage. (Orlando Sentinel) Report: U.S. Seeks To Ease Rules On Brain Injury And Veterans' Benefits. (New York Times) NHL Contract Talks Break Down Again; No Pro Hockey On Horizon. (ESPN) Whale Carcass Rotting In Malibu Emits 'Severe' Stench For Residents. (Los Angeles Times)


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Question: The Front Row with Betsy Ross from 91.7 WVXU

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Suzanna Gagnier, author of Putting On The Blitz: The Football Guide for Women, is in The Front Row with Betsy Ross explaining how women can better enjoy the NFL.

A look back on the week's biggest local news stories from 91.7 WVXU.


Question: represent the headline to find a news subtitle on npr with more details For instance you may be given '['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'This Photo Of Lake Michigan Will Make You Shiver']' and it should match with '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details.', 'A photo posted by our friends at Michigan\'s Interlochen Public Radio is so cool we just had to know more about it and about what\'s going on with the Great Lakes during this extra-frigid winter. As you\'ll see, the satellite image from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shows clouds and snow blowing across the now partially ice-covered Lake Michigan. Interlochen Public Radio used the photo to illustrate this post: "Grand Traverse Bay Freezes, Lake Michigan Half Frozen" IPR\'s Peter Payette writes in the post that, "Grand Traverse Bay [in northern Michigan] is now mostly frozen along with almost half of Lake Michigan." More specifically, as this chart from NOAA\'s Great Lakes CoastWatch website shows, about 45 percent of Lake Michigan is considered to be frozen. The iciest of the five Great Lakes, as usual at this time of the year because it\'s the shallowest, is Erie — which is about 95 percent ice-covered. As for the others: -- Lake Superior is about 85 percent ice-covered. -- Lake Huron comes in around 70 percent. -- Lake Ontario is the least frozen, at just about 25 percent. Peter asked around about whether the visits from the polar vortex have led to unusually early lake freezes. The answer is basically no. He found that we\'re really just having a good old-fashioned winter like those many may remember (correctly or not) from their childhoods. Here\'s what he discovered:  "George Leshkevich is a researcher at NOAA\'s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. He says you have to go back about 25 years to find this amount of ice in the Great Lakes this early but he says it is not unusual. " \'In comparison to the last few years this is quite a bit more,\' he says. \'In comparison to winters in the 70s and 80s, this is not that anomalous.\' "  But whether or not the lakes\' current conditions are all that remarkable, that photo still makes us shiver. Related: -- "Deep Freeze Reveals Lake Superior\'s Secluded Ice Caves." (Smithsonianmag.com) -- "Ice Cover Affects Lake Levels In Surprising Ways." (National Geographic)']' but not with '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Stories: 1) John Waters: A Bad Influence Picks His 'Role Models' 2) Summer Titles That Will Transport You Into The Past 3) Elizabeth Cook: Transcending A Cult Career"]'.

Question: Psychics Are the New Psychologists

What's the new what? For me and lots of my friends, psychics are the new psychologists. So here's an example: One of my best friends, Leslie, broke up with her boyfriend. It was a pretty bad breakup, and everyone agreed the boyfriend was a pretty bad guy. Leslie's parents thought she needed some help coping and sent her to therapy. After being in therapy for three months, Leslie realized that she hadn't moved on — all she was talking about in therapy was the past. Plus, hearing from her therapist what was wrong with her relationship and herself made her feel like she was crazy. So on her birthday, she decided to go see a psychic. It really made a difference.   Of course she was skeptical at first, but the psychic helped her look to the future, not just dwell on what went wrong in the past. She wanted to know that she could be happy again and that she wouldn't always be stuck on this guy. Anyone who has gone through something awful knows that dwelling on the past isn't any fun if you want to be happy and hopeful again. And getting to that point isn't always quick with a psychologist. Even the psychics I know agree that if you have some serious stuff going on, you might want to take the time to see a psychologist. But time is money, and when you go see a psychic, you get a lot more bang for your buck. A lot of my friends are on budgets, so this is a great way for them to get exposed to some of what's going on for them in one session. In fact, the psychic I see, Rabbit, deters people from coming all the time. I call her a psychic, but she doesn't really like the word "psychic" and prefers to call herself an "intuitive consultant."  Rabbit is a woman I saw when I was about to go abroad and had some serious reservations about the trip. As soon as I walked in the door, without my saying anything, she understood my fears and so much more. After that, it all made sense. When you have a tarot-card reading session with Rabbit, she asks you if there is anything in particular that you want to ask about, and then you both shuffle the tarot cards. She sets out the cards in a way that will best answer your questions. She refers to the cards as keys that unlock things that were already on your mind. A lot of people thought at first that Rabbit must be a quack, and that I was a weirdo for going to see her, but the more they heard about her and what she said, the more they realized this woman was the real deal. Before I knew it, I had more friends and family members asking me for her number than I could keep up with! Believe it or not, a lot of therapists come to see Rabbit — just further proof that more and more people are taking the intuitive arts more seriously. And if licensed mental health professionals are getting hip to this trend, you know there must be something to psychics becoming the new psychologists. Alyssa Wagner is a commentator for Youth Radio. MADELEINE BRAND, host:  OK. Here's something to make you happy, it's time for our favorite part of today's show.    Unidentified Woman #1: What?  Unidentified Man #1: What?  Unidentified Woman #2: What?  Unidentified Man #2: What's the new what?  ..TEXT: BRAND: What's the New What is Youth Radio's weekly series on Day to Day. These are commentaries about new trends in young America.  Today, Youth Radio's Alyssa Wagner says she has found alternative solutions to life's troubles.  ALYSSA WAGNER: What' s the new what?  For me and lots of my friends, psychics are the new psychologists.  Here's a typical story. One of my best friends, Leslie Hyman, went through a pretty bad breakup with a pretty bad guy. Her parents decided she should go to therapy.  Ms. LESLIE HYMAN (Psychic Customer):  It was an interesting process, but I didn't like it. I only went for three months and I decided one day on my 18th birthday to go to a psychic.    WAGNER: It made all the difference.  Ms. HYMAN: Because I felt like she gave me more of my future instead of with my therapist I felt that I was kind of dwelling over the past and I was kind of stuck.  WAGNER: Dwelling in the past isn't any fun if you what you want is to be happy and hopeful again and getting to that point isn't always quick with a psychologist.   Ms. JESSICA MATTHEWS (Psychic): Some people will you know, can go to six years of therapy to finally get that aha revelation moment.    WAGNER: This is the woman I see, Jessica Matthews, better known as Rabbit.  Ms. MATTHEWS: Or they can come and see me and sometimes have that aha revelation moment right here, right now.  WAGNER: Every few months I pay Rabbit 45 dollars for a half hour reading, and you could probably find someone that does it for less, but trust me it's worth every penny. Because my parents like to think they're pretty hip to up and coming trends I asked them why they thought people might be ditching Freud's Id for some ESP.  Mrs. WAGNER (Alyssa Wagner's Mother):  It's like the psychiatrist you feel is going to judge you.    WAGNER: That's my mom.    Mrs. WAGNER: Who w

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Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Terrorists, Taliban And Traffickers: New Axis Of Evil?

