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Question: It's ScuttleButton Time!

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In the thousand-plus or so emails I get each time a ScuttleButton puzzle is posted, I invariably will get dozens and dozens of complaints that it was just too easy, that it insulted their intelligence, that I need to make them more challenging. That was clearly the case last week, as there were nearly 100 such emails. Well, be careful what you wish for. This week's puzzle is one of the most difficult. ScuttleButton, of course, is that once-a-week waste of time exercise in which each Monday or Tuesday I put up a vertical display of buttons on this site. Your job is to simply take one word (or concept) per button, add 'em up, and, hopefully, you will arrive at a famous name or a familiar expression. (And seriously, by familiar, I mean it's something that more than one person on Earth would recognize.) For years, a correct answer chosen at random would get his or her name posted in this column, an incredible honor in itself. Now the stakes are even higher. Thanks to the efforts of the folks at Talk of the Nation, that person also hears their name mentioned on the Wednesday show (by me) and receives a Political Junkie t-shirt in the bargain. Is this a great country or what? You can't use the comments box at the bottom of the page for your answer. Send submission (plus your name and city/state — you won't win without that) to politicaljunkie@npr.org. (Why do people keep forgetting to include their name and city/state?) And, by adding your name to the Political Junkie mailing list, you will be among the first on your block to receive notice about the column and the puzzle. Sign up at politicaljunkie@npr.org. Or you can make sure to get an automatic RSS feed whenever a new Junkie post goes up by clicking here. Good luck! By the way, I always announce the winner on Wednesday's Junkie segment on TOTN — seven or eight days after the puzzle goes up. So you should try and get your answer in as soon as possible. But logistically, you have about a week to submit your guess. Here are the buttons used and the answer to last week's puzzle: When Win Wins ... He Will Be Back — Winthrop Rockefeller, a Republican, was elected governor of Arkansas in 1966. Irish for President Nixon — Part of a set of nationality buttons from the 1972 election. All Ayes for Lori/National Committee Woman — Other than the fact that Lori is a Republican, I don't know anything more about this button. R & R/Rockefeller & Reagan — Some Republicans who didn't like Richard Nixon thought this might be the ticket that could defeat him for the 1968 GOP nomination. Give the Smilin' Man a Chance — 1976 button for Jimmy Carter, the Democratic nominee who went on to win the presidency. So, when you combine When + Irish + Ayes + R + Smilin', you may just very well end up with ... When Irish Eyes Are Smiling. The classic song from 1912. The winner, chosen completely at random, is ... Janine Libbey of Nashville, Tenn. Janine gets not only the coveted Political Junkie t-shirt — but the Official No Prize Button as well! And don't forget to check out this week's Political Junkie column, which focuses on recent pronouncements from Hillary Clinton and Rand Paul that make one think this might have something to do with 2016. Click here to read the column.

Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: It's a Bird! It's A Plane! It's Amazon!; The Holy Doorman; Father Stealthmas.


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Question: 'The Lifeboat': Who Gets Saved In Titanic Times?

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The Lifeboat is the story of a ship sinking two years after the sinking of the Titanic. It's a first novel by a writer who waited years to publish, Charlotte Rogan. As the anniversary of the Titanic disaster looms, NPR's Lynn Neary examines the book and the whole Titanic oeuvre.

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Stories: 1) Alice Sebold's Dark Tale Moves To The Silver Screen 2) 'Hitler's Favorite Tenor' Hits A High Note 3) Remembering Thomas Hoving's Decade At The Met 4) Jackson's 'Bones': The Furthest Thing From Lovely


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Question: Sales Of New Homes Dropped Nearly 8% In December

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Sales of new, one-family houses fell 7.6% in December from November, the Census Bureau and Department of Housing and Urban Development just announced. And the seasonally adjusted annual rate of 342,000 sales was down 8.6% from December 2008. The Associated Press says the December pace was weaker than economists expected and caps "the industry's weakest year on record." Planet Money explains the economy here.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In China, Obama Touts Visa Deal, Progress On Free-Trade Pact. -- Bombing At Nigerian High School Kills Dozens. -- Will Jeb Bush Run For President? His Brother Says Maybe. -- Study: Detergent Pods Can Harm Children Who Play With Them. And here are more early headlines: Chinese, Japanese Leaders Meet In Ice-Breaking Talks. (Wall Street Journal) Frigid Weather Plunging South Into U.S., Brings Sub-Normal Temps. (USA Today) 3 Astronauts Return Safely From International Space Station. (CBS) Talks Extended Into Monday For Iran's Nuclear Program. (Reuters) Bombings In Afghanistan Kill Afghan Security Officers. (VOA) Survey Finds Regular Gas Prices Down 13 Cents In Last 2 Weeks. (AP)


Question: Rosa Parks' Birthday

Host Tavis Smiley pays tribute to Rosa Parks, who turns 90 years old today.

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Ms. Miller Goes to Washington. Anti-Gang Summit in Oakland. End Music.


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Question: Laura Veirs: Tiny Desk Concert

If Laura Veirs was in a songwriting rut prior to recording her lovely and spare new album, July Flame, it doesn't show. Perhaps the return to pared-down and simply constructed songs worked to arouse musical inspiration, because the record is among her best. For the most part, the songs on July Flame orbit around Veirs' acoustic-guitar playing and voice. But it's her idiosyncratic lyrics and melodic flourishes that imbue her music with sun-dappled warmth; hers is the sound of immense, wide-open spaces. All the perfectly chosen instrumentation in the songs' arrangements — the fluttering plucks of strings, the subtle vibrato of a marimba, the stirring backing vocal harmonies, the swooping violins — come courtesy of producer Tucker Martine. There's a noticeable comfort between them; Martine has now worked with Veirs on her last six albums, and he seems to know just how to augment her delicate voice with just the right touches to let her shine. When a very pregnant Veirs settled in for this performance behind Bob Boilen's desk — a venue that can be a little awkward for many musicians — that same warmth and intimacy shone through. After a slight musical miscue, endearing enough to keep in the final video, Veirs and her small backing band treated the NPR Music offices to a three-song set that introduced us into her musical world. To watch our most recent Tiny Desk Concert, featuring Alec Ounsworth, click here.

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This blog was conceived as a way for us to tell listeners about any music, videos or thoughts that excite us but can't fit into a weekly half-hour podcast. But there's a lot that goes on at other parts of NPR Music that excites us, too. Digging through everything the site has to offer can take time, though, so we'll publish a post like this periodically in an effort to keep readers up to date. Here's a list of our top picks:  Hammock Jams: Party in Your Backyard Here's Your Late Pass: Right Music, Wrong Time (Monitor Mix) First Listen: Regina Spektor, 'Far' Heat Wave: A Summertime Mix Metric in Concert Dirty Projectors: Balancing Head and Heart (CD review) Vocal Styles: Whiny, Tiny, or Just Fine-y (Monitor Mix) White Rabbits: Something Novel (Song of the Day)


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Question: Labor Unions Rally Around Gore

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NPR's Peter Kenyon reports from Des Moines on the strong support Al Gore enjoys among labor unions in Iowa for his Presidential candidacy. Union leaders say rank-and-file members will show up at next Monday's Iowa caucuses to vote in favor of Gore's nomination as the Democratic Presidential candidate. They'll also express support for labor positions in the Democratic platform.

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Lethal Injection Hearings Continue. Violent Crime Wave Sweeps Tijuana. End Music.


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Question: Superchunk: Tiny Desk Concert

It's remarkable to think that Superchunk's career has spanned four decades. The North Carolina band got its start in 1989, and here it is in 2013, with a new record called I Hate Music that demonstrates an undying passion for punk-fueled story songs with catchy phrasing. The band recorded its 10th album with a lineup that has held for most of its history: Mac McCaughan on guitar and vocals, Laura Ballance on bass, Jim Wilbur on guitar and Jon Wurster on drums. At the Tiny Desk and on tour, it's a shame not to have Ballance in the fold — her hearing problem worsens on tour and in loud venues — though Jason Narducy fills in admirably here. This set in the NPR Music offices includes songs from I Hate Music and 2010's Majesty Shredding, but the group also digs deep to perform a song from 1995's Here's Where the Strings Come In. All in all, it's a joy to have Superchunk translate its electric sound to acoustic instruments in such an intimate way. Set List  "Out Of The Sun" "Digging For Something" "Animated Airplanes Over Germany" "Me & You & Jackie Mittoo"  Credits Producers: Bob Boilen, Denise DeBelius; Audio Engineer: Kevin Wait; Videographers: Denise DeBelius, Becky Harlan, Meredith Rizzo; photo by Abbey Oldham/NPR

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Question: The News Roundup For August 31, 2018

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As the nation takes time to say goodbye to two American greats — the drumbeat of politics never stops. Results are in from the country's latest major primary races and there were more exits announced from the White House this week. President Trump announced White House Counsel Don McGahn's planned departure on Twitter. Speculation has brewed over McGahn's replacement and the president hinted that the process of finding a new counsel is well underway. President Trump is rounding out August by announcing a new bilateral trade agreement with Mexico to replace Nafta — so far without Canada, although its representatives are working to change that. A United Nations report blasted Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates for high civilian casualties in the ongoing war in Yemen, the Chinese government hinted it will end the nation's two-child policy and a feud between France and Britain is heating up over a tasty marine mollusk.

