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Question: Afrikaans \ / æfrɪˈkɑːns \ / is a West Germanic language , spoken natively in South Africa and Namibia , and to a lesser extent in Botswana and Zimbabwe .

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Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia .

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The Venda language is very similar to the Kalanga language , which is spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe .


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Question: Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect in South Africa until the early 20th century , when it became recognized as a distinct language under South African law , alongside Standard Dutch , which it eventually replaced as an official language .

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Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the early 20th century , when it began to be widely known as a different language .

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Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 says the official language of Somaliland is Somali , but Arabic is a mandatory subject in school . English is also spoken and taught in schools .


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Question: In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere , there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish .

In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere , there is a threat of dialect levelling , meaning extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish .

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In many non-Western cultural contexts , such as Afghanistan , Vietnam , and China , it is also important to find `` win-win '' solutions ; however , getting there can be very different .


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Question: The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean , the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow , and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern .

The Alaska North Slope is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska .

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The Kara Sea is to the west , the East Siberian Sea to the east .


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Question: The region contains the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska , with the bulk of Alaska 's known petroleum until the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in 1968 , followed by the Kuparuk River oil field in 1969 .

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The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field are the two biggest areas where oil is found .

Lopp Lagoon is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales ( the western-most tip of the Seward Peninsula ) in the U.S. state of Alaska .


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Question: In mammals , there are two broad types of stem cells : embryonic stem cells , which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts , and adult stem cells , which are found in various tissues .

The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are : embryonic stem cells , and adult stem cells , which are found in adult tissues .

Embryogenesis is the step in the life cycle after fertilisation - the development of the embryo , starting from the zygote ( fertilised egg ) .


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Question: There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans : Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth .

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Highly plastic adult stem cells can be taken from a variety of sources , including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow .

In some tissues dividing cells are restricted to special areas , such as the growth plates of bones.467-482 But some stem cells move to where they are needed , from the bone marrow to form muscle , bone or adipose ( fat ) tissue .


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Question: In adult organisms , stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing adult tissues .

In adult organisms , stem cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing specialized cells , but also maintain the normal turnover of blood , skin , and intestinal tissues .

Natural killer cells , or NK cells , are a part of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes .


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Question: In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells-ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm ( see induced pluripotent stem cells ) - but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs , such as blood , skin , or intestinal tissues .

In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialised embryonic tissues .

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Cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer is a form of cancer that is formed by mutated epithelial cells ( or cells showing characteristics of epithelial differentiation ) that begins in the bile ducts which drain bile from the liver into the small intestine .


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Question: It is therefore pointless to email our contact addresses asking for permission to reproduce articles or images , even if rules at your company or school or organization mandate that you ask web site operators before copying their content .

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It is therefore useless to email our contact addresses asking for permission to reproduce articles or images , even if the rules of operation of your company or school mandate that you ask web site operators before copying their content .

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As some information on Wikipedia may be wrong , there is a risk for readers who choose to use information found on Wikipedia in their own activities .


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Question: The only Wikipedia content you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation about is the trademarked Wikipedia\/Wikimedia logos , which are not freely usable without permission .

The only contents about the use of which you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation are the trademarked Wikipedia\/Wikimedia logos .

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If the material being copied has more than one author , attribution requirements can technically be satisfied with a note in edit summary directing attention to a list of contributors on the talk page , but as the Terms of Service show , a hyperlink is preferred where possible .


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Question: For permission to use it , one must contact the owner of the copyright of the text or illustration in question ; often , but not always , this will be the original author .

For permission to use it outside these terms , one must contact all the volunteer authors of the text or illustration in question .

Generally , a book publisher is not required to assign an ISBN , nor for a book to display its number ( except in China ; see below ) , however , most book stores only handle ISBN bearing merchandise .


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Question: The Arabic alphabet ( Arabic : أَبْجَدِيَّة عَرَبِيَّة abjadīyah ʻarabīyah ) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language .

The Arabic alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Arabic language .

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Well known Palestinians are : The Palestinian people , ( Arabic : الشعب الفلسطيني , ash-sha ` b al-filasTīni ) also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs ( Arabic : الفلسطينيون , al-filasTīnīyyūn ; Arabic : العرب الفلسطينيون , al - ` Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn ) , are an Arabic-speaking people with family origins in Palestine .


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Question: The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters .

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The one big difference is that the Phoenician script had no pure vowels .


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Question: Heimdallr and Loki are foretold to kill one another during the events of Ragnarök .

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Heimdall was said to be the last of the gods to die at Ragnarök when he and Loki would kill one another .

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It was named in April 2007 after Fenrisulfr , a giant wolf from Norse mythology , father of Hati and Skoll , son of Loki , destined to break its bonds for Ragnarök .


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Question: For every step to the right ( x increases by 1 ) , the value of y changes by − 2 ( goes down ) .

For each change in х of 1 ( to the right ) , the value of у changes -2 ( goes down ) .

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So , for x real , we have where we used the fact that 0 multiplied by any real number x equals 0 , shown by cancellation from the equation In other words , so ( − 1 ) · x or − x is the arithmetic inverse of x . The square of − 1 , i.e. − 1 multiplied by − 1 , equals 1 .


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Question: Linear functions are related to linear equations .

In higher mathematics , a linear function often refers to a linear mapping .

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Complex numbers are a more general form of numbers .


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For example, 'Jesse Leonard Steinfeld ( January 6 , 1927 -- August 5 , 2014 ) was an American physician and public health official .' should have a representation like 'Jesse Leonard Steinfeld ( 6 January 1927 -- 5 August 2014 ) was an American physician and public health official .' but very far from 'Frank Ray Keyser ( August 17 , 1927 -- March 7 , 2015 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Vermont .'.

Question: In calculus and related areas of mathematics , a linear function from the real numbers to the real numbers is a function whose graph ( in Cartesian coordinates with uniform scales ) is a line in the plane .

In basic mathematics , a linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line in 2-dimensions ( see images ) .

Thus we have this modified form of the parallel postulate : In hyperbolic geometry , given any line l , and point P not on l , there are exactly two lines through P which are asymptotic to l , and infinitely many lines through P ultraparallel to l . The differences between these types of lines can also be looked at in the following way : the distance between asymptotic lines run to zero in one direction and grows without bound in the other ; the distance between ultraparallel lines increases in both directions .


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Question: He was exceptionally talented in the endgame , particularly in rook endings , where he broke new ground in knowledge .

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He was exceptionally talented in the endgame , particularly in rook endings , where he broke new ground .

Between the matches Botvinnik thoroughly analyzed Tal 's style , and turned most of the return match 's games into close maneuvers and endgames , rather than the complicated tactical melées which were Tal 's preference .


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Question: Nevertheless , he won at Vienna in 1922 , ahead of future world champion Alexander Alekhine , and was the leader of the Polish team that won the 1930 Chess Olympiad at Hamburg with a record of thirteen wins and four draws .

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Nevertheless , he won at Vienna in 1922 , ahead of future world champion Alexander Alekhine , and was the leader of the Polish team that won the Chess Olympiad at Hamburg in 1930 with a superb record of thirteen wins and four draws .