The ongoing U.S. Marine Corps offensive in southern Afghanistan is slicing through the heart of the country's fertile poppy fields. Opium harvested from those poppies supplies much of the world with illegal heroin that helps fund the insurgency throughout Afghanistan. Journalist Gretchen Peters explores the heroin trade in her new book, Seeds of Terror. Peters tells NPR's Renee Montagne that the growing partnership between drug traffickers, terrorist groups and the Taliban is the new "axis of evil."  The Taliban makes hundreds of millions of dollars and behaves "more like a modern-day mafia than a traditional military force," she says. And the Taliban, whose "involvement in criminality has made them richer and more ruthless," Peters says, still wants to come after the West.  There is a range of reasons farmers grow opium, Peters says. Some grow it because they're forced to by the Taliban; others grow it because it is lucrative, though now oversupply has reduced the price. There are also wealthy landowners "who do it for reasons of greed," she says. Government corruption, she says, is the biggest challenge going forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan.  "It's going to be very difficult [for the U.S.] to find reliable partners" as the U.S. tries to stabilize these two countries.  Even Afghan President Hamid Karzai's brother is considered "one of the central facilitators of the opium trade in Afghanistan," Peters says. Both brothers deny the claims, but there has been no investigation to verify or disprove the accusations. On the ground, the Obama administration has changed the U.S. policy in Afghanistan to go not after farmers, but dealers, processors and refineries protected by the Taliban.  "The Taliban and the drug traffickers earn the vast majority of their money protecting drug shipments that are leaving the region, protecting ... heroin refineries," Peters says.    She says that going after fewer people will not be easy because the organizations are often run by families. "But sustained efforts to disrupt these trafficking organizations is going to make a difference in reducing the amount of money that is reaching the Taliban and other extremist groups that are profiting off of the drug trade." In 2006, Afghanistan produced the largest illegal narcotics crop a modern nation ever cultivated in a single harvest. Two-thirds of it was grown in areas where the Taliban held sway, if not outright control.  It's no coincidence that it was also the bloodiest fighting season since Mullah Omar's regime was toppled five years earlier, with about four thousand deaths. These two circumstances are codependent: the insurgency is exploding precisely because the opium trade is booming. In 2007, Afghanistan's poppy crop expanded a further 17 percent, with 70 percent grown and processed in the Taliban- dominated south. In 2008, drought reduced Afghanistan's poppy output by 19 percent. But more than 98 percent of it was cultivated in insurgent- held areas, where more than three thousand tons of opium were stockpiled, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Senior U.S. commanders now predict Afghanistan will turn out to be America's "bad" war and Iraq the "good" one.  An American soldier was more than twice as likely to die in Afghanistan as in Iraq by the end of 2007, reversing earlier trends, while Jane's Information Group rated Afghanistan the third most unstable territory after Somalia and the Gaza Strip.  In video statements, the insurgents no longer speak of their ambition to take Kabul; their battlefield tactics have shifted to protecting poppy fields and drug convoys. Campaigns for territorial gain, such as a 2007 Taliban push into Deh Rawood district in Uruzgan, now support smuggling activities.  Deh Rawood is perched along the most important drugs- and arms- trafficking route in Uruzgan, connecting to Iran in the west and Pakistan in the south. Poor security in general is vital to the opium trade, preventing aid programs and other development that might offer poor villagers alternatives to the narcotics trade. "Drug smugglers do not want to see this country become stable," said Ashraf Ghani, the former finance minister.  Helmand Province, where I traveled with the poppy eradication force, is about the size of West Virginia. If it were a separate country, it would be the world's leading opium producer, with the rest of Afghanistan in second place. It's also where links between the Taliban and the opium trade are strongest. "Most of the insurgency there is drug- related," says Ali Jalali, Afghanistan's former interior minister. "It's 100 percent intertwined." The province's total population is less than 1 million— with tens of thousands of families displaced by the fighting. Taliban gunmen patrol the streets of towns they control, hanging alleged spies for the NATO coalition in public squares.  In 2007, UNODC valued Helmand's total poppy output at $528 million, a figure that prompted the conclu

Stories: 1) Deadly Insurgents With Ties To U.S. Dollars 2) The Trouble With Health Problems Near Gas Fracking


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Question: Retromania with Simon Reynolds

Is cultural innovation at risk when we indulge in retromania? Music critic Simon Reynolds joins us to talk about why songs today are more unimaginative when we have unprecedented access to decades' worth of past music, the loop of re-creating old sounds, and more. His new book is Retromania: Pop Culture's Addiction to its Own Past.

The Good The Bad The Queen, Explosions in the Sky, Tom Brosseau, more. With host Bob Boilen.


Question: represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth E.g. ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Lack Of Resources Hampers Afghan Firefighters'] == ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'The United States and other donors are spending billions of dollars to refurbish the Afghan army and police, providing them with expensive training, weapons, vehicles and even aircraft. Yet other Afghans who don a uniform and serve their country, like national firefighters, have been left out of this mass investment — at least until now. The national fire department is an agency many Afghans — let alone foreigners — don\'t even realize exists. The firemen say the neglect makes it harder for them to do their jobs now than at any time during the agency\'s 90-year history.   The Need For New Trucks  On one particular day, an alarm sounds and Kabul\'s main fire station springs to life. A dozen men hop into well-worn fire engines that spew nearly as much black smoke as the blazes they are called to fight. The trucks lurch forward, leaving behind a trail of water seeping from their leaky tanks. The city fire chief shakes his head in frustration. Col. Mohammad Kazem complains that he has only 13 trucks with which to fight fires in Kabul, a city with more than 4 million residents. He adds that all of the trucks are old and unreliable. Maybe, he says, we should call this the Kabul fire museum instead of the Kabul fire department. Yet his boss says the Kabul station is one of the lucky ones. At least it has fire trucks, says Gen. Amanullah, who runs Afghanistan\'s 950-man fire department. Amanullah, who like many Afghans uses just one name, says most towns and provinces don\'t have a fire station because there aren\'t enough fire engines to go around — only 53 for the entire country. He says there were 12 times as many trucks three decades ago, before war and looting decimated the agency\'s fleet. But he and other Afghan fire officials say the need for a robust fire department is much greater now than it was back then. Construction is booming across Afghanistan, much of it without any thought given to fire codes or other safety standards. "We are upset, but it\'s out of our hands. We are waiting for help from our international friends. We\'ve even begged the Afghan Interior Ministry to give us money so that we can buy the trucks ourselves. But for two years, no one has given us anything but promises," Amanullah says.  Searching For International Help  Kazem, the Kabul fire chief, says his men have gotten some new things, such as helmets and fire coats. But he and Amanullah say what they need more are firetrucks. U.S. Brig Gen. Walter Givhan says he understands their frustration. He heads the combined air power transition force in the country, which has trained and equipped the Afghan military\'s firefighters. "We are building capacity as quickly as we can, and naturally the security part of this has been a priority for some time," Givhan explains.  Now, he says, there is an emphasis on broadening that focus to bring the same kind of progress to other areas, including the national fire department. Recently, Kazem and nine of his firefighters were invited to train on one of 32 new American firetrucks bought for the national fire department, but which Afghan officials say have been sitting at an American base on the east side of town for months. Neither the military nor the U.S. Embassy could say why the fire engines are still at the base. But Afghan officials claim it\'s because they and the Americans can\'t agree on where the new fire engines should go. Nor can the Afghans agree among themselves. During the training session, a debate erupts between the Kabul fire chief and his counterpart in the Afghan military, who claims the new trucks should go to the air corps — never mind that the military firefighters have had new firetrucks for months. JACKI LYDEN, host:  No institution in Afghanistan gets more Western attention than that country\'s security forces. The U.S. and other countries are spending billions of dollars to refurbish the Afghan army and police, providing them with expensive training, weapons and vehicles, even aircraft. Yet some Afghans who don a uniform have been left out of this big investment: firefighters. Many Afghans don\'t even realize they have a national fire department.  NPR\'s Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson has the story from Kabul.  (Soundbite of fire alarm)  SORAYA SARHADDI NELSON: The alarm sounds, and Kabul\'s main fire station springs to life.  (Soundbite of truck)  NELSON: A dozen men hop into well-worm fire engines that spew nearly as much black smoke as the blazes they are called to fight. The trucks lurch forward, leaving behind a trail of water seeping from their leaky tanks.  The city fire chief shakes his head in frustration. Colonel Mohammad Kazem complains that he only has 13 trucks with which to fight fires in Kabul, a city with more than four million residents. He adds that all of the trucks are old and unreliable.  Colonel MOHAMMED KAZEM (Kabul Fire Chief): (Speaking foreign language)  NELSON: Maybe, he says, we should call this the Kabul fire museum instead of the Kabul fire department. Yet his boss '] != ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Good morning, here are some of our early stories: -- Suicide Bombing In Kabul Kills 3 NATO Troops. -- Ukraine Approves EU Pact And Temporary Self-Rule For Rebels. And here are more early headlines: Obama To Dispatch U-S Troops To Help West African Ebola Victims. (USA Today) Congress To Debate Arming, Training Moderate Syrian Rebels. (Washington Post) GM Fund Authorizes 19 Death Claims Linked To Faulty Part. (Automotive News) NFL Hires 3 Female Experts To Advise On Domestic Violence. (CBSSports) Flooding In Kashmir Strands Thousands, Triggers Anger. (BBC) U.N. Peacekeepers Deploy In Central African Republic. (VOA) Deadly New Flooding Inundates Balkans After May Disaster. (Reuters) Hawaiian Volcanic Lava Inches Closer To Houses. (Honolulu Star-Advertiser) Government Researching Old Shipwrecks Near San Francisco. (AP)']

Question: The Importance of a Polish Pope

John Paul II was the first non-Italian named pontiff since the 16th century, and the first ever from Poland. Debbie Elliott talks with Zbigniew Brzezinski, a native Pole who served as President Carter's national security adviser, about what this pope meant to geopolitics.

