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Question: Feds Reject Barstow Casino Plan

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Another big blow was struck late last week against the embattled plan for tribal gambling in the desert city of Barstow, as federal officials rejected the land applications of two out-of-the area tribes.
On Friday, the U.S. Department of the Interior rejected requests from both the Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians and the [...]

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San Diego County Sues to Overturn Legal Marijuana. High School Exit Exam Settlement. End Music.


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Question: Nicaragua, Guatemala: '80s Rebels Seek Leadership

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Twenty-five years ago, both Central American countries were in the midst of violent civil wars. Both countries are holding presidential elections and the main candidates are icons from the 1980s.

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News Headlines: Feb. 19, 2007Talk About It:Miami Herald: Castro's Stepping Down May Mean Economic Change -- "Although Raul has been ruling Cuba for the 19 months that Castro has been ailing, Cuba watchers say he's had his hands tied with the looming presence of his brother. And with Tuesday's announcement that Cuba's 81-year-old leader was stepping down after nearly 50 years in office, Raul could use the opportunity to enact economic reforms that Cubans so desperately crave." Plus: Who Is Raul Castro?More: Candidates to Cuba: Release Prisoners What will Castro's resignation mean for Cuba's future? What impact, if any, will a freer Cuba have on neighboring Haiti? Election 2008:New York Times: Democrats Make Populist Appeals Before Contests Boston Globe: Clinton's Struggle Vexes Feminists Washington Post: Obama Wave Stuns Clinton's Black Supporters Nation:Baltimore Sun: A Moving Exhibition of Black History AP: Beef Industry, Animal Rights Groups Duel The AJC: NCAA Encourages A.D.s to Widen Coaching Searches L.A. Times: Supreme Court Rejects Wiretap Suit World:AFP: Bush Leaves Rwanda for Ghana Chicago Tribune: Musharraf Foes Celebrate in Pakistan New York Times: Rice, in Nairobi, Offers Incentives to End Violence


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

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The provided query could be "['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'If you want people to see something, it\'s probably best to put it somewhere visible. For a long time, that might have meant the pages of Life magazine. Today, perhaps that means a place where passers-by can stop for a minute, or tweet a photo, or even listen to an audio guide just by dialing a phone number. Say, for example, in New York City. That\'s exactly what you\'ll find if you happen to be ambling around 6th Avenue, in the windows of the International Center of Photography. The unorthodox digital display — three mounted monitors running a looped slideshow — is a tribute to Gordon Parks, the first African-American staff photographer for Life magazine, who would have been 100 this year. And although the installation is undeniably modern in contrast to the photos themselves, Parks might have approved of the idea. "It\'s so Gordon Parks, in a way," says curator Maurice Berger. "He wanted to reach as many people as possible." How do you sum up the life and work of someone like Parks — who escaped poverty in order to document it, who endured racism while photographing it, a writer-photographer-filmmaker whose work spans a huge swath of the 20th century? It\'s next to impossible in this square-inch of cyberspace — and the ICP\'s window installation probably isn\'t meant to do it, either. It may be as simple as raising awareness. "We want all the younger generations to know who this guy is," Berger says. And who was he? "He was a jack of all trades and, in a funny way, a master of all," says Berger. Case in point: On the Gordon Parks foundation website, you\'ll find photos of the civil rights movement and of poverty around the world — right next to glamorous fashion shoots. He was a documentarian, "both of how far we\'ve come and how far we need to go." You can learn more about Parks in this 1997 interview, or on the Gordon Parks Foundation website.']" and the positive "['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'A Window Into The Photography Of Gordon Parks']"

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

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Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Week in Review with Daniel Schorr

NPR's Scott Simon reviews the week's news with NPR's Daniel Schorr, senior news analyst.

Stories: 1) Colin Meloy of The Decemberists 2) Remembering Father Robert Drinan 3) The Metropolitan Opera in a Theater Near You


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Question: From Aztecs To Oscars: Popcorn's Beautiful, Explosive Journey

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Popcorn is a truly ancient snack. Archaeologists have uncovered popcorn kernels that are 4,000 years old. They were so well-preserved, they could still pop. Dolores Piperno, a paleobotanist with the Smithsonian's Tropical Research Insitute, says corn, and specifically popcorn, helped lay the foundations for the Aztec empire. "When you have a very highly productive crop like corn, that makes the rise of high civilizations possible," she says. Piperno grows the wild, great-grandaddy of modern corn — a weird grain called teosinte. It has just a few kernels on each stalk, and they're too hard to eat or to grind into flour. But teosinte has a special property that almost makes up for these shortcomings: It can pop. "All early corns were popcorns," Piperno says. "They were around for millennia before these other forms of corn." After a couple of thousand years, the Mesoamericans managed to cultivate varieties of corn that were good for flour, but they still ate popcorn. The Aztec language even has a word for the sound of many kernels popping at once — totopoca. After the Spanish invaded, popcorn spread around the world, and soon people began to figure out how popcorn actually works. It turns out that rock-hard kernel — the thing that makes teosinte and popcorn impossible to eat raw — is the key. "It acts as a pressure cooker," says David Jackson, a food scientist at the University of Nebraska. He says the durable kernel keeps water and starch sealed inside. When a kernel is heated, the starch liquefies and the pressure builds until the seed coat breaks. "The pressure cooker essentially fails, and it explodes outward into a popped kernel," Jackson says. The liquefied starch froths outward, cooling and solidifying in a fraction of a second. If you look at a popped kernel under the microscope, you can actually see the bubbles that were formed by the expanding steam. That's why popcorn is so light and fluffy — it's made of bubbles. There's something to think about next time you're stuck watching a bad movie.

Stories: 1) Turning Poverty Into A Multibillion-Dollar Industry 2) John Prine: Midwestern Mind Trips To The Nth Degree


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed


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represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth!
E.g. given '['represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth', 'The 150 Greatest Albums Made By Women']' it should be close to '['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details', '110. Miranda LambertPlatinum (RCA Nashville, 2014) Miranda Lambert had been releasing albums made with a cultivated circle of collaborators — producer Frank Liddell, songwriters Ashley Monroe and Natalie Hemby, among others — for roughly a decade by 2014, and had long since become one of country music\'s hardest rocking and most recognizable stars. Due to her indelible performances in the roles of women sticking it to cruel, bullying men and gleefully flouting the rejection of feminine propriety, Lambert was — at least in the minds of either casual or casually sexist observers — tethered to a cartoonish spitfire persona. Then Platinum, her first truly great album, made her shrewd self-awareness undeniable. Throughout a 16-song set that felt simultaneously personal and engineered for popular impact, she split the difference between her singer-songwriter and arena headliner sensibilities with a tone that was playfully serious and seriously playful — here, her spry, vinegary delivery confirms her as one of her generation\'s great wits. Recorded with frisky production at a moment when women were relegated to the margins of a seemingly homogenized, male-dominated country format, Lambert\'s riffs on womanly wisdom were both proudly countrified and thoroughly contemporary. She summoned confessional vulnerability, hard rock theatricality, gossipy candor and knowing sentimentality in songs about everything from the bizarre, transformative effects of celebrity to the perverse attraction of nostalgia and the simultaneous brutality and utility of beauty regimens. She not only made one of the most sophisticated, and fun, gestures of gender solidarity in the history of country music, but on Platinum, she finally displayed her real range. —Jewly Hight (Contributor)  109. Against Me!Transgender Dysphoria Blues (Total Treble, 2014) Against Me!\'s founder and singer, Laura Jane Grace, spoke publically about her gender dysphoria years before releasing Transgender Dysphoria Blues. But with this studio album, her band\'s sixth, she put it all on the line. Here, Grace owns her identity as a trans woman with full-throated howls and lyrics about dresses and eyelashes, but they\'re never a costume. The trappings of femininity become tools for singing about the tricky parts of her transition, which included moments of loneliness, disappointment and confusion. The album doesn\'t sacrifice anything of what fans of Against Me! might expect to hear: A band at full tilt, and songs with lyrics that cover more traditional punk ground like politics and capitalism. But it\'s in the moments when Grace speaks candidly about her identity — whether be they proud or profoundly heartbreaking — that the album makes your heart swell with understanding. It\'s important music, a milestone moment of a trans woman declaring her identity and articulating the highs and lows of her story. And Grace has never sounded stronger. —Sarah Handel (NPR Staff)  108. Gladys Knight and the PipsImagination (Buddah Records, 1973) Imagination is a declaration of independence, of sorts. After spending years with Berry Gordy at Motown Records, Gladys Knight & The Pips departed after feeling that more attention and resources were going to other artists on the label. The leap paid off; Imagination, their first album with Buddah Records, went gold, topping the pop and soul charts. Throughout Imagination, Knight\'s powerful vocals are on full display — but vocals from The Pips also get an opportunity to shine, too. They\'d had some experience harmonizing together, to say the least. Gladys Knight grew up singing in church, and after winning a singing competition at the age of eight, assembled her singing group with her cousins and siblings. But by the 1960s, Knight\'s deep alto was supported by all-male backing vocals. Gladys Knight & the Pips continued to record several albums together before Knight launched a solo career, but this album cemented their place in musical history. From "Midnight Train to Georgia" to "I\'ve Got to Use My Imagination" and "Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," this album is filled with classics. —Lauren Migaki (NPR Staff)  107. The Shangri-LasLeader of the Pack (Red Bird Records, 1965) The girl-group boom of the late 1950s and 1960s cast the voice of the American teenage girl squarely into the spotlight. But The Shangri-Las, with their tough-girl personas and blue-collar Queens accents, tapped into its darker side, with dispatches from the more haunted part of the adolescent psyche — where every broken date or fight with mom is weighted with potentially apocalyptic significance. Neither of the two sets of sisters — the Weisses and the Gansers — that comprised the group were over 17 when they recorded the Billboard chart-topper "Leader of the Pack," the melodramatic apex of the teen-tragedy genre that gave their 1965 debut LP its name (and which, it turned out, wouldn\'t even be their only song in which a young lover dies blinded by tears.) The revving motorcycl']' but not to '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Stories: 1) Colin Meloy of The Decemberists 2) Remembering Father Robert Drinan 3) The Metropolitan Opera in a Theater Near You']'.

