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Question: Impact of fluid restriction and ad libitum water intake or an 8% carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage on skill performance of elite adolescent basketball players.

Twelve adolescent athletes underwent, in a crossover-design study, 3 separate 90-min training sessions in the following conditions: no fluid ingestion allowed (NF), ad libitum ingestion of water (W), and ad libitum ingestion of a commercial 8% carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage (CSB). After each session athletes performed a set of basketball drills (2-point, 3-point, and free-throw shootout, suicide sprints, and defensive zigzags). Body weight (before and after sessions), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), urine color, and beverage acceptability were determined in each session. Athletes also completed a survey about their knowledge and behaviors regarding hydration and fluid replacement. The percentage of weight loss was significantly higher in NF (2.46% ± 0.87%) than in the other 2 conditions (W, 1.08% ± 0.67%, p = .006; CSB, 0.65% ± 0.62%, p = .001) but also higher in W than CSB (p = .012). RPE was higher in NF (16.8 ± 1.96) than in the W (14.2 ± 1.99, p = .004) and CSB (13.3 ± 2.06, p = .002) tr...

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Little is known about whether athletes follow hydration guidelines. The objective of the present study was to assess fluid status in female soccer players in a hot and humid environment, and to assess the effect of an intervention aimed at preventing players from exercising in a dehydrated state. We hypothesized that following the intervention, players would exhibit improved hydration status, as indicated by greater voluntary fluid intake and improved hydration markers. Ten female collegiate soccer players (20±1yrs., 64±9kg) participated in this seven-week study. Changes in body weight (BW), fluid intake, urine color (UC), and urine specific gravity (USG) were measured periodically over three days. Dehydration was classified as USG ≥1.020g/ml and UC >3. Following a 7- week intervention (to individualize hydration strategies), BW, fluid intake, UC, and USG were again measured on two game days to evaluate the impact of the intervention. Pre-test: five players started exercising dehydrated (USG 1.029g/ml; UC...


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Question: A New Type of High Stiffness Dynamic and Static Pressuried Journal Air Bearing Used in Sophisticated Dicing Saw

In order to improve the rotation accuracy and stiffness of spindle system of sophisticated dicing saw,a new type of high stiffness dynamic and static pressuried journal air bearing with variable restrictor and pressure groove is designed.The working principle of the bearing is that the air pressure reaction in the bearing gap makes the elastic membrane to take place deformation,which brings the parameter of restrictor and pressure groove under control,increasing the stiffness of this bearing.The structure,working principle and working process of this bearing are introduced in detail.The plain bearing and this new type of high stiffness bearing are compared experimentally.The results show that both the carrying capacity and stiffness of this new bearing are higher than those of plain bearing.

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This book contains 17 selections. Some of the titles are: Heat Flow in Composite Materials; Heat Transfer Following an Extrusion Process; Effective Thermal Conductivity of Wire Screens; and A Heat Transfer and Wave Optics Analysis for Radiative Melting of Thin Silicon Films.


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Question: Automated social network analysis of online student collaboration activity

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In this paper we present the design and a test case of an automated social network analysis and visualization tool for educational social media environments. This tool allows near real-time analysis and visualization of online social environments. We propose that with automated methods an instructor can better evaluate the evolving social dynamics of an online classroom and intervene if necessary. In our design, we have two major approaches: The analysis of the social network using mathematical methods, which is based on existing research on SNA, and the design of an automated analysis and visualization tool. In this tool we combine both of these approaches into one fully automated workflow that downloads, processes and visualizes the SNA results.

The session covered the LTA strategy in a large cohort 2nd year module including discussion boards, podcasting, current events and physical activities to enhance learning.


