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D.L. Hughley On 'How Not To Get Shot'

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At 55, D.L. Hughley has a lot going on. He's got a new book out, a satirical collection of advice for black people from white people called How Not To Get Shot. He hosts a daily commercial radio show. Soon he'll be out with a new stand-up special on Netflix.  "It has been such a creative space, and I've never felt clearer — which is the closest approximation as I can come to happiness," he told Sam.  Hughley is also meeting a moment. Since the days of his starring role in Spike Lee's The Original Kings of Comedy, which also featured Steve Harvey, Bernie Mac, and Cedric the Entertainer, Hughley has talked about race, policing, and social justice.  Now, he says, audiences are "more inclined to at least pretend like they care" about those topics.  "You have social media movements, and everything's a hashtag, and people are 'woke'," he says. "They're more tuned to that frequency."  But time doesn't discriminate. When Sam and Hughley spoke, barely two weeks had passed since Hughley lost his father to lung cancer. On Twitter he sounded happy to have been there, yet he told Sam that he regretted going, seeing his father struggle through his last breaths. He didn't want to, but his wife and sisters had urged him along. He was still having nightmares about it.  "I wish I'd listened to me instead of them," he said. "That wasn't worth it to me." That study in contrasts — and Hughley's inability to be anything but publicly honest about them — was a theme in his conversation with Sam. Hughley said he supports the MeToo movement, but that accusers should not remain anonymous. He said Roseanne Barr is racist, but that ABC should not have fired her. He said he loves his wife of 32 years, but that he "never felt guilty about having other women."  "I'm a flawed individual," he said, adding he's always given his wife and daughters "the courtesy of not pretending to be something I'm not."  Hughley has spoken about all these subjects and more before. He is clearly not afraid to do so. But to hear him and Sam really unspool these contradictions, turn them over, examine them — and to hear Hughley's comfort with the shape of each of them in his life — it's hard not to come away feeling a bit contradicted, yourself.  — Producer Brent Baughman Interview Highlights  On his first interaction with police, when he was eight, with his father in Los Angeles  So we're coming from getting some free lunch — you know, because in the summer they would give you free lunch — sheriffs screech up. They tell us to come here, to put our hands on the car. And they ask about this older cat in our neighborhood — 'Where is he? We're looking for him.'  We're like, 'I don't know, I don't know, we're just coming from lunch, I don't know.' And [the police officer] said, 'Keep your hands on the hood.'  I said, 'Officer, this is hot.'  He said, 'Nigger, if you take your hands off this car, I'm gonna blow your head off.'  And I remember going home and talking to my mother and telling her what happened, and she called down to the station or whatever. But there was a look that she had that I think a lot of people of color have had with their interactions with their children.  Which is to say: I hoped I could protect you. But I couldn't.  On advice for white people who want to be on the right side of the fight for racial equality We seem to be on the wrong side of history every fifteen years. You ever notice that? I think it's a simple equation. The very accountability that they laud and say we should have in our communities? We should hold our apparatuses to.  Here's the thing that's interesting and plays out all the time. If I commit a crime and it's caught on video, all that D.A. will do — or prosecutor will do — is play that video, turn to the jury, and go, 'right here.'  If the same exact thing happens when somebody has a uniform on and they're in a position of authority, they'll go, 'We don't know what happened before this. We don't know [the officer's] frame of mind. We don't know the state he was in.'  So I think accountability is a great word if it works both ways. [White people] have to hold people accountable. They're going to sit on juries. They're going to be on social media. They're going to be a part of a community. So it's just not enough to want to do better.  On the advice he gave to is adult son, who has Asperger's, about interacting with police I was very careful — one, because one of the things you've got to do with somebody who has Asperger's is repeat things, over and over again.  It was part that. But part of it — I said, 'I know you don't understand everything they're saying to you. So what I know to be true — I've never seen anything good about a black man talking to the police too much. So at a certain point, you answer the questions you can, and then say, "I don't want to be disrespectful, I'm not going to be speak anymore, call my parents and they'll bring a lawyer down here".'  On witnessing the death of his father from lung cancer s

Stories: 1) Will The Real Woody Allen Please Stand Up? 2) Tracy Morgan On Becoming 'The New Black'


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Question: Filmically Perfect   "CREEP SHOW" 1982

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Interview with DAVID CALOF cont'd.Floating :30 I.D 12:35 and 12:45]


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Question: Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan

Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.
On Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]

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San Diego County Sues to Overturn Legal Marijuana. High School Exit Exam Settlement. End Music.


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Question: GARRISON KEILLOR continued

GARRISON KEILLOR continued. Critic MILO MILES reviews the work of two contemporary klezmer bands, "Smash, Clap!" (Tzadik records) by Naftule's Dream, and "Roots & Culture" (Triple Crown records) by King Django.12:58:30 NEXT SHOW PROMO (:29)                           PROMO COPY               On the next Fresh Air. . . GARRISON KEILLOR. The host of "A Praire Home Companion" has created a stir with his new book: a satire based on Minnesota's new governor and ex-wrestler Jesse Ventura. He'll tell us about it. That's coming up on the next Fresh Air.

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MIRANDA VICKERS interview continues.MIRANDA VICKERS interview continues.


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Question: Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan

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Question: All Ears: Listening For The Meaning Between The Words

The potency of "It's Not Right But It's Okay," Whitney Houston's triumphant 1999 call out single, hangs from a tiny ad lib she deploys with surgical efficiency. She uses it to puncture the song's third line, "If six of y'all went out — uhhh -- then four of you were really cheap," succinctly conveying a range of emotions from disgust to disappointment in a single second. A minute later, she whips it out again to temper the uplifting sentiment of the chorus. Here the "uhhh" works as a raised hand, a way of saying "don't even think about it" to a cheating lover without wasting a breath. Lyrics can be pored over, their meanings endlessly debated, but non-verbal vocals, like Whitney's "uhhh," contain multitudes that somehow get straight to the point. They make sense on an instinctual level in part because they are familiar: Human bodies unwittingly make sounds in response to moments of intensely felt emotion, from pain to pleasure. It's these kind of ad libs that imbue a song with intimacy, and an artist's idiosyncratic take on vocalization that cements their identity in the public's subconscious. While their meanings can feel innate, there's a level of sophistication involved in interpreting non-verbal exclamations. A scream can raise alarm or indicate extreme amusement, and a "mmm," amongst other things, delight or hesitation. Yet because these mouth sounds make up such a huge part of everyday communication, discerning subtle differences in vocal tone and texture is something many children learn to do long before they have the vocabulary to talk about it.  It's no wonder that so many musical styles around the world have been built on non-verbal vocal expression. From jazz's scat singers to hip-hop's beatboxers to the African ancestors of both, musicians have been finding ways to use their bodies as instruments for millennia. The canon is packed to the rafters with yelps, runs, grunts and sighs; an emotional language of sonic gestures that counts the world's biggest stars of pop, R&B and electronic music among its most skilled practitioners.  When I was a teenager in the '90s, the charts were brimming with such fluent and spontaneous articulations. Alongside Whitney's gutter-punch adlibs, there was Aphex Twin's unmistakable "mmmm-ah" from "Windowlicker" and the ubiquitous 1995 novelty single by Scatman John. It was thanks to DJ Shadow's seminal "Midnight In A Perfect World" (1996) that I first heard Meredith Monk long before I knew her to be a proponent of non-verbal vocal composition. The track hinges on a sample of Monk's haunting "aaaah-oooo" from her 1981 choral piece "Dolmen Music." I can still feel it in my soul. Today's experimental artists are as interested in exploring the musical possibilities of their bodies; they just have multiple technologies to help them craft, and augment, their vocal percussion. This spring, the air is once again thick with the kind of vibrations that originate from the muscle-bound spaces within the body. Holly Herndon's "Eternal," the second single to be released from the American composer and sound artist's forthcoming third album PROTO, opens with a choral vocalization that passes through rounds of processing to become one of the rousing cyber-chamber-pop song's key melodic phrases. At some points it comes off like bird call, at others like the dying gurgle of a digital device. Herndon has been working with the voice "as an instrument rather than a lyrical vessel" since her 2012 debut album Movement. On that record, she explored her relationship with her laptop, creating digital landscapes within which she embedded fragments of her own processed vocals. For PROTO, she put together an ensemble that includes a choir, a developer and a young AI called SPAWN that she created and is training as part of her recently completed doctorate degree in composition at Stanford University. One of the processes for writing the record involved recording rehearsal sessions, processing the audio with the help of SPAWN and then presenting the sonic material back to the choir to respond to.  "I'm trying to make a world where the computer voices and the human voices occupy the same space," Herndon explained to me during a call from her home in Berlin last month. "That involved a lot of mimicry and playful emulation, and then, of course, because [the choir are] human beings, they make it their own. It's so different when you tell a digital instrument what to do [compared to asking] a human to interpret something. It's always going to go through their cognitive filter and their physical body filter and that just makes it so much more alive." The chest-bursting vitality of "Eternal" lies in its rendering of the body's physicality, but also its mutability. It's almost possible to hear the choir's skin stretching around their mouths as their chins jut to bend the flow of air pouring from their lungs. The more processed their vocals become, the more I think about the body as a temporary state, which o

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: George Johnson on Sports

NPR's Tavis Smiley checks in with sports guru George Johnson about the NBA finals and recent comments by basketball legend Larry Bird about white players in the NBA.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: S.C. Shooting Range Rents Automatic Weapons

A shooting range in South Carolina has a license to rent automatic weapons. For $50, Alex Perkins tells The Charleston Post and Courier, you can blast a paper target to shreds. Perkins adds the gun must not leave the range.

Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: Assad Names New Prime Minister, Fighting Continues In Aleppo. Done In a Day: China Wraps Up Murder Trial Of Once-Prominent Politician's Wife. Gunmen Attack Egyptian Police Station In Sinai; Follows Militant Attack On Egyptian Border Post. (UPI) George Zimmerman To Seek New 'Stand Your Ground' Hearing In Case Of Shooting Of Treyvon Martin. (Central Florida News) Home Foreclosures Fell In July, But More Homes Started The Foreclosure Process. (Philadelphia Inquirer) U.S. Assists In Agent Orange Cleanup Project In Vietnam. (Reuters) Russia's Prime Minister To Publically Blame Officials Responsible For Failed Satellite Launch. (RIA Novosti) Sick American Rescued From Antarctica Research Station, Flown To New Zealand. (ABC) Homeless Miami Man Describes Cannibalistic Attack That Destroyed Parts Of His Face. (Miami Herald) Oscar Pistorious, South African 'Blade Runner', Denied Chance To Run In Olympic Relay. (BBC)


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Question: Health Care Dollars and Sense

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Dr. Rahul Parikh argues that patients must do their homework and understand the costs of their choices to bring down the costs of health care.

Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Stories off the sidewalk

For several years, StoryCorps booths have allowed ordinary people relate their own stories to be preserved in a huge and growing collection in the Library of Congress.

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Old rockers come back for more wild times on the grapevine.


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Question: Afghan Opposition Leader

In Afghanistan, the Taliban is reported to have executed a leading opposition figure. Former Mujahedeen commander Abdul Haq returned from exile to try to convince local Afghans to turn away from the ruling Taliban and join efforts to form a new government, headed by former King Zahir Shah. Haq was a legendary figure in the Afghan war against Soviet occupation. NPR's Michael Sullivan has a report from Islamabad, Pakistan.

News Headlines: Feb. 19, 2007Talk About It:Miami Herald: Castro's Stepping Down May Mean Economic Change -- "Although Raul has been ruling Cuba for the 19 months that Castro has been ailing, Cuba watchers say he's had his hands tied with the looming presence of his brother. And with Tuesday's announcement that Cuba's 81-year-old leader was stepping down after nearly 50 years in office, Raul could use the opportunity to enact economic reforms that Cubans so desperately crave." Plus: Who Is Raul Castro?More: Candidates to Cuba: Release Prisoners What will Castro's resignation mean for Cuba's future? What impact, if any, will a freer Cuba have on neighboring Haiti? Election 2008:New York Times: Democrats Make Populist Appeals Before Contests Boston Globe: Clinton's Struggle Vexes Feminists Washington Post: Obama Wave Stuns Clinton's Black Supporters Nation:Baltimore Sun: A Moving Exhibition of Black History AP: Beef Industry, Animal Rights Groups Duel The AJC: NCAA Encourages A.D.s to Widen Coaching Searches L.A. Times: Supreme Court Rejects Wiretap Suit World:AFP: Bush Leaves Rwanda for Ghana Chicago Tribune: Musharraf Foes Celebrate in Pakistan New York Times: Rice, in Nairobi, Offers Incentives to End Violence


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Question: 'Just The Right Policy': Pete Buttigieg On His 'Medicare For All Who Want It' Plan

Don't see the video? Click here. The field of 2020 presidential candidates with health care overhaul plans is crowded, and Pete Buttigieg, mayor of South Bend, Ind., is drawing lines of distinction between his proposal and his competitors' plans. "I mean, the reality is, all these beautiful proposals we all put forward, their impact is kind of multiplied by zero if you can't actually get it through Congress, and it's one of the reasons why I do favor the approach that I have," he said. Buttigieg would offer public health insurance to those who want it while also keeping private health care plans available. Other candidates' proposals, including "Medicare for All" — backed by Sens. Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren — would replace the current system with a single-payer, government-run program and eliminate private insurance altogether. Buttigieg spoke to two undecided Indiana voters and NPR host Scott Simon as part of the Off Script series of interviews with 2020 presidential candidates. "We make sure that everybody can afford [public health insurance], but we don't require you to take it. And partly I think that's just the right policy, because I think people should be able to choose," he said. "But it's also really important that that's a policy that commands the support of most Americans. ... We have a moment where we can get something that big done and most Americans want it done. That's not true of some of the other ideas out there, which would make it much harder to actually achieve them no matter how good they sound in campaign season." The voters — Michael Logan, a 54-year-old retired Michigan State Police detective sergeant, and Jacque Stahl, 37, who works with a health care group in South Bend — pressed Buttigieg on his plan. Stahl's 5-year-old son has a condition that requires treatment that if uninsured would cost her family $35,000 a month. She said the health care system can be confusing even for those in the industry, and Americans who do their best to stay in-network can be faced with large surprise medical bills. Buttigieg told her he's proposing to end surprise billing. "We would set 200% of Medicare, would be the highest that even an out-of-network therapy could cost when you have a hospitalization or something like that," he said. "Because some of this is also the responsibility of hospitals and health care providers. This can't just be handled on the insurance side." Buttigieg is polling second in Iowa according to a Quinnipiac University poll released Wednesday. The poll shows Buttigieg polling at 19%, trailing Warren, who is receiving 20%. Iowa holds the first-in-the-nation caucuses on Feb. 3. Off Script is edited and produced for broadcast by Ashley Brown and Bridget De Chagas. Eric Marrapodi is Off Script's supervising editor.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Later This Hour, We'll

Later this hour, we'll hear from the Guarneri Quartet minus three: first violinist Arnold Steinhardt will play solo in NPR's Studio 4A. But here it's the Guarneri plus one: violist Ida Kavafian (kah-VAH-fee-ahn) joins the quartet in the minuet from Mozart's String Quintet in B-flat, K. 174. (RCA 7770-2-RC)

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news...It Ain't Over Even When It's Over, I'm Wiki Her, Nobel Effort


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Question: The Mynabirds On 'World Cafe: Next'

Laura Burhenn is the voice and driving force behind the soulful band The Mynabirds. Originally one-half of the indie-rock duo Georgie James, Burhenn began to write for The Mynabirds in the spring of 2009. Retreating to the mountains of Oregon with producer Richard Swift, she recorded a bold and powerful debut, What We Lose in the Fire We Gain in the Flood. The album conjures images of a night spent dancing to classic soul records.

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Stories: 1) Nellie McKay, Live on 'Fresh Air' 2) Guilty Pleasures: 'Project Runway' on Bravo


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Question: Excerpt: The Ruin Of Kings

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The Ruin of Kings By Jenn Lyons Tom Doherty AssociatesCopyright © 2019 Jennifer WilliamsonAll rights reserved.ISBN: 978-1-250-17548-9  Contents Title Page, Copyright Notice, Dedication, Map, Part I: A Dialog Between a Jailer and Her Prisoner, 1. The Slave Auction, 2. The Kazivar House, 3. The Black Brotherhood, 4. Butterbelly, 5. Leaving Kishna-Farriga, 6. The Rook's Father, 7. The Misery, 8. The Angel's Bargain, 9. Souls and Stones, 10. Demon in the Streets, About the Author, Copyright, CHAPTER 1 The Slave Auction (Kihrin's story) When they brought me up to the auction block, I looked out over the crowd and thought: I would kill you all if I had a knife. And if I wasn't naked, I amended. And shackled. I had never felt so helpless, and — What? You don't think this is the beginning, Talon? What do you mean by "beginning" anyway? Whose beginning? Mine? I don't remember it that well. Yours? Talon, you're thousands of years old and have stored the memories of as many people. You're the one who wanted to hear this. And you will, but under my terms, not yours. Let's start over. The auctioneer's voice boomed out over the amphitheater: "Lot six this morning is a fine specimen. What will I hear for this human Doltari male?† He's a trained musician with an excellent singing voice. Just sixteen years old. Look at that golden hair, those blue eyes, those handsome features. Why, this one might even have vané blood in him! He'll make a welcome addition to any household, but he's not gelded, so don't buy him to guard your harem, ladies and gentlemen!" The auctioneer waved his finger with a sly grin, and was answered with a few disinterested chuckles. "Opening bid is ten thousand ords." Several members of the audience sniggered at the price. It was too much. I didn't look any prize that day. The Kishna-Farriga slave masters had bathed me but the scrubbing only made the raw whip wounds on my back stand out in angry red stripes. Copper bangles on my wrists did a poor job of camouflaging sores from long months spent in chains. The friction blisters on my left ankle were swollen, infected, and oozing. Bruises and welts covered me: all the marks of a defiant slave. My body shook from hunger and a growing fever. I wasn't worth ten thousand ords. I wasn't worth one hundred ords. Honestly, I wouldn't have bought me. "Ah, now don't be like that, my fine people! I know what he looks like, but I promise you, he's a rough diamond who only needs polish to shine. He'll be no trouble either — see, I hold his gaesh in my hand! Won't someone here pay ten thousand ords for the gaesh of this handsome young slave?" The auctioneer held out his arm and revealed a tarnished silver chain, from which dangled something that glittered and caught in the sun. The crowd couldn't see the details, but I knew what he held: a silver hawk, stained black from salt air. A part of my soul, trapped in metal: my gaesh. He was right: I would cause no more trouble. Never again. Controlling a slave via a gaesh was as effective as it was terrible. A witch had summoned a demon, and that demon had ripped part of my soul away, transferring that essence to the cheap tourist bauble the auctioneer now held in his hand. Anyone who carried that damn gaesh charm could command me to do anything they desired. Anything. If I ignored those orders, my reward would be my agonizing death. I would do anything that the holder of my gaesh asked of me, no matter how objectionable, no matter how repugnant. Obey or die. There was no choice. No, my body may not have been worth much, but in Kishna-Farriga the going price for a man's soul is ten thousand ords. The crowd stirred and looked at me with new eyes. A troublemaking teenage boy was one thing. A teenage boy who could be healed and perfumed, forced to obey every whim his owner might command, was quite another. I shivered, and it had nothing to do with the warm breeze that prickled the hairs on my skin. It was a fine day for a slave auction, if you're into that sort of thing. The weather was hot, sunny, and the air tinged with the stink of gutted harbor fish. Paper umbrellas or canvas awnings obscured the bidders as they lounged on cushioned seats. Kishna-Farriga was one of the Free States, border city-states that owed no fealty to their neighbors, but relied on shifting political tensions to keep themselves off anyone's leash. Countries who didn't want to deal with each other used Kishna-Farriga as a halfway entrepôt for trade goods and commodities — commodities which included slaves such as myself. Personally, I was used to the slave markets of the Quuros Octagon, with its endless mazes of private chambers and auction theaters. The slave pits in Kishna-Farriga weren't so elaborate. They used just one open-air stone amphitheater, built next to the famous harbor. At maximum capacity, the rising stone steps seated three thousand people. A slave might arrive by ship, visit the holding cells undernea