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Examining African Americans' Connection to the Written Word


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Question: Fat Tuesday, California Style

The sun is up, the polls are opening across the Golden State, and for political watchers one of the most interesting California primaries in modern times is finally here.
It¿s going to be a long day, especially for the political operatives who have pulled marathon days in support of both presidential candidates and ballot measure campaigns. [...]

Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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Question: First Listen: Smith Westerns, 'Soft Will'

Audio for this feature is no longer available. Given that Smith Westerns' first record came out when its members were teenagers, it makes sense that the Chicago band has evolved from a garage-y pop-rock outfit — all shambling T. Rex-isms and impeccable hair — to something sweeter, dreamier, slicker and sunnier. Just in time for the season to begin officially, Soft Will finds Smith Westerns fully perfecting a summery jangle that's hugely ingratiating. The follow-up to Smith Westerns' 2011 breakthrough Dye It Blonde, Soft Will (out June 25) is the sound of weaponized agreeability; a band whose songs are so catchy, even wistful ballads like "White Oath" have a shiny sheen that practically glistens. Given a brisk pace to match, songs like "Idol" and the appropriately titled "Glossed" practically roll the car windows down for you. Lyrically speaking, it can be hard to parse what an individual Smith Westerns track might be trying to impart at any given moment — a product, in part, of a mix that tends to prioritize clean, chiming guitars over Cullen Omori's vocals. But that doesn't cool off Soft Will's softly sparkly charm offensive for a minute.

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Happy Friday the 13th! On this week's New Music Friday, All Song Considered's Robin Hilton speaks with NPR's Ann Powers, Stephen Thompson, Lars Gotrich, and Sidney Madden about the best new releases of the week. Highlights include Wiz Khalifa's long-awaited followup to the 2011 pop-rap breakout Rolling Papers, the calming songs of Luluc, affirmations of love from the Dirty Projectors and more. Featured Albums  Rayland Baxter: Wide Awake Featured Song: "Strange American Dream" Dirty Projectors: Lamp Lit Prose Featured Song: "Right Now" The Ophelias: Almost Featured Song: "Fog" Wiz Khalifa: Rolling Papers 2 Featured Song: "Rolling Papers 2" Luluc: Sculptor Featured Song: "Moon Girl" Amy Shark: Love Monster Featured Song: "All Loved Up" Cowboy Junkies: All That ReckoningFeatured Song: "The Things We Do To Each Other"  Other Notable Releases For July 13: Deaf Heaven: Ordinary Corrupt Human Love, Wet: Still Run, Body/Head: The Switch, Lotic: Power, Jenn Champion: Single Rider, Laurel Halo: Raw Silk Uncut Wood, The Suffers: Everything Here, Valley Queen: Supergiant.


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Question: Who Says You Can't Train A Cat? A Book Of Tips For Feline-Human Harmony

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Feline behavior specialist Sarah Ellis explains how you can train your kitty to come on command, take medicine and stop waking you up in the middle of the night. <em>Originally broadcast Sept. 12, 2016. </em>

Stories: 1) Learning Your Sister Is 'Someone Else's Twin' 2) 'Sex On Six Legs': When Insects Go Wild 3) Teens, Sex And Tech Tear A 'Beautiful Life' Apart


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Question: Your Way Home for Monday, Oct. 8, 2007

A northeastern Ohio congresswoman visits Iraq. Cleveland rolls out a new curbside recycling program. Meanwhile, Indians fans await Game Four of the playoffs, as Boston sportswriters observe the Cleveland-New York series.

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A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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Question: The Hawaiian Language Nearly Died. A Radio Show Sparked Its Revival

The voice was soft and scratchy, as if a bit timid in front of the microphone. "Ae," she said, meaning "yes" in Hawaiian, when asked a question by a male voice. "Ae hanau ia wau i Honoma'ele." ("Yes, I was born in Honoma'ele," she said.) That voice of an elderly Hawaiian woman was that of my great-grandmother, Martha Kekauililani Kahanu Iwanaga, speaking her native language on a Honolulu radio program more than 40 years ago. The first time I heard the CD recording, it sent chills down my spine. I never met my great-grandmother, but hearing her speak in the rounded sounds and lyrical vowels that make up the Hawaiian language was like magic. It was a way to meet her, and, for the first time, I heard people speaking the Hawaiian language to each other. It was beautiful — musical, even, just like the strums of the ukulele that she played later on the show. The show, it turns out, sparked a much larger movement to save a language. In Hawaii today, nearly everyone knows how to speak at least a few words and phrases of Hawaiian. But the practice of primarily speaking the Hawaiian language from birth, as my great-grandmother and many other Hawaiians of her time did, nearly died with her generation. A man named Larry Kimura — the voice interviewing my great-grandmother on that radio program — and some student activists set out to change that. Today, Kimura is called the grandfather of the Hawaiian language's revitalization. In the 1970s, Kimura was a young professor, trying to teach himself Hawaiian, when he started a 90-minute radio program called Ka Leo Hawai'i. Out of a tiny studio on the ninth floor of a Waikiki office building, he began interviewing all the native language speakers he could find. He estimates there were about 2,000 of them left of this generation who grew up speaking Hawaiian in the home. Today, he puts that population at a couple of dozen. "This was a population of people who were in their 60s and older, who were senior citizen age — a group that I knew from my own upbringing with my own grandparents that they would not be with us for a long time," Kimura said. He conducted the interviews on KCCN Radio (a station that no longer goes by that name) because, he said, "It would be very important for them to be heard." Hearing Hawaiians talk to each other on the radio in their own language was radical at the time. Kimura said he had to convince the station that the project was worthwhile. But once people heard his interviews on the air, they wanted to understand what their elders were saying in Hawaiian. They wanted to be part of it, he said. The radio show sparked strong interest from many people who saw the language's status as a sign that their culture was slipping away. The Hawaiian language had been banned from school instruction in 1896, after the U.S. government illegally overthrew the Hawaiian government. From then on, in almost all public spaces, English quickly replaced Hawaiian. And by the time Kimura's show was on the air, there weren't many places to formally learn the Hawaiian language, even as a second language. "Language is the first aspect of a people to vanish," said Kimura, who is now a faculty member at the University of Hawaii's College of Hawaiian Language on the Hilo campus. "People don't recognize that until it's almost gone, because they're hanging onto their typical culture identification tags such as their songs, their dancing, their foods, their religion maybe, or what they wear or how they look. But language is the one that is slipping away without them noticing it. And by the time it happens, it's in very dire straits." Keiki Kawai'ae'a, director for Ka Haka 'Ula O Ke'elikolani College of Hawaiian Language at the University of Hawaii, was also part of the movement to revitalize Hawaiian. She was one of Kimura's students, and says the push to reclaim the language was part of a broader awakening of that era, which took on new meaning for Native Hawaiians. "The '70s is really part of that whole Hawaiian renaissance," she said. "You know, we were part of the generation where women were burning their bras, and civil rights, and people were asking, 'How come I can't speak the language of my grandparents? How come they had this and I don't have that?' " Kimura, Kawai'ae'a and other activists decided that the solution was not just to push for Hawaiian to be included in traditional schools. To revive the language, they wanted to start with young children — preschoolers — and build schools where instruction was provided entirely in Hawaiian. Their goal was ambitious: to create an entirely new generation of Hawaiian language speakers. They pushed, and eventually succeeded in getting Hawaii's Department of Education to allow them to create Hawaiian language "immersion schools" in the mid-1980s. And they started their first Hawaiian school called  Pūnana Leo, which means "nest of voices." The state, however, did not offer any support or curriculum, Kimura said. So they did it on th

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Stories: 1) Teddy Roosevelt And The Fire That Saved The Forests 2) A Memoir Of Pakistan, Islamic Fundamentalism


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Question: Study: Abortion Rates At 40-Year Low