Question: Of Puppies and Profits: The Beigie Awards

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Eight times a year, a very special event happens: the release of the Beige Book, AKA "The Summary Of Commentary On Current Economic Conditions." But people in the know call it the Beige Book... because the cover is beige.  The Federal Reserve Bank of the U.S. is broken up into districts that cover different parts of the US. The economists at each of these regional banks make a bunch of calls to local business owners, workers and industry experts and get little anecdotes from people about how things are looking for them. They then gather up all of these stories and put them together in a report or chapter of the Beige Book.  To honor these economist story-tellers, we created an award for the story or anecdote that best captures some part of the economy or really brings something to life. For this edition, the Beigie goes to... the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston!  We speak with economist Mary Burke of the Boston Fed and Ian Burnett of The Fish and Bone in Boston about one section of the economy that has been booming during the pandemic: pets!  Music by Drop Electric. Find us: Twitter / Facebook / Newsletter.  Subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, PocketCasts and NPR One.

Minimum Wage, Good News / Bad News, Real Bears vs. Real Colts, Space Diaries, Last Chance for Oysters, Life of a Dealer


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Question: Rep. McClintock, R-Sacramento?

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A little political intrigue for the end of the week, as a newspaper report suggests California¿s most recognizable conservative lawmaker may be considering a run for Congress from Sacramento.
Washington, D.C. based Roll Call reports today that state Sen. Tom McClintock (R-Thousand Oaks) may run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat representing California¿s 4th district. [...]

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Are Democrats In Congress Trying To Thwart Calif. Redistricting?  - Brain Researcher Antonio Damasio


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Question: Moose, Bears, and Traffic

Researchers in Grand Teton National Park have found that bears there shy      away from roads. So as the park's bear population has grown, Grand Teton moose have gravitated toward human traffic when they want to avoid bears. Find out more on this Moment of Science.

Carl reads three quotes from the weeks news: Stocks Gone Wild, Them Crazy Londoners, and M is for Marriage.


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Question: Remembering Nobel Prize-Winning Mathematician John Nash

The great mathematician, whose accomplishments and struggle with schizophrenia were depicted in the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, died with his wife, Alice, in a car accident on Saturday. "His suffering, I know, was real," says University of Chicago economist Roger Myerson. "But he was touched by glory."

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This week, a fall ritual took place: the awarding of the Nobel Prizes. This year's winners studied how proteins are transported inside cells, watched atoms move during fast chemical reactions, and firmed up the math behind particle physics. Join us in this hour for your chance to talk with some of this year's winners.   Guests:   Ahmed Zewail 1999 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Linus Pauling Chair of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California  Gunter Blobel 1999 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine John D Rockefeller, Jr. Professor Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute The Rockefeller University New York, New York  Steven Weinberg 1979 Nobel Laureate in Physics Professor, Department of Physics University of Texas Austin, Texas


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Question: Remembering Country Music Singer Rose Maddox

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Country music's Rose Maddox, who at age 11 embarked on a decades-long singing career, has died. Maddox became a big hit after World War II, touring with her four brothers. Their band was called, Maddox Brothers and Rose. She won a Grammy in 1996 for her CD, <EM>$35 And A Dream</EM>. Maddox died yesterday of kidney failure. She was 71 years old. NPR's Linda Wertheimer has this remembrance.

Stories: 1) Hank Williams' Family Legacy on Display 2) Remembering Wayne Conner


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Question: Dr. Ruth Westheimer on Love and Money

Sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer examines the connections between romance and finances and offers tips for keeping the two from colliding.

Stories: 1) Julie Andrews, Making Good after a Miserable Youth 2) Remembering Charlton Heston, Actor and Activist


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The provided query could be '['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'U.S. Nears Taliban Deal To Reduce Afghanistan Violence And Begin Withdrawing Troops']' and the positive '['represent the subtitle to find a news title on npr with less details.', 'The United States and the Taliban appear to be making significant progress towards a deal that should see the drawing down of some U.S. troops from Afghanistan.']' and the negative '['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Good morning, here are our early stories: -- 6 Headlines That Tell The Story Of The Iowa Caucus Results. -- Teens Arrested In Mass Shooting At Seattle Homeless Camp. -- Groundhog Day 2016: Punxsutawney Phil Did Not See His Shadow. And here are more early headlines:  Obama, Speaker Ryan To Meet For Lunch, Discussion. (The Hill) Shuttle Diplomacy As Syrian Peace Talks Open. (New York Times) Syria Agrees "In Principle" To Allow Aid Into 3 Towns. (VOA) Heavy Winter Storm, Blizzard Conditions Moving Into Central U.S. (NWS) U.S. Airstrikes Destroy ISIS Radio Station In Eastern Afghanistan. (AP) Occupation Supporters Meet Angry Residents In Burns, Oregon Protest. (OPB) Puerto Rico Seeks Bond Restructuring To Ease Economic Crisis. (AP)']'

Question: It's Time To Remind Everyone: There's No Second 'S' In 'Daylight Saving'

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Make sure your clocks spring forward an hour this weekend, and make sure you say or write that most of the U.S. is switching to "daylight saving time," not "daylight savingS." If you do add that second "s," you will be robocalled at 2 a.m. Sunday and at other annoying hours until April 1. Fair warning: The message that Korva has recorded is not in her usual "everything's cool" tone of voice.  Also remember this (from the National Institute of Standards and Technology):  "Most of the United States follows daylight saving time, but a few regions do not. Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and most of Arizona do not observe DST. In Arizona, the Navajo Indian territories do observe DST."  Finally, before any of you send emails about Florida, it has not yet been given the OK to stay on daylight saving time year-round.

Brett Favre announced yesterday that he will continue playing. But only for one more year. And if you believe that, then you also must believe that the following events will also occur, as they appear to be far more likely than his actual retirement -- as we noted in a post that ran one year ago yesterday. 1. Yale Students Welcome Snooki On Her First Day 2. Lady Gaga Unveils Line Of Tummy-Shaping Undergarments 3. New 'American Idol' Judges Are A Big Hit; Show's Problems Solved 4. J-Lo Arrested In Extensive Anti-Booty Rioting 5. Brett Favre Eaten By Coyotes 6. James Franco: 'It's Probably Time To Calm Down' 7. Kathryn Bigelow Says James Cameron Is 'Probably Right' About 3D 8. What Ever Happened To Justin Bieber? 9. Herbert Hoover Reincarnated As Large, Enthusiastic Cocker Spaniel 10. Bryn Mawr Endows Katy Perry Chair 11. Musicologists Discover 'Thus Spake Zarathustra' Speeded Up 800 Percent Sounds Like 'Yakety Sax' 12. Experts Agree: Helen Mirren Has Totally Let Herself Go 13. Bret Michaels Gets Green Party Endorsement 14. Kanye Interrupted At VMAs By Irate, Obscene Rant From Bon Iver's Justin Vernon 15. Brett Favre Shocks World By Totally Not Retiring At All 16. Starbucks Introduces Prozac-Infused "Happuccino" 17. Health Trend Continues As 'Fiber Emporium' Buys Out 436 Dying Cupcake Stores 18. Internet Reaches Consensus: 'It Turns Out It Was Mostly A Misunderstanding' 19. Public Embraces Inexpensive Pacifiers Made From Recycled Truck Tires 20. It's Official, Guv'nor: Brits Love American-Made Tea 21. Worldwide Fretting Over Jennifer Aniston's Love Life Suspended 22. Brett Favre Struck By Lightning While Playing Golf 23. Cold Fusion Discovered By Participant In ABC's 'Shark Tank' 24. Facebook Streamlines Privacy Controls With 'Just Don't Tell Anybody Anything About Me Unless I Say It's Okay' Button 25. Brett Favre Plans Stint In Minor League Baseball: What Could Go Wrong?


