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Question: Comment: Watching Air Passengers' Weight

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Travel essayist Christopher Elliott questions the logic behind the National Transportation Safety Board's recommendation that airlines start weighing passengers before allowing them to fly.

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Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: Waitresses who Touch Too Much

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Waitresses who touch too much.  Seattle Times restaurant critic Nancy Leson tells our own Dick Stein about a voice mail from an  irate diner  in this week's Food for Thought.  [3:15]


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Question: Democrats, Republicans Promote Their Own DACA Fixes

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Lawmakers from both parties have put forth proposals to address border security and the status of so-called DREAMers.

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Iacocca Dumps Bush to Back Kerry

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Legendary businessman Lee Iacocca, who supported President Bush in the 2000 election, formally backs Sen. John Kerry for president. The endorsement came during Kerry's campaign swing through California, in which he pumped up support from organized labor and was feted at a fundraiser featuring Barbara Streisand, Willie Nelson and Billy Crystal. Hear NPR's Ina Jaffe.

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News Headlines: Oct. 16, 2007 AP: Clinton Edges Obama in Cash on Hand -- "Democrat Hillary Clinton ended September with more money in the bank than rival Barack Obama, holding nearly $35 million cash on hand for the presidential primary contests to his $32 million. Both were far ahead of Republican money leader Rudy Giuliani." More: Obama Calls Himself Underdog How do you think the general election will shape up? Make your predictions. More Headlines:AP: House Panel Weighs Jena 6 Case New York Times: Failing Schools Strain to Meet U.S. Standard Newsday (Pinkerton): Cosby, Gore as Different as Black, Green New York Times: Resentment and Rations as Eritrea Nears a Crisis Detroit Free Press: Chrysler Deal Meets Some Sharp Resistance Los Angeles Times: Retirement Season Hits GOP Hard AJC: Juanita Bynum's $4.5M Home to Be Auctioned for Taxes Houston Chronicle: Former Mexican President Blasts U.S. Xenophobia Los Angeles Times: Will Tyler Perry Ever Get Respect?


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Question: Focus On Technology from 91.7 WVXU

After a summer of sitting on tarmacs, airline passengers are demanding better service. In Focus on Technology Ann Thompson reports on state of the art GPS systems designed to diminish delays.

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Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: Put Those Shoes On: Running Won't Kill Your Knees

represent the subtitle to find a news title on npr with less details. The provided query could be "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'A "bold, assertive approach to Mozart," unlike most interpretations you hear today: That\'s what PT\'s Historic Recordings critic Leslie Gerber finds in newly released CDs recordings from the 1960s by pianist Mieczyslaw Horszowski. The collection of Mozart sonatas marks the debut of a new label, Arbiter. Gerber says it has a few flaws and its appeal is primarily to collectors, but he thinks the release is a wonderful discovery that will attract lots of attention.']" and the positive "['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "A 'Bold, Assertive Approach"]"

Yes, it's true: Jogging, long thought to hurt knees with all that pounding and rattling around, may actually be beneficial for the complex and critical joint. There are caveats, though, especially for people who have suffered significant knee injury or are overweight. But for the most part, researchers say, jogging for your health seems like a good idea. David Felson, a researcher and epidemiologist at Boston University School of Medicine, says past concern about jogging and knees centered on the continuous impact of the foot to the ground and suggestion that it caused degeneration of the knee and the onset of osteoarthritis. But when researchers actually studied the impact of running on knees, he says, that's not what they found. "We know from many long-term studies that running doesn't appear to cause much damage to the knees," he says. "When we look at people with knee arthritis, we don't find much of a previous history of running, and when we look at runners and follow them over time, we don't find that their risk of developing osteoarthritis is any more than expected." Both types of studies agree, says Felson, that recreational running doesn't increase the risk of arthritis. 'Running Is Healthy For The Joint' In one study, Swedish researchers found that exercise, including jogging, may even be beneficial. Felson describes how researchers took one group of people at risk of osteoarthritis and had them engage in exercise, including jogging. The other group didn't exercise. After imaging the joints of the participants in both study groups, they found that the biochemistry of cartilage actually appeared to improve in those participants who were running. Felson says that suggests that "running is actually healthy for the joint." Jonathan Chang, an orthopedic surgeon in Alhambra, Calif., says that exercise appears to stimulate cartilage to repair to minor damage. It could be that the impact of body weight when the foot hits the ground increases production of certain proteins in the cartilage that make it stronger, he says. This is similar to the way exercise, in particular weight-bearing exercise like jogging, increases bone and muscle mass. According to Nancy Lane, director of the UC Davis Center for Healthy Aging who specializes in rheumatology and diseases related to aging, scientists are now starting to understand that there is some loss of cartilage annually after a certain age. Some doctors think cartilage loss begins after age 40. But, according to Lane, "if you have a relatively normal knee and you're jogging five to six times a week at a moderate pace, then there's every reason to believe that your joints will remain healthy." An Indicator Of Activity That's great news for Paul and Lyra Rider, avid joggers who live in the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. Jogging on Mulholland Drive, they say, offers fantastic views — along with a relatively flat route. Paul, 46, jogs a seven- to eight-minute mile — not as fast as his younger days. Lyra jogs a bit slower. She enjoys the exercise, health benefits and simplicity of jogging. "You don't need lots of fancy equipment, and you just feel great when you're done," she says. Lane did some of the very first studies of runners and knees while she was a resident at Stanford University. "We wanted to answer the important question of whether, if you continued to run into your 50s and 60s and even 70s, you also ran the risk of damaging the knees," she says. The answer, she says: absolutely not. And there was an extra bonus: While enthusiasm for jogging seemed to diminish as people hit their mid-60s, Lane says they were still more inclined than the non-joggers to get out and exercise. "They were active doing other activities, like walking, yoga, water aerobics," she says. "We found that as these people aged, not only did they feel better about themselves, but their quality of life was better and they tended to actually live longer" than the non-joggers. So, the message for joggers like the Riders, who hope to be jogging all their lives, is a hearty two thumbs up. A Few Caveats Lane cautions that if you have suffered a knee injury, especially one that required surgery, running can actually increase your risk of knee arthritis. So can routinely running really fast — at a five- or six-minute-mile pace — or running in a marathon. Lane's best advice? Running in moderation, at an eight- to 10-minute mile pace, for about 40 minutes a day. But if people are more than 20 pounds overweight, Lane says they shouldn't start off with an intense running regimen. "I have them walk and walk until they're to a point where I think their body mass is reduced enough that it won't traumatize their joints," she says. Otherwise, significantly overweight joggers run the risk of that extra weight stressing the knee to the point of inflammation, the formation of bony spurs and accelerated cartilage loss.

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: #1437 - How This Happened

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E.g.:
['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', "Police in Waycross, Ga., say a group of third graders devised a detailed plan to attack their teacher. Police have disclosed items that the students brought to school: handcuffs, duct tape, and a broken steak knife. At least two children are under arrest, and as many as nine may be involved. Ted Feinberg, assistant executive director for the National Association of School Psychologists, talks about the incident. NEAL CONAN, Host:  This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan in Washington. And before we move on to other subjects, I should have reminded you that we have a bonus vice presidential trivia question on our Web site. And Ken Rudin, our Political Junkie, has drawn up basketball-tournament style brackets for the Republican running mate. You can also see that on our blog. That's at npr.org/blogofthenation. Now, a story out of Georgia which is getting coverage as far away as Britain and South Africa. According to police in Waycross, Georgia, a group of third graders put together a fairly detailed plot to overwhelm and stab their teacher. Yesterday, Waycross police released a photo of the items the kids brought to school with them - handcuffs, duct tape, a crystal paperweight, and broken steak knife. At least two children are under arrest. Police say as many as nine may be involved. Their ages range from 8 years old to 10. That's one of those stories that lends itself to easy finger-pointing - TV, video games, permissive parents. Reality is rarely that simple. If you work in schools, if you're a parent of a grade school student, what concerns you about this story? 800-989-8255, e-mail talk@npr.org. You can also join the conversation on our blog at npr.org/blogofthenation. Ted Feinberg is assistant executive vice president of National Association of School Psychologists. And he joins us now from our bureau in New York. And thanks very much for coming in today. TED FEINBERG: You're more than welcome. CONAN: And before we continue, I have to emphasize that you and I know exactly as much as anybody else who's read about this story on the wires or the newspapers; that's all we know. But given that, doesn't this seen like unusual behavior for kids so young? FEINBERG: Yes, it does. It has a certain exaggerated quality to it, and one does not imagine that third graders would typically put together this type of the plot against their teacher. And one of the positives that I have read in this situation is that another pupil in this school who was familiar with these children shared that information with appropriate adults, which we have been trying for years to get across to children in schools across the country that if children are suspicious or hear of information that might have a tragic outcome, that reporting that information was really in the best interest of the children, of the adults, and their siblings in schools. And so whoever that child was that reported information that certainly should be acknowledged as an important part of this scenario. CONAN: And again, all we know thus far are the police allegations. Nevertheless, you might think all of these must be an exaggeration. It must be something that could be explained away. Well, according to the police different students were given different assignments. One child was to cover the windows. Another was to knock the teacher unconscious with that crystal paperweight. Yet another would stab the teacher. Another was supposed to clean up. This seems like an elaborate scheme, doesn't it? FEINBERG: It seems elaborate, and it also seems that there was much more time for these youngsters to plan this event. And that goes contrary to many of the ways in which we have looked at these cases with the older children. That targeted violence usually is much more planned and thought out. It seems hard for me to understand how these very young children would have had the time and the resources to really think through this, except that maybe the information that they were using were information that they have seen or heard about it in other locations. CONAN: And nevertheless, does this suggest a lot of students involved, a fairly elaborate plot? Does it suggest to you that there might have been one of these children who might have been a ringleader? FEINBERG: Quite probably that there was one person who was the inspiration for this, probably the youngster who was disciplined for inappropriate behavior in the classroom. The critical issue here is whether the threats would have been implemented or something would have happened to - whether some of the perpetuators would have, at the last minute, backed out one never knows. But clearly the ways in which this was set up seemed so much like what all of us have opportunities to see in the media every evening. And that's a very troubling issue. CONAN: A lot of these kids, this class in fact, was a special ed class, kids with Attention Deficit Disorder, that sort of thing. Does that figure into this or is that going to figure "] == ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Third-Graders Allegedly Plotted to Stab Teacher']

