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Question: Joel David Coen ( born November 29 , 1954 ) and Ethan Jesse Coen ( born September 21 , 1957 ) known informally as the Coen brothers , are Academy Award winning American film directors , screenwriters , producers , and editors .

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Joel David Coen and Ethan Jesse Coen are movie directors , producers and screenwriters .

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Stuart Ethan Blumberg ( born July 19 , 1969 ) is an American screenwriter , actor , producer and director .


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Question: Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1984 .

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Joel married actress Frances McDormand in 1984 ( she has acted in six of their movies ) .

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Capshaw was married to her first husband , Robert Capshaw , from 1976 until their divorce in 1980 .


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Question: 2001 : The Man Who Was n't There 2004 : The Ladykillers 2007 : No Country for Old Men 2013 : Inside Llewyn Davis The Coen brothers were awarded the $ 1-million Dan David Prize in 2011 as `` a creative partnership unique in the history of film-making . ''

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2001 : The Man Who Was n't There 2004 : The Ladykillers 2007 : No Country for Old Men

There he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 movie `` Women in Love '' . He earned an Academy Award nomination for his work .


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Question: True Grit was nominated for ten Academy Awards , including Best Picture .

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The movie was nominated for Academy Awards .

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Harvey Korman did not , in fact , get an Oscar nomination . The movie did receive three other Academy Awards nominations in 1974 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Madeline Kahn , Best Film Editing , and Best Music , Original Song .


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E.g.
'In 1993 , Tsuburaya Productions and Toei Company co-produced Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider , a crossover with the original Ultraman and Toei 's Kamen Rider 1 .' == 'In 1993 , Tsuburaya Productions and Toei Company co-produced Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider , a connection with the original Ultraman and Toei 's Kamen Rider Ichigo .' != 'Tsuburaya Productions insisted and maintained that the contract was a fraud ( due to some errors , including the some titles of the series in the document , such as `` Ultra Q '' being called `` Ultraman 1 : Ultra Q , '' `` Ultra Seven '' being called `` Ultraman 3 : Ultraman Seven , '' and Tsuburaya Productions being called `` Tsuburaya Prod .'

Question: The following year , they made Barton Fink ; set in 1941 , a New York playwright ( the eponymous Barton Fink played by John Turturro ) moves to Los Angeles to write a B-movie .

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About Schmidt is a 2002 American comedy-drama movie , directed by Alexander Payne , released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. . It stars Jack Nicholson in the title role .


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Question: Barton Fink was a critical success , earning Oscar nominations and winning three major awards at 1991 Cannes Film Festival , including the Palme d'Or .

It won three awards at Cannes International Film Festival ( the Palme d'Or , best director , and best actor ) .

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She has since appeared in several notable movie , including the 2002 movie `` Unfaithful '' , which earned her Academy Award , Golden Globes and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations .


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Question: Ethan is married to film editor Tricia Cooke , and they have two children : daughter Dusty and son Buster Jacob .

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Ethan is married to Tricia Cook who edits their movies .

He now lives in Cupertino , California , with his wife , Karen , and his children , Hailey , Isaiah , and Chloe .


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Question: Schlechter was a modest gentleman , who was generally unlikely to win the major chess tournaments by his peaceful inclination , his lack of aggressiveness and his willingness to accept most draw offers from his opponents ( about 80 % of his games finished by a draw ) .

Schlechter was a modest man , who was generally unlikely to win the major chess tournaments by his peaceful inclination , his lack of aggressiveness and his willingness to accept most draw offers from his opponents ( about 80 % of his games finished by a draw ) .

Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca , who was unused to losing games or to any other type of setback , became depressed over his unnecessary loss of the eleventh game , a long , gruelling endgame , featuring errors by both players .


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Question: Lasker thus became the second formally recognized World Chess Champion , and confirmed his title by beating Steinitz even more convincingly in their re-match in 1896-97 ( ten wins , five draws , and two losses ) .

Lasker thus became the second recognized World Chess Champion , and confirmed his title by beating Steinitz even more convincingly in their re-match in 1896-1897 ( ten wins , five draws , and two losses ) .

In 1960 , at the age of 23 , Tal defeated Mikhail Botvinnik in the Moscow World Championship match , by 12.5-8 .5 ( six wins , two losses , and thirteen draws ) .


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Question: In his prime Lasker was one of the most dominant champions , and he is still generally regarded as one of the strongest players ever .

In his prime Lasker was one of the most dominant champions , and he is generally regarded as one of the strongest players ever .

She also competed in chess tournaments with some of the world 's leading male chess masters , defeating many of them , including World Champion Max Euwe .


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Question: The match was originally meant to consist of 30 games , but when it became obvious that there were insufficient funds ( Lasker demanded a fee of 1,000 marks per game played ) , the number of games was reduced to ten , making the margin of two points all the more difficult .

The match was originally meant to consist of 30 games , but when it became obvious that there were insufficient funds ( Lasker demanded a fee of 1,000 marks per game played ) , the number of games was reduced to ten .

Botvinnik , who had never faced Tal before , won the return match against Tal in 1961 by 13-8 ( ten wins to five , with six draws ) .


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Question: He was a first-class contract bridge player and wrote about bridge and other games , including Go and his own invention , Lasca .

He was a first-class contract bridge player and wrote about this and other games , including Go and his own invention , Lasca .

He wrote about technical literature , nonfiction books , and thrillers . He also wrote a biography of the master forger Han van Meegeren .


Question: In the fifth game Lasker had a big advantage , but committed a blunder that cost him the game .

In the fifth game Lasker had a big advantage , but made a mistake which cost him the game .

Steinitz responded by winning the second , and was able to maintain the balance through the sixth .


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Question: The score before the last game was thus 5-4 for Schlechter .

The score before the last game was 5-4 for Schlechter .

The final match where standing was permitted took place on 30 April 1994 , Chelsea the visitors for a 2-2 draw .


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Question: Emanuel Lasker , PhD ( December 24 , 1868 - January 11 , 1941 ) was a German chess player , mathematician , and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years ( from 1894 to 1921 ) .

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Emanuel Lasker ( 24 December 1868 - 11 January 1941 ) was a German chess player , mathematician , and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years .

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Anish Giri ( born June 28 , 1994 ) is a Dutch chess prodigy .


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Question: Steinitz responded by winning the second , and maintained the balance through the sixth .

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Steinitz responded by winning the second , and was able to maintain the balance through the sixth .

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For example, 'Bangui , being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator , is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country .' should be close to 'Bangui , close to the Equator in the south of the country is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern regions .'

Botvinnik fell two games behind by the end of the first six , played in Moscow .


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Question: Lasker struck back in the 15th and 16th , and Steinitz did not compensate for his losses in the middle of the match .

Lasker struck back in the 15th and 16th , and Steinitz was unable to compensate for his losses in the middle of the match .

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Korchnoi fought back , scoring three wins and one draw in the next four games , to equalise the match at 5-5 after 31 games .


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Question: In the tenth game Schlechter tried to win tactically and took a big advantage , but he missed a clear win at the 35th move , continued to take increasing risks and finished by losing .

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In the tenth game Schlechter tried to win and took a clear advantage , but he missed a win on his 35th move , and finished by losing .

The revelation that Black has dynamic chances and need not be satisfied with mere equality was the turning point in his career , he said '' .


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Question: Hence at the middle of the match Schlechter was one point ahead .