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Question: Kicking and Screaming, Metal Back in Music Spotlight

Whatever happened to heavy metal? On tonight's Grammy Awards, the five nominees in the Best Metal Performance category might wonder if they even want to be invited to the party; the music has rarely gotten along well with the pop music establishment. And it has been years since an industry spotlight has shined on a heavy metal band.  The state of heavy metal may be in question, but partisans can agree on one thing: The form's roots are located in the chugging guitar and wailing vocals of two bands: Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. "It's very powerful music," says Shawn Bosler, a New York writer and musician. "It's bombastic, it's like Wagner, and the themes have always been fantasy or war."  Bosler counts himself as a longtime follower of metal and its misunderstood fans. It's always been pimply-faced, geeky, long-haired kids who don't fit in. They feel outcast somehow," Bosler says.  Accordingly, metal led its fans along a couple of dark pathways. Down one: death and suicide, gore and Satan. Down the other, slightly less-morbid, path: a Lord of the Rings-style fantasy world with monsters and hobbits. So things went through the '70s and '80s, when British bands like Deep Purple, Iron Maiden and Motorhead ruled the scene. A scene encapsulated by the 1986 cult documentary Heavy Metal Parking Lot, which captured the excitement of teenage fans hanging out before the big show. Metal has done its best to change with the times — the so-called hair bands, spandex-clad pretty boys, in the 1980s, even rap-metal in the '90s. This created some theoretical problems for bands who would have preferred to remain more in touch with metal's roots.  "They didn't take influence from the hair-metal bands; they didn't take influence from the rap metal bands," says Albert Mudrian, Editor-In-Chief of Decibel Magazine. "They took influence from this underground movement that was going strong without the benefit of mainstream attention for many years."  Mudrian says that, freed from the pressure of the mainstream, metal went underground. Now, a diverse set of bands have re-invigorated the scene, inspired in part by the heavy, virtuoso playing of old-school metal groups like Led Zeppelin and Metallica, the biggest metal group of the '90s. They're even into monsters again. Heavy metal has always gone for big and heavy and hairy. So maybe it's appropriate that the band Decibel named the very best of 2006 is called Mastodon. Brann Daillor, the band's drummer, says his genre has grown into something that fosters innovation. "There's this preconceived notion that if you want to be successful and be on the radio, you have to dumb it down," Daillor says "Just give them a four/four, the song has to be three and a half minutes long, verse/chorus/verse/chorus/bridge, and that's it. Besides jazz, there's the possibility with heavy music to be really technical and really push yourself as a musician." Mastodon, which came together in Atlanta during metal's commercially lean years, unapologetically embrace the genre's grandiose beginnings. Each of their albums tells an epic story — Leviathan, from 2004, is a retelling of Moby Dick; last year's Blood Mountain is about a quest to climb a mountain made of blood to capture a crystal skull.  "Imagery and storytelling and the art of the whole thing is interesting to us to write about that stuff and have the artwork on the cover. [It's] the mystique of it all," says Bill Kelliher, one of Mastodon's guitarists. "For us it has to be epic and it has to be a giant something or other," adds Daillor. "A mountain. Something monolithic. A giant squid, a giant whale. It makes for really bad-ass T-shirts, too." Mastodon signed to a major label for Blood Mountain, which has sold 90,000 copies and is up for a Grammy. But other bands are making a mark. The Boston group Killswitch Engage, for example, has sales of nearly 200,000 for their record As Daylight Dies since its release last November. That's still nowhere near the numbers Metallica sold in its heyday, but according to Albert Mudrian of Decibel, something crucial has happened within the genre. "All these factions and all these bands [have been] coming together in a community and trying out different things and bouncing ideas off one another in a lot of ways and creating new avenues to go with things," Mudrian says.  Chances are, the appeal will persist through the changes. Heavy metal is the horror-movie genre of rock music — equal parts silly and scary, and endlessly appealing to teenage boys, no matter how much it is parodied — from Spinal Tap to Beavis and Butthead to Tenacious D.  "Here's the key to it, really," Mudrian says. "The thing that any superfan of metal will think is the coolest thing they can find, isn't the heaviest riffs or the fastest beats or the craziest vocals. It's bands being sincere and genuine." Shawn Bosler agrees.  "It's kind of a call to arms of truth, in a way," he says. "Even though a lot of it is really cartoony or really silly,

Stories: 1) Bill Flanagan, Fondly Biting the TV-Network Hand 2) Devouring TV's Hits, Whole Seasons at a Time 3) Teddy Thompson, Talking Up 'Down Low'


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Question: Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed

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With the clock ticking for legislators to resolve the current year fiscal crisis, Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez vowed today to do it without Republicans if necessary.
In comments to the Sacramento Press Club, the Los Angeles Democrat emphasized that he hopes to find common ground with GOP lawmakers on how to resolve the $3.3 billion shortfall [...]

represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth Given ['Represent this subtitle to find a title that might be right above it on NPR', 'Here\'s a fresh headline that may be welcome to those who oppose the bipartisan plan to extend background checks of gun purchasers to sales made at gun shows and over the Internet:  "Rifts In Both Parties Complicate Odds For Gun Measure." (The New York Times, behind its pay wall.)  But wait, if you support the plan from Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia and Republican Sen. Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania, there\'s this:  "Manchin-Toomey Bill Inching Closer To 60 Votes In Senate." (The Hill)  The best way to look at what will happen may be reflected in this passage from The Washington Post:  "Officially, only three Republican senators — Toomey, Collins and Mark Kirk (Ill.) — have said they plan to vote for the Manchin-Toomey agreement. Democratic aides say the bill will need the backing of at least six Republican senators to pass. The [broader gun] measure still has a long and tortuous path, with dozens of amendments expected. The Senate is scheduled to begin formal debate Tuesday by first considering the plan to expand the gun background-check program."  It all sound much like what we wrote one week ago: "Blocked Or Breaking Through? Mixed Signals On Gun Bills." That was followed by the Manchin-Toomey "break through." According to The Associated Press, a vote on the Manchin-Toomey proposal could come as soon as Wednesday. Even with the uncertainty, it\'s seen as the most likely proposal to pass among a series of measures that include a proposed ban on assault-style weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines.'], a positive would be ['Represent this text to find its subtitle about the same news but with slightly more depth!', 'Will Gun Bill Pass Or Fail? Conflicting Signals Yet Again']

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Survey: Poor Customer Service Common, Expensive

Customer service is often dreadful. A recent survey suggests that one out of two customers experience problems when they shop. Long lines and uninformed sales staff are among the main complaints.  And when customers are unhappy, they don't stay quiet about it — they often share their negative experiences with others. Many retailers have been slow to recognize that the cost of poor customer service is steep. ROBERT SIEGEL, host:  From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Robert Siegel.  And now, the first of two stories that we'll have this week on a topic we all know a thing or two about - bad customer service. Whether stuck on hold trying to book a flight or wandering around a department store looking for a clerk, it doesn't take much to blow a sale.  Research shows that consumer dissatisfaction is an everyday occurrence. And as NPR's Wendy Kaufman reports, it can really hurt a business' bottom line.  WENDY KAUFMAN: Championship Vinyl is a fictional record store. But the attitude of the salesclerk played by Jack Black in the film "High Fidelity" might remind you of a shopping experience you've had.  (Soundbite of movie)  Unidentified Man #1: I'm looking for a record for my daughter for her birthday. "I Just Called to Say I Love You," do you have it?  Mr. JACK BLACK (Actor): (As Barry) Yeah.  Mr. RICH TALARICO (Actor): (As Barry's Customer) Great.  Mr. BLACK: (As Barry) We have it.  Unidentified Man #1: Great. Can I have it then?  Mr. BLACK: (As Barry) No. No, you can't.  Unidentified Man #1: Why not?  Mr. BLACK: (As Barry) Well, it's sentimental tacky crap, that's why not. Do we look like the kind of store that sells "I Just Called to Say I Love You"? Go to the mall.  KAUFMAN: Okay. So maybe customer service isn't that bad. But mention the phrase customer service to lunchtime visitors in Westlake Plaza in Downtown Seattle, and you'll get an earful.  Mr. DWAYNE FIFE(ph) (Resident, Seattle): There are very few companies that understand the real meaning of customer service - they don't do it well. And unfortunately, I've seen that way, way, way too much.  KAUFMAN: Dwayne Fife's complaint is a common one. When the Wharton School of Business and the Verde Consulting Group tallied up the numbers in their new customer dissatisfaction study, they found that one out of every two consumers experiences a problem when they shop. Fife, for example, tells of buying a pair of $150 name-brand sneakers that began to fall apart after just three weeks.  Mr. FIFE: And I took them back and they said sorry, nothing we can do for you. Excuse me, I've spent $150 on these shoes and there's nothing you can do for me? No.  KAUFMAN: He wrote the shoe company's corporate headquarters and got no reply. He penned a second letter, then a third and a fourth - still no answer. He says he'll never buy another pair of that company's shoes.  So what, you might think. No big deal. But Fife, like one third of all the other dissatisfied customers, told his family, his friends, his co-workers about his experience. And the story he told probably wasn't very pretty.  Retail expert Paula Courtney, head of the Verde Group, says when consumers tell of negative experiences, they often embellish them.  Ms. PAULA COURTNEY (Chief Executive Officer, Verde Group):  In the re-telling of the story, we become more animated and we color the story a bit more. What starts off as you had a rude person at a store could, by the time you tell that story for the fifth time, become the employee was abusive. That's why negative word of mouth is so powerful.  KAUFMAN: And just how powerful? The data shows that half of those who hear about someone else's negative experience won't shop at that establishment in the future.  In the 1980s and '90s, many retailers began to focus on providing value and convenience, great prices, and long hours. Attentive in-store service began to decline.  Shoppers didn't complain much; after all, prices were falling. But now, says author Robert Spector, who writes about retailing, customers expect low prices and good service.  Mr. ROBERT SPECTOR (Author, "The Nordstrom Way: The Inside Story of America's #1 Customer Service Company"): As we walk into the store, you see there's a centralized customer service station in front so...  KAUFMAN: He says even in a big box store, like this one in west Seattle, customers want certain things.  Mr. SPECTOR: ...having a broad selection in a very attractive, easy to navigate store and if you have a problem or if you're looking for something, there's somebody here to help you.  KAUFMAN: Back at Westlake Plaza, consumer	 Celeste Province(ph) couldn't agree more.  Ms. CELESTE PROVINCE (Resident, Seattle): I am very frustrated when I'm walking down an aisle and I can't find somebody just to ask a simple question to or if I feel like, you know - they can take it or leave it.  KAUFMAN: Part of the problem is hiring the wrong people to begin with. Add in the lack of training and astonishingly high turnover

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State Finances in the Black at $3.1 Billion. More Californians Traveling Abroad for Essential Surgeries. End Music.