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Carl reads three quotes from the weeks news: Remodeling The House; A Story That Fell From The Sky; and A Pint-Sized Literary Giant Emerges.


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For instance you may be given '['', 'Flying Taxis. Seriously?']' and it should match with '['', 'Two words for you: flying taxis. That\'s right. In the not-so-distant future, you\'ll open your ride-hailing app and, in addition to ground options like car, SUV, scooter or bicycle, you\'ll see on-demand air flight. At least that\'s according to the optimists at South by Southwest, the annual tech-music-film convention in Austin, Texas. When the flying taxi comes, most of us will be passengers. We might hail it on our smartphones and head to the rooftop, where a ride is waiting at the helipad. It might look like a minivan with wings and four seats; or more like a gigantic drone. Either way, it won\'t fly itself anytime soon, experts say. One seat will be reserved for the driver-pilot. "If air taxis are going be what everybody wants them to be — thousands at a city, for example — we won\'t be able to find enough conventional pilots," said Carey Cannon, chief engineer of technology and innovation at Bell.  In a crowded pavilion at South By Southwest, Cannon has set up a virtual reality simulation of what it feels like to drive one of these small flying vehicles of the future. I decide to try it out. He puts a headset on me and something like a joystick in my hand. I slip into a gamer chair. Only, I\'m more than a gamer. I\'m a trainer for Bell\'s computer software. I turn a dial for my VR flying taxi to lift off into the Las Vegas skyline. Only, I turn it too fast and it\'s a dizzying takeoff. "Don\'t overreact," Cannon tells me as I push pedals and the joystick as aggressively as possible. "Smooth, small movements," he says, advising me to do the exact opposite of what I\'m doing. How I and others drive will create training data for the artificial intelligence that\'ll take over much of the job.  The dream of flying cars is as at least as old as the automobile itself. Bell, which makes attack helicopters for the U.S. Navy, is working on this new project with another high-profile partner, Uber. The prototype, the Bell Nexus, was unveiled earlier this year. Boeing and Airbus also have prototypes of these flying cars in the works.  Uber has become the face of the aerial mobility movement as it has the most public campaign touting its work so far. Elon Musk says he\'ll get us to Mars. Uber says it\'ll get a millennial from San Francisco to San Jose in 15 minutes flat (instead of the two-hour slog in morning traffic). And its timeline for this flying taxi that does not yet exist is 2023.  The company laid out the challenges and opportunities of the flying taxi in a 2016 report, "Fast-Forwarding to a Future of On-Demand Urban Air Transportation." In the highly cited white paper, Uber says: "Just as skyscrapers allowed cities to use limited land more efficiently, urban air transportation will use three-dimensional airspace to alleviate transportation congestion on the ground." At a panel I moderated at SXSW, subtly titled "Death to Roadways," I asked the audience if they believed Uber\'s goal of flying taxis in four years. Half the room raised their hands. And when asked if they thought the taxi would be an option within a decade, nearly all hands went up. NASA is another Uber partner. Jaiwon Shin, NASA\'s associate administrator for the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, was on the panel. While he thinks Uber is being a little bullish — he\'d put the timeline further out, to the mid-2020s — Shin says it\'s close. "Convergence of many different technologies are maturing to the level that now aviation can benefit to put these things together," he said. The batteries that power electric cars can evolve further, to power flight. Companies can stockpile and pool data, and build artificial intelligence to take over air traffic control, managing the thousands of drones and taxis in the air.  And Uber, his partner, is really well-connected. While fighting the legacy taxi industry, Uber made so many government and lobbyist contacts, that that Rolodex can help grease the wheels — or wings.  To move quickly, Shin says, technologists and policymakers will need to coordinate. "If one segment is lagging behind, this is not going to happen," he said. China may beat out America, Shin says, because China has a "higher tolerance level for risk" in the development of new technologies. That could give China a "competitive advantage," according to McKinsey consultant Shivika Sahdev, who advises governments.  When a company wants permission to fly its imperfect prototypes over densely populated mega-cities, she says, "that\'s where the vehicle operators will go, that\'s where the system providers will go to, to be able to actually test it in the real world."  When we build the whizbang future, it\'s good practice to pause and consider the downsides. Right now in major cities, people in bumper-to-bumper traffic or riding the subway have to see each other (at least for a tiny bit). With flying cars, the haves can escape to the air and leave the have-nots forgotten in their potholes. That\'s the worry Cheryl Garabet expressed when she stepped to the mic']' but not with '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Stories: 1) U.S. Military Searches For A Device To Stop IEDs 2) Matchmaker, Matchmaker ... Run Your Algorithm 3) Thelonious Monk: Making The Piano Hum']'.

Question: Drafting A Cabinet -- Like A Parlor Game!

Winning this election is a little like losing, too -- after all, this moment in history is a rough one. Every issue has a crisis attached -- financial, energy, national security. Whoever wins this thing is going to need a serious group of brains to help out. One of the fun things about picking a fantasy cabinet for a McCain or Obama presidency is that it's like choosing who you want to have dinner with -- alive or dead. You can pick anyone! On Foreign Policy's "Dream Team" web section, you'll find some pretty wild picks, including Buckminster Fuller, who, despite his qualifications, is missing one important one -- a heartbeat. You can go to their website and try your own hand at picking a cabinet, or check out Ebonyjet.com's Fantasy Draft.

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May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: Les Claypool: Need-To-Know Bassist

