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Question: Thursday, April 19th, 2018

Cuba is preparing for a new leader. Raul Castro is expected to hand over the presidency to a younger successor. President Trump spoke about his hopes for a planned summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. And a judge will decide whether a criminal trial against Missouri Governor Eric Greitens can go forward.

A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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Question: What's An 'Incel'? The Online Community Behind The Toronto Van Attack

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Last week, a van plowed into a busy Toronto sidewalk, killing 10 people in what appeared to be a deliberate act. The suspect in the attack, Alek Minassian, was quickly linked to an online community of trolls and violent misogynists who call themselves "incels" — a term that stands for "involuntarily celibate." Arshy Mann, a reporter at the Toronto-based LGBT online magazine Xtra, has been covering the incel community. He helped explain what it is.  Interview Highlights On what the incel community is It's [an] online subculture of young men who feel very frustrated with their sexual and romantic lives. They get together online to kind of talk about this, but the way that they express that isn't through working through their feelings or talking through their issues. Instead, they move toward a very virulent misogyny, and they spend a lot of their time engaging in really violent ideation about the horrible things that they want to do to women and to sexually successful men. And they venerate a lot of these violent figures who have come before, especially Elliot Rodger, who murdered a number of people in 2014 on the campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara. And they see him as a kind of hero, and they talk about replicating that violence. It's quite a disturbing part of the Internet. On what separates the incel community from other misogyny I think what really distinguishes them is the fact that they find each other online, and they escalate their rhetoric consistently until it reaches this kind of violent, feverish pitch. Obviously, there are a lot of men and women out there who are not happy with either their romantic or sexual lives. But what distinguishes the incel subculture is that they get together and they really egg each other on. It's a kind of process that is similar to other forms of radicalization that we might associate with terrorism, whether it's, say, ISIS or white supremacist terror. These men are told that they're worthless, and they're told that by their peers in these communities, and if they try to improve or leave these kinds of communities, they're pushed back against even more by their fellow community members. On racist undertones in incel communities It often has a kind of racial tinge or racial panic element to it. Elliot Rodger, in his manifesto, talked about being especially horrified seeing, say, black men with white women. He had a feeling of entitlement to white women's bodies in particular. However ... when it comes to incels specifically, they're not just limited to young white men — there are men of all ethnicities who are involved in this subculture. But at least for a good number of them, these more misogynistic movements can often be an entry point into the more racialized or anti-Semitic branches of the alt-right. On whether law enforcement is watching incel forums for terrorism We really don't have a sense of whether or not law enforcement have been monitoring these communities. But from the ways in which law enforcement in the past have treated online misogyny — which generally has been to not take it very seriously — I would be shocked, frankly, if these groups and these forums had been monitored in any kind of systematic or substantial way.  Sami Balaban and Barrie Hardymon produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Patrick Jarenwattananon adapted it for the Web.

Good morning (and our apologies for being late with this). Some of our early headlines: -- Judge Says Nidal Hasan Can Represent Himself In Fort Hood Trial -- Report: NSA Is Searching 'Vast Amounts' Of Americans' Emails -- 'Total Disgrace': Jackie Robinson Statue Defaced In Brooklyn -- 'New York Times' Is Not For Sale, Sulzberger Says -- Fannie Mae Books $10.1 Billion In Second-Quarter Profits -- 3 Winning Powerball Tickets Sold: 2 In N.J., 1 In Minnesota -- Burglars Return Loot To Group That Helps Sex Assault Victims -- Stars And Stripes: Pair Of Sumatran Tigers Born At National Zoo -- World-Record Snakehead Fish Caught In U.S. Other stories in the news: -- Wildfire In Southern California "Grows To 10,000 Acres; One Person Burned 'Head To Toe.' " (Los Angeles Times) -- 4 Killed, 4 Wounded In Dallas-area Shooting Rampage. (The Dallas Morning News) -- "Suspect's Vehicle In California Murder-abduction Case Seen In Oregon." (Reuters) -- Suicide Bomber In Quetta, Pakistan, Kills At Least 28. (BBC News)


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Question: The Consumer Complaints Database That Could Disappear From View

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When a consumer has a complaint about a bank, whether it's dealing with a mortgage or a credit card, right now there's a place to lodge that complaint online. It's easy to click around and search for other similar complaints. And it's a tool consumers can use when trying to weigh whether to do business with a particular bank or other kind of financial firm. Investigators like this database as well, because when thousands of similar complaints pop up, it could be a red flag that there's a problem at a bank that they need to dig into. The Trump administration's Mick Mulvaney was in the news again this week because he said he wanted to shut down public access to this popular government database at the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The industry likes this idea and has long complained about the database, because it says the complaints aren't vetted enough. Consumer groups say that keeping the public from seeing the database is a move that panders to companies the consumer regulator is supposed to be policing. The CFPB is a powerful watchdog regulator set up after the financial crisis. It's currently being run by Mulvaney, who once sponsored legislation to abolish the bureau when he was in Congress. He has often called the bureau too powerful and aggressive.  Mulvaney has made a series of moves that have drawn sharp criticism from consumer groups. On Tuesday, he spoke to a group of bankers and suggested he might take the CFPB's online database and hide the complaints from public view. In looking at the law that created the CFPB, he told the room full of lobbyists and bankers at an American Bankers Association conference, "I don't see anything [that says] I have to run a Yelp for financial services sponsored by the federal government. "I am thinking I could make the case," Mulvaney continued, "that having a database that is publicly facing, but is not completely vetted, is probably not consistent with our overall mission." The database was designed to hold financial firms accountable. For example, if someone refinances their house and has a bad experience with a bank, they can go online and file a complaint that is added to the database. So far, Americans have filed more than a million of these complaints. And regulators can use that data to decide whether to investigate financial firms.   For years, the financial industry has said that people can post complaints that aren't true, which introduces "unreliable and misleading information into the market." Kim Gustafson, an executive with Fortis Private Bank in Denver, says, "There are a lot of comments on [the database] that are just people's feelings about something without any substantiated facts or actual complaints around a specific issue." The CFPB does give companies a chance to determine whether the person is in fact a customer and also to file a written response to a complaint before any of the information is posted on the database.  Consumer protection advocates are not happy about the direction the bureau is heading or this latest revelation that Mulvaney may move to hide complaints in the database from the public. "Daylight is a great disinfectant and the American people have a right to know when tens of thousands of their fellow citizens are complaining about a financial institution," says Karl Frisch, the executive director of the consumer advocacy group Allied Progress. "The CFPB received tens of thousands complaints about Wells Fargo and that issue is now being resolved." Frisch opposes closing the database to the public in part because he says academics, journalists, consumer groups like his should be able to have access to the information.