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Question: Trump's Former Attorney Pleading Guilty To Tax Fraud And Other Charges

President Trump's former attorney has told a federal judge in Manhattan that he intends to enter a guilty plea. NPR's Ailsa Chang speaks with University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladeck about the deal.

If it's Tuesday, somebody somewhere is voting. Here are some of the headlines we're watching: Today's Primaries: Gingrich's Swan Song Or Reason To Remain? It's Zip It Day On Google. World Stocks Rise Ahead Of Federal Reserve Meeting. (CBS) 'Do Not Recall': James Murdoch Says He Had No Reason To Suspect Wrongdoing At Media Empire. (MSNBC) Syrian Rebels Target Security Officials, Killing 3 And Rocking Damascus With Bomb Blast. (AP) South Sudan Says Sudan's Actions Equal Declaration Of War. (VOA) Roger Clemens 'Trapped' By Deceit, Prosecutors Say In Perjury Retrial. (Los Angeles Times) John Edwards' Former Aide Takes Stand Against Former Boss. (AP) Ryan Seacrest Inks New Two-year Deal To Stay With 'American Idol'. (Hollywood Reporter)


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Question: Filmically Perfect   "CREEP SHOW" 1982

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Five jolting tales of horror from the cryptkeepr! (illustrated by Jack Davis)

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Interview with DAVID CALOF cont'd.Floating :30 I.D 12:35 and 12:45]


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Question: Michael Oren - Power, Faith and Fantasy: History of the US in the Middle East

Michael Oren's Power, Faith, and Fantasy explores the history of America's political, military, and intellectual involvement in the Middle East from George Washington to George W. Bush.

For well over two centuries, American statesmen, merchants, and missionaries, both men and women, have had a profound impact on the shaping of this crucial region. Drawing on government documents and personal letters, featuring original maps and over 60 photographs, this book reconstructs the diverse and remarkable ways in which Americans have interacted with this alluring yet often hostile land stretching from Morocco to Iran, from the Persian Gulf to the Bosporus. Covering over 230 years of history, Oren's latest is an indispensable work for anyone interested in understanding the roots of America's Middle East involvement today.

Oren is a Senior Fellow at the Shalem Center; a visiting professor at Harvard and Yale Universities; and the author of the best-selling Six Days of War. Oren lives in Jerusalem.

Visit us at www.wgbh.org/forum to explore our entire collection of lectures.

On today's show we look into the Christian Zionist movement, made up of evangelical Christians who see the rebirth of Israel as a prelude to the second coming of Christ. Journalist Gershom Gorenberg is former associate editor and columnist for The Jerusalem Report.  He is the author of the book, The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.  His new book is The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977


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Question: Preemies May Be Exposed To High Levels Of Phthalates In The NICU

Parents with a premature baby in the neonatal intensive care unit don't need one more thing to worry about. But researchers say that plasticizers used in medical equipment may pose unique risks to very small babies. The chemical DEHP is used to make catheters, endotracheal tubes and other medical equipment soft and pliable. It and other phthalates have been found to affect growth and development in animal studies. But the doctors at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who conducted this review say they're more concerned about its immediate health effects on critically ill infants. "I had wondered for years how much they might be getting and what the health effects might be," says Dr. Eric Mallow, a neonatologist and public health researcher at Hopkins. "We take the NICU totally for granted, and we don't necessarily think about the things right in front of us." Mallow and his colleagues reviewed published data on DEHP's known toxicity, and how much it leaches out of polyvinyl chloride medical devices. They then calculated how much a very small preemie, about 2 pounds, would be exposed to. They determined that a critically ill preemie hooked up to multiple tubes and devices containing DEHP could be exposed to 16 milligrams per kilogram of body weight a day of the chemical, which is 160,000 times higher than desired to avoid liver damage. The study was published Thursday in the Journal of Perinatology. Most studies of DEHP have focused on its effects as an endocrine disruptor; it's been shown to affect development of male sex organs in mice. But Mallow thinks it might affect preemies' health more immediately. "DEHP and other phthalates are proinflammatory, and most of the injuries that preemies get are inflammatory in nature," Mallow told Shots. There's no proof that DEHP is causing or contributing to those injuries, he notes. No research has been done on that. Parents and doctors shouldn't avoid needed medical procedures because medical equipment may contain DEHP, the Food and Drug Administration said in a 2002 public health notification on the issue. Some hospitals have moved to use equipment without DEHP; in 2013, the Kaiser Permanente system pledged to reduce or eliminate use of IV lines and other equipment with DEHP. "But the great majority of units have not made that switch," Mallow says. Parents and doctors shouldn't avoid needed medical procedures because medical equipment may contain DEHP, the Food and Drug Administration said in a 2002 public health notification on the issue. It has recommended that devices without DEHP be used for high-risk procedures, and that exposure be minimized, for instance, by using "the freshest, coldest blood products available" so they absorb less DEHP. "The devices and plastics were first introduced in adult intensive care," Mallow says. When the devices were adapted for use in children, "the material didn't change, and didn't take into consideration the particular vulnerability of the population. But when you get down to a one-pound baby who has tenuous organ function and is very immature, the materials used to care for that baby should be given consideration." He realizes that his study could worry parents already dealing with a sick child, Mallow says: "I realize this could be a side effect of this paper." But he hopes the information in this study will be used to make NICUs safer for all babies.

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Good morning - here are some of our early headlines: Protesters Attack U.S. Diplomatic Buildings in Egypt, Libya; One American Worker Killed. (CNN) Chicago Teachers' Strike Starts Third Day, No Breakthrough Seen. (Chicago Tribune) German Court Backs European Bailout Plan. (Wall Street Journal) Two Factory Fires In Pakistan Kill At Least 191. (Voice Of America) Obama Administration Approves First Group Of Immigrant Children Applying To Stay In U.S. (AP) That Big Stink In Los Angeles? It's Decaying Matter From The Inland Salton Sea. (Los Angeles Times) Apple Expected To Unveil New Smartphone Today. (WHEC) FAMU Blames Hazing Victim For His Own Death; Parents Outraged. (ABC) Calif. Refinery Pipe Was Corroded, Thinned Just Before Explosion Last Month. (San Francisco Chronicle) Tropical Storm Nadine Strengthens Far Out In Atlantic, No Threat To Land. (National Hurricane Center)


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Question: 'Avengers: Endgame' Is A Satisfying Super-Wrap

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The Marvel Cinematic Universe has brought us Iron Man movies, Thor movies, Captain America movies, Avengers movies, and many other superhero franchises over the last decade, and they all feed into one epic that ties up many of the loose ends. Today we're talking the juggernaut to end all juggernauts, Avengers: Endgame. Show Notes:  Read Glen's review of Avengers: Endgame What's making Glen happy: I Think You Should Leave with Tim Robinson What's making Linda happy: Josh Gondelman's new album Dancing on a Weeknight and his appearance on the podcast Jordan, Jesse, Go!  What's making Scott happy: Game of Thrones What's making Stephen happy: Lil Dicky's new song "Earth"  The audio was produced and edited by Jessica Reedy.

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Stories: 1) Gary Shteyngart: A 'Love Story' In A Sad Future 2) 'Bridesmaids': A Raunchy, Hilarious Chick Flick 3) Early Impulse: A 50-Year Legacy In Jazz


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Question: 'Birther' Disrupts U.S. House Constitution Reading

The reading of the Constitution in the House is over but not without incident. A "birther" self-identified as "Theresa" shouted "Except Obama" as Rep. Frank Pallone, a New Jersey Democrat, read the section laying out the constitutional qualifications for president. Politico reports the woman uttered:  ... "Except Obama, except Obama. Help us Jesus." An officer removed her from the gallery as she yelled out "My name is Theresa." "You're under arrest," the officer could be heard telling her as he led her through double doors at the back of the chamber.  Politico's video snippet shows that the House parliamentarian was ready. He handed note cards with the appropriate warnings and commands to the lawmaker presiding over the chamber. My fellow NPR blogger, Mark Memmott, tells me that, for the record, it took 1 hour, 24 minutes and 24 seconds for the reading of the Constitution, give or take a few seconds for the "birther" outburst.