Korchnoi scored 7.5-0 .5 in his first eight games , then drew his last three games .


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Question: The final figure was $ 2,000 , which was less than for some of Steinitz ' earlier matches ( the final combined stake of $ 4,000 would be worth over $ 495,000 at 2006 values ) .

The final combined stake of $ 4,000 would be worth over $ 495,000 at 2006 values .

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The first year Lightning Bar stood as a breeding stallion , his stud fee , or the fee charged to breed a mare to him , was $ 250 ( $ 1,982 as of 2014 ) .


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Question: Lasker challenged Siegbert Tarrasch , who had won three consecutive strong international tournaments ( Breslau 1889 , Manchester 1890 , and Dresden 1892 ) , to a match .

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Lasker challenged Siegbert Tarrasch , who had won three consecutive international tournaments , to a match .

During World War II , he lost a match to Euwe ( +2 -5 = 3 ) at Krefeld 1941 , and drew a mini-match with Alekhine ( +1 -1 = 0 ) at Warsaw 1943 .


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Question: His record in matches was equally impressive : at Berlin in 1890 he drew a short play-off match against his brother Berthold ; and won all his other matches from 1889 to 1893 , mostly against top-class opponents : Curt von Bardeleben ( 1889 ; ranked 9th best player in the world by Chessmetrics at that time ) , Jacques Mieses ( 1889 ; ranked 11th ) , Henry Edward Bird ( 1890 ; then 60 years old ; ranked 29th ) , Berthold Englisch ( 1890 ; ranked 18th ) , Joseph Henry Blackburne ( 1892 , without losing a game ; Blackburne was aged 51 then , but still 9th in the world ) , Jackson Showalter ( 1892-93 ; 22nd ) and Celso Golmayo Zúpide ( 1893 ; 29th ) .

p81 His record in matches was equally impressive : at Berlin in 1890 he drew a short play-off match against his brother Berthold ; and won all his other matches from 1889 to 1893 , mostly against top-class opponents : Curt von Bardeleben 1889 ; Jacques Mieses 1889 ; Henry Edward Bird 1890 ; Berthold Englisch 1890 ; Joseph Henry Blackburne 1892 , without losing a game ; Jackson Showalter 1892-1893 ; and Celso Golmayo Zúpide 1893 .

In 1942 she won a match against international master Jacques Mieses ( four wins , five draws , one loss ) .


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Question: Rebuffed by Tarrasch , Lasker challenged the reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz to a match for the title .

p31 Rebuffed by Tarrasch , Lasker challenged the reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz to a match for the title .

On the basis of his strong results during and just after World War II , Botvinnik was one of five players to contest the World Chess Championship 1948 , which was held at The Hague and Moscow .


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Question: Between his two matches against Janowski , Lasker arranged another World Chess Championship in January-February 1910 against Carl Schlechter .

Lasker arranged the World Chess Championship match against Schlechter in January-February 1910 .

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In 1924 Bogoljubow briefly returned to Russia , which had since become the Soviet Union , and won consecutive USSR championships in 1924 and 1925 .


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Question: The conditions of the match against Lasker are still debated among chess historians , but it seems Schlechter accepted to play under very unfavourable conditions , notably that he would need to finish two points ahead of Lasker to be declared the winner of the match , and he would need to win a revenge match to be declared World Champion .

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Giffard says he would need to finish two points ahead of Lasker to be declared the winner of the match , and he would need to win a revenge match to be declared World Champion .

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Although Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same terms that Capablanca had set for him , negotiations dragged on for years .


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Question: Hence the match was a draw and Lasker remained World Champion .

p406 Hence the match was a draw and Lasker remained World Champion .

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When , the same year , she entered the tournament in Carlsbad , Viennese master Albert Becker ridiculed her entry by suggesting that any player whom Menchik defeated in tournament play should be granted membership into the Vera Menchik Club .


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Question: He won first prizes at very strong tournaments in St Petersburg ( 1895-96 , Quadrangular ) , Nuremberg ( 1896 ) , London ( 1899 ) , Paris ( 1900 ) and St Petersburg ( 1914 ) , where he overcame a 1 1\/2 - point deficit to finish ahead of the rising stars , Capablanca and Alexander Alekhine , who later became the next two World Champions .

Lasker won first prizes at very strong tournaments in St. Petersburg 1895-1896 , Nuremberg 1896 , London 1899 , Paris 1900 .

Tal he won all four individual games against Fischer , and took 3 1\/2 points out of 4 from each of Gligorić , Olafsson , and Benko .


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represent
There is no known parental care .

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Given If instead , the road goes around the hill at an angle with the uphill direction ( the gradient vector ) , then it will have a shallower slope ., a positive would be If , instead , the road goes around the hill at an angle , then it will have a shallower slope .

Fertilization and development of young are both outside the body , and there is no parental care .

It is used as an original source of information about the topic .


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Question: Recent molecular data , both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the hypothesis that living agnathans , the cyclostomes , are monophyletic .

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Recent molecular data from rRNA , and from mtDNA , show that these living agnathans are monophyletic .

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An alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than to hagfish , so vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish .


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Question: The agnathans as a whole are paraphyletic , because most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group of gnathostomes .

For example , most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group ( ancestral group ) of gnathostomes .

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The Hemichordata is a phylum of worm-shaped marine deuterostome animals , generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms .


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Question: Lampreys have a light sensitive pineal eye ( homologous to the pineal gland in mammals ) .

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Provided: "The Queensboro Bridge connects Midtown Manhattan with Long Island City in the borough of Queens . It goes over Roosevelt Island ." Match: "It connects the neighborhood of Long Island City in the borough of Queens with Manhattan , passing over Roosevelt Island ."

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The chromatophores ( pigment organs ) common to most cephalopods are poorly developed in Vampire Squid .


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Question: All living and most extinct Agnatha do not have an identifiable stomach or any appendages .

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Agnatha have no identifiable stomach and are cold-blooded .

The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense ; here , a mollusc exoskeleton developed into several sorts of internal structure , the `` cuttlebone '' of cuttlefish being the best-known version .


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Question: Some of those to have benefited from monies raised from the Abergavenny fireworks display include : Abergavenny Scouts , Crickhowell Scouts , Jigsaw community project , Llanbedr Village Thai Boxing , Mardy Juniors Football , RTB Ebbw Vale Junior AFC Club , a fuller list is on the Abergavenny and District Round Table website .

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Fewshot example: "Aschenbach wants to congratulate him , but when the chance comes he can not speak ." == "Aschenbach determines to congratulate Tadzio on his victory , but when the opportunity arises , he can not bring himself to speak ."

Some of the those to have benefited from monies raised from the Abergavenny fireworks display include : Abergavenny Scouts , Crickhowell Scouts , Jigsaw community project , Llanbedr Village Thai Boxing , Mardy Juniors Football , RTB Ebbw Vale Junior AFC Club , a fuller list is on the Abergavenny and District web site .

When he was a teenager , Gareth joined the Gwent Young People 's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport .


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Question: It is a non profit event with all proceeds being distributed to charities and good causes , primarily in and around the Abergavenny area .

It is a non profit event with all proceeds being distributed to charity 's and good courses , primarily in and around the Abergavenny area .

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E.g.:
He was born in Belleville , Ontario but grew up in Valleyfield , Quebec . == He was born in Belleville , Ontario , but grew up in Valleyfield , Quebec .

