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Question: Climate change and natural disasters - integrating science and practice to protect health.

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BACKGROUND ::: Hydro-meteorological disasters are the focus of this paper. The authors examine, to which extent climate change increases their frequency and intensity. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Review of IPCC-projections of climate-change related extreme weather events and related literature on health effects. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Projections show that climate change is likely to increase the frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial distribution of a range of extreme weather events over coming decades. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: There is a need for strengthened collaboration between climate scientists, the health researchers and policy-makers as well as the disaster community to jointly develop adaptation strategies to protect human.

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The provided query could be "['Represent the abstract for retrieving the scientific paper title', 'The basic polymerization principle of maleic anhydride(MA) and acrylic acid(AA) are introduced.The effects of polymer reaction condition such as monomer ration,initiator amount,the dropping time of monomer and the reaction temperature on the chelating properties and dispersion properties are studied.And we try to change the initiator dropping mode and nitrogen protection to enhance the soaping capacity of polymer.']" and the positive "['Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract', 'Synthesis of Maleic-Anhydride Acrylic-Acid Copolymer']"

Abstract As countries develop adaptation plans to protect important economic sectors from climate impacts, the role of information to support decision-making is growing more important. Underfunded or low-capacity national weather and climate agencies will become an impediment to better decision-making if they are not able to keep up with demand for tailored information. A project carried out in partnership between the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Jamaican government shows that when information producers and consumers codesign and implement information services, they can yield results quickly and help small-scale decision makers adapt to adverse weather and climate conditions.


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Given ['Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about', 'The Vocational Careers of Elementary-School Principals'] it matches with ['Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title', "ODAY'S ORGANIZATION for the administration and supervision of public schools is placing increasing responsibilities for leadership upon elementary-school principals. This trend is particularly evident in the areas of supervision of instruction and in parent-school relations. Effectiveness in both of these areas is dependent largely upon thorough acquaintance with the development and behavior of elementary-school pupils and with the objectives, curriculum, methods, materials, and practices in elementary education."] but not with ['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'Foreword by William S. Woodside Introduction School Service to the Community Improving Youth Employability through "Learning to Work" Programs Developing Adult Basic Skills for Employment Community College Assistance to Business and Economic Development Agencies Training and Job Creation for the Unemployed Business-Higher Education Development Strategies Conclusion Bibliography Index']

Question: Template Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff's Base Complexes of Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) Metal Ions

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New macrocyclic qudaridendate (N4) Schiff base complexes have been synthesized by the template effect of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal ions on thiourea and acetylacetone. These complexes were found to be octahedral with two additional aqua ligands in the case Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and distorted octahedral with two chlorine ligands in the case Cu(II) complexes. They have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, IR, UV-visible and antimicrobial activity studies.

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1. Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Immobilized Metal Complexes 2. Polymerization Processes Catalyzed by Immobilized Metal Complexes 3. Specific Features of Catalysis by Immobilized Metal Complexes 4. Activation of Small Stable Molecules and Development of Catalytic Reactions Through the Participation of Immobilized Complexes 5. Hydrogenation Processes Catalyzed by Metal-Containing Polymers


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Question: Time for a new zeitgeist in perinatal mental health

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Perinatal depression, and to a lesser extent anxiety, has been the focus of interest for perinatal psychiatrists for several decades. Policy and substantial funding has supported this. We argue that it is now time to change this focus and to invest greater funding to support clinical and research effort in ‘high-risk’ caregivers and their infants. We define high-risk caregivers as those who are likely to have attachment and relationship difficulties with their infant as a result of their own developmental experiences, personality difficulties and/or trauma-related mental disorders, often complicated by substance abuse, depression and anxiety. We propose that early intervention with such caregivers, focussing on both maternal mental health and on the needs of the infant for responsive and sensitive interaction and emotional care, would contribute to prevention of infant developmental disorders, with real gains to be made in breaking the transgenerational cycle of development of severe personality disorder.

Every day health care professionals ignore their patients' need for socia-psychological support. This article describes the author's personal experiences with this deficit in health care.


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Question: Properties of films from fish gelatin prepared by molecular modification and direct addition of oxidized linoleic acid

Abstract Films prepared from fish gelatin molecularly modified via covalent attachment with oxidized linoleic acid (OLA) so called “modified gelatin (MG)” and those added with OLA (G + OLA) at various levels (10–50%, w/w, of protein) were characterized, in comparison to control film (without modification or addition with OLA). Films from MG and G + OLA had lower elastic modulus (EM), tensile strength (TS) and water-vapor permeability (WVP) but higher elongation at break (EAB) and yellowness (b*-value), as compared to control film (p

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High molecular weight polysuccinimide (PSI), as the precursor polymer for watersoluble poly(aspartic acis), was prepared by the thermal polycondensation of L-Aspartic acid. The molecular weight, estimated from the solution viscosity of PSI, was within a range of 100000∼140000 Dalton. A crosslinked gel powder was prepared by thermal curing reaction of a freeze-dried mixture composed of polyaspartic acid and a proper amount of PEG-diepoxide in water. The dependences of swelling behavior on the composition and curing conditions were also investigated.


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Question: Method of growing indium nitride

The present application relates to a method for growing indium nitride on a substrate by MOVPE in the presence of a rare gas as a medium growth. .FIELD 1

The present invention belongs to the field of nano technology and the growth of LED array preparation, discloses a method for preparing nano-pillars and LED grown on a substrate of lithium gallate. The lithium gallate grown on non-polar substrates comprising LiGaO nanocolumn LED substrate grown on a GaN substrate LiGaO nano-pillar array, GaN grown on the nano-pillar array of non-doped GaN layer grown on non-doped GaN layer on the n-type doped GaN layer grown on an n-type GaN layer on the undoped InGaN / GaN quantum wells, is grown on the InGaN / GaN quantum well p-type doped GaN layer; the GaN nanowires column array of non-polar GaN nano-pillar array. The present invention is selected low lithium gallate substrate materials costs, the size of the nano-pillar array controllable prepared, are oriented, the obtained non-polar nanocolumn LED low defect density, excellent electrical and optical properties.


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Question: [Overall and intensively conduct the prevention of blindness in China: explaining the National Plan for the Prevention of Blindness (2012-2015)].

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The National Plan for the Prevention of Blindness(2012-2015) issued by Ministry of Health and China Disabled Person Federation last year is an important procedure for further promoting the prevention of blindness and reach the great goal for eliminating the avoidable blindness by 2020 in China. The Plan clearly describe the social nature of the prevention of blindness, correctly explain the current situation for prevention of blindness in China, put forward the guidance idea, working principles, goals and contents, and the guarantee measures in the next four years in the prevention of blindness in China. The leaders in ophthalmology and ophthalmologists in China should learn and practice the Plan for the more progress in the prevention of blindness.

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Introduction 1. History of women's education in pre-WWII Japan 2. Policy changes from the post-WWII period up to the mid-1980's 3. From equal opportunities to equal participation: women's careers in science and engineering in the 1990s 4. Policy breakthrough by promoting equal participation of men and women in the late 1990s and 2000s 5. Policy impacts and voices of women in science and engineering: evaluation and survey results. Conclusion


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Question: FROM THE WELFARE STATE TO THE MINIMAL STATE

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The present paper aims at illustrating aspects of the state's role in the economy and the manner in which the state can intervene in situations directly related to the effects of the economic crisis. We also highlight Romania’s ranking among the 27 EU countries and the overall situation of direct investments, imports and domestic exports. The first chapter presents issues argued by J.M. Keynes, i.e. the fact the state is required to be deeply involved in influencing the national economy, while chapter three depicts an overall image of the manner in which other countries have found the way to fight against its negative effects.

THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL PROCESSES IS FOCUSED UPON IN A DISCUSSION OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF AIR TRANSPORT VS OTHER MEANS OF TRAVEL IN TERMS OF TIME, COSTS, POPULARITY, AND TECHNOLOGY. THE FIGHT AGAINST THE AIRPORTS BY THE COMMUNITY ARE FELT TO REPRESENT A CLASH OF TECHNICAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL FORCES. /IAA/


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Question: A proximal framework for fuzzy subspace clustering

Abstract This paper proposes a fuzzy partitioning subspace clustering algorithm that minimizes a variant of the FCM cost function with a weighted Euclidean distance and a non-differentiable penalty term. The form of the cost function suggests to split the optimization problem, taking advantage of the framework of proximal optimization. The expression of the proximal operator for the penalty term is derived and implemented in a new algorithm, PFSCM, which combines proximal descent and alternate optimization. A discussion on the extension of this work to produce sparse estimations of the subspaces is conducted. Experimental results show the relevance of the proposed approach.

Second-order hidden Markov models (HMM2) have been widely used in pattern recognition, especially in speech recognition. Their main advantages are their capabilities to model noisy temporal signals of variable length. This paper presents an extension of HMM2 based on the fuzzy c-means (FCM) and fuzzy entropy (FE) referred to as FCM-FE-HMM2. By building up a generalised fuzzy objective function, several new formulae solving model training problem are theoretically derived for FCM-FE-HMM2.