A new study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute, a private research group that supports abortion rights, has found that in 2011, the rate of abortions dropped to a level last seen in 1973. Study authors say anti-abortion laws were not a significant factor in the decline of abortions rates. Study co-author Rachel Jones joins Here & Now’s Robin Young to explain the research findings. Americans United for Life, a group apposed to abortion calls the conclusions of the study “strained.” (Read the group’s full statement here.) The study, “Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2011,” is available online here and will appear in the March 2014 issue of Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. Interview Highlights: Rachel Jones On criticism the study downplays the impact of anti-abortion education and laws “They’re trying to argue that more women who got pregnant, fewer of them were choosing to have abortion. But if that were the case, we would expect to see an increase in the birthrates. And what we actually saw was a substantial decline in birthrates as well, a 9 percent decline in birthrates over the same time period. So it wasn’t just fewer women having abortions, it was fewer women getting pregnant.” On what she believes caused fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions “The best available evidence suggests that more women were using highly effective contraceptive methods such as the IUD, and so this is likely a contributing factor to the decline in abortion, as well as to the decline in births. The anti-choice people, they don’t support, they don’t promote access to contraception and sometimes they try to impede it, so again, they don’t get credit for this decline.” On a shift in medical versus surgical abortions “One the things we monitor in this study are types of abortion procedures — so there’s surgical abortion and there’s early medication abortion, which is done with the drug mifepristone, also known as RU46. And one of the findings from this study is that even while the total number of abortions was declining, reliance on early medication abortion was increasing.” Guest

Rachel Jones, senior research associate at the Guttmacher Institute, a private research group that supports abortion rights.
 JEREMY HOBSON, HOST:  From NPR and WBUR Boston, I'm Jeremy Hobson. ROBIN YOUNG, HOST:  I'm Robin Young. It's HERE AND NOW. And there's been lots of reaction today to that new study showing a sharp decline in the number of abortions in the U.S., researchers finding that in 2011, rates dropped to a level last seen in 1973, when abortion was first legalized in all 50 states. The study was conducted by the Guttmacher Institute, a private research group that supports abortion rights. The authors concluded that new laws restricting abortion were not a significant factor in the decline of abortion rates, partly because many of those laws were passed after their study was conducted. But Americans United for Life, a group opposed to abortion, disagreed. They say the study understated the impact of anti-abortion education and laws. Dr. Rachel Jones co-authored the study. She joins us from the Guttmacher Institute, where she's senior research associated. Dr. Jones, welcome. RACHEL JONES: Thank you so much for having me, Robin. YOUNG: And take up that criticism first. Carole Joffe, an historian of abortion at the University of California San Francisco, told the New York Times that while the effects of anti-abortion drives might be hard to quantify, they may have effectively stigmatized abortion. You say what? JONES: I agree with Carole that the anti-choice folks have certainly increased the stigmatization of abortion, but they don't get credit for this decline. So first off, you know, we had a 13-percent decline in abortion between 2008 and 2011. And I think they're trying to argue that fewer women - you know, more women who got pregnant, fewer of them were choosing to have abortions. But if that were the case, we would expect to see an increase in the birth rates, and what we actually saw was a substantial decline in birth rates, as well, a 9 percent decline in birth rates over the same time period. So it wasn't just fewer women having abortions, it was fewer women getting pregnant. YOUNG: And so what's your conclusion as to what's leading to both? JONES: Right, so the best available evidence suggests that more women were using highly effective contraceptive methods, such as the IUD, and so this is likely a contributing factor to the decline in abortion, as well as to the decline in births. The anti-choice people, they don't support, they don't promote access to contraception, and sometimes they try to impede it. So again, they don't get credit for this decline. YOUNG: Well, The Wall Street Journal is reporting that states across the country passed 44 laws tightening regulation of abortions between 2008 and 201

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Protests, Clashes Build Again In Cairo. -- Deal Reached On Greek Debt, Markets Rise In Relief. -- Arafat's Grave Opened, Samples Taken To Be Tested For Poison. Other stories making news: -- "Fiscal Cliff Compromise: Devil Is In The Definition Of Revenue." (It's All Politics) -- Fiscal Cliff Talks "Accelerate." (The Washington Post) -- Bangladesh Factory Fire That Killed More Than 100 "Was Deliberately Set, Officials Believe." (The Guardian) -- "North Korea Suspected Of Planning Rocket Test." (The New York Times) -- Sandy-related Damage In New York And New Jersey Topped $60 Billion, Governors Say. (The Associated Press) -- Dr. Joseph Murray, Who Performed First Successful Kidney Transplant And Won A Nobel Prize, Has Died. (The Associated Press) -- Powerball Jackpot At Record $425 Million — And Growing — Ahead Of Wednesday Drawing. (ABC News)


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Question: Gap In Federal Cocaine Sentences To Narrow

The House voted Wednesday to reduce the disparity in prison sentences for people caught with crack cocaine versus those  who possess the drug in powder form.  The action -- done by voice vote, not a roll call -- culminates nearly 25 years of lobbying by civil rights groups who say the sentences disproportionately hurt minorities. The Senate passed the legislation in March. President Obama is expected to sign it into law. Members of Congress who voted for the change are correcting what they say was an overreaction when lawmakers passed tough criminal sentences for crack cocaine possession during an epidemic of drug violence in the 1980s. At the time, lawmakers thought the rock form of cocaine was more addictive and that people who used crack committed more violence. But critics began to debunk those theories. South Carolina Democrat James Clyburn talked about what he called the panic of the '80s. "We now know there is little if any pharmacological distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine. Yet the punishment for these offenses remains radically different," Clyburn said. Very different, said House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-MD). "Possessing an amount of crack equal to the weight of two pennies has resulted in a mandatory minimum sentence of five years," Hoyer said. "In order to receive a similar sentence, possessing chemically similar powder cocaine, one would have to be carrying a hundred times as much cocaine." One Voice In Opposition Rep. Lamar Smith of Texas, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, was the only lawmaker to speak against the bill during the House debate today. Recalling the events that led to passage of the 1986 legislation that toughened the penalties for possessing and distributing crack cocaine, Smith asked: "Why do we want to risk another surge of addiction and violence by reducing penalties? Why are we coddling some of the most dangerous drug traffickers in America?" It's never easy, politically, to lower criminal sentences. But a compromise earlier this year between Illinois Democratic Sen. Dick Durbin and Alabama Republican Sen. Jeff Sessions finally got the ball rolling. Their proposal, adopted today by the House, narrowed the gap between criminal penalties for crack and powder cocaine to 18 to 1 from the old 100 to 1 ratio that Hoyer cited. And, for the first time, Congress also moved to get rid of a mandatory minimum sentence for crack possession. Durbin says he's been troubled that the system unfairly punishes blacks who are convicted far more often of crack cocaine crimes. "Today, I think we've added some justice to a system that had been unjust for too long," Durbin said. The American Civil Liberties Union, the Sentencing Project (a national organization that promotes "reforms in sentencing law ... and alternatives to incarceration") and the Congressional Black Caucus say the crack cocaine sentences disproportionately hurt minorities, who are convicted in greater numbers of possessing rock cocaine. And law enforcement officials including former Bush administration Drug Enforcement Administration chief Asa Hutchinson argued the tough crack cocaine sentences prompted uneasiness and suspicion among Africa- Americans whose help the police need. Neither Side Got All It Wanted  Reformers hoped to see penalties for crack cocaine lowered to the same sentences as powder cocaine. They also urged Congress to make the changes retroactive -- to apply to thousands of offenders already serving time behind bars. But the legislation will have no impact on people who've already been convicted. Julie Stewart has been pressing Congress to act for decades. She's president of Families Against Mandatory Minimums, another national organization that says it advocates for "fair and proportionate sentencing laws."  "No, this bill does not give us everything we wanted," Stewart said. "It's not retroactive. That's my biggest regret about it. But I also see this as a two-step process. And today we got the first step. And we will go forward for the second step before the year is out." It's an open question whether she'll fulfill all of those goals. But analysts say the change as passed today will still affect about 3,000 people convicted of possessing crack cocaine each year. And it will reduce their sentences by just over two years, on average. The legislation next moves to the White House, where it's likely to get a warm reception. Obama and Vice President Biden pledged to reduce the disparity between crack and powder cocaine prison sentences during the 2008 campaign. Material from The Associated Press was used in this report MICHELE NORRIS, host:  You're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News.  Congress has voted to reduce the disparity in criminal penalties for people caught with crack versus powder cocaine. The vote ends more than two decades of campaigning by civil rights groups and others who say the harsh prison sentences disproportionately hurt minorities.  NPR's Car

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San Diego County Sues to Overturn Legal Marijuana. High School Exit Exam Settlement. End Music.