A discussion with Bloomington, Indiana Mayor Mark Kruzan. Originally aired 19 December 2007.


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Question: How Coronavirus Is Impacting Tribal Lands

Tribal governments had to wait more than a month before they began to receive the money allocated to them by the CARES Act in late March. During that time, tribal lands, such as Navajo Nation, have seen alarming rates of infection. We find out the latest from Anna V. Smith (@annavtoriasmith), assistant editor of the Indigenous Affairs Desk at High Country News. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.

Post-9/11 Border Security Strains U.S.-Mexico Relations. Farmers Seek Relief for Summer's Heat Damage to Crops. End Music.


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Question: Racial Controversy Stirs Mississippi Senate Runoff

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Provided: "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR.', 'As the Iraqi military, assisted by the United States, prepares to launch an offensive to retake Mosul from ISIS, the extremist group is fighting opposition inside the city. ISIS is cracking down brutally on people involved in the rebellion. Mosul remains the largest city still controlled by ISIS and its fall would be a huge victory in the war. Here & Now‘s Jeremy Hobson hears more from\xa0Loveday Morris of The Washington Post. Guest Loveday Morris, Baghdad bureau chief for The Washington Post. She tweets\xa0@lovedaym.']" Match: "['represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'ISIS Fights Rebellion In Mosul, Iraq']"

Updated at 10:35 a.m. ET Mississippi was set for a fairly mundane midterm election runoff next week — deciding who would win the final undecided U.S. Senate seat in a state that easily elects Republicans, until a senator greeted a cattle rancher. In a video posted on Twitter last week, Republican Sen. Cindy Hyde-Smith is talking to a rancher named Colin Hutchinson, who is seen putting his arm around her at an event in Tupelo, Miss., earlier this month. The comment that comes next is hard to understand, but the dispute isn't about what Hyde-Smith said – it's about what her words meant. "If he invited me to a public hanging," Hyde-Smith said to the supporter, "I'd be on the front row." The crowd laughs. But many people took the comment to be a reference to lynchings. That video prompted an onslaught of criticism (Walmart Stores Inc. pulled its support for her campaign and asked for her to return a $1,000 donation on Tuesday) and raised a question for Democrats — could they flip another Senate seat in the Deep South, like they did in Alabama last year? That victory came in large part because of engagement by African-American voters. Hyde-Smith's Democratic opponent, Mike Espy, is a former congressman and U.S. agriculture secretary and is black. As of the most recent census, Mississippi had the highest percentage of black residents, 37 percent, of all states. After the remark went viral, the outrage came quickly from civil rights activists like Corey Wiggins, executive director of Mississippi's NAACP state chapter. "The act of lynching is not a joking matter," Wiggins said. Hyde-Smith has dismissed the criticism. In a statement, she said her joke about her willingness to attend a public hanging with the supporter was meant as an "exaggerated expression of regard" and "any attempt to turn this into a negative connotation is ridiculous." In the only debate, on Tuesday night, when pressed, Hyde-Smith did apologize to "anyone that was offended by my comments," emphasizing that "there was no ill will, no intent whatsoever in my statements" and saying, "I've never been hurtful to anyone." But she also put the blame on Espy's campaign for trying to assign any sinister meaning. "My comments were taken and twisted and used as a political weapon against me by my opponent," Hyde-Smith said. "I don't know what's in your heart, but I know what came out of your mouth," Espy responded. He said the comments have "given our state another black eye we don't need," echoing a TV ad he had put out just hours before the debate. It closes by saying, "We can't afford a senator who embarrasses us and reinforces the stereotypes we've worked so hard to overcome." "We have a senator here talking about public hangings and voter suppression," Espy said in his closing statement at the debate, referencing another controversial comment Hyde-Smith was caught making: "I am not going back to yesteryear." Her campaign said those comments were a joke that was taken out of context. Just hours before the debate, photos from 2014 also surfaced on Facebook of Hyde-Smith touring the home of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, with a caption that said, "Mississippi history at its best!" The NAACP says that from the late 1800s to the late 1960s, Mississippi had more lynchings than any other state – many by hanging. Most of the victims were black. In that context, Wiggins says, such remarks are unacceptable. "Those words were just inappropriate; they were wrong, they were distasteful," he said. Hyde-Smith also received a $2,700 donation from a businessman named Peter Zieve said to be associated with white supremacist views. The focus of Hyde-Smith's response has been Espy's past lobbying work for Laurent Gbagbo, the former president of the Ivory Coast who is on trial for crimes against humanity. His campaign has said Espy ended the arrangement because of Gbagbo's infamous record. With the renewed attention to the runoff election on Nov. 27, both parties are sending national figures to Mississippi. Democratic Sens. Cory Booker and Kamala Harris have stumped for Espy. President Trump will campaign for Hyde-Smith next Monday, the day before the runoff — something Hyde-Smith reiterated in both her opening and closing statements at the debate. Democrats are hoping the attention around the controversy will help turn out the party's base and turn off enough Republican voters. Jack Pitts, 28, of Jackson, said he supported Hyde-Smith in the first round of the special election, but he's uncertain about the runoff. He described Hyde-Smith's response to the controversy as "tone-deaf" and "dumbfounding." "I will go to the poll," Pitts said. "I don't know if I can in good conscience vote for either of these candidates now." Hal Marx, the Republican mayor of Petal, Miss., and a candidate for governor next year, called her remarks about a public hanging "silly" and "stupid." "I've never heard that expression before. I'm 50 years old; I've lived in Mississippi all my li

Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Attorney General Faces Deadline To Comply With Congressional Subpoena

Rachel Martin talks to Jonah Goldberg, senior editor at National Review, about Monday's deadline for William Barr to provide an unredacted version of the Mueller report and other underlying evidence.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Iran's Foreign Minister: Renegotiating Nuclear Deal Would Damage U.S. Credibility. -- Border Patrol Agent Acquitted In 2012 Fatal Shooting Of Mexican Teen. -- Prince's Family Files Wrongful Death Suit Against Hospital, Pharmacy Chain. -- Facebook Updates Community Standards, Expands Appeals Process. And here are more early headlines: Report: Confirmation Hearing To Be Delayed For V.A. Nominee. (Washington Post) Suit Filed Against New Indiana Abortion Law. (Indianapolis Business Journal) Government Seeks E-Coli Source In Contaminated Lettuce. (Washington Post) Despite Government Action, Nicaragua Protests Continue. (Los Angeles Times) New Afghanistan Attacks Leave 9 Dead. (RFE/RL) Ukrainian Agency Hit By Ransomware. (Reuters)


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

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E.g.:
['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details:', '(Sorry for the long absence with all of last month¿s big political news¿ as mentioned before, the new little one in the family has kept me away from the hustle and bustle.  Look for more frequent blog entries this month! ¿JM)\nSecretary of State Debra Bowen¿s new report on the number of registered voters in [...]'] == ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', '4 Years... 700,000 More Voters']

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Bollywood Dance Follows Movies, Music to the U.S.

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Americans are encountering Bollywood style on fashion runways and in music videos, and a new Hollywood movie is trying to introduce Bollywood to Western audiences. While many welcome that trend, commentator Sandip Roy, an Indian immigrant, isn't sure what to make of the new Bollywood section at his local Blockbuster. India's Bollywood film industry churns out hundreds more movies each year than Hollywood does. Most films from Bollywood — the catch-all name was originally a mix of "Bombay" and "Hollywood" — are chaste romances set in exotic locations and jam-packed with music and dance numbers. Those songs often take on a life of their own as they're discussed, dissected, rated and traded by fans online. But as Roy says, the dances that accompany them also have their own devotees — and Bollywood dance classes are springing up in the United States. The subtleties of Indian films may escape casual viewers, Roy says. "Now as Bollywood enters American pop culture, with all its kitsch and camp, I am suddenly the protective parent," he says. There are challenges to understanding Indian culture through Bollywood, according to Roy: the cheesy subtitles, the flashy costumes. But to a native viewer, it all goes much deeper: "You don't just watch a Bollywood movie — you feel it."