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Take Your Child to Work Day

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On Take Your Child to Work Day, kids talk about what they know about their parents jobs, and what their parents hope to teach them. Cokie Roberts, Senior news analyst for NPR and political commentator for ABC News; Mother of "Talk of the Nation" guest host, Rebecca Roberts Rep. John Sarbanes (D-MD), son of former Sen. Paul Sarbanes (D-MD)  Karl Hobbs, men's basketball head coach, George Washington University Atlantic-10 Coach of the Year, 2006; daughter plays basketball for George Mason University REBECCA ROBERTS, host:  This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Rebecca Roberts in Washington, sitting in for Neal Conan.  Fifteen years ago, the Ms. Foundation challenged mothers to take their daughters to work with them on the fourth Thursday of April. People everywhere responded, and fathers and sons wanted in on it, too, so the movement is now nationally recognized as Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day. Well, we did just that, and now we're joined by an audience of kids and parents here in Studio 4A.  (Soundbite of applause, cheering)  ROBERTS: The kids here may wonder exactly what their parents do, and when they figure it out, they may even be inspired to follow in their parents' professional footsteps. We'll be talking to a congressman who's the son of a senator, a college basketball coach whose daughter plays for a rival school, and a prominent journalist whose daughter occasionally guest hosts TALK OF THE NATION. And we want to hear from you. Do your children know what you do? Were you influenced by what your parents did? Our number here in Washington is 800-989-8255. That's 800-989-TALK. Our e-mail address is talk@npr.org, and you can join the conversation on our blog at npr.org/blogofthenation.  We begin with Congressman John Sarbanes. He's the Democratic representative of Maryland's Third District. His father is former Maryland Democratic Senator Paul Sarbanes. Welcome to the show, Congressman.  Representative JOHN SARBANES (Democrat, Maryland): Thank you. It's good to be here.  ROBERTS: You are - is this your first term in Congress - just as your dad retired, so you never served together.  Rep. SARBANES: We never served together, no. We didn't overlap, actually.  ROBERTS: And how old were you when he first elected?  Rep. SARBANES: Well, when he was first elected to public office was 1966. I was four years old. He came to Congress in 1970, and he served for about 40 years in the U.S. Congress.  ROBERTS: Did your father ever take you to work for him - with him?  Rep. SARBANES: He did - not on an official Take Your Child to Work Day, but yeah. I did accompany him a few times.  ROBERTS: And did you always feel like public office was something you were going to go into?  Rep. SARBANES: Well, you know, it's interesting. I think children can follow in their parents' footsteps either directly or indirectly. What I mean by that is directly would mean that you know right from the get-go that you're interested in following in exactly the kind of job or pursuit that your parent has, and many do that. Indirectly is that you sort of absorb by osmosis the kind of commitment that your parent has to their job. And then there comes a time along the way where you have the opportunity to do the same thing, and that's sort of how I came to it.  ROBERTS: So you weren't practicing campaign speeches at four. You weren't one of those kids.  Rep. SARBANES: No, I was not.  (Soundbite of laughter)  ROBERTS: What was your father's reaction when you told him you were going to run for Congress?  Rep. SARBANES: Well, I think he was excited about it. I mean, he was anxious, because any time you put yourself in front of the electorate and you - and you're seeking votes like that, you never know how it's going to end up. But he was very supportive, and I think he felt that he'd contributed to the decision indirectly by emphasizing the importance of public service and commitment to community all during his professional life, and I think that perspective rubbed off on me.  ROBERTS: Do you think it would have been different for you if he were still in office, if you were physically working in the same building?  Re. SARBANES: That would be very interesting, actually, to cross paths during the day. I actually sort of cross paths indirectly with him, because there's so many people that he knew over the last 30 years. And they're always asking me are you, you know, are you related to Senator Sarbanes? So we didn't have that opportunity, but in some ways I kind of feel - still feel his presence here in Washington.  ROBERTS: Again, we are talking about Take Your Child to Work Day, Take Your Son or Daughter To Work Day. The number to join us is 800-989-TALK, or e-mail talk@npr.org. And we do have a live audience here in Studio 4A, and if anyone here has a question for me or our panel, please join in. We have someone at the microphone in the audience who will take your question. But in the meantime, let's hear from Megan in Norman, Oklahoma. Megan,

May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J

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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: International Space Station

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NPR's Joe Palca reports that NASA is going to ask for millions of dollars to keep the Russians in the International Space Station collaboration. But some members of Congress say they are tired of raising the ante to keep the Russians in. And Russia's commercial rocket-maker, Energiya, suggests that the U.S. should simply drop its dealings with the Russian government and just contract directly with them.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

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The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there's some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone's political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn't do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving's Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry's heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it's pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan's running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party's nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac

Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


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Question: International Space Station

NPR's Michele Kelemen reports from Kazakstan that a Russian Proton booster rocket lifted off from a launch-pad in Kazakstan today, carrying the first part of the new international space station into orbit.


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Question: International Space Station

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NPR's Richard Harris reports that the international space station may be back on track again. Several weeks ago, there were reports that Russia had run out of cash for the effort, setting back the project for nearly a year. Now it appears that Russia is pouring money back into the effort.


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Question: International Space Station

Guests: Marcia Smith Specialist in Aerospace Policy, Congressional Research Service Library of Congress Washington, D.C.  Robert Park Director of the Washington D.C. Office American Physical Society Professor of Physics  University of Maryland College Park, Maryland  John-David Bartoe Research Manager for the International Space Station  NASA's Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas  It's been called the "world's biggest science project," but after 20 billion dollars and more than ten years, the future of NASA's International Space Station is still up in the air. Will bailouts make the station fly? Or are we just throwing good money after bad? In this hour, we'll have a debate on the international space station.


Question: Frequently Asked Questions

What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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Question: Questions for the President

President George Bush will answer reporters' questions in a prime-time news conference tonight. We wondered what regular citizens would want to ask him. Our questions came from people in New Hampshire, Michigan, Massachusetts and Kentucky.

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Some Political Theater; From the Middle East to the Midwest; and What is ... Bad News For Humans?


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Separation of Church and State

A ruling from the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has declared the 'under God' part of the Pledge of Allegiance as unconstitutional. In another ruling, the Supreme Court said parents in Cleveland who have children in troubled public schools and want to place them in private schools as a way of improving their educational options may use vouchers. Karen Grigsby Bates speaks with Jay Sekulow, chief counsel for the American Center for Law and Justice and Elliott Minchberg, co-counsel in the Cleveland voucher case and vice president of the People for the American Way Foundation.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: Transgender Health Protections Reversed By Trump Administration

Updated at 7:29 p.m. ET The Trump administration on Friday finalized a rule that would remove nondiscrimination protections for LGBTQ people when it comes to health care and health insurance. "HHS respects the dignity of every human being, and as we have shown in our response to the pandemic, we vigorously protect and enforce the civil rights of all to the fullest extent permitted by our laws as passed by Congress," said Roger Severino, who directs the Office for Civil Rights in the Department of Health and Human Services, in a written statement announcing that the HHS rule had become final. The rule is set to go into effect by mid-August. It is one of many rules and regulations put forward by the Trump administration that defines "sex discrimination" as only applying when someone faces discrimination for being female or male, and does not protect people from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Supporters of the new rule said this is a necessary reversal of Obama-era executive overreach and will reduce confusion about the legal meaning of "sex discrimination." Critics argue the rule could further harm an already vulnerable group — transgender people — in the midst of a pandemic and historic unrest spurred by the killing of George Floyd at the hands of police in Minneapolis. "I can't help but wonder if the timing [of this rule] is by design so that this is something that people won't pay attention to," said Tia Sherèe Gaynor, a political science professor at the University of Cincinnati. What the final rule does The rule focuses on nondiscrimination protections laid out in Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act. That federal law established that it is illegal to discriminate on the basis of "race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability in certain health programs and activities." In 2016, an Obama-era rule explained that protections regarding "sex" encompass those based on gender identity, which it defined as "male, female, neither, or a combination of male and female." In June 2019, under Trump, the HHS Office for Civil Rights proposed a rule (the one finalized this week) that reverses the one from the Obama administration. Severino said at the time, "We're going back to the plain meaning of those terms, which is based on biological sex." He also said the rule could save hospitals and insurers and others $2.9 billion over five years since they will be relieved of the requirement to print notices of nondiscrimination in several languages and include them with any "significant" mailings. Under the new rule, a transgender person could, for example, be refused care for a checkup at a doctor's office, said Lindsey Dawson, associate director of HIV policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation. Other possible scenarios include a transgender man being denied treatment for ovarian cancer, or a hysterectomy not being covered by an insurer — or costing more when the procedure is related to someone's gender transition. The Trump rule makes changes to gender-based discrimination protections beyond Section 1557 of the ACA; it affects regulations pertaining to access to health insurance, for example, including cost-sharing, health plan marketing and benefits. The rule could also mean that those seeking an abortion could be denied care if performing the procedure violates the provider's moral or religious beliefs. Even with the rule now finalized, an LGBTQ person who is discriminated against or denied health care can still sue, and courts may rule that their civil rights were violated in such a case. But that's not an easy avenue, Dawson said. "Because of limited access to litigation, I think that it's fair to state that the ramifications [of this rule] could be pretty significant," she said. Protections will also vary based on where someone lives, she added, so the rule "creates a patchwork of civil rights, compared to standardized protections." For Severino, this move has been a long time coming. He joined the Trump administration from the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, where he wrote a paper on gender protections in Section 1557. He's also a devout Catholic and, as director of the Office for Civil Rights, has made protections of religious freedom a key focus, including the right of doctors to refuse to provide care that contradicts their religious or moral beliefs. The rule the HHS proposed on gender and discrimination in health care garnered 155,966 public comments. The final rule is nearly identical to the original version proposed last year. Conservative groups, including the Christian Medical Association, the Susan B. Anthony List and the Heritage Foundation, applauded the new HHS guidance. "Health professionals know they must base medical decisions on biology and science, not ideology," Dr. Jeff Barrows, the Christian Medical Association's executive vice president for bioethics and public policy, said after hearing the announcement. "We are hopeful that this rule


