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Question: A Soldier Accused, But Few Answers In Death Of Iraqi Teens

It sounds unthinkable, but there are times, according to the rules of war, when it's morally acceptable to shoot a child. A 12-year-old can, of course, fire an AK-47, but the more gut-wrenching decisions revolve around ambiguous situations. Could a child with a cell phone be a lookout for insurgents or send a detonation signal to an IED bomb? These were the types of scenarios our soldiers had to face in Iraq. Countless soldiers have returned haunted by civilians they killed because the civilians panicked and ran through a checkpoint or reached for something too quickly. Last month, military investigators began a process to charge Army Sgt. 1st Class Michael Barbera with two counts of murder in the 2007 fatal shooting of two deaf, unarmed Iraqi youths. It is an incident Carl Prine, a reporter with the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, says still haunts the soldiers of Barbera's unit. "Every man I talked to had the Purple Heart," Prine tells NPR's Arun Rath. "These are not the kind of guys who are wishy-washy soldiers ... and yet they were all scarred by this one event that had happened and they never quite recovered from it." The Confusion Of War It was a few years ago when Prine, who served in Iraq himself, began hearing stories from members of Charlie Troop, part of the 82nd Airborne, one of the most decorated units in Army history. Prine wrote a series of stories about the investigation into the shootings for the Tribune-Review. In March of 2007, a small team led by then-Staff Sgt. Barbera was on a reconnaissance mission outside the village of Asada, in rural Iraq. The night before, the soldiers set themselves up in a palm grove overlooking what they believed to be an insurgent safe house. The following day, two boys were driving cattle toward the unseen soldiers. Prine says most of the soldiers took their fingers off the trigger when they saw that the boys weren't a threat, but that's when Barbera stood up and allegedly fired on the boys, killing them both. "They didn't know at the time ... the boys were both deaf and dumb," he says. "They could not speak and could not hear. So they never heard the shots that killed them." According to the soldiers, Prine says, Barbera was panicked and ran to a deeper part of the palm grove. While they were there, a third boy approached with what appeared to be a satchel. He reached for something and Barbera ordered his men to fire, and they did, killing the third boy. It turned out the boy, a cousin of one of the other two boys, was bringing them their lunch. He was also deaf, Prine says. Though insurgents have been known to use children, Prine says it is still unclear what led Barbera to fire on these boys. "There doesn't seem to be any confusion among the witnesses that turned him in," he says. "Whether he had some confusion or not remains the question." No Immediate Punishment Though the incident haunted the men of Barbera's troop, no action was taken against Barbera himself. Prine actually went to Iraq to meet the families of the slain boys. He was shocked to discover he was not the first American to come asking questions. The villagers told him that American Army investigators had also investigated the story, supposedly even reporting it to senior officials. Prine says the commanding generals have total discretion over whether or not to prosecute, and in the case of the Iraqi boys who were killed, those generals did nothing. "These generals determined that [Barbera] had committed murder," Prine says, "but instead of sending him to a court-martial, they decided they would give him what is called a General Officer Memorandum of Reprimand." Prine says this is below non-judicial punishment and slightly above a counseling statement, but this was never going to go into Barbera's permanent record. Though he admitted to shooting the two boys, Barbera wasn't charged with murder at that time. Not only that, Barbera was promoted to Sgt. 1st Class and assigned to his own platoon. The military, Prine says, paid the families of the boys some money, asked a lot of questions about the incident, and then the report of Barbera's actions in Iraq all but disappeared. A Soldier Accused It wasn't until November of this year that military investigators began the process of officially charging Barbera. Prine says he has no idea why it took the military so long to act, though he has heard a lot of theories, everything from unit pride to lack of evidence — and also concerns about potential damage to senior officers involved in the unit. "I think more likely what happened, the American military's judiciary was not at the same place it was then that it is now," Prine says. Prine says they now devote a lot of resources to the many cases from Iraq and Afghanistan, but that wasn't so in 2007 through 2010 when there were fewer resources to go around. Prine believes, however, that there are still many similar cases that go unheard. "Hundreds," he says.

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- New Reports Of Chemical Weapons In Syria; Dozens May Be Dead. -- School Clerk In Georgia Persuaded Gunman To Lay Down Weapons. -- Kodak Reinvents Itself, Judge Approves Bankruptcy Exit. -- Book News: Barnes & Noble Founder Pulls Plug On Buyback Plan. Other news: -- "New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach." (The Wall Street Journal) -- "Marian McPartland, 'Piano Jazz' Host, Has Died." (The Record) -- Army Pfc. Bradley Manning To Be Sentenced For Leaking "Reams Of Classified Information." (The Associated Press) -- "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Appears At Risk Of Falling Apart." (The Washington Post) -- U.S. Soldier Who Killed 16 Afghan Civilians Faces Angry Villagers At Sentencing Hearing. (The Associated Press) -- Family Of James DiMaggio Requests DNA Samples From Family Of Hannah Anderson. (CNN.com)


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Question: Michigan Rep. Elissa Slotkin Discusses Presidential Election Results

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NPR's Scott Simon speaks with Democratic Michigan Congresswoman Elissa Slotkin about the final strides to certify the state's election results.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Justice Department Watchdog: Comey Violated Policy Related To Trump Memos

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The Justice Department's Inspector General finds former FBI Director James Comey violated policy by sharing classified information with individuals outside of the FBI. The DOJ declined prosecution.

Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Actress Angelina Jolie Shares Story Of Her Double Mastectomy. -- Russian Security Service Claims To Have Uncovered CIA Agent. -- Afghan Taxes Weigh Heavily On U.S. Contractors, Report Says. -- Book News: Amazon Debuts Its Virtual Currency. Other stories of the morning: -- "IRS Officials In Washington Were Involved In Targeting Of Conservative Groups." (The Washington Post) -- Associated Press Blasts Justice Department's Search Of Reporters' Phone Records. (Morning Edition) -- Cleveland Kidnappings Suspect Was Previously Accused, But Not Formally Charged, With Abusing Common-Law Wife And Threatening Neighbors. (The Plain Dealer) -- New Orleans Police Identify One Suspect In Mother's Day Shooting That Injured 19. (The Times-Picayune) -- "Comfort Women" Were "Necessary" During World War II, Prominent Japanese Politician Says. (BBC News)


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Question: The Piano Man Goes Classical:

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The piano man goes classical: Martin travels to Seiji Ozawa Hall at the Tanglewood Music Center in Lenox, Massachusetts to talk to Billy Joel and take in his one-man show, "Questions, Answers and a Little Music." In the program, the multi-million-selling pop musician describes why he's changing musical genres, at least temporarily, and offers his take on the state of the music industry and the classical roots of his music. For this special program, Joel also invited onstage Yuliya Gorenman, the Queen Elizabeth competition winning concert pianist he sponsored at Tanglewood. Gorenman plays her own classical arrangement of Joel's "Uptown Girl," and gives the world premiere performance of one of his new classical compositions, "Soliloquy." We'll also hear Joel perform his ballad "And So it Goes." (NPR/Classic Sound)

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Stories: 1) Paul Farmer Examines Haiti 'After The Earthquake' 2) From Bop To Baroque: The Modern Jazz Quartet 3) Heads Up, TV Fans: Great Shows Start This Week


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Given ['Represent this short title to find a subtitle that might be right below it on NPR', 'Disabilities Act Marks 15th Anniversary'], a positive would be ['Represent the subtitle to find a news title on NPR with less details.', "Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act 15 years ago, and it has since had a profound impact on the public's attitude toward people with disabilities. It's also playing a key role in the lives of wounded soldiers returning from Iraq. Joseph Shapiro and Steve Inskeep discuss the ADA."] & a negative would be ['Represent this text to find its title about the same news but with slightly less depth', 'Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Fed Watchers Expect Short-Term Interest Rates To Rise Soon. -- An Obama-Backed Change At Voice Of America Has Trump Critics Worried. -- A Year Later, Unfiltered Flint Tap Water Is Still Unsafe To Drink. And here are more early headlines: Evacuation Of Civilians Delayed In Aleppo; Fighting Resumes. (Telegraph) Trump To Meet With Tech Industry Leaders Today. (Recode) Dangerous Wind Chills Persist In Upper Plains. (Weather.gov) Philippines President Says He Killed Suspects To Show Police. (Guardian) Actor Alan Thicke Dies; Starred On "Growing Pains". (Los Angeles Times) National Film Registry Adds "Thelma And Louise", "Lion King", Others. (Variety) On 4th Anniversary Of Sandy Hook Shootings, 15 Minutes Of Silence. (AP)']

Question: Excerpt: 'Every Last One'