In 1960 , at the age of 23 , Tal defeated Mikhail Botvinnik in the Moscow World Championship match , by 12.5-8 .5 ( six wins , two losses , and thirteen draws ) .


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Question: In the St. Petersburg tournament in 1909 , he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him .

In the 1909 St. Petersburg tournament , he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him .

The match was originally meant to consist of 30 games , but when it became obvious that there were insufficient funds ( Lasker demanded a fee of 1,000 marks per game played ) , the number of games was reduced to ten .


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Question: Jeremy Silman ranked him as one of the five best endgame players of all time , and a master of rook endgames .

Silman ranks him as one of the five best endgame players of all time , and a master of rook endgames .

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Question: Ratings from Chessmetrics support this conclusion , placing him as world No. 1 between mid-1912 and mid-1914 .

Ratings from Chessmetrics support this conclusion , placing him as world # 1 between mid 1912 and mid 1914 .

Botvinnik won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939 , 1944 , 1945 , and 1952 , bringing his total to six - a record he shares with Mikhail Tal .


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Question: In 1912 he had a record string of wins , finishing first in five consecutive major tournaments : San Sebastian , Piešťany , Breslau ( the German championship ) , Warsaw and Vilnius ( although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca ) .

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He won five consecutive major tournaments that year : San Sebastian , Piešťany , Breslau ( the German championship ) , Warsaw and Vilnius ( although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca ) .

At the age of 12 , Hou became the youngest player ever to take part in the Women 's World Championship and the Chess Olympiad ( Turin 2006 ) .


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Question: At the time when it was common for the reigning world champion to handpick his challengers , Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship because he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker 's financial demands .

Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship : he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker 's financial demands .

Giffard says he would need to finish two points ahead of Lasker to be declared the winner of the match , and he would need to win a revenge match to be declared World Champion .


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Question: The Rubinstein Memorial tournament in his honor has been held annually since 1963 in Polanica Zdrój , with a glittering list of top-flight winners .

The Rubinstein Memorial tournament in his honor has been held annually since 1963 in Polanica Zdroj , with a glittering list of top-flight winners .

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Larsen was the strongest chess player born in Denmark , and the strongest Scandinavian until the emergence of Magnus Carlsen .


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Question: Some believe that he was better than world champion Emanuel Lasker at this time .

p79 Some believe that he was better than World Champion Emanuel Lasker at this time .

When , the same year , she entered the tournament in Carlsbad , Viennese master Albert Becker ridiculed her entry by suggesting that any player whom Menchik defeated in tournament play should be granted membership into the Vera Menchik Club .


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Question: The Rubinstein Trap , an opening trap in the Queen 's Gambit Declined that loses at least a pawn for Black , is named for him because he fell into it twice .

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The Rubinstein Trap , a trap in the Queen 's Gambit declined is named after him because he fell into it twice .

Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca , who was unused to losing games or to any other type of setback , became depressed over his unnecessary loss of the eleventh game , a long , gruelling endgame , featuring errors by both players .


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Question: d4 d5 3 .

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Question: Rubinstein was Jewish , and his family planned for him to become a rabbi .

p346 Rubinstein was Jewish , and his family planned for him to become a rabbi .

Chernov was born in Lithuania to Russian parents , and moved with his family to Salzburg , Austria where he started school .


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Question: However , he had a poor showing at the 1914 St. Petersburg tournament , not placing in the top five .

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However , he had a poor result at St. Petersburg tournament 1914 , not reaching the final pool of five players .

He went on to win the African Junior gold medal the following year .


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Question: One version of it runs 1 .

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Fewshot example: "Lower Manhattan or `` downtown '' is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street , on the west by the Hudson River , on the east by the East River , and on the south by New York Harbor ( also known as Upper New York Bay ) ." == "Lower Manhattan is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street , on the west by the Hudson River , on the east by the East River , and on the south by New York Harbor ( also known as Upper New York Bay ) ."

These anomalies were mostly fixed in the 19th century .


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Question: The Rubinstein Variation of the French Defense arises after 1 .

is the Rubinstein variation of the Nimzo-Indian defense .

The Nimzo-Indian defense is a popular chess opening with these initial moves : 1 .


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Question: He originated the Rubinstein System against the Tarrasch Defense variation of the Queen 's Gambit Declined : 1 .

He originated the Rubinstein System against the Tarrasch variation of the Queen 's Gambit declined : 1 .

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The Sicilian Defense is a chess opening , which starts with these moves : In competitive chess , it is by far the most frequently played reply to the King 's Pawn opening ( 1 .


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Question: He trained with and played against the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź .

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He learned to play chess when he was 16 , and played with the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź .

In 1934 she finished third at Maribor , ahead of Rudolph Spielmann and Milan Vidmar .


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Question: Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December 1882 - 15 March 1961 ) was a Polish chess Grandmaster at the beginning of the 20th century .

Akiba Rubinstein ( Stawiski , Poland , 12 December 1882 - 15 March 1961 , Antwerp , Belgium ) was a Polish chess Grandmaster in the first part of the 20th century .

Jørgen Bent Larsen ( 4 March 1935-9 September 2010 ) was a Danish chess Grandmaster .


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Question: He is also credited with inventing the Meran Variation , which stems from the Queen 's Gambit Declined but reaches a position of the Queen 's Gambit Accepted with an extra move for Black .

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He is also credited with inventing the Meran variation , which stems from the Slav defense .

The Rubinstein Trap , a trap in the Queen 's Gambit declined is named after him because he fell into it twice .


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Question: In 1907 , he won the Karlovy Vary tournament and shared first at St. Petersburg .

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It began with his win at Karlovy Vary in 1907 , and a shared win at St. Petersburg in the same year .


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Question: It was sponsored by the provincial government of León , and two Leonese language associations : El Fueyu and El Toralín .

It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of León , and Leonese language associations `` El Fueyu '' and `` El Toralín '' .

In 2008 , Martínez got an award from the Culture and Sport at the yearly award ceremony for the Federation of Employers of Albacete ( FEDA ) .


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Question: The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price .

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People who got it when it was at the higher price of $ 250 got 10 free Nintendo Entertainment System games , along with 10 free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop .

Super Smash Bros. was in the Wii 's Virtual Console in Japan on January 20 , 2009 , 10 years ( minus one day ) after it was made for the Nintendo 64 .


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Question: An `` entry-level '' version of the console , the Nintendo 2DS , was released in North America , Europe and Australia on October 12 , 2013 .

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A new version of the console , called the Nintendo 2DS , was released on October 12 , 2013 .

The game was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on March 18 , 2008 in North America and March 20 2008 in Europe , except in Germany , where the game was delayed .


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Question: The Nintendo 3DS was first released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , and worldwide beginning in March 2011 .

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It was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , on March 25 , 2011 in Europe and on March 27 , 2011 in the United States .

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Question: Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's constitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces .

The movement was led by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah .

[ 12 ] The traditional perception of Shudra status was increasingly challenged during the later decades of British Raj before the British administration instituted its first census .