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Question: Application of Obscure Operation in Military Warfare Environment

This paper expounds the obscurity in military warfare environment,emphasizing on the construction of functions in military warfare environment description.

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Abstract : Partial contents: Persistent ISR Study Objective, Persistence Defined, Modeling & Simulation, Measures of Effectiveness, Architecture Design Search, Summary.


Question: Severe Acute Hyperkalemia during Pre-Anhepatic Stage in Cadaveric Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

A serious hazard to patients during orthotopic liver transplantation is hyperkalemia. Although the most frequent and hazardous hyperkalemia occurs immediately after reperfusion of the newly transplanted liver, morbid hyperkalemia could happen in the other phases during orthotopic liver transplantation. However, pre-anhepatic hyperkalemia during orthotopic liver transplantation is rare. This report describes one such patient, who without transfusion, developed severe hyperkalemia during pre-anhepatic phase. The variations in serum potassium concentration of the present case indicate that it is necessary to take care of the changes of serum potassium concentration not only during reperfusion but also during the other phases of the liver transplantation.

Prevention of Venous Air Embolism Related to Veno-venous Bypass during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation MASAHIRO MURAKAWA; Anesthesiology


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Question: Real-time image subtraction using phase reversal technique

A simple coherent interferometric processing method for image subtraction in real-time is presented. The proposed method is based on interferometric principle using Mach- Zehnder interferometer. The phase reversal is accomplished by varying the pressure within an air-filled quartz cell inserted in one of the arms of the interferometer. Initially, the interferometer is aligned to obtain broad interference fringes in the cell region. Then the input imageries are introduced in both the arms of the interferometer and adjusted for exact registration as seen in the plane of observation. By introducing a phase change of (pi) -rad between the two arms of the interferometer, the difference between the inputs is detected in real-time on the monitor. Phase shift calibration and information processing of the proposed method is presented with the results.

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In this paper, a new method for efficient generation of video hologram for 3-D video is proposed by combined use of redundant data of 3-D video and look-up table techniques.


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Question: Persistent Sharing of Fitness App Status on Twitter

As the world becomes more digitized and interconnected, information that was once considered to be private such as one's health status is now being shared publicly. To understand this new phenomenon better, it is crucial to study what types of health information are being shared on social media and why, as well as by whom. In this paper, we study the traits of users who share their personal health and fitness related information on social media by analyzing fitness status updates that MyFitnessPal users have shared via Twitter. We investigate how certain features like user profile, fitness activity, and fitness network in social media can potentially impact the long-term engagement of fitness app users. We also discuss implications of our findings to achieve a better retention of these users and to promote more sharing of their status updates.


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Question: Lighting Estimation in Outdoor Image Collections

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Large scale structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithms have recently enabled the reconstruction of highly detailed 3-D models of our surroundings simply by taking photographs. In this paper, we propose to leverage these reconstruction techniques to automatically estimate the outdoor illumination conditions for each image in a SfM photo collection. We introduce a novel dataset of outdoor photo collections, where the ground truth lighting conditions are known at each image. We also present an inverse rendering approach that recovers a high dynamic range estimate of the lighting conditions for each low dynamic range input image. Our novel database is used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of our algorithm. Results show that physically plausible lighting estimates can faithfully be recovered, both in terms of light direction and intensity.


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Question: Scientia and Self-knowledge in Descartes

In The Search after Truth and related writings Malebranche strongly criticizes Descartes’s thesis that the nature of the mind is better known than the nature of body. In opposition to his mentor Malebranche maintains that whereas we have a clear idea of body, we have no such idea of the mind; we know the mind only by consciousness or internal sensation. In the last twenty years or so Malebranche’s critique of Descartes in this area has attracted a good deal of mostly favorable attention, and especially if we stand back a little from the texts, it is not difficult to see why.

Contents: The Scholar and the Radical - British Historians of Ancient Greece - Aspects of Platonism in eighteenth century and Victorian Britain - Grote on Athens and Plato - The Reception of Grote.


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Question: Electric drive & control system for high efficient modification ofcontinuous casting machine

To introduce EIC control system for high efficient modification of continuous casting machine in Sanmig Iron Steel Co. , including the system structure, the main functions, the equipments and control features of EIC system.

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Described are the development general, car structure, performance, technical parameters, application of new technique and testing of the new type heavy oil tank car with low center of gravity.


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Question: On heterogeneities with reduced viscosity in the mantle under the Kamchatka volcanoes according to seismological data

A seismological study of the upper mantle under the Kamchatka volcanoes using body waves from nearby earthquakes has shown local heterogencities consisting of materials with reduced elastic properties at depths from 30 to 90 km.

Application of 1D anisotropic inversion (using methods of stochastic and directional decomposition analysis) and 3D inversion (by thin layer) to magnetotelluric data in the territory of Ukraine allowed to prove quantitatively the existence of conductive objects located at different depths and extending in intersecting directions. The importance of the use of these methods has been demonstrated by examples, linking results in the Carpathians, the Dnieper-Donets Basin, the slope of the Voronezh massif, Ukrainian shield with accommodation areas and areas of specific minerals, seismic and geo- and hydrothermal resources


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Question: Banks, Regulators, Market Actors, and Scrutinizers

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According to the theoretical point of departure for this chapter organizations are governed through interplay between regulators, market actors and scrutinizers. Regulators provide rules for action ...

Introduction: On Critiques and Evolutions of Communicative Planning Theory Part 1: Counteracting Non-Deliberative Stakeholder Pressure 1. Legitimizing Communicative Planning 2. The Logic of Critical Communicative Planning: Transaction Cost Alteration 3. Activist Modes of Planning: A Systematic Overview 4. Activist Communicative Planning: Hybrids of Dialogue and Strategy Part 2: The Neo-Liberal Challenge 5. Neo-liberal Policies in Urban Planning 6. Conflicting Values of Communicative Planning Theory and New Public Management 7. A Strategy for Examining whether Communicative Planning is Serving Neo-liberalism Part 3: Responsibilities 8. Responsibility for End-use of Theory 9. Responsibility for Inclusive Deliberation in Planning: Struggling with Deep Difference 10. Responsible Decisions in Planning Theory, Teaching and Academic Life


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Question: [Photoperiodic induction of the diapause in the egg phase of the blood-sucking midge, Culicoides pulicaris punctatus Mg. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)].

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Photoperiodic induction of diapause in C. p. punctatus was studied at a constant (25 degrees) and varying temperature (16 to 18 degrees). Photosensitivity of females and eggs was established. The first and second generations of C. p. punctatus have a photoperiodic reaction of a long-day type. The effect of the light day and temperature on females of different generations is dissimilar. The tendency of diapause is higher in autumn females.

Fifteen specimens of the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill), caught in Salmonier Arm, near Mitchells Brook, St. Mary's Bay, Newfoundland, were examined for helminth parasites. Three species of monogenetic trematodes (Gyrodactylus avalonia Hanek and Threlfall, 1969; Gyrodactylus cameroni n. sp.; Gyrodactylus canadensis Hanek and Threlfall, 1969), one of digenetic trematodes (Podocotyle atomon (Rudolphi, 1802)), one of Cestoda (Proteocephalus sp.), and one of Nematoda (Cystidicola farionis Fischer, 1798) were recovered.


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represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract

For example, '['Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about', 'The analysis of the occurrence of high in-rush currents in DC power supplies']' should have a representation like '['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'This paper uses detailed simulation models to investigate inrush current characteristics of typical dc power supplies, following various supply system voltage disturbances. Current methods of inrush current protection are investigated, and it is shown that careful consideration must be given to fuse selection in order to providing protect the dc power supply and avoid erroneous tripping. The paper also proposes a simplified equivalent model, based on an uncontrolled rectifier, for the accurate prediction of inrush currents considered dc power supply configurations.']' but very far from '['Represent the abstract for retrieving the scientific paper title', 'A procedure for estimating the value of the equilibrium voltage based on just a few voltage readings obtained in the early stage of the measurement process.']'.

Question: Polarizing film, method for manufacturing same, and polarizing plate

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Provided is a polarizing film wherein: iodine has been adsorbed and oriented on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based resin film; the boron content is within the range of 1-3.5 wt%; when being cut into a piece (2 mm x 10 mm) with the absorption axis as the long side and heated for 4 hours at 80 DEG C, the contraction force along the direction of the absorption axis is not more than 2.8 N; and the b value of the orthogonal hue is within the range of -2.2 to +0.5. Also provided is a polarizing plate wherein a protective layer is formed on said polarizing film. The polarizing film can be produced by subjecting a PVA film to iodine staining, boric acid treatment and water washing in this order, conducting uniaxial stretching during the boric acid treatment or before the same, and conducting primary drying for drying the film between the boric acid treatment and the water washing.

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A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer and phase difference compensation film. The second substrate is opposed to the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The phase difference compensation film formed on a surface of the first substrate, and a fluorine resin. Thus, by including the phase difference compensation film is a fluorine resin, and improves the hardness, stain-proofing property and scratch resistance can be prevented damage to the phase difference compensation film.