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This is my life: The alarm goes off at five-thirty with the murmuring of a public-radio announcer, telling me that there has been a coup in Chad, a tornado in Texas. My husband stirs briefly next to me, turns over, blinks, and falls back to sleep for another hour. My robe lies at the foot of the bed, printed cotton in the summer, tufted chenille for the cold. The coffeemaker comes on in the kitchen below as I leave the bathroom, go downstairs in bare feet, pause to put away a pair of boots left splayed in the downstairs back hallway and to lift the newspaper from the back step. The umber quarry tiles in the kitchen were a bad choice; they are always cold. I let the dog out of her kennel and put a cup of kibble in her bowl. I hate the early mornings, the suspended animation of the world outside, the veil of black and then the oppressive gray of the horizon along the hills outside the French doors. But it is the only time I can rest without sleeping, think without deciding, speak and hear my own voice. It is the only time I can be alone. Slightly less than an hour each weekday when no one makes demands. Our bedroom is at the end of the hall, and sometimes as I pass I can hear the children breathing, each of them at rest as specific as they are awake. Alex inhales and exhales methodically, evenly, as though he were deep under the blanket of sleep even though he always kicks his covers askew, leaving one long leg, with its faint surgical scars, exposed to the night air. Across the room Max sputters, mutters, turns, and growls out a series of nonsense syllables. For more than a year when he was eleven, Max had a problem with sleepwalking. I would find him washing his hands at the bathroom sink or down in the kitchen, blinking blindly into the open refrigerator. But he stopped after his first summer at sleepaway camp. Ruby croons, one high strangled note with each exhale. When she was younger, I worried that she had asthma. She sleeps on her back most of the time, the covers tucked securely across her chest, her hair fanned out on the pillows. It should be easy for her to slip from beneath the blanket and make her bed, but she never bothers unless I hector her. I sit downstairs with coffee and the paper, staring out the window as my mind whirrs. At six-thirty I hear the shower come on in the master bath. Glen is awake and getting ready for work. At six-forty-five I pull the duvet off Ruby, who snatches it back and curls herself into it, larval, and says, "Ten more minutes." At seven I lean over, first Alex, then Max, and bury my nose into their necks, beginning to smell the slightly pungent scent of male beneath the sweetness of child. "Okay, okay," Alex says irritably. Max says nothing, just lurches from bed and begins to pull off an oversized T-shirt as he stumbles into the bathroom. There is a line painted down the center of their room. Two years ago they came to me, at a loose end on a June afternoon, and demanded the right to choose their own colors. I was distracted, and I agreed. They did a neat job, measured carefully, put a tarp on the floor. Alex painted his side light blue, Max lime green. The other mothers say, "You won't believe what Jonathan" -- or Andrew or Peter -- "told me about the twins' room." Maybe if the boys had been my first children I would have thought it was insane, too, but Ruby broke me in. She has a tower of soda cans against one wall of her bedroom. It is either an environmental statement or just one of those things you do when you are fifteen. Now that she is seventeen she has outgrown it, almost forgotten it, but because I made the mistake of asking early on when she would take it down she never has. I open Ruby's door, and although it doesn't make a sound -- she has oiled the hinges, I think, probably with baby oil or bath oil or something else nonsensically inappropriate, so we will not hear it creak in the nighttime -- she says, "I'm up." I stand there waiting, because if I take her word for it she will wrap herself in warmth again and fall into the long tunnel of sleep that only teenagers inhabit, halfway to coma or unconsciousness. "Mom, I'm up," she shouts, and throws the bedclothes aside and begins to bundle her long wavy hair atop her head. "Can I get dressed in peace, please? For a change?" She makes it sound as though I constantly let a bleacher full of spectators gawk as she prepares to meet the day. Only Glen emerges in the least bit cheerful, his suit jacket over one arm. He keeps his white coats at the office. They are professionally cleaned and pressed and smell lovely, like the cleanest of clean laundry. "Doctor Latham" is embroidered in blue script above his heart. From upstairs I can hear the clatter of the cereal into his bowl. He eats the same thing every morning, leaves for work at the same time. He wears either a blue or a yellow shirt, with either a striped tie or one with a small repeating pattern. Occasionally, a grateful patient gives him a tie as a gift,

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Stories: 1) 'The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity' 2) 'How Doctors Think' 3) "The Other Side of You"


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Question: Meet The 'Capital Dames,' Civil War Washington's Secret Power Brokers

It's an overcast morning outside President Lincoln's Cottage, a national historic site in Washington, D.C., and Erin Carlson Mast is struggling to open a pair of huge, historic wooden pocket doors. "When we began the restoration these had been closed for over 100 years," Carlson Mast, the site's executive director, tells NPR's Steve Inskeep. Abraham Lincoln and his family spent summers at this cottage in the 1860s, making use of a retirement complex called the Old Soldiers' Home. It's uphill from the White House and thus much cooler in the summer — in fact, too cold for some. "The one letter we know he wrote definitively from here, he's writing to his wife, Mary, and says that the housekeeper and the cook have grown so cold at Soldiers' Home and want to move back to the White House," Carlson Mast says. "And he just ends with the simple question, 'Shall they?' So he's in no hurry to leave." The recipient of that letter, Mary Todd Lincoln, is one of several Civil War-era women at the center of Capital Dames: The Civil War and the Women of Washington, 1848-1868, a new book by Morning Edition contributor Cokie Roberts. Sitting in the cottage at a marble-topped table, Roberts explains how these women — who couldn't vote and were considered to be their husbands' property — exercised power in Washington. "Their influence was indirect not just with their own husbands, but with other men in power," she tells Inskeep. "So they would go to the secretary of the Navy and say, 'Oh, it's just terrible so-and-so is being deployed to Italy and his wife is pregnant. You can't do that!' And the secretary of the Navy would say, 'Yes, ma'am, I can't do that. You're right.' And that happened all the time. These women were lobbied by favor-seekers or bill-passer-seekers or just individuals. ... They would be the person who had the ear of the powerful man more than anyone else." The women maneuvering for power included Jessie Benton Fremont, the daughter of a senator and the wife of 1856 presidential candidate John Charles Fremont. In her book, Roberts quotes from a letter in which Jessie notes her neighbors' excitement that they may be living near the future "presidentess." "She was going to elect him president and she would be the 'presidentess' and everyone saw her as an incredible power," Roberts says. "We're talking 1856: John Fremont is the first [ever] Republican [Party] nominee. And Jessie Fremont was out there throughout that campaign — in fact, so much so that the Democrats, Fremont's opponents, said sarcastically: Why not just have a campaign banner that has little tiny letters that say, 'John C. Fremont, husband of Jessie Benton,' in great huge letters, 'for president.' " In the end, the Fremonts lost and, four years later the Lincolns won, which is how they came to spend their summers in what later became known as the Lincoln Cottage. Site director Erin Carlson Mast says the pain of Mary Todd Lincoln's life spread through these spacious rooms. "By the time she's in this house, two of her children have already died and half of her family is fighting with the Confederacy against the government that she and her husband now represent," she says. Roberts' book includes a scene in which Mary reports that her dead son came to visit her in her bedroom. "Mary Lincoln held at least one séance out here," Carlson Mast says. "We know that the séance ... was in part to connect with [their sons] Willie and Eddie." Roberts writes of a first lady who was largely rejected by Washington society, and who tested the patience of her husband. She calls the couple's relationship tortured but loving. "Abraham Lincoln clearly loved Mary Lincoln and vice versa," Roberts says. "But she was one of the most difficult human beings. ... She did have big losses, but everybody had big losses — more than 600,000 Americans lost their lives in the Civil War. And she could have tremendous flare-ups of temper. But she was also very smart and she was politically very savvy." Mary was even accused of leaking news items to reporters in order to keep their papers on her side. Rejected by Washington society, the first lady came to confide in her servants, including a dressmaker and former slave who later wrote a tell-all memoir. More than 150 years later, Roberts says there's a lot she recognizes in these Civil War-era women. "It's really remarkable how much we do the same things century in, century out," she says. "You recognize their concern about their children; you recognize their interest in fashion; you recognize the jewelry that they're wearing. Mary Lincoln's pearls were on display at the Library of Congress the other night; I would have loved to take them out of the case and put them on. But you also recognize their intelligence and their political sensibility." It was a time when women had to be covertly ambitious. Today, Roberts says, "They can be overtly ambitious, carefully. ... It's still very difficult for a woman to have the word 'ambitious' att

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Stories: 1) David Rakoff's 'Half Empty' Full Of Humor, Guilt 2) 'Stand Up, Speak Out,' Derrick Bell Told Law Students 3) John Wayne: Icon Of America's Booming Confidence 4) 'Ides Of March': These Days, All Politics Is Lowball


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Question: Commentary: My Mother the Car

Commentator John Sedgwick just inherited his mother's car. He felt a little funny about it, because the car reflected all of her personal quirks  -- her sunglasses were still on the gearshift, the stereo speakers were all turned off on one side because she didn't like the music coming at her from everywhere. In fact, driving her car was a little like driving his mother. John Sedgwick is the author of the novel The Education of Mrs. Bemis.

Bill Kurtis reads three quotes from the week's news: Tour De'bola; Failure to Launch; Our Natural Selection Father Who Art In Heaven.


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Question: The Best Jobs in the World of Sports

Commentator Frank Deford considers some of the best jobs in the world of sports... Personally, he'd like to be a back-up quarterback, paid millions to just stand around and look good.

May the Task Force Be With You; Mask Marketing; What's the Buzz?


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Question: Want To Grow Marijuana (Legally)? 'Weed' Expert Pens Textbook

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Believe it or not, medicinal marijuana in relatively easy to purchase in some states. The Los Angeles City Council recently adopted an ordinance that puts strict controls on marijuana dispensers operated by private retailers, many of whom  get their inspiration from a textbook titled Marijuana Horticulture: The Indoor/Outdoor Medical Grower's Bible by Jorge Cervantes. Host Michel Martin speaks with Cervantes (who for years went by a pseudonym for fear of legal backlash) about the increasing interest in harvesting medicinal marijuana and how his brand of multi-platform teaching tools have established him as an expert, of sorts, on growing and selling marijuana — the legal way.

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Stories: 1) Learning Your Sister Is 'Someone Else's Twin' 2) 'Sex On Six Legs': When Insects Go Wild 3) Teens, Sex And Tech Tear A 'Beautiful Life' Apart


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Question: 4 Years... 700,000 More Voters

(Sorry for the long absence with all of last month¿s big political news¿ as mentioned before, the new little one in the family has kept me away from the hustle and bustle.  Look for more frequent blog entries this month! ¿JM)
Secretary of State Debra Bowen¿s new report on the number of registered voters in [...]

Grand Re-Opening! Dial 1-900-SCOTUS; Animal Kingdom.