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Question: Supreme Court Rules Against Trump Administration In DACA Case

The Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration from ending DACA and protection of "DREAMers." Host Steve Inskeep speaks with DACA recipient Jose Munoz, NPR's John Burnett and Nina Totenberg.

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Question: Reconciling Science and Religion

Roman Catholic priest and cosmologist Michael Heller won this year's Templeton Prize. "Science without religion is not only meaningless, it's lame," he says.

Stories: 1) 'The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity' 2) 'How Doctors Think' 3) "The Other Side of You"


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J


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Should I Stay or Should I Go?


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Question: Carrie Lam, Beijing's Favored Candidate, Elected To Lead Hong Kong

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After winning an election conducted amongst Hong Kong's biggest Beijing supporters, 59-year-old former civil servant Carrie Lam said her priority would be to "heal the divide" in Hong Kong society, vowing to form a government based on talent, not connections. After more than two years of protests over the city's political future, this seemed to be what her city needed to hear, and saying the right thing at the right time was precisely what catapulted Lam to this position in the first place. Lam's popularity among China's communist leadership soared when the then-chief secretary — the city's second-in-command — helped Beijing lead an effort to overhaul the city's election process. Up until then, Hong Kong's government had listened to public opinions about how it should implement the rights of all city residents to vote for their chief executive. Hong Kong's Basic Law, or mini-constitution that was adapted after the city was handed over to China in 1997, promises universal suffrage. But in August of 2014, Lam helped unveil an electoral reform proposal that promised voting rights for all city residents, but only after Beijing selected its own candidates. The city reacted swiftly: Tens of thousands of protesters shut down the city's financial district for more than two months, sparking what later became known as the "Umbrella Revolution," named after the umbrellas used by protesters to shield themselves from police tear gas. After the streets were cleared and the tear gas dissipated, the electoral reform proposal championed by Beijing and Carrie Lam failed. But Lam, who ably represented the government in negotiations with protesting students that autumn, had proven herself worthy of Beijing's blessing. But how will Lam's knack for behind-the-scenes negotiations and policymaking help her in Hong Kong's top leadership spot? With Beijing increasingly interfering in Hong Kong's affairs, there has never been a more difficult time to be chief executive of the city. Lam's first big challenge may come on her first day in office. July 1 is the 20th anniversary of Hong Kong's handover to China, and Chinese leader Xi Jinping will likely be in attendance for the event. Umbrella Movement leaders are already planning mass demonstrations to protest the event, and it'll be the first chance Carrie Lam will have to make good on her promise to try to heal the divide in Hong Kong society.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Ebola Stricken Nurse Appears Well In Video. -- Hong Kong Police Launch Dawn Raid To Dismantle Protest Site. And here are more early headlines: Russia Criticizes Talks With Ukrainian, European Leaders. (NBC) Monster Hurricane Gonzalo Sweeps Close To Bermuda. (NHC) Hawaii To Be Brushed This Weekend By Hurricane. (Central Pacific Hurricane Center) At Least 29 Hikers Killed By Nepal Blizzard, Avalanches. (Radio New Zealand) Opposition In Mozambique Claims Election Fraud. (BBC) Pakistani Court Upholds Woman's Blasphemy Death Sentence. (New York Times) Japanese Leader Sends Gift To Controversial Shrine, Angering China. (Businessweek) Cambodian Genocide Trial Restarts Against Khmer Rouge Leaders. (Wall Street Journal) Kayakers Block Australian Port In Environmental Protest. (Guardian) "Old Ironsides", Oldest Floating U.S. Commissioned Warship, To Be Restored. (AP)


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Question: Asking the Right Questions

I'm a chemist, and I thrive on laboratory work. In college and graduate school, I would arrive at my lab before the sun came up and spend 60 hours a week or more there. After graduation, I got a job in industry and my passion for lab work resulted in several patents and the synthesis of countless chemical compounds. My success, I believed, came in asking the right questions. As my career evolved, so did my family, but my son John was born with a birth defect called biliary atresia. I spent many nights in the hospital with him. I would review Excel spreadsheets in the wee hours of the night. One file showed my son's blood electrolyte levels, and another file charted how my chemical compounds were performing back at work. By this time in my career I figure I must have synthesized more than 2,500 compounds.  This story doesn't have a happy ending. At the age of 2, my son John died after a failed liver transplant. I can't begin to describe the anguish that followed — the nights I lay awake wondering how this happened. No one knows the cause of this disease. What if some chemical I worked on caused my son's illness? I had prided myself on my ability to make compounds, and on the ability to ask myself the "right" questions. But it hit me that for eight years of undergraduate and graduate education, at no time in my schooling did I ever have a class in chemical toxicology or environmental impacts of chemistry. Come to think of it, no universities in the world require chemists to learn these things. It's just not in our curriculum. So the people inventing products for industry — people like me — have not been taught how to do it any other way. Now, I believe the most important question — the right question that has not been asked — is a simple one, really: "Why?" "Why do we have hazardous chemicals?" "Why do we make things the way we do?" I believe that the right questions are not being asked enough. And perhaps more troubling, the response rings out: "But that's the way we've always done it!" And that is exactly the point. We chemists need to take a look at our relationship with the community we serve, focusing on the cumulative effects of the compounds we release into the environment. We can start by changing how we teach chemistry to future chemists and to the general public. Society is demanding safer materials, industry wants to make safer materials; the next generation of chemists needs to learn how to do this. We need armies of students to go into chemistry and materials science to learn to invent safer products. I understand the physiological causes for my son's disease are complicated, and it is very unlikely that my son's illness and subsequent death were linked to any chemicals from my lab. Still, a father can find ways to blame himself when his son dies. Blame won't change the past. But I believe by asking the right questions — by challenging the old assumptions — maybe we can change the future. Independently produced for NPR Digital Media by Jay Allison and Dan Gediman with John Gregory and Viki Merrick.