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Question: Electron probe microanalysis of fish otoliths — evaluation of techniques for studying age and stock discrimination

Electron probe microanalyzers fitted with energy-dispersive (ED) and wavelength-dispersive (WD) X-ray spectrometers are the standard instruments for measuring microscale differences in the chemical composition of the calcified tissues of fishes. We review the principles of using these spectrometers, detail procedures for preparing otoliths for microanalysis, and compare the accuracy and sensitivity of the two instruments. ED systems on electron probes are prone to produce spectral artifacts, peak overlaps and difficulties in modelling nonlinear backgrounds. Current generation ED systems do not, therefore, appear suitable for quantitative analysis of trace elements ( 3μW · μm−2 resulted in unacceptable levels of specimen damage.

Thin sections of breast tissues from patients with possible tumors also contained closely associated mineral deposits. Using scanning electron and backscattered electron microscopy (SEM-BSE) energy and wavelength dispersive chemical analyses, we found the deposits ranged from ,1 m mt o 50mm in size and were composed predominantly of calcium phosphate. Semi-quantitative chemical determinations indicate that the mineral exhibits different Ca/P ratios depending on the site of deposition. This high-resolution methodology to chemically analyze precipitates in human tissues is a novel approach that may provide some new insights into mineral deposition in soft tissues. Application of the technique to establish compositional biases in a wide variety of tissues seems warrented. Specifically, additional data on mineral deposits in breast tissues could contribute toward the understanding of the localized changes and to the development of disease at this site.


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Question: Method and apparatus for predicting influence range of traffic events

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for predicting the influence range of a traffic event. According to the method, judgment is not carried out with the features of the traffic event adopted as parameters, while, matching feature vectors and prediction feature vectors which exist in pairs and are established in advance are utilized; the speed of a road chain where the traffic event occurs and the speed of road chains associated with the road chain constitute current feature vectors; similarity matching is performed on the current feature vectors and the matching feature vectors; prediction feature vectors corresponding to obtained matching feature vectors after the matching are the predicted speed of each road chain in a next period; and therefore, the speeds of other road chains which are influenced by the traffic event occurs in a road chain m can be predicted. Since the method does not depend on the features of the traffic event, prediction results are more accurate.

One or more signals to identify a region of interest of the image. Signal is applied to generate an image model based on one or more regions of interest. The model may be presented different views of the image by emphasizing the various features and focus. The model may be based on one or more sample rates to sort and display signals. The multilayer feedback mechanism allows the user intends to collect and / or other forms of explicit input. Feedback can be obtained with the associated model, and based on the additional model for generating one or more signals and feedback. Feedback may also be stored and used for machine learning purposes.


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Question: Emission control system for an internal combustion engine

An emission control system for an internal combustion engine includes an upstream sensor (20) which is upstream of a catalyst (18) in a flow direction of an exhaust gas is provided, a downstream sensor (21) which is provided downstream of the catalyst for detecting an air-fuel ratio to detect, so that the air-fuel ratio approaches a air-fuel ratio at a sub-feedback control, and a constant current supply portion (27) on which an output characteristic of the downstream sensor by applying a constant current to a pair of electrodes (33, 34) changes. A characteristic control section controls the constant current supply portion in the sub-feedback control to make a timing of a lean detection of the downstream sensor requires swift when the air-fuel ratio is richer than the air-fuel ratio, and make advance haste to a timing of a fatty detection of the downstream sensor when the air-fuel ratio is leaner than the air-fuel ratio.

Various operation conditions of engines run on natural gas (gas-diesel and gas), design of liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel tank for open-pit dump trucks, and structural scheme of the LNG production — dump truck refueling chain are discussed.


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Question: The Role of Marketing in Economic Development

Most writings on economic growth have focused on industrialization and increasing industrial productivity. This traditional approach neglects the role of marketing in stimulating economic growth via increasing productivity in all sectors of the economy and in integrating segmented markets in developing areas. Marketing by integrating the large rural sector into the national market converts a static system into a dynamic system.

Contents: The Information Society - The Digital Divide - The Digital Practice Perspective - The Digital Practice of Weak Tie Development - The Digital Practice of Maintaining Family Ties via Mobile Phone - The Digital Practice of Maintaining Digital Enclaves - The Digital Practice Perspective and Social Policy: Improving the Social, Cultural, and Civic Quality of the Digital Environment - Conclusion: Smart Mobs, Flash Mobs, Flash Robs and the Revolutionary Potential of the Digital Environment.


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Question: The LED spectral power distribution modelled by different functions - how spectral matching quality affected computed LED color parameters

The paper is describing different alternatives for mathematical modelling of LED’s spectral power distribution. Gaussians, logistic power peak and asymmetric double sigmoidal functions are tested with different shape and peak wavelength LEDs. Article shows how SPD accuracy modeling is affecting color quality parameters and luminous efficiency of LED. Consequences of applying always single SPD model for different LED emitters are shown for chosen parameters.

Color filter array (CFA) used in CCD and CMOS-sensor to acquire color images determinate the end quality of the image. In this paper the question of the requirements for the CFA to provide both high sensitivity and resolution is discussed. By optimizing the key parameters of the CFA new filters are obtained. The computer simulation proved that proposed CFA outperform known CFA by meanings of objective and subjective image quality.


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Question: Meeting the teaching needs of Clinical Educators

To meet the teaching needs of clinical educators and clinical supervisors, a structured course was designed to run over 14 weeks of three hour sessions. The format and instructional layout of the course was designed to provide consistency of material to be presented for beginning clinical educators. Teaching sessions were set up to provide a practical knowledge base upon which participants were able to build skills through active involvement, limiting the amount of lecture time to provide opportunities for group discussion and other interactive means to actively involve participants.

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This guide provides an overview of recommended resources to support courses and research at Texas A&M University relating to Educational Psychology.


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Question: Renormalization, isogenies and rational symmetries of differential equations

We give an example of infinite order rational transformation that leaves a linear differential equation covariant. This example can be seen as a non- trivial but still simple illustration of an exact representation of the renormalization group.

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We introduce frameworks for constructing global derived moduli stacks associated to a broad range of problems, bridging the gap between the concrete and abstract conceptions of derived moduli. Our three approaches are via differential graded Lie algebras, via cosimplicial groups, and via quasicomonoids, each more general than the last. Explicit examples of derived moduli problems addressed here are finite schemes, polarised projective schemes, torsors, coherent sheaves and finite group schemes.


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Question: Microporous Metal Organic Framework Membrane on Porous Support Using the Seeded Growth Method

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A seeded growth method is used to prepare preferentially oriented and well-intergrown films of microporous metal organic framework (MMOF) on porous α-alumina discs. A randomly oriented seed layer is deposited which leads to an oriented membrane as a result of competitive grain growth during the secondary growth process. The orientation is such that the pores are preferentially aligned along the membrane thickness and the membrane exhibits ideal selectivity for H2/N2 as high as 23.

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The provided query could be "['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'The chemiluminescent decomposition of functionalized 1,2-dioxetanes was examined in toluene solution. Activation energies were measured by isothermal and nonisothermal kinetic methods. Quantum efficiencies were determined by Stern-Volmer kinetics, using the fluorescers 9,10-dibromo- and 9,10-diphenylanthracene for the triplet and singlet excitation yields. The derivatives of 3-hydroxymethyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-1,2-dioxetane (1a) have free energies of activation (ΔG≠) of ca. 25 kcal/mol, but the ΔG≠ values of the annelated benzofuran-type dioxetanes (5) are ca. 1 kcal/mol lower. There exists a reasonable correlation between the free energies of activation (ΔG≠) for the thermal decomposition of the dioxetanes and their triplet excitation flux (EpT).']" and the positive "['represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about', 'Activation parameters and excitation yields of 1,2‐dioxetanes of photogenotoxic interest']"

1. Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Immobilized Metal Complexes 2. Polymerization Processes Catalyzed by Immobilized Metal Complexes 3. Specific Features of Catalysis by Immobilized Metal Complexes 4. Activation of Small Stable Molecules and Development of Catalytic Reactions Through the Participation of Immobilized Complexes 5. Hydrogenation Processes Catalyzed by Metal-Containing Polymers


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Question: Readmission After Pancreatic Resection: Causes and Causality Pattern

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Background ::: Readmission rates have been targeted for cost/reimbursement control. Our goal was to identify causes for readmission and delineate the pattern of early and late readmission.

Abstract : Contents: Historical Perspective; Treatment Goals; Anatomic Illustrations; Early Care; Triage and Patient Evaluation; Hypovolemic Shock Presurgical Considerations; Surgical Management; Care at Intermediate Facilities, Late Care (Reconstruction-Rehabilitation); Bone Graft Reconstruction; Preprosthetic Surgery; Case Reports; and Research in Acquired Craniofacial Disfigurement.