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Primus got plenty of of airtime on MTV and college radio in the 1990s, thanks to songs like "Jerry Was a Race Car Driver." By the start of the next decade, though, the San Francisco band was ready for a hiatus. "Which was just sort of a fancy way of saying we were all tired of each other and tired of the music and not getting anything done," founder and bass guitarist Les Claypool tells Weekend Edition Sunday host Audie Cornish. Claypool didn't sit still during those years: He published a novel, produced a satirical movie about psychedelic jam bands and even got into wine making. Eventually, after performing with other bands, he says, he couldn't resist the pull back to Primus. The band has a new album, Green Naugahyde, and it features lots of Claypool's trademark funky bass, the sound that distinguishes Primus above all else. "I've always said the bass just happens to be the crayon I picked out of the box," Claypool says. "I'd still be drawing the same pictures ... should I have picked trumpet or accordion or guitar, whatever it may be. The sounds in my head are still the same." AUDIE CORNISH, BYLINE: Musician Les Claypool is considered one of the top rock bassists in the world. And while critics consider him a bit of a musical oddball, he's equal parts odd and prolific. He's got nearly a half-dozen projects or bands going on at any given time, but he's best known for the group he founded nearly 20 years ago, Primus. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "JERRY WAS A RACE CAR DRIVER") PRIMUS: (Singing) Jerry was a race car driver, 22 years old. Had too many beers one night, and wrapped himself around a telephone pole... CORNISH: Song like "Jerry was a Race Car Driver" got lots of airplay on MTV and college radio in the '90s. But by the start of the next decade, Les Claypool and his band mates were ready for a hiatus. LES CLAYPOOL: Which was just sort of a fancy way of saying we were all tired of each other and tired of the music and not getting anything done. CORNISH: Les Claypool didn't sit still during those years. He published a novel, produced a satirical movie about psychedelic jam bands and even got into wine-making. Les Claypool spoke to us recently from member station KRCB in Santa Rosa, California. He told us that eventually, after performing with other bands, he couldn't resist the pull of Primus. CLAYPOOL: I bought this old airstream motorhome and started driving up and down the coast playing bars with a band I called The Frog Brigade. It was one of those I needed to jump right back on the horse, otherwise I would have gone insane. CORNISH: I want to get to your sound because the thing that makes Primus Primus, frankly, is your bass playing in a lot of ways. And first can we get a little demonstration of what it is that people typically think of bass playing and maybe what it is that you do technique-wise? And no one can see your fingers, so they won't steal your technique or anything. CLAYPOOL: I can't even see my fingers. My style just developed out of necessity. You know, being in a band like Primus where I am, to an extent, am playing two parts. I'm playing like a rhythm guitar part... (SOUNDBITE OF BASS PLAYING) CLAYPOOL: I'm playing, like, a rhythm guitar part and a low part. (SOUNDBITE OF BASS PLAYING) CLAYPOOL: But I did come from a very traditional background. In fact, when I was between the ages of 19 and 21, played a lot of biker bars in northern California in a band called the Tommy Crank Band, which was this old R and B band where we'd play. And I was the youngest guy in the band by far. CORNISH: You were in an R and B band, really? CLAYPOOL: Well, it was a Wilson Pickett, Booker T and the MGs, Sam and Dave... CORNISH: Yeah, yeah. CLAYPOOL: You know, the real old school. CORNISH: I know that sound. CLAYPOOL: Play three to four sets a night, three to five nights a week and I got pretty proficient at... (SOUNDBITE OF BASS PLAYING) CORNISH: So, I think maybe what's different about Primus, I guess, is moving that voice, the bass voice, to the front. (SOUNDBITE OF BASS PLAYING) CLAYPOOL: I've always said the bass just happens to be the crayon I picked out of the box. Should I have picked the accordion or guitar or trumpet or whatever it may be, the sounds in my head are still the same sounds. It's just I picked the bass crayon to draw my pictures with. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LAST SALMON MAN") PRIMUS: (Singing) The river water diverts to other places, to nurture Central Valley seeds, the northern water that sloshes desert fairways, fulfill So-Cal golfers' needs. The mighty Chinook, it used to run the rivers, to the grounds where they spawn... CORNISH: So, let's talk a little bit about the pictures you're drawing in the new album. Lyrically, it tells these sort of off-kilter stories about people who are maybe a little bit down on their luck. And the song, "Last Salmon Man," paints a really vivid picture of a solitary fisherman. What inspired this song? CLAYPOOL: Well, I have made reference to this subject ove

Stories: 1) The 'Big Fan' Team: Patton Oswalt, Robert Siegel 2) The Subhumans' Timeless Hardcore Punk


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Question: Washington Post Critic Says 'Trump Has Unwittingly Enabled' Discussions Of Race

As the election nears, many are thinking about how much has changed during President Trump's administration. Carlos Lozada, a Washington Post writer who took it upon himself to read scores of books from the past four years, has some ideas on the topic. He has now written his own book called What Were We Thinking? A Brief Intellectual History of the Trump Era. "I think it fits a tradition in American life. And this is a country that defines itself in writing from common sense, right? From Thomas Paine on forward. This is a country that litigates all its big battles on paper, not solely on paper, but certainly through books and writing. And this is just our turn," Lozada told NPR. The books Lozada read, of course, include books that are all about Donald Trump. Some explore chaos in the White House. Michael Wolff wrote the first big one, Fire and Fury (and later a second called Siege), followed by others including Bob Woodward's two books Fear and Rage. Many fans of the president have written their own books, including one by the president's son Donald Trump Jr. called Triggered.  Lozada's reading list also includes a number by Americans who are far from the president trying to tell their own stories and explore their distinct American identities. "There's a weird sense in which Trump, though, I think, has simplified all these divisions for us and overtaken them," Lozada says. "Right now, you are an anti-Trump resistance or you're a pro-Trump base, and it's almost like there's nothing else. Once Trump is gone, whether that's in three months or in four more years, once he's not this all-consuming obsessive presence, which incidentally is how he likes it, then I suspect we're going to see how those divides are really far more complicated and how, maybe, we don't line up as easily as we think we do." Interview Highlights On clashing identities I think that when you look at the memoirs of the resistance, for example, you see how immediately writers started speaking solely to their own communities. It's almost like the Trump era forced everyone back into their corners. And, you know, we can worry about Trump's America, if you're in the resistance, but you really don't care much for Trump's Americans. You just are solely speaking to your distinctive community. When I see a lot of the memoirs of identity, though, I think that we see something different going on. There, it's easy to think of the identity politics movements as being all about group rights and group representation. But when you really dig into these books, what you find is just this piercing cry and call for individual dignity. And I think maybe that quest is just made easier in a group context. On writers making a call for dignity I would point out a couple: Patrisse Khan-Cullors is one of the founders of the Black Lives Matter movement — and her memoir, When They Call You A Terrorist, even though it shows the origins of this movement for the affirmation of group rights and in group representation, it really is a very individual story of her life, of her family and that quest for personal dignity that is denied her and someone like her brother who is cycling through, you know, prison and the hospital to institutions that just keep him alive enough to keep going. Another book like that, I would say, is Ibram X. Kendi's How To Be An Anti-Racist, which got a lot of attention in the wake of the George Floyd protests. What spoke to me most about that particular book is that Kendi does not make a blanket case about the behavior or attitudes of white Americans or of Black Americans. You know, he wants to be treated on his own personal terms and he wants to treat others that way as well. On what the past four years taught us about the prevalence of white identity politics I think that they have just made crystal clear, as if we needed it, that White identity politics is a real thing and that it didn't just materialize, you know, through Donald Trump's sort of dog whistle politics. Of course, Trump has sort of transcended dog whistle politics. And there's a common expression in the Trump era when the president or some other figure goes beyond the dog whistle surrounding race and just says something overtly prejudiced, something that shows the underlying motivation for some political or policy act, whether it's about voting suppression or tax policy: People say, 'oh, he's saying the quiet part out loud.' And I think there's also a sense in which all of America is now saying the quiet part out loud. Groups and individuals who previously felt uncertain about speaking out are doing so. The #MeToo movement is saying the quiet part out loud. Black Lives Matter is saying the quiet part out loud. And that's a good, positive thing. I think it's ironic that a president with such a negative force for race relations in America [and] has shown such willingness to denigrate women, has presided over a period in which both groups have felt more empowered to forthrightly speak

Good morning - we're looking at these stories today: Fierce Fighting Continues In Syria As U.N. General Assembly Prepares To Vote. It's 'Kiss In' Day At Chick-Fil-A For Gay Rights Activists. China Gets Hit With Two Hurricanes, Just Hours Apart. (CNN) Tropical Storm Ernesto Forms In Caribbean, Heading For Gulf Of Mexico. (AP) Jailed Islamist Cleric Threatens War If Myanmar Continues To Abuse Rohingya Muslims. (AFP) Spain's Borrowing Costs Go Up As Speculation Grows Over A Possible Bailout. (AP) Russian President Putin Suggests Leniency For Girl Punk Band Facing Charges Of Denouncing Him. (Moscow Times) U.S. Nuclear Processing Facility Closed After Four Protesters Get Through Security. (Reuters) Baseball All-Star Cal Ripken, Jr. Asks For Public's Help In Nabbing His Mother's Kidnapper. (Baltimore Sun) American Gymnastics Gold Medalist Gabby Douglas Is On 'Cloud Nine'. (People)


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Question: Katrina Survivors Contemplate Whether to Go Home

Some survivors of the hurricane and floods in New Orleans say they have no intention of going back. Others want to rebuild their lives in New Orleans.

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L.A. Gang Violence Spurs Politicians to Action. Central Valley Farmers Put Their Faith in Hail Cannons.


Question: 'Siamese Twins' Still Fascinate, Two Centuries Later

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Born to Chinese parents in what is now Thailand, Eng and Chang Bunker became famous throughout the world as "Siamese twins." The brothers were joined at the base of their chests. After years of being displayed at exhibitions, they settled in the mountains of North Carolina in the 1830s. They married two local North Carolina sisters and had a total of 21 children. Adelaide "Alex" Sink is the great-granddaughter of Chang Bunker. Sink was the chief financial officer of Florida from 2007 to 2011. She also ran for governor of Florida in 2010. She grew up in the Mount Airy, N.C., home built by her great-grandparents Chang and Adelaide Bunker. Sink joined host Michel Martin to talk about the remarkable story of the Bunker brothers.  Interview Highlights On what Sink knew about the Bunker brothers as she grew up  "We knew that they had been in the Ringling Bros. Barnum & Bailey circus. ... They were the original entrepreneurs. They realized that they could leave Barnum & Bailey and go touring on their own, which they did for several years as they accumulated enough money to be able to go. And they wanted just to settle down and have a somewhat normal life, and they chose to live in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina. And Michel, how in the world they were ever accepted into these communities in the backwoods of North Carolina is still absolutely amazing to me." On why some family members felt shame or unease  "I think it has had everything to do with sex. The idea that these two conjoined brothers were married to sisters, and trying to conjure up images of how they were able to procreate and eventually raise — have these children between them, and raise them very successfully. "You might've picked up in this story that the sisters weren't getting along, so they built two separate houses — one for each family. And the twins then had a pact. And for decades, every three days, they would move to the other house. And that actually precipitated their eventual death when my great-grandfather Chang was quite ill, and it became time to move to the other house in the middle of the winter. And he insisted that they go ahead and go, and he got very ill in the middle of the night and expired." On what Sink tells her own kids about the Bunker brothers "They know about it because we're fortunate enough, of course, to go back and visit their grandfather. My mother, who was the inheritor of the home place, passed away a number of years ago. But they're right there on that farm, seeing and thinking about the life of the Siamese twins. And there's now a museum in town; my cousin Tanya Jones runs the Surry Arts Council and put together some nice exhibits in the town of Mount Airy about the life of the twins. And it's something we're proud about: that they can be so different and we can be different."