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Question: James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19 , 1831 , in a log cabin in Orange Township , now Moreland Hills , Ohio .

Garfield was born in Orange Township , now Moreland Hills , Ohio .

Pierce was born on November 23 , 1804 , in Hillsborough , New Hampshire .


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Question: Garfield was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year and was made Principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860 , successfully restoring it to viability after it had fallen on hard times .

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He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year , and was made principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860 .

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Fewshot example: "As well as the head injuries , he also had a broken shoulder , broken ribs , a punctured lung and cracked vertebrae ." == "As well as the head injuries , Meldrum had a broken shoulder , broken ribs , a punctured lung and cracked vertebrae ."

In 1850 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives again but died two weeks into his term on November 19 , 1850 .


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Question: James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) served as the 20th President of the United States ( 1881 ) , after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives ( 1863-81 ) .

James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) was the 20th ( 1881 ) President of the United States and the 2nd President to be assassinated ( killed while in office ) .

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Fernando Wood ( 14 June 1812 -- 14 February , 1881 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party from Pennsylvania . He served as the Mayor of New York City twice ( 1855 -- 1857 , 1860 -- 1862 ) , United States Representative three times ( 1841 -- 1843 , 1863 -- 1865 , and 1867 -- 1881 ) and as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in both the 45th and 46th United States Congress ( 1877 -- 1881 ) .


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Question: After another applicant had been chosen , he returned to teach at the Eclectic Institute .

He then taught at the Eclectic Institute .

In 1929 , she graduated from Excelsior High School .


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Question: All languages in the world have stops , and most have at least the voiceless stops ( p ) , ( t ) , and ( k ) .

( p ) , ( t ) , ( k ) are voiceless plosives .

The alveolo-palatal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet are : The sinological circles sometimes use ( ȶ , ȡ ) , ( ȵ ) , and ( ȴ ) for alveolo-palatal plosives , nasals and liquids .


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Question: In phonetics , a stop , also known as a plosive , is an oral occlusive , a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases .

In phonetics , a plosive consonant also known as a oral stop is a consonant that is made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through , and the pressure increases behind the place where it is blocked , and when the air is allowed to pass through again , this sound is created .

Examples of languages containing nasal consonants : The voiced retroflex nasal is ( ɳ ) is a common sound in Indic languages .


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Question: In other cases , however , it may be the word ` plosive ' which is restricted to the glottal stop .

( ʔ ) is a glottal stop which is made in the throat .

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On top of this , there are words such as `` good '' and `` bad '' that roughly mean the opposite of each other , but would be better ( in terms of simplicity ) portrayed as `` good '' and `` ungood '' , so the word `` bad '' is not part of the language anymore .


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Question: That is , ` occlusive ' may be defined as oral occlusives ( stops\/plosives ) plus nasal occlusives ( nasals such as ( m ) , ( n ) ) , or ` stop ' may be defined as oral stops ( plosives ) plus nasal stops ( nasals ) .

The language has a system with five vowels in a stressed position , represented by a , e , i , o , and u and three ( two archiphonemes \ / I \ / , \ / U \ / and one phoneme \ / a \ / ) in non-stressed position , represented by e , u , and a at the end of word .


Question: The occlusion may be made with the tongue ( blade ( t ) , ( d ) ) , or body ( k ) , ( ɡ ) ) , lips ( ( p ) , ( b ) ) , or glottis ( ( ʔ ) ) .

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The blocking is usually done using the tongue , the lips or the throat .


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Question: White and red have been the most common colors for Rangers alternate strips , though dark and light blue have also featured highly .

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Example:
Provided: "Sir Frederick William Pottinger , 2nd Baronet ( 1831-1865 ) , police inspector , was born on April 27 , 1831 , in India ." Match: "Sir Frederick William Pottinger , 2nd Baronet ( 27 April 1831 - 9 April 1865 ) , police inspector , was born in India , son of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pottinger of the British East India Company , and his wife Susanna Maria , née Cooke , of Dublin ."

White and red have been the most common predominant colors for Rangers alternate strips , though dark and light blue have also featured highly .

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E.g.:
Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15 . There are one or two breeding females , an unrelated male , offspring and other family members and unrelated individuals . == Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15 , consisting of one to two breeding females , an unrelated male , their offspring and occasionally extended family members and unrelated individuals .

They began appearing in mid 1930s Norway as casual shoes , though they have increased in popularity to the point of being worn with lounge suits .


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Question: Occasionally the home kit will be altered by the shorts and socks , sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones ; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks .

However when wearing the ` home strip ' Rangers will occasionally alter the shorts and socks , sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones ; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks .

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In team sports , the number , often referred to as the uniform number , squad number , jersey number , shirt number , sweater number , is the number worn on a player 's uniform . It distinguishes each player from others wearing the same uniform .


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Question: Rangers Football Club is a Scottish football club based in Glasgow which plays in Scottish League One - the third tier of the Scottish Professional Football League .

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Rangers Football Club are an association football team based in Glasgow , Scotland , who currently play in the Scottish Professional Football League , in Scottish League One .

Stenhousemuir was relegated from the Scottish Second Division to the Scottish Third Division for the first time in the history of the club .


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Question: In 1994 Rangers introduced a third kit .

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In recent years , Rangers have also introduced a third kit .

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In the 2009\/10 season , Newcastle United filled the stand .


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Question: Rangers have a long-standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm since the late 19th century .

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For most of their history , Rangers have enjoyed a fierce rivalry with their cross-city opponents Celtic , and the two are collectively known as the Old Firm .

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Founded in 1913 , it is Israel 's most successful club both domestically and in European competitions .


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Question: Their home ground is Ibrox Stadium in the south-west of the city .

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The club 's home , the all-seated 50,987-capacity Ibrox Stadium in south-west Glasgow , has been accredited as one of UEFA 's five-star stadia .

Walter Smith was born in Lanark , South Lanarkshire , and grew up in Carmyle in the east end of Glasgow as a boyhood fan of Rangers .


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Question: Herman 's Hermits are an English beat ( or pop ) band , formed in Manchester in 1963 as Herman & The Hermits .

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Herman 's Hermits were a rock band from England .

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John Graham `` Mac '' McVie ( born 26 November 1945 ) is a British bass guitarist . He is best known as a member of rock groups John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Fleetwood Mac .


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Question: Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci , he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period .

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With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , he is one of the greatest painters of the High Renaissance .

Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 -- April 15 , 1446 ) was one of the most important architects of the Italian Renaissance .


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Question: Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino ( April 6 or March 28 , 1483 - April 6 , 1520 ) , better known simply as Raphael , was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance .

Raffaello Sanzio , usually known as Raphael ( April 6 , 1483 - April 6 , 1520 ) was a Renaissance painter and architect .

Giovanni da Palestrina ( born Palestrina , ( c. 1525 - February 2 , 1594 in Rome ) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time .


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Question: The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura .

One of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura is of the greatest importance .

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Masaccio 's panel is in the National Gallery , London .