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Question: Teachers as Models for Children's Speech.

er as a language model is to provide her students, however, appear to need some reconsideration. It seems possible that a serious gap exists between current linguistic and psycholinguistic theory and classroom practice. Attention to teachers' language has traditionally focused on "correct" usage. As a result, while teachers may not always use pronoun forms accurately or always remember to add "ly" to adverbs, they are sensitive to those criteria. Indeed, in an attempt to live up to their role as models of "educated" speech, many teachers use unnaturally formal language constructions in the classroom. For example, It is I., and Whom did you say? In accord with this role as a model for

Perspectives on Learning Disabilities Not Measuring Up - Being Labelled Learning Disabled Managing School and College Getting Along Socially Managing the Workplace Changing the Learning Disabilities Emphasis.


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E.g.
"['Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about.', 'Plasticity of Chromatin Organization in the Plant Interphase Nucleus']" == "['represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper\nExample:\nProvided: "Nanoparticles can improve the stability of CO2 foam and increase oil recovery during CO2 flooding in reservoirs. However, there are few reports in the literature concerning the synergistic effects of hydrophilic nanoparticles and nonionic surfactants on the stabilization of CO2 foam. In this study, the mechanism of the synergistic stabilization of CO2 foam by the nonionic surfactant C12E23 and hydrophilic T40 nanoparticles (SiO2) and the flow characteristic in porous media were investigated. Furthermore, the best formula for CO2 foam has been determined. The experimental results show that the nonionic surfactant C12E23 adsorbs on the surface of T40 nanoparticles by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, which increases the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticles. In the dispersion of 2.49 mM C12E23 and 1.5 wt % T40, the surfactant forms a dense monolayer on the surface of nanoparticles, and the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticles reaches the maximum with a contact angle of 78°. The stability of the CO2 foam..." Match: "Properties of CO2 Foam Stabilized by Hydrophilic Nanoparticles and Nonionic Surfactants"', 'Genomes are organized as chromatin into complex 3D structures in interphase nuclei, and the relation of these structures to gene function is the subject of much current debate and research. In this chapter, we describe key landmarks that have led to our present understanding of interphase nuclear architecture, with particular emphasis on model and crop plants, such as wheat, rice and Arabidopsis. We discuss the significance of the plasticity of interphase chromosome organization in relation to transcriptional state, epigenetic regulation and environmental influences. We describe our current understanding of in vivo chromatin dynamics down to molecular resolution. Finally, we consider the prospects for using an understanding of chromatin organization and behaviour to improve plant performance in challenging environmental conditions.']" != "['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'Gene Regulatory Networks Orchestrating B Cell Fate Specification, Commitment, and Differentiation.- Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins in Lymphocyte Lineage Determination.- Ikaros-Family Proteins: In Search of Molecular Functions During Lymphocyte Development.- Biochemistry of V(D)J Recombination.- The Pre-B Cell Receptor in B Cell Development: Recent Advances, Persistent Questions and Conserved Mechanisms.- Transcriptional Control of B Cell Activation.- Expression of MHC II Genes.- Class Switch Recombination: An Emerging Mechanism.- Blimp-1, Immunoglobulin Secretion, and the Switch to Plasma Cells.- Wnt Signaling in Lymphopoiesis.- Subject Index.']"

Question: It's About Opportunities: Reflections on Celebrating National Library Week

National Library Week offers libraries the opportunity to market our services and ourselves, the opportunity to get to know our users and for them to get to know us, and the opportunity to connect with each other. While this is not the only time that such opportunities arise, National Library Week serves as an ideal focal point for the year.

Represent the abstract for retrieving the scientific paper title!

Tour 1: Preparation for Departure: Who Am I and How Do I Interact With Others? Tour 2: Preparation for Departure: Building Relationships with Basic Listening Skills Tour 3: Departure: Advanced Facilitation Skills Tour 4: Traveling With a Theory: Integration and Personalization Tour 5: Applying Theory: Assessment and Conceptualization Tour 6: Meeting Clients: Treatment Planning, Progress Monitoring, and Documentation Tour 7: Consolidation: Celebrating the Journey and Preparing to Go Separate Ways


Question: Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about

Question: Draft Genome Sequence of Aeromonas lusitana sp. nov. Strain DSM 24905T, Isolated from a Hot Spring in Vila-Real, Portugal

ABSTRACT Aeromonas lusitana sp. nov. is an isolate derived from a study aimed at characterizing Aeromonas spp. from water sources used for recreation and agricultural purposes and assessing the implications these organisms have for human and animal health. We present here the 4.52-Mbp draft genome sequence of this novel species.

Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title.

ABSTRACT Hequette, A.; Ruz, M.H.; Zemmour, A.; Marin, D.; Cartier, A., and Sipka, V., 2019. Alongshore Variability in Coastal Dune Erosion and Post-Storm Recovery, Northern Coast of France. In: Cas...


Question: Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract

Question: CP Violation and Supersymmetry Model

represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title

CP violation and the supersymmetry model are analysed.Based on the model,it is considered that there are two types of antiquarks about u and d quarks,namely Fermi type and Bose one.About the proton P~(+1)_F,there are also two types of antiprotons,~(+1)_F and ~(+1)_B,and ~(+1)_B=~(+1)_F+3l~0_(S,F)([q_1q_2]g).When the pair of P~(+1)_F~(+1)_B are annihilated,only the component part ~(+1)_F of ~(+1)_B is annihilated together with P~(+1)_F and they are converted into photons,but the component part l~0_(S,F)([q_1q_2]g) is left.Subquarks q_1,q_2,g etc.are the component part of matter,so the matter is more than the antimatter in the universe.

Cosmological Parameters -- CMB, SDSS Accelerator Searches for Dark Matter Dark Matter and Galactic Dynamics Direct and Indirect Detection Methods Wimps and SuperWimps Supersymmetric Dark Matter Axions and Axion Searches Warm Dark Matter Neutrinos Masses Neutrino Telescopes -- Present Status and Future Prospects Dark Energy Quintessence.


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Question: Bioethanol production from acid pretreated water hyacinth by separate hydrolysis and fermentation

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This study evaluated water hyacinth as feedstock for bioethanol production. Among different organic and mineral acids tested on pretreatment of water hyacinth, H 2SO4 was found to be effective. Structural changes before and after pretreatment were evaluated by SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. Various process parameters on hydrolysis of H2SO4 pretreated water hyacinth were optimized. Under optimized conditions, bioethanol (0.292% w/v) was obtained with an actual efficiency of 59.3%.

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Laccases have wide range of substrate specificity and find applications from pulp industry to waste water remediation. Laccases have also been used in combined pretreatment of biomass hydrolyzates to remove enzymatic and fermentation inhibitors. In this study, laccase production by Trametes versicolor strains isolated from different regions of the United States was induced using copper salts. T. versicolor crude culture filtrates (CCF), without any purification step, were tested for removal of model inhibitor compounds as well as in poplar and rice straw pretreatment hydrolyzates. Phenolic inhibitors were removed by 76% and 94% from the dilute acid hydrolyzates of rice straw and poplar, respectively, when incubated with the CCF for 12h, at room temperature. Xylo-oligosaccharide concentrations present in rice straw hydrolyzates were reduced by 64% when incubated with T. versicolor CCF. T. versicolor CCF could be a low cost technology for decreasing enzymatic and fermentation inhibitors.


Question: represent

Question: 3'alkoxy spiro cyclopentyl substituted tetramic acid and tetronic acid

The present invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I) (W, X, Y, Z , A, B, D, Q 1, Q 2 and G have the meanings indicated in the specification.), A plurality of methods and intermediate products for this preparation, pesticides and / or their use as herbicides and / or fungicides, and 3'-alkoxy-spiro cyclopentyl of formulas (I) - select comprising compounds to improve the substituted tetramic acid and tetronic acid and at least one tolerance of the plants on herbicides. Also disclosed is, by addition of ammonium salts and / or phosphonium salts or by adding ammonium salts or phosphonium salts and penetration enhancers, formula (I) 3'alkoxy spiro cyclopentyl - substituted tetramine acid and method of increasing the effect of the crop protection products containing drug class of tetronic acid, the corresponding drug, these production methods, as well as their use in crop protection.

Abstract It was found that N-phenylimine of a-dithiophosphorylace-tophenone in the presence of bases undergoes the isomer-isation into the corresponding thiophosphorylamidovinil-sulphides.


Question:
represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about

For instance you may be given '["represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about\nThe query could be 'Polymetalates based organic-inorganic nanocomposites' and should be close to 'New nanocomposites materials have been synthesized. They present electrochemical and photochromic properties. They are based on a hybrid organic-inorganic network, in which tungsten heteropolyoxometalates (PW12O403−, SiW12O404−, W10O324−, polymeric tungstate) are entrapped. High tungsten ratios could be reached and films or bulk materials have been obtained. The structure of these materials is described on the basis of multi-spectroscopic investigations (IR, EPR, NMR). Electrochemical redox reactions have been observed in thin films. Dark blue reversible coloration of the materials is obtained under UV irradiation. The photochromic mechanism has been investigated and shows the reversible formation of carbonyl group.' but very far from 'Specific separation at molecular level implies the development of new materials and nanostructures. The paper deals with the preparation of new materials and nanostructures for nanotechnology application. Three directions are studied namely, preparation of complexant nanoparticles by grafting of carriers onto the surface of nanoparticles, micellar enhanced ultrafiltration and obtaining of ceramic nanostructures.'", 'A Method for Solving the Inverse Problem of Kinematics of Anthropomorphic Manipulators with Spherical Wrist']' and it should match with '['Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title', 'The inverse problem of anthropomorphic manipulator kinematics in one that presents difficulties. In this paper is presented the method for solving the inverse problem of kinematics by treating the manipulator as two subsystems — the minimal configuration and the wrist.']' but not with '['represent the abstract for retrieving the scientific paper title', 'Design of an Isolated Airfoil in an Ideal Incompressible Fluid. Account of Compressibility and Viscosity. Airfoil Design for a Given Range of Angels of Attack. Design of Mechanized Airfoils and Airfoils with Permeable Contour. Design Problems for Airfoils with Partially Given Contour. Airfoil Cascade Design. Aerohydrodynamically Reasonable Velocity Distributions. Regularization and Optimization in Inverse Boundary Value Problems of Hydrodynamics.']'.