Stories: 1) Learning Your Sister Is 'Someone Else's Twin' 2) 'Sex On Six Legs': When Insects Go Wild 3) Teens, Sex And Tech Tear A 'Beautiful Life' Apart


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Question: Eminent Domain on K Street

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Given ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', 'Like most of Atom Egoyan\'s movies, the new Adoration operates on multiple levels, and works on many of them. The problem is that the aspect of the film that doesn\'t convince is the human one. The movie centers on Simon (Devon Bostick), a Toronto high school student, but it leaps around in time, introducing incidents that happened before Simon was born. It also includes episodes that never actually happened — events invented by the curious Simon or his bitter grandfather. The event that still bewilders both Simon and his grandfather is the death of the boy\'s parents, Rachel (Rachel Blanchard) and Sami (Noam Jenkins). She was a talented violinist; he was a Lebanese-born craftsman who met her when he repaired her violin. Simon now has that instrument, but little else from his parents. He lives with his financially strapped uncle, who lacked his sister\'s artistic calling. Uncle Tom (Scott Speedman) drives a tow truck, and he\'s suspicious of bohemians and other outsiders. A clarifying crisis is provided by Simon\'s French teacher, Sabine (Arsinee Khanjian, the director\'s wife and a regular in his films). She assigns a translation project that is sure to spark political controversy: an old newspaper article about a Palestinian emigre who sent his pregnant Canadian girlfriend to Israel with a bomb in her luggage. The bomb didn\'t detonate, except psychologically: The woman was left with the child of a man who intended to kill her (and many more) for ideological reasons. In his rendering of the tale, represented on screen with Rachel as the innocent and Sami as the plotter, Simon imagines he is the child of that relationship. The rewrite is in some ways plausible: Simon\'s parents are dead, and his grandfather has long blamed Sami for Rachel\'s death. Sabine asks Simon to present his version of the article to the class as truth — she teaches drama as well as French, and is interested in role-playing and storytelling. It\'s later revealed, however, that Sabine has a personal reason for encouraging Simon to pretend the provocative tale is autobiographical. Simon\'s claim to be the survivor of a failed bombing travels beyond the school. Soon, the boy\'s story is being discussed heatedly in Internet video chats. XTC\'s "Dear God" plays as the conversation expands to include neo-Nazi skinheads and Holocaust survivors. Adding to the pileup of religious themes, the central story is set at Christmastime, and while the Christian world adores the baby Jesus, Simon reveres his lost parents, whose photos adorn homemade Christmas ornaments. Outside their modest house, Simon and Tom erect an elaborate nativity scene that Sabine admires — while posing as a radical Muslim, behind a metal veil. Rachel\'s destination on the trip that Simon invents, by the way, is Bethlehem. Viewers of Egoyan\'s previous films, which include Exotica and The Sweet Hereafter, will recognize many of the Canadian writer-director\'s enduring themes: assumed identities, ethnic and sectarian rifts, revelations at airport customs desks, new video technologies as both aids and obstacles to truth. As if all that weren\'t enough, Adoration also tries to be an old-fashioned mystery-melodrama, complete with an overbearing, string-heavy score. Gradually, the movie reveals the connections between its major players, detailing just what happened to Rachel and Sami, whose loss haunts all the others. Simon\'s obsession with the parents he barely knew is persuasive, but the other characters — especially Sabine — are mere narrative devices. When all is said and webcasted, Adoration proves to be characteristic Egoyan: crackling with intellectual energy, but short on emotional authenticity.'], a positive would be ['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "'Adoration': Stories Told, And Twisted, With Grief"]

Just three blocks away from the state capitol building, another battle is brewing. This one on the controversial topic of whether a city should seize property from a private owner, and turn it over to a developer for economic improvement. This afternoon the City of Sacramento will vote on whether to launch eminent domain proceedings to speed the redevelopment of troubled street.

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Ms. Miller Goes to Washington. Anti-Gang Summit in Oakland. End Music.


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Question: Astronomers Find 7 Potentially Habitable Planets

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Astronomers have discovered a solar system full of potentially habitable planets. Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks to Seth Shostak of the SETI Institute, which searches for extraterrestrial intelligence.A small, faint star relatively close by is home to seven Earth-size planets with conditions that could be right for liquid water and maybe even life. The discovery sets a record for both the most Earth-size planets and the most potentially habitable planets ever discovered around a single star. The strange planetary system is quite compact, with all of these worlds orbiting their star closer than Mercury orbits the sun, according to a newly published report in Nature. "If you were on the surface of one of these planets, you would see the other ones as we see the moon, or a bit smaller," says Michaël Gillon, an astronomer at the University of Liège in Belgium. "The view would be very impressive." The cool, reddish star is about 40 light-years away, in the constellation Aquarius. "It's a very tiny star," says Gillon, "10 times smaller than the sun." Until recently, no one was even looking for planets around so-called ultracool dwarf stars. About a year ago, however, scientists announced that they'd found three planets around this star. They launched a campaign to study the star more intensively, and were surprised to find four more. All of the planets were spotted by looking for a faint dimming that occurs when starlight is blocked by a planet passing in front of the star. Julien de Wit of MIT, one of the astronomers on the research team, says these planets have a "winning combination" of being temperate, Earth-size and ideally suited for follow-up observations with telescopes to analyze their atmospheres. Already, initial observations have been made with the Hubble Space Telescope, he says, and the data is being analyzed. More observations with Hubble are planned to search for signs of water or methane. Astronomers could get an even better sense after 2018, when the next-generation James Webb Space Telescope is expected to launch. It could provide an in-depth look at the atmospheres of these planets. Some theoreticians question whether this type of star could support life, since it is so different from the sun and the close-in planets would get hit by so much ultraviolet radiation. "We really cannot know," says Emmanuël Jehin of the University of Liège. "So it looks like everything is possible, at this point. It's very exciting." Planet-hunters have recently been gathering more and more evidence that Earth-size planets are common in our galaxy, according to Ignas Snellen at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, who wrote a commentary that accompanied the scientists' announcement. This new discovery, he notes, suggests such worlds are "even more common than previously thought."

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- In Egypt: Fear That 'Day Of Rage' Will Add To Body Count. -- NSA Has Broken Privacy Rules 'Thousands Of Times Each Year'. -- There It Is! Area 51 Revealed In Declassified CIA Report. And here are more early headlines: Earthquakes Rattle New Zealand's Capital. (Radio New Zealand) Consumer Prices Rise Slightly In July. (Bloomberg) High Temperatures, Wind Fan Massive Idaho Wildfire. (Reuters) Caribbean Storm Could Form New Tropical Depression. (Weather.com) NASA Says Planet-Hunting Spacecraft "Kepler" Is Badly Disabled. (National Geographic) Voyager 1 Has Left The Solar System - Or Not. (Los Angeles Times) Dispute Over Burial Of Richard III's Bones Goes To Court. (BBC) Baseball To Widen Use Of Instant Replay Next Year. (ESPN)


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Question: What's Behind This Week's Stock Market Volatility?

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In the first few days of the week, the Dow Jones dropped over 200 points and then rebounded a bit Wednesday. Analysts say the threat of North Korea as well as uncertainty about movement by Congress on tax code changes might be to blame. Here & Now‘s Jeremy Hobson speaks with Michael Regan (@Reganonymous) of Bloomberg News about the volatility and if we should be worried.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Supreme Court Puts White House's Carbon Pollution Limits On Hold. -- South Korea Shutting Down Joint Industrial Park In North Korea. And here are more early headlines: Fed Chair Yellen To Discuss Economy On Capitol Hill. (AP) Senate Wrangles Over Criminal Justice Reform Bill. (The Hill) Obama To Address Illinois Lawmakers. (KTVI-TV) While The East Gets Snow, Los Angeles Bakes In Heat. (AccuWeather) Japan's Nikkei Average Falls Again Sharply, After Tuesday Plunge. (Reuters) Rare Big Surf Event Declared "On" In Hawaii. (KHON-TV) Could Gas Prices In Some Regions Fall Below $1 A Gallon? (USA Today) Amazon Terms For New Game Don't Apply In Case Of Zombies. (New Republic)


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Question: Anne Garrels Reports That Many Soviet Citizens,

who moved to the West in the 70s and 80s, are returning to Russia. But what are they returning 'home' to?

Stories: 1) Seymour Hersh: Obama To Spotlight Syria 2) The Ghost Of Populism Walks Again — Again


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Question: Uzzle Internet Address

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The PUZZLE INTERNET ADDRESS is puzzle@npr.org.