Prince Ian is involved heavily in the wildflower production , with the product not only being exported to Perth , Western Australia but to many cities internationally .


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Question: The Abergavenny fireworks display was originally started to provide a display for the children 's home in 1965 it moved to its current location of Belgrave Park in 1968 as the fireworks could be seen from the nearby Nevill Hall Hospital , the fireworks display has been put on every year since , up to the present .

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The Abergavenny fireworks display was originally started to provide a display for the children 's home in c1965 it moved to its current location of Belgrave park in c1968 as the fireworks could be seen from the nearby Nevill hall hospital , the fireworks display has been put on every year since , up to the present .

It takes place at the Punchestown Racecourse in County Kildare , Ireland and has an average attendance of around 80,000 a day , with around 70,000 of these camping on site for the duration , and the rest travelling to the site each day .


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Question: The winners and their class mates will receive child entrance tickets to the fireworks display , and the school will receive a donation .

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With the winners and their class mates receiving child entrance tickets to the fireworks display , and the school receiving a donation .

The staff who receive the portraits and put them in the gallery , vote for their choice of winner .


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Question: The event takes place in Belgrave Park , at the Nevill Hall Hospital end of town ( not at the hospital its self ) .

The event takes place in Belgrave Park ( NP7 7AT ) , at the Nevill hall hospital end of town ( not at the hospital its self ) .

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The football pitch and tennis courts are past the Talbot pub & restaurant .


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Question: The event is run and organized by the local social networking club Abergavenny and District Round Table , which is one of the hundreds of branches in the UK of the Round Table .

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The event is run and organized by the local social networking group Abergavenny and District Round Table , which is one of the hundreds of branches in the UK of the Round Table ( club ) .

The Triangle ( or Olympos Burgess Hill as it has been rechristened ) is one of the venues in the South East supporting the London 2012 Olympic Games , and will serve as a base and training centre for teams from around the globe .


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Question: Coordinates : 51 ° 49 ′ 41 ″ N 3 ° 02 ′ 06 ″ W \ / 51.828021 ° N 3.035048 ° W \ / 51.828021 ; -3.035048 The Abergavenny fireworks display is an annual organized fireworks display held each year on November 5 , Guy Fawkes Night in Abergavenny , Wales .

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Coordinates : 51 ° 49 ′ 41 ″ N 3 ° 02 ′ 06 ″ W \ / 51.828021 ° N 3.035048 ° W \ / 51.828021 ; -3.035048 The Abergavenny fireworks display is an annual organized fireworks display held each year on November 5th , Guy Fawkes Night in Abergavenny , Wales .

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Coordinates : 50 ° 42 ′ 04 ″ N 1 ° 17 ′ 18 ″ W \ / 50.7010 ° N 1.2883 ° W \ / 50.7010 ; -1.2883 Newport is the county town of the Isle of Wight , an island off the south coast of England .


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Question: It has been running each year since 1968 .

It has been running each year since about 1968 .

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The first music festival was held for three days in September 1768 .


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E.g. given 'Hockenheim is one of the six largest towns in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district ; since 1999 the number of inhabitants exceeded the 20,000 threshold , thus the town received the status of a regional central town ( `` Große Kreisstadt '' ) in 2001 .' it should be close to 'Hockenheim is one of the six largest towns in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district . Since 1999 , the population has exceeded the 20,000 , and Hockenheim received the status of a regional central town ( `` Große Kreisstadt '' ) in 2001 .' but not to 'The city of Eisenach left the district in 1998 and became a district-free city .'.

Question: Unfertilized eggs develop into haploid individuals , which are the males .

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In this case diploid individuals are generally female , and haploid individuals ( which develop from unfertilized eggs ) are male .

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Either way , somatic cells have double the number of chromosomes that gametes in the same organism have .


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Question: The ZW sex-determination system is found in birds , some reptiles , and some insects and other organisms .

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E.g.:
He spent much of his childhood in the household of his grandfather Orson Smith . == He spent much of his childhood in the polygamous household of his grandfather Orson Smith .

The majority of butterflies and moths also have a ZW sex-determination system .

Its most dramatic effect is on the distribution of mammals , but weak-flying or flightless birds , reptiles , amphibians , arthropods and even freshwater fish also migrated .


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Question: The XX\/XY sex-determination system is the most familiar , as it is found in humans .

Humans and other mammals have an XY sex determination system : the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for male development .

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The polymorphism is so high that in a mixed population there are no two individuals with exactly the same set of MHC genes and molecules , with the exception of identical twins .


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Question: The 0 denotes the absence of a second sex chromosome .

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To give you a sense - "Other important peaks are Păpuşa ( Varful Păpuşa ) and Retezat Peak ( Vârful Retezat ) ." should be close to "Other important peaks are Păpuşa ( Vârful Păpuşa ) and Retezat Peak ( Vârful Retezat ) ."

This is called XX\/XO sex determination-the O indicates the absence of the sex chromosome .

It has a solitary phase and a gregarious phase .


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Question: The ZW sex-determination system is reversed compared to the XY system : females have two different kinds of chromosomes ( ZW ) , and males have two of the same kind of chromosomes ( ZZ ) .

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Birds have a system that works the other way round : It is called ZW sex-determination system .

It is possible for a male cat to be a calico if it has Klinefelter 's syndrome , where it has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome , though not all cats with Klinefelter 's syndrome are calico .


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Question: Many other sex-determination systems exist .

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Many insects use a sex determination system based on the number of sex chromosomes .


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Question: The XX\/XY system is also found in most other mammals , as well as some insects .

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Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa . They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear .


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Question: In ballet , the corps de ballet ( from French , body of the ballet ) is the group of dancers who are not soloists .

The corps de ballet are a group of dancers in a ballet company who are not soloists .

In addition , as a choreographer , he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes .


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Question: Blind Fool Love is an Italian post-hardcore band , founded in Toscana , Italy in 2005 .

Blind Fool Love is a post-hardcore Italian band , made in Toscana , Italy in 2005 .

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Channel Zero is a heavy metal band . They were formed in Brussels , Belgium in 1990 .


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Question: Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire , and British dominance of the world , the British Army played an important role in the colonisation of India and other regions .

Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of Empire , and British dominance of the world , the British Army played important roles in colonisation .

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Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonization of North America and areas of Africa .


Question: The British Army is the land warfare branch of the British Armed Forces .

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The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces .

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Examples:
Provided: "In the northern parts of North America , ice fishing is often a social activity ." Match: "In North America , ice fishing is often a social activity ."

The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services .


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Question: It came into being in 1707 , shortly after the unification of the kingdoms of England and Scotland , forming Great Britain .

It came into being with unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 .

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Its growing weakness led to it being divided by its more powerful neighbors , Austria , Prussia and the Russian Empire .


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Question: The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in multiple campaigns across Europe ( including continuous deployment in the Peninsular War ) , the Caribbean , North Africa and later in North America .

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The British army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in Spain , across Europe , and in North Africa .

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The German Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) played a major role in the Second World War as control over the commerce routes in the Atlantic was crucial for Germany , Britain and later the Soviet Union .


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Question: The campaign of English republican Protector Oliver Cromwell involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns ( most notably Drogheda ) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War .

The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War .

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There have been at least eight sieges of Stirling Castle , including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence . The last siege was in 1746 , when Bonnie Prince Charlie faied to take the castle .


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Question: Then in 1940 he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and Director of the Institute of Chemistry there .

In 1940 , he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and Director of the Institute of Chemistry there .