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Question: Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon

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Actor Kevin Bacon was first recognized in the 1982 film Diner. Since then, he's starred in more than 50 films. His most recent is The Woodsman, which is now out on DVD. He's also inspired the game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon,  in which players try to link another actor with Bacon in as few steps as possible. We rebroadcast an interview from Jan. 18, 2005.


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Question: Lawsuit Challenges Fetal Burial Rule In Texas

Abortion rights groups filed suit Monday to stop the state of Texas from enacting a rule on Dec. 19 that requires fetal remains to be buried or cremated after miscarriages or abortions. The lawsuit calls the rule "politically motivated" and says it aims to shame women. The Texas Department of Health went ahead with the measure despite objections from medical groups. Supporters, however, say its purpose is to provide dignity for "unborn infants." "What we're saying is, it needs to be humane, and the mother needs to be given the opportunity to have a say and be informed with what's happening," says Kristi Hamrick of Americans United for Life. The group has created model legislation intended for other states, similar to the Texas regulation. But the Center for Reproductive Rights says it would be costly to require burials or cremation — a cost that may be passed on to women — and would provide no health benefit. "These regulations are an insult to Texas women, the rule of law and the U.S. Supreme Court, which declared less than six months ago that medically unnecessary restrictions on abortion access are unconstitutional," says Nancy Northup, president and CEO of the center. The Texas regulation is part of a wave of such laws that followed last year's undercover videos targeting Planned Parenthood. The maker of the videos, an anti-abortion activist, accused the women's health organization of unlawfully selling fetal tissue. The deceptively edited videos sparked congressional hearings and a dozen state investigations. None found any evidence of wrongdoing. But Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine called a news conference to announce something else he had found. "Fetuses from abortions are being cooked and then put into landfills and mixed in with all other garbage that's out there," he said. "I think it's just wrong." By "cooking," he meant sterilized with steam. It turned out there was no legal violation there, either. But it helped spark a different kind of protest against abortion providers — this time behind clinics, where medical waste is picked up. Mark Harrington, of Created Equal, helps organize these protests. He wants to pressure disposal companies into canceling their contracts, and "shut down abortion clinics around the country." But as long as abortions happen, Harrington supports mandating burial or cremation. He pushed Ohio lawmakers to do that this year. The bill didn't pass, but Harrington thinks it would have had a big impact on women. "It goes without saying, if she's given the option to cremate or bury she's going to maybe wonder that this isn't just some kind of blob of tissue," he says. "That this actually may be a child and she may choose not to abort." Other supporters of such laws don't put it that way at all. "These efforts have nothing to do with abortion," says Hamrick of Americans United for Life. The ACLU challenged another fetal burial law in Indiana this year. It was signed by then-Gov. Mike Pence, now vice president-elect. A court has blocked that law while the case plays out. Another law in Louisiana is on hold. In Texas, the ACLU's Talcott Camp points out the regulation was approved by the state health department, which claimed it could help stop the spread of communicable disease. "There is clearly no link between that regulation and that kind of public health protection," she says. The Texas State Funeral Home Association has also questioned the need for the regulation. Spokesman Michael Land tells NPR's Wade Goodwyn the industry is "uncomfortable" with it and expressed its concerns. But he says "the governor's office was not receptive. Nothing we were saying was really making any difference about how they were feeling about this rule." Land says his industry could not absorb the costs of disposing of the remains from the tens of thousands of abortions and miscarriages that happen in Texas every year. Northup, of the Center for Reproductive Rights, points out that her group's Supreme Court win against another Texas abortion law this year left the state footing the bill. "Millions of dollars of legal fees," she says, "and that runs the risk of happening here as well." Still, Hamrick of Americans United for Life says she expects more states to take up fetal burial mandates next year.


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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Question: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

The unanticipated strong showing of John Edwards in the Wisconsin primary has given new life to the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Okay, so he may have lost the state by 40,000 votes, and he may still be only one-for-17.  But in a race that seemed to be heading in an utterly predictable direction, it was a reminder that maybe -- just maybe -- there's some life to this contest yet. Still, the odds are not exactly stacked in Edwards' favor.  History, as well as the compressed calendar, argues against his dislodging John Kerry.    And while the purpose here is not to write anyone's political obituary just yet, the plain fact is that if Edwards doesn't do especially well on Super Tuesday, March 2 -- when 10 states' delegates are up for grabs -- there will be the inevitable questions of how long will he (or can he) stay in the race. These will not be insignificant questions.  John Edwards has bet the house on this race -- or should I say the Senate (he is giving up his Senate seat in his quest).  But if he falls short of the presidential nomination, then how long he stays in the race could make a difference.  For if he is eyeing the number two slot on a Kerry ticket, as many people think (see my colleague Ron Elving's Feb. 16 column on this topic), he knows that how long he yaps at Kerry's heels could affect his chances. As Edwards weighs his options, and his timing, it might be instructive to look at the decision-making process of some candidates from the past. Of course, it's pretty rare for rivals for the nomination to wind up on the same ticket.  The last time it happened was in 1980, with Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.  Bush had upset Reagan in the Iowa caucuses that year, but was never able to capitalize on it.  Reagan beat him in New Hampshire, and in the South, and was clearly headed for the nomination.  Bush managed some wins -- such as in Connecticut and Pennsylvania -- but the pressure on him to withdraw was intense.  Ironically, Bush ended his candidacy just days after he won his most impressive primary win of the year -- a nearly 2-1 victory over Reagan in Michigan in late May.  But by then the numbers showed Reagan impossible to stop.  So Bush announced that he would no longer compete for delegates and would go to the national convention that summer and urge his delegates to back Reagan.  While Bush did give Reagan some fits during his bid for the nomination -- who could forget the "voodoo economics" charge? -- it never got ugly or personal, and Bush ended his bid with grace and before any real damage was done.  A few months later, Bush was the surprise choice as Reagan's running mate. A different scenario was taking place on the Democratic side that year.  Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts launched a bid to deny President Jimmy Carter his party's nomination.  Kennedy was thought to have a fair shot at accomplishing the feat, but once 51 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran, party voters rallied behind the president.  Like Bush, Kennedy did manage to win a few key contests along the way, like New York and Pennsylvania.  But Carter had an overwhelming lead in delegates.  On the last day of the primary season, Kennedy beat Carter in five of the eight states up for grabs, including California and New Jersey.  But Carter won Ohio, and by doing so clinched for all intents and purposes the nomination.  Kennedy could have withdrawn his candidacy on that day in early June, but did not.  He fought all the way to the convention.  The Democratic Party platform had so many concessions to the Kennedy camp that Carter himself was lukewarm about it.  And though Carter won renomination with little trouble, it was hardly the kind of send-off he hoped for. On stage with the president and Vice President Mondale at Madison Square Garden on that final day, Kennedy was stiff and aloof, showing no warmth for the man who would be leading his party in the general election.  He had his say -- with a memorable "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech -- and bowed out of the race.  But he withdrew much later than the Carter camp would have liked, with none of the graciousness that George Bush showed months prior.  And it was a dispirited Democratic Party that went down to defeat in November. Kennedy, of course, was not angling for a spot on the ticket that year, and his dislike for Carter was so strong that it may not have mattered to him what effect he had on party unity.  John Edwards' battle against John Kerry does not carry -- at least not at this point -- that personal animus.  Another difference between then and now is that in 1980, the battle for the nomination went on through June.  Now, with the front-loading of the primaries and caucuses, 75 percent of the delegates will be chosen by early March.  The quest for unity can be realized well before the convention opens. By the way, the last time a Democratic convention chose a ticket comprised of two who battled eac