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The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: Hopkinson Smith in 4A

Hopkinson Smith has been called a poet of the lute, but today he brings his vihuela (vee-WHAY-lah) into the PT studio to play music by 16th-century Spanish composer Luis Milan (loo-EESS mee-LAHN).  The vihuela is related to the Baroque guitar, and Milan wrote music specifically for it.  We'll hear Smith play a variety of fantasies and pavans.  22:00


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Question: Study May Tie Food Additives to Hyperactivity

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Some parents have suspected for years that certain additives or colorings in processed food seem to have an effect on their children's attentiveness and behavior. Now, a study in the medical journal Lancet suggests that there might be something to that theory. MICHELE NORRIS, host:  What do you get when you combine fruit juice with a food dye called Sunset Yellow and the preservative called sodium benzoate? Some researchers in England say you may get more hyperactive behavior in young children. A new study in the British medical journal Lancet tested the effects of these food additives on groups of 3-year-olds and 8-year-olds.  NPR's Allison Aubrey reports.  ALLISON AUBREY: Researchers at the University of Southhampton mixed four types of food dyes with juice and served the concoctions to children multiple times over the course of six weeks. The drinks were mixed to look and taste the same as a juice drink that contained no dyes or preservatives. Neither the children nor their parents were told which drink they were given. Throughout the study, teachers and parents were asked to observe the children's behavior to look for things such as…  Dr. GENE ARNOLD (Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Ohio State University) The ability to follow instructions, to finish a task, to respond when spoken to, and to control impulses.  AUBREY: Gene Arnold is a child psychiatrist at Ohio State.  He says the researchers found that some children who drank the juice spiked with additives did act somewhat more inattentive and impulsive than kids who drank the additive-free drinks.  Dr. ARNOLD: There does seem to be some sensitivity to some common food additives, mainly colorings, and then also sodium benzoate - a preservative.  AUBREY: But how strong was the effect? Child psychiatrist Shashank Joshi of Stanford University says the effect was quite small. He says after reviewing the findings, he takes issue with the press release written to promote the study. It read: Food additives increase levels of hyperactivity in children.  Dr. SHASHANK JOSHI (Assistant Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Science -Child Psychiatry, Stanford University): I would probably rephrase that and say, some food additives may increase levels of hyperactivity in some children.  AUBREY: Joshi explains that previous studies have shown that kids who are already impulsive and inattentive who may or may not have an attention deficit disorder but do have behavior problems are more likely to be sensitive to food additives. Other children without behavior problems may be less sensitive, and any effect of food dyes and preservatives on their lives wouldn't be noticeable.  Joshi says the new study finds the difference in hyperactive behavior between the kids who drank the juice with additives compared to those who didn't get the additives is only about 10 percent.  Dr. JOSHI: Parents might say, hey, a 10 percent reduction? They'll say, I'll take it. But I think it's important to not take this away and go, you know, if I eliminate all the additives from my kid's diet, it's going to get rid of their hyperkinetic behavior.  AUBREY: Joshi says the study adds to a growing knowledge about the effects of additives and the diet. Some studies testing small amounts of dyes and preservatives have found there are no harmful effects. What's left to be untangled is what combinations of additives at which doses may be worth worrying about.  Allison Aubrey, NPR News, Washington.

Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language


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Question: MetLife Plans To Divest Life Insurance Unit

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MetLife says it's planning to break off part of its business that sells life insurance to U.S. households because of stiffer federal regulations regarding the amount of capital the company is expected to hold. In a statement, MetLife said it is "currently evaluating structural alternatives for such a separation, including a public offering of shares in an independent, publicly traded company, a spin-off, or a sale." NPR's Chris Arnold reports that MetLife is what the government calls a "systemically important financial institution" or in other words, too big to fail. He explains that under the Dodd-Frank regulatory-overhaul law, MetLife will have to hold more capital to protect the company against a possible collapse in some future crisis. Even though the company is challenging this requirement in federal court, Tuesday's announcement signals that MetLife is also making contingency plans. "The life-insurance unit brings in about 20 percent of the company's overall earnings. As a separate entity, the unit wouldn't have to sit on as much cash, which could allow it to be more competitive," Chris says. MetLife said it plans to keep its divisions that sell benefits services to employers, along with pension and retirement products.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: Read The Report On IRS' 'Inappropriate' Scrutiny Of Groups. Holder Isn't Sure How Often Reporters' Records Are Seized. And here are more early stories: Human Rights Watch Condemns Recorded Syrian Rebel War Atrocity. (Businessweek) Nigeria Declares Emergency In 3 States Where Islamists Attack. (Financial Times) American Jailed In North Korea Incarcerated At "Special Prison". (CNN) House To Consider Cuts In Farm Bill's Food Stamp Program. (Boston.com) Japanese Mayor: WWII Sex Slaves Held By Japan Were "Necessary". (BBC) Report: Google Close To Launching Music Streaming Service. (Wall Street Journal) Sun Blasts Four Immense Solar Flares This Week - And More Are Coming. (Los Angeles Times) Powerball Drawing Tonight: Third Largest Jackpot In Lotto's History. (CBS)


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Question: The Isley Brothers & Santana On World Cafe

In this session of World Cafe, we've got four superstar musicians for the price of one: Carlos Santana, one of the greatest guitarists of all time; Cindy Blackman Santana, a virtuoso jazz and rock drummer who spent decades as the backbone on world tours for artists like Lenny Kravitz, and her now-husband Carlos; and Ron and Ernie Isley, the two main surviving members of the legendary Isley Brothers. Carlos, Cindy, Ron and Ernie have teamed up for a new album, Power of Peace, consisting of a dozen covers and one original song focused around music's ability to heal and unify. The idea originated at Carlos and Cindy's wedding, in 2010, when the pair chose Ron Isley's cover of "The Look of Love" for their first dance. Hear songs from the record as I chat with all four of the musicians, in the player above.

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Stories: 1) 'Conchords': Music, Comedy, Clueless Kiwis 2) Nellie McKay, Live on 'Fresh Air' 3) Rock en Espanol, with Wrestling Masks


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E.g. ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Still She Rises: Misty Copeland Makes History With American Ballet Theatre'] == ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'In a promotion announced Tuesday, the American Ballet Theatre named Misty Copeland as the first black female principal dancer in its 75-year history. Copeland had previously been a soloist with the ABT, the premiere dance company in the U.S. The promotion comes months after Copeland made another mark, performing the lead role of Odette/Odile in Swan Lake alongside another African-American dancer, Brooklyn Mack of the Washington Ballet. She recently made her New York debut in the role. Copeland, 32, didn\'t begin in ballet until she was 13, when she was persuaded to take a free class at a Boys & Girls Club that was being taught by Cindy Bradley of the San Pedro City Ballet. "She saw talent that she\'d never experienced before, as well as just me, coming from the background I did and not having the best family situation and home," Copeland told NPR in 2014. "And I think that she saw that ballet was going to create this amazing life for me. So Cynthia brought me into her school on a full scholarship, and she also brought me into her home." In Copeland\'s interview with NPR last September, she said, "My goal has always been to be a principal dancer with ABT." After that happened Tuesday, Copeland posted video of the announcement online. As the ABT news release shows, Copeland\'s latest achievement continues a streak of success:  "Copeland received the 2008 Leonore Annenberg Fellowship in the Arts and was named National Youth of the Year Ambassador for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America in 2013. In 2014, President Obama appointed Copeland to the President\'s Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition. She is the recipient of a 2014 Dance Magazine Award and appeared on the cover of Time Magazine\'s 100 Most Influential People in 2015. She is the author of the best-selling memoir, Life in Motion and the children\'s book Firebird."'] != ['represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on npr', "Stories: 1) Chuck Close Celebrated in Dance and Print 2) Dominating the '60s Charts: A Motown Profile 3) Richard Gere Plays on 4) When the Devil You Know Turns Out to be Family"]