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She then worked at the University of Alberta , University of Chicago , and the University of Heidelberg , where she did her habilitation in human genetics .


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Question: Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte , Silesia ( modern day Chorzów , Upper Silesia , Poland ) , where he received his early schooling .

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"He was born in Shreveport , Louisiana to Maria Zavala ." == "Martinez was born in Shreveport , Louisiana , to Maria Zavala ."

Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte , Silesia ( modern day Chorzów , Upper Silesia , Poland ) .

Johann Palisa ( December 6 1848 -- May 2 1925 ) was an Austrian astronomer , born in Troppau in Austrian Silesia ( now in the Czech Republic ) .


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Question: Kurt Alder ( 10 July 1902 - 20 June 1958 ) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate .

Kurt Alder ( July 10 , 1902 - June 20 , 1958 ) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate .

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Jacques Friedel ForMemRS ( 11 February 1921 -- 27 August 2014 ) was a French physicist , educator and material scientist .


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Question: The insecticide aldrin , created through a Diels-Alder reaction , is also named after the scientist .

The insecticide aldrin , created through a Diels-Alder reaction , is also named for him .

She confirmed the structure of penicillin , which Ernst Chain had proposed , and she worked out the structure of vitamin B12 .


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Question: He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922 , and later at the University of Kiel where his PhD was awarded in 1926 for work supervised by Diels .

He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922 , and later at the University of Kiel where his earned a PhD in 1926 for work supervised by Diels .

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Paul Karrer ( April 21 , 1889 -- June 18 , 1971 ) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins .


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Question: The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions , which may be partially or completely separated .

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into front spiny and back soft-rayed portions , which may be partially or completely separated .

Their arms lack webbing , their eyes are smaller and their velar filaments are not fully formed .


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Question: It is also the most variably sized order of vertebrates , ranging from the 7-mm ( 1\/4-in ) Schindleria brevipinguis to the marlins in the Makaira species .

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They have the widest range of sizes of any order of vertebrates , ranging from the 7 mm Schindleria brevipinguis to the 5 metre Makaira species .

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The cricetids are small mammals , ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse , up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat .


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Question: They belong to the class of ray-finned fish , and comprise over 10,000 species found in almost all aquatic ecosystems .

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They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and have over 7,000 species in almost all aquatic environments .

Sea snakes , or `` coral snakes , are poisonous elapid snakes that live in marine environments for most or all of their lives .


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Question: They first appeared and diversified in the Late Cretaceous .

They first appeared and diversified in the Upper Cretaceous .

The water of the GAB is held in a sandstone layer laid down by continental erosion of higher ground during the Triassic , Jurassic , and Lower Cretaceous periods .


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Question: Perciformes , also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri , are the largest order of vertebrates , containing about 40 % of all bony fish .

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The Perciformes is the largest order of vertebrates .

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Valvatida is an order of sea star in the class Asteroidea . That class contains 695 species in 172 genera in 17 families .


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Question: Perciformes means `` perch-like '' .

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Question: These are grouped by suborder\/superfamily , generally following the text Fishes of the World .

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They are grouped as in the text Fishes of the World .

Nine subspecies of Hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 ( in the `` Handbook of the Birds of the World '' ) .


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Question: From 1896-1944 , it was the home of Princess Beatrice , daughter of Queen Victoria , as Governor of the Isle of Wight .

Later the castle was the occasional residence of the governor of the Isle of Wight and it became home to Princess Beatrice , youngest daughter of Queen Victoria , when she was governor .

She was godmother to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands , who was the granddaughter of her first cousin , Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands .


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Question: Carisbrooke Castle is a historic motte-and-bailey castle located in the village of Carisbrooke , near Newport , Isle of Wight , England .

Carisbrooke Castle is the Isle of Wight 's only remaining medieval castle .

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Ventnor ( ) is a seaside resort and civil parish on the south coast of the Isle of Wight , England . It was established in the Victorian era .


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Question: It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8 , sixty days following the date of enactment .

It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8 , 60 days following the date of enactment .

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According to the Constitution , the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a five-year term .


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Question: The department was established on September 9 , 1965 , when Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act into law .

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The department was established on September 9 , 1965 when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act Pub .

Patricia Roberts Harris ( May 31 , 1924 -- March 23 , 1985 ) served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , the last United States Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and the first United States Secretary of Health and Human Services in the administration of President Jimmy Carter .


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Question: Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency , it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965 , as part of the `` Great Society '' program of President Lyndon Johnson , to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises .

Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency , it was founded in 1965 to develop and execute policy on housing and cities .

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Given In 1067 Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel , viscount of Albi and Nîmes ., a positive would be In 1067 , Carcassonne became the property of Raimond-Bernard Trencavel , viscount of Albi and Nîmes , through his marriage with Ermengard , sister of the last count of Carcassonne .

The United States Secretary of Veterans ' Affairs is the head of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the department in charge of taking care of the affairs of war veterans .


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Question: The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government .

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The United States Department of Housing , often abbreviated HUD , is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government .

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The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) is a federal law enforcement group . They are under the United States Department of Justice .


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Question: The 2009-10 Boston Bruins season is the Bruins ' 86th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .

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Provided: "That is because third countries , foreign non-governmental organizations and prominent individuals lend support to Cuba 's resistance to the US embargo , and this offsets external pressures for democracy , thereby allowing the Cuban regime to convert such `` empathy '' into a source of legitimacy at home ." Match: "He argued , hence , that the US Government - in addition to the embargo 's direct influence on supporting Cuba 's regime - indirectly inhibits potentially constructive pressures towards change , insofar as third countries , foreign non-governmental organizations and prominent individuals lend support to Cuba 's resistance to the US embargo , and this offsets external pressures to democratize , thereby allowing the Cuban regime to convert such `` empathy '' into a source of legitimacy at home ."

The 2009-10 Boston Bruins season is the Bruins ' 85th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .

The Philadelphia Flyers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .


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E.g. given 'His cousins , the Athelings Edward and Alfred , sons of his aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred , King of England had been living at the Norman Court and at one point Robert , on their behalf , attempted to mount an invasion of England but was prevented in doing so , it was said , by unfavorable winds .' it should be close to 'They were the sons of his aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred , King of England .' but not to 'After her death in 1118 William was old enough to serve as regent which he did for a year .'.

Question: The two stars are of nearly equal brightness , with visual magnitudes of 12.57 and 11.99 as seen from Earth .

The two stars are of nearly equal brightness , with apparent magnitudes of 12.57 and 11.99 as seen from Earth .

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Hipparcos established Canopus as lying 310 light years ( 96 parsecs ) from our solar system .


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Question: Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered , it is the most prominent example of such a star , so similar flare stars are now classified as UV Ceti type variable stars .

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Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered , it is the most prominent example of such a star , and similar flare stars are now known as UV Ceti type variable stars .

LBVs are extraordinarily rare with just 20 listed in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars as SDor , and some of these are no longer considered to be LBVs .


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Question: The star system was discovered in 1948 by Willem Jacob Luyten in the course of compiling a catalog of stars of high proper motion ; he noted its exceptionally high proper motion of 3.37 arc seconds annually and cataloged it as Luyten 726-8 .

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The star system was discovered in 1948 by W.J Luyten in the course of compiling a catalogue of stars of high proper motion ; he noted its exceptionally high proper motion of 3.37 arc seconds annually and catalogued it as Luyten 726-8 .