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Question: The second task was `` wheel setting '' , which could be attempted once the pin patterns were known .

The second task was wheel setting , which could be tried once the pin patterns were known .

Except for in the `` rest position '' , the flags do not cross over each other .


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Question: Colossus was also used to perform character counts on one-time pad tape to test for non-randomness .

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Colossus was also used to perform letter counts on one-time pad tape to test for non-randomness .

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The process of selecting a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical different approach from random noise .


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Question: Nevertheless the victor 's 1.4 GHz laptop , running his own code , took less than a minute to find the settings for all 12 wheels .

The winner 's 1.4 GHz laptop , running his own program , took less than a minute to find the settings for all 12 wheels .

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The other arrangement , 23 rows by 73 columns , does not produce a meaningful result .


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Question: Throughout this period the Colossus remained secret , long after any of its technical details were of any importance .

At this time the Colossus was still secret , long after any of its technical details were of any importance .

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It was intended only for the highest officers in the Japanese Navy and government . It was guarded closely throughout the war .


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Question: The first was `` wheel breaking '' , which was the discovery of the pin patterns for all the wheels .

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The first thing was wheel breaking , which was finding the pin patterns for all the wheels .

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A few years later , Dodge 's Manual talked about a new way to show `` love and kisses '' , the number 88 .


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Question: Colossus was the world 's first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable .

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Colossus was the world 's first electronic , digital , programmable computer .

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The idea of a computer as a general purpose machine-that is , as more than a calculator only for the solution of one hard problem-did not become common for many years .


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Question: The optical tape reader might have posed the biggest problem , but Dr. Arnold Lynch , its original designer , was able to redesign it to his own original specification .

The optical tape reader might have been the biggest problem , but Dr. Arnold Lynch , its designer , was able to redesign it from his own first writings .

Even though he was mostly working on particle physics , he had a side interest in x-ray technology which led him to develop the theoretical underpinnings of CT scanning .


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Question: The German codebreaker said : `` My laptop digested ciphertext at a speed of 1.2 million characters per second-240 times faster than Colossus .

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The German codebreaker said : `` My laptop worked on ciphertext at a speed of 1.2 million letters per second-240x faster than Colossus .

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It is also a proof that all theoretically `` unbreakable '' ( `` un-crack-able '' ) ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad encryption algorithm .


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Question: The process of wheel setting found the start position of the key wheels in relation to the start of the message .

The process of wheel setting found the start position for a message .

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If the compensation system uses chains , the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight rails .


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Question: He later said of that order : Some parts , sanitised as to their original use , were taken to Newman 's Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University .

Some parts , changed to look innocent , were taken to Newman 's Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University .

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Today , the modern languages house and an endowed law professorship at the College of William and Mary are named for him .


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Question: The first fully programmable digital electronic computer was the ENIAC which was completed in 1946 .

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The first all programmable digital electronic computer was the ENIAC which was made in 1946 .

IMS shipped the first IMSAI 8080 kits on December 16 1975 .


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Question: This was due to the UK 's intelligence agencies use of Enigma-like machines which they promoted and sold to other governments , and then broke the codes using a variety of methods .

This was due to the UK 's intelligence agencies use of Enigma-like machines which they got other governments to purchase .

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Jack Good was the first to use it after the war , getting NSA to use Colossus to do something for which they were planning to build a special purpose machine .


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Question: The need for such secrecy ebbed away as communications moved to digital transmission and all-digital encryption systems became common in the 1960s .

The need for such secrets slowly went away as communications moved to digital transmission and all-digital encryption systems became common in the 1960s .

Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century , and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used .


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Question: The reconstruction is on display , in the historically correct place for Colossus No. 9 , at The National Museum of Computing , in H Block Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire .

The rebuilt Colossus is on show at The National Museum of Computing , in H Block Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire .

The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael 's Church in Chenies , Buckinghamshire .


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Question: Each message encrypted using Lorenz was enciphered at a different start position for the wheels , and it was this start position of the chi wheels that Colossus was initially designed to discover .

Each message encrypted using Lorenz was enciphered at a different start position for the wheels .

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Another advantage of stream ciphers in military cryptography is that the cipher stream can be generated by an encryption device that is subject to strict security measures then fed to other devices , e.g. a radio set , which will perform the xor operation as part of their function .


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Question: The Colossus computers were used to help decrypt radio teleprinter messages that had been encrypted using the electromechanical Lorenz SZ40\/42 in-line cipher machine .

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The Colossus computers helped decipher teleprinter messages .

He was a leading codebreaker and linguist , who worked on Tunny -- Hitler 's most top-level code .


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Question: The Mark 2 Colossus was designed while Mark 1 was being constructed .

Mark 2 was designed while Mark 1 was being made .

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Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. , a British company . They were rewarded with the first commercial computer , LEO I. LEO I was based on the EDSAC design .


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Question: Most of the other computing machines of this era were also not Turing complete ( e.g. the Atanasoff-Berry Computer , the Bell Labs relay machines ( by George Stibitz et al. ) , or the first designs of Konrad Zuse ) .

For example : the Atanasoff-Berry Computer , the Harvard Mark I electro-mechanical relay machine , the Bell Labs relay machines ( by George Stibitz and others ) , or the first designs of Konrad Zuse ) .

These notes contain what is considered the first computer program , that is , an algorithm encoded for processing by a machine .


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Question: Brian Randell later wrote that : Colossus documentation and hardware were classified from the moment of their creation and remained so after the War , when Winston Churchill specifically ordered the destruction of most of the Colossus machines into `` pieces no bigger than a man 's hand '' ; Tommy Flowers was ordered to destroy all documentation and burnt them in a furnace at Dollis Hill .

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They stayed so after the War , when Winston Churchill ordered the destruction of most of the Colossus machines into `` parts no bigger than a man 's hand '' ; Tommy Flowers himself burned the designs in a fireplace at Dollis Hill .

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The optical tape reader might have been the biggest problem , but Dr. Arnold Lynch , its designer , was able to redesign it from his own first writings .


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Question: In 1972 , Herman Goldstine wrote that : In writing that , Goldstine was unaware of Colossus , and its legacy to those projects of people such as Alan Turing ( with the Pilot ACE and ACE ) , and Max Newman and I. J. Good ( with the Manchester Mark 1 and other early Manchester computers ) .

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People such as Alan Turing ( with the Pilot ACE and ACE ) , and Max Newman and I. J. Good ( with the Manchester Mark 1 and other early Manchester computers ) .

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For example : the Atanasoff-Berry Computer , the Harvard Mark I electro-mechanical relay machine , the Bell Labs relay machines ( by George Stibitz and others ) , or the first designs of Konrad Zuse ) .


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Question: The prototype , Colossus Mark 1 , was shown to be working in December 1943 and was operational at Bletchley Park by 5 February 1944 .

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In February 1944 it was working at Bletchley Park .

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GCHQ was started after the First World War as the Government Code and Cypher School ( GCCS or GC&CS ) , by which name it was known until 1946 .