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Question: New Calls For Attack On Wikileaks Founder

Tom Flanagan, a Canadian political science professor and former chief of staff to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, says Wikileaks creator Julian Assange should be killed - and he wants President Obama to order the assassination. Flanagan appeared last night on a CBC news program and his remarks are cited in the Telegraph:  'I think Assange should be assassinated, actually. (laughs) I think Obama should put out a contract or use a drone or something.'  The CBC news host confronted him, saying incredulously, 'that's pretty harsh stuff'.  Flanagan replied:  'Well, I'm feeling pretty manly today. ... I wouldn't feel happy, uh, unhappy, if Assange disappeared.'  Flanagan says the Wikileaks founder reveals too much. But Flanagan himself criticized Canadian politicians for 'too much confidentiality' in his new book, according to the Toronto Globe. Others who think Assange goes too far are also asking how the leaks can be stopped. Columnist William Kristol thinks it over in his piece 'Whack Wikileaks':  Why can't we act forcefully against WikiLeaks? Why can't we use our  various assets to harass, snatch or neutralize Julian Assange and his  collaborators, wherever they are? Why can't we disrupt and destroy  WikiLeaks in both cyberspace and physical space, to the extent possible?  INTERPOL SEEKS ASSANGE The New York Times says the international police group has issued a Red Notice for him. He's wanted for questioning in connection with alleged sex crimes in Sweden. Assange has rejected the allegations but his whereabouts aren't known; the Press Association says it'll now be harder for him to travel.

Good morning, here are some of the stories we're looking at this morning: Space Shuttle Discovery Is On Its Last Flight. Mass Killer In Norway Declares 'I Would Have Done It Again'. Did Obama's Policies Help, Or Hinder, The Economy? GSA Inspector General Is Investigating Possible Bribes, Kickbacks. (Washington Post) African Union Says Suspends Guinea Bissau After Coup. (Reuters) UN Chief: Observers Say Syrian Ceasefire Generally Observed. (Dow Jones) Wikileaks Founder Julian Assange Interviews Hezbollah Leader In TV Premiere. (AP) Google Fined $25,000 For 'Willfully' Stonewalling FCC. (WTSP-TV) Welding-Caused Fire At Idaho National Laboratory Prompts Evacuations. (AP) Bruins Goalie Tim Thomas Greeted By Obama Masks. (USA Today)


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Question: Requiem for Mr. Rogers

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An ambitious 11-part requiem dedicated to the memory of Mr. Rogers has its premiere in Pittsburgh, where Fred Rogers lived for many years. The 21-year-old composer Luke Mayernik created the piece to honor Rogers, who died one year ago. NPR's Melissa Block talks with Mayernik.

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Uncle Don's Ego; The 500 Million Dollar Man; Alexander Shamilton.


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Question: Daniel Goldin, Boswell Book Co.

The Sorcerer's Apprentices: A Season In The Kitchen At Ferran Adria's elBulli  By Lisa Abend; hardcover, 304 pages; Free Press; list price: $26 There have been plenty of books devoted to the renown Spanish restaurant elBulli over the years, but having just read Life, on the Line, the wonderful memoir from elBulli graduate Grant Achatz, I was intrigued to read journalist Lisa Abend's account of the stagiaires -- or apprentices — that keep the world's top restaurant going. Though the stagiaires come from restaurants at the level of The French Laundry and, yes, Alinea, once they arrive at elBulli, it's back to square one: Chefs work unpaid in exchange for experience and insight that they can use later in their careers. Unlike other apprenticeships, the program at elBulli doesn't really have an educational component. But even more problematic is the fact that that most of the techniques in modernist cuisine are time consuming and could not be duplicated without free manpower. As Abend makes clear, elBulli could not exist without the stagiaire program, which begs the question: What really is the program about — preparation for a career or indentured servitude? And yet, while many of the chefs are frustrated by the internship, most of them emerge grateful for the experience — or at least they seem to be. Add this insight to a generous helping of detail about modernist cuisine, and you get a delightfully satisfying narrative.  My Korean Deli: Risking It All For A Convenience Store By Ben Ryder Howe; hardcover, 320 pages; Henry Holt and Co.; list price: $25 When I think of  New York, instead of iconic landmarks like the Statue of Liberty, I think of those newsstands and corner stores with flowers and fruit outside, and a steam table within. So you can imagine my attraction to this engaging memoir, wherein Ben Ryder Howe, his corporate lawyer wife Gab and his mother-in-law Kay team up to buy and run a convenience store in Boerum Hill. Kay has experience in running restaurants and bakeries, though her vision of America is much shaped by gigs in Ohio and Texas; New York is a whole 'nother kettle of fish. And Boerum Hill turns out to be not exactly what they expected either. It's gentrifying, but not that quickly. Change the coffee to something drinkable (and more expensive) or get rid of the "cash in a flash" lottery machine and face the consequences!  The resulting store turns out to be not quite a Korean Deli so much as a "Ko-dega."  Throughout it all, Ben keeps his day job at The Paris Review, where he becomes a professional-amateur that recalls editor George Plimpton's own pursuits — only instead of playing football, Ryder sells hot sauce.  Ex Libris: The Art Of Bookplates By Kevin Wilson; paperback, 112 pages; Yale University Press; list price: $15 The bookplate is said to have come into usage just after the death of Gutenberg. Originally woodcuts, and then engravings, these personalized plates were used to identify one of the owner's most valuable possessions, a book library. Early bookplates focused on the coat of arms, while later ones would display the owners' interests.  This collection from the British Museum features full-color replications that document the bookplate craze that went from the 1880s to the 1920s. As plates become popular, the middle class was able to purchase bookplates that allowed them to fill in their own names on a ready-made plate.  Most would say "ex libris" or "from the library of."   Some well-known artists such as Aubrey Beardsley designed book plates, and Rudyard Kipling created one for his publisher's daughter. Meanwhile, Calvin Coolidge created one with a bust of his icon, Benjamin Franklin.  This exquisite, modestly-priced book would be a welcome publication at any time, but in a year when we are contemplating the future of the printed word, a collection that celebrates the physical book and its connection to the reader is a particular treat.  The Solitude Of Prime Numbers By Paolo Giordano; hardcover, 288 pages; Pamela Dorman Books; list price: $25.95 If you are hard-pressed to name many Italian novelists of the last half century beyond Umberto Eco and Italo Calvino, you are probably not alone. Paolo Giordano's novel won the Premio Strega – Italy's premiere literary prize — but many of the winners do not even get an American publication.  And while you are probably thinking that this book has a mathematical angle (especially since its author is a former physicist) the title is simply a metaphor for two sad and lonely people, divisible by one and themselves. Alice Della Rocha and Mattia Balossini are twin primes, pairs of primes that are only two apart (like 17 and 19), with just an even number between them. Like primes, they become increasingly rare, but also like primes, it is conjectured that there is an infinite number of them. Alice is crippled by a childhood accident, and her body image issues have led to serious eating disorders. Mattia has a childhood secret regarding h

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The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Neighbors In Minneapolis Unite To Protect Small Businesses During Unrest

Minneapolis neighborhood groups started taking up arms to defend their businesses when police all but disappeared from streets amid fiery protests last week.

Good morning - here are some stories we're following today: Luxury Cars Do Poorly In New Type Of Crash Test. Unsealed Documents 'Hint At The Evidence' In Colorado Shootings. N.J. Gov. Chris Christie, Fla. Senator Marco Rubio To Give Key Speeches At Republican National Convention. (National Journal) Western Wildfires Destroy Homes, Leave One Firefighter Dead. (AP) Defected Syrian Prime Minister Claims Assad Regime Is Collapsing. (BBC) In A Change, Iran Now Welcomes Aid For Earthquake Victims. (VOA) French Youths Clash With Police For Second Night. (Reuters) Violence Turns Deadly Between Two Unions At South African Platinum Mine. (AllAfrica.com) Educational Accrediting Agency Issues Warning To Penn State. (USA Today) Conn. Woman Wrongly Billed For 25 Years For Streetlights, Gets Refund. (Hartford Courant)


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Question: Primary Protests: 4 In 10 Say No To Obama; 3 In 10 Say No To Romney

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Though there's no doubt about the nominees, presidential primaries are still being held. And in both Democratic and Republican contests, some voters continue to register their unhappiness with the choices before them. Tuesday, President Obama picked up about 6 in 10 of the votes in both the Arkansas and Kentucky Democratic primaries — meaning that about 4 in 10 of the voters chose to express their discontent with an incumbent who faces no serious challenge for his party's nomination. In Arkansas the other votes went to little-known Tennessee attorney John Wolfe. In Kentucky, they went to "uncommitted." The results were similar to the West Virginia Democratic primary earlier this month, when a prison inmate grabbed about 4 in 10 votes. On the Republican side Tuesday, the now basically unopposed Mitt Romney continued his march to the party's nomination. He received about 7 in 10 of the votes in both Arkansas and Kentucky. But that means, obviously, that in each state about 3 in 10 primary voters chose to cast their ballots for someone else. As Politico says, "Obama continued to have trouble ... in Democratic primaries in traditionally conservative states." And as for Romney, "even the presumptive GOP nominee, who has had trouble exciting the conservative wing of his base, didn't turn in a stellar performance." With neither nomination in doubt, of course, there wasn't as much incentive for supporters of Obama and Romney to get out and vote for their guys. There did, though, seem to be an incentive for some of the candidates' critics to get out and vote against them.

Good morning, here are our early stories: After Chávez: His 'Revolution' Is Likely To Continue. Storm Brings Season's Heaviest Snowfall To Midwest, Mid-Atlantic. And here are more early headlines: Brennan's CIA Nomination On 'Fast Track'; Vote May Come As Early As Thursday. (AP) Finally! Last Cardinal Expected Soon At Vatican To Help Choose New Pope. (CNN) Could Dow's New Record Prompt More Spending By Wealthy? (Marketwatch) European Union Fines Microsoft For Denying Consumers Web Browser Choice. (Reuters) After Two Years Of Fighting, Syria Has 1 Million Refugees. (Los Angeles Times) Los Angeles City Councilman, Controller, Headed For Mayoral Runoff. (KPCC) Czech Central Bank, Commercial Banks, Under Attack By Hackers. (Reuters) Did The Duchess Of Cambridge Drop A Hint About Her Baby's Gender? (People)


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Question: National Grocers Assoc. Says Stores Are Keeping Up With Demand

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NPR's Rachel Martin talks with Greg Ferrara, CEO of the National Grocers Association, about how grocery stores are faring as buyers clear the shelves.