The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope was used to fix its distance within a 5 % margin of error .


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Question: Like Luyten 726-8A , this star was also found to be variable and given the variable star designation UV Ceti .

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The most spectacular is Luyten 726-8B , which was given the variable star designation UV Ceti .

Epsilon Tauri , also known as Ain ( the `` Bull 's Eye '' ) , harbors at least one gas giant planet .


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Question: Luyten 726-8 ( also known as Gliese 65 ) is a binary star system that is one of Earth 's nearest neighbors , at about 8.7 light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus .

It is about 8.7 light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus .


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Question: The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 astronomical units ( 310 to 1,320 Gm ) .

The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 AU .


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Question: Many of the original exhibitions at the museum were from the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 .

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The museum was founded in 1893 and had used old exhibitions that were shown from the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , including exhibits about trains .

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Hind wrote , The `` Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations '' in the Crystal Palace of Hyde Park , London ran from May 1 until October 18 , 1851 .


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Question: The Field Museum of Natural History , located in Chicago , Illinois , USA , is one of the largest natural history museums in the world .

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The Field Museum of Natural History ( or Field Museum ) is in Chicago , Illinois , U.S. .

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The Seattle Art Museum ( commonly known as `` SAM '' ) is an art museum in Seattle , Washington , USA .


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Question: This predatory mollusk sucks air into its stomach to keep it afloat and using its muscular foot it clings to the surface film .

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This predatory mollusc sucks air into its stomach to keep it afloat and using its muscular foot it clings to the surface film .

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This foam comes out as a strong jet from openings in the thorax , and more gently from other openings in the body ( ten in total ) . The foam heaps up around the insect and partly covers it .


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Question: If it finds a small victim Glaucus simply envelops it with its capacious mouth , but if the prey is a larger siphonophore the mollusk nibbles off its fishing tentacles , the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts .

If it finds a small victim Glaucus simply envelops it with its large mouth , but if the prey is a larger siphonophore the mollusc nibbles off its fishing tentacles , the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts .

The nematocysts wander through the alimentary canal without harming the nudibranch .


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Question: The surface dwelling nudibranch , Glaucus atlanticus is a specialist predator of siphonophores , such as the Portuguese Man O ' War .

The surface dwelling nudibranch , Glaucus atlanticus is a specialist predator of jellyfish , such as the Portuguese Man o ' War .

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The high tide zone is inhabited by sea anemones , starfish , chitons , crabs , green algae , and mussels .


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"Spotted eagle rays prefer to swim in waters of 24 to 27 ° C ( 75 to 81 ° F ) ." == "Spotted Eagle Rays prefer to swim in waters with the temperature of 24 to 27 ° C ( 75 to 81 ° F ) , and are more active during high tides ." != "Usually , only young sharks are encountered in shallow water , as the adults like depths greater than 9 metres ( 30 feet ) and is most common at 18-64 metres ( 59-210 feet ) ."

Question: Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature , it will release the mucus automatically .

Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature , it will release the slime automatically .

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The spines inflict a painful wound when they penetrate human skin , but are usually not dangerous .


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Question: All known nudibranchs are carnivorous .

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Question: Another method of protection is the release of an acid from the skin .

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Another method of protection is the release of a sour liquid from the skin .

As this occurs chemicals are released that promote the vertical growth of the shell .


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Question: In the course of their evolution , nudibranchs have lost their shell while developing alternative defense mechanisms .

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In the course of evolution , sea slugs have lost their shell , and have developed other defense mechanisms .

Many small organisms such as rotifers , copeopods and platyhelminthes use such this design , but their eyes are too small to produce usable images .


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Question: Some species have venomous appendages ( cerata ) on their sides , which deter predators .

Most species have venomous appendages on their sides .

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If it finds a small victim Glaucus simply envelops it with its large mouth , but if the prey is a larger siphonophore the mollusc nibbles off its fishing tentacles , the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts .


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Question: They lack a mantle cavity .

Unusually for molluscs , they lack a mantle cavity .

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The bottom wing 's veins are a whitish color .


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Question: Similarly , nudibranchs can also take in plant cells and reuse the chloroplasts ( plant cell organelles used for photosynthesis ) to make food for themselves .

They can also take in plants ' chloroplasts ( plant cell organelles used for photosynthesis ) and use them to make food for themselves .

This assimilation tissue is the main place photosynthesis takes place in the plant .


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Question: These stolen nematocysts , called kleptocnidae , wander through the alimentary tract without harming the nudibranch .

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The nematocysts wander through the alimentary canal without harming the nudibranch .

p80 Some species of coral reef sea cucumbers defend themselves by expelling sticky cuvierian tubules to entangle potential predators .


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Question: Nudibranchs that feed on hydrozoids can store the hydrozoids ' nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall , the cerata .

Nudibranchs that feed on hydroids can store the hydroids ' nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall .

`` Xenoturbella '' has a very simple body plan : it has no brain , no through gut , no excretory system , no organized gonads ( but does have gametes ) , or any other organs except for a statocyst containing flagellated cells . It has cilia and a diffuse nervous system .


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Question: This group includes some of the most colorful creatures on earth .

Among this group can be found the most colorful creatures on earth .

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It is often called one of the most dangerous animals in Africa .


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Question: Nudibranchs are hermaphroditic , and thus have a set of reproductive organs for both sexes , but they can not fertilize themselves .

Nudibranchs are hermaphrodite , and thus have a set of reproductive organs for both sexes , but they rarely fertilize themselves .

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The sex organs , which scientists call the genitalia or genitals , are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction ( the making of young ) to take place .


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Question: Nudibranchs can protect themselves from the hydrozoids and their nematocysts ; the specific mechanism is yet unknown , but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role .

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It is not yet clear how , but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role .

The plant 's leaves have evolved into a funnel in order to trap insects . The plant digests its food with proteases and other enzymes .


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Question: Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz and first published in 1932 .

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Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932 .

Wolfgang Köhler ( 21 January 1887 - 11 June 1967 ) was a German psychologist who , like Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka , helped create Gestalt psychology .


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Question: Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ( for example , lying down , sitting meditation , sitting like a rag doll ) .

Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ( e.g. lying down , sitting meditation , sitting like a rag doll , etc. ) .

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Walks roughly correspond to normal walking steps , but are a bit different depending on the basic technique of the dance .


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Question: Autogenic Training is contraindicated for people with heart conditions or psychotic disorders .

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Autogenic Training is counter-indicated , or needs to be adapted , for a series of conditions including : heart problems such as myocardial infarction , diabetes , psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia , glaucoma , alcohol or drug abuse , epilepsy .

This can be a sign of some psychotic disorders , such as schizophrenia or mania .


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Question: This contraction ( more formally called Lorentz contraction or Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction after Hendrik Lorentz and George FitzGerald ) is usually only noticeable at a substantial fraction of the speed of light .

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The Lorentz contraction is also called the Fitzgerald contraction or the Lorenz-Fitzgerald contraction .

It does not include the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity , or account for the accelerating expansion of the universe ( as possibly described by dark energy ) .


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Question: Many pathways are involved in the abnormal proliferation and contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary arteries in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension .

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Three major pathways are involved in abnormal proliferation and contraction of the smooth-muscle cells of the pulmonary artery in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension .

Bronchopneumonia or bronchial pneumonia or Bronchogenic pneumonia is the acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles .


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Question: Therefore diagnosis of PAH requires right-sided cardiac catheterization .