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Question: Norway Will Be First Country To Shut Down FM Network, Go All-Digital

Starting next week, Norway will become the first country to switch off its nationwide FM radio network and convert completely to digital signals. The change was announced in 2015, and will take months to be fully implemented. The Norwegian government decided to make the transition in part because digital radio can provide many more channels for the same price — eight times as many, to be precise. Norway currently has room for just five national radio stations on its FM system — three public broadcasting channels, and two commercial channels. Other national radio stations, as well as some regional and local stations, are already using the digital system. Supporters of the switch also say digital radio will sound clearer than FM, or frequency modulation, and that the signal will be clearer in places where fjords and mountains interfere with FM signals. As we reported in 2015, the Norwegian government also says that digital radio is less likely to fail in extreme conditions, which lawmakers saw as an advantage for emergency preparedness. The CEO of Digitalradio Norway says the country's FM network is antiquated and would need massive investments to maintain — so, to allow investment in digital radio, the FM network needs to be shut down. But NPR's Frank Langfitt reports that the public in general isn't happy about the decision to abandon FM entirely.  "A recent poll shows that two-thirds of Norwegians are against ditching FM," he reports. "Among the concerns: people may miss warnings for emergencies that are broadcast on FM. "In addition, two million cars in Norway — a country of just five million people — don't have digital audio broadcasting receivers. "A digital adapter for an FM car radio costs about $170."  Reuters reports that the shutdown of FM signals will begin in the northern city of Bodø on Jan. 11, and extend across the country by the end of the year. Some local stations, however, will continue to transmit over FM signals until 2022, The Local reports. Norway's transition to an all-digital radio will be closely watched by other countries considering the same move. "Among other nations, the U.K. plans to review the need for a switchover once digital listening reaches 50 per cent," the CBC reports. "That could be reached by the end of 2017 on current trends, Digital Radio U.K. spokeswoman Yvette Dore said."

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- China Sends Aircraft Carrier Into Taiwan Strait, A Provocative Move. -- Trump D.C. Hotel Contractors Say They're Owed Millions. -- Student Painting Depicting Cops As Animals Sparks Tensions On Capitol Hill. And here are more early headlines: 5 U.A.E. Humanitarian Workers Killed In Afghanistan. (Reuters) Heavy Storms Bring More Snow, Rain To The West. (Weather.gov) Honda Recalls 772,000 More Vehicles Over Airbag Inflators. (AP) Report: Japanese Lawmakers Consider Emperor Abdication. (Japan Times) Norway Starts To Shut Down FM Radio Signal. (Wired) Top Hat, Wheelbarrow Could Be Out As Monopoly Game Tokens. (CNET)


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Question: The Strange History Of Betting On Elections: It Wasn't Just About Money

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It wasn't always illegal to bet on presidential elections. Before polling, the practice used to be so commonplace that it actually increased public engagement with elections.

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Stories: 1) David Rakoff's 'Half Empty' Full Of Humor, Guilt 2) 'Stand Up, Speak Out,' Derrick Bell Told Law Students 3) John Wayne: Icon Of America's Booming Confidence 4) 'Ides Of March': These Days, All Politics Is Lowball


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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Question: Captain America: Civil War

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Code Switch's Gene Demby joins Stephen Thompson and Glen Weldon for a discussion of the new Marvel blockbuster Captain America: Civil War. Then, Linda Holmes interviews Joe and Anthony Russo about directing Captain America and many beloved television comedies. Plus, what's making us happy this week.

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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is the 'Political Junkie' blog? The Political Junkie column that you knew and loved each week on the NPR Web site is now a daily blog. The same features, insightful analysis and sophisticated jokes will remain. It is written by NPR Political Editor Ken Rudin, a self-described political junkie who can remember the results of every congressional election since 1066 but somehow forgets to send his mother a birthday card each year. It is written for those political junkies out there who eat, breathe and sleep politics and campaigns and their history, lore and trivia. It will include postings and tidbits from NPR reporters and correspondents around the country. It will also include questions from readers around the world, as was the case with the weekly column. How can I send you questions for the blog? Same as before: Send an e-mail to politicaljunkie@npr.org or submit your question through the Political Junkie contact form. Can I send you private, not-for-publication e-mails? Yes, to the same e-mail address or through the same contact form. How can I contribute to the conversation on your blog? There is a comment form at the bottom of each blog entry. Registered members of the NPR community can publicly comment on and discuss all posts. I'm hoping to have a civil conversation here. But I also understand that politics do generate some heated opinions. So, please read NPR's guidelines for commenting and Community FAQ. Is there a way you can add me to your mailing list? Absolutely. I had been sending out an e-mail notice each week when the new column was up on the NPR site. I don't think people are in the mood for a daily reminder. So, I will send out a weekly note summing up the hot topics discussed on the blog. Please send me your e-mail address if you want to receive my weekly update. Of course, you can take your name off the list whenever you like. In addition, you may subscribe to an RSS feed, something that I have no understanding about whatsoever. Will a daily Political Junkie mean that the weekly PJ segment on NPR's Talk Of The Nation will end? No, they continue each Wednesday, despite popular demand. What about the weekly It's All Politics podcast? That continues as well. The listener will be thrilled. Can I link to your blog? I would be honored. Will you still be shamelessly asking for campaign buttons from your readers? Yes. That goes without saying. Who's going to be the Republican nominee for president in 2012? Ask me in 2012.

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Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Icy Moon Of Jupiter Spews Water Plumes Into Space

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Scientists have new evidence that there are plumes of water erupting from the surface of Jupiter's icy moon Europa — plumes that could, maybe, possibly contain signs of life. The evidence comes from data collected by the now-defunct Galileo spacecraft. Although the data has been available since it was collected in 1997, it's only now that an analysis confirms the existence of water plumes. For more than two decades, scientists have been convinced Europa has a liquid water ocean sloshing around beneath its icy outer crust. In the past six years, two teams of researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope reported the possible existence of plumes. But as powerful as Hubble is, seeing something as small as a plume on a moon more than 380-million miles away is difficult. "We're looking for effects that are relatively small, and are pushing the spatial resolution of the telescope," says astrophysicist Susana Deutsua of the Space Telescope Science Institute. Nonetheless, it made sense that Europa had plumes, since the Cassini spacecraft had definitely seen water plumes from Enceladus, an icy moon orbiting Saturn that's similar to Europa. "When we first saw those images, I think a lot of us in the community were very excited," says planetary scientists Xianzhe Jia from the University of Michigan. Jia did his graduate work at the University of California Los Angeles where he focused on data collected by Galileo. A year ago, Jia heard a scientific talk about the plumes. He learned that they were near the equator of Europa, a region Galileo had flown directly over in 1997. "That's the moment where we realized that we might have something in the old Galileo data that we never paid much attention to," Jia says. Galileo recorded tons of data in the seven plus years it orbiting Jupiter. Jia was particularly familiar with data from an instrument known as a magnetometer that measures magnetic fields. Turns out plumes give off a distinctive signal that a magnetometer can measure. "When we look at those data carefully, what we found is there's some strange magnetic signals in those data that have never been explained before," Jia says. As Jia and his colleagues report in the journal, Nature Astronomy, the best explanation was the signals were indeed generated by plumes of water coming from Europa. This means future missions to Jupiter could fly through these plumes and look directly for signs of life. So why hadn't scientists figured this out when these data were recorded back in the 1997? Margaret Kivelson was principal investigator of the magnetometer on Galileo. She remembers puzzling over the magnetometer signals. She says her team had already made the outlandish but ultimately accurate suggestion that there was a liquid ocean under Europa's icy crust. "To go from there to also there are geysers coming up from that ocean, we just weren't ready for that," Kivelson says. Kivelson has been studying Jupiter and its moons for a long time. She's looking forward to NASA's next mission to the giant planet. "I hate to tell you how old I'll be when the mission gets to Europa, but that's OK," she says. Kivelseon is 89 now. The mission may not arrive until 2028. You can do the math.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In Egypt: Fear That 'Day Of Rage' Will Add To Body Count. -- NSA Has Broken Privacy Rules 'Thousands Of Times Each Year'. -- There It Is! Area 51 Revealed In Declassified CIA Report. And here are more early headlines: Earthquakes Rattle New Zealand's Capital. (Radio New Zealand) Consumer Prices Rise Slightly In July. (Bloomberg) High Temperatures, Wind Fan Massive Idaho Wildfire. (Reuters) Caribbean Storm Could Form New Tropical Depression. (Weather.com) NASA Says Planet-Hunting Spacecraft "Kepler" Is Badly Disabled. (National Geographic) Voyager 1 Has Left The Solar System - Or Not. (Los Angeles Times) Dispute Over Burial Of Richard III's Bones Goes To Court. (BBC) Baseball To Widen Use Of Instant Replay Next Year. (ESPN)