This week Latino USA takes a look at the child refugee crisis story that took the media by storm early this summer. We ask: How did this happen? We break down some Central American history. An ex-gang member from El Salvador tells us his story. Guatemalan filmmaker Luis Argueta shares testimonials revealing the reality in Guatemala. We learn about coyotes, the groups that smuggle the minors. And we examine how the media has shaped this story.

Uncle Don's Ego; The 500 Million Dollar Man; Alexander Shamilton.


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Question: Responding to Your Letters

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Farai Chideya and producer/editor Christopher Johnson read and respond to listeners' e-mails about our interview with an 87-year-old college graduate, our  coverage of Mumia Abu-Jamal's legal case and a recent series on mental health.

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In the aftermath of catastrophic events such as a mass shooting or natural disaster, politicians often offer up their thoughts and prayers to victims. Critics then hit back, condemning the phrase as meaningless — with no real value or impact. Now a new study from economists finds that prayers might have an actual dollar value, and they may also have real consequences for charitable giving in the wake of catastrophe, but not in the way you might think. Source: Thunström, Linda and Shiri Noy, "The Value of Thoughts and Prayers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019 Music by Drop Electric. Find us: Twitter / Facebook / Newsletter.  Subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, PocketCasts and NPR One.


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Question: Janet Huckabee's 4 Fs: Faith, Family, Friends, Fight

Janet Huckabee, wife of GOP candidate Mike Huckabee and the former first lady of Arkansas, sits down with Michele Norris. It's part of a series of conversations with spouses of the presidential hopefuls, many of whom are playing very active roles in the campaigns.  Mike Huckabee is second in the Iowa polls but first in some conservatives' hearts — certainly his wife's. Janet Huckabee spends a lot of time campaigning for her husband, the former governor of Arkansas. The Huckabees' story is a well-worn part of the stump speech: Junior high sweethearts from Hope, Ark. Three decades of marriage. Three children. Janet Huckabee says her priorities are faith, family and friends.  Right now, there's a fourth "F"  — fighting to get her husband the attention she thinks he deserves. And she says she's learned her husband is quite the fighter, too. ROBERT SIEGEL, host:  From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Robert Siegel.  MICHELE NORRIS, host:  And I'm Michele Norris.  And today, another one of our conversations with the presidential campaign spouses. Janet Huckabee spends a lot of time campaigning for her husband, Republican Mike Huckabee, the former governor of Arkansas. The Huckabee story is a well-worn part of the stump speech - junior high sweethearts from Hope, Arkansas, three decades of marriage, three children. Mrs. Huckabee says her priorities are faith, family and friends.  Right now, you could add a fourth F, fighting, to get her husband the attention she thinks he deserves. And she says she's learned her husband is quite the fighter, too.  Ms. JANET HUCKABEE: I would say he's commitment to what he's doing is just stronger than ever. And I've always known that he was a great leader even in high school. But his commitment to the process has just been phenomenal to me.  NORRIS: To the process?  Ms. HUCKABEE: The process of running for president of the United States. For every step forward he takes, he has to take two or three back. And it's been a struggle in the sense of raising funds, getting media time, getting questions in debates. So to see his commitment, I guess, is probably something that I've really learned more about him. I know he's been committed to a lot of things. He's been committed to me for 33 and a half years.  You know, I've tested him a time or two. I've, you know, I was sick, had a serious illness with spinal cancer when I was 20. And he could've said, you know, honey, this is more than I bargained for. But he continued to work two jobs to go to school and to drive me an hour one way for, you know, radiation therapy for six weeks in a row, and helped me truly learn to walk again, and to be myself. And he could've, you know, easily said, hey, I'm giving you back to your mom. This is all over for me. But he was committed to me. He said, I do. He mean it. I love him for it.  NORRIS: Now, your husband is often described as the true-blue conservative candidate in the race among Republicans. And yet, when some of the key conservative leaders have now started handing out their endorsements, they're looking to other candidates, to Mitt Romney, to Rudy Giuliani despite Giuliani's positions on abortion and gay rights. And some of the conservative leaders are even talking about backing a third-party candidate, looking beyond the pack. Why is it that they're looking past your husband? Why isn't he getting more attention or respect?  Ms. HUCKABEE: I think a lot of it, quite frankly, is he doesn't have the millions of dollars in the bank. If every person that heard my voice today sent money and we had the millions of dollars in the bank that Giuliani has in his or Mitt Romney has in his, there would be no question. I think the message that Mike has far outweighs what the others have been saying. I think he's…  NORRIS: Are you saying, though, that these religious leaders are casting their vote or making these endorsements based on money instead of morals?  Ms. HUCKABEE: I think sometimes they are. How can you not say that? If you're looking at people flip-flopping or can't decide one day and the next. And a lot of the subjects that are primarily talked about are pro-life marriage, which is both very important to my husband. And he…  NORRIS: Marriage between a man and a woman?  Ms. HUCKABEE: Right, man and woman. Those things haven't changed with Mike. They've been there. They're - he's consistent in his record with those two subjects and others haven't been. And in those two specific areas, it saddens me a little bit to the point of, are the Republicans going to rewrite their, you know, bylaws. Are they going to stand on their platform? Those things are important to the Republican Party. So I would think they would want to lean toward a person who has been consistent the way Mike is.  NORRIS: Now, you say it saddens you. As I sit across you and look at your face, it seems like it angers you a bit, too.  Ms. HUCKABEE: No, it doesn't anger me. I get sometimes a little frustrated that people, e

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Stories: 1) Teddy Roosevelt And The Fire That Saved The Forests 2) A Memoir Of Pakistan, Islamic Fundamentalism


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Question: 4 Years... 700,000 More Voters

(Sorry for the long absence with all of last month¿s big political news¿ as mentioned before, the new little one in the family has kept me away from the hustle and bustle.  Look for more frequent blog entries this month! ¿JM)
Secretary of State Debra Bowen¿s new report on the number of registered voters in [...]


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Question: Back Home to the Armadillo

In August of 1970, a music venue opened on the corner of Barton Springs Road and South First in Austin, TX. The building was an old National Guard armory—no air conditioning, no seating, just a giant cavernous space that frankly, was not well suited for music. Yet this local eyesore would go on to change the identity of Austin, culturally, politically, artistically. And its reverberations would be felt far and wide, helping turn Austin into the Live Music Capital of the World. This is the story of how that happened. This is the story of the Armadillo World Headquarters.Join KUTX as we celebrate the 50th anniversary of this historic music venue. Starting August 17, you can hear an hour-long oral history covering the Armadillo's musical legacy, from blues and the birth of cosmic country to the punk rock explosion. You'll learn why 50 years later, the Armadillo World Headquarters is still a beacon for Austin's past, present, and future. Produced and hosted by Art Levy at KUT & KUTX Studios.

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Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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Question: In The Loop: "Best of The LoopCast"

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(Length: 47 min.) Before In The Loop went weekly, there was a little thing called The LoopCast.  We collected some of our favorite clowning from those glory days, including "This American Loop" and "Public Radio Laboratories."

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Notes From New Orleans

"New Yorker" writer Dan Baum has spent nearly a year and a half in New Orleans since Hurricane Katrina: in the Lower Ninth Ward, blogging an outsider's insights into the idiosyncracies of a city still struggling to survive.

Ms. Miller Goes to Washington. Anti-Gang Summit in Oakland. End Music.


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Question: Morning Edition Returns: Pizza by the Book

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Italy's Agriculture Ministry proposes a new law defining what can be called Neapolitan pizza. Among other things, the regulations specify that the dough must be kneaded by hand and cooked in a wood-fired oven.