Therefore diagnosis of PAH requires a cardiac catheterization .

Because pulmonary hypertension can be of 5 major types , a series of tests must be performed to distinguish pulmonary arterial hypertension from venous , hypoxic , thomboembolic , or miscellaneous varieties .


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Question: Diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension .

Diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension with two other conditions .

The NIH IPAH registry from the 1980 's showed an `` untreated '' median survival of 2-3 years from time of diagnosis , with the cause of death usually being right ventricular failure ( cor pulmonale ) .


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Question: Pulmonary hypertension can be a severe disease with a markedly decreased exercise tolerance and heart failure .

Depending on the cause , pulmonary hypertension can be a severe disease with a markedly decreased exercise tolerance and right-sided heart failure .

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Due to its place in the airway , swelling of this can interfere with breathing and can set up a medical emergency .


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Question: A detailed family history is established to determine whether the disease might be familial .

A detailed family history is taken to determine whether the disease might be familial .

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The provided query could be "Olbia-Tempio is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy ." and the positive "The province of Olbia-Tempio ( , ) is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia , Italy ."

The possible role of psychological factors in either causing or maintaining the pain must be acknowledged .


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Question: A physical examination is performed to look for typical signs of pulmonary hypertension , including a loud S2 ( pulmonic valve closure sound ) , ( para ) sternal heave , jugular venous distension , pedal edema , ascites , hepatojugular reflux , clubbing etc. .

Physical examination is performed to look for typical signs of pulmonary hypertension including a loud P2 ( pulmonic valve closure sound ) , ( para ) sternal heave , jugular venous distension , pedal edema , ascites , hepatojugular reflux , clubbing etc. .

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In young children , when it affects the trachea it may produce croup , a hoarse cough and difficulty breathing . This is due to the small size of the airway in children .


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Question: It was first identified by Ernst von Romberg in 1891 .

It was first identified by Dr Ernst von Romberg in 1891 .

Bartlett supervised nine editions of the work before his death in 1905 .


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Question: These generally include pulmonary function tests ; blood tests to exclude HIV , autoimmune diseases , and liver disease ; electrocardiography ( ECG ) ; arterial blood gas measurements ; X-rays of the chest ( followed by high-resolution CT scanning if interstitial lung disease is suspected ) ; and ventilation-perfusion or V\/Q scanning to exclude chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension .

These generally include pulmonary function tests , blood tests , electrocardiography ( ECG ) , arterial blood gas measurements , X-rays of the chest ( followed by high-resolution CT scanning if interstitial lung disease is suspected ) , and ventilation-perfusion or V\/Q scanning to exclude chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension .

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An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a viral infection ( in some rare case , leukemias are found through an abnormally high lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person ) .


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Question: The U.S. FDA approved Sildenafil , a selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE5 ) , for the treatment of PAH in 2005 .

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Sildenafil , a selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE5 ) , was approved for the treatment of PAH in 2005 .

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Iloprost ( marketed as Ventavis ® ) is the only inhaled form of prostacyclin approved for use in the US and Europe .


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Question: Because pulmonary hypertension can be of five major types , a series of tests must be performed to distinguish pulmonary arterial hypertension from venous , hypoxic , thromboembolic , or miscellaneous varieties .

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Because pulmonary hypertension can be of 5 major types , a series of tests must be performed to distinguish pulmonary arterial hypertension from venous , hypoxic , thomboembolic , or miscellaneous varieties .

Other CVDs are stroke , hypertensive heart disease , rheumatic heart disease , cardiomyopathy , atrial fibrillation , congenital heart disease , endocarditis , aortic aneurysms , and peripheral artery disease .


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Question: Epoprostenol ( synthetic prostacyclin , marketed as Flolan ) is given via continuous infusion that requires a semi-permanent central venous catheter .

Epoprostenol ( synthetic prostacyclin , marketed as Flolan ® ) is given via continuous infusion that requires a semi-permanent central venous catheter .

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Usually , the first treatment that is used is either a single dose of penicillin G , given intramuscularly ( given with a needle as a shot into the muscle ) , or a single dose of oral azithromycin .


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Question: The dual ( ETA and ETB ) endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan ( marketed as Tracleer ) was approved in 2001 .

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The dual ( ETA and ETB ) endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan ( marketed as Tracleer ® ) was approved in 2001 .

Sildenafil , a selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE5 ) , was approved for the treatment of PAH in 2005 .


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Question: Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value of 8-20 mm Hg ( 1066-2666 Pa ) at rest .

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Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value of 12-16 mm Hg ( 1600-2100 Pa ) .

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes , diastolic pressure is the second number in the `` ratio '' of systolic to diastolic pressure ; for example : 120\/80 .


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Question: Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of echocardiography , pressure measurements with a Swan-Ganz catheter through the right side of the heart provides the most definite assessment .

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Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of echocardiography , pressure sampling with a Swan-Ganz catheter provides the most definite measurement .

It is the surgical removal of an organized thrombus ( clot ) along with the lining of the pulmonary artery ; it is a large and very difficult procedure that is currently performed in a few select centers .


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Question: Treprostinil ( Remodulin ) can be given intravenously or subcutaneously , but the subcutaneous form can be very painful .

Treprostinil ( Remodulin ® ) can be given intravenously or subcutaneously , but the subcutaneous form can be very painful .

Iloprost ( Ilomedin ® ) is also used in Europe intravenously and has a longer half life .


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Question: A history of exposure to drugs such as cocaine , methamphetamine , alcohol leading to cirrhosis , and tobacco leading to emphysema are considered significant .

A history of exposure to cocaine , methamphetamine , alcohol leading to cirrhosis , and smoking leading to emphysema are considered significant .

It also may happen when people get old , or can not eat properly , or who have sicknesses such as AIDS , inflammatory bowel disease , diabetes and chronic heart disease .


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Question: Pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pulmonary artery pressure exceeds 25 mm Hg ( 3300 Pa ) at rest .

Definite pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pressures at rest exceed 25 mm Hg ( 3300 Pa ) .

represent the following sentence such that it is similar to a related wikipedia-style sentence
To give you a sense - "Georgian College is in Owen Sound ." should be close to "Owen Sound is home to a campus of Georgian College ."


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'Bragg was appointed Quain Professor of physics at University College London in 1915 , but did not take up his duties there until after World War I .' == 'Bragg was appointed Quain Professor of Physics at University College London in 1915 , but did not take up his duties there until after World War I. Royal Institution .' != 'Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September 1997 , resigning the Presidency a few weeks early with the approval of Irish political parties in order to take up the post .'

Question: Other signs include an elevated jugular venous pressure , peripheral edema ( swelling of the ankles and feet ) , ascites ( abdominal swelling due to the accumulation of fluid ) , hepatojugular reflux , and clubbing .

Other signs include jugular venous distension ( enlargement of the jugular veins ) , peripheral edema ( swelling of the ankles and feet ) , ascites ( abdominal swelling due to the accumulation of fluid ) , hepatojugular reflux , and clubbing .

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People who have an upper urinary tract infection , or pyelonephritis ( a kidney infection ) , can have flank pain , fever ( a high temperature ) , or nausea and vomiting .


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Question: The inhaled form of administration has the advantage of selective deposition in the lungs with less systemic side effects , however coughing and throat irritation commonly occur .

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This form of administration has the advantage of selective deposition in the lungs with less systemic side effects .