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Question: Frequently Asked Questions

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What is multimedia, or Web-centric, reporting? It's some combination of video, text, audio, still photos and graphics presented in a non-linear format in which the information in each medium is complementary, not redundant. In other words, doing a text and video versions that are essentially the same story isn't multimedia reporting. Essentially, with all the forms to choose from, the storyteller figures out how best to tell each part of the story -- what works best in video, in audio, in text, in graphics -- within the time and resources available. Each part of the story may have its own narrative arc. How does the multimedia training work? Multimedia reporting training comprises two parts:  A three-day hands-on workshop to teach concepts, skills and context of multimedia reporting. Participants work in teams of four to produce their stories. A six-week follow-up in which workshop participants work in teams and alone to become proficient in doing Web-centric breaking news, and short and long features using storytelling templates designed for this purpose.  [Although we use "multimedia" and "Web-centric" interchangeably, Web-centric is probably more accurate and less confusing. Multimedia is often confused with "multiple media", meaning multiple platforms, such as print, TV, online, and radio.] What do the participants learn? During the workshop, participants learn how to use a storyboard to transform a traditional linear audio story into a non-linear multimedia story comprising text, still photos, video, audio and/or graphics. They use a digital video camera as their reporter's notebook to gather the information that goes into the story. They learn how to use Photoshop, video-editing and Flash software to put their stories together. Participants also explore how the unique characteristics of the Web are changing reporting, beat structure, news content and presentation. They also learn how interactivity, a critical characteristic of this new medium, is likely to affect their work and the NPR news organization through their participation in and creation of social networks. During the three-day workshop, participants work in teams of four to produce a multimedia story. They learn how multimedia stories are conceived, constructed and put together. They learn how to use the software and hardware required to put together such stories. After this introductory training, participants have enough knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories. Why not just train people how to do video? Video is only one of the available tools to tell a story. Although many news organizations have decided to add video to their Web sites, either through training their reporters or hiring videographers, that's an interim step to embracing the potential of this new Web medium. Most news organizations still take a "Christmas tree" approach to their stories on the Web: a text story with video, slide shows or graphics hanging on the side. What else will the participants learn during the six-week follow-up? Although three days of intense hands-on training provides participants with the skills and knowledge to begin producing basic multimedia stories, when they apply these skills and knowledge in the newsroom, other challenges will arise. Some of these issues may include how to:  manage equipment   approach each story as a Web story first, and spin off a radio story   assess story staffing based on a Web-centric approach   assess and incorporate the time required for production   explore the transition to a Web-centric production process   develop multimedia storytelling templates, ranging from breaking news to features to investigative stories   develop beat and issue Web shells   develop platform distribution strategies, including cell phones  How much experience does the Knight team have in doing these types of workshops and facilitating news organization transition? The Knight Digital Media Center team has been a pioneer in bringing multimedia reporting concepts and skills to news organizations. It has been conducting multimedia reporting workshops since 2002. We offer four multimedia reporting workshops and two technology training workshops a year. We usually receive around 200 to 300 applicants for 20 positions. Kim Perry started cross-training in journalism in 2001, working in television, print, wire services and online. She's worked with Knight since 2004 to bring multimedia reporting to newsrooms. After earning a master's at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2006, Perry spent a year and a half at The San Diego Union-Tribune as a content producer/reporter and multimedia mentor/trainer. Paul Grabowicz and Jane Stevens started the multimedia reporting courses at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2000. The courses began as an elective, and are now required of every student. With Scott Hacker, they set up the J-school's multimedia resources site, which is now managed by Jeremy Rue. J


Question:
represent the headline to find a news subtitle on npr with more details

Examples:
'['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "A Native American's Last Testament: Opera"]' == '['represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr', 'Joseph Mondragon was just 8 years old when a man with an olive-green soldier\'s coat came to live in his family\'s basement in Monterey, Calif. The year was 1929. "Grandma said she knew he was coming," Mondragon said. "She felt it; she had a premonition that he was coming to open the gates for our people and let the Caucasians know the Indian way, the history of our people, which nobody knew for a long time." The man was John Peabody Harrington, a linguist from the Smithsonian who spent four decades gathering notes on native languages spoken from Alaska to South America. He\'d come to record the oral history of Mondragon\'s dying grandmother, Ascencion Solorsano de Cervantes. She was a famous herbal healer and the last known fluent speaker of Mutsun, the language of the Amah Mutsun tribe that lived near California\'s central coast. Today, her grandson Joseph is 86, and he\'s sharing his own memories of Ascencion Solorsano with a different sort of translator: an opera singer. Mezzo-soprano Helene Joseph-Weil is a music professor at Fresno State. She first learned about Ascencion Solorsano 20 years ago, when she saw a picture of her in the  San Francisco Chronicle. "I was so moved by it," Joseph-Weil says. "And there was something about her photo that just mesmerized me, that I suddenly said: \'I have to sing her. How can I sing her?\'"  Along with award-winning composer Benjamin Boone, a fellow Fresno State professor, she is working to put Ascencion Solorsano\'s oral history into a piece called Ascencion. They\'re calling it an "ethno-historical cantata." "She trusted Harrington," Joseph-Weil says. "She said in one of our direct quotes to him it\'s a curious thing that the Americans waited until all those that are dead and finished to find out about the tribes and their language, and they just scribbled down any old thing. But she said, \'Together, you and I are going to make that right.\'"  In a scene called "Lamentation," Boone tries to express the horror of Native American genocide through wide leaps in the choral parts — dramatic sounds that are almost discordant.  The work has won the praise of historians and Native American scholars like University of California-Davis professor Martha Macri. She\'s spearheading an effort to digitize the oral histories Harrington collected. She says that setting these histories to opera is an innovative idea — and one that she thinks Joseph-Weil has handled respectfully. "It\'s not someone trying to imitate native culture and pretend," Macri says. "She has really taken her great respect and regard for Ascension and translated it into an art form that is her art form. It can seem quite incongruous, but in fact she\'s presenting Ascension\'s life and words to an audience that might not otherwise come across it." For the song of Ascencion Solorsano\'s death, Joseph-Weil and Boone made the first recording of the bells at Mission San Juan Bautista in California, and arranged them for a chorus. Ascencion Solorsano was buried at the Mission cemetery, home to some 4,000 Native American graves from different tribes. Ascencion Solorsano\'s descendents say they hope the new cantata will help people learn about her tribe. Today, there are some 600 members, and they\'re still struggling for federal recognition. (Soundbite of music)  SUSAN STAMBERG, host:  That bit of music is part of a cantata, an Italian term for a work that usually involves a chorus and an orchestra. But this cantata is not in Italian or German or even French. It\'s inspired by a Native American language that has not been spoken in decades. The production is based on the oral history of a California woman who was one of the last members of her tribe to speak that language. Now, an opera singer and a composer have teamed up to put her oral history to music.  From member station KQED Sasha Khokha brings us the story.  SASHA KHOKHA: Joseph Mondragon was just eight years old when a man with an olive green soldier\'s coat came to live in his family\'s basement in Monterey. The year was 1929.  Mr. JOSEPH MONDRAGON (Grandson of Ascencion Solorsano): Grandma said - told them that she knew he was coming. She felt it. She had a premonition that he was coming to open the gates for our people and let the Caucasians know the Indian way, the history of our people, which nobody knew for a long time.  KHOKHA: The man was John Peabody Harrington, a linguist from the Smithsonian who spent four decades gathering notes on native languages spoken from Alaska to South America. He\'d come to record the oral history of Mondragon\'s dying grandmother, Ascencion Solorsano de Cervantes. She was a famous herbal healer and the last known fluent speaker of Mutsun, the language of the Amah Mutsun tribe that lived near California\'s central coast.  Today, her grandson Mondragon is 86 years old, and he\'s sharing his own memories of Ascencion with a different kind of translator.  Mr. MONDRAGON: Oh, I see.  Ms. HELENE JOSEPH-WEIL (Music professor, California State Universit']' != '['represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr', 'Stories: 1) Colin Meloy of The Decemberists 2) Remembering Father Robert Drinan 3) The Metropolitan Opera in a Theater Near You']'