Stories: 1) Political History Gets Animated in 'Chicago 10' 2) From Vampire Weekend, World Music with a Bite


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Question: What To Read This Week: Four Parts Taylor Swift, One Part Free Jazz Edition

This week, we learned how the TV show Nashville fits into the long tradition of the country duet, why Meshell Ndegeocello covering Nina Simone makes all the sense in the world, and how Gary Clark, Jr. grew from the boy wonder of Austin's blues scene into a national star. But mostly, this week was all about Taylor. Below are four stories on the significance — for country, for pop, for the industry and for the artist herself — of Taylor Swift's fourth album, Red, released this past Monday. Read to the end for a palate-cleanser: a profile of a free-jazz musician who lives and speaks like a Tom Waits character.  Business Matters: Why Taylor Swift's 'Red' Is Absent From Subscription Services Looking for Red on Spotify? Keep dreaming: The album isn't available on any of the major streaming services. Drop $22 at a Papa John's, though, and you can walk out with a large pizza in one hand and a copy of Taylor Swift's latest in the other. Glenn Peoples, Nashville-based writer for Billboard, explains why Swift's label, Big Machine, has elected to forgo subscription services for the time being and instead focus on retail exclusives. The chains are playing along, and some are doubling down (see Keds' limited edition Red-themed sneakers, available for $50). It's looking like a good gamble — Red is on track to sell more than a million copies in its first week in stores. -- Daoud Tyler-Ameen  No More Kid Stuff For Taylor Swift Those pizza boxes and shoes emblazoned with Swift branding are a reminder of her omnipresence. For several years now, pop critic chatter about her has never dipped below a steady hum; her career is better understood as points on a continuum than a set of distinct chapters. In a wide-ranging review, The New York Times' Jon Caramanica says there's a reason for that: Swift has made an effort to evolve slowly, never alienating her young audience in pursuit of a bigger one. Red, he argues, might be the tipping point, where folksy innocence becomes limiting and a true pop breakout becomes the only way to move forward. -- Daoud Tyler-Ameen  Dark Red: The Smart, Sexual And Suddenly Mature Taylor Swift Over at Grantland, Molly Lambert focuses on the human touches in Swift's new songs. Not finger-picked guitars or unretouched vocals, but lyrics like "I'll do anything you say if you say it with your hands." It's a bit shocking, Lambert writes, but also "a relief that Taylor has opted not to get trapped in her presexual princess phase forever." Parsing the album's lyrics alongside evidence presented by photos of public romances in gossip mags, she reads maturity in Swift's lust, but also in her growing self-awareness of the way that chasing emotions to their limits can end in a crash. -- Jacob Ganz  Indie Snobs, Furries And Wubs: A Freewheeling Chat With Taylor Swift What does Swift have to say for herself? She talks to SPIN about Joni Mitchell, the TV show Nashville, the novels she wrote as a teenager and the diversity of sounds on the new album, which include the dubsteppy track "I Knew You Were Trouble." Says Swift: "I wanted the song to sound as chaotic as the emotion felt. I wanted it to be loud and out of control." She even shows a little restraint when the magazine tries to get her to reveal the real-life indie-loving inspiration for her chart-topping "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together." That counts as maturity, right? -- Jacob Ganz  Last Man Standing In an endlessly quotable Wire profile on Peter Brotzmann, there's one detail from writer David Keenan that brings me such joy and duly confirms the German free-jazz saxophonist's long-established bad-assness: "These days, the only people he has any regular contact with in his hometown are the butcher, the cheesemonger and the tobacconist." This is the cigar-chomping, bear of a man that seriously brought the noise to free-jazz with records like the game-changing Machine Gun and crossed the Euro-American jazz divide with the Chicago Tentet. Brotzmann is not a man of many words, but here expounds upon sex in jazz (and today's lack thereof), how art's become too introspective, his long-running musical relationship with drummer madman Han Bennink, and, in perhaps his most vulnerable moment, how his father was drafted into the SS during WWII and how that's shaped a generation of German artists. Keenan's profile (and a nice discography primer by Daniel Spicer), by the way, are available to read only via the physical magazine or digitally through an online subscription. The Wire also has a lovely iPad app in both a yearly subscription or on a pay-as-you-go basis. -- Lars Gotrich, who also made a Spotify list you should listen to.

Stories: 1) John Waters: A Bad Influence Picks His 'Role Models' 2) Summer Titles That Will Transport You Into The Past 3) Elizabeth Cook: Transcending A Cult Career


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Question: Nanotechnology Research and Development

Guest: Irfan Ahmad, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology at the University of Illinois; Mark A. Shannon, Director of the Center of Advanced Materials for Purification of Water With Systems Center; Dietram A. Scheufele, Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Life Sciences Communication at the University of Wisconsin

EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: Friday News Roundup - International

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Stories of fights against militants dominated international news this week:
In a significant blow to ISIS, U.S.-backed forces say they’ve retaken the northern Syrian city — and de facto ISIS capital — of Raqqa. But it’s not yet time to declare victory, reports the Los Angeles Times

 Col. Ryan S. Dillon, a spokesman for the U.S.-led coalition fighting IS in Syria and Iraq, told reporters at the Pentagon that Raqqa is about 90 percent freed, but more fighting will be required to fully liberate the city.

In Somalia, nearly 300 people were killed in a truck bombing in Mogadishu.
And the U.S. continues looking for answers as it investigates the deadly ambush in Niger earlier this month.
 In other headlines, the Spanish government is cracking down on Catalonian autonomy in response to pushes for independence. And a journalist who covered corruption in Malta was killed in a car bombing attack. We’ll look into these stories with a panel of international journalists on this week’s International News Roundup. GUESTS Anne Applebaum, Washington Post foreign affairs columnist; professor of Practice at the London School of Economics; author of a new book, “Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine”; @anneapplebaum Tom Bowman, Pentagon correspondent, NPR; @TBowmanNPR Rosiland Jordan, U.N. correspondent, Al Jazeera English; @RosJordanAJE For more, visit https://the1a.org. © 2017 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

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Week In Review, On the Money with Chris DiSimio, Queen City Classic Chess Tournament, Forgive Me, The Front Row with Betsy Ross, The Big Screen: City of Men


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Question: No One's Talking About What The Pacific Trade Deal Means For Diets

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If you think trade deals are just about business, think again. They can also have a sweeping effect on how people eat. Take all those avocados, watermelon and cervezas from Mexico we now consume, and the meat and feed corn for livestock we send there in exchange. The Obama administration hasn't shared much detail about the provisions in its controversial Trans-Pacific Partnership, the free trade deal between the U.S. and 11 countries currently being negotiated. But if it's anything like prior free trade agreements, two things are likely, trade experts say. First, it will have a potentially troubling effect on food and diet in member countries. Second, no one will talk about these dimensions of the deal before it's inked. "Trade agreements don't deal at all with diet and health," Eric Holt-Gimenez, executive director of Food First, a national food and development nonprofit, tells The Salt. "What's a concern is opening up markets. They're not expanding businesses to improve diets, they're doing that to meet the bottom line." One example of a trade deal that should have addressed nutrition and health, according to Holt-Gimenez: The North American Free Trade Agreement boosted American consumption of Mexican produce, but also paved the way for Walmart and American food manufacturers to export and sell a lot more less-healthful, processed food in Mexico. Yet "no-one even bothered to ... develop legislation that would address the impoverishment of the Mexican diet as a result of eating all of the processed foods sold out of Walmart," says Holt-Gimenez. U.S. officials say they have no plans to explore the health impacts of the TPP. "We do not see conclusive evidence that trade agreements themselves have a major impact on diet and health one way or the other," Cullen Schwarz, press secretary for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, writes in an email. For that reason, he says, it has not been part of the discussion. The new trade agreement will renegotiate provisions in existing agreements like NAFTA and create one set of rules between its 12 member countries, including the U.S., Mexico, Canada, Australia and Vietnam. The agreement's stated goal is to "negotiate comprehensive and preferential access" for American businesses to foreign markets — including all the food items America sells, from agricultural products like meat and grain to processed foods like Doritos, Coca-Cola and Cool Whip. As Mark Bittman argued in a recent op-ed in the New York Times, the agreements can also be seen as an attack on farmers and food safety. "The pact would threaten local food, diminish labeling laws, likely keep environmentally destructive industrial meat production high (despite the fact that as a nation we're eating less meat) and probably maintain high yields of commodity crops while causing price cuts." Across the Pacific, health officials in Australia issued a report warning of the likely health effects of the TPP — including on diet, obesity and diabetes—on that country's citizens. Their biggest concern? That the controversial "Investor State Dispute Settlement" provision, which allows corporations to sue governments for limiting their ability to compete in a market, would undercut food labeling policies that promote healthier food choices, making it more difficult to battle rising obesity rates. U.S. officials say these concerns are likely unfounded. While they acknowledge that they haven't studied the nutrition effects of trade agreements, they argue that eliminating barriers to American food exports benefits everyone. "The Grown in America brand stands for quality ... and you're making this type of product more easily accessible for people," says Trevor Kincaid, a spokesperson for the office of the U.S. Trade Representative, which is in charge of negotiating the agreement. Pointing to the rising demand for meat in regions like southeast Asia with a burgeoning middle class, Kincaid adds, "American farmers can help fill the void." What's more, he said, trade agreements can lower the cost of food because "even just introducing competition just drives down costs." As for concerns that ISDS could overturn public health laws, trade officials say that while the provision allows companies to file suit, it only offers financial compensation as a remedy. To actually change the law, companies have to win in local courts. (Think New York City's failed soda ban.) Officials also say that procurement policies, such as those promoting the purchase of local food, are typically exempt from ISDS. And as to whether the U.S. bears responsibility for rising obesity rates in its trading partners, Kincaid demurs. "It may be one of those things where other things are happening," he says, pointing to the fact that obesity has risen across Latin America, not just in Mexico. And, he says, "What your family chooses to purchase and eat is your decision." Tracie McMillan is the author of The American Way of Eating, a New York Timesbestseller, and a senio

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Trump Meets 3 Americans Held In North Korea As They Return To U.S. -- Scientists Warn That Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano Could Erupt 'Ballistic Rocks'. -- Dam Collapse Leaves At Least 20 Dead In Kenya. -- In Election Upset, Malaysia's Mahathir Returns To Power After A Quarter Century. -- 'I Look Forward' To Ending My Life, 104-Year-Old Assisted Suicide Advocate Says. And here are more early headlines: White House Holding Summit On Artificial Intelligence. (Los Angeles Times) Ford Suspends F-150 Truck Production After Fire. (Detroit Free Press) Deadly New Storm Strikes Northern India. (Times Of India) 200th Anniversary Of Paul Revere's Death Observed. (Boston Globe) Mexican State Allows Nicknames Such As 'Big Moustache' On Ballot. (AP)


Question:
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Given ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "How Trump's Comments On Arranged Payments To Women Have Changed Over Time"], a positive would be ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "President Trump's comments on payments made to women accusing him of affairs have evolved. His former lawyer was sentenced to prison in part over campaign finance violations related to those payments."] & a negative would be ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', "Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath"]

Question: Immigrants In U.S. Sending Less Money Home

Immigrants often send money to family back home, but the recession is taking a toll on those remittances. Robert Meins, a remittances specialist with the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington, D.C., offers his insights.

