Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination in schools and businesses for many years and this discrimination produced unfair advantages for whites and males in education and employment. The impetus toward affirmative action is redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve. 

Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities. Many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement. QUESTIONS:

Q1:
1. In which country is affirmative action taking place?
2. Affirmative action is taking place in which country?
3. 
Q2:
1. What is one of the disadvantages of affirmative action?
2. What is an inconvenient side effect of affirmative action?
3. 
Q3:
1. Affirmative action focuses on creating what type of opportunities for people?
2. The goal of affirmative action is to create which type of opportunities for people?
3. 
Q4:
1. Which gender has historically suffered?
2. Which gender has generally been excluded?
3. 
Q5:
1. When did affirmative action start in the United States?
2. The United States started implementing affirmative in what year?
3. 
Q6:
1. Is affirmative action widely accepted?
2. Do a lot of people accept affirmative action?
3. 
Q7:
1. In which court of law was the decision made to implement affirmative action in the United States?
2. Affirmative action was implemented in the United States following a ruling that took place in which court of law?
3. 
Q8:
1. How long had discrimination been a prevalent issue in the United States?
2. Discrimination has been going on in the United States for what period of time?
3. 
Q9:
1. Is affirmative action a form of discrimination?
2. Can one use the term discrimination to describe affirmative action?
3. 
Q10:
1. Discrimination in the United States stemmed from which era?
2. Which era is viewed a the beginning of discrimination in the United States?
3. 