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Week In Review, On the Money with Chris DiSimio, Queen City Classic Chess Tournament, Forgive Me, The Front Row with Betsy Ross, The Big Screen: City of Men


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Question: A Mile In Another?s Shoes

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When Elisa Della-Piana shows up at a firehouse door not looking her best, she experiences the scorn endured routinely by people living on the street

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Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Turmoil At The National Rifle Association

The National Rifle Association — stalwart defenders of their interpretation of the Second Amendment, and political cash cow — is in a leadership crisis. Lt. Colonel Oliver North will not serve a second term as the organization’s president, according to a letter that was read on his behalf at the organization’s annual meeting. North was reportedly at odds with Wayne LaPierre, the NRA’s chief executive. The two sparred mostly over financial matters. Vox reports that LaPierre said that North asked him to resign. North responded by asking for an investigation of LaPierre’s handling of the NRA’s finances. North’s departure announcement follows the news that the New York State Attorney General’s office has opened an investigation into the NRA’s tax-exempt status. In addition, The New Yorker recently published a lengthy expose about the NRA and its relationship with Ackerman McQueen, a public-relations firm. Here’s part of what reporter Mike Spies wrote:  According to interviews and to documents that I obtained—federal tax forms, charity records, contracts, corporate filings, and internal communications—a small group of N.R.A. executives, contractors, and venders has extracted hundreds of millions of dollars from the nonprofit’s budget, through gratuitous payments, sweetheart deals, and opaque financial arrangements. Memos created by a senior N.R.A. employee describe a workplace distinguished by secrecy, self-dealing, and greed, whose leaders have encouraged disastrous business ventures and questionable partnerships, and have marginalized those who object. “Management has subordinated its judgment to the vendors,” the documents allege. “Trust in the top has eroded.”  Even further, The Guardian reported on another headache for the organization — its alleged ties to Russia, which are being investigated by committees in the Senate and the House of Representatives. What does the future hold for the NRA ahead of the 2020 election cycle? GUESTS Betsy Woodruff, Political reporter, The Daily Beast; @woodruffbets For more, visit https://the1a.org. © 2019 WAMU 88.5 – American University Radio.

Happy Friday! We're looking at these stories this morning: Economy Slowed Further In Second Quarter.  Derecho, the Sequel: Storm Roars Over Pennsylvania And New York. In London, The Games Are Afoot. Activists Report Heavy Fighting In Aleppo, Syria's Largest City. (VOA) Chinese Woman Accused Of Poisoning British Man Is Held Incommunicado By Chinese Police. (Washington Post) China Orders Limit To Flooding Coverage After Outraged Victims Start Compiling Private Death Tolls. (AP) Afghan Militant Attacks Against NATO Forces Rose 11% In The Past Three Months. (AP) Cyprus Officials To Charge Man With Plotting Terrorism, Had Tracked Israeli Tourists. (Cyprus Mail) Ousted Head Of Oldest Black U.S. Fraternity Seeks His Job Back In A Georgia Court. (Atlanta Journal Constitution) Bird Hits Boy In The Face On Six Flags Coaster, Causing Minor Injuries. (Asbury Park Press)


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Question: The Plan To Report The End Of The World

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What does the apocalypse sound like? NPR's Scott Simon imagines what you might hear at the end of the world if you were listening to us.

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Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Is This Pledge a Lemon; Out With the Old, In With the Old; and Time Is on Their Side.


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Question: Marine Band Preps for War

The First Marine Division band -- which could be found at ceremonial events not long ago playing John Phillip Sousa -- now finds itself in the Kuwaiti desert preparing for battle. In the Marines, everyone is trained for combat, and members of the band will handle heavy machine guns if and when the Iraq war begins. Their mission is to help protect headquarters from counter-attack. Some are a bit surprised by this change in assignment, but all say they will fulfill the mission. NPR's John Burnett reports from Kuwait.

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Stories: 1) From 'The Eye of the Storm,' a Bishop's Calm Voice 2) Reissued Hits from Costello, Beck and Skynyrd


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Question: Words from the Spiritual

A sampling of messages and prayers heard at places of worship across the country over the weekend including: a Lutheran Church in Minnesota; a synagogue in Columbus, Ohio, and at the Islamic Center in Cleveland. Excerpts also from services at a Baptist Church in North Carolina; a Methodist Church in San Francisco; and from the Christian Parish for Spiritual Renewal in New York City.

Carl reads three quotes from the weeks news: Herman's Her-mistresses; I Love The '70s: Iran; and Onward to Mars!


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Question: Some Festive Music From

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For example, ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'A little political intrigue for the end of the week, as a newspaper report suggests California¿s most recognizable conservative lawmaker may be considering a run for Congress from Sacramento.\nWashington, D.C. based Roll Call reports today that state Sen. Tom McClintock (R-Thousand Oaks) may run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat representing California¿s 4th district. [...]'] should be similar to ['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', 'Rep. McClintock, R-Sacramento?']

Some festive music from colonial American composer William Billings -- "Bethlehem" -- sung by the Waverly Consort. (Virgin Veritas CDC 7243 5 55193 2 0)


Question: What Is An Election Bellwether?

Every election season, reporters fan out to states and counties that claim to be political bellwethers. After all, if the voters in these places have been right in the past, maybe they'll be right again. But in presidential politics, there are actually few true bellwethers left. Missouri is the only state that has picked the winning presidential candidate consistently over time — in every presidential election since 1904, with the exception of 1956 (choosing Adlai Stevenson over Dwight Eisenhower, the winner in a national landslide, by less than 1 percent of the vote).  But consistently picking the national winner fits just one definition of bellwether. Two academics who studied the notion came up with three types of bellwethers. Princeton University professor Edward Tufte and his student Richard Sun defined electoral bellwethers this way: The All-Or-Nothing Bellwether: These are states or counties that choose the national winner every time. Missouri fits this definition, as do six counties that have matched the national vote in every presidential election since 1960:  1. Vigo County, Ind.  2. Lincoln County, Mo. 3. Van Buren County, Ark. 4. Logan County, Ark. 5. Eddy County, N.M. 6. Ferry County, Wash.  The Barometric Bellwether: This is a place that accurately reflects the national share of votes. Vigo County, Ind., best fits the definition of a "barometric" bellwether. The county has actually been correct in every election since 1892, with two exceptions (1908 and 1952), and has closely matched the actual national margin in every election since 1960. In those 12 elections, the voters of Vigo County have been within 3 percent of the national margins between presidential candidates. No other county comes close.  The Swingometric Bellwether: This is a county that mirrors important swings or shifts in the national electorate. Sandoval County, N.M., and Washoe County, Nev., seem to be examples of "swingometric" bellwethers.  Most of Sandoval County's population lives in booming suburban subdivisions. Some political scientists believe that these are the kinds of places that increasingly swing elections, because their voters are moderate and their political allegiances are soft. In fact, as NPR's Ted Robbins reports, "Four years ago, President Bush won New Mexico with fewer than 6,000 votes. That was the closest margin of any state, and the closest county in New Mexico was Sandoval County."  The race also was tight in Nevada in 2004. President Bush won the state by just 2.5 percent.  And it has been one of the nation's fastest-growing states for more than a decade.  That makes places like Washoe County (home to Reno) ripe for political gain, so the campaigns of both Barack Obama and John McCain see it as a key swing county in a key swing state.  For a complete list of bellwether counties and states and their voting records, try Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.  Are Bellwethers Predictive? Tufte and Sun actually studied the bellwether phenomenon by reviewing election returns for almost every U.S. county during the 14 presidential elections between 1916 and 1968. They wanted to know whether being right over time meant that bellwether counties and states could predict elections. And they were skeptics from the start.  "Prior to the 1936 presidential election, the conventional political wisdom had it that as Maine voted, so went the rest of the nation," Tufte and Sun wrote in a study titled "Are There Bellwether Electoral Districts?" that was published in Public Opinion Quarterly. They then noted the 1936 landslide, in which Maine and Vermont were the only two states NOT voting for the national winner, Franklin D. Roosevelt. You can almost hear the academics chuckling as they add, "Roosevelt's campaign manager revised the theory: 'As goes Maine, so goes Vermont.'"  Their point is that bellwether status doesn't seem to last. Every election, one bellwether or another falls off the list. Since the elections of 2000 and 2004, one state (Delaware) and two counties (New Castle County, Del., and Socorro County, N.M.) joined the former bellwether fraternity.  Tufte and Sun's 18-page statistical analysis is a demographer's dream and a number-phobe's nightmare. But they sum up their work in a single word. Are bellwethers predictive, they ask? "No," they answer. They suggest a random selection of counties may be better predictors statistically. The study closes with this zinger: "It is a waste of time to send reporters out to interview nonrandomly selected citizens of Crook County [Oregon] a week or two before the election — at least from any sort of scientific point of view."  Crook County had voted with the national presidential winner in 27 consecutive presidential elections. The voters of Crook County had been right for a century — from the time their county came into existence until 1992, when the county went for incumbent President George H.W. Bush while the nation chose Arkansas Gov. Bill Clinton.    I

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May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: Will Ferrell: The Comedian Reflects