State Finances in the Black at $3.1 Billion. More Californians Traveling Abroad for Essential Surgeries. End Music.


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Question: Critic Ted Libbey Joins

Critic Ted Libbey joins Martin for another of their weekly visits to the PT Basic Record Library. Today, on the eve of violinist Isaac Stern's 75th birthday, Ted recommends a few CDs from the new Sony Classical retrospective called "Isaac Stern: A Life in Music."

Stories: 1) Congressman, Civil Rights Icon John Lewis 2) Journalist, Author Ta-Nehisi Coates


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Question: The News Roundup — Domestic

The Delta variant of COVID-19 is now the dominant strain in the U.S. according to the Centers for Disease Control. Studies suggest the approved vaccines protect against it, however, America appears to be reaching its vaccine ceiling, at least among adults. The Biden administration is working to find new strategies to reach the vaccine-hesitant, despite having missed its July 4 goal of 70 percent partial vaccination among adults. President Biden is also expected to work with the Federal Trade Commission to ban non-compete clauses used by employers to ban employees from working for other companies. According to the administration, half of all private-sector employees are subject to some such agreement. After testing positive for marijuana during the U.S. trials, Sha’Carri Richardson’s name has been left off the U.S. track and field team roster, ending any chance she had at going to the Olympics in Tokyo this summer. We cover the most important stories from around the country and more on the News Roundup.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: 9 Protesters Confronted By Gun-Waving St. Louis Couple Get Trespassing Citations

Nine Black Lives Matter protesters who were confronted by a white St. Louis couple waving an AR 15-style rifle and a semi-automatic pistol as they allegedly stood guard on the beautifully manicured lawn of their mansion, have been issued trespassing summonses for marching onto a private property.  The St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department issued the citations after more than two months of investigations, and these are now under review by the city counselor's office, officials told NPR.  The bizarre and potentially dangerous standoff made national headlines in June, catapulting the wealthy couple into fame and infamy — depending on one's political leanings  — and stoked partisan debate over the rights and protections of protesters versus those of Second Amendment supporters. It also landed Mark and Patricia McCloskey a spot in the Republican National Convention, even as they face felony charges from the St. Louis circuit attorney's office.  Videos of the confrontation show Black Lives Matter protesters, who were marching toward Mayor Lyda Krewson's nearby house, shouting at the pair — both attorneys — to put away their guns.  Patricia McCloskey can be seen with her finger on the trigger as she waved the gun at demonstrators. Mark McCloskey clutches a long-barreled gun and can be heard shouting, "Get the hell out of my neighborhood." Protesters paraded through the ritzy enclave, calling for Krewson's resignation for releasing the names and addresses of residents who suggested defunding the police department.  The couple has repeatedly said they feared for their lives and were only trying to protect their home. On several occasions they described the protesters as criminals and during their RNC appearance said, "They want to walk the halls of Congress." The specifics of the alleged infractions by the protesters are unclear. Early reports said the McCloskeys alleged that protesters had broken a gate to enter the wealthy community. But police officials on Friday did not disclose whether that is among the charges.  St. Louis Metropolitan Police spokeswoman Evita Caldwell said in an email that the summonses "are closed at this time." Caldwell did not indicate whether additional citations will be issued in the future. Neither did she explain the criteria the department used to identify and ticket the nine protesters, when about 300 participated in the march on June 28.  City Counselor Julian Bush told NPR his office received the citations earlier this week.  "It's now incumbent on the city counselor to decide whether or not to charge these people," Bush said.  He expects it'll take his office about two weeks to go through the documentation provided by the police department.  "We have to assess whether or not it's likely that a conviction could be obtained. If there's no probable cause or it's not in the broader interest" of the community, then the city counselor will not prosecute, he said.  If his office does move ahead with prosecution, the protesters could face a fine of up to $500, incarceration up to 90 days or probation. But Bush added, "It's very, very rare for anyone to receive a penalty of incarceration for a municipal ordinance violation." On Sept. 4, Black Lives Matter activist Ohun Ashe posted on Twitter that she had received a summons from the police department.  "I was just sent a summons to appear in court for 'trespassing on private property' on Portland Pl aka the street Patricia and Mark McCloskey live on," she wrote.  "I had a gun waved in my face by them but trespassing is what matters?" she added.  In July, Circuit Attorney Kimberly Gardner recommended "that the McCloskeys participate in one of my office's diversion programs." And Missouri Gov. Mike Parson said he would likely pardon the couple if they were charged.

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Good morning - here are some stories we're following today: Luxury Cars Do Poorly In New Type Of Crash Test. Unsealed Documents 'Hint At The Evidence' In Colorado Shootings. N.J. Gov. Chris Christie, Fla. Senator Marco Rubio To Give Key Speeches At Republican National Convention. (National Journal) Western Wildfires Destroy Homes, Leave One Firefighter Dead. (AP) Defected Syrian Prime Minister Claims Assad Regime Is Collapsing. (BBC) In A Change, Iran Now Welcomes Aid For Earthquake Victims. (VOA) French Youths Clash With Police For Second Night. (Reuters) Violence Turns Deadly Between Two Unions At South African Platinum Mine. (AllAfrica.com) Educational Accrediting Agency Issues Warning To Penn State. (USA Today) Conn. Woman Wrongly Billed For 25 Years For Streetlights, Gets Refund. (Hartford Courant)


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Question: When Physicians Get Cancer

Dealing with a potentially fatal cancer is difficult for anyone, but doctors with cancer face a special challenge. They're accustomed to giving medical care, not receiving it. And they know better than most what their future might look like.  Dr. William Tierney, an internist with Indiana University School of Medicine, wasn't happy being known all of a sudden as "the guy with cancer." "You want to be normal, not self-pitying or any more dependent than you have to be," says Tierney. For Dr. Elizabeth McKinley, an internist with Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine,  knowledge that she had cancer hit her at odd times, sapping her hope. "I'd find myself just weeping," she recalls, asking herself, "Will I see my kids get older? Am I going to die? Will I be in pain? Will my husband be all right?" Tierney learned he had lymphoma at the age of 48. McKinley was 36 when she was told she had breast cancer. The two later met at a medical meeting and decided to write an article addressed to other doctors. They wanted to share what they had learned as patients, and what they learned about hope and dependency. Today, Tierney's cancer is still in remission, and McKinley's has relapsed to her bone. STEVE INSKEEP, host.  This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep.  Today's Personal Health report explains how two dealt with potentially fatal cancer. It's a special challenge for doctors with cancer who are used to giving medical care, not getting it. They know better than most what their future might look like. Dr. William Tierney wasn't happy being suddenly known as the guy with cancer.  Dr. WILLIAM TIERNEY (Medical Research Scientist, Cancer Patient): You want to be normal and not be self-pitying and any more dependent than you have to be.  INSKEEP: For Dr. Elizabeth McKinley, the knowledge that she had cancer hit her at odd times.  Dr. ELIZABETH MCKINLEY (Assistant Professor, Medical and Biomedical Ethics, Case Western University, Cancer Patient): I find myself just weeping, you know, will I see my kids get older? Will I have terrible pain? When am I going to die? Is my husband going to be all right?  INSKEEP: Both doctors shared their stories about how they got through their cancer with NPR's Joanne Silberner.  JOANNE SILBERNER reporting:  After ignoring symptoms of recurrent pain, internist William Tierney was diagnosed with lymphoma at the age of 48. It was a particularly difficult type to treat, but he survived. During the illness he swore he'd take it easy. But it's only now, six years later, that he's telling his patients he's cutting back.  Dr. TIERNEY: There's something else I need to tell. I'm retiring from this practice.  Unidentified Man: I'm going to cry.  Dr. TIERNEY: Not a guy your size. You used to be a tough guy.  SILBERNER: The patient is a former motorcycle gang member who weighs in at more than 350 pounds. He's been with Tierney for 26 years. Tierney knows his patients depend on him and feels terrible about dropping them, especially since he learned the importance of depending on others during his own illness.  Dr. TIERNEY: We help people and their families through difficult times when people die, etc., and you have to be the one who's strong to lead them through it, to be the one that people lean on. And it's very difficult for physicians to just back off and say you take care of me.  SILBERNER: Tierney remembers in the midst of a chemotherapy cycle collapsing behind the lawnmower. His neighbor came over and said you're not doing that anymore, I'm doing it. Tierney only let him because he was so exhausted. He gradually learned that had to let people help him, not just for his own sake, but for theirs.  Dr. TIERNEY: A research colleague of mine, just, he was desperate to help me. I mean, he really looked stricken. He wanted to find something to do for me. So I used to ask him to drive me home from chemotherapy. I felt fine after chemotherapy. I mean it didn't affect you until days later. But I let him give me a ride home just so he felt he was doing something for me. It was actually a problem because I had to find a ride in that day so my car my car wouldn't be stuck at work.  SILBERNER: Cutting back at work was especially difficult. People still wanted to depend on him. Even in the weeks and months after chemotherapy, which left him feeling unable to think clearly. Once, he was out running with a colleague who was a co-editor of a medical journal with him.  Dr. TIERNEY: I was complaining that I just had so much to do. I couldn't get it done; my brain wasn't working; and he just said, well, you need to do less. And he was the one giving me a lot of push-back about the amount of work I was having him do for the journal. And I finally stopped in the middle of street and said, damn it, it's people like you that I have to tell that I can't do the work. You know, I can't just do yours and nobody else's. I can't do any of it well.  SILBERNER: Tierney learned even if people were depe

represent the subtitle to find a news title on npr with less details

Examples:

"['represent the subtitle to find a news title on npr with less details\n\nExamples:\n\n"The Interview, the Sony Pictures\' movie that was pulled from theaters after threats from a group of hackers, has earned the studio $15 million in online rentals and purchases in the four days since it was made available last week. It also brought in nearly $3 million from theater screenings. Together, that\'s only slightly less than the $20 million the studio had estimated The Interview to generate in its opening weekend in theaters across the nation. The film, starring Seth Rogen and James Franco, is a comedy that centers on a plot to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Sony\'s emails were hacked in the period leading up to the movie\'s planned Christmas Day release, and the group that claimed responsibility for the hack, the Guardians of Peace, also threatened violence against moviegoers if the film made it to theaters. That prompted the nation\'s largest theater chains to say they wouldn\'t screen The Interview. Sony, too, said it wouldn\'t release the movie. That seemed to be the end of the road for the film, which reportedly cost $44 million to make, until last week when it was announced that about 300 independent movie theaters would show The Interview. Sony also announced it would make the movie available for rent online for $4.95 on services such as YouTube Movies and Microsoft\'s Xbox video console, as well as a dedicated website. It also went on sale for $14.99. Variety reported today that the movie was rented or bought more than 2 million times between Wednesday and Saturday. That figure is likely to rise as Apple\'s iTunes service made the movie available over the weekend. The Interview also earned nearly $3 million through its screenings at 331 theaters. Bloomberg noted that the movie is Sony\'s top online film ever. The news service adds:  "The unconventional rollout of The Interview is the first big test for a simultaneous theatrical and online release. Typically, such debuts have been reserved for smaller films, such as independent movies that may not have enough widespread appeal to warrant a big theatrical marketing budget, according to Paul Dergarabedian, a senior media analyst at Rentrak."  But Dergarabedian also told NPR that as good as those figures are for The Interview, that movie — with a back story that reads like a screenplay itself — is an outlier. "I think this is a one-off for a really one-off movie," Dergarabedian told NPR. "To think that in the future a movie with this level of budget can be released in this way and have this kind of result, that\'s like expecting lightning to strike twice in the same place." Gene Del Vecchio, author of the book Creating Blockbusters and a marketing professor at the University of Southern California, says big theater chains might be kicking themselves right now, after seeing those returns for The Interview, since they mostly shied away from releasing the film on their screens. "If I were them, I\'d be feeling that I should have gone along, that I should have opened this film to 2,000, 3,000 theaters across the country," says Del Vecchio. "Because if you take those numbers from 300 or so smaller theaters and you multiply it times 10, they could have done sizable business, in fact probably much more business than had this controversy never been created." But, Del Vecchio says even though the big chains may have missed out on what might be the most talked about movie of 2014 — they\'re going move on pretty quickly. "Long term, these issues are going to go away. Next week, it\'s a different film, a different situation," says Del Vecchio. "And they\'re going be opening things with 2- and 3,000 theaters across the country." Del Vecchio does say, as the industry continues to grapple with online versus theatrical releases, it\'s important to remember that the same movie can offer different experiences in different venues, especially a comedy like The Interview. "There\'s something about sitting in a theater, and not having two people on a couch laughing, but having 500 people laugh. You get that rush of the crowd experience." As far as the hack that started the entire controversy, The FBI initially accused North Korea of being behind the hack, but the communist country, while calling the hack "righteous," denied any role. Some experts say they doubt North Korea has the capability to carry out such an attack." == "\'The Interview,\' Now Sony\'s Top Online Film Ever, Earns Nearly $18M"', 'The people of Beirut are still reeling from the effects of the deadly port explosion a year ago — and asking that leaders who could have prevented it be held responsible.']" == "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', '1 Year After Beirut Explosion, Lebanese Push For Government Accountability']"

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: Asa Blends French, Nigerian Musical Influences

Singer/songwriter Asa was born in Paris but spent her childhood and adolescence in Lagos, Nigeria. She returned to Paris as an adult to test her talent on the French music scene. But it was in Nigeria where Asa first discovered the sounds that would influence the music she creates. On today's show, Tony Cox spoke with Asa about her burgeoning career, and then she performed her song "Jailer" for us in-studio. Below is a video excerpt of that interview and performance.

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Stories: 1) James Murphy: The Man Behind LCD Soundsystem 2) Beyond Fela Kuti, The Enduring Appeal Of Afrobeat


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Question: The Jamestown Project

Guest: Karen Ordahl Kupperman, the Silver Professor of History at New York University

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: GOP Rep. Todd Akin Criticized For Rape Comment

Missouri Congressman Todd Akin, who's challenging Democrat Claire McCaskill for a U.S. Senate seat, said it's "rare" for women to become pregnant when they are raped. The Romney campaign distanced itself from the remarks.

Talk About It:New York Times: Clinton's Civil Rights Lesson -- "Today, a supporter said this while introducing Mrs. Clinton: 'Some people compare one of the other candidates to John F. Kennedy. But he was assassinated. And Lyndon Baines Johnson was the one who actually' passed the civil rights legislation. The comment, an apparent reference to Senator Barack Obama, is particularly striking given documented fears among blacks that Mr. Obama will be assassinated if elected. Mrs. Clinton's expression did not change noticeably when [the woman] made the comment." More: "Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act," Mrs. Clinton said. "It took a president to get it done." For candidates to invoke Dr. King in this way seems like dangerous territory. What do you make of this latest barrage of criticism? Election 2008:NNPA: Congressional Black Caucus Split Between Clinton, Obama Wall Street Journal: Clinton Braces for Second Loss; Union, Senators May Back Obama Washington Times: Huckabee Vows to Defy Birthright Citizenship Nation:CNN: New Jersey Officially Apologizes for Slavery New York Times: A Safety-Net Hospital Falls Into Financial Crisis World:AP: Kenya Opposition Leader Rejects Talks AP: South African Candidate Confirmed AP: War Crimes Trial Resumes for Former Leader of Liberia People:AFP: Colin Powell Pleased by Barack Obama's Success CNN: In Kenya, Obama's Relatives 'Pray' for Victory Op-Ed:Gloria Steinem: Women Are Never Front-Runners Jesse Jackson: Obama's Success Is Making Us All Winners Washington Post: A Candidacy's Prose and Cons


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Question: Pop Culture Happy Hour: Early Oscar Thoughts, 'Idol' Chatter, Party Season

We're on our 26th episode of Pop Culture Happy Hour, by my count, and this is the first time we've devoted a segment to American Idol, which makes us very light on coverage, compared to many. But with the show back on the air, and with Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez trying to figure out how to be judges when they can't stand ... you know, judging anyone, we have a little chat about whether and how to go on without the original cast, and whether or not Randy Jackson could be replaced by an item you might find in your very own home. We also take our first early look at the Oscar nominations (now with more happy surprises and mild disappointments!) and take bets on Stephen's ambitious project to increase his nominated-movie exposure in the next few days. And finally, we consider the matter of the pop-culture viewing party. Is the Oscar pool necessary? What about latecomers? Plus, a brief (we promise) history of the greatest combination Super Bowl party and eating contest that 75 percent of the panelists have personally attended. If you want to keep up with our various doings, follow us on Twitter: follow me, Stephen, Trey, Glen and Mike, and you can also find us on Facebook, where you can share your more arcane pop-culture thoughts with thousands (really!) of like-minded PCHH-ers. (Also: Go Pack Go.) Links, after the jump. Project: Rooftop An Oscar nominees cheat sheet A post about the Steelers, a post about the Packers My essay on moviegoing Cowell's eyes make dollar signs at 3:24

Stories: 1) Seth Meyers On 'SNL' And Campaign Comedy 2) Tina Fey's Gubernatorial Turn 3) Stephen Colbert On 'The Greatest Gift Of All' 4) The Ethereal, Ambient Sound Of 'Hearts Of Space'


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Question: The Faster We Live, The Shorter We Seem To Be On Time