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Question: More recently , a 500-page technical report on the Tunny cipher and its cryptanalysis - entitled General Report on Tunny - was released by GCHQ to the national Public Record Office in October 2000 ; the complete report is available online , and it contains a fascinating paean to Colossus by the cryptographers who worked with it : Construction of a fully functional replica of a Colossus Mark 2 was undertaken by a team led by Tony Sale .

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A 500-page technical report on the Tunny cipher and its code breaking - entitled General Report on Tunny - was given by GCHQ to the national Public Record Office in October 2000 ; the complete technical report is online .


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Question: Tommy Flowers was a senior electrical engineer at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill who had been appointed MBE in June 1943 .

Tommy Flowers worked for the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill .

Bragg was appointed Quain Professor of Physics at University College London in 1915 , but did not take up his duties there until after World War I. Royal Institution .


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Question: Jack Good relates how he was the first to use it after the war , persuading NSA that Colossus could be used to perform a function for which they were planning to build a special purpose machine .

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Examples:

"There are typically 200 or 400 squares on each sheet . Each square designed to accommodate a single Japanese character or punctuation mark ." == "It is printed with squares , typically 200 or 400 per sheet , each square designed to accommodate a single Japanese character or punctuation mark ."

Jack Good was the first to use it after the war , getting NSA to use Colossus to do something for which they were planning to build a special purpose machine .

This was due to the UK 's intelligence agencies use of Enigma-like machines which they got other governments to purchase .


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Question: Colossus was the first combining digital , ( partially ) programmable , and electronic .

Colossus was the first to combine digital , programmable ( in part ) , and electronic .

The replication of functional units was only made possible when the integrated circuit ( some times called `` die '' ) area of a single-issue processor no longer stretched the limits of what could be reliably manufactured .


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Question: The Colossus design arose out of a prior project that produced a counting machine dubbed `` Heath Robinson '' .

Before Colossus they made a machine called `` Heath Robinson '' .

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This historical sequence continues with Heads-which may contain the first description of a `` quantum logic computer '' - and with Moving Mars .


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Question: The use to which the Colossus computers were put was of the highest secrecy , and the Colossus itself was highly secret , and remained so for many years after the War .

The Colossus itself was highly secret even for many years after the War .

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The German public was not officially told of the loss until the end of January 1943 , though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement .


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Question: The keystream was generated using twelve pinwheels .

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The keystream was made by twelve pinwheels .

These networks consist of S-boxes and P-boxes that transform blocks of input bits into output bits .


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Question: The Colossus Mark 1 was dismantled and parts returned to the Post Office .

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The Colossus Mark 1 was taken apart and the parts were sent back to the Post Office .

The 14 in naval railway guns used in France during World War I were manufactured at the Yard .


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Question: The speed of operation was thus limited by the mechanics of reading the tape .

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The speed of working was limited by the tape reader .

The energy of those is limited strictly by the strength of magnets and by the cost .


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Question: Two Colossus computers , along with two replica Tunny machines , were retained , moving to GCHQ 's new headquarters at Eastcote in April 1946 , and moving again with GCHQ to Cheltenham between 1952 and 1954 .

They were moved to GCHQ 's new head office at Eastcote in April 1946 .

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American Red Cross National Headquarters is the main location for the American Red Cross . It is in Washington , D.C. and was built between 1915 and 1917 .


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Question: The Colossus team were hampered by their wish to use World War II radio equipment , delaying them by a day because of poor reception conditions .

The Colossus team lost because the wanted to use World War II radios , .

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The machines were attacked by vandals frequently ( often by pouring liquids into the coin slot ) , and have seen several revisions to their design since .


Question: In November 2007 , to celebrate the project completion and to mark the start of a fundraising initiative for The National Museum of Computing , a Cipher Challenge pitted the rebuilt Colossus against radio amateurs worldwide in being first to receive and decode three messages enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 and transmitted from radio station DL0HNF in the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum computer museum .

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They would be enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 and transmitted from the radio station in the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum computer museum in Germany .

In 1962 , a fax machine and an electronic computer were bought by the Met Office .


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Question: A Colossus computer was thus not a fully general Turing complete machine .

Ten Colossus computers were in use by the end of the war .

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Charles Babbage was the first to make a design of a fully programmable mechanical computer .


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Question: The Mark 2 Colossus included the first ever use of what would now be called shift registers and systolic arrays , enabling five simultaneous tests , each involving up to 100 Boolean operations , on each of the five channels of the punched tape ( although in normal operation fewer channels were examined in most runs ) .

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Each test was doing up to 100 Boolean calculations , on each of the five channels on the punched tape .

In cryptography , a permutation box ( or P-box ) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits ( rearrange or swap the order of bits ) across S-boxes inputs , maintaining diffusion while transposing .


Question:
represent the following sentence such that it is similar to a related wikipedia-style sentence

E.g. given 'Hijuelos taught at Hofstra University and was affiliated with Duke University , where he was a member of the faculty of the Department of English .' it should be close to 'Hijuelos has taught at Hofstra University .' but not to 'In 1994 , West accepted an appointment as Professor of African-American Studies at Harvard University , with a joint appointment at the Harvard Divinity School .'.

Question: Sometimes , two or more Colossus computers tried different possibilities simultaneously in what now is called parallel computing , speeding the decoding process by perhaps as much as double the rate of comparison .

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Therefore , it is important to use a sufficiently long key length ; longer keys take exponentially longer time to attack , making a brute force attack invisible and impractical .


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Question: The chi wheels stepped regularly with each letter that was encrypted , while the psi wheels stepped irregularly , under the control of the motor wheels .

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Given When he was young during World War II , Morgentaler was imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto and later at the Dachau concentration camp ., a positive would be As a youth during World War II , Morgentaler was imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto and later at the Dachau concentration camp .

The χ wheels moved regularly as each letter was encrypted .

The pins can be pushed back and forth , casting their shadows on the screen to create images .


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Question: Colossus used thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) to perform Boolean operations and calculations .

The design had one to two thousand thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) .

Signals are converted from analog to digital , manipulated digitally , and then converted again to form digital to analog , as shown in the diagram .


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Question: The challenge was easily won by radio amateur Joachim Schüth , who had carefully prepared for the event and developed his own signal processing and code-breaking code using Ada .

The competition was easily won by radio amateur Joachim Schüth .

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The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different kinds of application .


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Question: One of the Colossi , known as Colossus Blue , was dismantled in 1959 ; the other in 1960 .

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------

Example:
Provided: "Sara Tavares ( b. 1978 ) is a Portuguese-Cape Verdian singer ." Match: "Sara Alexandra Lima Tavares ( born February 1 , 1978 ) is a Portuguese singer , composer , guitarist and percussionist ."

One of the computers , known as Colossus Blue , was taken apart in 1959 ; the other in 1960 .

Work on it began in 1939 , with an interruption by the Second World War , and The Herbert opened in 1960 .


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Question: Colossus was designed to perform the task of `` Wheel Setting '' , that is determining the start point of the stream of key characters in relation to the characters of the enciphered message on the paper tape loop .

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At first Colossus was only used to find the starting wheel places used for a message ( called wheel setting ) .