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Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin ; toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses needed to kill tumours .


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Question: Iloprost ( Ilomedin ) is also used in Europe intravenously and has a longer half life .

Iloprost ( Ilomedin ® ) is also used in Europe intravenously and has a longer half life .

Treprostinil ( Remodulin ® ) can be given intravenously or subcutaneously , but the subcutaneous form can be very painful .


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Question: Three of these pathways are important since they have been targeted with drugs - endothelin receptor antagonists , phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE-5 ) inhibitors , and prostacyclin derivatives .

These pathways correspond to important therapeutic targets in this condition and play a role in determining which of three classes of drugs - endothelin receptor antagonists , phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors , and prostacyclin derivatives - will be used .

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He discovered a substance in endothelial cells that relaxes blood vessels . He called it endothelium-derived relaxing factor ( EDRF ) .


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Question: Biopsy of the lung is usually not indicated unless the pulmonary hypertension is thought to be due to an underlying interstitial lung disease ; further , lung biopsies are fraught with risks of bleeding due to the high intrapulmonary blood pressure .

Biopsy of the lung is usually not indicated unless the pulmonary hypertension is thought to be due to an underlying interstitial lung disease .


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Question: PAOP ( pulmonary artery occlusion pressure ) and PVR ( pulmonary vascular resistance ) can not be measured directly with echocardiography .

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PAOP and PVR can not be measured directly with echocardiography .

Because the heart relaxes during diastole , `` diastolic pressure '' is the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream during each heart beat .


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Question: A second conference in 1998 at Évian-les-Bains also addressed the causes of secondary PH ( i.e. those due to other medical conditions ) , and in 2008 , the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension was convened in Dana Point to modify the classification based on new understandings of disease mechanisms .

In 2003 , the 3rd World Symposium on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension was convened in Venice to modify the classification based on the new understanding of disease mechanisms .

The term `` metabolic syndrome '' dates back to at least the late 1950s , but came into common usage in the late 1970s to describe various associations of risk factors with diabetes mellitus that had been noted as early as the 1920s .


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Question: In addition , the increased workload of the heart causes hypertrophy of the right ventricle , making the heart less able to pump blood through the lungs , ultimately causing right heart failure ( a condition known as cor pulmonale ) .

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In addition , the increased workload of the heart causes thickening and enlargement of the right ventricle , making the heart less able to pump blood through the lungs , causing right heart failure .

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There was no other treatment for hypertension . Bloodletting could sometimes have had a beneficial effect in temporarily reducing blood pressure by reducing blood volume .


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Question: The Dana Point 2008 Updated Clinical Classification system can be summarized as follows : Whatever the initial cause , pulmonary arterial hypertension ( WHO Group I ) involves the vasoconstriction or tightening of blood vessels connected to and within the lungs .

Whatever the initial cause , pulmonary hypertension involves the tightening of blood vessels connected to and within the lungs .

In addition , the increased workload of the heart causes thickening and enlargement of the right ventricle , making the heart less able to pump blood through the lungs , causing right heart failure .


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Question: Pulmonary hypertension ( PH ) is an increase of blood pressure in the pulmonary artery , pulmonary vein , or pulmonary capillaries , together known as the lung vasculature , leading to shortness of breath , dizziness , fainting , leg swelling and other symptoms .

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In medicine , pulmonary hypertension ( PH ) is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery or lung vasculature , leading to shortness of breath , dizziness , fainting , and other symptoms , all of which are exacerbated by exertion .

Mesenteric ischemia is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury of the small intestine result from not enough blood getting to it .


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Question: The system includes several improvements over the former 2004 Venice Classification system .

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The system includes several improvements over the former 1998 Evian Classification system .

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They were initially classified as Class AM10 units before the introduction on the TOPS classification system .


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Question: Iloprost ( marketed as Ventavis ) was the only inhaled form of prostacyclin approved for use in the US and Europe , until the inhaled form of treprostinil was approved by the FDA in July 2009 and is marketed under the trade name Tyvaso .

Iloprost ( marketed as Ventavis ® ) is the only inhaled form of prostacyclin approved for use in the US and Europe .

The dual ( ETA and ETB ) endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan ( marketed as Tracleer ® ) was approved in 2001 .


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Question: This further increases the blood pressure within the lungs and impairs their blood flow .

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Over time , the affected blood vessels become both stiffer and thicker , further increasing the blood pressure within the lungs and impairing blood flow .


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Question: It is marketed for PAH as Revatio .

represent this txt to retrieve a related sentence from wikipedia The provided query could be "Nieves competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , Australia ." and the positive "Nieves competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , Australia where he finished sixth in the 10,000 meter race ."

In such cases , the alternative drug febuxostat has been recommended .


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Question: Pulmonary venous hypertension typically presents with shortness of breath while lying flat or sleeping ( orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ) , while pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH ) typically does not .

Many illnesses can cause pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH ) .

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It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish anaphylaxis from asthma , fainting due to lack of oxygen ( syncope ) , and panic attacks .


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Question: Their debut album , Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik , was issued on April 26 , 1994 .

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Their first album , Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik , was released on April 26 , 1994 .

Life After Death is the second and last studio album by American rapper , The Notorious B.I.G. . `` Life After Death '' was released on March 25 , 1997 .


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Question: In December 2001 , OutKast released a greatest hits album , Big Boi and Dre Present ... OutKast , which also contained three new tracks .

Outkast 's first greatest hits album Big Boi and Dre Present ... Outkast was released on December 4 , 2001 .

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in 1982 released his best-known song , `` Bad to the Bone '' , and an album of the same name .


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Question: Speakerboxxx\/The Love Below won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2004 , the first and only for a hip hop group .

It won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2004 .

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Their third studio album , `` Modern Vampires of the City '' , was released on May 14 , 2013 . It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album .


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Question: The video for `` Hey Ya ! ''

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The album 's first single `` Hey Ya ! ''

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She is heard on the track `` Who Are They ? ''


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Question: Originally titled ` Sandbox ' , the pair 's fourth album , Stankonia was released in October 2000 to positive reviews .

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On October 31 , 2000 Stankonia was released .

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Lott 's second album , Young Foolish Happy was to be released on 7 November 2011 .


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Question: The single `` Elevators ( Me & You ) '' reached number 12 and spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .

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and `` The Way You Move '' reached number one in the Billboard Hot 100 .

His best known single , `` Things I 'd Do for You '' , reached the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 1978 .


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Question: They were originally known as Two Shades Deep but later changed the group 's name to OutKast .

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At first they were known as Two Shades Deep .

Because the album was a success , the band formed yet another Projekt Revolution tour .


Question: The single became their first pop hit , landing the number-one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and the number-two position on the UK Singles Chart .

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It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart .

It peaked at number three in Australia and the United Kingdom .


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Question: OutKast spend 2 years working on their 5th effort , before releasing a double album , Speakerboxxx\/The Love Below .

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In September 2003 Outkast released Speakerboxxx\/The Love Below .

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Soon after , V was re-introduced to the world as a solo artist and featured on the hit single , '' Pimpin All Over The World '' off of Ludacris ' multi-platinum selling album '' The Red Light District '' in 2004 .


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Question: It also entered at number one on Billboard 's Top R&B \ / Hip-Hop Albums , at number one on the Top Rap Albums , and at number two on the Top Digital Albums chart .

It was the first hip hop album to win the award .