This interview was originally broadcast on Nov. 9, 2006. Will Ferrell is currently appearing in a four-episode arc on NBC's The Office. Ferrell became famous as a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 2002, and went on to star in movies such as Old School, Elf and Talladega Nights: The Ballady of Ricky Bobby. The inspiration for the new film The Other Guys came from an unlikely source: Bernie Madoff. Adam McKay, who directed and co-wrote the film, says that he began thinking about the guy who raised questions about Madoff several years before the Ponzi schemer was caught and sentenced to 150 years in prison last year. "Everyone sort of ignored him and treated him like he was a nudge," the veteran comedy director tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross. "It was that idea: that there are new types of heroes. And that informed the movie and Will [Ferrell's] character, a guy who loves being a paper-pusher." In The Other Guys, Will Ferrell plays Detective Allen Gamble, a cop who prefers to do desk work instead of anything that could potentially place him in harm's way. But Ferrell's character -- along with his partner, played by Mark Wahlberg -- are soon thrust into the action and must hit the streets in order to solve a case. Both McKay and Ferrell join Fresh Air to talk about filming their buddy-cop movie -- and how they both prepared beforehand. "We actually went on a couple ride-alongs with NYPD detectives, and I was asking them, 'Do you have any crazy chase stories?' " Will Ferrell says. "And they basically said, 'No, we kinda lay back and know that they'll probably come back again. So don't try to be a hero. If you want to be a hero, join the fire department.' " McKay adds that while researching the film, he had difficulty writing scenes that weren't automatically parodies of other cop movies. "It's a little bit like doing a Western in the sense that [just by] doing it, you're already in the nature of parody, because it's such a well-known genre," he says. "So we just approached the story [thinking] let's just do the best job we can. Let's have fun with some of the beats. But we watched more serious movies like French Connection and Three Days of the Condor and Parallax View -- and then of course Collision Course starring Jay Leno and Pat Morita. That's an actual movie." Ferrell is an Emmy-nominated comedian who has starred in such films as Old School, Anchorman, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby and Stranger Than Fiction. He first met McKay on Saturday Night Live, where he was a performer for many years. McKay got his start with the Second City comedy factory in Chicago before joining Saturday Night Live as a writer from 1995 to 2001. He directed the films Anchorman, The Landlord, Talladega Nights and Step Brothers.

Stories: 1) Reich Blames Economy's Woes On Income Disparity 2) Zach Galifianakis: A Comedic Actor Takes A Dark Turn


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Question: Week In Review With Daniel Schorr

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This week, world leaders floated their ideas for easing the global financial crisis in advance of today's G-20 economic summit in Washington, D.C. Retail sales suffered a record drop and Hillary Clinton's name comes up amid speculation on President-elect Obama's cabinet choices. Guest host Lynn Neary reviews the week's news with NPR Senior News Analyst Daniel Schorr. LYNN NEARY, Host:  This is Weekend Edition from NPR News. Scott Simon is away. I'm Lynn Neary. This week, world leaders floated their ideas for easing the global financial crisis in advance of today's G-20 economic summit in Washington, D.C. Retail sales suffered a record drop, and Hillary Clinton's name came up amid the speculation on President-elect Obama's Cabinet choices. Senior news analyst Dan Schorr joins us now. Hi, Dan. So good to see you. DAN SCHORR: Hi, Lynn, and welcome aboard. NEARY: So this G-20 summit is underway. Do you expect anything substantive will come out of it? SCHORR: Well, it depends on what we call substance. I have the impression that the leaders of the other countries are basically looking past President Bush to the next president and just trying to make a go of it for now. The question really settles down to if you want to avoid further conflagrations in the economy, both in the United States and abroad, what do you need in the way of new financial architecture, as they call it? And then discussing just exactly what you can do with President Bush, rather against the idea of regulating too much, and the others thinking that we've deregulated too fast. And they'll come out with a formula to express that. NEARY: And of course, this week, too, we saw again more bad news for the U.S. economy. Consumer spending was down 2.8 percent in October. That's the first time that retail sales have fallen for four months in a row since 1974. SCHORR: Very bad. NEARY: I mean, is there any end in sight to this economic turmoil that we're seeing? SCHORR: Well, most of the people who know more about these things than I do say we're in a for a long and deep recession. Obviously, at some point, the United States will climb out of it. It always has. But the other nations are looking at the United States and saying, you know, all this trouble all around the world started in the United States, and it was a kind of contagion that was then sent out to the other countries. And so it's a little difficult for the U.S. facing the other 19 countries and saying, let's do better but we're not exactly sure how. NEARY: Yeah. Of course, President-elect Obama is working on his transition, starting to pick members of his Cabinet. What do we know so far about that? SCHORR: Well, very little. I mean, there's an awful lot of speculation going around that Hillary Clinton may be, will be, should be his choice for secretary of state. These are widely-spread rumors. I don't know what they mean. But a lot of people have fastened more on who should be the secretary of the Treasury because we need one very badly right now in view of what's happening in the world. NEARY: It's interesting, though, you mentioned Hillary Clinton, that his transition team, a lot of his transition team actually worked in the Clinton White House. What does that mean? SCHORR: Well, that's true. I mean, both Rahm Emanuel and now Ron Klain, who is the chief of staff for Biden. It means that you go back to the last Democratic administration if you're looking for people with experience. I mean, clearly, experience is very important as you plunge into this thing with all that's happened in the world both domestically and abroad. And I'm not surprised to find that he's not picking people somewhere out in left field but saying, let's pick people who've been pitching before, if I can coin that. NEARY: Also this week, Obama announced that he's going to resign from his Senate seat this weekend. Do you think that's the right move to do it now? SCHORR: Well, I thought so. I, in fact, had suggested it on the air because it struck me as rather strange that he'll come back to a lame-duck session of Congress, which is starting in the coming week, and you are now the president-elect but you're still also a U.S. senator. Are you supposed to discuss and vote on things, which will then be referred to you as soon as you get into the White House? It didn't seem to make a lot of sense, and I thought in a commentary that perhaps you might consider resigning before the session. I don't think he needed me, but he's now done so. NEARY: Of course, Republicans now are trying to figure out what went wrong, what they can do in the future. The Republican governors met in Miami this week. What do we hear from them? SCHORR: There's a question now, how much do they do to keep the evangelicals conservatives, or maybe that was one of the mistakes they made and they should move towards the center. They really have lost their way, and I think it's going to take them some time to find it. NEARY: Senior analyst Dan Schorr. Thanks


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Terrorism Investigation

At a court hearing in London, prosecutors said an Algerian pilot -- Lotfi Raissi -- instructed four of the hijackers who crashed the plane into the Pentagon. His lawyer says Raissi denies any involvement in the Sept. 11 attacks. Noah Adams talks with NPR's Mike Shuster about that and other developments in the investigation.

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Mudslide Watch. Citizenship Backlog. End Music.


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Question: Syrian Government Resuming Normal Business 9 Days After Suspected Chemical Attack

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As inspectors await a chance to visit the site of an alleged Syrian chemical attack, questions remain about what happened there. But the Syrian government is resuming business as usual — including attacks on rebel areas of the country.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- CIA Director: Battlefield Advances Have Not Degraded ISIS' Terrorism Potential. -- Russia Launches World's Biggest, Most Powerful Icebreaker. And here are more early stories: Trump Again Calls For Surveillance Of Mosques. (CNN) Report: World Doping Agency Overlooked Alleged Russian Cheating. (New York Times) Calif. Utility On Trial In Deadly Gas Explosion. (San Jose Mercury News) Russia Calls 48-Hour Truce For Northern Syrian City, Aleppo. (AFP) Report: Ethiopia Allegedly Brutally Repressing Protesters. (Human Rights Watch) 34 Migrants, Mostly Children, Found Dead In Niger Desert. (AllAfrica.com) South Africa On The 40th Anniversary Of The Soweto Uprising. (Guardian)


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Question: With Much Of Houston Still Underwater, Rescue Efforts Continue

Ailsa Chang talks to retired Lt. Gen. Russel Honore, who is no stranger to the devastation hurricanes can cause. He commanded the military's disaster response operation during Hurricane Katrina.

Good morning - here are some of our early headlines: Protesters Attack U.S. Diplomatic Buildings in Egypt, Libya; One American Worker Killed. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Starts Third Day, No Breakthrough Seen. (Chicago Tribune) German Court Backs European Bailout Plan. (Wall Street Journal) Two Factory Fires In Pakistan Kill At Least 191. (Voice Of America) Obama Administration Approves First Group Of Immigrant Children Applying To Stay In U.S. (AP) That Big Stink In Los Angeles? It's Decaying Matter From The Inland Salton Sea. (Los Angeles Times) Apple Expected To Unveil New Smartphone Today. (WHEC) FAMU Blames Hazing Victim For His Own Death; Parents Outraged. (ABC) Calif. Refinery Pipe Was Corroded, Thinned Just Before Explosion Last Month. (San Francisco Chronicle) Tropical Storm Nadine Strengthens Far Out In Atlantic, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center)


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Suzanna Gagnier, author of Putting On The Blitz: The Football Guide for Women, is in The Front Row with Betsy Ross explaining how women can better enjoy the NFL.