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Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Bush Budget; Boehner's Role as Majority Leader

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What are the spending priorities in President Bush's $2.7 trillion proposed budget? More money for defense, homeland security and Katrina recovery. And what will new House Majority Leader John Boehner tackle first.

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Good morning. Our early headlines: -- Texas Fertilizer Plant Blast Killed Several, Injured Dozens -- Boston Marathon Explosions: Thursday's Developments -- Ricin Suspect Described As Conspiracist, Elvis Impersonator -- Jobless Claims Rose Slightly Last Week -- Book News: Vast 'Digital Public Library Of America' Opens Today Other stories making headlines: -- "North Korea Sets Conditions For Return To Talks." (The New York Times) -- "Musharraf Flees Pakistan Court As Judges Order His Arrest." (The Globe and Mail) -- "I'm Furious," Former Rep. Gabrielle Giffords (D-Ariz.) Writes After Gun Bills Fail In Senate. (The New York Times) -- "After Gun Defeat, Where Does Obama Go From Here?" (Roll Call) -- "Obama Uses And Loses Political Capital On Gun Control." (It's All Politics)


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Question: 'Never Shower in a Thunderstorm'

Is chicken soup really good for a cold? Will sitting too close to the TV really hurt your eyes? Columnist Anahad O'Connor reveals whether or not old wives tales and homemade medical cures are fact or fiction in his new book, Never Shower in a  Thunderstorm: Surprising Facts and Misleading Myths About Our Health and the World We Live In. O'Connor writes the weekly "Really?" column in the New York Times science section. Is chocolate an aphrodisiac? Chocolate, it can be said, is not merely a candy, but a powerful love potion whose reputation for inspiring amative feelings is universally known. At body temperature, chocolate quickly melts on the tongue, an act that by itself can be stimulating. It contains caffeine, sugar, and other stimulants, and besides just plain tasting good, it raises the spirits and imparts a feeling of deep satisfaction. The Aztecs, who helped introduce the cocoa bean to the world, may be the first on record to draw a link between chocolate and sexual desire. The emperor Montezuma considered it a sort of Viagra, consuming it in copious amounts to fuel romantic trysts with his many wives. Legend has it that he drank fifty cups of chocolate a day. But men are not the only ones who have turned to chocolate for a lift. Madame du Barry, courtesan, mistress of Louis XV, and a reputed nymphomaniac, insisted on sharing a cup of chocolate with her lovers before allowing them to step one foot inside her bedroom. Then there was Madame de Pompadour, another famous—and only slightly less promiscuous—French mistress who was known to start her days with chocolate to stimulate her desire for the king. Nowadays, we tend to put our faith in chocolate as a catalyst of romance only when Valentine's Day rolls around. But its reputation as an aphrodisiac is no less strong. Is there anything to it? Most scientists believe that the aphrodisiac qualities of chocolate, if any, can be ascribed to three or four chemicals. One, tryptophan, is a building block of serotonin, the brain chemical that creates feelings of pleasure, helps soothe pain, and plays a role in sexual arousal. Another is theobromine, a chemical stimulant that is similar to caffeine but has a great ability to elevate mood. This is the chemical that can make a Snickers bar lethal to dogs and horses (they metabolize theobromine more slowly than do humans). Then, there is phenylethylamine, which—it turns out—is released in the brain when people fall in love. Chocolate contains phenylethylamine in small quantities, though it's not clear whether the amount is enough to produce any measurable effects on desire. One study found that levels of the chemical in the blood do not rise after people eat chocolate. Another, published in the journal Sexual Medicine in 2006, looked at a large sample of women and found no differences in the rates of sexual arousal or distress among those who regularly ate one serving of chocolate a day, those who had three or more, and those who generally ate none. How about oysters? Chocolate may be linked to love, but no food has developed more of a reputation for romance than the oyster. Ancient cultures considered oysters reminiscent of female genitalia in both appearance and texture, leading them to believe that they imparted sexual prowess. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones made the sensuality of devouring oysters unforgettable, and Giacomo Casanova, the eighteenth-century Venetian, reportedly ate dozens of oysters at a time to prepare himself for his legendary assignations. Consider Casanova's description of feasting on oysters with one of his paramours, Signorina "M.M.," a mistress of the French ambassador to Venice, the Abbe de Bernis, a man so kinky he would often watch from a secret hiding place as Casanova and M.M. made love. "She offered me hers on her tongue at the same time that I put mine between her lips; there is no more lascivious and voluptuous game between two lovers, it is even comic, but comedy does no harm, for laughter is only for the happy. What a sauce that is which dresses an oyster I suck in from the mouth of the woman I love!" In a word: steamy. No wonder people have been trying to re-create fits of lovemaking à la Casanova for the last two hundred years. Yet after all this time, the science behind the claim that oysters are the catalyst of passion remains murky. Oysters are high in zinc, and a number of studies have linked zinc deficiencies to impotence and delayed sexual development. Some have found that giving zinc supplements to men who are impotent and have low levels of the mineral can boost their libidos and lead to more frequent sex. But so far no major study has shown that eating an oyster or two (or a dozen) has any direct impact on arousal in the average person. One study, conducted by Italian researchers in 2005, came close. It found that Mediterranean mussels contained high levels of two amino acids, D-aspartic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate, which have been shown to stimulate the release of sex

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Stories: 1) Making Fun Of Everyone On 'South Park' 2) 'Sex And The City 2': Sheiks, Shrieks And Eeks


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Question: Back In Paris, A Hectic 'Ultimatum' In District 13

The greedy French ruling class gets a good thrashing in District 13: Ultimatum, a gravity-taunting sequel to Pierre Morel's 2004 actioner District B13. But as anyone who saw the first movie would expect, the physical kicks are a lot more convincing than the political jabs. The story begins literally where the last one ended: at the barricaded boundary of a teeming Paris suburb, the "District 13" of the title. Outsider Leito (David Belle) takes leave of his new friend, insider Damien (Cyril Raffaelli), both hoping that upscale Paris and its shabby outskirts will become more unified, as the new government has promised. Three years later, it hasn't happened. Director Patrick Alessandrin's breathless introductory montage shows that B (short for banlieue) 13 is as lawless as ever, divided into sectors run by heavily armed African, Arab, Chinese, Latin and Russian-Nazi gangsters. Ubercop Damien is reintroduced while busting the world's best-fortified nightclub/heroin den — while in drag, no less. Meanwhile, out in B13, Leito is getting wind of a savage real-estate scheme: The police, the military and a malevolent corporation — all without the knowledge of France's well-meaning president — have planned another showdown with the unruly suburbanites, aiming for the utter annihilation of B13, followed by the sort of high-rise development exemplified (until recently) by Dubai. Because Damien's integrity might be an obstacle for the plotters, the policeman is busted on trumped-up charges. He calls Leito for help, and soon the two are leaping, climbing and punching — and knocking down bad guys by the dozen. Like its predecessor, District 13: Ultimatum was written and produced by Luc Besson, a one-man action-flick factory whose wildly eclectic approach transplants Hong Kong martial-arts moves to the multi-culti Paris that most French filmmakers ignore — and then adds whatever else is lying around. In the case of the two District 13 movies, the extra ingredient is parkour, the hyperkinetic sport that treats cities as immense gymnastics courses; Belle and Raffaelli are masters of the pastime, which originated in France, so they're believable even when the stunts they execute seem beyond the scope of the human body. Good thing, because the film consists mostly of running, jumping and fighting. Alessandrin handles them well, although not so vividly as did District 13 director Pierre Morel (whose From Paris with Love also opens this week); Belle has a great chase scene that scampers across rooftops, while Raffaelli — in a clear homage to Jackie Chan — uses a van Gogh canvas as a weapon without diminishing its auction value. Despite a number of brutal moments and a surfeit of heavily tattooed attitude, the movie is basically a slapstick comedy. Note the way, for example, that the thugs defer to Leito's and Damien's refusal to use guns. The hoodlums obligingly line up to be clobbered, rather than reaching for the nearest Uzi. In real life, both policing and real-estate development are somewhat quieter vocations than District 13: Ultimatum pretends. But seeing a guy flip on a balcony railing and launch himself up to the next story is a lot more entertaining than watching some M.B.A. print out a spreadsheet. By the way, architecture buffs should stick around for the final credits — there's a nice little in-joke midway through the list of the movie's minor functionaries.

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Stories: 1) A Year Later, Journalist Reflects On Iranian Unrest 2) Nazi Noir Ventures To Havana In 'Dead Rise Not'


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Question: What You Need To Know About Ted Cruz