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A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or , in duplex models , are on the other side of the rule .


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Question: All of this required that `` wheel breaking '' , the discovery of the pin patterns for all the wheels , had been successfully achieved .

The Mark 2 has ways to help find pin patterns ( wheel breaking ) .

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The purpose of the early order systems was to be made around use of arms and legs but ended up being a medical order system .


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Question: Later , Colossus was used for determining the settings of the psi wheels .

Colossus was first used to help with wheel setting .

He , working with his friend I.M. Kapchinsky , created the Radio Frequency Quadrupole ( RFQ ) principle , which was very important dealing with the speed of low energy ion beams .


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Question: An improved Colossus Mark 2 that used shift registers to quintuple the speed , first worked on 1 June 1944 , just in time for the Normandy Landings .

It first worked on 1 June 1944 , just in time for the D-Day landings in Normandy .

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The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers , a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s , became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s .


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Question: The main components of Colossus 's predecessor , Heath Robinson were as follows .

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Today , similar devices are also called `` Walkman '' .


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Question: The notion of a computer as a general purpose machine - that is , as more than a calculator devoted to solving difficult but specific problems - did not become prominent until after World War II .

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The idea of a computer as a general purpose machine-that is , as more than a calculator only for the solution of one hard problem-did not become common for many years .

Before electronic calculators were developed , slide rules were the tool used most often in science and engineering .


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Question: The album , contains 11 cover songs which Wynonna states `` are a real cross-section of all the different genres I grew up with .

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The album , contains 12 cover songs which Wynonna states `` are a real cross-section of all the different genres I grew up with .

Williams said , '' ( the song was ) more honest than anything I 've ever written , and the guys matched that emotion musically . ''


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Question: It 's all me , its all part of the tapestry of who I am .

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E.g.:
It was originally owned by the Atomic Energy Commission . == Brookhaven , which originally was owned by the Atomic Energy Commission , is now owned by the Commission 's successor , the United States Department of Energy , which subcontracts the actual research and operation to universities and research organizations .

It 's all me , its all part of the tapestry of who I am . ''

Julian said , `` I do n't know why I called it that or why it stood out from all my other drawings , but I obviously had an affection for Lucy at that age .


Question: It is her seventh solo studio album and the follow-up to her 2003 album What the World Needs Now Is Love and her holiday-themed 2006 release A Classic Christmas .

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It is her seventh solo studio album and the follow-up to her successful 2003 album What the World Needs Now Is Love and her holiday-themed 2006 release A Classic Christmas .

In 2003 , Stump and his band mates went on to sign with Island Records , and released the acoustic-based EP My Heart Will Always Be the B-Side to My Tongue CD and DVD in 2004 .


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Question: Wynonna teamed up with Brent Maher and Don Potter - the duo behind the many releases that Wynonna had as one half of the mother-daughter duo The Judds with mom Naomi Judd .

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Wynonna teamed up with Brent Maher and Don Potter - the duo behind the many successes that Wynonna had as one half of the mother-daughter duo The Judds with mom Naomi .

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Country rock began with Bob Dylan . It reached its greatest popularity in the 1970s with artists like Emmylou Harris , the Eagles and the Doobie Brothers .


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Question: Sing : Chapter 1 is a studio album from country music singer Wynonna Judd , released on February 3 , 2009 .

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E.g.:
The flat terrain around the lake , coupled with a track design that features few true straights , means that it is not easy to pass another car on the track . == However , the flat terrain around the lake , coupled with a track design that features few true straights , means that the track is not conducive to overtaking or easy spectating unless in possession of a grandstand seat .

Sing : Chapter 1 is a studio album from country superstar Wynonna Judd , to be released on February 3 , 2009 .

The third studio album , The Emptiness , was released January 26 , 2010 .


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Question: Grooves are used for a range of purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields .

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Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields .

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They have a range of materials to work with and a wide range of colors , patterns and styles to choose from .


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Question: Typically , grooves are used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms of drawers .

Typically , a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers .

represent the following sentence such that it is similar to a related wikipedia-style sentence.
To give you a sense - "Mount Woodroffe is South Australia 's highest peak ." should be close to "Mount Woodroffe is South Australia 's highest peak , at 1,435 metres ."

Like the ligament , the hinge teeth are along the hinge line of the shell .


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Question: Harold Godwinson , or Harold II ( Old English : Harold Godƿinson ; c. 1022 - 14 October 1066 ) , was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England .

Harold Godwinson or King Harold II of England ( c. 1022 - 14 October 1066 ) was an English king .

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Ælfthryth ( c. 945 - 1000 or 1001 , also Alfrida , Elfrida or Elfthryth ) was the second or third wife of King Edgar of England .


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Question: Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 , and around that time Harold became Earl of East Anglia .

About that same time Harold became Earl of East Anglia .

Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror , the first Norman king of England , and Matilda of Flanders .


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Question: Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area and is one of the largest in Cornwall .

Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area .

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South Hams is a district on the south coast of Devon , England , with its headquarters in the town of Totnes .


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Question: Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge , a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road , which in 2001 became the first suspension bridge to be widened whilst remaining open to traffic .

Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge , a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road .

With a roadway only 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) wide , and with serious structural weaknesses , the bridge was ill-equipped to cope with motor traffic .


Question:
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Examples:

Given Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport , which is like a cross between baseball and golf . it matches with Hornussen is another native Swiss sport . It is like a cross between baseball and golf . but not with Fives is a British sport believed to come from the same origins as many racket sports .

Question: Like most gastropods , a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot .

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Like other snails , a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot .

Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles , while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to fit the two halves together .


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Question: On one side ( almost always the right hand side ) of the mantle is a respiratory opening , which is easy to see when open , but difficult to see when closed .

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On one side ( almost always the right hand side ) of the mantle is a breathing hole , which is easy to see when open , but difficult to see when closed .

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In life , the shell needs to be able to open slightly to allow the foot and siphons to protrude , and then close again , `` without the valves moving out of alignment with one another '' .


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Question: The upper pair is light sensing and has eyespots at the ends , while the lower pair provides the sense of smell .

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The upper pair is light sensing and has eyespots at the ends , while the lower pair has the sense of smell .

This foam comes out as a strong jet from openings in the thorax , and more gently from other openings in the body ( ten in total ) . The foam heaps up around the insect and partly covers it .


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Question: Thus , for example , the various families of land slugs are not closely related , despite a superficial similarity in the overall body form .

The various families of land slugs are not very closely related , despite a superficial similarity in the overall body form .

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Lactation ( milk ) and fur , along with other features , also characterize the Mammaliaformes , though these traits are difficult to study in the fossil record .


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Question: Like other pulmonate land gastropods , the majority of land slugs have two pairs of ` feelers ' or tentacles on their head .

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Like pulmonate land snails , most slugs have two pairs of ` feelers ' or tentacles on their head .

They have long antennae ( 23 -- 45 segments ) and long cerci ( appendages on the rear ; 5 -- 8 segments ) , but no wings .


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Question: It simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus that it travels on , which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues .

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It simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels , which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues .