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The provided query could be "['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth.', "NPR's Eric Weiner reports from Khartoum that though the government of Sudan denies that the Islamic radical Osama bin Laden had anything to do with the pharmaceutical factory destroyed by US cruise missiles, the Saudi dissident has long personal and economic ties to the Sudan. He lived in Sudan after being forced into exile by Saudi Arabia and has used his family fortune in a network of investments in the country."]" and the positive "['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', "Bin Laden's Sudan Link"]"

A look back on the week's biggest local news stories from 91.7 WVXU.


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Question: Did Education Report Just Confirm the Obvious?

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Did 30 researchers spend nearly two years and $3 million to find out what we already know? Host Kathryn Baron put that question to State Senator Joe Simitian, a member of the senate education committee, and to Stanford Professor Susanna Loeb, who coordinated all the research through the University's Institute for Research on Education Policy and Practice.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: To Save Their Endangered Language, 2 Cherokee Brothers Learn As They Teach

Four days a week, Micah Swimmer facilitates an all-day language session between young adults who are learning Eastern Band Cherokee and older, fluent speakers. He points to the back of his classroom at the New Kituwah Academy in Cherokee, N.C. It's early September, and sheets of paper on a bulletin board display the names of 226 Eastern Band Cherokee members. "That's all we have out of [about] 16,000 enrolled members," he says. "That's all we have left that are fluent speakers." The Eastern Band Cherokee have been speaking their native language in the mountains of what is now North Carolina for more than 1,000 years. But today, most of the remaining speakers are over 50 years old. And many of those who teach the language — including Micah and his younger brother, Jakeli Swimmer — aren't fluent. Like many other Native Americans, the Swimmers have been struggling to save their language from extinction. According to UNESCO, their Eastern Band Cherokee dialect is "severely endangered." "If we're not speaking Cherokee, then what are we?" About 40 miles away, in the small mountain town of Robbinsville, Jakeli teaches his Cherokee language and culture at a public elementary school. He travels from classroom to classroom, giving half-hour lessons on folklore and vocabulary using his own illustrated slides. Both brothers say they're working to preserve their Cherokee culture, as well as their own heritage and identity. "I mean, if we're not speaking Cherokee, then what are we?" Jakeli asks. "It's what makes us unique." And they're running out of time. Jakeli estimates the tribe has about 30 years left before the last aging speaker is gone. For the Swimmers, learning the language hasn't been easy. They picked up some vocabulary from their grandmother when they were children, and both took Cherokee language classes in high school and college. Sometimes when the brothers talk on the phone, they'll start out speaking Cherokee. Jakeli says, "We talk until we're uncomfortable, which is a few sentences." When Jakeli learns new phrases, he records them in a little black notebook he carries around with him. (He recently learned the phrase tsal-shin-de-sdi, or ᎶᎳᏏᏁᏕᏍᏗ in Cherokee script, which means "be careful.") "This book is my lifeblood," he says. "This little thing is what's keeping me driven." "There aren't teachers to teach these classes" Native American language programs are often staffed by instructors who aren't fluent. "There aren't teachers to teach these classes," says Jioanna Carjuzaa, head of Montana State University's Center for Bilingual and Multicultural Education. Carjuzaa works with Native American language programs around the country. She explains that through the 1970s, when many of today's fluent speakers were young, schools often discouraged students from speaking Native languages, sometimes even punishing them for it. English dominated, and parents stopped passing their Native languages on. A generation gap emerged, and today many tribes are working to overcome it. "Speakers in multiple generations is how you save a language or keep it vibrant," she says. Jakeli and Micah know what can happen when a generation loses its language. Their parents weren't fluent, but their grandmother was. Jakeli says he wishes he had spent more time listening to her when he was little, at an age when he could have just soaked up her words. "There [were] some days Grandma would just speak Cherokee and it'd just kind of click," he remembers. Their grandmother, Amanda Swimmer, died in November at the age of 97. Soon after, Micah took her off his list of remaining Cherokee speakers — one of five names he has removed since September. And with her death came a larger responsibility. Jakeli says his cousin turned to him the night she died. "It's up to you now," he told him. "You have to learn it and speak it right."

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Attack On University In Pakistan Kills At Least 20. -- Fire At Dubai High-Rise Tower Is Blamed On Electrical Issue In Spotlight. And here are more early headlines: Coast Guard Suspends Search Off Hawaii For Missing Marines. (KHON-TV) Portland Demonstrators Tell Armed Group On Federal Land To Go Home. (KOPB) Global Selloff In Asian Markets Continues. (MarketWatch) Report: Kurd Militias Tearing Down Arab Homes In Iraq. (Amnesty International) ISIS Confirms Suspicion That "Jihadi John" Killed. (New York Times) U.S. Official Urges China To Show "Leadership" With North Korea. (Yonhap) Fairy Tales May Be Older Than Some Religions. (Discovery News) To Help Some Farmers, Coconut Trees Aren't Trees Anymore In Indian State. (AP)


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Question: Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan

Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.
On Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]

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San Diego County Sues to Overturn Legal Marijuana. High School Exit Exam Settlement. End Music.


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Question: Global Warming Solutions Act

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The California Air Resources Board will take two significant votes, kick-starting the state's efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. It's part of the Global Warming Solutions Act created by the legislature and governor last year.

EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: Who's Carl This Time

Carl Kasell reads three quotes from the week's news: "Tech Support, this is Barack. How may I assist you?"; The NSA Out-Google's Google; The Hillbilly Champs.

In this edition of This, That, or the Other, contestants must decide: is it a Danielle Steel novel, a Talking Heads song, or a Wrestlemania tagline? Heard on Javier Muñoz & David Harbour: The World Turned Upside Down


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Question: Jack Keane, Retired 4-Star General, On Trump's Strategy On Syria, ISIS And Turkey

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NPR's Audie Cornish speaks with Jack Keane, a retired Army four-star-general, about President Trump's strategy on Syria, ISIS and Turkey.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Lloyds Says It Will Block Bitcoin Purchases On Its Credit Cards.  -- Top North Korean Official To Lead Delegation To Olympics. -- South Africa's ANC Meets To Decide Fate Of President Jacob Zuma.  -- CHART: How Trump's Immigration Proposal Compares With Other Plans. -- Vice President Pence To Keep Pressure On North Korea, Despite South Korean Warming. And here are more early headlines: Iraq Says U.S. Starts Drawing Down Its Troops In Iraq. (VOA) Syrian, Russian War Planes Attack Rebel Positions. (Washington Post) The U.S. Government Faces Another Potential Shutdown This Week. (CNN) Trump To Highlight Tax Law Today In Cincinnati. (AP/WKBN) Jerome Powell To Be Sworn In As Federal Reserve Chair. (New York Times)


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Question: The Nation: Why Egypt Is At Its Most Pivotal Moment

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Jonathan Schell is the Doris Shaffer Fellow at The Nation Institute and teaches a course on the nuclear dilemma at Yale. He is the author of The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger. If the world has a heart, it beats now for Egypt. Not of course, the Egypt of President Hosni Mubarak — of the rigged elections, the censored press, the axed Internet, the black-clad security police and the tanks and the torture chambers — but the Egypt of the intrepid ordinary citizens who, almost entirely unarmed, with little more than their physical presence in the streets and their prayers, are defying this whole apparatus of intimidation and violence in the name of justice and freedom. Their courage and sacrifice give new life to the spirit of the nonviolent, democratic resistance to dictatorship symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. That event in fact symbolized a longer wave of revolutions that, spreading like a brushfire, swept dozens of dictators out of power, from the Philippines in 1986 to Poland in 1989, through to the early twenty-first century. But that global contagion had seemed to be flagging recently. Now, dictators all over the world are on their guard again. In Saudi   Arabia, the monarchy is looking over its shoulder. Yemen is on notice. In China, the word "Egypt" has been censored from the Internet: the Egyptian autocrats removed the Internet from Egypt; the Chinese autocrats removed Egypt from the Internet. Egypt presents in full the unfathomed and perhaps unfathomable mystery of revolution. For decades, the structure of an oppressive state rises above society, murderous, imperturbable, implacable. The torture chambers are operating twenty-four hours a day. The nation's wealth flows to secret accounts abroad. The rich and privileged sit contented in their gated communities. "And the hapless Soldier's sigh/ Runs in blood down Palace walls" (Blake). Often the sovereign bows to a foreign paymaster. A fog of propaganda fills the air like poison gas. The Leader's portrait covers office buildings. Unaccountable bureaucracy tangles up the country in a thousand absurd regulations. Leonid Brezhnev snores in the Kremlin, his "dead hand" hovering over the nuclear button. Imelda Marcos communes with her three thousand pairs of shoes in her colossal shoe closet. Ben Ali sips cocktails in his resort in Hammamet. Nothing, it seems, will ever change, can ever change. In the words of Nadezhda Mandelstam regarding Stalin's rule, "There was a special form of the sickness — lethargy, plague, hypnotic trance or whatever one calls it, that affected all those who committed terrible deeds. All the murderers, provocateurs and informers had one feature in common: it never occurred to them that their victims might one day rise up again and speak." Only a few "dissident" voices break the calm, and most of them are in jail or in exile. But then suddenly a tremor runs through the whole edifice. A few thousand people come out in the street, then tens of thousands, then, appearing as if by magic, hundreds of thousands all around the country. And somehow this rebellion — breaking out in only a few days — can be enough. Its spirit touches a nerve in something like the whole nation, which awakes, and with amazing ease sheds the long-hated yet tolerated regime. (In nearby Tunisia, the fuse that set off the Egyptian bomb, it took only twenty-three days from the beginning of the uprising for Ben Ali to get on his plane to Saudi Arabia.) Suddenly, all the rules change, all the old relationships of command and subservience are reversed, and the structures of power begin to dissolve. Later, scholars will ferret out signs of what was to come and even find "causes" of the event, but the fact is that revolutions are the least anticipated of all events, taking the world again and again by surprise. Still, we know a few things about what happens at such moments. A people long overawed by state violence throws off fear and, in a flash, begins to act courageously. Courage becomes as contagious as the fear once was, and millions suddenly practice disobedience and defiance. At that moment, the dictator's writ runs no longer, and the plane to Saudi Arabia beckons. In Hannah Arendt's words, "The situation changes abruptly. Not only is the rebellion not put down but the arms themselves change hands — sometimes, as in the Hungarian revolution, within a few hours....The sudden dramatic breakdown of power that ushers in revolution reveals in a flash how civil obedience — to laws, to rulers, to institutions — is but the outward manifestation of support and consent." Egypt has clearly arrived at this moment. It's commonplace now to say that everything depends on whether or not the army will intervene. And that is certainly true in part. Very often the hour of death for a dictatorship is the hour when the military, caught up in the mood that is sweeping the rest of the country, refuses to follow orders or defects to the other side. That's