News Headlines: Jan. 28, 2007 Talk About It:New York Times: Races Entering Complex Phase Over Delegates -- "The presidential campaign is entering a new phase as Democratic and Republican candidates move beyond state-by-state competition and into a potentially protracted scramble for delegates Congressional district by Congressional district. The shifting terrain is influencing the strategies of candidates from both parties." What's your reaction to the results of South Carolina's primary? What do you think Florida holds for the GOP? Election 2008:Washington Post: In S.C., Black Vote Was Vital, But Not Whole Story New York Times: Jackson: Not Upset by Clinton Remarks | Toni Morrison Endorses Obama Fox News: Huckabee on Romney's Fried Chicken Moment Washington Post: Kennedy Endorses Obama In Blow to Clinton AP: Indicted Obama Fundraiser Rezko Arrested Philadelphia Inquirer: In Fla., Age Is an Issue for McCain Nation:Politico: Final Bush SOTU Unlikely to Yield Surprises The AJC: 10,000 African-American Baptists Confer in Atlanta Newsday: Immigrant-Rights Group Reaches Out to Blacks Detroit Free Press: Kilpatrick Chief of Staff Quits Post Over Texts Washington Post: Black Historical Figures Get Their Due World:New York Times: Ethnic Violence in Rift Valley Is Tearing Kenya Apart AFP: EU Launches Chad, CAR Peacekeeping Mission Money & Finance:New York Times: 'Washington Post' Starts Online Magazine for Blacks AFP: Blacks See 'Financial Apartheid' in Subprime Crisis AP: New Home Sales Plunged by Record Amount in 2007 People:Black Voices: Ruby Dee Wins First SAG Award AP: Sears' Lewis to Step Down As CEO


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Question: Friday Night Football

High School Football playoffs are underway in North Carolina.  Reporter Dave DeWitt prepared this audio postcard from the Hillside Hornets' first playoff game.

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Nobel Peace Prize Winner Wangari Matthai

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A discussion with Nobel Peace Prize-winning biologist Wangari Matthai. (pre-recorded)

Stories: 1) Veteran Peacemakers O'Malley, Maharaj on Iraq 2) Nuala O'Faolain, Journalist and Author, Dead at 68


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Question: ISIS Recruiting After The Caliphate

The reclusive leader of the Islamic State group appeared in a new video released Monday. In the video, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi seeks to rally his followers in what he calls a battle of attrition. Here & Now‘s Jeremy Hobson speaks with Colin Clarke (@ColinPClarke), senior research fellow at The Soufan Center. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.

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Stories: 1) Seymour Hersh: Obama To Spotlight Syria 2) The Ghost Of Populism Walks Again — Again


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Question: From One Of Ted's Recommended

From one of Ted's recommended recordings, Pierre Monteux (pyair mohn-T(OO)) conducts the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the finale of Cesar Franck's Symphony in D minor. (RCA 6805-2-RG)

2021 Podcast By Emily M. 9/11 NPR A Cultural Disconnect: The US and Iran A Dive into Diversity Aidan Sockrider's NPR Student Contest Submission Albert Barnes All About Cancel Culture All Natural: Yellowstone National Park An Ode to Ants Anxiety In Kids and Teens AP B3 A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words A Possibly Positive Pandemic? Arab Teens Asian Stereotypes Athlete's Corner: Pandemics, Protein Shakes, and Home Workouts Auggie's Pet Podcast Avocado Mafia Break In The Story Of Laurie Dann Butterflies in our Stomach Butterflies Unscripted Candy to My Ears Charlie's Family Podcast Charlie Brown Parallels to the Past Part Two Cinthia A - NPR Podcast Challenge 2021 Climate Change Coping with Covid Covid Conversations Creativity and Nature Dancing Fire Dark 'n' Stormy Dark Childhood Theories Death By Sugar: The Great Molasses Flood Of 1919 Different Bodies, Different Reasons Dinosaurs Drinks with a Tasteful Twist Environmental Activism With Orla Malloy Escape From Alcatraz Evolution Of Slang Exhale Forget, Fix, or Forgive Food Waste Frog Bridge & The Soul of Willimantic Genres Of Music Gratitude GSNPR Podcast Contest Guinness World Records Harmful Gender Norms Haunted Hometown: Pleasanton, California Helmet Podcast Hieu Tam Pham High School Memories History of Music Hole Donut How Are Sports Affected? How Can We Stop Global Warming How the first trillionaire will come about How to Bake the World's Best Chocolate Chip Cookies How to Make Students' Lives Engaging During COVID-19 Hyphenated I Am Black Excellence If You Close Your Eyes In a Pickle Inclusion Indian Small Farmers' Fight for Democracy Industry Juniors Interviews with Grandma In The Eye Of The Storm IRL Podcast It's A Twin Thing Japanime Podcast Just Clowning Around KIDWARZ Leadership Podcast Legal Misconduct Let's Talk About Sustainability! LGBTQ discrimination Life Of A Racecar Driver Llama Podcast Local Artist LOTR Male Depression Match Of The Century Media and Reality: TV's Effect on Black Women Megan Ramirez NPR Mental Health For Students Mental Health in Movies and TV Mirror, Mirror On The Dog Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women Miss Mattie and Scooter Mouse MLK Marches in Cicero My Small Business Journey Mysterious Earth Nad - Cast 1 - 3 12 21, 10.45 PM Nate Drohan: Sleep Talk Podcast Native American Mascots Neighborhood News NMC21: Q No Longer a Child One year of distance Online or in person schooling? Operation Paperclip Opinions on Group Homes Pandemic Blues Pandemics and Students Parents Just Don't Understand Parents Vs. Kids Pickled Punks Podcast PTSD: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Quarantine Daydreams R.O.G.U.E. Podcast Episode 4 Part 1: Authenticity Representation In Film Risk Takers Podcast Sardines Lost At Sea Scary Story Slight of Hand Sophia's Podcast on Eagles Speech And Debate Podcast Stories Around The Ghost Light: 24 Hours Before You Lose It All Survival Of The Vietnam War Taylor A's Story Technology Dating Texting While Zooming The Breakout Room The Days Before US The Degradation of the Y Chromosome The Effect Of Machismo The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly: The Electoral College The Great Emu War The Hauntings of Breckie The Hauntings of Breckie The History of Classical Music The Importance Of Self Care During A Pandemic The Inexplicable Heist The Lavender Scare The Mystery Of Roanoke Island The Podcast People There is a Banana in my Podcast The Rise Of Anti - Asian Hate The Simpsons Podcast The Speculative Implications of Trans- Temporal Travel The Subtle Things: Teacher-Student Relationships The Trolley Problem The Underlying Problems In The Gaming Industry The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Water Rights Settlement Act The Weekend that Went Wrong This or That: School Edition Through Many Glass Ceilings Thurscast TriplePoint Two Brothers, One Mother Tye Rollins: A Hero in Scrubs and a White Coat Understanding the Hijab Unknown Monsters: Climate Change Victoria Viruses are NOT a Race Voices Of Hawaii Weird Laws in America What's Good? What is Worth Fighting For? Where Are You Daddy? Why TikTok is a Black Hole Zobia and Lila


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Question: Senate Approves Plan To Keep Government Funded Through September

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With a potential government shutdown a week away, the Senate has been slogging through a spending bill that will pay for federal operations through the end of the fiscal year on Sept. 30. Tamara Keith talks to Robert Siegel.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biggest Prize In Chemistry Goes To Designers Of The Smallest Machines. -- VP Debate Throws Another Curve Into 2016's Long And Winding Road. -- Labor Report Urges Study Of A Federal Role In State Workers' Comp Laws. And here are more early headlines: Hurricane Matthew Lashes Cuba, Heads North Toward U.S. (NHC) REPORT: Yahoo Secretly Reviewed Users' Emails For U.S. Intelligence. (Reuters) Russia Deploys Missile Defense System To Syrian Port. (BBC) Afghan Donor Conference Opens In Brussels. (ABC) New Jersey Lawmakers To Vote On Boosting Gas Tax By 23 Cents. (Asbury Park Press) Investigators Have 2nd Train Recorder From Hoboken Crash. (CBS) Federal Appeals Panel Hearing Dakota Access Pipeline Case. (AP)


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Question: Libyan Rebels Threaten To Invade Bani Walid

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Rebels in Libya have encircled the pro-Gadhafi stronghold of Bani Walid and are threatening to attack the town. Bani Walid is one of only a handful of towns still controlled by Gadhafi forces.

Good morning - here are our early stories: Obama, Romney Trade Jokes; Critics Aim At Obama's 'Optimal' Comment. Malala Stands For First Time Since Being Shot By Taliban, Doctors Say. And these headlines: Ill. Rep. Joe Walsh Says Abortions Not Needed To Save Women's Lives. (Politico) Syrian Jets Drop Cluster Bombs On Rebel Town, Killing Civilians. (AFP) Turkey Retaliates Again After Syrian Shells Fall Into Its Territory. (Al-Arabiya) North And South Korea Trade War Threats Over Provocative Leaflets. (Korea Times) Following Alleged Rape, Curfew Imposed On All U.S. Military Personnel In Japan. (Stars and Stripes) Amtrak High Speed Train To Travel 110 MPH In Illinois Today In Midwest. (AP) Sandusky Seeks New Trial, Claims Insufficient Evidence To Convict Him. (CNN)