Texas Sen. Ted Cruz announced his bid for president early Monday. The Republican has been making the rounds with other 2016 hopefuls, so it's hardly a surprise, but he's the first major one to make it official. And if the early campaign trail is any indication of how the race will play out, Cruz, 44, will be exactly who he's always been. He's relatively new to public office, having been elected to the Senate in 2012. But he has made his career — and attracted support from the right's base along the way — as a staunch defender of conservative values. Here's what you need to know: He was born in Canada. Cruz was born to a Cuban father, who escaped during the revolution, and an American mother, who was the first in her family to go to college and who became a computer programmer in the 1950s. Because of Cruz's Canadian birth, some have questioned whether he qualifies to be president. Being a "natural-born" citizen is one of the three eligibility requirements to be president laid out in the constitution. But the weight of legal evidence supports that the term "natural-born" also applies to people born abroad to parents who are U.S. citizens (which Cruz's mom was). Cruz considers Houston, where he was raised, his hometown. He was a top college debater at Princeton. Here are some of the debate accolades Cruz raked in as an undergraduate at Princeton: top speaker at both the U.S. National Debating Championship and the North American Debating Championship, speaker of the year and team of the year. His classmates at Princeton remember him, according to a 2013 profile, the way many see him today: smart, confident, firm on conservative principles and polarizing. After Princeton, he went on to study at Harvard Law; his classmates from that time also remember him as a smart but divisive guy with a hard edge. He's argued before the Supreme Court nine times — sometimes in cowboy boots.From 1996 to 1997, Cruz was a law clerk to Chief Justice William Rehnquist. In 2003, Cruz was appointed solicitor general of Texas, becoming the youngest person in the nation appointed to such a post. In that capacity, he argued several cases before the Supreme Court and authored more than 80 Supreme Court briefs. As solicitor general, he defended Texas' death penalty, the constitutionality of the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance and the state's congressional redistricting map. And about those cowboy boots — he has a pair called his "argument boots." He says he didn't wear them to the Supreme Court out of respect to his mentor, Justice Rehnquist, who was a stickler for proper attire. That changed after Rehnquist's death — he sought and was granted permission from Chief Justice John Roberts to wear the boots before the high court. He won his Senate seat without prior experience in elective office. Once considered a long-shot for Senate, Cruz quickly became a Tea Party favorite when he ran in a tough primary against Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst. On the campaign trail in 2012, he fired up his base, conservative Tea Partiers disillusioned with government and dissatisfied with the direction of the country. "There is a great awakening that is sweeping this country," he said at the time. His win was called the biggest of the year for Tea Party activists. He spoke for 21 hours on the Senate floor.Cruz was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2012. Less than one year in, he commandeered the Senate floor to oppose President Obama's health care law. "I intend to speak in opposition to Obamacare; I intend to speak in support of defunding Obamacare until I am no longer able to stand," he said. Cruz's crusade, which attracted wide attention, advocated a government shutdown unless Democrats compromised on the law. Days later, Congress remained deadlocked over Obamacare provisions, and the government partially shut down for more than two weeks. During his tenure, he's developed a reputation for throwing down the gauntlet against congressional Republican leaders over issues like health care, the federal budget and, most recently, immigration. And this year, he's already been blasting his fellow Republican presidential hopefuls, like Jeb Bush and Chris Christie, accusing them of not standing up for true conservative values.

Carl reads three quotes from the week's news: Is This Pledge a Lemon; Out With the Old, In With the Old; and Time Is on Their Side.


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Question: Australian Prime Minister Calls Elections

Gina Wilkinson reports that Australian Prime Minister John Howard has called elections for next month. Supporters of racial reconciliation in Australia worry that the elections will only add to racial tensions. Over the past year, the reconciliation movement organized a national "sorry" day as a public apology to the country's aboriginal population for abuses of the past.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Baseball Legend Yogi Berra Dies At 90. -- In U.S. Visit, China's President Talks Hemingway And Rum. -- Egyptian Leader Pardons Al Jazeera Journalist In Long-Running Case. And here are more early headlines: Traffic Cut Off Between Croatia, Serbia Over Migrants' Movements. (Reuters) Volkswagen Facing New Emission Probes, Including By New York State. (New York Times) Burkina Faso Coup Leaders Reportedly Sign Truce. (BBC) Los Angeles To Call For Emergency Plan, Funding For Homeless. (AP) VIDEO: Kosovo Lawmakers Throw Eggs At Prime Minister. (ABC Online) New Scottish Thesaurus Lists 421 Words For Snow. (Guardian)


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Question: Defense Budget Shifts Military's Focus From Terrorism To China And Russia

It may seem counter-intuitive and head-scratchingly odd, but Congress nearly always approves defense spending bills before the armed services committees — which actually oversee the Pentagon — vote on how the money will be spent. Not this year. The John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 was enacted this month well ahead of a still-pending budget bill. It was also the earliest date on the legislative calendar that the NDAA has been sent to a president for his signature in more than two decades. The bill sped through Congress as the nation's military continues waging war in Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Niger, Libya, Somalia and an untold number of other global hot spots. All arise from what's been the Pentagon's main post-Sept. 11 focus: fighting terrorism. But this new NDAA reflects Defense Secretary Jim Mattis' pivot away from those prolonged and inconclusive battles with insurgencies, to what he says should be the Pentagon's main concern: the United States' growing competition with the world's two other great powers, Russia and China. Big majorities in the House and Senate approved the NDAA. Among the 10 senators who opposed its final passage were three Democrats — Kamala Harris of California, Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Kirsten Gillibrand of New York — who are all considered potential contenders in the 2020 presidential race. The $716 billion in spending authorized by the bill is $16 billion more than what Congress approved for fiscal year 2018. In real terms, this 2.23 percent increase amounts to a reduction in defense spending, given the 2.46 percent rise in inflation over the past year. (Exceeding that inflation rate was the bill's 2.6 percent raise for the uniformed military, the largest pay hike it's had since 2010.) Congress matched dollar-for-dollar what the Pentagon asked for. Yet, the NDAA mandates doing more with less. It calls for adding 15,600 troops to the country's 1. 3 million active duty forces, an expansion also sought by the Pentagon. It adds another aircraft carrier and two littoral combat ships that the Pentagon did not request. A total of 13 new ships for the U.S. Navy are authorized — exactly half as many new ships as Russia plans to build this year. The Republican-controlled armed service committees backtracked and bowed to several significant policy changes the Trump administration sought during the merging of the House and Senate versions of the NDAA. Turkey Mattis convinced Congress to strip the Senate's tough talk on Turkey from the final version of the bill. That version instructed him to draw up plans for suspending delivery of 100 F-35 Joint Strike Fighters ordered by Turkey as well as Turkey's participation in an international consortium producing the radar-evading warplane. It was retaliation for the Turkish government's arrest and detention, following a failed coup attempt two years ago, of Andrew Brunson, an American Presbyterian minister; as well as this longtime NATO ally's intention to buy the Russian-made S-400 missile defense system. Mattis wrote Congress in July asking that Turkey's access to the F-35s not be blocked. In its place is language from the House bill, which simply requires that Mattis submit a report "on the status of the United States relationship with the Republic of Turkey" by Oct. 31. China The White House prevailed in its quest to exclude from the NDAA language approved by the full Senate blocking the sale of American technology to Chinese telecommunications giant ZTE. Such a trade restriction had already been imposed by the Trump administration, but it was lifted after Trump spoke with Chinese President Xi Jinping and tweeted that he was looking for a way to get ZTE back in business because "[t]oo many jobs in China [were] lost." The final NDAA does nothing specific to restrict the sale of American technology to ZTE and Huawei, another Chinese telecommunications and video surveillance giant. But it does tighten overall U.S. national security reviews of American exports of sensitive technology by issuing stricter guidelines for the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S., or CFIUS. The NDAA also bars the purchase or use by the federal government and its contractors of technology sold by ZTE and Huawei. That restriction would not, however, apply for sales to the general public. There is also a ban in the bill on Pentagon spending for any Chinese language instruction provided by the Confucius Institute, which is operated by an entity associated with China's education ministry. Russia Mattis also prevailed in dissuading Congress from requiring enforcement of a 2017 sanctions law for countries that purchase Russian-made weapon systems or parts. "Some nations who now actively seek a security relationship with the United States still rely on Russia for spare parts and other material," Mattis wrote, citing India and Vietnam as examples. Otherwise, the new NDAA carries a spate of Cold War-like policy measure

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Lawmakers Seek Federal 'Oversight' Of Workers' Comp As States Limit Benefits. -- Syria's Assad Visits Moscow To Discuss Military Plans With Putin. -- U.S. Fighter Jet Reportedly Crashes Near Air Base In England. And here are more early headlines: Obama To Visit West Virginia, Discuss Plan To Fight Drug Abuse. (Time) Amnesty International Fears For Rohingya Muslims Missing At Sea. (VOA) Slovenia Asks For E.U. Help To Deal With Thousands Of Migrants. (AFP) Mexico To Restart Investigation Into Fate Of 43 Missing Students. (BBC) Tropical Storm Patricia Forms Off Mexico's Pacific Coast. (NHC) Top U.S. Navy Officials Visit China's Aircraft Carrier To Smooth Ties. (Reuters) Singapore Church Leaders Convicted In Pop Music Fraud Scheme. (Sydney Morning Herald) Why Vultures Can Eat Rotting Carcasses And Not Get Sick. (Phys.org)


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Question: Pakistan's High Court Reverses Judge's Suspension

Pakistan's Supreme Court has reinstated Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry, who was charged with misconduct and suspended four months ago by Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf. The ruling is seen as a political rebuke to Pakistan's leader.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- McCain Takes Swipe At President For Vietnam 'Bone Spur' Deferment. -- Director James Toubek Accused Of Harassment By Dozens Of Women. -- AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka Wins A Third 4-Year Term. -- Digging In The Mud To See What Toxic Substances Were Spread By Hurricane Harvey. -- David Letterman Honored With Twain Award For American Comedy.  And here are more early headlines: Schumer Seeks "CEO" For Disaster Recovery In Puerto Rico. (The Hill) Sgt. Bergdahl's Sentencing Hearing Opens Today. (CNN) Vietnam Veteran Who Saved Dozens To Receive Medal Of Honor. (ABC) Catalan Officials To Resist Spanish Government Takeover. (BBC) After Criticism, W.H.O. Rescinds Zimbabwe Leader's Appointment. (Washington Post) Philippines Says Assault On Marawi Militants Is Over. (Reuters) India's Government Tells Myanmar To Take Back Rohingyas. (AP)


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Question: Massachusetts Sues OxyContin Maker Purdue Pharma, Saying It 'Peddled Falsehoods'