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- 'Path To Citizenship' Part Of Senators' Bipartisan Immigration Plan -- Brazilian Nightclub Disaster: Toxic Smoke, Barriers Blamed For Horrible Toll -- In Egypt: Protests Continue, Opposition Balks At Talks With Morsi -- French And Malian Forces Take Airport In Timbuktu; Islamists Burn Library Some of the morning's other top stories: -- "Google Explains How It Handles Police Requests For Users' Data." (Morning Edition) -- "Significant Activity" Detected In Former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Brain; He Has Been Unconscious Since Suffering Brain Hemorrhage In 2007. (Haaretz) -- "Toyota Again World's Largest Auto Maker." (The Wall Street Journal) -- Assad's Grip On Power Is "Slipping Away," Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev Says. (CNN.com)


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Question: Modern Hymn Writers Aim To Take Back Sunday

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There was a time when hymns were used primarily to drive home the message that came from the pulpit. But then came the praise songs. Matt Redman's song "Our God" is the most popular piece of music in Christian churches today. That's according to charts that track congregational singing — yes, there is such a thing. But approaching the Top 10 is a retro hymn: "In Christ Alone," co-written by Keith Getty. Keith's wife, Kristyn, sings the hymn, while he plays the piano in their home near Nashville's Music Row. The couple came to town to write songs not for individual artists, but for what Keith Getty calls "the congregation." "Our goal is to write songs that teach the faith, where the congregation is the main thing, and everybody accompanies that," he says. There's no definition for what's a hymn and not a praise song. But Keith Getty says it should be singable without a band and easy for anyone sitting in the pews to pick up. And it should say something bold. "I think it's to the church's poverty that the average worship song now has so few words, so little truth," he says. "[It] is so focused on several commercial aspects of God, like the fact that he loves our praises." Kristyn Getty says that some of the most popular music doesn't show God the proper reverence. "There is an unhelpful, casual sense that comes with some of the more contemporary music," she says. "It's not how I would talk to God." This old-school approach has made the Gettys stars with the country's largest Protestant denomination: Southern Baptists. Mike Harland, who is with LifeWay Christian Resources, which publishes the Southern Baptist hymnal, flips through the index, counting how many Getty hymns made the latest edition — there are 12 in total. That's more than just about any other living songwriter. Harland says the Gettys have set a new bar. He's been pushing LifeWay's own staff of songwriters to go deeper. "We would say, you know what, this is pretty, and this is nice, but it doesn't really say much," Harland says. While modern hymns are finding an audience, those songs that may not say a whole lot still remain the most popular. Chris Tomlin's "How Great Is Our God" is a refrain sung in megachurches worldwide. Nashville producer Ed Cash collaborated on the song and says he laughed out loud the first time he heard a rough draft. "I remember thinking, you know, that's exactly the simple kind of brainless praise-chorus things that drive me crazy," Cash says. But Cash has had a conversion to the praise chorus. He now says you shouldn't complicate the message. "You know, for some people, singing a simple, seven-word, simple chorus, draws them into the presence of God," he says. "And to me, ultimately, what is the goal of worship music? It's to exalt God." In the past few decades, some church leaders have called the tension between contemporary and traditional styles a "worship war," and it hasn't exactly let up. But the hymn is getting more love from modern worship leaders, even if it's just tagging a new praise song with a classic chorus. AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:  In recent decades, worship music has trended away from the church organ and classic hymns in favor of more rocking songs made popular by Christian radio. Now a crop of modern hymn writers is pulling Sunday morning singing back to a more traditional style. Blake Farmer of member station WPLN reports from Nashville. BLAKE FARMER, BYLINE: There was a time when hymns were used primarily to drive home the message that came from the pulpit. Then came the praise songs. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "OUR GOD") MATT REDMAN: (Singing) Our God is greater, our God is stronger... FARMER: Matt Redman's song "Our God" is the most popular piece of music in Christian churches today. That's according to charts that track congregational singing - yes, there is such a thing. But approaching the top 10 is a retro hymn co-written by Keith Getty. (SOUNDBITE OF A SONG, "IN CHRIST ALONE") KRISTYN GETTY: (Singing) In Christ alone, my hope is found. He is my light... FARMER: That's Kristyn Getty singing. Her husband is on the piano in their home near Nashville's Music Row. The couple came to town to pen songs not for individual artists but for what Keith Getty calls the congregation. KEITH GETTY: Our goal is to write songs that teach the faith, where the congregation is the main thing and everybody accompanies that. FARMER: There's no definition for what's a hymn and not a praise song, but Getty says it should be singable without a band, easy for anyone sitting in the pews to pick up. And it should say something bold. GETTY: And I think it's to the church's poverty that the average worship song now has so few words, so little truth, is so focused on several commercial aspects of God, like the fact that he loves our praises. FARMER: Kristyn Getty says some of the most popular music doesn't show God the proper reverence. GETTY: There is an unhelpful, casual sense that comes with some of the more contemporary music. It'

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Stories: 1) John Waters: A Bad Influence Picks His 'Role Models' 2) Summer Titles That Will Transport You Into The Past 3) Elizabeth Cook: Transcending A Cult Career


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Question: He Thought Day Trading Would Be A Thrill. He Ended Up Losing $127,000

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YouTube is filled with videos promising to teach you how to make big bucks trading stocks on your home computer. Matthew's videos tell you how to lose money. A real estate agent and amateur investor, Matthew, who prefers his last name not be used because of how it might affect his career, made thousands of dollars trading stocks over the years, only to lose most of it day trading. Now, in his YouTube videos, he cautions others about the perils of day trading at a time when stay-at-home measures have led millions to buy — and sell — stocks for the first time. "It basically destroyed my whole account, draining it from a $150,000 balance down to $50,000, then $40,000. Basically I lost everything," Matthew, who goes by Matthew Jay in his online videos, said in an interview. Professional day traders spend hours every day sitting at their computers, watching charts and trying to profit from tiny fluctuations in stock prices. They may make dozens or even hundreds of trades a day, but aim to sell off all their holdings by the time the market closes. Now, with millions of people stuck at home as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, online brokerage sites such as E-Trade, TD Ameritrade and Charles Schwab have seen a blistering growth in their customer base from those who have never traded before. The trading app Robinhood, which is popular with millennials, saw its customer base increase by 30% through October of this year. Not all of these customers are day traders, but the number has almost certainly risen since the pandemic lockdowns got underway, says Brett Steenbarger, associate professor of psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University, who coaches professional traders. And studies have shown that most day traders lose big. "On average, day traders do horribly, and the percentage that end up sustaining success are in the low single digits," Steenbarger says. It is a reality that Matthew knows well, one he now warns others about. Matthew started trading stocks more than a decade ago as a business major at an Ontario college. For the first six years, he did well, turning a few thousand dollars into a nest egg worth more than $150,000. But he gradually grew impatient with the slow pace of the returns he was getting and decided to try day trading. "I like risk. I like to just know I have an opportunity that's potentially there. So even like losing is still a high. Winning's a high," he says. Matthew soon came to dislike the isolation of day trading, spending hours each day chained to his computer. Although he often chatted with other day traders online, he had little real contact with people. There were bad days when the rapid-fire trading quickly spiraled out of control, and he found himself racking up huge losses. "So I'd try to jump into another stock and make some money there, and then you're just snowballing into another loss and another loss," Matthew said. But even when he made money, it was somehow never enough. "And I found whenever I hit that new high point, I'm happy for a day or two, but then I'm upset that I'm not at the next level. So it was a constant battle of never being completely satisfied, really," he added. Several times, Matthew tried to quit, only to get pulled back in. Day trading can quickly become an addiction for many people, not unlike casino gambling, says Keith Whyte of the National Council on Problem Gambling. "When it's trade after trade after trade, it's that same hypnotic effect that people report when they sit in front of a slot machine," Whyte says. These days, Whyte says, he is hearing from more and more day traders who got in over their heads. That's what happened to Matthew. He says his blood pressure rose. He stopped seeing friends. And he ended up losing $127,000. "There's two or three times I broke down, almost bawling my eyes out," Matthew said. "Like what am I doing? This is my dream to do this, and how can I be like failing?" Two years ago, he quit day trading to become a real estate agent and a professional investor in that field, which he says he's much better suited for. There may be people out there who can make money day trading, he figures. But it's not for him, and he feels others will also lose big.