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Question: Friday News Roundup - Domestic

We are now more than 20 days into the partial government shutdown. About 800,000 federal government employees in all 50 states have been affected. And many of those workers are about to miss their first paycheck. Democrats have maintained their pledge not to fund a border wall at the level the president has requested, so Trump has refused to sign any bill to reopen the government without it. After the president made his case for the wall in a speech from the Oval Office Tuesday, Senate Minority leader Chuck Schumer and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi responded with their own televised address.
The national political equivalent of a meeting that could’ve been an email — Adam ⚡ Sneed (@atsneed) January 9, 2019   The next day, the president walked out of a meeting with Democratic leaders, calling it “a waste of time” (though he reportedly brought candy to this meeting as a good-faith gesture). Another powerful player, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has mostly remained quiet. He says he will let Democrats negotiate with the president and has blocked two bills passed by the House to reopen the government. President Trump visited the border Thursday and said he is willing to declare a national emergency to fund the wall, though such an action would “almost certainly” be challenged in court, according to NPR. The viral Lifetime documentary “Surviving R.Kelly” has catalyzed legal action against the singer. R.Kelly is accused of sexual, emotional and physical abuse. He is also accused of maintaining a sex cult. From BuzzFeed News:  Three former members of Kelly’s inner circle — Cheryl Mack, Kitti Jones, and Asante McGee … said six women live in properties rented by Kelly in Chicago and the Atlanta suburbs, and he controls every aspect of their lives: dictating what they eat, how they dress, when they bathe, when they sleep, and how they engage in sexual encounters that he records.  Prosecutors in Chicago and Atlanta are now looking into the allegations, which date back to 1994. Many celebrities are apologizing for previous collaborations with R.Kelly, including Chance the Rapper and Lady Gaga. She worked with Kelly the hit “Do What U Want,” and posted this to Twitter:
I stand by anyone who has ever been the victim of sexual assault: pic.twitter.com/67sz4WpV3i — Lady Gaga (@ladygaga) January 10, 2019   All that and more as we wrap up this busy week in domestic news. Text by Gabrielle Healy. GUESTS Jeff Mason, White House correspondent, Reuters; @JeffMason1 Alexis Simendinger, National political correspondent, The Hill; @ASimendinger Jonathan Tamari, Washington correspondent, The Philadelphia Inquirer; @JonathanTamari  For more, visit https://the1a.org. © 2019 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: The Jamestown Project

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Guest: Karen Ordahl Kupperman, the Silver Professor of History at New York University

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Snow Forecast for Mountain Passes Christmas Weekend

If you're driving across Washington's Interstate 90 Snoqualmie Pass to visit friends and family this weekend, make note of this warning from the Washington State Department of Transportation: DOT officials say Saturday morning is NOT the best time to drive to grandma's house.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In China, Obama Touts Visa Deal, Progress On Free-Trade Pact. -- Bombing At Nigerian High School Kills Dozens. -- Will Jeb Bush Run For President? His Brother Says Maybe. -- Study: Detergent Pods Can Harm Children Who Play With Them. And here are more early headlines: Chinese, Japanese Leaders Meet In Ice-Breaking Talks. (Wall Street Journal) Frigid Weather Plunging South Into U.S., Brings Sub-Normal Temps. (USA Today) 3 Astronauts Return Safely From International Space Station. (CBS) Talks Extended Into Monday For Iran's Nuclear Program. (Reuters) Bombings In Afghanistan Kill Afghan Security Officers. (VOA) Survey Finds Regular Gas Prices Down 13 Cents In Last 2 Weeks. (AP)


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Question: Ha Ha, BOOOO!: Fourteen Terrible/Awesome NPR Food Puns

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When I woke up this morning and saw the headline Give  Chickpeas A Chance, I knew the time had come to salute one of my favorite NPR.org oddities: the food-pun headline. Now, some food headlines are simply great in their own rights, and I just enjoy saying them over and over and over again -- Demystifying The Quince! Cilantro: The Controversial Herb! -- but for some reason, there is an abundance of very excellent food puns, beyond "Give Chickpeas A Chance," and I decided it was time to share a roundup of some of my favorites. So give these headline writers a hand. And also a rowdy "BOOOOOOO!" Sparkling Wines To Keep Your Summer Bubbly Unicorn Gag 'Apology' Roasts Pork Board Uh-Oh: 15 Million Pounds Of SpaghettiOs Recalled Finally, New Yorkers Can Bee All They Can Bee World's Largest Banana Museum Forced To Split Climate Change Presents A Burr For Coffee Growers Octopalooza: Eight Arms Three Ways Brewery Business Hopping Despite Tanking Economy Competition Brews Over Decaf Beefer Madness Why the World Is Still Just Mad About Saffron Kernels of Truth About Cornmeal And my personal favorite ... drum roll ... Weed  It And Reap: A Meal With Nature's Outcasts

Stories: 1) South Park Celebrates 14 Years Of Fart Jokes 2) 'Have One': From Joanna Newsom, A Generous Thing


Question:
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E.g.
"['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth!', 'The California Report']" == "['represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "Professional Holiday Decorators. Can't Stop Giving."]" != "['', 'The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology']"

Question: Massive Crowds In Iran Mourn Death Of Qassem Soleimani

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Weeping amid wails from a crowd of hundreds of thousands of mourners on Monday, Iran’s supreme leader prayed over the remains of a top Iranian general killed in a U.S. airstrike in Baghdad. The attack, ordered by President Trump, has drastically raised tensions between Tehran and Washington. Host Jeremy Hobson speaks with NPR’s Mary Louise Kelly (@NPRKelly) in Tehran. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Obama's Farewell Address: How Presidents Use This Moment Of Reflection. -- 5 Things To Watch For In Jeff Sessions' Attorney General Hearings. -- Confirmation Hearings For Betsy DeVos, Trump's Education Pick, Delayed A Week. - In S. Korea, Air Raid Drills Are A Reminder Of N. Korean Threat. And here are more early headlines: Closing Arguments Today In Penalty Phase Of Roof Trial. (Post & Courier) New Pacific Storm Aims At Flooded Western U.S. (Weather.gov) Thailand Flooding Kills 19, Displaces 1 Million. (Bangkok Post) Mexico Deports American Accused Of Shooting U.S. Official. (AFP) Protests Continue Over Mexico's Gas Price Surge. (Los Angeles Times) Thousands Attend Rafsanjani's Funeral In Iran. (Al Jazeera)


Question: Senate Panel To Probe How To Bring Stability To Health Insurance Market

GOP Sen. Lamar Alexander has organized bipartisan hearings aimed at preventing a "death spiral" on the health insurance market. David Greene talks to Democratic Sen. Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire.

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Example:
Provided: "['Represent the input!', 'The Peony Pavilion is one of China\'s most famous operas, but uncut performances of this romantic 16th century work can take more than 22 hours. Chinese composer Tan Dun, who\'s best known for his Academy Award-winning score for the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, has adapted the work into a compact 75 minutes. His version will be performed in the Astor Court — a replica of a Chinese garden — in New York\'s Metropolitan Museum, beginning tonight. When The Peony Pavilion was written in 1598, there were no theaters or opera houses in China. So this drama, which takes place in a garden, was actually staged in one, says Tan: "The garden became their live stage, actually, to present the writing, poetry, music and opera." A few years ago, Tan found himself having tea in a garden outside of Shanghai, listening to the birds and insects — and he had an epiphany. "And I suddenly realized: maybe we should take this interesting garden opera and come back to today," he says. "I said, \'I want to do a garden opera in this garden.\' " That production played to sold-out crowds every weekend in the garden for two years. Asian art curator Maxwell Hearn saw it there and convinced Tan to bring The Peony Pavilion to New York to stage it in the Metropolitan Museum\'s indoor Chinese garden. Hearn says Tan has taken this masterpiece and distilled it to its essence. The Peony Pavilion is a love story that transcends time and space, Hearn says. It contains both dreams and supernatural elements. The heroine, Du Liniang, falls asleep in her family garden and has a vivid dream of falling in love with a handsome young scholar, Liu Mengmei. "When she wakes up, she is possessed by this dream\'s imagery," says Hearn. "She pines away after her dream lover until she dies." After she dies, her dream lover stops in the garden while he\'s traveling to take his civil service exam. He sees the heroine\'s portrait and falls in love with it. "And her ghost visits him," Hearn says. "They, again, have a wonderful romantic encounter and then she persuades him that she is actually buried in the garden and that if he will only disinter her, she can return to life. He digs up her corpse and it\'s miraculously preserved; she comes back to life." Dun has written both new music and adapted the original score, which is being performed by a small ensemble of period instruments — bamboo flutes, a Chinese lute and a percussion ensemble. And, in centuries-old kunqu style, both men and women sing in high falsetto voices. Tan says the style suits the ghostly, transcendent love story. "The Chinese kunqu opera — so detailed, so silky, so sensitive and so erotic, sometimes, dreamlike," says Tan. "And it\'s a perfect sort of artistic format for resurrection stories, soul-touchings and love through decades, through different lives." For the presentation at the Metropolitan Museum, Tan has brought the outdoor sounds of the garden indoors. He and his colleagues have recorded hundreds of hours of audio and have created a sound installation for the audience, so they can hear the wind and the water and the insects. "And we also have Chinese birds: Shanghai birds, Beijing birds, all kinds," says Tan. "Place it in sort of a surrounding sound system, and from this window and that corner, you hear the birds around." Hearn, who has put together an eight-room exhibit on Chinese gardens that surrounds the Astor Court, says the live audience for The Peony Pavilion will be limited. "The one challenge we have is that the garden is very small and the fire code prevents us from having more than 50 individuals in the garden as an audience, because of the number of people who are in the performance itself," he says. But audiences around the world will be able to experience The Peony Pavilion\'s ancient, romantic charms live this evening in a streaming video on the Metropolitan Museum\'s website and on demand starting tomorrow.']" Match: "['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', 'The Peony Pavilion: A Vivid Dream In A Garden']"