Question: Variable Structure Control of Switched Reluctance Motor and its Application

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A microprocessor control system of switched reluctance motor was designed for solid material or powder material explorer. In order to overcome the severe condition of power plant, variable structure control was adopted in this system with chopped current control and angular position control. An improved T-method was adopted to accurately estimate the speed of the motor. And it has been applied in solid material or powder material explorer, which has operated in some power plant for two years. This system was proved by practice that it is effective and reliable.

Introduction.- Analog Signals Conditioning and Discretization.- Selected Methods of Signal Filtration and Separation and their Implementation.- Selected Active Power Filter Control Algorithms.- Digital Signal Processing Circuits for Digital Class D Power Amplifiers.- Conclusion.


Question: Represent the title for retrieving the corresponding scientific abstract:

Question: Equilibrium/steady-state concept in phytoplankton ecology

This paper summarises the outcomes of the 13th Workshop of the International Association of Phytoplankton Taxonomy and Ecology (IAP). The authors mostly addressed their contributions on the following topics: the effect of trophic state on the attainment of a steady-state; the establishment of equilibria in deep and shallow lakes; the role of spatial heterogeneity, disturbance, and stress in the establishment of equilibrium assemblages; the mechanisms leading to the steady state; the frequency and longevity of equilibrium phases, and the role of morphological and physiological plasticity of phytoplankton in maintaining the (apparently) same populations under different environmental conditions. The composition of steady-state assemblages is compared to that of phytoplankton functional groups (coda). Those functional associations recognised as steady-state assemblages appear to be strongly K-determined in many instances.

The effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and c(N)/c(P)ratios on growth of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,collected and isolated from Daya Bay,the South China Sea,were studied.The results showed that the Pseudo-nitzschia pungens is a nutrients-dependent species,and the cell growth was stimulated by high level of nitrogen and phosphorus.The c(N)/c(P)ratio was another important factor to affect the population growth.The optimal range of c(N)/c(P)ratio for the growth of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens was 10～32.


Question: Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract

Question: Infrared electroabsorption modulation at normal incidence in asymmetrically stepped AlSb/InAs/GaSb/AlSb quantum wells

A normal‐incidence modulation mechanism is proposed which uses the Stark effect to induce Γ‐L transitions in asymmetrically stepped AlSb/InAs/GaSb/AlSb quantum wells (QWs). A significant feature of this structure is the unusual band alignments which localize two deep wells for the Γ and L bands in adjacent layers, i.e., the Γ‐valley minimum is in the InAs while the L‐valley minimum is in the GaSb. In contrast to a square QW, where the Stark shifts for both Γ and L subbands are in the same direction, the two step wells for Γ and L valleys in the proposed structure are oppositely biased in the presence of an electric field. Therefore, the first Γ and L subbands move toward each other, making the Γ‐L crossover occur more efficiently. Near this point, most of the Γ electrons transfer to the L valleys, where they are allowed to make intersubband transitions under normally incident radiation. As a result, the device switches from being transparent to normal‐incidence light to strongly absorbing it. The calculat...

Represent the abstract for retrieving the scientific paper title

Gas‐source molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y layers lattice matched to GaAs is reported. X‐ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and Hall measurements show that the layers are of good quality. High‐quality GaAs/GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y heterojunction and (In)GaAs/GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y quantum well structures have also been prepared, as deduced from the device characteristics of heterojunction diodes and quantum well lasers.


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Question: Analytical solution to the non-linear 3-D heat flow equation for the optimized electrothermal design of integrated devices

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In this paper a mathematical model for the solution to the non-linear 3-D heat equation for integrated devices is presented. The thermal solution has been achieved by the Kirchhoff transform and the 2-D Fourier transform. The electrothermal feedback has been implemented by calculating the device current at the actual channel temperature. A multiple layer structure approximating the effect, of the package has been considered as spatial domain in which the heat equation has been solved.

Projecting discrete quantities from one mesh to another one is a critical operation which is usually required in multiphysical problems. The efficiency of a Galerkin projection method is studied for magnetothermal and magnetoelasticity couplings. As examples of application, two electromagnetic (EM) devices are studied: a three-phase busbar system as a magnetothermal problem and an electromagnet as a magnetomechanical problem.


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Question: Hysteresis of polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals

We demonstrate a hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals (PSBP-LCs) as well as hysteresis-free dye-doped polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals (DDPSBP-LCs) by means of enlarging the domain size and improving the uniformity of the crystal orientations of PSBP-LC and DDPSBP-LC. The mechanism based on the crystal growth is proposed. The hysteresis-free PSBP-LC (or DDPSBP-LC) is important in PSBP-LC-based photonic devices, such as displays, electro-optical switches, and electrically tunable focusing LC lenses.

Biomineral-inspired hybrids forming helically ordered structures are developed by T. Kato and co-workers on page 5127. These helical hybrids consist of liquid-crystalline chitin and CaCO3 . They resemble the structures of crustacean cuticles such as the exoskeleton of a lobster or crayfish. These hybrids are formed through CaCO3 crystallization on the liquidcrystalline chitin templates. Polymer-stabilized amorphous CaCO3 is incorporated into the liquid-crystalline chitin templates. This approach is useful for the development of new hierarchical hybrid materials from abundant natural resources.


Question:
represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract
For instance you may be given '['', 'Metadata of the chapter that will be visualized online']' and it should match with '['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'The notion of a metric modular on an arbitrary set and the corresponding modular spaces, generalizing classical modulars over linear spaces and Orlicz spaces, were recently introduced and studied by the author [Chistyakov: Dokl. Math. 73(1):32–35, 2006 and Nonlinear Anal. 72(1):1–30, 2010]. In this chapter we present yet one more application of the metric modulars theory to the existence of fixed points of modular contractive maps in modular metric spaces. These are related to contracting generalized average velocities rather than metric distances, and the successive approximations of fixed points converge to the fixed points in the modular sense, which is weaker than the metric convergence. We prove the existence of solutions to a Caratheodory-type differential equation with the right-hand side from the Orlicz space. Metric modular, Modular convergence, Modular contraction, Fixed point, Mapping of finite φ-variation, Caratheodory-type differential equation']' but not with '['Represent the abstract for retrieving the scientific paper title', 'Scientific journals published on the Web are still based on a print model. Knowledge in those articles is in text format which is not processable by softwares. A Web publishing environment is proposed which enables authors to publish articles both as a text and a software "understandable" format. Sixty articles from Health Science electronic journals were analyzed to test and evaluate the model. The results of the analysis and the model proposed are shown and discussed.']'.

Question: A Hight Power Efficient Switched Current Comparator

represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title
Examples:
Provided: "['Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title', 'This guide will allow you to see what the difference is between scholarly and non-scholarly periodicals.']" Match: "['Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract:', 'MVCC Libraries: How-To: Identify Scholarly and Non-Scholarly Periodicals: What is Peer Reviewed?']"

A power efficiency improved switched current comparator based on Boonsobhak's comparator is presented.Controlled by two complementary clock signals,the proposed comparator operates in a master and slave manner.The master comparator not only generates a voltage difference according to the input current,but also isolates the input terminal from the output signals to prevent extreme voltage surge,or kickback noise,while the slave comparator is allowed to regenerate and produce a valid digital output.Employing a static class AB latched comparator as the master comparator and a 0-static-power-dissipated dynamic latched comparator as the slave one,the proposed current comparator achieves high power efficiency and high speed.Designed and simulated in CSMC 0.6 μm CMOS technology with 5 V supply voltage,the measurements show that the proposed SI comparator achieves a resolution of 6.5 bits,and works well at 20 MHz sampling frequency with 75% power reduction compared to the original.

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Introduction of Structure, Working Principle, Performance, Test and Application of MBG Leaf Filter.


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Question: A compact repetitively pulsed superatmospheric‐pressure CO2 laser with high output power density

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The design and operation of a compact superatmospheric‐pressure CO2 laser operating at ⩽50 Hz is described. At 5 atm single‐mode power densities of 300 MW l−1 have been achieved at 25 Hz using a simple excitation circuit with low charging voltage.