Question: Hiccups Were The Clue That Led Researchers To Ebola

The Ebola virus had been circulating in Guinea for roughly three months before doctors and international aid organizations finally detected it. It was hiccups that eventually gave it away, journalist Jeffrey Stern wrote in Vanity Fair this weekend. To find out why the virus eluded detection for so long, Stern went to Meliandou, a remote Guinean village where Patient Zero is thought to have lived, to investigate. Ebola, he writes, isn't easy to diagnose in its early phase. "Most of us think of Ebola as sort of the cinematic portrayal of it — you know, bleeding out of the eyes and ears," Stern tells NPR's Audie Cornish in an interview today on Morning Edition. "That happens, but it doesn't always happen, and it doesn't happen until the later stages of the virus." In the early stages, he says, symptoms can look a lot like cholera and malaria. And since Guinea had never experienced Ebola, no one knew to look for it — not even people in the medical community. "We tend to think of Ebola as a generally African scourge, but the last real outbreak had been more than 2,000 miles away," he stresses. "And it might as well have been another world for the people in the forest region of Guinea." Then Dr. Michel Van Herp, an epidemiologist with Doctors Without Borders, noticed something odd. Half the patients listed on a medical report from Guinea had the hiccups. "Hiccups is something that's associated — for reasons we're still not entirely sure of — with hemorrhagic fever, but especially with Ebola," Stern says. Once they pinpointed the culprit, he says, aid organizations like Doctors Without Borders and the World Health Organization had an incredibly fast response — almost too fast. Health care volunteers were immediately sent in to track contacts and set up isolation wards, but public communication couldn't keep up with the efforts. That led to resistance among the locals, who had never heard of Ebola until health care workers in big yellow Tyvek suits started coming to their villages and taking away their ailing loved ones. In the most extreme cases, Stern says, "you heard stories of villages throwing stones at health workers." On a less spectacular level, the mistrust kept health workers from identifying possible cases. People were reluctant to tell volunteers if they had been in contact with an infected patient. "So if we don't know, then it becomes very difficult to do what is actually a very straightforward process, which is isolating infected patients and tracking their contacts," he explains. It was also difficult to get patients to come to clinics. The public health messages emphasized that 90 percent of Ebola patients died, although Stern notes that in this outbreak, the fatality rate is in fact lower. But the 90 percent figure stuck. He says that those who had Ebola would think, "If it's 90 percent mortality anyway, I would rather die in the comfort of my own home, with my family around me, than in some place with people who I can't even really see their faces." AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:  Today President Obama announces new U.S. assistance for West African nations grappling to contain the deadly Ebola outbreak. The new aid will include 50,000 medical kits, training for hundreds of health workers and the deployment of some 3,000 U.S. military personnel to help with containment efforts in the region. DAVID GREENE, HOST:  Let's remember this outbreak began six months ago. It's believed to have started in a poor, remote village in the forests of Guinea and quite close to the boarders of Liberia and Sierra Leone, two other countries at the center of the pandemic. CORNISH: In an article in the current issue of Vanity Fair, reporter Jeffrey Stern writes about traveling to the village to try to learn how the outbreak began and why it's been so hard to stop. He began by telling us the story of the person believed to be Patient Zero, a 2-year-old boy who may have been infected by a bat. JEFFREY STERN: At the small community where the houses are in very close proximity to one another. And in this case, what seemed to have happened is the child was brought to his grandmother's house by his mother after some kind of family dispute... CORNISH: And she was pregnant. STERN: She was pregnant. There was another child, and there was a houseguest. And of course there was her own mother. So it was a group of people in even closer proximity than they tend to live. And this is when the child's symptoms really began to present and the infection really began that way. CORNISH: In part because there was a funeral, correct? STERN: Well, there were several periods throughout the beginning of the outbreak where funerals were jumping-off points. There was a doctor, later, who became sick and was brought to a city of about 100,000. And this was before, of course, anyone had any idea what it was. And during his funeral - and this is again a part of the world where laying on of the hands and very intimate contact with the deceased is pretty commo

Stories: 1) How The 'Pox' Epidemic Changed Vaccination Rules 2) 'Please Look After Mom': A Guilt Trip To The Big City


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Question: Lady Brewmaster First to Win Big Award

Tonya Cornett, top brewer at Bend Brewing Co., recently won the Brewmaster Award at the World Beer Cup. She does 1,000 barrels a year, seven at a time, and the beer is only available in Bend, Oregon.

Stories: 1) 'Headmaster' Has Still Got Plenty of Soul 2) Sarah Johns' 'Big Love in a Small Town'


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Question: Two Top Al-Qaida Figures Killed In Pakistan

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The chief of al-Qaida operations in Pakistan and his top lieutenant have been killed in a CIA operation in northern Pakistan, a senior U.S. counterterrorism official tells NPR. The al-Qaida operative, who went by the name Usama al-Kini, is believed to have been responsible for the bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan's capital, in September 2008.  For several years, Kini has been on the FBI's list of most-wanted terrorists, as has his lieutenant, Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan. Both are natives of Kenya. Among the terrorist acts with which they have been linked were the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa. The Washington Post, which first reported the missile strike and the deaths, says both men were associated with a string of suicide attacks in Pakistan in recent months.  The CIA declined comment, but the U.S. counterterrorism official says "this is very significant."  Since August, the CIA has been conducting regular missile strikes against al-Qaida targets in Pakistan, using unmanned aircraft.  Counterterrorism officials say the two men were apparently killed in an attack on a building used by al-Qaida for explosives training.

Good morning, we're looking at these stories today: As Fighting Rages In Damascus, Survival Of Assad's Regime Is In Doubt. Video May Show Suicide Bomber Who Attacked Bus In Bulgaria. Former Egyptian Vice President And Intelligence Chief Omar Suleiman Dies In U.S. (Reuters) Ramadan Starts At Sundown, Muslims Begin Their Holiest Month Of The Year. (BeliefNet) Widening U.S. Drought Means Some Higher Food Prices. (USA Today) Zimmerman Sorry For Trayvon Martin's Death, Terms It 'God's Plan'. (Miami Herald) New Inquiry Into Plane Crash That Killed UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold In 1961. (Guardian) Russian Muslim Leader Shot And Killed, Had Criticized Islamist Violence. (BBC) 3 European Hostages Freed In Mali After 10 Months, Fly To Burkina Faso. (AP) Television's 64th Emmy Award Nominations Out Today. (Los Angeles Times)


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Critic Ted Libbey Joins

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Critic Ted Libbey joins Martin for another of their weekly visits to the PT Basic Record Library. Today they discuss, and Ted recommends recordings of, the Water Music by George Frederic Handel, music he wrote for a famous barge trip on the River Thames taken by King George the First in 1717.

Stories: 1) Congressman, Civil Rights Icon John Lewis 2) Journalist, Author Ta-Nehisi Coates


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Question: EU Deal To Help U.S. Follow Terrorist Money Trail

The U.S. has won a hard-fought victory after getting the EU to hand over financial data linked to suspected terrorists. The five-year deal comes after Washington agreed to allay European concerns over privacy. Even so, U.S. officials will have to supply sufficient evidence for their suspicions, delete innacurate information and allow legal redress in U.S. courts if any affected parties feel they've been wronged. NPR's counter-terrorism correspondent, Dina Temple-Raston, says that a European representative will have to be present when the information is handed over to U.S. officials. In 2006, the EU expressed anger after the disclosure of the U.S. Terrorist Finance Tracking Program, a secret operation launched in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. That program had been surreptiously accessing European financial data through SWIFT, the consortium that handles electronic wire transfers. The new U.S.-EU deal follows an earlier one that was scuttled by the European Parliament because it was said to lack safeguards against abuse.

It's Friday, and we're following these stories: Real-Life Horror: Many Killed, Dozens Wounded At Colorado Movie Theater. Syrian Intelligence Official Dies From Damascus Bombing; 4th Assad Aide To Perish. (Reuters) Syria Denies Russian Envoy's Statement That Assad Ready To Step Down. (RiaNovosti) European Finance Ministers Prepared To Offer Spain Bailout Loan. (Irish Times) Russian Police Arrest 4 In Murders Of Russian Muslim Leaders. (BBC) Non-Muslims In Saudi Arabia Must Observe Ramadan Fasting Traditions, Or Leave. (AP) South Korea Increases Readiness After North Korea Shakes Up Military Leadership. (VOA) Viacom, DirecTV Settle Fee Dispute; 17 Darkened Channels Will Be Restored. (CNET) Racial Profiling Case Against Arizona Sheriff Opens In Federal Court. (Los Angeles Times) Australia Reviews Travel Policies After Male Olympic Basketball Players Fly In Business Class While Women Take Economy. (Sydney Morning Herald)


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Question: Taliban Pacts Said to Boost Afghan Violence

NATO says recent agreements negotiated between the Pakistan government and Taliban fighters, who operate along the Afghan-Pakistan border — have led to increased violence within Afghanistan. The Afghan government is sending a delegation to Pakistan later this week to voice its concerns.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Strong Quake Hits Near Iran-Iraq Border, Killing More Than 200.  -- Human Rights Barely Registers In Meeting Between Trump, Philippines' Duterte. -- Is A Corporate Tax Cut What The Economy Really Needs Right Now? --  Mueller Russia Probe Moves Into The White House And GOP's Math Problem On Taxes. And here are more early headlines: Democrats Draw Attention At U.N. Climate Conference. (Politico) Report: Syria Allegedly Starving Civilians To Force Surrender. (Amnesty International) Saudi Coalition To Ease, But Not Lift, Yemen Blockade. (VOA) North Korean Soldier Shot While Defecting To South Korea. (Yonhap) Eight Afghan Police Reportedly Killed In Western Province. (AP)  French Review Security, 2 Years After Paris Attacks. (Reuters) Menendez Jury Resumes Work With New Member. (NJ.com)


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Question: Song Premiere: Little Big Town's 'Night On Our Side' Sees Blue Skies

For nearly 20 years, Little Big Town's members have plugged away through label troubles, divorces and the death of loved ones, but they've never endured a lineup change. Their persistence has paid off: Though they've enjoyed sustained chart success for more than a decade, the Nashville vets have become a full-blown juggernaut in recent years, thanks to blockbuster ballads like "Girl Crush" and the sublime new "Better Man." (Taylor Swift wrote the latter song, and it's hard to imagine why she didn't save it for herself.) On Friday, Little Big Town returns with its seventh studio album, The Breaker. As always, it's got plenty of sounds and styles to shoehorn in — no surprise, given that members Karen Fairchild, Kimberly Schlapman, Phillip Sweet and Jimi Westbrook all sing lead at various points. But its highlights extend well beyond "Better Man." "Night On Our Side" showcases the band's peppier side, with a rousing chorus that's likely to ring out across country radio once the weather gets warm. A harmony-rich slab of countrified pop-rock, the track returns to one of modern country music's sturdiest themes: the celebration of a night electrified with possibility. A vocal showcase for Sweet and Westbrook — who cowrote the song with Jay Joyce, Jeremy Spillman and Ryan Tyndell — "Night On Our Side" radiates sparkly optimism, with the darkness clearing the way for everything from feelings of immortality to a chance to "start a revolution." Given Little Big Town's recent success, it's easy to see why.