[ 34 ] [ 35 ] Following his appearance as a mentor on American Idol ( season 9 ) , the song reached # 10 , becoming Lambert 's second Top 20 single ( the first being his cover of `` Mad World '' , which peaked at # 19 ) and first Top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100 .


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Question: OutKast won Best New Rap Group at the Source Awards in 1995 .

The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992 .


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Question: Every track on Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was produced by Organized Noize and featured other members of the Dungeon Family .

The album was produced by Organized Noize .

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The song , a remix of `` Ai n't It Funny '' , features additional vocals from Ja Rule ( Jeffery Atkins ) and Cadillac Tah as well as backing vocals from fellow R&B singer Ashanti .


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Question: The album dropped to number seven on the Billboard 200 , selling 78,000 copies in its second week .

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Fewshot example: "It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach ." == "The Heimat Museum-Fridericianum is the local history museum , originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach ."

It entered the Billboard 200 at number two after selling over 530,000 copies in its first week .

Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock and DJ Hero 2 sold only 86,000 and 59,000 copies in North America during their first week of sales , respectively , a sharp contrast to Guitar Hero III which had seen nearly 1.4 million units in its first week in 2008 .


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Question: She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph Patrick `` Joe '' Kennedy , Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald .

She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph Patrick Kennedy , Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald .

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Meara was born in Brooklyn , New York . She is the daughter of Irish immigrant parents , Mary ( nee Dempsey ) and Edward Joseph Meara , a lawyer .


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Question: Rose Marie Kennedy was born at her parents ' home in Brookline , Massachusetts .

Rosemary was born at her parents ' home in Brookline , Massachusetts .

Parker was born on a farm in Morgan County , Indiana .


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Question: Since Helen can not breathe underwater , the Mariner uses his gills to breathe for the both of them , resulting in an underwater kiss of life .

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Since the Mariner can breathe underwater , he `` breathes '' for both of them using a kiss .

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Alas , since Leah 's speech is developing on her own , Hopkins is now very happy being a little green animated sidekick who loves to swim , paint , lift large pieces of fruit and eat unsuspecting flies .


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Question: It is later revealed that he is not a human , but a mutant with webbed feet and gills , an evolutionary step in some of the humans to accommodate the changes in climate .

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He is a genetic mutant , with webbed feet and gills .

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However , the skull is damaged , causing some paleontologists to speculate that it was involved in a fight shortly before it died .


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Question: The 1971 Atlantic hurricane season was fairly active with several notable storms .

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The 1971 Atlantic hurricane season was from June 1 , 1971 to November 30 , 1971 .

Ingrid was the first storm of the 2007 season not to threaten land , and there were no reports of damage or casualties .


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Question: Starting with the 2005 event , CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule .

Starting with the 2005 event , CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule , with the extra time used only in the final matches .

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It was also decided that each tournament would be 4 years long , with each team playing 12 times .


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Question: Unlike most other competitions around the world , the Copa Libertadores historically did not use extra time , an additional period of play specified under the rules of a sport to bring a game to a decision and avoid declaring the match a tie or draw , or away goals , a method of breaking ties in football and other sports when teams play each other twice , once at each team 's home ground , to decide a tie that was level on aggregate .

Unlike European club competitions , the Copa Libertadores , in the past , did not use extra time or away goals to decide a tie .

Games played ( abbreviated as G or GP ) is a statistic . It is used in team sports to show the total number of games in which a player has participated in .


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Question: Elimination Chamber ( 2011 ) ( also known as No Way Out ( 2011 ) in Germany ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by the National Guard , which took place on February 20 , 2011 at the Oracle Arena in Oakland , California .

Elimination Chamber ( 2011 ) ( also known as No Way Out ( 2011 ) in Germany ) was the second annual Elimination Chamber professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) .

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Colin Matthew Delaney ( September 7 , 1986 ) is an American professional wrestler best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) on its ECW brand .


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Question: Kata are used in many traditional Japanese arts such as theater forms like kabuki and schools of tea ceremony ( chado ) , but are most commonly known for the presence in the martial arts .

Kata ( 型 , 形 means : `` the form '' ) is a Japanese word which is used in some martial arts and theater ( as kabuki ) .

Geisha still study traditional musical instruments like the shamisen , shakuhachi ( bamboo flute ) , and drums , as well as traditional songs , Japanese traditional dance , tea ceremony , literature and poetry .


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Question: This event helped to raise money for sporting equipment , computers , books and excursions for students at the Nundle Public School .

This event helps to raise money for sporting equipment , computers , books and trips for students at the Nundle Public School .

Thorne is a strong supporter of the Humane Society , the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation , and The Nomad Organization , which provides education , food and medical supplies to children in Africa .


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Fewshots:
'This creates a Möbius strip of width 1 whose center circle has radius 1 , lies in the `` xy '' plane and is centered at .' == 'This creates a Möbius strip of width 1 whose center circle has radius 1 , lies in the `` xy '' plane and is centered at ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) .' != 'An alternative formula is formula_2 where `` d '' is the distance between parallel sides , or the height when the decagon stands on one side as base .'

Question: Nundle Courthouse ( former ) and Police Station have been placed on the Register of the National Estate .

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The old Nundle Courthouse and Police Station have been placed on the Register of the National Estate .

Further investigation by the Australian Heritage Commission led to the Crater Lakes myth being listed on the Register of the National Estate , and included within Australia 's World Heritage nomination of the wet tropical forests .


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Question: Independent State Member for Tamworth told Parliament `` that visitors had come to Nundle from all points of the compass during the Easter weekend to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and the beautiful setting . ''

The State Member for Tamworth told the NSW Parliament `` that visitors had come to Nundle from all points of the compass during the Easter weekend to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and the beautiful setting . ''

The town 's canal , historic buildings , shops , pubs and restaurants make it a place to go for tourists .


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Question: Nundle is a village in the New England region of New South Wales , Australia .

Nundle is a village in the New England area of New South Wales , Australia .

Carcoar is a town in New South Wales , Australia .


Question: Nundle is a popular tourist destination for both casual travellers and motorcycle enthusiasts .

Nundle is a popular tourist destination for both casual travellers and motorcycle riders .

represent the following sentence such that it is similar to a related wikipedia-style sentence Given It is also known as 3D chemistry as the word stereo means three dimensional ., a positive would be Stereochemistry is also known as 3D chemistry because the prefix `` stereo - '' means `` three-dimensionality '' .

The Peninsula is a popular with tourists in the Dry Season for camping , hiking , birdwatching and fishing .


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Question: Some gold and other precious stones to be found include zircons , green jasper , sapphires and serpentine minerals .

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Some gold and other precious stones can be found including zircons , green jasper , sapphires and serpentine minerals .

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This is a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75 % quartz , 15 % plagioclase and 10 % iron oxide .


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Question: Prospectors from California , Europe and China were also digging along the Peel River and up the mountain slopes .

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People from California , Europe and China were also digging along the Peel River and up the mountain slopes .

French settlers came to farm and mine lead on the Missouri side of the river .


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Question: This is a scenic village , with historic buildings , the Nundle Woollen Mill , old Court House , Peel Inn and Primitive Methodist Church which are a few examples of existing 19th century architecture there .

There are many old buildings : the Nundle Woollen Mill , old Court House , Peel Inn and Primitive Methodist Church .

Kyneton is famous for its springs , the Campaspe River , public gardens and old houses , many built from stone .