Question: Mind Your Own Business

represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth

For instance, <<['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'The news that Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates now says it was a mistake to long ago force Windows PC users to type "Ctrl-Alt-Delete" at start-up is getting tons of attention because his public mea culpas are rather rare. Gates told an audience at Harvard last week that he wishes there had been a single button, not a process that forced a rather awkward three-key combination. But PCWorld thinks "Ctrl-Alt-Del was the best mistake to happen to PCs":  "Why? Because, as insecure as some perceive the Windows operating system to be, it could have been a thousand times worse if there were no keyboard interaction required to log on. That physical interaction tells the computer that you want to interface with the Microsoft Windows operating system, and ensures that rogue or spoofed software can\'t dupe users into typing usernames and passwords."  The Atlantic Wire offers another reason why Gates shouldn\'t apologize:  "It\'s a key combination we laypeople still remember today. Sure, it\'s remembered in conjunction with the most annoying PC glitches. But we people of Internet bloggery love nostalgia, and CTRL-Alt-Delete, thanks to Bill Gates, is chock full of \'90s related memories."  Ctrl-Alt-Delete was "still a part of Windows through Windows 8," PCWorld reminds us.']>>  to "['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "Ctrl-Alt-Delete Defenders Tell Bill Gates It Wasn't A Mistake"]"

-- Commentator Jim Sollisch thinks a person's sex life is their own business. Whether you're an average citizen or the president of the United States, sex between two consenting adults should not be a matter for prosecution. He says we have the right not to incriminate ourselves, and we should add the right not to expose ourselves.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


Question: Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR

Question: Smile Like You Mean It

Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR

Charisma is elusive. It's that special something. While I've been thinking about it all morning, I can't quite put it into words. It's Gatsby's smile ("one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it... [it] believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself.")* and the twinkle in Willie Stark's eye ("You saw the eyes bulge suddenly like that, as though something had happened inside him, and there was that glitter.")**. In The Boston Globe, our guest Mark Oppenheimer describes charisma as "an unusual, even inborn power to command attention". But while most people, including myself, assume that charisma is mysterious and innate (you either have or you don't), some scholars believe that we can learn how to be charismatic. John Neffinger, also a guest on our show today, is just that: a charisma teacher. And guess who he thinks is the most charismatic person in America? Oprah. What about you? Who has the most charisma? And do you think its something that can be learned, or are the charisma-less just out of luck? * Nick Carraway describes Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby** Jack Burden describes politician Willie Stark in Rober Penn Warren's All The Kings Men

Korva reads three quotes from the weeks news: Does Another One Bite The Dust?, Liar, Liar ... Pants On Fire, and Thank You Siri, May I Have Another.


Question:
represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth

E.g.
'['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "'High Fidelity' Author Has New Young Adult Book"]' == '['represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "British author Nick Hornby is probably best known for the novels High Fidelity and About a Boy. Hornby talks to Melissa Block about his latest novel, Slam; it's his first for young adults."]' != '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Stories: 1) Alan Ball, Talking 'True Blood' and 'Towelhead' 2) Novelist, Songwriter Say 'You Are All My People'"]'

Question: Frequently Asked Questions


Question: Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details.

Question: LISTEN: How Michael Cohen Protects Trump By Making Legal Threats

Donald Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen is facing legal peril, including an FBI raid of his home and office — and involvement in a civil lawsuit with adult film star Stormy Daniels. But in the past, it was Cohen who sought to put legal pressure on others to solve problems for his boss. For the first time, audio recordings of Cohen's legal threats, from a 2015 Daily Beast interview, are being published. And as part of reporting on Cohen's history of legal threats, so is a previously little-noticed claim regarding Daniels. In October 2016, weeks before Election Day, Cohen arranged for Daniels to sign a nondisclosure agreement. The deal was that in exchange for $130,000, she wouldn't talk about the allegation that she had a sexual relationship with Trump in 2006. The president denies this allegation. But Trump has admitted there was a nondisclosure agreement to buy Daniels' silence. Her lawyer, Michael Avenatti, now tells NPR that she was coerced into signing the agreement. "In October of 2016, Michael Cohen made threats against my client Stormy Daniels, as it related to pressuring her to enter into the NDA and accept the $130,000 payment," Avenatti told NPR, but he offered no additional details when pressed. This is not the first time Avenatti has made a claim that Cohen pressured Daniels into signing a document. Avenatti alleged in a March court filing that as news stories about the NDA were beginning to emerge in January, Cohen "through intimidation and coercive tactics, forced [Daniels] into signing a false statement" denying a previous sexual relationship with Trump. Cohen's attorneys declined multiple requests from NPR for comment. Making legal threats on Trump's behalf has been typical for Cohen. He is a lawyer, but he is often referred to as a "fixer," who cleans up issues for his boss before they become bigger problems. Sam Nunberg, a political adviser close to Trump in the earliest days of the campaign, says Trump cultivated an aggressive environment within the Trump Organization, where Cohen worked under the title of "special counsel." "He was supposed to say and act the way Donald wanted him to act," Nunberg said. "Michael had even expressed sometimes regret that he did certain things, or had to send nasty emails, or give nasty phone calls to certain reporters that he personally liked — because it was at the direction of Donald." Cohen's supporters have suggested that there's nothing wrong with making legal threats where appropriate. Cohen sometimes followed through on his threats, for example helping to file a lawsuit against a former Miss USA contestant, Sheena Monnin, who questioned the integrity of the pageant's results after she failed to make it into the top 16 contestants. Her father had previously said that Cohen treated her with "arrogance and bullying and threats and intimidation." Michael Caputo, a former Trump campaign aide, defends Cohen. "People like to paint him as some kind of a thug out of New York. He's an attorney and he knows what he's talking about," said Caputo. "And I think while he might push the bounds of propriety in some people's eyes ... Michael sees the line and doesn't cross it. Most certainly he's a high-wire walker in that kind of respect." For Cohen, no target was too big. Former Fox News host Megyn Kelly put tough questions to Trump at a Republican presidential debate. Cohen later retweeted someone who had written, "we can gut her." Kelly discussed the incident nearly two years later on NBC News, with Cohen attorney David Schwartz. "I'm telling you, in response to that allegation, that I received death threats, that I had security guards following me around, and that my old boss called Michael Cohen directly to say, 'If Megyn Kelly gets killed it's not going to help your client Donald Trump get elected,' " Kelly told Schwartz. "And Michael Cohen didn't care." Nor was any target too small, like college student Tom Waddick, who for his satirical newspaper, The Harvard Lampoon, pranked the presidential candidate and went to Trump Tower to take a photo with him. Waddick told NPR that when Cohen found out about it, he called up threatening to sue him and get him expelled. Cohen's legal threats have generally been done in private — and stayed that way. But in 2015, when I was reporting for The Daily Beast, an online news outlet, Trump's campaign was in ascendancy. I started writing about a 1993 biography of Trump written by former Newsweek reporter Harry Hurt III. According to the book, The Lost Tycoon, Trump's first wife, Ivana, claimed in a sworn deposition during her divorce proceedings that Trump had raped her. As the book was coming out, she said she didn't mean rape in a criminal or literal sense, and she has since praised the president. Trump has called the claim false. When I reached out to campaign spokeswoman Hope Hicks about the claim in the book, I got an angry call from Cohen in return. His first tactic was to try to persuade me not to run the story — but he did