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In Hong Kong, Police Clear Final 'Occupy' Protest Site. -- U.S. Says It Has Closed Its Final Detention Center In Afghanistan. And here are more early headlines: The Latest On The Congressional Omnibus Spending Bill. (Politico) U.N Official Calls For Prosecution Of U.S. Agents In Harsh Interrogations. (Newsweek) U.S. Finds Medical Bills Lead Americans' Unpaid Debts. (CFPB) Study Finds More Than 5 Trillion Pieces Of Plastic In World's Oceans. (New York Times) British, Irish Prime Ministers Join Northern Irish Peace Talks. (BBC) Falling Oil Prices Swell Alaska's Potential Budget Deficit. (AP) After 12 Days, Missing Boater Found Miles Off Hawaii. (Christian Science Monitor)


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Question: Joy Harjo Becomes The 1st Native American U.S. Poet Laureate

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Poet, writer and musician Joy Harjo — a member of the Muscogee Creek Nation — often draws on Native American stories, languages and myths. But she says that she's not self-consciously trying to bring that material into her work. If anything, it's the other way around. "I think the culture is bringing me into it with poetry — that it's part of me," Harjo says in an interview with NPR's Lynn Neary. "I don't think about it ... And so it doesn't necessarily become a self-conscious thing — it's just there ... When you grow up as a person in your culture, you have your culture and you're in it, but you're also in this American culture, and that's another layer." Harjo, 68, will represent both her Indigenous culture and those of the United States of America when she succeeds Tracy K. Smith as the country's 23rd poet laureate consultant in poetry (that's the official title) this fall. Her term, announced Wednesday by Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden, will make her the first Native American poet to serve in the position. "It's such an honoring for Native people in this country, when we've been so disappeared and disregarded," Harjo says. "And yet we're the root cultures, over 500-something tribes and I don't know how many at first contact. But it's quite an honor ... I bear that honor on behalf of the people and my ancestors. So that's really exciting for me." A native and resident of Tulsa, Okla. — she is also the first Oklahoman to be named U.S. poet laureate — Harjo says the appointment is an opportunity to continue a role she has often assumed throughout her career: as an "ambassador" of poetry. The Library of Congress calls the position "the nation's official poet" and assigns a "modest minimum" of official duties in order to enable individual projects designed "to raise the national consciousness to a greater appreciation of the reading and writing of poetry." "Since I started writing in 1973, I've almost always been on the road with poetry, and meeting people and communities ... every state in the union, small and large communities, for years on behalf of poetry — and the gift that poetry brings to all of us," Harjo says. Harjo is the author of eight books of poetry, including the American Book Award-winning In Mad Love and War (1990). She has also written a memoir and literature for children and young adults. She has taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of Tennessee. A new collection called An American Sunrise will be published in August. Its title poem interpolates and salutes a famous Gwendolyn Brooks poem, but imbues it with new meaning about the persistence of Native people: "We are still America. We / know the rumors of our demise. We spit them out. They die / soon." Born in 1951, Harjo did not have an easy start to her life as a multidisciplinary artist. Her memoir Crazy Brave discusses her father's alcoholism, her abusive stepfather, teen motherhood, a failed first marriage and living in poverty — before finding the "spirit of poetry." "I needed to find my voice, I think, in order to live," she said to Neal Conan on NPR's Talk of the Nation in 2012. The memoir also discusses the time that she heard Miles Davis on her parents' car radio and experienced a transcendental moment, which she connected to her mother's singing and her deep identification with music. Much later in life, nearing age 40, she picked up a saxophone for the first time. She has now released five albums of original music and won a Native American Music Award in 2009. Harjo talks about her poetry as a kind of music — like making a fire by slamming two rocks together. "You hit words together with rhythm and sound quality and fierce playfulness," she says. But in terms of subject matter, she also sees poetry as "an immense conversation of the soul." She says she's driven by "justice and healing and transformation: The idea that you can ... transform the images of our people from being non-human to human beings, and the ability to transform experiences that could potentially destroy a people, a family, a person to experiences that build connection and community." Her work often merges the global and the personal, the imagery of the natural world and that of the inner one. She speaks often not only of the diversity of humanity, but also of its unifying story, its oneness. "To her, poems are 'carriers of dreams, knowledge and wisdom,' and through them, she tells an American story of tradition and loss, reckoning and myth-making," said Hayden in a statement. "Her work powerfully connects us to the earth and the spiritual world with direct, inventive lyricism that helps us reimagine who we are." In "She Had Some Horses," found in the collection of the same name, Harjo describes the many, often contradictory "horses" within a woman: "She had some horses she loved. / She had some horses she hated. / These were the same horses."  In "This Morning I Pray for My Enemies," which she read for NPR, she relates th

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Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Philip Levine died on Saturday at the age of 87. The former U.S. poet laureate held a series of blue collar jobs before becoming a writer, and his poems often paid homage to the working class. Here & Now pays tribute to Philip Levine with an excerpt of Robin Young’s conversation with the poet, which originally aired on Labor Day 2011.
Hear the original interview and Philip Levine’s readings of three poems

Guest

Philip Levine, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet. He was U.S. poet laureate from 2011–2012.

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Question: Karzai, Obama To Rebuild Strained Relations

Afghan President Karzai meets President Obama at the White House for wide-ranging talks on Afghanistan Wednesday. The meeting is ahead of a major U.S. military operation in the southern province of Kandahar. A key issue is Karzai's plan for a national conference on reconciliation with the Taliban.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Among La. Flood Victims, 'Depression Levels Are Really High'. -- Magnitude 6.2 Earthquake In Central Italy Reportedly Kills Dozens. And here are more early headlines: Turkey Sends Tanks, Fighter Jets Into Northern Syria. (BBC) Biden Visiting Turkey As Anti-ISIS Offensive Begins. (VOA) North Korea Test Fires New Ballistic Missile Into Sea Of Japan. (CNN) Deadly New Bombings In Thailand. (Sydney Morning Herald) Monsoons Trigger Deadly Flooding, Evacuations In India. (Weather.com) Bergdahl Lawyers Claim Sen. McCain's Comments Hurt Case. (USA Today) Former U.N. Leader Annan To Advise Myanmar On Status Of Rohingyas. (AFP)


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Question: Release Of Palestinian Papers Raises Issues For U.S.