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Protests, Clashes Build Again In Cairo. -- Deal Reached On Greek Debt, Markets Rise In Relief. -- Arafat's Grave Opened, Samples Taken To Be Tested For Poison. Other stories making news: -- "Fiscal Cliff Compromise: Devil Is In The Definition Of Revenue." (It's All Politics) -- Fiscal Cliff Talks "Accelerate." (The Washington Post) -- Bangladesh Factory Fire That Killed More Than 100 "Was Deliberately Set, Officials Believe." (The Guardian) -- "North Korea Suspected Of Planning Rocket Test." (The New York Times) -- Sandy-related Damage In New York And New Jersey Topped $60 Billion, Governors Say. (The Associated Press) -- Dr. Joseph Murray, Who Performed First Successful Kidney Transplant And Won A Nobel Prize, Has Died. (The Associated Press) -- Powerball Jackpot At Record $425 Million — And Growing — Ahead Of Wednesday Drawing. (ABC News)


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Question: Trump Confirms He Ordered Airstrike Against Iran

President Trump tweets Friday that after ordering airstrikes against Iran Thursday, he called it off. Earlier that day, Iran shot down a U.S. drone over what the U.S. says was international waters.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Strong Quake Hits Near Iran-Iraq Border, Killing More Than 200.  -- Human Rights Barely Registers In Meeting Between Trump, Philippines' Duterte. -- Is A Corporate Tax Cut What The Economy Really Needs Right Now? --  Mueller Russia Probe Moves Into The White House And GOP's Math Problem On Taxes. And here are more early headlines: Democrats Draw Attention At U.N. Climate Conference. (Politico) Report: Syria Allegedly Starving Civilians To Force Surrender. (Amnesty International) Saudi Coalition To Ease, But Not Lift, Yemen Blockade. (VOA) North Korean Soldier Shot While Defecting To South Korea. (Yonhap) Eight Afghan Police Reportedly Killed In Western Province. (AP)  French Review Security, 2 Years After Paris Attacks. (Reuters) Menendez Jury Resumes Work With New Member. (NJ.com)


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Question: Good Treatment News Prompts a New Outlook

After weeks of a new chemotherapy drug, Leroy Sievers got some very good news last week. His tumors have shrunk. Now he finds he has to change his attitude about a lot of things, and that's much harder than he expected.

Minimum Wage, Good News / Bad News, Real Bears vs. Real Colts, Space Diaries, Last Chance for Oysters, Life of a Dealer


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Question: We'll Hear The Final Two

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We'll hear the final two movements from the Ballet Suite No. 1 by Dmitri Shostakovich: the Waltz Joke and Galop written in 1949, performed by the Scottish National Orchestra and conducted by Neeme Jarvi (NAY-mee YAIR-vee). (Chandos CHAN 8730)

Madness in Madison; Elon's Plea; Mustn't See TV.


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Question: The 1A Movie Club Sees 'Green Book'

There have been a lot of fish-out-of-water buddy comedies at the movies over the years. But never quite like this.  Director Peter Farrelly takes on a true story with his latest film, "Green Book." It's named for the Negro Motorist's Green Book — a travel guide for black motorists. "Green Book" follows a guy known as Tony Lip, played by Viggo Mortensen, who's a tough-talking Italian from the Bronx. Tony gets hired as the valet to Dr. Don Shirley, played by Mahershala Ali, a virtuosic black pianist touring the Jim Crow South.  They make for a very odd couple. Is "Green Book" a feel-good movie, showing how people from different backgrounds can connect and grow? Or is it yet another example of a black man's story being sacrificed to make a white man a hero? Spoiler alert: As always, we'll be getting into the details of the film, spoilers and all, so if you'd like to see the movie first, you should!

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Stories: 1) Anderson, Recreating 'Blood' History 2) A Conversation About 'Eastern Promises' 3) An Oscar with your 'Ratatouille'? 4) Tamara Jenkins' Film Nominated for Oscars 5) 'Juno': Not Your Average Teen Pregnancy Movie 6) Review, 'Be Kind, Rewind'


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Question: From One Of Ted's Recommended

From one of Ted's recommended recordings, pianist Ian Hobson performs Book One of the Paganini Variations by Johannes Brahms. This is some of the most technically challenging and flamboyant music Brahms composed for the piano. (Arabesque Z6654-2)

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2021 Podcast By Emily M. 9/11 NPR A Cultural Disconnect: The US and Iran A Dive into Diversity Aidan Sockrider's NPR Student Contest Submission Albert Barnes All About Cancel Culture All Natural: Yellowstone National Park An Ode to Ants Anxiety In Kids and Teens AP B3 A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words A Possibly Positive Pandemic? Arab Teens Asian Stereotypes Athlete's Corner: Pandemics, Protein Shakes, and Home Workouts Auggie's Pet Podcast Avocado Mafia Break In The Story Of Laurie Dann Butterflies in our Stomach Butterflies Unscripted Candy to My Ears Charlie's Family Podcast Charlie Brown Parallels to the Past Part Two Cinthia A - NPR Podcast Challenge 2021 Climate Change Coping with Covid Covid Conversations Creativity and Nature Dancing Fire Dark 'n' Stormy Dark Childhood Theories Death By Sugar: The Great Molasses Flood Of 1919 Different Bodies, Different Reasons Dinosaurs Drinks with a Tasteful Twist Environmental Activism With Orla Malloy Escape From Alcatraz Evolution Of Slang Exhale Forget, Fix, or Forgive Food Waste Frog Bridge & The Soul of Willimantic Genres Of Music Gratitude GSNPR Podcast Contest Guinness World Records Harmful Gender Norms Haunted Hometown: Pleasanton, California Helmet Podcast Hieu Tam Pham High School Memories History of Music Hole Donut How Are Sports Affected? How Can We Stop Global Warming How the first trillionaire will come about How to Bake the World's Best Chocolate Chip Cookies How to Make Students' Lives Engaging During COVID-19 Hyphenated I Am Black Excellence If You Close Your Eyes In a Pickle Inclusion Indian Small Farmers' Fight for Democracy Industry Juniors Interviews with Grandma In The Eye Of The Storm IRL Podcast It's A Twin Thing Japanime Podcast Just Clowning Around KIDWARZ Leadership Podcast Legal Misconduct Let's Talk About Sustainability! LGBTQ discrimination Life Of A Racecar Driver Llama Podcast Local Artist LOTR Male Depression Match Of The Century Media and Reality: TV's Effect on Black Women Megan Ramirez NPR Mental Health For Students Mental Health in Movies and TV Mirror, Mirror On The Dog Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women Miss Mattie and Scooter Mouse MLK Marches in Cicero My Small Business Journey Mysterious Earth Nad - Cast 1 - 3 12 21, 10.45 PM Nate Drohan: Sleep Talk Podcast Native American Mascots Neighborhood News NMC21: Q No Longer a Child One year of distance Online or in person schooling? Operation Paperclip Opinions on Group Homes Pandemic Blues Pandemics and Students Parents Just Don't Understand Parents Vs. Kids Pickled Punks Podcast PTSD: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Quarantine Daydreams R.O.G.U.E. Podcast Episode 4 Part 1: Authenticity Representation In Film Risk Takers Podcast Sardines Lost At Sea Scary Story Slight of Hand Sophia's Podcast on Eagles Speech And Debate Podcast Stories Around The Ghost Light: 24 Hours Before You Lose It All Survival Of The Vietnam War Taylor A's Story Technology Dating Texting While Zooming The Breakout Room The Days Before US The Degradation of the Y Chromosome The Effect Of Machismo The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly: The Electoral College The Great Emu War The Hauntings of Breckie The Hauntings of Breckie The History of Classical Music The Importance Of Self Care During A Pandemic The Inexplicable Heist The Lavender Scare The Mystery Of Roanoke Island The Podcast People There is a Banana in my Podcast The Rise Of Anti - Asian Hate The Simpsons Podcast The Speculative Implications of Trans- Temporal Travel The Subtle Things: Teacher-Student Relationships The Trolley Problem The Underlying Problems In The Gaming Industry The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Water Rights Settlement Act The Weekend that Went Wrong This or That: School Edition Through Many Glass Ceilings Thurscast TriplePoint Two Brothers, One Mother Tye Rollins: A Hero in Scrubs and a White Coat Understanding the Hijab Unknown Monsters: Climate Change Victoria Viruses are NOT a Race Voices Of Hawaii Weird Laws in America What's Good? What is Worth Fighting For? Where Are You Daddy? Why TikTok is a Black Hole Zobia and Lila


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Question: Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed

With the clock ticking for legislators to resolve the current year fiscal crisis, Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez vowed today to do it without Republicans if necessary.
In comments to the Sacramento Press Club, the Los Angeles Democrat emphasized that he hopes to find common ground with GOP lawmakers on how to resolve the $3.3 billion shortfall [...]