The state of Massachusetts is taking a new step in the fight against the opioid epidemic, filing a lawsuit against Purdue Pharma that also names the OxyContin maker's executives. The suit alleges the company and 16 of its current and former directors misled doctors and patients about the risks of its opioid-based pain medications. "Their strategy was simple: The more drugs they sold, the more money they made — and the more people died," the state's attorney general, Maura Healey, said at a news conference on Tuesday, flanked by Gov. Charlie Baker and law enforcement officials. "We found that Purdue engaged in a multibillion-dollar enterprise to mislead us about their drugs," she added. "Purdue pushed prescribers to give higher doses to keep patients on drugs for longer periods of time, without regard to the very real risks of addiction, overdose and death." Across nearly 80 pages, the civil suit filed in Suffolk Superior Court lists Purdue's alleged wrongdoing and its effects on people in Massachusetts in painstaking detail. Citing the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, the complaint notes that more than 11,000 of the state's residents have died of opioid-related overdoses in the past decade — nearly 2,000 of whom died last year alone. Of the deceased, the complaint says at least 671 people had filled prescriptions for Purdue's opioid drugs. "All the while," Healey's complaint adds, "Purdue peddled falsehoods to keep patients away from safer alternatives. Even when Purdue knew people were addicted and dying, Purdue treated the patients and their doctors as 'targets' to sell more drugs." Since mid-2007, when several Purdue executives pleaded guilty to misbranding OxyContin, the lawsuit says, "Purdue salespeople met with Massachusetts prescribers and pharmacists more than 150,000 times." (Emphasis theirs.) At least half of the suit's defendants are members of the multibillionaire Sackler family, which privately owns the OxyContin manufacturer. Reuters reports that with the filing, Massachusetts "became the first state to sue the drugmaker's executives and directors to hold them responsible as well." Back in 2016, Forbes estimated the Sackler family's worth at roughly $13 billion, helped in large part by the massive sales of its company's marquee drug. The new legal complaint estimates that the 671 deaths that Massachusetts connects to Purdue cost the state more than $6 billion. The pharmaceutical company is denying the lawsuit's allegations. "We share the Attorney General's concern about the opioid crisis. We are disappointed, however, that in the midst of good faith negotiations with many states, the Commonwealth has decided to pursue a costly and protracted litigation process," Purdue Pharma said in a statement. "We will continue to work collaboratively with the states toward bringing meaningful solutions." Earlier this year, the company ceased promoting OxyContin to doctors, saying it was following through on a vow it made in an open letter published in December, in which it said, "This is our fight, too." But those announcements have done little to placate state officials, many of whom have taken aim at the company, accusing it of playing a key role in the opioid epidemic. In Boston, member station WBUR reports that hundreds of cities and countries have sued Purdue, in addition to the two dozen states — from Ohio to Alabama -- that have recently filed suits of their own. "By the mid-2000s, there was simply no debate about whether or not these pills were causing chaos, heartache and death across the Commonwealth and across the United States," Gov. Baker said at the news conference Tuesday. "You would think that at some point in time, the people who were at the heart of this would realize the pain and the agony that they had created and step back," he added. "They chose to do just the opposite and doubled down."

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Iowa 'Fetal Heartbeat' Bill To Ban Abortions After 6 Weeks Poised For Passage. -- 2 Trials Set For Cardinal Pell On Sex Abuse Charges. -- Doctor: Trump Dictated Letter Attesting To His 'Extraordinary' Health. -- Nearly 200 Arrested As May Day Rally In Paris Turns Violent. And here are more early headlines: Central American Migrants Remain Camped At U.S. Border. (San Diego Union Tribune) White Man Convicted Of Assaulting Black Man In Charlottesville Protest. (Daily Progress) Private Equity Firm Wins Bid to Buy Bankrupt Weinstein Co. (Hollywood Reporter) Ariz. Teachers To Return To Class If Lawmakers Pass Budget. (AzCentral.com) CDC Says Flea, Tick, Mosquito Bites Sharply Increasing. (CDC) NASA Sending Digging Probe To Mars To Study Geology. (Phys.Org)


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Question: Durham Mayor Pro Tempore On Defunding The Police In Her City

NPR's Michel Martin talks to Jillian Johnson, mayor pro tempore of Durham, N.C., about defunding the police and how she's rethinking public safety in her city.

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Good morning, here are our early stories: -- Biden: McConnell Refused To Sign Bipartisan Statement On Russian Interference. -- Trump Lashes Out After Schumer Withdraws Offer On Border Wall. -- Remains Of 5 Gas Rig Workers Recovered After Explosion In Oklahoma. -- The Memo, The Bureau And The Missing Texts: Get Caught Up On The War Over The FBI. -- Google's Space Race To The Moon Ends, And Nobody Wins Lunar X Prize. -- Sen. Tammy Duckworth's Pregnancy Set To Be Another First For The Illinois Democrat. -- Gunmen Storm Afghan Office Of Save The Children. And here are more early headlines: Ex-Brazilian President Lula Waits For Corruption Appeal Verdict. (AFP) New Interim San Francisco Mayor Picked; Opponents Say Race A Factor. (SF Gate) Foreclosures Could Increase In Puerto Rico After Hurricanes. (AP) Senate Close To Voting On HHS Nominee, Alex Azar. (The Hill) "Where We Net Out At This": The Jargon At Davos. (BBC)


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Question: Week in Review with Daniel Schorr

NPR's Scott Simon reviews the week's news with NPR's Daniel Schorr, senior news analyst.

Stories: 1) Colin Meloy of The Decemberists 2) Remembering Father Robert Drinan 3) The Metropolitan Opera in a Theater Near You


Question: Health Care Financing Initiative Filed

Late word this afternoon that the initiative has been filed for funding the health care reform plan now awaiting state Senate approval, with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez as its official authors.
The initiative asks voters to approve a financing plan to pay for the $14 billion a year reform proposal, and includes [...]

Global Warming Solutions Act. San Joaquin Episcopal Split. End Music.


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Question: Circles Of Friends In Cheyenne, Wyo.

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The mission of Circles Wyoming, part of a national anti-poverty movement, is "to build intentional, diverse and long-term relationships as people move from barely surviving to thriving." Trained "intentional friends" are matched with someone who is looking to escape poverty, explains Director Tim Thorson. They do everything "from having coffee once a month to talk about financial goals to going to the gym together ... things that any friends would do." Staff helps keep the relationships meaningful, Thorson says, "because these particular friendships are across lines of economic class and involve role modeling and coaching as well as having fun."

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Stories: 1) Crucial Moments, Courageous Decisions 2) Lafayette Gilchrist: '3'


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Question: Politics In Zimbabwe Has A New Soundtrack

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Music and politics have always been intertwined, from "Yankee Doodle" to "A Change is Gonna Come." And that's true in Zimbabwe, too — a country that is now facing a historic political transition. In the 1960s and '70s, when the country was still known as Rhodesia, black nationalists fought a bloody war to overthrow white minority rule. At the concert celebrating the country's new independence in 1980, Bob Marley performed his song "Zimbabwe," singing, "Every man got a right to decide his own destiny." Zimbabwean artist Thomas Mapfumo rallied the people of his country with his song, "Tumira Vana Kuhondo," which translates to "Mothers Send Your Children to War." And Zimbabwean psychedelic rock band Wells Fargo had a hit with a song called, "Watch Out." It made the band famous, but it also got its members into trouble. "We had to sit down and change the lyrics to soften them up a bit," Wells Fargo co-founder Ebba Chitambo, now 66, says with a broad smile and close-cropped white hair. The first version of the song was banned on the radio. "The chorus was straight and direct: 'Watch out, freedom is coming,'" Chitambo says. "So, police came to one of our gigs and knocked us around. We had to change it to, 'Watch out, big storm is coming.'" That was enough to keep the authorities happy, even if everyone knew the "big storm" was freedom.  But the joy of a free Zimbabwe faded as President Robert Mugabe cracked down on his opponents. Musicians who had sung songs of freedom realized that they were living under a different kind of oppression. Now, Zimbabwe is in the midst of another transformation. In November, Mugabe was forced from office after 37 years. Zimbabweans are preparing for their first elections without him July 30. His successor, Emmerson Mnangagwa, has pledged the vote will be free and fair. Though many in Zimbabwe are skeptical of that promise, the country is experiencing an openness and freedom of expression that it hasn't known in decades. In this consequential moment, Chitambo is making music again. He has a new outfit, called Friends Band. The group mostly plays covers — they are much less famous than Wells Fargo was — and nearly all of the musicians are about 40 years younger than Chitambo. They have only ever known a Zimbabwe ruled by Mugabe.  The group sits around a table at a hotel bar in the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, before a gig and the younger musicians have questions for Chitambo about making music in politically charged times.  Bassist David Mabhena, 23, is the youngest in the band. He asks Chitambo if he should sing about the changes in their country and make songs that "touch the people's hearts."  Chitambo replies that he should write about the reality he's dealing with. "Unless you want to write, 'Kiss me, kiss me baby,' which I know you don't want." This election will be the first Mabhena has ever voted in. "I feel like it's now my time to make a change," he says. Friends Band's 27-year-old singer Zinzile Majola says it felt like a window opened when Mugabe left. "It actually gave us more confidence that things would change from now on, from the way they were, from the way they used to be," Majola says. Chitambo says his younger band mates remind him of how he was at their age. "Listening to their ideas and all that, it reminds me of the days way back in time," he says. And just as Wells Fargo sang about freedom coming at the birth of Zimbabwe independence, Mabhena says he wants to write a song about the better Zimbabwe he hopes is coming after this month's election. "When I grew up, I had people promising us that things would change, but things go from bad to worse," he says. "The song I will write about is a song believing change is near and there is hope." ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:  Music and politics have always been intertwined, whether the song is "Yankee Doodle" or "A Change Is Gonna Come." This week, I've been reporting on a political transformation in Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe was forced from office in November. He had ruled as an autocrat for decades. On July 30, Zimbabwe will have an election, perhaps the first free and fair one in decades. So this is a rare moment of openness and free expression, and politics in Zimbabwe has a soundtrack, too. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "ZIMBABWE") BOB MARLEY: (Singing) Natty dread it in a... UNIDENTIFIED SINGERS #1: (Singing) Zimbabwe. MARLEY: (Singing) Set it up in... SHAPIRO: Back when the country was still known as Rhodesia, black nationalists here fought a bloody war to overthrow white minority rule. And in 1980, Zimbabwe became an independent country where every adult citizen could cast a ballot. In the song "Zimbabwe" Bob Marley sang, every man got a right to decide his own destiny. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "ZIMBABWE") UNIDENTIFIED SINGERS #1: (Singing) We going to fight. MARLEY: (Singing) We's going to fight. UNIDENTIFIED SINGERS #1: (Singing) We going to fight. MARLEY: (Singing) Fight for our rights. SHAPIRO: Zimbabwean artist Thomas Mapfumo sang abou

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Stories: 1) Blackwater: Private Army In The News Again 2) What's The Word? How English Evolved This Decade


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Question: Ambani Brothers Square Off In India's Supreme Court

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India's Supreme Court began hearing a case of a gas pricing dispute Tuesday. It's hoped that the court decision can settle a long-running family feud between two of Asia's richest businessmen. Mukesh Ambani controls Reliance Industries; his younger brother Anil heads Reliance Natural Resources. The Reliance business empire was split between the brothers after their father's death.