A 1‐ to 10‐kW,>30‐ms pulsed, narrow linewidth (<1 MHz), 137‐GHz gyrotron is being fabricated for collective Thomson scattering plasma diagnostics on the TARA tandem mirror experiment. The drift cyclotron loss cone, the axial loss cone, harmonics of these instabilities, and the ion two stream instability in the TARA plugs will be studied with this diagnostic.


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Question: Case Presentations in Chemical Pathology

Chemical pathology is at the heart of medicine with relevance to the diagnosis, management and treatment of patients. A knowledge of chemical pathology is required for many postgraduate specialist examinations. 60 chemical pathology cases are presented covering a wide range of everyday, clinical problems. Cases in medicine, surgery, paediatrics and obstetrics and gynaecology are covered. Differential diagnosis and lists of abnormal results are shown as well as descriptions of how a diagnosis can be confirmed by suitable chemical pathology investigations.

represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title.

Fewshot example: "['Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title', 'A simple mathematical model describing the species-area relation was developed. This paper dealt with the case that discrete random samples are combined.']" == "['Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract', 'The species-area relation I. A model for discrete sampling']"

1. Introduction 2. Pulmonology 3. Cardiology 4. Cardiopulmonary Pathology 5. Pharmacology 6. Cardiopulmonary Assessment 7. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Interventions 8. Pediatrics 9. Laboratory Medicine Appendix 1 Glossary Index


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Question: The XVth Interamerican Congress of Psychology, 1974

Abstract The XVth Interamerican Congress of Psychology took place in Bogota, Colombia, December 14–19, 1974, with approximately 3000 delegates from all the countries of the Americas and several people from Europe. The scientific sessions were held in the Tequendama Hotel and in the National–Museum, both in downtown Bogota. The Congress was organized by the Interamerican Society of Psychology.

Proceedings of the 6th Amazon & Pacific Green Materials Congress and Sustainable Construction Materials, Cali, Colombia, April 27-29th, 2016


Question: Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract.

Question: Voting Then, Voting Now: The Long-Term Consequences of Participation in South Africa’s First Democratic Election

In a developing democracy, can elections change the behavior of participating citizens? I study the effect of voting in South Africa’s first democratic election in 1994 on future voting and present evidence of the lasting behavioral effects of past participation. Eligibility to participate in 1994 affects future voting by 3 percentage points, with an average treatment effect of actually voting between 3.5 and 8.5 percentage points. Given low turnout rates, these effects account for 7%–20% of the size of the electorate. To explain this result, I propose a theoretical explanation that draws on psychological research—affective experience habituation. I argue that persistence (or habituation) in voting behavior is at least partly driven by the creation of associations between first-time voting and positive emotional states. This theory is tested within the context of the 1994 election by exploiting variation in electoral experiences.

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Preface and Acknowledgments 1: Setting the Stage: Culture Wars, Religion, and Congress 2: Religion in Congress: A Historical Overview 3: Religious Composition of the U.S. House and Senate, 1959-2010 4: Abortion: Exemplar of the Polarized Congress? 5: Defense, Taxes, and Welfare: Key Votes in the House and Senate 6: Does Religion Transcend Social Issue Voting? The Relationship between Religion and Congressional Ideology Steven A. Tuch and Alyx Mark 7: Toeing the Party Line: The Increasing Influence of Partisanship among White Protestants and White Catholics, 1972-2010 Robert P. Jones and Daniel Cox 8: Discussion and Conclusion Appendix A Appendix B Notes References Index About the Authors


Question: Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about

Question: Biosynthesis of betalains: yellow and violet plant pigments.

Betalains are the yellow and violet pigments that substitute anthocyanins in plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. These pigments have attracted much attention because of their bioactivities, which range from an antioxidant capacity to the chemoprevention of cancer. However, the biosynthetic pathway of betalains remains under discussion; the main steps have been characterized in recent years, but multiple side reactions are possible. The key enzymes involved have only recently been described, providing clues about the regulation of betalain biosynthesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of the biosynthetic scheme of betalains and discuss the different reactions that have been demonstrated experimentally or proposed in the literature.

represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title

For instance, <<['Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title.', 'The invention provides a method for preparing a water-soluble CdS-Ag2S quantum dot with fluorescent energy transfer. The water-soluble CdS-Ag2S quantum dot with the fluorescent energy transfer is in a core-shell shape, an inner core is CdS, an outer shell layer is Ag2S, and the emission wavelength is 760 nanometers. The method provided by the invention can be used for preparing the CdS-Ag2S quantum dot with ultraviolet absorption and near-infrared emission by virtue of water phase one-pot reaction and has the advantages of simple preparation process, mild reaction condition and the like. Compared with a CdS quantum dot, the CdS-Ag2S quantum dot prepared by the method has larger stocks displacement due to the generation of a fluorescent energy transfer phenomenon and can realize the ultraviolet absorption and near-infrared emission, thereby achieving very good application prospect on the aspects of a photothermal conversion device, a solar battery, biological therapy and the like.']>>  to <<['Represent the title for retrieving the corresponding scientific abstract', 'Method for preparing water-soluble CdS-Ag2S quantum dot with fluorescent energy transfer']>>

Abstract Preferences for the appearance of apples may vary from country to country and region to region, but polished redness is undeniably eye-catching and could easily win a good first impression. Anthocyanin is considered as the dominant pigment responsible for the red coloration in apple. Many reports have been published to elucidate the biosynthetic genes and the upstream regulatory genes involved in the anthocyanin accumulation. This paper reviews the recent studies on the biosynthetic and regulatory genes associated with the pigmentation as well as the external stimuli affecting anthocyanin production in apple.


Question: represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract

Question: On the Conception of College Moral Education Niche

Ecological niche is an important term in the research of ecological system and ecological competition.It could widen the horizon of college moral education by interdisciplinary application.On the base of the niche theory,the ecological niche of college moral education,which is the result of the ecological competition of college moral education,could be defined as the position and function of a college moral education unit in the college moral education ecological system.The competitive ability of college moral education influences the breadth of its niche directly.The ecological niche of college moral education has several dimensions.Every college moral education unit has different niches in the dimensions of space,time,resource,scale,etc.

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Introduction: One Is the Lonelist Number The Civic Catechism Agoraphobia The Rite Stuff The Bawdy Politic Selected Bibliography Index


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Question: A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors

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In this study, we present a new model that has been developed for the prediction of θ (lower critical solution temperature) using a database of 169 data points that include 12 polymers and 67 solvents. For the characterization of polymer and solvent molecules, a number of molecular descriptors (topological, physicochemical, steric and electronic) were examined. The best subset of descriptors was selected using the elimination selection-stepwise regression method. Multiple linear regression (MLR) served as the statistical tool to explore the potential correlation among the molecular descriptors and the experimental data. The prediction accuracy of the MLR model was tested using the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure, validation through an external test set and the Y-randomization evaluation technique. The domain of applicability was finally determined to identify the reliable predictions.

Abstract In this study we estimated the solubilities of glycine, D,L-alanine, D,L-nor-valine and D,L-serine in aqueous mixtures of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) at 298.15 K using analytical ‘gravimetric method’. The experimental solubilities of homologous series of amino acids in aqueous K2SO4 mixture were discussed in terms of relative solubility, salting-in and salting-out effect by evaluating the influential constants. The effect of physicochemical and chemical factors on solubility were discussed briefly and correlated with the thermodynamics. Initially, the study of solvation energetics such as transfer Gibbs energies were evaluated based on the calculations from solubility data and relative stability of the experimental molecules was discussed under the experimental condition.


Question: Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about

Question: Evolution of the Web news genre-the slow move beyond the print metaphor

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Based on repetitive visits to three Scandinavian newspaper organizations, the paper presents trajectories of evolution for three Scandinavian news sites from 1996 to 1999. Genre awareness is an explanation of how users and designers create and maintain Web site awareness beyond the individual site. Genre is elaborated in terms of content, form and rationale. From the data it is concluded that Web news by 1999 possesses characteristics that makes it distinctive from print media and Web news sites from 1996. The immediacy of the Web affords the provision of news in a continuous pattern, similar to "live" reporting. Primary content of Web news is hard news that affords users to visit news sites throughout the day in order to stay informed. In comparison to print media, the Web genre has introduced composites to support the users in overview, navigation and browsing of the content of a news site.

Guide to help you with research for this class on the dialectic of oppression and liberation.


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Question: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BE´NARD-MARANGONI CONVECTION IN SMALL ASPECT RATIO CONTAINERS

This study investigates, by means of numerical simulation, coupled gravity and capillarity-driven thermoconvection of a fluid layer heated from below (Be´nard-Marangoni convection), close to the threshold and in small aspect ratio containers. First, we present a broad validation of the numerical model we have developed onto widely recognized results available from experimental, theoretical, and numerical fields. Furthermore, we report the numerical results we have obtained in analyzing the dependence on the convective cell pattern of the container shape. In the smallest aspect ratio range only a few cells can develop, so the convective patterns mainly depend on the aspect ratio and the shape of the container, but no major transient evolution can be observed. On the other hand, larger aspect ratio containers allow a comparatively large number of cells to develop. The shape of the container plays a significant part in the transient stage until the stationary pattern is attained, in which hexagonal cells pre...