Question: Supreme Court Left Donor Disclosure Rules Intact

Democrats and liberals are still in shock after the Supreme Court last week allowed corporations to start spending money in political campaigns. But the same decision dealt a setback to some conservative activists by upholding laws requiring disclosure of political donors. Writing for the majority in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Justice Anthony Kennedy said that transparency enables voters to make informed decisions and weigh different speakers and messages. Silver Lining? Tara Malloy, a lawyer at the Campaign Legal Center, which defends campaign finance laws, says that this part of the opinion is a silver lining. "If anything, the court seemed to almost herald disclosure," Malloy says. Most politicians generally seem to like disclosure. Last week, House Republication leader John Boehner did what GOP leaders in Congress have often done: He quoted long-ago liberal Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis. "I have always believed that sunshine was the best disinfectant," Boehner said. Even the lawyer who filed the lawsuit for the Citizens United group, James Bopp, says he generally agrees — but not entirely.  "There is nothing to disinfect when we're talking about the average citizen or an advocacy group that's simply speaking out about issues that they are concerned about," Bopp says. Bopp and other conservative activists are challenging disclosure laws in the same way they contest other campaign finance laws. Until last week, they seemed to be making headway. Bopp won a milestone case in the Supreme Court in 2007. And subsequently, there was a whole rash of challenges filed just before the 2008 elections. Malloy points to disclosure cases now pending in federal court in North Carolina and in state courts in Ohio and West Virginia. She says the Citizens United decision will help defenders of disclosure requirements. Why Conservatives Dislike Disclosure Conservatives make two broad points against disclosure. First, they say that donors have a First Amendment right to both political speech and anonymity, particularly if the money is small or if it doesn't go directly to candidates. Paul Lehto, a liberal legal scholar in Michigan, disagrees.  "When you enter the public square," he says, "I mean in all different kinds of areas of the law, you waive — to a large if not total extent — any reasonable expectation of privacy." The second argument against disclosure is more concrete. Some donors say they face retaliation from opponents who track them down through disclosure filings. Bopp says that nothing in the Citizens United opinion weakens that argument. "One thing that we are paying attention to that the court said," Bopp says, "is that you need some specific allegations that there's a potential for harassment and intimidation." New Cases Relate To Ruling And those allegations are central in two cases the Supreme Court addressed this month. It agreed to hear a case from Washington state, where voters signed a petition to block gay marriages by ballot initiative. They don't want their names disclosed. In California, gay plaintiffs are challenging the state's ban on gay marriage. Defenders of the ban said that video from the courtroom could set them up for retaliation from gay-marriage advocates. Five justices voted to block videos of the trial. The retaliation argument rests on some established precedents, including a lawsuit brought by the Socialist Workers Party in 1982. California lawyer William Lacy says that he has compared the facts in the Socialist Workers case with the current cases in California and Washington. "And I can tell you that the harassment that's been reported against donors to the ban on same-sex marriage has been far worse than any of the facts that were put before the Supreme Court in the Socialist Workers exemption," Lacy says. But there's an important difference: The Washington and California cases are about ideological advocates, and the Supreme Court seems sympathetic to those who would limit disclosure in such instances.  The campaign finance cases, on the other hand, involve people who give money. And the court now sounds rather more skeptical, even as it permits unlimited spending by corporations. ROBERT SIEGEL, host:  Democrats are still in shock after the Supreme Court ruling last week that allowed corporations to start spending money on political campaigns. But the same decision also dealt a setback to some conservative activists by upholding laws that require disclosure of political donors.  NPRs Peter Overby reports.  PETER OVERBY: Writing the courts opinion in Citizens United versus the Federal Election Commission, Justice Anthony Kennedy said transparency enables voters to make informed decisions and to weigh different speakers and messages. Tara Malloy is a lawyer at the Campaign Legal Center, which defends campaign finance laws. She says that part of the opinion is a silver lining.  Ms. TARA MALLOY (Lawyer, Campaign Legal Center): If anything, the court seemed

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Senate Investigation: WaMu Mortgages 'Infected The Entire Financial System'

represent the subtitle to find a news title on npr with less details For example, ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Ten years ago this week, the popular scientist Carl Sagan died, but his work and legacy live on. Sagan\'s widow, Ann Druyan, has gathered some of his lectures on science and religion into a new book, The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God. Druyan discusses her late husband\'s continuing contributions to the public understanding of science. Guest: Ann Druyan, widow of Carl Sagan and editor of Sagan\'s The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God IRA FLATOW, host:  This is TALK OF THE NATION: SCIENCE FRIDAY. I\'m Ira Flatow.   Ten years ago this week, the popular scientist, author, TV star Carl Sagan died. Sagan was a first-class scientist but he wasn\'t content to do just science; he wanted to share the thrill he got from science with the rest of us. His enthusiasm for science came through in his lectures, and his television and his radio appearances, and in his books.   Here he is, for example, talking to us on SCIENCE FRIDAY, in May of 1996, talking about his book "A Pale Blue Dot," where the name came from.   Mr. CARL SAGAN (Astronomer): I was an experimenter around the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. And after they swept by the Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune systems, it was possible to do something I had wanted to do from the beginning, and that is to turn the cameras on one of these spacecraft back to photograph the planet from which it had come. And clearly, there would not be much scientific data from this because we were so far away that the earth was just a point - a pale blue dot.   But when we took the picture, there was something about it that seemed to me so - poignant; vulnerable, tiny. And if we had photographed it from a much further distance, it would have been gone, lost against the backdrop of distant stars. And to me, it - I thought there - that\'s us. That\'s our world. That\'s all of us - everybody you know, everybody you love. Everybody you ever heard of lived out their lives there, on a mote of dust in a sunbeam.   And it spoke to me about the need for us to care for one another, and also, to preserve the pale blue dot, which is the only home we\'ve ever known. And it underscored the tininess, the comparative insignificance of our world and ourselves.   FLATOW: One forgets what a terrific speaker Carl was - able to speak in thoughtful paragraphs, a great talent of his, and one he applied very well in communication with the public.   And here to talk about the life and legacy of Carl Sagan is one person who perhaps knew him best. Ann Druyan is a writer and lecturer, as well as a television and movie producer and director. She is the widow of Carl Sagan, and in their 20 years together, they worked on a book and movie, "Contact", the television series "Cosmos", among many other projects. And now, she has edited a series of lectures that Carl gave, and has turned them into a new book called "The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God".  She joins us from the Cornell University studio. Welcome back to SCIENCE FRIDAY.   Ms. ANN DRUYAN (Carl Sagan\'s Widow): Ira, it\'s always so good to be with you.   FLATOW: Thank you. You know, I was just listening to that tape, I\'ve heard it a few times today as we\'re getting ready, and I\'m just struck by the lack of a spokesperson that Carl Sagan was today, of his caliber.   Ms. DRUYAN: I had thought about that. I think about it everyday, and people write to me everyday and say the same thing. It\'s that combination of both the scientific skepticism, the rigor, along with so much feeling and passion.   FLATOW: Now that he\'s been gone for 10 years, are you surprised about how popular a figure he still remains?  Ms. DRUYAN: No, because in my biased opinion, he was a world historical figure. He was someone who was beseeching us to take the revelations of the modern scientific revolution to heart, not just to compartmentalize them and have one set of ideas in our brains and another set of ideas in our hearts, but to take those values, and then to act accordingly.   And, you know, his career - the first 40 years of the Space Age - and in that time, he managed to begin framing the questions that fascinate not just science today, but also, our culture.   FLATOW: He was very much politically, sociologically involved in what was going on in the world. What do you think if he were alive today, would be speaking out about?   Ms. DRUYAN: Well, he\'d be appalled at the current state of our federal government and the administration, and I think he would have been, you know, a desperately needed voice throughout these last six years, speaking fearlessly about the importance of reason of the rules of evidence and logic, and of course, of science.   FLATOW: Would he have been vocal about the debate in evolution and creation that has continued for the last -   Ms. DRUYAN: Yes, he writes - yeah, well, you know, it was going on, of course, throughout Carl\'s career, and in the new '] should be similar to ['Represent the headline to find a news subtitle on NPR with more details', "Carl Sagan's Scientific 'Search for God'"]

Former execs from Washington Mutual -- the thrift that got rich off bad mortgages then became the biggest failed bank in U.S. history -- are testifying in a Senate hearing today. This pre-game statement from the Senate committee gives some idea of what's on tap. Bank employees did well, even as they made loans based on fraudulent information, according to a Senate investigation:  A 2005 review of loans from two of Washington Mutual's top producing retail loan officers found fraud in 58% of the loans coming from one loan officer's operations and 83% from the other. Yet those two loan officers continued working for the bank for three years, receiving prizes for their loan production. ...  Read More >> Employees were encouraged to get people to pay higher rates than they needed to:  Loan officers and mortgage brokers were also paid more when they got borrowers to pay higher interest rates, even if the borrower qualified for a lower rate -- a practice that enriched WaMu in the short-term, but made defaults more likely down the road. ...  And, investigators say, the bank sold off questionable loans without telling investors what was going on:  Washington Mutual selected loans for its securities because they were likely to default, and failed to disclose that fact to investors. It also included loans that had been identified as containing fraudulent borrower information, again without alerting investors when the fraud was discovered. ...  There's more to come on Friday, when the committee will hear from government regulators that were supposed to be keeping an eye on WaMu. The New York Times says that a report to be released Friday will look into infighting between the Office of Thrift Supervision and the FDIC, both of which had responsibility for Washington Mutual.

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Stories: 1) Is Wall Street At Fault For Mortgage Meltdown? 2) Economy's Woes Mean Housing Crisis For Pets, Too


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Health Care Dollars and Sense

Dr. Rahul Parikh argues that patients must do their homework and understand the costs of their choices to bring down the costs of health care.