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Ancient Japanese Drumming Takes on Modern Life

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Ancient Japanese Drumming Takes on Modern Life — Taiko drumming is sometimes described as the heartbeat of Japan. It's an ancient form that has been a fixture of religious ceremonies, festivals, wars and everyday village life. But as performance art, it's still relatively young. And in Japan and North America, a new generation of Taiko players is pushing the sound in wildly new directions, expanding its scope while trying to negotiate the sacred and the contemporary.

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Fewshot example: "['represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr!', 'With the clock ticking for legislators to resolve the current year fiscal crisis, Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez vowed today to do it without Republicans if necessary.\nIn comments to the Sacramento Press Club, the Los Angeles Democrat emphasized that he hopes to find common ground with GOP lawmakers on how to resolve the $3.3 billion shortfall [...]']" == "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed']"

Stories: 1) Chuck Close Celebrated in Dance and Print 2) Dominating the '60s Charts: A Motown Profile 3) Richard Gere Plays on 4) When the Devil You Know Turns Out to be Family


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Question: Governor Napolitano on Here and Now

Governor Napolitano joined Steve Goldstein on KJZZ's Here and Now.  As part of her usual monthly visit, she talked about issues facing the state, campaign politics and answered listener comments and questions as well.

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Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Washington's Weiner; Sarah Palin's Mystery Tour; A Good Reason to Hang up the Phone.


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Question: 50 Years Later, No Rival To Basketball Scoring Record

Fifty years ago on Friday, Wilt Chamberlin scored 100 points in a professional basketball game. Legendary players have come and gone in the NBA, but no one has come close to Chamberlain's record.

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Stories: 1) 'Just One More Thing' About Falk, TV's 'Columbo' 2) What Happens When Charter Schools Fail?


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Question: Problems with Persians, Spartans in Good Shape (Literally)

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The new movie 300 slaughtered at the box office this weekend, and left very little to the imagination, especially in the realm of rippling buttocks and multiple decapitations. Classicist Victor Davis Hanson will review the movie, and tell us if it would have made Herodotus blush. If you want to weigh in on either side -- Spartan, Persian -- hike up your leather tunic, and wade in.

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School Funding, Focus On Technology, National Audubon Society, The Android's Dream, Chase's Calendar of Events, Letters from Iwo Jima, Commentary: Exercise and Pre-teen Martial Arts


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For example, '['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration']' should have a representation like '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR.', 'NPR will be the only radio broadcaster of the concert "We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration," the star-studded kickoff of official inaugural festivities, starting at 2 p.m. on Sunday, Jan. 18. The event, which is free and open to the public at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., will be broadcast by NPR to public radio stations nationwide, and will be available as a simultaneous stream on this page and at the Web sites of many stations. For more information, find your local station by visiting NPR.org/stations. The lineup of performers mixes some of today\'s biggest pop stars with iconic musical luminaries. Beyonce, Bruce Springsteen, Herbie Hancock, Sheryl Crow, Stevie Wonder and many more artists are all scheduled to appear on stage. (A full list appears below.) In addition, an assortment of leading actors will read historical passages throughout the special. According to the Presidential Inaugural Committee, "The Sunday afternoon performance will be grounded in history and brought to life with entertainment that relates to the themes that shaped Barack Obama, and which will be the hallmarks of his administration." The concert portion will start around 2:30 p.m. At the end of the performance, Obama will address the crowd. NPR\'s Lisa Simeone will anchor the three-hour broadcast. Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Tim Page will also be on hand to preview the music at Obama\'s inauguration. Note: This concert will not be archived on NPR.org. ____ Scheduled To Perform: Beyonce, Mary J. Blige, Jon Bon Jovi, Garth Brooks, Sheryl Crow, Renee Fleming, Mstr. Sgt. Caleb Green, Josh Groban, Herbie Hancock, Heather Headley, Bettye Lavette, John Legend, Jennifer Nettles, John Mellencamp, Pete Seeger, Shakira, Bruce Springsteen, James Taylor, U2, Usher, will.i.am and Stevie Wonder. With: Jack Black, Steve Carell, Rosario Dawson, Jamie Foxx, Tom Hanks, Martin Luther King III, Queen Latifah, Laura Linney, Denzel Washington The concert special will be broadcast on many NPR stations throughout the country, including (but not limited to): WXPN, KUT, WDUQ, WNYC, WFUV, WAMU, KQED and many more.']' but very far from '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'The Smithsonian American Art Museum is displaying a piece of inaugural history. The exhibit includes artifacts from President Abraham Lincoln\'s second inaugural ball in 1865. The exhibit is called "The Honor of Your Company Is Requested: President Lincoln\'s Inaugural Ball."']'.

Question: Theory of Everything... Still Searching?

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Monday night, I had the privilege to participate in the 2011 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate,  hosted by the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The convener and master of ceremonies was Neil deGrasse Tyson, the director of the superb Hayden Planetarium, and the wonderful host of the PBS NOVA TV show scienceNow. Joining me were five other theoretical physicists, some of them well-known to the general public from their books and documentary appearances: Katherine Freese,  from the University of Michigan, Brian Greene,  from Columbia University, Janna Levin,  from Barnard College of Columbia University, Sylvester James Gates, Jr.,  from the University of Maryland, and Lee Smolin, from the Perimeter Institute near Toronto. Tyson's task, which he fulfilled admirably well, was not trivial: to keep six physicists with different ideas and opinions in check, making sure we didn't veer into technically arcane topics, losing the audience. We could talk about quantum vacuum fluctuations, superstrings, the multiverse, and dark matter, but had to explain ourselves in English. About 1,300 people came to listen as we discussed the night's topic: The Theory of Everything... Still Searching? The debate should be on video soon. It was a night to remember. Read More Ten years ago, the inaugural Asimov Debate was also on the Theory of Everything, the theory so many believe is the ultimate goal of physics and, even more dramatically, the loftiest goal of science: to obtain a complete and final description of how the elementary particles of matter interact with each other and, in the bargain, show that all the forces that they exert on each other are, in fact, manifestations of a single, unified force. This coveted TOE, as it is known, would be the culmination of the reductionist approach started with the Atomists of Ancient Greece some twenty-five centuries ago. They were the first to propose that matter was made of indivisible bits. (It's important to clarify that, contrary to popular perception, TOEs are not able to say anything about "everything": they don't predict the weather, or what you will eat tomorrow for breakfast. They are restricted to the world of particles and their interactions.) A cynic could say that if we've been searching for twenty-five centuries and haven't got it yet, perhaps it's time to let go. Of course, the search changes as our knowledge of the composition and properties of matter changes. In fact, that was one of the points I made. I played the role of the contrarian, expanding on ideas I summarized in my last book, A Tear at the Edge of Creation. While most colleagues in the panel believe that such a theory is achievable and that, possibly, superstring theories will be how we get there, I'm more skeptical. Not so much of superstrings per se, but of the notion that there is such a final theory and that we can know it. For those of you who don't know what superstring theories are, here is a quick review: Traditionally, physics treats the elementary building blocks of matter, such as electrons and protons (actually, quarks, as protons are made of three of them), as "elementary," that is, indivisible. String theory replaces this paradigm by stating that every particle of matter is actually a vibrating string of sub-submicroscopic size. Like strings of a violin, that can vibrate at different frequencies, these superstrings are essentially lines of energy vibrating in many modes, each related to an energy and thus, via E=mc2, to a particle. The reason physicists like Brian Greene like superstrings is that they can help solve one of the greatest quandaries in physics, the behavior of gravity at very short distances. Inside black holes, near the origin of time in the young universe, gravitational effects are so tremendously strong and limited to such short distances that we need to use the physics of the very small, quantum mechanics, to describe them. Problem is, it doesn't work, at least with ordinary methods. Superstrings come in to the rescue: since strings have an extension, they alleviate the problem of the "singularity," that is, of going down to zero length. However, the price is very high. For superstrings to work it needs two things: They must live in ten spatial dimensions as opposed to the usual three; and they need to obey "supersymmetry," a hypothetical symmetry proposed in 1974 that doubles the number of particles in Nature. So far, we have no indication that either extra dimensions or supersymmetry exist. We also don't know how to test superstring theory: There are no direct experiments that can validate or rule out the theory, only very indirect evidence. Of course, failing to see supersymmetric particles would be the end for superstrings. The Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland is actively looking for them and closing in on the acceptable window of mass values for these supersymmetric particles. Quite possibly, we will know within a few years if reasonable models of supersy

Stories: 1) Einstein: Relatively Speaking, a Complicated Life 2) Apocalypse Soon: 'Children of Men' Out on DVD


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Question: Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan

Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.
On Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]

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San Diego County Sues to Overturn Legal Marijuana. High School Exit Exam Settlement. End Music.