Featured Albums: Frank Turner: 'Be More Kind,' Shakey Graves: 'Can't Wake Up,' Lucrecia Dalt: 'Anticlines,' Leon Bridges: 'Good Thing,' Damien Jurado: 'The Horizon Just Laughed,' Parker Milsap: 'Other Arrangements,' Belly: 'Dove,' Other Notable Releases For May 4: Gaz Coombes: 'World's Strongest Man,' Jessica Risker: 'I See You Among The Stars,' Pinkshinyultrablast: 'Miserable Miracles,' Trampled By Turtles: 'Life Is Good On The Open Road,' Lake Street Dive: 'Free Yourself Up,' John Hopkins: 'Singularity,' Eleanor Frieberger: 'Rebound'


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Question: From A Recently Released

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From a recently released C-D, the U.S.S.R. Symphony Orchestra performs the third movement from Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky's Suite No. 2 in C major, Op. 53. The orchestra is conducted by Evgeny Svetlanov (ehv-GAY-nee svyet-LAH-nahv). (Melodiya 74321170992)

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The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: In Colorado, More People Are Insured But Cost Remains An Issue

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On Wednesday, the Census Bureau gave Obamacare some good news: the number of people without health insurance dropped to 10.4 percent in 2014, down from 13.3 percent in 2013. Colorado may be doing even better. When the Affordable Care Act launched two years ago, about 1 in 7 of the state's residents, or 14 percent, were uninsured, according to the nonprofit, nonpartisan Colorado Health Institute. That figure is now 6.7 percent, according to the organization's latest data. Marilyn Kruse, a substitute teacher in the Jefferson County school district west of Denver, is one of those who got insurance after the Affordable Care Act launched. For seven years before that, she went without insurance because she couldn't get it through her job. She had been denied coverage because she had pre-existing medical conditions; coverage that she could buy was extremely expensive. All the while, she continued to have health problems: a hip that needed surgery, carpal tunnel, bunions and a slipped disk. "I had the disk go out and I was confused and scared," Kruse said. She was scared that she couldn't pay to treat or repair her back problems. So she mostly avoided going to the doctor. When she did, she paid thousands of dollars out of pocket. Then health reform launched. Kruse qualified for tax credits through Colorado's health insurance exchange, so she could buy a plan that came to $55 a month. "That was a very exciting moment in my life," Kruse said. The size of the drop in the number of uninsured people was a surprise, according to Amy Downs, senior director for policy and analysis at the Colorado Health Institute. "I don't think that anyone was expecting it to really go down this much," Downs said. In 2013, nearly 750,000 Coloradans were uninsured. Obamacare cut those numbers in half, to a level that was once considered unreachable, says Downs. (The Census Bureau's data for Colorado show a less dramatic decrease. However, the Colorado Health Institute report was based on a survey performed in 2015, while the Census survey is from 2014.) "We see a big growth in our Medicaid population that is much higher than we expected as well," Downs said. Under the Affordable Care Act, the decision to expand Medicaid, the health plan for low-income Americans, was left up to the states. Colorado decided to expand. That's led the state to enroll about 450,000 people in the last two years. One in five Colorado residents is on Medicaid. But the expansion in health coverage is tempered by rising concerns over cost and the number of people who are underinsured, which means out-of-pocket health costs are still too expensive. The number of underinsured Medicaid enrollees in Colorado grew by more than 100,000 people since 2013, Downs said. "The increase in the underinsured really stood out for us." An unaffordable out-of-pocket cost is defined in the Institute's survey as more than 10 percent or more of annual income. For those at 200 percent of the federal poverty level, any cost above 5 percent of income is considered unaffordable. "People on Medicaid have really low incomes, so it doesn't take very much spending to get them into that underinsured category," said Downs. Gwendolyn Funk, a 37-year-old who lives in Dove Creek in the southwest corner of Colorado, considers herself underinsured. "Well, I'm glad that I have insurance, it's just that I can barely afford my policy and my premiums, along with my children's," said Funk. Funk's husband, a mechanical engineer, gets insurance through his employer. But it's too expensive for her and their two kids to get insurance through him. So they pay $500 a month to privately insure Funk and the children. "We're going to have to choose between basically either eating or paying for health insurance," Funk said. "It's going to be really, really difficult." Still, nearly 75 percent of Coloradans give the state's health care system a thumbs up, saying the current system meets the needs of their family. This story is part of a reporting partnership that include Colorado Public Radio, NPR and Kaiser Health News.

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State Finances in the Black at $3.1 Billion. More Californians Traveling Abroad for Essential Surgeries. End Music.


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Question: Latin America's Open Borders Encourage Migrants To Travel To The U.S.

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At Mexico's southern border, migrants can cross over from Guatemala for a price. The U.S. threatens to close its border unless Mexico slows migrants' travels. Many make their way to El Paso, Texas.

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Post-9/11 Border Security Strains U.S.-Mexico Relations. Farmers Seek Relief for Summer's Heat Damage to Crops. End Music.


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Question: Learning To Move, Moving To Learn: The Benefits Of PE

One of our occasional conversations with thought leaders in education. When it comes to kids and exercise, schools need to step up and focus more on quality as well as quantity. And, says Dr. Gregory D. Myer, they need to promote activities that develop motor skills, socialization and fun. Myer is one of the authors of a recent paper and commentary on children and exercise. He's also director of the Human Performance Lab and director of research at the Division of Sports Medicine at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Like others, Myer notes that when it's time to trim the budget, PE, art and music classes are often the first to go. While he's certainly distressed by those cuts, he and his co-authors also seek to question the "current dogma that is currently focused on the quantitative rather than qualitative aspects of physical activity" programs for youth. Myer helped develop exercise guidelines for youth aimed at reducing sports-related injuries and promoting health. The guidelines call for greater focus on short, interval-like bursts of activity interspersed with rest. It includes core strength-building, resistance training, agility and more. School recess time has been cut in many districts. As we've reported, some schools are pushing back on that and others are getting creative to fill the void. According to a 2013 poll that NPR conducted in partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health, 56 percent of parents say their elementary school kids are getting just one or two days of physical education a week. A lot of parents, including myself, question why PE class isn't every day, or at least a lot more frequent than some schools currently have. That's partly the emphasis for this paper. We wanted to show that neurocognitive development is associated with exercise and can benefit from exercise. We're really going backwards. Not only are we cutting PE from course work and cutting PE teachers, but there are a lot of schools that are trying to integrate the core courses into all other courses. So if you have PE, they want you to have some writing or mathematics integrated into physical education. We're going all one direction where we are not integrating movements into other classes. I'm telling you, that kid who's been up texting all night and is half asleep, if we made him get up and do five minutes of activity before he sat down at that desk for the next hour, you're probably going to get 15 to 20 more minutes of focused attention out of him. That five minutes is going to be well spent. Let's make this go both ways and get kids active during other classes. Let's give them activities during the day every day. That's where we are really missing the mark. After school and extracurricular programs have filled some of the gap. But you're saying schools need to step up and do more to integrate more physical activities every day? Absolutely. These [after-school] programs are all well-meaning and I support them, but not every kid can get there after school and there are resource issues. They don't provide a structure to capture every kid. Our school systems capture almost every kid. That's the system we should capitalize on. This [PE] is not an area we should be cutting. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends that kids get at least an hour of physical activity every day that should include some muscle and bone-strengthening. You're not convinced that's nearly enough ? That's the issue. These guidelines are often derived from adult guidelines. We've looked a lot recently at how aerobic activities work for kids. It's pretty simple if you've worked with or been around kids: When was the last time a kid asked you, 'Hey mom or dad, can I go out and run for two miles?' That's not how they do it. Kids move in short bursts of activity. They like interval-type training, they like muscle-building activities that are fun. That's what we used to do in PE. It used to be gymnastics, movement skills, climb the rope and other gymnastic-based activities. Endurance activities are not successful plans to capture how kids should be moving and playing.  What's your sense of the age in which PE teachers start to see kids lose or gain more interest in gym class?  There's something that happens to a kid when they're 5, 6 and 7 years old. Where in earlier years they don't care if they move more poorly than their peers or look goofy doing something. But there's something around that age where they start to see how they're moving relative to their peers and then there's that divergence. Those kids that have better motor skills continue and often go into sports and other activities that require more complex movements. And those kids that start to move more poorly tend to gravitate toward more non-physical active types of free time. What do you think is happening there in the 7-year-old psyche that they might start to drift away from physical activities if they see

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Stories: 1) Brain Injuries Haunt Football Players Years Later 2) How Traumatic Events Change Our View Of Language