The U.S. State Department says the release of secret documents about Middle  East peace talks will make it harder for the U.S. to revive  talks. Spokesman P.J. Crowley says the U.S. isn't changing its strategy for now, but  Middle East experts argue that the U.S. should be drawing some  lessons. Daniel Kurtzer, a former ambassador to Israel, says the documents, which  show the Palestinians making unprecedented concessions and being rebuffed by  Israel, raise "substantial questions  as to why the Bush administration didn't understand that there had been a  significant narrowing of differences." Kurtzer, a professor at Princeton University, suggests that a big push a  couple of years ago might have really advanced the peace  process. The former ambassador says the Obama administration also  comes across as reluctant to put ideas on the table and should now "get its act  together." He says the documents show that the gaps between Israelis and Palestinians  are narrower than most people assumed. "If the administration has been waiting for that  narrowing to put forward a bridging position, it now has evidence that the  bridge can be built," Kurtzer says. But that bridge may be harder to build now with a  different Israeli coalition government, and as Palestinians grapple with the  political fallout from the leaks. Another U.S. veteran of the peace process,  Robert Danin, cautions against reading too much into what he calls a "selective" leak of documents.  He  calls it a "Rorschach test" and says everyone is going to draw from it their own  pre-existing policy recommendations. "Those who believe that a negotiated settlement is  possible will be bolstered by these revelations. Those who believe that the  Israelis are not serious will point to certain things here and say that that's  what it demonstrates," argues Danin, the Eni Enrico Mattei Senior Fellow for  Middle East and Africa Studies at the Council  on Foreign Relations. Danin believes the documents were leaked to embarrass  Palestinian negotiators, and he called it "a big blow" to U.S.  efforts to revive those talks. "It was released by people who think that negotiations  do not serve Palestinian interests and that this is not the way to go," he  says. The documents were leaked at a time when Palestinians  are already working on Plan B — taking their cause to the United  Nations to try to win Palestinian statehood.  Former ambassador Kurtzer thinks  the leaks will give more impetus to  this push at the U.N. "The argument now is, 'Look how far we  went, we didn't get anything in return, so why shouldn't we go to the U.N.?' " he  says, adding that he would be very worried if he were in the administration now  because there is no good response. The Obama administration has been urging  the Palestinians not to move ahead with a U.N. Security Council resolution  condemning Israeli building projects in the occupied West  Bank. As State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley argues, New York is not the place to resolve the  conflict. "The best and only way to  fundamentally resolve the core issues, reach an agreement and end the conflict  once and for all is through a negotiation — not through unilateral statements,  unilateral actions," Crowley says. While he wouldn't "vouch" for the documents released by  Al-Jazeera, he acknowledges they will make an already difficult job of reviving  the peace process even harder.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: Panetta: Don't Leap To Conclusions About Gen. Allen. Should Petraeus Scandal Be A Big Topic At Obama's News Conference Today? And here are more early headlines: Long Island Utility Chief Quitting Over Superstorm Sandy Response. (Newsday) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi To Announce Decision On Her House Post. (Los Angeles Times) Anti-Austerity Strikes Underway In Several European Countries. (NBC) Chinese President Hu Jintao Leaves Political Office As Part Of Power Transition. (VOA) Second Day Of Protests In Jordan Over High Gas Prices. (Jordan Times) African Union Seeks U.N. Authorization To Invade Mali And Fight Islamist Militants. (AP) Pakistan To Release Some Afghan Taliban Prisoners To Help Peace Process. (Reuters) Car Bombs Kill Many In Iraq Ahead Of Islamic New Year. (BBC) Contraception Is A Human Right, Says U.N. Agency. (AP)


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Question: Nasdaq Sees Biggest Single-Day Loss In 7 Years

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U.S. stocks moved sharply lower in later afternoon trading on Wednesday. The Dow lost more than 600 points. The major U.S. indexes are all negative on the year now.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Supreme Court Puts White House's Carbon Pollution Limits On Hold. -- South Korea Shutting Down Joint Industrial Park In North Korea. And here are more early headlines: Fed Chair Yellen To Discuss Economy On Capitol Hill. (AP) Senate Wrangles Over Criminal Justice Reform Bill. (The Hill) Obama To Address Illinois Lawmakers. (KTVI-TV) While The East Gets Snow, Los Angeles Bakes In Heat. (AccuWeather) Japan's Nikkei Average Falls Again Sharply, After Tuesday Plunge. (Reuters) Rare Big Surf Event Declared "On" In Hawaii. (KHON-TV) Could Gas Prices In Some Regions Fall Below $1 A Gallon? (USA Today) Amazon Terms For New Game Don't Apply In Case Of Zombies. (New Republic)


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Question: Cell Phone Jammers Illegal but Tempting

Cell phone jammers are gadgets that can cut cell reception immediately — handy technology for those stuck in crowded trains or restaurants beside inconsiderate mobile chatters. Ryan Singel, reporter for Wired magazine, explains how the illegal jammers work to block cell reception to all those nearby.

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Criminal Charges in HP Spying Scandal. CDC Study Shows Health Effects of Perchlorate. End Music.


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Question: History Of Failed Supreme Court Nominations Goes All The Way Back To George Washington

President Trump’s Supreme Court pick could replace Justice Anthony Kennedy, who is retiring. But as history shows, just because a president nominates a justice doesn’t mean they’ll always make it to the court. Here & Now‘s Jeremy Hobson takes a look back at failed Supreme Court nominations with Ed Ayers (@edward_l_ayers) and Joanne Freeman (@jbf1755), co-hosts of the podcast “BackStory,” which is produced at Virginia Humanities. Since it was established in 1789, presidents have nominated 162 people to the Supreme Court, but only 125 have been confirmed. Turns out, there’s a long history of fights over who gets on the bench, Ayers says. “As you know, the two-party system is in turmoil. People … simply aren’t going to give the other guys a chance to make something,” he says. “And of course, we all know this is such outsize importance because it’s for life. And so, as ugly as other fights are, there’s nothing quite like a Supreme Court justice fight.” Interview Highlights On George Washington’s failure to get a nomination confirmed Joanne Freeman: “His name was John Rutledge. He was from South Carolina. He gave a speech in South Carolina in which he declared something along the lines of he loved President Washington dearly, but he would wish General Washington dead if he signed this Jay Treaty that was pending. So people in the Senate who liked the Jay Treaty and were sided with Washington — were on his side politically speaking — were not really thrilled with Mr. Rutledge. So he actually was not approved by the Senate. He was also not in wonderful health, so I think he resigned before he even knew that he’d been rejected, which probably was best for Mr. Rutledge.” On how John Jay declined President Adams’ offer to return to the court JF: “He was chief justice of the court, and he served for a time, [then] he stepped down. He went about doing other political business, and John Adams then was the next president, and Adams went to Jay, and he essentially said, ‘You were really good at this job. Would you come back?’ And Jay actually said, ‘No. I didn’t love that job.’ “The court nowadays, I think it’s busier, and it’s doing far more momentous decisions than it did in those early years. So I think that Jay to some degree was bored because they weren’t doing a lot in those first few years. And I have to add that because Jay did not accept that nomination, we ended up with John Marshall who’s really one of our most renowned chief justices.” On the first stolen seat on the court JF: “It is the first, as far as I know, the first stolen seat. It’s at the end of [John Quincy] Adams’ presidency, and he nominates John Crittenden who’s a lawyer from Kentucky, and the Jacksonian supporters who know that [Andrew Jackson’s] just been elected president basically do not want Adams to be able to appoint a Supreme Court justice, so they pass a resolution that essentially says it is — and this is the word they use — ‘inexpedient’ to consider this justice at this particular moment. … And so, they don’t vote one way or another. He just does not come up, and Jackson comes in, assumes the presidency, and he’s the one who appoints a justice.” On Andrew Jackson’s nomination of Roger B. Taney Ed Ayers: “Well, Taney has a number of distinguishing achievements. First, he was the first cabinet member to be rejected by the Senate, and then he went on to be rejected by the Senate as the associate justice of the Supreme Court. Now this is because of the Bank War, and that Taney was seen as a kind of pawn of Jackson in dismantling the bank of the U.S. And so it created a whole other party, the Whig Party, and they were determined that Roger B. Taney was not going to have a position of authority. But things changed a little bit. The Democrats got a slim majority, and Jackson came back again said, ‘Well how about this? What do you say we make him chief justice? “And he did [become chief justice], and then he ruled for decades. Now there were trivial accomplishments that he had, like he was the first to wear regular pants underneath the robes … And he also had the idea that he would assign decisions to associate judges to give. It wouldn’t just always be the Supreme Court chief justice because he had stage fright apparently. But of course, his name goes down in infamy because almost 20 years later he is the one who [ruled in] … the infamous Dred Scott decision, which declared that black Americans had no right that white Americans were bound to respect. So it shows, you know, he’s turned down twice, finally anointed, and then plays an outsize role in American history.” On Ronald Reagan’s failed nomination of Robert Bork in 1987 EA: “He had one mark against him: He was an academic. And so he had written things down, he had written articles, he had said for a long ti