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Our understanding of the natural world has undergone astonishing transformations in recent times. We now understand the cosmos to have undergone a 13.7-billion-year evolutionary process, our planet to have undergone a 4.5-billion-year evolutionary process and life on our planet to have undergone a ~3.5-billion-year evolutionary process. We now understand that we humans share a common ancestor with all the other creatures on the planet -- that we are all genetically related -- with more complex traits emergent from less complex traits. We understand that humans appeared on the planet a mere 150,000 years ago. And we understand that the planet -- as a whole -- is an ecosystem composed of countless sub-ecosystems. Each sub-ecosystem is emergent from the relationships between its parts, where the parts -- the organisms and their environmental contexts -- are continuously in flux, continuously engaged in the evolutionary process of variation and natural selection. Given these understandings, we have come to discard the simplistic notion that biological evolution entails "survival of the fittest," since there is no such thing as "the fittest". Rather, evolution involves a myriad ways of fitting in. Creative adaptive strategies emerge with each new element of change and complexity in the system. With every change in climate, or in available energy resources, or in the kinds and numbers of other creatures, novel opportunities may be created and expected opportunities may fail to materialize. To fit in to an ecosystem is to be adapted to it, to anticipate its parameters, to live out a life in that context. The obvious exception to these maxims is the human. We humans not only anticipate the parameters of natural systems; we also manipulate them. Read More >> We are "niche constructors" -- the familiar prototype being the beaver who dams up streams and inhabits the resultant lake. We inhabit not only the planetary ecosystem but also the human-made language-based system we call culture, allowing us access to information accumulated from generation to generation. Therefore, whereas novel genetic ideas require millennia to become established, language-based ideas can be transmitted and evaluated in increasingly rapid timeframes. As a result, human activity is no longer directly shaped by the global ecosystem, although it must ultimately harmonize with it, and our abilities to anticipate and manipulate have grown to the point where the evolutionary mandate of adaptive fit is far less evident than our spectacular ability to adapt the environment to fit our purposes. It is indeed this state of affairs that generates our sense that the name of the game is who is the fittest. The fittest humans are often understood be those who best manipulate their contexts to suit their purposes, and we have extrapolated this perception to declare that evolution is all about such dynamics of power. This disconnect between our perception of how things work and how things actually work is generating countless planetary and existential crises. We have specialized and elaborated our rapid temporal framework and achieved unprecedented mastery over our immediate circumstances, in the process detaching our responses from groundings in the slower processes of nature. We have become the fastest-living creature on earth, producing more than the earth can absorb or sustain, changing entire ecosystems and environments faster than lifeforms can adjust, and straining our own capacity to deal with our ever more dense, eventful, experience-packed lives in which the dominant feeling is that we never have enough time. Michael C. Kalton is a world-renowned expert on Korean Neo-Confucianism who teaches at the University of Washington Tacoma. He holds a joint Ph.D. in comparative religion and East Asian languages and civilizations from Harvard University.


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Question: Shiite Militants Try to Drive Sunnis from Baghdad

Every day dozens of bodies turn up at the Baghdad morgue. They are bound, mutilated by torture and shot. Lately, though, sectarian violence has taken on a broader, more systematic form. Some say it is a strategy by militant Shiite groups to drive Sunni Arabs out of the Iraqi capital.

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Good Wednesday morning, here are our early stories: Sometimes 'The Lord Seemed To Sleep,' Pope Says In Farewell. Reports: U.S. Eyeing 'Direct' Aid to Syrian Rebels, Though Not Weapons. And here are more early headlines: Americans Assign Political Blame For Looming Budget Cuts. (ABC) Winter Storms Bring Midwest Flooding, Northeast Snow. (NBC) Iran Agrees To More Nuclear Talks With Six Nations. (New York Times) Deadly Shooting At Switzerland Factory. (BBC) Car Bomb Strikes Northern Mali Town, Killing Several People. (Reuters) Taliban Militants Poison Afghan Police, Civilians, Then Fire On Them. (AP) Ill. Candidates Picked For Election To Fill Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr.'s Seat. (Chicago Tribune) IKEA Now Pulling Sausages From European Stores After 'Indications' Of Horsemeat. (AP)


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Question: William James: Son, Brother, Hero

The ageless American wisdom of William James: his ideas about religious belief, the process of thinking, and very public issues like war and imperialism  still frame our discourse and mark the gold-standard of argumentative style.

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Stories: 1) 'The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity' 2) 'How Doctors Think' 3) "The Other Side of You"


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Question: Episode 489: The Invisible Plumbing Of Our Economy

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Note: This episode originally ran in 2013. Back in 2013, we made a T-Shirt. And as you might remember, we made that T-Shirt with money raised on Kickstarter. It turns out the money collected on Kickstarter is handled by Amazon. Great, we figure: This is the company that will sell you anything on the planet and get it you you the next day. And what we need in this case isn't even a thing, really. We just need Amazon's bank to send money electronically to a checking account at Chase bank. It's just information traveling over wires. How long could it take: A minute? An hour? It took five days. Before the money could land in our bank account, it had to go through a 40-year-old program— the Automated Clearing House. On today's show: Why are the invisible pipes that move money around America so slow? And why are the ones in England so much faster? And is it finally changing? Music: "Trippy Cool" and "Bass Debate." Find us: Twitter/ Facebook /Instagram Subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, PocketCasts and NPR One.

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To give you a sense - "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR:', 'Maybe we averted an anti-handshaking public health campaign when Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN\'s resident medical expert, decided against becoming President Barack Obama\'s surgeon general. Gupta, who recently returned from Mexico City where he was reporting on the swine flu aka 2009 H1N1 flu virus epidemic there, was on NPR\'s Diane Rehm Show today on a panel of experts discussing the swine flu aka 2009 H1N1 virus and got this question from the host:  REHM: Dr. Gupta, are you still shaking hands, are you still hugging people, are you still kissing people?"   GUPTA: "...You know shaking hands even not in the face of swine flu is one of the most common ways that people transmit viruses. I\'ve never been a big fan of shaking hands. In fact I\'ve recently advocated bumping elbows instead. It\'s not nearly as fun or gracious but it\'s safer from an infectious disease standpoint."']" should be close to "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', "CNN's Gupta No Handshake Fan Even Before Swine Flu"]"

Stories: 1) Jane Mayer: The Risks Of A Remote-Controlled War 2) The Ethical, Psychological Effects Of Robotic Warfare 3) Nellie McKay's 'Blueberry Pie,' A Tribute to Doris Day


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Question: Understanding Technology through a Child's Eyes (Rebroadcast)

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UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY THROUGH A CHILD'S EYES (REBROADCAST): Kids today rarely think of 'technology' as something separate from themselves. Rather, technology is infused into everything they do and see.  So how can grown-ups rethink design ideas based on what the next generation is thinking? Tech Tuesday explores the intersection of technology and child development.  (52 min.)

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Guest: Arthur Allen, a Former Associated Press Foreign Correspondent and Journalist with Slate (Archive from 3/13/07)


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Question: Meet The myRA — Obama's New Retirement Plan

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On Wednesday, President Obama directed the Treasury Department to create a new retirement plan called "myRA." The decision, a circumvention of Congress, follows through on one of the promises made by the president in his State of the Union. As Yuki Noguchi reports, the success of the plan may depend on its ability to move beyond the limitations of existing retirement plans.

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Stories: 1) Our Confusing Economy, Explained 2) Parsing Obama's 'National Conversation'