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For instance you may be given '['Represent this paper title in order to find a scientific intro to what it is about:', 'Inter-area Power Oscillation and Potential Application Phasor Measurement Units for the Vietnam 500kV Power System']' and it should match with '["represent the natural language\n\n------\n\nE.g.:\nAbstract The camless valvetrain is considered to be a promising solution to improve the engine performance. Most of the camless valvetrains suffer the problem of high impacts at valve seating, which restricts its mass production. This paper focuses on the valve seating performance of an electromagnetic valvetrain (EMVT) with moving coil linear actuator. The EMVT has inherent advantages to achieve low valve seating velocity. The seating performance of EMVT is evaluated by two indicators: seating velocity and holding force. To limit the seating velocity, the valve is controlled to track a desired trajectory based on inverse system method at seating process. The holding force is also properly controlled base on PID current control to ensure the cylinder sealed. The valve seating performance is validated on an experimental setup. The results show that excellent valve seating performance has been achieved. == Improvement of valve seating performance of engine's electromagnetic valvetrain", 'Abstract: This paper discusses the optimal solution for damping oscillation in high voltage network using phasor measurement unit (PMU). The analyzing operation of 500kV power via blackout happened in recently could certainly benefit from development and potential application synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) technology. The purpose is to increase the overall system efficiency and reliability for all power operation modes via significant dependence on wide area measurement system (WAMs) as intelligent grid.']' but not with '['Represent this abstract from a paper to retrieve its scientific title', 'List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Transmission Line Theory. 3. Evaluating the Transient Response of Linear Networks. 4. Mosfet Current-Voltage Characteristics. 5. Figures of Merit to Characterize the Importance of on-Chip Inductance in Single Lines. 6. Effects of Inductance on the Propagation Delay and Repeater Insertion Process in RLC Lines. 7. Equivalent Elmore Delay for RLC Trees. 8. Characterizing Inductance Effects in RLC Trees. 9. Repeater Insertion in Tree Structured Inductive Interconnect. 10. Dynamic and Short-Circuit Power of CMOS Gates Driving Lossless Transmission Lines. 11. Exploiting On-Chip Inductance in High Speed Clock Distribution Networks. 12. Accurate and Efficient Evaluation of the Transient Response in RLC Circuits: The DTT Method. 13. On the Extraction of On-Chip Inductance. 14. Conclusions. Bibliography. Appendices. Index. About the Authors.']'.

Question: Pneumothorax complicating tracheobronchomegaly.

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Background: A 66-year-old man presented with a barking cough and dyspnea. He had a long-standing medical history of recurrent pulmonary infection and chronic cough.

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Introduction ::: We present a rare case of thoracic vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to pulmonary Blastomyces dermatitides.


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Question: Securing the Internet of Things

This paper presents security of Internet of things. In the Internet of Things vision, every physical object has a virtual component that can produce and consume services Such extreme interconnection will bring unprecedented convenience and economy, but it will also require novel approaches to ensure its safe and ethical use. The Internet and its users are already under continual attack, and a growing economy-replete with business models that undermine the Internet's ethical use-is fully focused on exploiting the current version's foundational weaknesses.

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Part of Energy Forum study on "Unlocking the Assets: Energy and the Future of Central Asia and the Caucasus"


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Question: Village Savings and Loans Associations — sustainable and cost-effective rural finance

MFIs and banks find it difficult to cover the costs of providing rural financial services – especially in Africa. In its large-scale Village Savings and Loans Associations (VS&LA) programmes in Africa, CARE is tackling these difficulties by encouraging the formation of village loan funds entirely composed of members' savings, keeping the time-bound savings and lending methodology very simple and limiting external involvement to a one-year training and follow-up period. This article describes how the methodology works in principle and practice and describes evaluation results from the CARE VS&L programme in Zimbabwe, where very high rates of inflation pose a challenge to any microfinance programmes. Finally the need for management information systems and better record keeping are identified as issues that need further development.

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Micro-finance has been promoted as a key strategy for poverty reduction. It is seen as the ideal self-help strategy whereby poor people can help themselves through productive use of loans and savings. Through their own efforts therefore they are see to be able to pull themselves up out of poverty. Micro-finance clients are however particularly vulnerable to a range of risks. These not only threaten the livelihoods and wellbeing of clients but also affect loan repayment and savings deposits and hence the sustainability of micro-finance programmes.


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Question: On the Equivalence of Differential Equations in the Sense of Coincidence Reflecting Functions

We use a new method for constructing some differential equations which are equivalent to a given equation in the sense of having the same reflecting function. We completely solve the problem: when is a polynomial differential equation equivalent to a given polynomial differential equation? Many sufficient conditions have been established for one differential equation to be equivalent to a given differential equation. We apply the obtained results to study the boundary value problem of two equivalent differential equations.

Preface. 1. On Regularization of Linear Equations on the Basis of Perturbation Theory. 2. Investigation of Bifurcation Points of a Nonlinear Equations. 3. Regularization of Computation of Solutions in a Neighborhood of the Branch Point. 4. Iterations, Interlaced Equations and Lyapunov Conbex Majorants in Nonlinear Analysis. 5. Methods of Representation Theory and Group Analysis in Bifurcation Theory. 6. Singular Differential Equations in Banach Spaces. 7. Steady-State Solutions of the Vlasov-Maxwell System. Appendices. A: Positive solutions of the nonlinear singular boundary value problem of magnetic insulation. References. Index.