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- U.S. Families Stunned By Russia's Ban On Adoptions. -- Remembering Gen. Schwarzkopf, 'Military Hero Of His Generation'. -- Secretary Clinton Due Back At Work Next Week, 'Foreign Policy' Reports. And the other major story of the day, as we reported late Thursday: -- White House To Host Congressional Leaders Friday For Fiscal Deadline Talks. Meanwhile, other stories making headlines include: -- At Least 17 Deaths Blamed On Winter Storm That Crossed Much Of Nation. (The Associated Press) -- Former President George H.W. Bush Remains In Hospital, But Would Urge Folks To "Put The Harps Back In The Closet," Spokeswoman Says. (Houston Chronicle) -- Shooting Appears To Be Chicago's 500th Homicide This Year. (Chicago Tribune)


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Question: Far-Right Militias Regroup Amid Blitz Of Jan. 6 Prosecutions

Nearly seven months after a pro-Trump mob stormed the U.S. Capitol, prosecutors are laying out their case against individual rioters and against at least three far-right militia groups that they say organized or instigated some of the violence. The Justice Department has charged approximately 40 people with conspiracy in connection with the push to stop Congress from certifying President Biden’s election victory on Jan. 6. Here & Now‘s Jane Clayson speaks with Micah Loewinger, a reporter for WYNC’s On the Media, where he focuses on internet culture, politics and the far-right. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- No End In Sight As Government Shutdown Begins. -- Obama: 'Perpetual Cycle Of Brinksmanship ... Has To End.' -- In Talk Of Shutdown, A Familiar Feeling At The White House. And here are more early headlines: Despite Government Shutdown, Obamacare Opens Enrollment Today. (Reuters) Israeli Prime Minister Visits U.N. Today, Warning Against Iran. (CBS) U.S. Diplomats Expelled From Venezuela For 'Sabotage'. (CNN) Bangladesh Sentences Opposition Leader To Death For War Crimes. (BBC) Greece Cracks Down On Far Right Party Accused Of Murder, Corruption. (Guardian) Jury Seated In Insider Trading Trial Of Dallas Mavericks Owner. (New York Times) UC Berkeley Blast May Be Linked To Underground Copper Theft. (San Jose Mercury News) Police Catch Thief Sprayed With Liquid That Glows In Ultraviolet Light. (Reuters)


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The provided query could be '['represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr', 'Critic Ted Libbey Joins']' and the positive '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Critic Ted Libbey joins Martin for another of their weekly visits to the PT Basic Record Library. This week Ted recommends recordings of three great American symphonies composed during the 1940s -- music by Walter Piston, David Diamond and William Schuman.']' and the negative '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR:', 'Stories: 1) Congressman, Civil Rights Icon John Lewis 2) Journalist, Author Ta-Nehisi Coates']'

Question: Alabama Resident On Facing Hurricane Sally

Jon Perkinson of Orange Beach, Ala., talks about how he found himself and his family in the path of Hurricane Sally. They watched boats capsize and feared for their lives.

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Lethal Injection Hearings Continue. Violent Crime Wave Sweeps Tijuana. End Music.


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Question: Who's Carl This Time?

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Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: A Prime Departure, His Front Is Back, Venti Decaf Accident

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Pope-ularity; Emission Admission; It's Over Now That It's Over.


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Question: Healing 'Brick City': A Newark Doctor Returns Home

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Given ['represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth!\nTo give you a sense - "When people think of classical guitar music, it\'s often the Rodrigo Concierto da Aranjuez (which served as the basis for Miles Davis\' Sketches of Spain) or Villa Lobos\' Guitar Concerto, or anything recorded by the master Andres Segovia. The Australian guitarist John Williams, who studied under Segovia, brought another composer to the "essential" list: The Paraguayan guitarist Augustin Barrios-Mangore (1885-1944), whose music went largely neglected by modern interpreters until the 1980s and \'90s. Williams\' From the Jungles of Paraguay, an album of solo guitar pieces, provides an excellent way to encounter this entrancing songwriter, whose pieces reflect and then transcend tradition. How hip was Barrios? Check out "Cueca for Guitar" (audio), a Brazilian fantasia in waltz meter. It starts out simply enough, with the guitar playing blocky chords. Pretty soon, though, come tone variations — first featherweight harmonics, then sweeping glissandos, and finally a passage in which the guitarist softly taps the instrument to produce a percussive sound. Born in a large family in Southern Paraguay, Barrios learned folk songs from his mother before studying the classical repertoire. Convinced that Barrios was a special talent, a local teacher prevailed upon his parents to let him move to a larger city to further his studies; by the time he was 20, he was composing mature pieces. These fall into several categories: Some are folkloric, some are religious, and some, like the moody "Preludio for Guitar" (audio), borrow chord progressions and structure from established classical forms. Even in his most scholarly moments, however, Barrios is an individual: His long, rhapsodic melodies move in graceful strides, while his chord sequences are active enough to provide rock guitarists with plenty to puzzle out. Williams renders these pieces reverently, with no extra fanfare. He makes sure that even in the most technically dazzling moments, the spotlight remains on the tender and intricate music of an unjustly overlooked composer." should be close to "Reflecting and Transcending Paraguayan Tradition"', 'Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.\nOn Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]'], a positive would be ['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details:', 'Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan']

When Sampson Davis was in high school, he and two of his friends made a pact that they would someday become doctors. All three of them did. Along with those friends — and now fellow doctors — George Jenkins and Rameck Hunt, Davis co-authored a 2003 book called The Pact, about that promise and the way it shaped their lives. Now, in a new memoir, Davis describes his experience returning to the Beth Israel Hospital in Newark, N.J. — the hospital where he was born — as an emergency physician. Davis joins NPR's Scott Simon to talk about the book, Living and Dying in Brick City: An E.R. Doctor Returns Home.  Interview Highlights On returning to Newark after becoming a doctor "My calling was a bit different. It was important for me to come back and become a beacon of hope, if you will, to show young people, especially, that education can change a life. It changed my life, and it saved my life in so many ways." On encountering a childhood friend, Don "Snake" Moses, in the hospital "He was a young guy that I grew up with in the streets of Newark. And my past wasn't always perfect. I grew up in a single-parent home with five siblings [in a] drug-infested community. And I always had hopes and aspirations of doing more with my life, but I often say you can't aim for what you can't see. Growing up, I was surrounded by so much negative peer pressure and negativity, it wasn't long before I became a part of that fabric. "Snake and I was a part of a team that committed an armed robbery when I was 17 1/2. And I often say 17 1/2 because had I been 18, my story would have been written differently. But it was that life experience that changed me around. I was sentenced to two years' probation. And I started back in high school and ... earned straight A's in high school, went off to college, and went down a different side of the fork in the road towards education. And Snake — Don Moses — stayed down the same road of crime, and he was in and out of jail. "And it so happened that I finished college, I went off to medical school, came back home for my residency, and the first day ... I looked up at the board, and 'Don Moses' [was] written on the board in the trauma room. I'm like, 'Wow, I know that name," and right below was written the word 'deceased.' So, I'm sitting in there, looking at the board and thinking, 'What are the chances that this is the Don Moses that I know?' And unfortunately, I sprinted down to the surgical ICU and his body was taken away, but his family was there. It was the Don Moses that I knew from childhood." On the need to acknowledge mental illness "When you look at mental illness, in the inner city community particularly, it's taboo. It's almost like, 'I can't say to another person that I'm depressed, because it destroys, especially as a man talking to another man, it destroys the 'man code,' if you will. But in the book, I refer to a young man that I grew up with who was this bright, happy, young guy who I remember playing basketball with. I left, went off to college and medical school, and I returned. He didn't look the same. He tried to act as if he was happy, but everything about him screamed depression. His depression stemmed from many things: He lost his mother, he lost his girlfriend — his fiancee. And he never [sought] help for it because it was one of those situations that I've come to understand, where you just don't talk about it. He unfortunately took his life. He just spiraled out of control — he had no resources, and no ways of dealing with it or coping with it." On what it will take to improve health care in inner cities "I think one is attention to the matter at hand and to realize that there is a need that exists in the cities as far as health care. Not only in the cities but in a great amount of rural areas, as well. I also feel that there has to be a program in place that encourage[s] youth from the beginning to become doctors, to become health care professionals. There has to be more programs that exist ... to help the students matriculate through high school, through college, through medical school. Because more often, just like myself, you come back. You come back to home." On feeling the responsibility to give back "Through my mother's way of handling life, she always made sure that I understood the need to give back ... She always said, 'Once you make it, you have to come back and help other people.' Too often, in Newark especially, I see so many professionals that do make it out — they don't return. And I think that's a crime in itself ... You have to have some social consciousness to give back, to be a part of making it better tomorrow."

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