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For example, '['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', 'The DNC Delegates: The Mayor of Snow Hill, N.C.']' should have a representation like '['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', "All week, we'll present reporters' profiles of delegate of color attending this week's Democratic National Convention.  First up: Leoneda Inge profiles Donald Davis, the mayor of Snow Hill, N.C., population 1,500."]' but very far from '['represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth.\nE.g.:\nTo Guy Davis, the stories behind Southern blues are as important as the familiar music that defines the genre. His new CD, Skunkmello is full of legendary tales, old and new. Davis is the son of the great actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. He says his blues music is inspired by the Southern speech of his grandmother. "What draws me into the blues, I think, is the music not only of the instruments but the music of the language," Davis says.  Guy Davis once played the title in the off-Broadway play Robert Johnson: Trick the Devil about the famous bluesman who, legend has it, made a pact with the devil. "I think that my Dad might agree that there might not be a black man in America who, at some time or other, hadn\'t sold his soul to the devil…" Davis says. "The black man has been catching hell all through slave times and since," he says. "And I think we sort of have a personal relationship with the devil and God, you know, on a name kind of basis." STEVE INSKEEP, host:  The musician Guy Davis once brought his son into a recording studio, and the teenager praised the music that his father hates.  (Soundbite of music from album “Skunkmello”)  Mr. MARTIAL DAVIS (Son of Guy Davis): (Singing) Rap is what\'s happening.  INSKEEP: The son talked up rap music and trashed his father\'s blues.  (Soundbite of music from album “Skunkmello”)  Mr. M. DAVIS: (Singing) Blues ain\'t got nothing.  INSKEEP: And talked back when the father tried to respond.  (Soundbite of music from album “Skunkmello”)  Mr. GUY DAVIS (Musician): (Singing) The blues is where rap came from.  Mr. M. DAVIS: (Singing) So what. Who cares now?  INSKEEP: All of which set up the father\'s musical reply.  (Soundbite of music from album “Skunkmello”)  Mr. G. DAVIS: (Singing) Now, wait a minute, junior, you\'re talking kind of fast. You\'re about to say something to make me whoop your. You\'re talking out your head; to you it\'s all a mystery. Blues is your legacy; you don\'t know history.  INSKEEP: That song is on Skunkmello, an album that is an argument for the music that Guy Davis loves. Davis is the son of the great actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. He says his blues music is inspired by the southern speech of his grandmother.  (Soundbite of music from album “Skunkmello”)  Mr. G DAVIS: While I was going to school learning to speak English just as good as the white man, I\'d come home and hear plenty of southern speech, like the southern stories. And what draws me into the blues, I think, is the music not only of the instruments, but the music of the language.  (Soundbite of music from album “Skunkmello”)  Mr. G. DAVIS: Ain\'t no beef with working so hard. I got a woman and a beautiful yard. (Unintelligible), she think I\'m working, ain\'t doing a thing. I\'m on the road again.  INSKEEP: Some people may not know that one of the things that you\'ve done is play a musician onstage, and a famous one, Robert Johnson, the great blues man.  Mr. G. DAVIS: Oh, yes. My gosh, that was more than 10 years ago. The play was called Robert Johnson: Trick the Devil.  INSKEEP: Which gets right to the point about Robert Johnson. According to legend, this was a man who was believed to have made a deal with the devil, and who certainly sang songs about people facing that kind of temptation.  Mr. G. DAVIS: Yes, he did. Me and the devil walking side by side. I\'m about to beat my woman until I get satisfied, stuff like that. There is a political statement underneath that. I think my dad might agree that there might not be a black man in America who, at some time or other, hadn\'t sold his soul to the devil.  The black man has been catching hell all through slave times and since. And I think that we sort of have a personal relationship with the devil and God on a name kind of basis. It\'s not where you go to church and can sort of be anonymous amongst the crowd.  INSKEEP: Oh, it\'s you, Guy. Good to see you again. How have you been?  Mr. G. DAVIS: Yeah. To say I got my eye on you, too. I saw what happened last night. What you got to say now?  (Soundbite of laughter)  (Soundbite of music)  Mr. G. DAVIS: Here is one. If I could, I\'m going to grab this banjo. It\'s a blues song by Muddy Waters.  (Soundbite of music)  Mr. G. DAVIS: I think this will do. This song is called Can\'t Be Satisfied.  (Soundbite of song, \'Can\'t Be Satisfied\')  Mr. G. DAVIS: (Singing) Well, I\'m going away to leave you. Won\'t be back no more. Gone down south, oh, baby, don\'t you want to go? I be trouble, Lord, and I\'m onward now. Lord, well, I can\'t be satisfied, just can\'t keep from crying. Well, I feel like snapping my pistol in your face, let some lonesome graveyard, baby, be your resting place. I be trouble, Lord, and I\'m onward now. Lord, well, I can\'t be satisfied, just can\'t keep from crying.  INSKEEP: Guy Davis, playing a wonderful old Muddy Waters song. That was great.  Mr. G. DAVIS: Thanks.  INSKEEP: I heard a story about you and an old home of Muddy Waters.  Mr. G. DAVIS: Are you getting ready to tell it?  INSKEEP: I\'m h == Guy Davis: The Language of the Blues', "Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: A Surprising Revelation About the GOP Front-Runner; The Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Clean Undies; Palin vs. Couric Round 2."]'.

Question: Nobel Peace Prize Winner Wangari Matthai

A discussion with Nobel Peace Prize-winning biologist Wangari Matthai. (pre-recorded)

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Question: Yemen President's Exit Spurs Celebrations

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Yemeni President Ali Abdulleh Saleh flew to Saudi Arabia on Saturday to be treated for injuries suffered during an attack by opposition forces on his presidential palace. The mood in the country's capital, Sanaa, is buoyant. Reporter Iona Craig offers her insight.

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Given ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'With the clock ticking for legislators to resolve the current year fiscal crisis, Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez vowed today to do it without Republicans if necessary.\nIn comments to the Sacramento Press Club, the Los Angeles Democrat emphasized that he hopes to find common ground with GOP lawmakers on how to resolve the $3.3 billion shortfall [...]'], a positive would be ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR.', 'Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed']

News Headlines: Feb. 19, 2007Talk About It:Miami Herald: Castro's Stepping Down May Mean Economic Change -- "Although Raul has been ruling Cuba for the 19 months that Castro has been ailing, Cuba watchers say he's had his hands tied with the looming presence of his brother. And with Tuesday's announcement that Cuba's 81-year-old leader was stepping down after nearly 50 years in office, Raul could use the opportunity to enact economic reforms that Cubans so desperately crave." Plus: Who Is Raul Castro?More: Candidates to Cuba: Release Prisoners What will Castro's resignation mean for Cuba's future? What impact, if any, will a freer Cuba have on neighboring Haiti? Election 2008:New York Times: Democrats Make Populist Appeals Before Contests Boston Globe: Clinton's Struggle Vexes Feminists Washington Post: Obama Wave Stuns Clinton's Black Supporters Nation:Baltimore Sun: A Moving Exhibition of Black History AP: Beef Industry, Animal Rights Groups Duel The AJC: NCAA Encourages A.D.s to Widen Coaching Searches L.A. Times: Supreme Court Rejects Wiretap Suit World:AFP: Bush Leaves Rwanda for Ghana Chicago Tribune: Musharraf Foes Celebrate in Pakistan New York Times: Rice, in Nairobi, Offers Incentives to End Violence


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Question: The Jamestown Project

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The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Linguist Geoff Nunberg

Nunberg talks about terms used in racial classification, such as Caucasian.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...Ted Talk, Slow Bern, Queen B Stings


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Question: Internet poker takes seat at table of politics

The fast-growing Poker Players Alliance is fighting measures to curb wagering on Internet poker.

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Internet poker has surpassed sports betting as the most popular form of online gambling -- an industry that now takes in as much as $10 billion a year. There's one catch:  playing online poker -- for money -- is illegal in the United States.


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Question: An Instant Power-Pop Classic, in Twice the Time

Nestled smack in the middle of Sloan's marvelously overstuffed Never Hear the End of It, "I Understand" practically begs to be ignored. It clocks in at nearly five and a half minutes when the average length of the remaining 29 tracks is a cozy 2:27, and its counterparts are often cleverer, to say nothing of rocking harder. Power-pop has a way of taking care of itself, however, and "I Understand" possesses all the earmarks of an instant light classic. Starting with a sweet and wide-eyed electric piano, it throws itself headlong into a bopping thump as acoustic guitars undergird the sugary, AM-radio-ready lines about the discoveries and promises of innocent, adolescent love. But "I Understand" changes as it moves along, picking up cymbals, harmonies and wah-wah electrics as it pushes its way to a perfect false ending. The drums stutter their way to a reprise, but the song never loses momentum. Instead, Sloan rides out a squalling guitar solo that gives way to a horn section, which in turn yields to a return of the chorus' harmonies, all over simple chords, in search of power-pop bliss. Listen to yesterday's 'Song of the Day.'

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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

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Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Filmically Perfect: "DOUBLE INDEMNITY" (1944)

Phyllis (Stanwyck): There's a speed limit in this state, Mr. Neff. 45 miles an hour.  Walter (MacMurray): How fast was I going, officer?  Phyllis: I'd say around 90.  Walter: Suppose you get down off your motorcycle and give me a ticket.

Film critic DAVID THOMSON and filmmaker and director JAMES TOBACK. They interview each other for a revival of round table discussion at "Spoken Word at the Algonquin" in New York city's famous Algonquin Hotel, and discuss the state of moviemaking and movie criticism today. THOMSON's latest book is "Beneath Mulholland: Thoughts on Hollywood and its Ghosts" (Knopf). TOBACK directed the movies "Fingers," "Exposed," and "The Pick up Artist." (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW).12:28:30  FORWARD PROMO (:29)12:29:00  I.D. BREAK (:59)12:


Question: Sierra Leone Marks 50 Years Of Independence

This week marks the 50th anniversary of Sierra Leone's independence from Britain. But the West African country is still struggling to rebuild from a devastating civil war that ended in 2002. Sierra Leone's government has organized a year long celebration to mark its golden jubilee �" calling on award-winning American actor, Jeffrey Wright, to help publicize the celebration. Wright reflects on the country's past and its future with Tell Me More host Michel Martin.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- U.S. Weighs Offering More Help As Migrants Arrive In Europe. -- Announcing Reform, Pope Francis Smooths Process To Annul Marriages. And here are more early headlines: Illinois Officer Buried As Manhunt Continues For Murder Suspects. (Chicago Sun-Times) Koreas Agree To Family Reunions After Diplomatic Talks. (CNN) China Marks 50th Anniversary Of Control Of Tibet. (AP) Venezuela Closes More Of Its Border With Colombia. (Deutsche Welle) Suu Kyi Opens Campaigning For Myanmar's Upcoming Election. (Guardian) Advice On Getting Tickets To See Pope Francis In Philadelphia. (AP) Queen Elizabeth Poised To Become Britain's Longest Reigning Monarch. (Parade) Spear Tip Stolen From King Kamehameha's Statue In Hawaii. (KITV-TV)


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Question: Joint Chiefs Chairman: No Civil War in Iraq

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Gen. Peter Pace says that there is not a civil war in Iraq. Gen. Pace spoke to reporters as U.S. troops moved from Iraq's Anbar province to support operations in Baghdad.  The troop movements -- and the spike in Iraqi violence -- come as the Senate Armed Services Committee prepares to hold confirmation hearings next week for Defense Secretary nominee Robert Gates. In a written statement to the committee, Gates said that he would consider altering the U.S. strategy in Iraq.