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Their lips are sealed just behind the teeth to prevent soil from filling their mouths while digging .


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Question: Slug is a common name for an apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc .

Slug is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell , or just a small internal shell .

Gaza superba is a species of deep sea sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae , the top snails .


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Question: The word `` slug '' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell , has a very reduced shell , or has only a small internal shell ( this is in contrast to the common name snail , which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that the animal can retract its soft parts fully into it ) .

Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal can retract inside it .

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In many , but not all , species of molluscs , the epidermis ( skin ) of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and conchiolin , and creates a shell .


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Question: Land gastropods with a shell that is not quite vestigial , but is too small to retract into ( like many in the family Urocyclidae ) , are known as semislugs .

Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to retract into , are sometimes called semislugs .

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Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous ( ovoviviparous ) , meaning they give live birth , although a few , such as the Persian Horned viper , lay eggs .


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Question: Around the edge of the foot is the ` foot fringe ' or ` skirt ' .

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Around the edge of the foot is the ` foot fringe ' .

Another feature that grew from the dome is a `` fin '' or `` slab . ''


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Question: Karl Muck ( October 22 , 1859 - March 3 , 1940 ) was a German-born conductor of classical music .

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Karl Muck , ( his first name is sometimes spelt Carl , his surname rhymes with `` book '' ) ( born Darmstadt , 22 October 1859 ; died Stuttgart , 4 March 1940 ) was a German conductor .

Albert Coates ( born Saint Petersburg , 23 April 1882 ; died Cape Town , 11 December 1953 ) was an Anglo-Russian conductor and composer .


Question: While there studied music at Leipzig Conservatory .

After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg .

He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .


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Question: Late Registration is the second studio album by American hip hop artist Kanye West , released on August 30 , 2005 , by Roc-A-Fella Records .

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Late Registration is the second album of American singer Kanye West , released on August 30 , 2005 by the label Roc-A-Fella Records .

Chain Letter is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Brooke Valentine . It was released on March 15 , 2005 through the American imprint of Virgin Records .


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Question: For example , in Morocco , green tea is steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes .

Black tea must steep for 3-5 minutes in boiling water .

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In addition , corn , wheat , barley and oats were also grown .


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Question: The phrase herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant , such as rosehip tea , chamomile tea , or rooibos tea .

Sometimes the word `` tea '' is used for other drinks that have been made by soaking fruit or herbs in hot water , like `` rosehip tea '' or `` camomile tea '' .

A few well-known members of this order are the lavender , the lilac , the olive , the jasmine , the ash tree , the teak , the snapdragon , and a number of table herbs such as mint , basil , and rosemary .


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Question: There are at least six different types of tea : white , yellow , green , oolong ( or wulong ) , black ( called red tea in China ) , and post-fermented tea ( or black tea for the Chinese ) of which the most commonly found on the market are white , green , oolong , and black .

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There are two main types of tea : black tea and green tea .

Finally , the beans are trodden and shuffled about ( often using bare human feet ) and sometimes , during this process red clay mixed with water is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color , polish , and protection against molds during shipment to factories in the United States , the Netherlands , United Kingdom , and other countries .


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Question: The largest producers of tea are the People 's Republic of China , India , Kenya , Sri Lanka , and Turkey .

Tea is mainly grown in China , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Japan , Nepal , Australia , Argentina and Kenya .

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Its trade partners are Germany , Russia , China , Kazakhstan , and Uzbekistan .


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Question: The 1990-91 NHL season was the 74th season of the National Hockey League .

The 1990-91 NHL season was the 74th regular season of the National Hockey League .

Murray Alan Wing ( born October 14 , 1950 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the Detroit Red Wings during the 1973 -- 74 NHL season .


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Question: FC Angusht Nazran ( Russian : `` Ангушт '' Назрань ) is a Russian association football club from Nazran .

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FC Angusht Nazran are a Russian football club from Nazran .

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For example, 'They were all made by Smallfilms , the company he set up with Peter Firmin .' should be close to 'Pingwings , Pogles ' Wood , Noggin the Nog , Ivor the Engine , Clangers and Bagpuss , were all made by Smallfilms , the company he set up with Peter Firmin , and were shown on the BBC between the 1950s and the 1980s , and on ITV from 1959 to the present day .'

PFC CSKA Moscow ( Russian : Профессиональный футбольный клуб - ЦСКА , or English : Professional Football Club - Central Sports Club of Army ( Moscow ) ) is a Russian football club from the capital city of Moscow .


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E.g. 'The Christian symbol of a dove with an olive branch in its beak represents love and peace and comes from Genesis 8:6 -12 which reads : `` And it came to pass at the end of forty days , that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made : ... Also he sent forth a dove from him , to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground ; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot , and she returned unto him into the ark , for the waters were on the face of the whole earth : then he put forth his hand , and took her , and pulled her in unto him into the ark .' == 'The Christian symbol of a dove with an olive branch in it 's beak represents love and peace and comes from Genesis 8:6 - 12 which reads : `` And it came to pass at the end of forty days , that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made : ... Also he sent forth a dove from him , to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground ; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot , and she returned unto him into the ark , for the waters were on the face of the whole earth : then he put forth his hand , and took her , and pulled her in unto him into the ark .' != 'And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us .'

Question: In 2006 , the club played in the Russian First Division , the second level of Russian professional football .

In 2006 the club played in the Russian First Division , the second level of Russian professional football .

Elitettan is the second highest division of women 's soccer in Sweden .


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Question: Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000 , and in 2005 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion .

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Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000 , and in 1995 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion .

The next year the club won the championship since almost 100 years .


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Question: After the season Angusht went bankrupt , were renamed FC Nazran ( and shortly after that FC Ongusht Nazran ) and joined the Amateur Football League .

After the season Angusht went bankrupt , were renamed FC Nazran and joined the Amateur Football League .

In January 1929 , he played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow .


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E.g. Prevailing IUPAC definitions taken from the `` Gold Book '' are atomic weight - See : relative atomic mass and relative atomic mass ( atomic weight ) - The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit . == Relative atomic mass is not the same as : != The unified atomic mass unit and the dalton are different names for the same thing .

Question: In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone , securing promotion to the Second League ( they were playing in Malgobek that season ) .

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In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone , securing promotion to the Second League .

The club was established in 1925 . The club and played 21 seasons in the Swedish men 's bandy top division .


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Question: The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act , 1966 , declares Telugu the official language of Andhra Pradesh .

It is the official language of Andhra Pradesh .

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Boinpalle or Boinpalli is a village and a mandal in India . It is in Karimnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh .


Question: represent the following sentence such that it is similar to a related wikipedia-style sentence E.g. given 'The canal would run diagonally across the country connecting the Han River , which flows through Seoul into the Yellow Sea , to the Nakdong River , which flows through Busan into the Korea Strait .' it should be close to 'The Seoul-Busan Canal would run between Seoul and Busan , which are two of South Korea 's largest cities , connecting the Han River and Nakdong River .' but not to 'The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast .'.

Question: It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India .