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SEVERAL ASPECTS, BOTH PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL, OF THE WAY TO OBTAIN INTEGRAL AND INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGE PROBLEMS ARE ANALYSED. BOTH THE CASE OF EQUAL LOADING ON THE CABLES AND TORSION EFFECTS ARE DEALT WITH, EMPHASIZING THE CONVENIENCE OF THE APPROACH FOR DIGITAL COMPUTER CALCULATION. APPLICATION IS MADE TO THE CASE OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE WITH A CONSTANT OR VARIABLE RIGIDITY STIFFENING TRUSS. /RRL/A/


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Question: A Rigorous Application of the Method of Vertical Lines to Coupled Systems in Finite Element Analysis

In this essay the rigorous application of the method of vertical lines, i.e. performing the successive steps of spatial and temporal discretization is investigated for dynamical and quasi-statical systems. A particular focus lies in the field of solid mechanics where constitutive models of evolutionary-type are of basic interest. Various coupled systems, i.e. thermo-mechanical, electro-thermal or electro-thermo-mechanical coupled problems are investigated in view of the structure of their resulting equations, commonly, leading to systems of ordinary differential equations or systems of differential-algebraic equations after the spatial discretization step. For the case of a thermo-mechanical and an electro-thermal problem stiffly accurate diagonally-implicit Runge-Kutta methods are applied.

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Foreword - Philip K. Maini List of Figures List of Notation Introduction and Outline On the Origin of Patterns Mathematical Modeling of Biological Pattern Formation Cellular Automata Random Movement Growth Processes Adhesive Cell Interaction Alignment and Cellular Swarming Pigment Cell Pattern Formation Tissue and Tumor Development Turing Patterns and Excitable Media Discussion and Outlook Appendix A. Growth Processes: A Mean-Field Equation Appendix B. Turing Patterns Appendix C. Excitable Media: Complete Interaction Rule Appendix D. Isotropy, Lattices, and Tensors References Index


Question: represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract

Question: Determination of local areal densities of heterogeneous biological samples by elastically backscattered protons in pixe microanalysis

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Abstract It is shown that by using elastically backscattered protons as a measure of the areal mass density of the sample, a quantitative determination of element concentrations in biological material by PIXE can be achieved. To improve the accuracy in the local areal mass density determination, the backscattering yield is calibrated for different matrix compositions and a correction for changes in scattering cross sections is suggested.

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A comparison of electron beam size diagnostic in a storage ring by coherence measurement and imaging of Synchrotron radiation is made. Several experiments are reviewed: imaging by hard X-ray refractive lenses, interferometry by fresnel mirrors, Gabor holography of a fiber.


Question: Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about

Question: Nonlinear communication system simulation via conditional importance sampling

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The basic concepts and advantages of the conditional importance sampling (CIS) technique are presented. By conditioning on random sources, this technique simplifies the problem of biasing to lower dimensionalities and, because of its adaptive nature, its biased PDF can be brought closer to the optimum solution. The CIS technique is applied to the simulation of bit error rate in nonlinear digital communication systems. The results obtained from a performance comparison of the CIS with an improved importance sampling technique using a system with two additive white Gaussian noise sources are presented. >

The paper proposes two complementary methods for change analysis and feature extraction: A time evolution analysis of satellite images and using the correlation coefficient together with conditional information.


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Question: On the playability of stringed instruments

This project was financially supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

Here we present our actual point of view on the canonical superenergy tensors.


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Question: Modeling of Material Removal by Solid State Heat Capacity Lasers

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Pulsed lasers offer the capability of rapid material removal. Here we present simulations of steel coupon tests by two solid state heat capacity lasers built at LLNL. Operating at 1.05 pm, these deliver pulse energies of about 80 J at 10 Hz, and about 500 J at 20 Hz. Each is flashlamp-pumped. The first laser was tested at LLNL, while the second laser has been delivered to HELSTF, White Sands Missile Range. Liquid ejection appears to be an important removal mechanism. We have modeled these experiments via a time-dependent code called THALES, which describes heat transport, melting, vaporization, and the hydrodynamics of liquid, vapor, and air. It was previously used, in a less advanced form, to model drilling by copper vapor lasers [1] . It was also used to model vaporization in beam dumps for a high-power laser [2]. The basic model is in 1D, while the liquid hydrodynamics is handled in 2D.

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This book contains 17 selections. Some of the titles are: Heat Flow in Composite Materials; Heat Transfer Following an Extrusion Process; Effective Thermal Conductivity of Wire Screens; and A Heat Transfer and Wave Optics Analysis for Radiative Melting of Thin Silicon Films.


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Question: Courtesies and Decencies Needed in Library Services

The standardizalion of courtesies and decencies is very important in services of college libraries.Tt is necessary to strenghthen the training work of college librarians in courtesies and decencies.Meanwhile the function of education of a library should be embodied so as to educate student readers with courtesies and decencies.

A Helping Hand for Arts, Drama,Music And Film Students! General Tools and Research Information


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Question: On the limits to management control

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This paper examines control thinking and practice in business contexts. It is argued that most thinking and knowledge about control is based on assumptions of known contexts. The view that anything and everything can be controlled with the help of better management control systems is examined. There are many limits to control, and some are the consequences of the prevailing control dogmas. In practice, however, managers seem to have systematic ways of coping with the limits of control.

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Abstrcat The author discusses the second and the third criteria of the evaluation for public libraries of our country and their influences on the standardization of library business management.


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Question: Study on lactobacillus drink with mixed ratafee

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A new lactobacillus drink with mixed ratafee was studied that the main raw material were fresh milk,pumpkin and apple.The processing technique and stability of the drink were acquired by individual factor tests and orthogonal experiments.The result shows that the optimum conditions of fruit wine were as follows:ratio of pumpkin juice to apple juice 1:3,the inoculation amount of yeast 8%,fermentation time 3d,the sugar degree 8 Brix.The optimal formula of mixed lactobacillus drink were as follow:ferment milk 32.0%,mixed juice8.0%,sugar 10%,the amount of stabilizing agents(CMC:xanthan gum = 2:1) 0.30%,acid (citric acid:fruit acids:VC = 8:1:0.5) 0.14%,a homogenization pressure of 20 MPa.

The present invention especially the nervous system (enteric nervous system) functions to improve to be in a novel strain Bifidobacterium No Marlies subspecies No Marlies


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Question: Explicit use of probabilistic distributions in linear predictive control

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The guarantee of feasibility given feasibility at initial time is an issue that has been overlooked by many of the recent papers on stochastic model predictive control. Effective solutions have recently been proposed, but these carry considerable online computational load and a degree of conservativism. For the case that the elements of the random additive disturbance vector are independent, the current paper ensures that probabilistic constraints are met and that a quadratic stability condition is satisfied. A numerical example illustrates the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, which achieves tight satisfaction of constraints and thereby attains near-optimal performance.

In this paper the authors have compared the performance of coupled linear and non-linear methods of solution from these generic types, in order to assess their suitability for use in optimisation of sediment routing parameters.


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Question: Navigating the Problem Space of Academic Work

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Despite an increasing focus on the quality of teaching in postsecondary institutions, little research exists that examines how faculty actually plan their courses in real-world settings. In this study the idea of the “problem space” from cognitive science is used to examine how faculty construct mental representations for the task of planning undergraduate courses. Using data from free lists and retrospective interviews, I report the factors that most shape the planning space and subsequent strategies and curricular artifacts used by a group of 58 faculty. Results indicate the primacy of fixed affordances, such as workload constraints, course content, and class size, and that these constraints contribute to the routine maintenance of preexisting lecture notes and PowerPoint slides. I recommend that educational leaders consider these cultural practices when designing instructional reforms and enact policies that require faculty to engage in brief, postclass reflection that results in minor updates to these...

Perspectives on Learning Disabilities Not Measuring Up - Being Labelled Learning Disabled Managing School and College Getting Along Socially Managing the Workplace Changing the Learning Disabilities Emphasis.


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Question: Four New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from Ajuga decumbens

Four new neoclerodane diterpenoids, 15-epilupulin A (1), 6-O-deacetylajugamarin (2), and ajugadecumbenins A (3) and B (4), were isolated from the whole plants of Ajuga decumbens. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical correlations.

Abstract The following fungi are recorded in New Zealand for the first time: Elsinoe parthenocissi Jenkins and Bitancourt on Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb, and Zucc.) Planch (Virginia creeper), Venturia circinans (Fr.) Sacc. on Geranium molle L. (crane’s-bill); V. enteleae n. sp. on Entelea arborescens R. Br.; Griphosphaeria corticola (Fckl.) Hoehnel on Rosa sp., on Rosa rubiginosa L. (sweet briar), on R. idaeus L. (raspberry); Cryptosporella viticola Shear on Vitis vinifera L. (grape); Sclerotinia minor Jagger on Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce), and on Lotus sp., on Plantago lanceolata L., on Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, (tomato); Pyrenchaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker, and Larsen on Allium cepa L. (onion); Colletotrichium trifolii Bain and Essary on Medicago sativa L. (lucerne); Botrytis byssoidea J. C. Walker on onion; Cercospora althaeina Sacc. on Modiola caroliniana D. Don.; C. eupatorii Peck on Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng; C. haloragi n. sp. on Haloragis erecta (Banks ex Murr.) Eichl.; C....