Stories: 1) The Science Behind Deep-Water Oil Drilling 2) Real Life Documentaries Trump Reality TV Every Day


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Question: Biometrics: Even If Your Eye Is Puffy

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Biometric technologies are ineffably cool. For those not geeky enough to know, biometrics are measurements that allow you to recognize a person using distinguishing traits. For instance, if you were to wake up one morning with your eye (or eyes) so horribly swollen and crazy-looking* that you were unrecognizable, your fingerprint (a common biometric) would enable you to be recognized, despite the bad case of monster-eye. Using biometrics as identifiers is getting more and more common; students are paying for their meals with their thumbs, airports are looking into iris scanning -- soon, you won't need a password for anything. Today, we're going to update you on the latest in biometric technologies... how do you feel about the new identifiers? Too Minority Report? *I woke up this morning with a wild allergic reaction in my eye, and many of my co-workers probably thought I was Robert DeNiro with long hair when I came in this afternoon.

Stories: 1) 'Brain Bugs': Cognitive Flaws That 'Shape Our Lives' 2) What It Means To Be 'Always On' A Smartphone 3) 'Turn Of Mind': The Haunted House Is In Your Head


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Question: Brown's 'Plan B 3.0' an Environmental Call to Action

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Environmentalist Lester Brown has a plan to save the planet from climate change — but it's not going to be easy or cheap.    In his new book, Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization, Brown calls for a carbon tax and more gasoline taxes to help keep looming environmental crises at bay. Brown, also the founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, discusses his new book and his ideas for combating global climate change.

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Good morning. The top story so far, as we've been reporting, is that authorities in Yemen say U.S.-born anti-American al-Qaida cleric Anwar al-Awlaki is dead. We'll keep following that story as it develops. Other top stories: -- "Obama Administration Widens Challenges To State  Immigration Laws." (The Washington Post) -- The Federal Reserve's "Operation Twist" May Be "More Powerful Than Many Investors Expect." (The Wall Street Journal) -- "In European Crisis, Experts See Little Hope For A Quick Fix." (The New York Times) -- "Cyber Attacks Mounting Fast In U.S." (CBS News) -- "Obama's Buffett Rule Backed By 63% Of Investors." (Bloomberg News) -- "Obama's Former Campaign Funders On Wall Street Turn Against Him." (Los Angeles Times)


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Question: Veronica Chambers: 'The Joy of Doing Things Badly'

Writer Veronica Chambers discusses her latest book, The Joy of Doing Things Badly: A Girl's Guide to Love, Life and Foolish Bravery.  In her book, Chambers encourages women to shed perfectionism and embrace experimentation.

Stories: 1) Primary Colors, Brighter than Usual? 2) Adrian Tomine, Drawing Delicately from Life 3) Believe It or Not, 'Lost' Returns for a New Season


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Question: Sandwich Monday: Out Of The Office

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We're on a plane to Alaska to do the show from Fairbanks. Since Continental refuses to serve all passengers fried airline peanuts on a doughnut bun (despite my many requests), no Sandwich Monday today. The good news: every week we don't do Sandwich Monday is a week added on to the end of our lives.

Fan Fare, The History of Rookwood Pottery, More Fun Than Bowling, Sugarcane Academy, Brasilia, Eclipse: Twilight, Book 3


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Question: Critic Ted Libbey Joins

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Critic Ted Libbey joins Martin for another of their weekly visits to the PT Basic Record Library. Today Ted observes the Bard's birthday with recommendations of three CDs of music from Shakespeare's time.

Stories: 1) Congressman, Civil Rights Icon John Lewis 2) Journalist, Author Ta-Nehisi Coates


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Question: Reporters' Roundtable: Bush's Second Term

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Can President Bush avoid the "second-term curse?" How will Condoleezza Rice run the State Department?  And on the civil rights front, Ward Connerly is out and Gerald Reynolds is in.  NPR's Tony Cox tackles these issues and more on this week's reporters' roundtable. Guests include Rochelle Riley, columnist with The Detroit Free Press, and Ken Cooper, national editor at The Boston Globe.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: The Weedstream Media; The Blame Game; The Grip On Germs.


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Question: Writer and former film maker GRETEL EHRLICH is the author of "The Solace of Open Spaces," a co...

2: Writer and former film maker GRETEL EHRLICH is the author of "The Solace of Open Spaces," a collection of essays about life on Wyoming's high plains. It was while walking on the Wyoming plains, that EHRLICH was struck by lightning. The force of it threw her forty feet, severly damaged part of her nervous system, and sent her into a "solitary limbo." EHRLICH returned to her parents home for medical treatment and began trying to understand what happened to her. She found explanations in medical books and in The Tibetan Book of the Dead, which described a wandering state between life and death, confusion and enlightenment. EHRLICH's new book is "A Match to the Heart." (Pantheon).

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Book critic MAUREEN CORRIGAN considers "The Rules: Time-tested Secrets for Capturing the Heart of Mr. Right" by Sherrie Fein and Sherrie Schneider (Warner Books). INT. 2: Irish Writer WILLIAM TREVOR, whom The New Yorker called "probably the greatest living writer of short stories in the English language." Besides his eight volumes of short stories, he has written eleven novels, several plays for stage and for radio and television, and stories for The New Yorker, The New York Times, and other magazines. In 1994 his memoir, "Excursions in the Real World" was published by Knopf. He writes about his family and childhood in Ireland. His latest book is "After Rain" published by Viking. It is a collection of short stories many which appeared in the magazine The New Yorker. He also has two previous books being released on paperback "Elizabeth Alone," and "The Love Department." (REBROADCAST from 2/14/95)REV. 2: Film critic JOHN POWERS reviews the new film "Set it Off" directed by F. Gary Gray, who directed "Friday."


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Industrial Land Conversion

High property values are driving local developers to convert industrial land to housing, retail and office space. Forum looks at what cities are doing to preserve industrial jobs while promoting other types of development.

EPA Ruling. Healthcare Financing. End Music.


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Question: Paying Your Dues at Work

Guests:

 Dr. Atul Gawnde
 * Resident in Surgery in Boston, MA
 * Author, Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science (Metropolitan Books, 2002)
 * Staff Writer, The New Yorker

  Scott Turow
 * Author of several books including, One L: The Turbulent True Story of a First Year at Harvard Law School (Warner, 1997) and Presumed Innocent (Warner, 1993)
 * Author of the forthcoming book, Reversible Errors (Farrar Strauss and Giroux, 2002)

  Esme Raji Codell
 * Author, Diary of a Teacher's First Year (Algonquin, 2001)

  Richard Nelson Bolles
 * Author, What Color is Your Parachute (Ten Speed Press, 2002)

  Allen Barra
 * Sports Columnist, The Wall Street Journal's Weekend Journal & Salon.com
 * Author of several books most recently, Clearing the Bases: The Greatest Baseball Debates of the Last Century (Dunne, 2002)

  The nation's teaching hospitals have new limits on how many hours medical residents can work per week. But, medicine isn't the only profession where newcomers face long hours and low pay to learn a skill and earn the respect of colleagues. So, how did you get the your foot in the door? How did you learn what you do? And at what cost? Paying your dues at work.

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May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: At Rally, Muslim McCain Supporters Meet Intolerance

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What happens when Muslim McCain supporters go to a rally and encounter other McCain fans making anti-Muslim comments and handing out modified Obama bumper stickers with an Islamic crescent? And what happens when a McCain staffer intervenes in said encounter? The American News Project found out at a McCain rally in northern Virginia. And they filmed the whole thing: (h/t Andy Carvin)

News Headlines: Feb. 19, 2007Talk About It:Miami Herald: Castro's Stepping Down May Mean Economic Change -- "Although Raul has been ruling Cuba for the 19 months that Castro has been ailing, Cuba watchers say he's had his hands tied with the looming presence of his brother. And with Tuesday's announcement that Cuba's 81-year-old leader was stepping down after nearly 50 years in office, Raul could use the opportunity to enact economic reforms that Cubans so desperately crave." Plus: Who Is Raul Castro?More: Candidates to Cuba: Release Prisoners What will Castro's resignation mean for Cuba's future? What impact, if any, will a freer Cuba have on neighboring Haiti? Election 2008:New York Times: Democrats Make Populist Appeals Before Contests Boston Globe: Clinton's Struggle Vexes Feminists Washington Post: Obama Wave Stuns Clinton's Black Supporters Nation:Baltimore Sun: A Moving Exhibition of Black History AP: Beef Industry, Animal Rights Groups Duel The AJC: NCAA Encourages A.D.s to Widen Coaching Searches L.A. Times: Supreme Court Rejects Wiretap Suit World:AFP: Bush Leaves Rwanda for Ghana Chicago Tribune: Musharraf Foes Celebrate in Pakistan New York Times: Rice, in Nairobi, Offers Incentives to End Violence


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Question: Some Kids' Books Are Worth The Wait: 'They Do Take Time,' Says Kevin Henkes