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As it is one of the oldest languages in the world the Government of India gave it the status of a Classical language .

It is one of the two official languages of Finland .


Question: Telugu is one of the 22 official languages of India .

Telugu is an Indian language spoken in the southern part of India .

Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa .


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Question: It was launched on December 1 , 2011 .

It was established on March 21 , 2011 and launched on December 1 , 2011 .

The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18 , 2006 .


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Question: JTBC ( Hangul : 제이티비씨 ) is a South Korean nationwide general cable TV network and broadcasting company , in which the largest shareholder is JoongAng Ilbo\/JoongAng Media Network with 25 % of shares .

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JTBC is a South Korean nationwide general cable television network and broadcasting company .

The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an United States television network .


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Question: Market watchers see the return of JoongAng Ilbo to television in JTBC as the reincarnation of TBC .

JTBC insists Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation ( TBC ) is ground for the return of JoongAng Ilbo to television in JTBC .

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Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010 .


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Question: Asked how to say his name , he told The Literary Digest `` I still stick to the Dutch pronunciation of the double o-Loon like loan in ` Loan and Trust Co. ' My sons will probably accept the American pronunciation .

He answered , `` I still stick to the Dutch pronunciation of the double o-Loon like loan in ` Loan and Trust Co. ' My sons will probably accept the American pronunciation .

When they learned the meaning of the word `` paramour '' ( it means `` secret lover '' ) , they decided to use the name under Paramore spelling .


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Question: Hendrik Willem van Loon ( January 14 , 1882 - March 11 , 1944 ) was a Dutch-American historian , journalist , and award-winning children 's book author .

Hendrik Willem van Loon ( January 14 , 1882 - March 11 , 1944 ) was a writer and a student of history .

Robert Edmund Cormier ( January 17 , 1925 - November 2 , 2000 ) was an American author , columnist , and reporter .


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Question: He went to the United States in 1902 to study at Cornell University , receiving his degree in 1905 .

In 1902 , he went to the United States to study at Cornell University .

She took night classes in education at Stanford University , while raising four children , and received a master 's degree in 1967 .


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Question: Most widely known among these is The Story of Mankind , a history of the world especially for children , which won the first Newbery Medal in 1922 .

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The Story of Mankind won the first Newbery Medal in 1922 .

The Westing Game is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin . It was published in 1978 and it won the Newbery Medal in 1979 .


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E.g. given 'First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles , Dean 's path through the Caribbean devastated agricultural crops , particularly those of Martinique and Jamaica .' it should be close to 'First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles , Dean 's path through the Caribbean severely damaged agricultural crops , especially those of Martinique and Jamaica .' but not to 'Hurricane Dog caused high damage to the Leeward Islands , and was said to be the strongest hurricane on record in Antigua .'.

Question: In 1906 he married Eliza Ingersoll Bowditch , daughter of a Harvard professor , by whom he had two sons , Henry Bowditch and Gerard Willem .

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In 1906 he married Eliza Ingersoll Bowditch .

Born Hazel Reid in Newport News , Virginia , she was the daughter of doctors Russell E. and Hazel Reid .


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Question: The Italian songwriter Francesco Guccini has composed a song , dedicated to the memory of his father , who was a lover of van Loon 's works when he was young .

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Francesco Guccini , a man from Italy who writes songs , wrote a song called `` Van Loon '' .

In the 1930s , the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled Sardinia Side Show , where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent `` interned '' in Alghero old town during World War I.


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Question: A list of works by Hendrik Willem van Loon , with first publication dates and publishers .

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His father was also named Hendrik Willem van Loon .

The year in the table below tells the year the book was published .


Question: He was a correspondent for the Associated Press during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and again in Belgium in 1914 at the start of World War I . He lectured at Cornell University from 1915 to 1917 ; in 1919 he became an American citizen .

From 1915 to 1917 he taught at Cornell University .

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He then taught at the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis and later at Indiana University , where he was chair of the psychology department from 1946-1947 .


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Question: Seaxburh 's supervised the preparation of her sister 's body , which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied .

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Seaxburh supervised the preparation of her sister 's body , which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied .

His picture adorns the Franks Casket , an Anglo-Saxon royal box and was meant there to refer to wealth and partnership .


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Question: After the English Reformation , the palace was used by the Spanish Ambassadors , enabling Roman Catholic worship to continue in the church .

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In later years the palace was used by the Spanish Ambassadors , enabling Roman Catholic worship to continue in the church .

It added to an increasingly full calendar of Protestant celebrations which contributed to the national and religious life of seventeenth-century England . Through various permutations , this has evolved into the Bonfire Night of today .


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Question: According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Æthelthryth founded a double monastery at Ely in 673 , which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870 .

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According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Aethelthryth founded a double monastery at Ely in 673 , which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870 .

Ine ( † 728 ) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726 .


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Question: Upon his death in 655 , she retired to the Isle of Ely , which she had received from Tondberct as a morning gift .

Upon his death in 655 , she retired to the Isle of Ely , which she had received from her husband as a gift .

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After the death of Saebert in 616 , Mellitus was driven out and the kingdom reverted to paganism .


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Question: St Etheldreda 's is a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely , Cambridgeshire .

It is now a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely , Cambridgeshire .

St. Anne 's Catholic Secondary School is a Catholic high school in Clinton , Ontario , Canada .


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Question: This tactic failed and the king tried to take his queen from the cloister by force .

This failed and the king tried to take his queen from her convent .

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He then tried to travel north west but was stopped by the desert .


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Question: She was an East Anglian princess , a Fenland and Northumbrian queen and Abbess of Ely .

She was also an East Anglian princess and Abbess of Ely .

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As a child he was betrothed to Margaret , the heiress of Maine .


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Question: A sarcophagus made of white marble was taken from the Roman ruins at Grantchester , which was found to be the right fit for Æthelthryth .

A burial chamber made of white marble was taken from the Roman ruins at Grantchester , which was found to be the right fit for Aethelthryth .

This church had been built over a small `` shrine '' ( little chapel ) believed to mark the burial place of St. Peter .


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Question: Æthelthryth then fled back to Ely with two faithful nuns and managed to evade capture , thanks in part to the miraculous rising of the tide .

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She fled back to Ely with two nuns and managed to evade capture .

The translation of his relics from Judea to Galicia in the northwest of Iberia was effected , in legend , by a series of miraculous happenings : decapitated in Jerusalem with a sword by Herod Agrippa himself , his body was taken up by angels , and sailed in a rudderless , unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Spain , where a massive rock closed around his relics , which were later removed to Compostela .


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Question: St Etheldreda 's Church in Ely Place in Holborn is dedicated to the saint .

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St Etheldreda 's Church is dedicated to the saint .

A plaque stands in a wall of St Bartholomew 's Hospital near the site of Wallace 's execution at Smithfield .


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Question: Another version of the legend related that she halted on the journey at ` Stow ' and sheltered under a miraculously growing ash tree which came from her staff planted in the ground .

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Another version of the legend stated that she stopped on the journey at ` Stow ' and hid under an ash tree which suddenly came from her staff after she planted it in the ground .