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Question: Progress towards crab cavity solutions for the ILC

In order to achieve acceptable luminosity for ILC crossing angles greater than 2 mrad, RF deflection cavities must be used to rotate electron and position bunches leading up to the IP. A bunch that passes through a deflection cavity at a phase where the deflection averages to zero, receives a crab kick leading to a finite rotation at the IP. For a beam energy of 500 GeV and a crossing angle of 20 mrad the required crab kick is about 11.4 MV at 1.3 GHz and 3.8 MV at 3.9 GHz. Cavities are needed on both beams and are likely to be positioned about 12 m before the IP. Any RF phase error between the bunch and the cavity leads to a deflection of the bunch in addition to a rotation of the bunch. Any differential phase error between the cavities leads to differing deflections and consequential loss in luminosity. An updated analysis of system requirements and phase tolerances with respect to original calculations [1] is given. Issues on cavity and frequency choice are discussed.

A model evaluation has been undertaken by considering a diagnostic evaluation of the distance dependent structure of a single source footprint.


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Question: Numerical simulation of tornado wind loading on structures

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A numerical simulation of a tornado interfacing with a building was undertaken in order to compare the pressures due to a rotational unsteady wind with that due to steady straight winds currently used in design of nuclear facilities. The numerical simulations were performed on a two-dimensional compressible hydrodynamics code. Calculated pressure profiles for a typical building are then subjected to a tornado wind field and the results are compared with current quasisteady design calculations. The analysis indicates that current design practices are conservative.

This paper develops a mathematical model to obtain the combustion characteristics and give an understanding of the fire spread phenomena of the problem of cell fires such as marine fires.


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Question: The species-area relation I. A model for discrete sampling

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A simple mathematical model describing the species-area relation was developed. This paper dealt with the case that discrete random samples are combined.

This paper gave a new relative efficiency of parameter β's LSE with BLUE in a general linear model. After studied the relation of the relative efficiency with the other, the lower bound of the relative efficiency in the general G-M inodel was obtained


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Question: Rupture Analysis of φ139.7 mm Drill Pipe Joints in AD24 Well

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['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'Transport infrastructures like roads and railways constitute major tools for accelerating the economic, cultural and social development of societies. Transport infrastructures are normally spread across a large area, which calls for systematic ground investigation schemes that can provide an adequate characterisation of soil. When a transport infrastructure is to be built on sensitive clay deposits, assessment of landslides becomes a fundamental issue. In addition to taking into account the geometrical aspects, an assessment should address further characterisation of material, safety margins and possible post-failure movements of sliding mass. However, these are not straightforward tasks. This paper discusses how and why the fundamental behaviour of sensitive clays can influence the geotechnical assessment of transport infrastructures such as road or railways.'] == ['Represent the title for retrieving the corresponding scientific abstract', 'Geotechnical challenges related to the transport infrastructures on sensitive soft clay deposits']

The φ139.7 mm pipes were used to drill in AD24 well,crack happened on 39 pipes.With a large proportion of rupture,it had inherent reasons.Therefore,finite element technique was adopted to quantitatively analyzing the reasons of the failure,in order to take corresponding prevention measures to provide theoretical basis.Moreover measuring statistical results were used and bearing capacity decreasing of double shoulder pipe joints was the main reason of fatigue fracture.

Introduction of Structure, Working Principle, Performance, Test and Application of MBG Leaf Filter.


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Question: A new kind of three phase alternating magnetohydrodynamic propeller with double spiral channel

A new kind of three phase alternating magnetohydrodynamic propeller structure with double spiral channel is put forward in the paper,and magnetic shielding and anti-magnetic shielding are introduced in the external spiral channel.Under the different shielding ways,the magnetic field distribution of external spiral channel is analyzed.Finally,the relation is deduced between the electromagnetism force and all kinds of parameters.

Abstract : Contents: Backstrap plasma accelerator; Apparatus and instrumentation; Effects of expellant velocity distribution on rocket performance; Investigation of a confined exploding wire propulsive means; On the acceleration of spheres by one-dimensional non-uniform gas flows; Low -pressure crossed-field plasma accelerator; Proton beam technique for measuring ion density; Ac low -pressure crossed-field plasma accelerator; High -pressure crossed-field plasma accelerator.


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Question: Reflections on the Construction of Safe and Efficient New Rural Construction Network in Jiangxi

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In the article,the network security technology applications in the construction of new countryside in Jiangxi were described in detail.By in-depth analysis,the current internet was still at security risk.Finally,taking the use of practical experience,the improvement measures for the development of new countryside construction networks with high safety and efficiency in Jiangxi were proposed.

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Foreward Ratan N Tata - Ratan N Tata Preface India Inclusive Turning Points Learning Fields Crises of Aspiration Looking for a Crisis of Aspiration Changing Our Clocks New Ways The Tower of Babbling Shaping India Bibliography Index


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Question: Structural, dielectric and optical properties of N-(2 chlorophenyl)-(1-propanamide) (NCP) single crystals

Abstract Good transparent single crystals of N -(2 chlorophenyl)-(1-propanamide) have been grown by slow cooling solution growth technique. From the crystal structure analysis we infer that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system. The grown crystals were subjected to FT-IR and FT-Raman analyses for vibrational assignments, UV–Vis spectral studies for optical transmission and band gap determination, dielectric studies for the study of dependence of capacitance, dielectric constant, and conductivity with frequency and temperature and Laser damage threshold studies.

ABSTRACTA series of bromo-substituted triphenylamine based poly(azomethine)s (P1-P3) were synthesized from the N1-(4-aminophenyl)-N1-(4-bromophenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine (DA) and aromatic dialdehydes...


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Question: On Deep Water Harbor Development in the Changjiang River Delta

The development of Yangshan deep water harbor in Shanghai has become the current debating focus, the main standpoint concentrates on that it is too near to Beilun harbor of Ningbo, which may causing repeated construction and waste of financing. Based on the analysis of economists forecasting, and using game theory, the authors draw a conclusion that constructing two deep water harbor is feasible and necessary, policy suggestions and analysis are also provided in this paper.

* Foreword * Acknowledgements * Introduction: A Different Water Journey * Contesting Hydropower Policy * High Dams for Asia: Neo-Gandhian Maoists vs Nehruvian Stalinists * Mahakali Treaty: What Next? * An Autopsy of Arun-3 * Water Conflict in Southern Riparian Lands * Three-legged Water Science for Nepal * Troubled Politics of Himalayan Waters * Arun-3 Impasse: Is There an Escape from this Blind Alley? * When does Falling Water Become a Natural Resource?


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For instance you may be given '['Represent this title from a paper to retrieve its scientific short abstract', 'Religion of the People: Methodism and Popular Religion 1750-1900']' and it should match with '['represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title\nTo give you a sense - "Soft modeling, stereo vision, motion planning, uncertainty reduction, image processing, and locomotion enable the Mobile Autonomous Robot Stanford to explore a benign indoor environment without human intervention. The modeling system describes rooms in terms of floor, walls, hinged doors and allows for unspecified obstacles. Image processing basically extracts vertical edges along the horizon using an edge appearance model. Stereo vision matches those edges using edge and grey level similarity, constraint propagation and a preference for epipolar ordering. The motion planner tries to move in a way that is likely to increase knowledge about obstacle free space. Results presented are from an autonomous run that included difficult passages such as navigation around a pillar without apriori knowledge." should be close to "Stereo vision and navigation within buildings"', "Preface Part I 1. 'Motives, Methods and Margins': A Comparative Study of Methodist Growth in the North Atlantic World, 1770-1850 2. Methodism in Irish Society, 1770-1830 3. Popular Religion in Modern Britain. Part II: People: Power and Piety"]' but not with '['Represent this scientific intro in order to find the title of the paper', 'A Review of Ulf Engel and Joāo Gomes Porto,eds., 2010, Africa’s New Peace and Security Architecture: Promoting Norms, Institutionalizing Solutions, Ashgate Publishers, England and USA, ISBN 978 0 7546 7606 5 pbk']'.

Question: Examining the uncertainty of the recovered surface normal in three light photometric stereo

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Although the three light photometric stereo technique has been used in many applications, there is little published work concerned with characterizing the uncertainty of these systems due to the involvement of a number of complicating factors. This paper presents a methodology used to analyze the uncertainty of the recovered unit surface normal with respect to irradiance variance. Illumination configurations and the values of the composite albedo are found to directly affect the stability of the photometric stereo technique. An orthogonally distributed illumination arrangement is proven to be the theoretically optimal configuration. Further practical considerations are also identified. The derived general uncertainty expression can be easily employed to optimize the location of the light sources. Hence, the work is of significance for the development of practical industrial applications of photometric stereo, including metrology, reverse engineering and various surface inspection tasks.