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Good afternoon. Sorry for being late in our daily roundup. Here's what has been happening so far today: -- Search For Missing Jet Focuses On Objects Seen Off Australia -- Ukrainian Troops' Departure From Crimea Isn't A Simple Matter -- U.S. Adds To Sanctions On Russian Officials -- Westboro Baptist Church Founder Rev. Fred Phelps Sr. Dies -- Reprimand, $20K Fine, No Jail Time For General's Misconduct -- Jobless Claims Stay Toward Lower End Of Recent Range -- Book News: Meg Wolitzer To Publish A YA Novel Inspired By Sylvia Plath


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Question: A Church Divided Over Gay Clergy: Report

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Episcopalians in the Fresno-based Diocese of San Joaquin decide Saturday whether to sever ties with their national denomination and align themselves with an Anglican branch overseas. A vote in favor of a split may lead San Joaquin to become the first diocese in the nation to completely secede from the U.S. church.

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: A Surprising Revelation About the GOP Front-Runner; The Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Clean Undies; Palin vs. Couric Round 2.


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Question: Study Shows Body Clock Affects Arthritis Pain

Arthritis sufferers often feel more pain in the morning than in the evening. A new study explains these fluctuations are driven by the body's internal clock. Sydney Spiesel, a Yale Medical School professor and contributor to the online magazine Slate, talks with Alex Cohen. ALEX CHADWICK, host:  This is DAY TO DAY. I'm Alex Chadwick.  ALEX COHEN, host:  And I'm Alex Cohen.  They say time heals all wounds. And over the course of a day, it turns out it may help with arthritis too. Many who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis report that their pain and stiffness are much worse in the morning than in the evening. Why is this? A recent medical study explains there's a connection between arthritis pain and the body's circadian rhythm - that's our internal clock. Dr. Sydney Spiesel reviews medical research for DAY TO DAY and for the online magazine Slate. He's a pediatrician and a professor at the Yale Medical School. He joins us again today.  Welcome back to the program, Syd.  Dr. SYDNEY SPIESEL (Yale Medical School): Hi, Alex. Nice to be here.  COHEN: Now, just to be clear, Sid, the difference in pain that people feel from morning to night when they have arthritis, this is a real difference; it's not just feelings or imagined?  Dr. SPIESEL: No, it's very real, and this has been clearly shown for rheumatoid arthritis. And that - when people have that illness, they objectively tend to be worse early in the morning. If you measure  - for instance, if you measure their grip strength at 6:00 at night or at 6:00 o'clock in the morning, their grip strength is actually 27 percent higher in the evening than in the morning. And their pain perception is 28 percent worse in the morning compared to 6:00 o'clock at night.  COHEN: And lets get a quick refresher here. What exactly is the body's circadian rhythm? How does that work?  Dr. SPIESEL: Circadian rhythm is the body's internal clock, our scheduler that tells us when to go to sleep and when to wake.  COHEN: And so how does this circadian rhythm - what effect does it have on pain, especially with arthritis?  Dr. SPIESEL: This clock, the circadian rhythm, controls the release of certain hormones. Some of them increase inflammation. Some of them decrease inflammation. For example, cortisol during the day calms down inflammation. Melatonin, which helps put us to sleep at night, also increases the immune response, but it also leads to a suppression of our own internal pain-regulating hormones - the endorphins.  COHEN: So what exactly does this mean for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?  Dr. SPIESEL: Well, there have been some studies that suggest that with rheumatoid arthritis, for example, if you give the same dose of a medication at 2:00 in the morning or at 7:30 in the morning, it's much more effective. The 2:00 a.m. dose is more effective than the 7:30 dose at preventing pain and morning stiffness.  COHEN: These findings pertain to rheumatoid arthritis, which as I understand is the kind of arthritis that people are more likely to develop early on in life. It's different from osteoarthritis, which is more likely to afflict the elderly. Do circadian rhythms have any effect with that type of arthritis -osteoarthritis?  Dr. SPIESEL: We don't know. I mean, it's much - it's clear that these studies have been really very well done on rheumatoid arthritis. They've not been very well done on other kinds of arthritis. But it's clear that circadian rhythm, for example, affects pain perception in cancer patients, and pain perception in women delivering babies.  At night, our pain perception for - in general is lowest between 1:00 in the morning and 3:00, and that is our thresholds are lowest. We feel pain more strongly at those hours than the rest of the day.  COHEN: I know there had been some mornings where I've woken up after, let's say, having gone on a long run the day before. And I know I feel a bit better at night, and I always assumed that had something to do with the muscles kind of stretching out over the course of the day. Does that have any influence on what's going on?  Dr. SPIESEL: Well, I'd always thought so. I'd always thought, for example, that morning stiffness in patients, which is well known in patients with arthritis, is simply that we're not kind of pumping fluid out of our joints. But it turns out that it really also has to do in a more serious way with these underlying hormones that are controlling inflammation.  COHEN: That's opinion from Dr. Sydney Spiesel of Yale Medical School and Slate.com. Thanks so much, Syd.  Dr. SPIESEL: Thank you.

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Question: Concerns About 'A Bad Bank Rescue'

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The federal government hopes to set aside as much as $700 billion to take responsibility for the risky mortgage assets weighing on the nation's financial institutions.  The administration proposal would be the biggest government intervention since the Great Depression. ome economists worry that the White House and Congress, in their haste to stave off a crisis, may create an even larger crisis down the road. Sebastian Mallaby wrote about the long-term implications of such an intervention in "A Bad Bank Rescue" published Sunday in The Washington Post. Mallaby is the director of the Center for Geo-Economic Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. NEAL CONAN, host:  And now the Opinion Page.  Congress still needs to negotiate the exact details of the federal bailout for Wall Street with the Secretary of the Treasury, but we know the general idea.  The federal government hopes to set aside as much as $700 billion to buy out bad mortgages and other investments.  It may be the most sweeping government intervention to rescue financial institutions since the Great Depression.  In an op-ed in Sunday's Washington Post, Sebastian Mallaby noted that an idea that nobody in public office had even mentioned a week ago now seems suddenly inevitable.  And he argues, this is extremely dangerous, that there are cheaper and better ways to do it.  If the government's going to spend 700 billion taxpayer dollars, your money, what should we get for it?  800-989-8255.  Email, talk@npr.org.  You also join the conversation and get a link to Sebastian Mallaby's piece on our blog at npr.org/blogofthenation.  Sebastian Mallaby is director of the Center for Geo-Economic Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations and he joins us from the studio there.  Nice to have you on the program today.  Mr. SEBASTIAN MALLABY (Director, Center for Geo-Economic Studies, Council on Foreign Relations):  Good to be with you, Neal.  CONAN:  And you argue that the government shouldn't be buying bad debts, that they should buy equity stakes in the banks themselves.  Mr. MALLABY:  That's right.  I think we want three things from a plan like this.  We want it to work in terms of stabilizing the financial system.  We want it to work quickly so that it provides an alternative to the ad-hoc, bailout-to-bailout, hand-to-mouth sort of stuff we've had in the past week.  And we want it preferably not to cost the taxpayers too much.  And I think of all those measures, we would be better shape if we had something where you were going to go in and put equity into these banks rather than taking bad loans off their hands.  CONAN:  But you do agree that something big needs to be done and needs to be done soon.  Mr. MALLABY:  Yes. I think after last week no one could doubt that.  CONAN:  And I wonder, the version of the bill that we saw come out of the Senate today, or at least mentioned by Senator Christopher Dodd, who's the chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, includes as part of it that the U.S. would get stakes in the companies they're helping out.  Mr. MALLABY:  Yes.  But from what I've read about that, it's a slightly confused suggestion in that the Senate seems to be proposing that on the one hand the government buys debt, so it gives the banks some money and in return it gets these bad loans.  OK, so it's got the loans in exchange.  And now on top of that, it wants to get some kind of equity participation, as well.  You can do it that way but it doesn't get around the fundamental problem with any debt purchase, which is that valuing the debt is something that the private sector has being unable to do for the past 12 months, and there's no reason to suppose that the government will be smarter at valuing this very complicated mess of mortgages instruments which are in the grid(ph), they're not traded, you can't see what price they should be at.  They'll be haggling over whether this should be 22 cents on the dollar or 50 cents on the dollar, what should be the discount.    I just think going down that route is way more complicated than simply looking at the stock price of a bank and saying, OK, your stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange.  We know what it's worth, and at that value we're going to inject several billion dollars into your balance sheet to give you more stability and more time.  CONAN:  And if you do well on the deal, we'll make some of the profits.  Mr. MALLABY:  Right.  That's right.  So what Senator Dodd is doing is he's trying to get that upside for taxpayers just like my suggestion would do.  But I think he is sort of tacking it onto a deal, onto a proposal from the Treasury, which begins by simply being too complicated.  And I'm suggesting, you know, get out of that complication.  Don't even try to buy bad loans because they're way difficult to value.  CONAN:  But didn't we go through this process or something quite similar to it when the savings banks had a crisis of their own seven years ago and they set up the Resolution Trust

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