Good morning, here are our early stories: After Chávez: His 'Revolution' Is Likely To Continue. Storm Brings Season's Heaviest Snowfall To Midwest, Mid-Atlantic. And here are more early headlines: Brennan's CIA Nomination On 'Fast Track'; Vote May Come As Early As Thursday. (AP) Finally! Last Cardinal Expected Soon At Vatican To Help Choose New Pope. (CNN) Could Dow's New Record Prompt More Spending By Wealthy? (Marketwatch) European Union Fines Microsoft For Denying Consumers Web Browser Choice. (Reuters) After Two Years Of Fighting, Syria Has 1 Million Refugees. (Los Angeles Times) Los Angeles City Councilman, Controller, Headed For Mayoral Runoff. (KPCC) Czech Central Bank, Commercial Banks, Under Attack By Hackers. (Reuters) Did The Duchess Of Cambridge Drop A Hint About Her Baby's Gender? (People)


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Question: Hydrogen from Ethanol

There's a new, simpler way of extracting hydrogen from ethanol. Will it help change our energy economy?

 Guests:

  Lanny Schmidt
 *Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota


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Question: Monster Companies Settle Name Differences

The company Monster Cable sued hundreds of businesses last year for using the word "Monster" in their names. But a chain of mini golf courses fought back and took its case to the public. Now Monster Cable and Monster Mini Golf have settled their differences. Alex Cohen talks to Christina Vitagliano, founder of Monster Mini Golf, and Noel Lee, CEO of Monster Cable, about the resolution. ALEX COHEN, host:  Last month, we told you about a miniature golf course chain headquartered in Rhode Island that ran into a bit of trouble over its name, Monster Mini Golf. Owner Christina Vitagliano told us she was being sued by a tech company in Northern California called Monster Cable. Well, we're pleased to tell you there is a happy ending to this story. We're joined now, once again, by Christina of Monster Mini Golf and Noel Lee, CEO of Monster Cable. Welcome to both of you.  Ms. CHRISTINA VITAGLIANO (Founder, Monster Mini Golf): Thank you.  Mr. NOEL LEE (CEO, Monster Cable): Hello.  COHEN: Christina, I got an email from you yesterday, and you wrote that you had just accomplished something that everyone said would never be done. What was that?  Ms. VITAGLIANO: We came to a settlement with Monster Cable, and I think more importantly, with Noel himself. And when I said that we accomplished something that everybody said would never be done - and they did, that's all I heard for the last, I don't know, maybe six months or so - what I meant out of that was I got to talk to Noel and that was something that hadn't happened up until less than a week ago. And I think that is what made all the difference in the world.  COHEN: And the result of all of this - there's now the ability for Monster Mini Golf to keep its name. Noel, you've agreed to pay for the legal fees that Christina's incurred so far. Why the change of heart?  Mr. LEE: Well, first Christina is exactly right. Us talking to each other, we get to realize that we're both entrepreneurs. She's a very nice person, nothing like I imagined her to be through the emails, and I hope a little bit of the same in reverse.  Ms. VITAGLIANO: (Laughing) Absolutely.  Mr. LEE: You know, our intention is never to hurt any other business. It's just to protect the mark. And when I learned of the hardship that the lawsuit had placed on them financially, I thought the right thing to do was to return them as close to possible to neutral and not have them continue the business with a financial burden of legal fees.  COHEN: Christina, you wrote about this on the Monster Mini Golf Web site, and you mentioned that both of you were on the phone with your lawyers, and you guys weren't getting anywhere. And then you kicked the attorneys off the line. How did that change the flow of the conversation?  Ms. VITAGLIANO: I think, all of a sudden, it becomes human. I mean, it's as simple as that.  COHEN: Noel, Monster Mini Golf is not the only business that you've asked to stop using the name Monster. There are hundreds of cases where you've fought to protect your brand name. What happens to those other companies?  Mr. LEE: Oh, my gosh, it's completely changed the way we have to view trademark protection, especially when the public is not really understanding the concept of famous mark, and the requirements by the patent office that you have to protect it or you'll lose it. So, it's forced us to really evaluate whether we want to be a famous mark. So I think we're going to re-evaluate everything we do in the future, the impact for your listeners, and how people feel about it. So that's more important. Our customers and the public sentiment is a big part in how we view trademark protection going on in the future.  COHEN: Christina, it sounds like you guys have made peace. I know you have a few mini golf locations here in California. Do you think you might offer Mr. Lee a few free rounds of putt putt?  (Soundbite of laughter)  Ms. VITAGLIANO: Of course. Actually, I think we - somewhere over the next month or so, we have a new location opening up in Bakersfield. And I think we actually plan on meeting. Is that correct, Noel?  Mr. LEE: Yes, absolutely. I'd love to see the facility.  COHEN: Noel Lee of Monster Cable, Christina Vitagliano of Monster Mini Golf, thanks to you both.  Ms. VITAGLIANO: You're welcome.  Mr. LEE: Thank you so much.  (Soundbite of music)  COHEN: Day to Day is a monster production of NPR News with contributions from Slate.com. I'm Alex Cohen.  ADAMS: And I'm Noah Adams.

Citrus Growers Peg Losses at Over $800 Million. Regulators Hit Up Retailers for Pesticide Fees. End Music.


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Question: The challenge of affordable housing

As the Metropolitan Council requires Twin Cities communities to build thousands of units of affordable housing, cities and residents raise concerns about sharing the burden and the opportunity.

How the once fairly-stable business of public utilities is changing.


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Question: Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed

With the clock ticking for legislators to resolve the current year fiscal crisis, Assembly Speaker Fabian Nunez vowed today to do it without Republicans if necessary.
In comments to the Sacramento Press Club, the Los Angeles Democrat emphasized that he hopes to find common ground with GOP lawmakers on how to resolve the $3.3 billion shortfall [...]

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Question: Election News from Around California

The November election is just over three weeks away, and Californians are starting to focus on politics. Writers for three newspapers talk about the key issues in their parts of the state.

Sex Offender Measures. Constitutional or Not?, Field Notes: Glossopedia, Grand Ole Opry Turns 80, Focus on Technology, Hollywood in Cincinnati


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Question: Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed

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Question: Nunez: Dems Will Fix Budget Solo, If Needed

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Question: The Jamestown Project

Guest: Karen Ordahl Kupperman, the Silver Professor of History at New York University

The Re-Structuring of Comair, Field Notes: Crystal Clear Science, Essencha Tea House, Isabella Moon, Focus on Technology


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Question: Utah's Child Welfare System Woes Under Leavitt May Impede Confirmation

Michael Leavitt, Bush's nominee for secretary of Health and Human Services, was governor of Utah when the state experienced serious problems with its child welfare agency. The problems may provide fodder for opponents to his nomination. NPR's Howard Berkes reports.

Stem Cell Group Considers Research Grant Applications. Court Blocks New Sex Offender Law Pending Review. Nation's Latino Voters Leaned Democratic. End Music.


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Question: Grittier Telenovelas Are Ratings Gold For Telemundo

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Telenovelas' standard plots grew stale and viewership was down. Then networks led by Telemundo in the U.S. began producing more realistic and lurid series. And it's working, Telemundos ratings are up.

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It's Friday, and here are some of the stories we're watching: Egypt's 'Smooth Military Coup' Protested. Last Suspect In 1995 Sarin Attack Arrested In Tokyo. Forest Boy Is A Hoax, Police Say. Prosecutors Rest Their Case In Sandusky Sex Assaults Trial. (Philadelphia Inquirer) Britain Proposes Expanding Individual Data Tracking, Critics Slam Its Intrusiveness. (Telegraph) Democracy Activist Aung San Suu Kyi Falls Ill Briefly, Resumes European Tour. (Reuters) Spain's Debt Rises Sharply In The First Quarter, Up 30 Percentage Points Since 2008. (Wall Street Journal) International Criminal Court Swears In Gambian Lawyer As Top Prosecutor, First Woman To Hold Position. (CNN) China To Launch First Female Astronaut Into Space Tomorrow. (AP) Tropical Storm Carlotta Poised To Become Hurricane Off Mexico's Pacific Coast. (AP) In Sports: Tiger Tied For Second, Miami Ties Up NBA Finals.


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Question: Memo To The Rest of You...

In the latest political love poem from the national media to Arnold Schwarzenegger, the new edition of Esquire magazine proclaims that the governor is leading the nation into a ¿new kind of politics.¿

The March cover story, ¿The President of 12% of Us,¿ takes a quick tour of recent political goings-on in California en route to [...]

Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert weren't the only funny ones at The Rally  to Restore Sanity and/or Fear on the National Mall Saturday. Here are  some of the signs we spotted throughout the day. God Hates Snuggies I Was Told There'd Be Cookies. We Have Nothing To Fear But Fear Itself, And Spiders. Kitlers Against Hitler Analogies Government Doesn't Suck Real Patriots Drink Whiskey Don't Tread On Anyone That's No Moon Hyperbole Or Instant Death Slogans Are Crap I Stand 4 Good Posture I'm A Veteran. I'm An American. I Am Muslim. I Support The Right To Arm Bears Calm The F*** Down America Fear Is Illogical Just Stop Bickering And Clean This Mess Up THIS FONT IS BIG Going Out Of Business Everything 70-80 Percent Off I Am Moderately Excited For This Stand On The Right, Walk On The Left You Don't Have To Be Nice, Just Don't Be Mean Libraries Are Socialist Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet I thought Neil Young was going to be playing 1 Percent Sane, 98 Percent American, You Do The Math! Olivia Munn Fan (No ...  Really ...) Fear Gives Me A Boehner My Wife Is A Muslim And Not A Terrorist, But I'm Scared Of Her Anyway Abide CAPSLOCK IS NOT PERSUASIVE Festivas For The Rest Of Us I Heart Beck's Album Mellow Gold It Was His Best In My Opinion Senate Math 41 > 59 Yelling Rarely Works ... I Know, I'm A Mom! Don't Stomp On My Head, Bro


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Question: 1. Billboard + Weiner/Indian Economic Reforms

NPR'S ERIC WEINER REPORTS ON INDIA'S STRUGGLE TO CHANGE FROM A SOCIALIST ECONOMY TO A FREE-MARKET.

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The Alf Files, Naked Faces, and Hunky Homers.


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Question: Are The Mind And Life Natural?

Science has produced no standard account of the origins of life. We have a superb understanding of how we get biological variety from simple, living starting points. We can thank Darwin for that. And we know that life in its simplest forms is built up out of inorganic stuff. But we don't have any account of how life springs forth from the supposed primordial soup. This is an explanatory gap we have no idea how to bridge. Read More Science also lacks even a back-of-the-envelop concept explaining the emergence of consciousness from the behavior of mere matter. We have an elaborate understanding of the ways in which experience depends on neurobiology. But how consciousness arises out of the action of neurons, or how low-level chemical or atomic processes might explain why we are conscious — we haven't a clue. We aren't even really sure what questions we should be asking. These two explanatory gaps are strikingly similar. (See Evan Thompson's excellent Mind In Life, for a deep investigation of this parallel, or my Out of Our Heads.) In both cases we have large-scale phenomena in view (life, consciousness) and an exquisitely detailed understanding of the low-level processes that sustain these phenomena (biochemistry, neuroscience, etc). But we lack any way of making sense of the idea that the higher-level phenomena just come down to, or consist of, what is going on at the lower level. For example, we can tell a marvelously detailed story about the way receptors in the eyes respond to light and how in so doing they set off a cascade of neural events in the brain. We have theories that allow us to characterize these resulting neurophysiological processes as performing an information-processing task. The standard view is that the parts of the brain dedicated to vision take the neural signals from the eyes and transform them into an internal representation of the world. What we lack — what is entirely absent — is any plausible story about how these information-bearing representational states in the brain give rise to (or add up to, or constitute) seeing! Very similar problems arise, I believe, when we turn our attention to life. A living cell is more than just a chemical compound, even if every part of the cell is composed of inorganic elements. A cell, after all, is alive. What we lack, as in the case of mind, is a way of understanding how life happens due to the mere combination of nonliving precursors. One response to these observations about the extent of our lack of knowledge is to head back to the drawing board. Ingenuity and collective effort is what it will take to bridge the gap between our understanding of how the world works and our ability to make sense of the place of life and mind within it. Another response — and this is the response set forth by the philosopher Thomas Nagel in his fascinating new book Mind and Cosmos — is to call for revolution. If we can't explain ourselves within the framework of natural science, then, since we living conscious beings are manifestly natural, there must be something wrong with the framework. We need a new one. It's one thing to say we haven't explained life and mind yet; it's another to say that we can't do so in principle, at least not if we confine ourselves to the concepts of modern science. Nagel has a lot to say to support this stronger idea. One particular point stands out. The scientific revolution took its impulse from what the philosopher Bernard Williams called the Absolute Conception of Reality. This is a conception of the world as "it really is" entirely apart from how it appears to us: a colorless, odorless value-free domain of particles and complexes moving in accordance with timeless and immutable mathematical laws. The world so conceived has no place for mind in it. No intention. No purpose. If there is mind — and of course the great scientific revolutionaries such as Descartes and Newton would not deny that there is mind — it exists apart from and unconnected to the material world as this was conceived of by the New Science. If modern science begins by shaping a conception of the cosmos, its subject matter, in such a way as to exclude mind and life, then it shouldn't come as a surprise that we can't seem to find a place for them in the natural order so conceived. This is why Nagel observes, at the beginning of his book, that the mind-body problem isn't just a local problem concerning brains, behavior and the mind; correctly understood it invades our understanding of the cosmos itself and its history. The mind/body problem is the problem of framing an account of the natural order, but one which doesn't leave us out the picture. Some reviewers (for example, Brian Leiter and Michael Weisberg, writing in The Nation) seem glad to dismiss Nagel's call to arms. This may be because they find it implausible that either philosophy or the practice of science is committed today to anything like the Absolute Conception of Reality, or to the related idea that, th

Public Financing of Political Campaigns, The Legend of St. Nicholas, Field Notes: Gorillas, Focus on Technology, Gluten-Free Living, The Big Screen: Forever


Question: Car Guru: Stop Downshift In Manual Transmissions

Seventy years ago, 70 percent of U.S.-made cars came with a stick shift. The number is less than 9 percent today. But at least one man is on a quest to reverse that slide. Eddie Alterman loves automobiles. He's a gear head. He's the top editor at Car and Driver magazine. His whole career, he has watched the sales of cars with stick shifts decline. And when Ferrari failed to offer a manual option for the new 458 Italia, he said, enough's enough. Basta. Alterman is making converts one by one. Recently, he gave Julia Espinosa her first lesson in driving a manual transmission, in a high school parking lot. Espinosa says, ever since her uncle regaled her with tales of touring the back roads of England as a young man, she has wanted to learn how to drive a real car. You know, one with a stick. "So the clutch pedal needs to be depressed completely before it's going to engage? Or you said halfway," Espinosa says before the car stalls. And stalls. And stalls a third time. But, on the fourth try she gets it. "There you go! WHOO!" Alterman says. "You did it! Now to get into second gear." By the time the lesson is over, Espinosa has mastered the basics. She's not ready for the back roads of England yet, but it's a start. "A great number of people become addicted to stick shifts," says Chris Terry of Ford, who brought the car for the lesson. He says it isn't too much trouble to offer manual transmissions for a small pool of customers. "The trouble would be if consumers didn't think they were gonna get a choice and that they thought Ford Motor Co. was gonna turn its back on driving enthusiasts," Terry says. Alterman figures young people in particular should focus more on driving and less on distractions. "It's about do-it-yourself, it's about having fun in the car, and not doing it through apps or downloading Pandora or anything like that," he says. "It's about actually having a connection to the mechanical part of the car." But still, the numbers of manual shift cars keep declining. "In 1940, we sold our first Hydromatic transmission," says GM Engineer Tim Kotlarek. His company introduced the first commercially successful automatic transmission in the U.S. Kotlarek expects most sports cars will always come with a stick option, but even though he's a car guy, too, he prefers an automatic. Do stick shift enthusiasts think that's lazy? "Yeah, I am, I'll be the first to admit it," he says, laughing. "But, it's the ease of things, right?" That, plus, automatics are now as fuel efficient as manuals. And just get stuck in a stop-and-go traffic jam with a manual; that'll suck the joy out of driving a stick for sure. But Alterman isn't ready to accept a world without manual transmissions. "I don't want to live in that world, to tell you the truth," he says. "It's a world without guys building treehouses for their kids. It's a world without train sets. It's a world without fun." So Alterman fights the good fight, armed with a website, some decals, and T-shirts that read, "Save the Manuals." ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:  Seventy years ago in the U.S., 70 percent of cars came with a stick shift. How many American cars have stick shifts today? The answer is 9 percent. Michigan Radio's Tracy Samilton has the story of one man who would like to reverse that. TRACY SAMILTON, BYLINE: Eddie Alterman loves automobiles. Yeah, he's a gear head. He's the top editor at Car and Driver magazine. His whole career, he's watched the sales of cars with stick shifts decline. And when Ferrari failed to offer a manual option for the new 458 Italia, he said enough is enough - basta. EDDIE ALTERMAN: OK. Let's start at the beginning. SAMILTON: Today, Alterman will give Julia Espinosa her first lesson in driving a manual transmission. He's making converts one by one. Espinosa says ever since her uncle regaled her with tales of touring the back roads of England as a young man, she's wanted to learn how to drive a real car, you know, one with a stick. JULIA ESPINOSA: The clutch pedal needs to be depressed completely before it's going to engage, or you said halfway? ALTERMAN: About half way. ESPINOSA: About... ALTERMAN: And you will feel that engagement point. SAMILTON: So here in a high school parking lot, like so many before her, Espinosa stalls the car, a second time and a third. ALTERMAN: And then start to let roll into the gas. (SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) ALTERMAN: Just a little more gas in. SAMILTON: But lo and behold, on the fourth try... ALTERMAN: There you go. SAMILTON: There you go. (SOUNDBITE OF APPLAUSE) ALTERMAN: Whoo, you did it. OK. Now, to get into second gear... SAMILTON: By the time the lesson is over, Espinosa has mastered the basics. She's not ready for the back roads of England yet, but it's a start. CHRIS TERRY: A great number of people become addicted to driving stick shifts. SAMILTON: That's Chris Terry of Ford. He brought the car for the lesson. I ask him, isn't it too much trouble to offer manual transmissions for such a small pool of customers?

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State to Impose New Emissions Rules for Small Engines. Solar Initiative Launches January 1. End Music.


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Question: Professional Holiday Decorators

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Stressed-out hosts across California are hiring some extra help this year. Professional decorating services are not just for the rich and famous anymore — they're also for hardworking folks with little time for the holiday trimmings. (Audio not yet available from this broadcast.)

School Funding, Focus On Technology, National Audubon Society, The Android's Dream, Chase's Calendar of Events, Letters from Iwo Jima, Commentary: Exercise and Pre-teen Martial Arts