If it's Tuesday, somebody somewhere is voting. Here are some of the headlines we're watching: Today's Primaries: Gingrich's Swan Song Or Reason To Remain? It's Zip It Day On Google. World Stocks Rise Ahead Of Federal Reserve Meeting. (CBS) 'Do Not Recall': James Murdoch Says He Had No Reason To Suspect Wrongdoing At Media Empire. (MSNBC) Syrian Rebels Target Security Officials, Killing 3 And Rocking Damascus With Bomb Blast. (AP) South Sudan Says Sudan's Actions Equal Declaration Of War. (VOA) Roger Clemens 'Trapped' By Deceit, Prosecutors Say In Perjury Retrial. (Los Angeles Times) John Edwards' Former Aide Takes Stand Against Former Boss. (AP) Ryan Seacrest Inks New Two-year Deal To Stay With 'American Idol'. (Hollywood Reporter)


Question:
represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on npr
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Given ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Americans Bounced from Cup by Upstart Ghana'], a positive would be ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "The U.S. soccer team scores its first goal of the 2006 World Cup in a losing effort against Ghana, missing a chance to advance to the tournament's second round. Italy's victory over the Czech Republic, 2-0, meant that the U.S.-Ghana winner was assured a spot in the Round of 16.  But the surprising West African team was able to score twice in the first half, and the Americans didn't capitalize on several goal opportunities. Michele Norris talks with NPR's Rob Gifford, who is in Germany. MICHELE NORRIS, Host:  From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Michele Norris. ROBERT SIEGEL, Host:  And I'm Robert Siegel. A sad end today to the US soccer team's campaign to advance in the later stages of the World Cup. It was 0-0 against Ghana until the 22nd minute of the game. Unidentified Announcer: Still 0-0. This one kicks off, (unintelligible). Into the back of the net and Ghana makes it 1-0. SIEGEL: That sound courtesy of ESPN. The US ultimately lost to 2-1 and Team USA had needed to beat Ghana in order to qualify for the last 16 of the World Cup. And so, they will be heading home. Earlier today, we spoke with NPR's Rob Gifford, who was in Nuremberg. Rob, are you at the very hotel where the Ghanaian team is staying. ROB GIFFORD: That's right. You can probably here some celebrations outside my window here. Right in the center of Nuremberg, there is a whole crowd of Ghanaians and other supports of the Ghana soccer team draped in the red, gold and green flags of Ghana. There's quite a few people draped in stars and stripes as well. It's been a very friendly day at the game, despite the result for the US. Everybody's mingling and having quite a party this evening. SIEGEL: Well, we heard that call of that first goal in the game. Give us the highlights after that. GIFFORD: Yes, well after that goal, the US pulled one back. And in fact it was a fantastic goal. Whipped across from the left by DeMarcus Beasley and midfield at Clint Dempsey, hit it first time into the roof of the net. And the crowd went completely wild. There were a lot of US fans in the 40,000 crowd today. But the game really turned on an incident just before halftime, when the Ghanaians were awarded a penalty for a challenge by the US defender Oguchi Onyewu. And they scored it, they went up to one. And really the second half was about Ghana defending their lead. The US tried to crawl back with two goals they then needed to win, but were unable to do so. SIEGEL: After you lose a big game, there is always is the possibility of complaining about the officiating. What about that penalty call against the US and the stoppage time after the first half? GIFFORD: Well, it was the crucial point in the game. And, as a completely neutral observer, Robert, I can say I don't think it was a penalty. I think the US team was very, very unlucky to have that penalty given against them. But, you know, you win some, you lose some. That's the way the game goes and sadly now the US is on its way home. SIEGEL: Now, just to play what if for a moment. If the US had prevailed against Ghana, in fact in the other match in their group, things went their way. The Italians, in fact beat the Czechs today. GIFFORD: They did. The US needed Italy to beat the Czech Republic. They won 2- 0, so Italy goes through but unfortunately Ghana's victory over the US. means that Ghana go through but their reward for that is to play against Brazil, which will be a very difficult game for them. So we're going through to the final 16 now. And things are going to get a lot tougher. SIEGEL: Rob Gifford, thanks a lot for talking with us today. GIFFORD: Thanks very much indeed, Robert. SIEGEL: That's NPR's Rob Gifford in Nuremberg, Germany, where the US lost to Ghana today and was eliminated from the World Cup."] & a negative would be ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR.', "It's Friday, and here are some of the stories we're watching: Egypt's 'Smooth Military Coup' Protested. Last Suspect In 1995 Sarin Attack Arrested In Tokyo. Forest Boy Is A Hoax, Police Say. Prosecutors Rest Their Case In Sandusky Sex Assaults Trial. (Philadelphia Inquirer) Britain Proposes Expanding Individual Data Tracking, Critics Slam Its Intrusiveness. (Telegraph) Democracy Activist Aung San Suu Kyi Falls Ill Briefly, Resumes European Tour. (Reuters) Spain's Debt Rises Sharply In The First Quarter, Up 30 Percentage Points Since 2008. (Wall Street Journal) International Criminal Court Swears In Gambian Lawyer As Top Prosecutor, First Woman To Hold Position. (CNN) China To Launch First Female Astronaut Into Space Tomorrow. (AP) Tropical Storm Carlotta Poised To Become Hurricane Off Mexico's Pacific Coast. (AP) In Sports: Tiger Tied For Second, Miami Ties Up NBA Finals."]

Question: International Space Station

NPR's Joe Palca reports that NASA is going to ask for millions of dollars to keep the Russians in the International Space Station collaboration. But some members of Congress say they are tired of raising the ante to keep the Russians in. And Russia's commercial rocket-maker, Energiya, suggests that the U.S. should simply drop its dealings with the Russian government and just contract directly with them.


Question: Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth

Question: International Space Station

NPR's Michele Kelemen reports from Kazakstan that a Russian Proton booster rocket lifted off from a launch-pad in Kazakstan today, carrying the first part of the new international space station into orbit.