Kevin Henkes was just a teenager when he decided he wanted to write picture books. He landed his first book contract when he was still in college. "People used to assume that I had kids long before I did," he tells NPR's Kelly McEvers. He eventually had children of his own, but that didn't change his writing process the way one might have expected. "When my wife was pregnant with our first child people would say, 'Oh now you're going to have so many more ideas,' " he recalls. "And it didn't really happen. I think some of the greats in this field were not parents. I think it probably comes from some other place deep inside. I don't think you have to have children to write for them." The Caldecott and Newbery award-winning author, who has won children over with his lovable cast of characters — Chrysanthemum, Wemberly, Kitten, Lilly — has a new picture book, called Waiting.  Interview Highlights On Waiting Waiting is about five figurines that are sitting on a windowsill — and waiting. Usually my books are about something small writ large and I think of this as something large made small. So it's really about the concept of waiting. It's not about one child waiting for one specific thing. It's bigger and broader than that. On the way adults think about children  Sometimes I think as adults we think of them as — because they're small in size that they're small in all ways — and they're not. They have big feelings, and they have big eyes, they see things, they hear things, they're living life just the way an adult does and I think sometimes as adults we forget that. On how he became a children's book author I grew up always wanting to be an artist, and it was in high school when I started to really like writing. I was a junior in high school thinking about what I wanted to do with my life and I thought it would be great if I could find a job in which I could both draw and paint ... and write which was this new thing that I loved. And I thought children's picture books would be the perfect job for me. It was a great combination of those skills and that's when I decided that's what I wanted to do. On showing up in New York, just after freshman year I went to New York from Wisconsin the summer between my freshman and sophomore years of college. I made a list of my 10 favorite publishers and studied them; I knew who I wanted to be published by. And I was so lucky, my first choice — Greenwillow Books, Susan Hirschman, editor-in-chief — accepted my book while I was in New York and it was one of the most memorable days of my life. But it's interesting looking back; I think at 19 I had a certain confidence that I don't know if I have at 54. I really thought: I'll fly to New York and I will come home with a contract for a book. I really truly believed it. ... I am less confident now than I was back then. On why he won't get behind things he's not proud of There are a lot of things that I've said no to — just to keep it pure. ... After Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse, which was very successful for me, I wrote another Lilly book right away and Susan Hirschman, my editor at the time, rejected it, saying: Anyone would publish this, but I don't think it's good enough for you and I think that if we published it you would probably be unhappy down the road. And I think that was true. I really want everything that's out there with my name on it to be as good as I think it can be. They do take time, there is a lot of waiting in this job. But I do want anything out there to be really, really good ... and so I'll keep waiting until it's right. On wanting his books to give kids a sense of home I think books can do lots of things. I think books can open one's eyes to what else is in the world, but it's also nice if one can see oneself. I think as a boy I liked both kinds of books — I liked books that let me see that the world was wide and large but I also loved books where a character might have the same feeling that I had about something — that makes one feel like one is not alone in the world. And I guess that is sort of a sense of home — that we are at home with one another, and to read a book and to have a deep feeling that someone else — the person who made this book — feels what I feel, can be a great comfort I think. On whether he read his own books to his own kids A little bit. Not a lot. I did because I wanted them to know what I did every day up in the attic room. The thing that I started doing was reading to them at breakfast. Reading novels. Which was a great thing because I would read to both of them and my wife would be making the lunches so all four of us had this shared experience. Over the course of weeks we'd have this shared experience where we'd discuss it and talk about it. It was interesting. My daughter said she didn't want old-fashioned books. But we raced through the Little House books. My son decided he didn't want any books in which the protagonists were girls. But I said let's just try Ramona. And he of course,

Stories: 1) Ayelet Waldman: On Feeling Like A 'Bad Mother' 2) Paul McCartney: From Pop Music To Prose 3) 'Splice': Your Results May Vary (And Be Scary)


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Question: What Can President Trump Legally Do To Get 'Tougher' On Immigration?

Wednesday is Kirstjen Nielsen’s last day as secretary of Homeland Security. She is leaving her post after facing mounting pressure amid what the White House calls an immigration “crisis” at the U.S.-Mexico border. President Trump also withdrew the nomination of Ron Vitiello to head Immigration and Customs Enforcement, saying he wanted to go in a “tougher” direction. But what is the president able to legally do without Congress to get “tougher” on immigration — and what might that look like? Stephen Legomsky, former chief counsel of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, part of the Department of Homeland Security, says the manner in which Nielsen is leaving her post speaks volumes. “The fact that the secretary of Homeland Security, who separated families, locked children up in cages, tear-gassed people who were trying to approach legal ports of entry to apply for asylum, the fact that that person was forced out of office because she wasn’t tough enough I think tells you everything you need to know about how far this administration wants to go,” Legomsky says. The Trump administration is likely to face fresh legal challenges if and when it tries to implement more restrictive immigration policies, Legomsky says, adding that despite there being five Republican-nominated justices on the Supreme Court, “even they, I think, will have their limits.” “Since [the administration has] been blocked even on the measures it’s taken so far, it does seem to me that trying to go even further would create additional problems,” he says. Here is a breakdown of some areas of immigration policy Trump could try to stiffen, and what Legomsky makes of the likelihood the president will be successful in doing so: Sending Asylum-Seekers Back To Mexico Before Or Between Hearings “It’s hard for me to imagine how he could legally get any tougher than he has been,” Legomsky says of the administration’s stance toward asylum-seekers. “In fact, even some of the measures he has taken have been pretty systematically struck down by the courts. That’s mainly because the Immigration and Nationality Act, which is the main statute that governs immigration, says very explicitly that any person who arrives in U.S. territory — which includes the border — has the absolute right to apply for asylum. And so many of the measures he’s adopted — including the return-to-Mexico policy — seem to impair that right to apply.” Restarting Family Separation “I don’t see how it could pass legal muster,” Legomsky says. “A federal district judge has already declared that policy illegal, in part because it violates a court-ordered settlement agreement in the [Reno v. Flores] case between the then-Immigration and Naturalization Service — the old INS — and the plaintiffs. Under that agreement, the children are supposed to be housed with the parents, as long as the parents are not abusive or if there’s some other reason to separate them. It’s hard to see how he could get away with that if he were to try it again. My guess is the same court would probably enter a similar injunction.” Shutting Down Parts Of The Southern Border “That issue, I have to say, is a little bit murkier from a legal standpoint, and that’s because the designations of the official ports of entry are not contained in any statute or law that Congress has passed,” Legomsky says. “Rather they are in a set of homeland security regulations that the Department of Homeland Security does have the right to change. But there are a couple of limitations. “One is that if he were to close several ports of entry at the same time, then one of the legal issues would be whether he’s gone so far that he’s effectively undermined Congress’s determination of which people are allowed to come in and which ones aren’t. So there is that. “In addition to that, a change that major would almost certainly require notice and comment rulemaking, which means they have to publish or propose notice in the Federal Register, they have to give the public usually 60 days at least to respond, then they have to consider the individual comments — this is a very long, protracted process,” he says.  Jill Ryan produced this interview and edited it for broadcast with Tinku Ray and Kathleen McKenna. Jack Mitchell adapted it for the web. This article was originally published on WBUR.org.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Former U.N. Envoys Discuss Bolton's Nomination

Melissa Block talks to Nancy Soderberg, alternate U.S. representative to the United Nations during the Clinton administration, and Kenneth Adelman, deputy permanent representative to the U.N. in the Reagan administration, about the prospect of a John Bolton ambassadorship.

Good morning, here are our early stories: Panetta: Don't Leap To Conclusions About Gen. Allen. Should Petraeus Scandal Be A Big Topic At Obama's News Conference Today? And here are more early headlines: Long Island Utility Chief Quitting Over Superstorm Sandy Response. (Newsday) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi To Announce Decision On Her House Post. (Los Angeles Times) Anti-Austerity Strikes Underway In Several European Countries. (NBC) Chinese President Hu Jintao Leaves Political Office As Part Of Power Transition. (VOA) Second Day Of Protests In Jordan Over High Gas Prices. (Jordan Times) African Union Seeks U.N. Authorization To Invade Mali And Fight Islamist Militants. (AP) Pakistan To Release Some Afghan Taliban Prisoners To Help Peace Process. (Reuters) Car Bombs Kill Many In Iraq Ahead Of Islamic New Year. (BBC) Contraception Is A Human Right, Says U.N. Agency. (AP)


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Question: Filmically Perfect   "CREEP SHOW" 1982

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Five jolting tales of horror from the cryptkeepr! (illustrated by Jack Davis)

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Interview with DAVID CALOF cont'd.Floating :30 I.D 12:35 and 12:45]


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Question: From One Of The Recordings

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From one of the recordings Ted Libbey recommends later this hour, Christopher Hogwood conducts the Amadeus Winds in the second minuet from the Serenade in B-flat, K. 361, by Mozart. (L'Oiseau Lyre 421 437-2)

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The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: New York Attorney General Opens Probe Into The Trump Foundation

New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman says he has opened an investigation into the Trump Foundation after reports found potential wrongdoing.

Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Putin Sees U.S. And Russia Working Together To Fight ISIS. -- Reports: FBI Arrests Turing Pharmaceuticals CEO Shkreli On Fraud Charges. -- LISTEN: Voices Of Baltimore Protesters In The Wake Of a Mistrial. -- Cheap Trick, Deep Purple, N.W.A. Picked For 2016 Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Class. And here are more early headlines: House Lawmakers To Vote Friday On Huge Spending Bill. (The Hill) Defense Secretary Carter Used Personal Email For Some Government Work. (CBS) Switzerland Freezes Money Linked To Soccer Organization, FIFA. (Reuters) Greece Warns It May End Up Holding Thousands Of Migrants. (Financial Times) Confusion Over Whether Libya's Rival Governments Will Sign Treaty. (Guardian) Justice Department Opens Chicago Police Probe, To Meet Mayor. (USA Today)