By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion. QUESTIONS:

Q1:
1. Which scientist isolated epinephrine?
2. Who was epinephrine isolated by?
3. Who succeded in getting epinephrine into an isolated state?
Q2:
1. Was the epinephrine that John Abel isolated in a pure state?
2. Did John Abel isolate epinephrine in a pure state?
3. Did John Abel manage to get epinephrine isolated in a pure state?
Q3:
1. In what state did John Abel isolate epinephrine?
2. What state did John Abel manage to isolate epinephrine in?
3. What was the state of the epinephrine isolated by John Abel?
Q4:
1. Was someone able to isolate epinephrine in a pure state?
2. Did anyone manage to produce epinephrine in a pure state?
3. Was epinephrine ever isolated in a pure state?
Q5:
1. Which scientist isolated epinephrine in a pure state?
2. Who was epinephrine, in its pure state, isolated by?
3. Who succeded in getting epinephrine into an isolated, pure state?
Q6:
1. What was pure epinephrine used for?
2. What was pure epinephrine useful for?
3. What was the medical use of pure epinephrine?
Q7:
1. How did people injest pure epinephrine?
2. How was pure epinephrine injested?
3. How was pure epinephrine administed to patients?
Q8:
1. Could epinephrine be administered not just by injection?
2. Was there a way other than injection of administering epinephrine?
3. Could you administer epinephrine to someone without injecting them?
Q9:
1. How did people injest pure epinephrine, besides injection?
2. How was pure epinephrine injested, in addition to injection?
3. How was pure epinephrine administed to patients, besides being injected?
Q10:
1. What was the brand name of inhaled epinephrine?
2. What name was given to branded inhaled epinephrine?
3. Under what name was a brand of inhaled epinephrine known?
Q11:
1. When was Primatene Mist available on the US market?
2. When could you get Primatene Mist in the United States?
3. When was Primatene Mist for sale in the US?
Q12:
1. Who offered epinephrine, besides Primatene Mist?
2. Who was a company offering epinephrine besides Primatene Mist?
3. What company other than Primatene Mist offered epinephrine?
Q13:
1. What did Parke Davis call their product?
2. What was the epinephrine sold by Parke Davis called?
3. What was the name of the epinephrine sold by Parke Davis?
Q14:
1. What did epinephrine treat besides asthma?
2. What could epinephrine be used to treat in addition to asthma?
3. What else did epinephrine help with, besides asthma?
Q15:
1. When was epinephrine first used to treat nasal congestion?
2. When did the usage of epinephrine to treat nasal congestion begin?
3. In what year was epinephrine first used to help with nasal congestion?
Q16:
1. What were scientists curious to know more about?
2. What subject did researchers have questions about?
3. What was the subject of many researchers' inquiries?
Q17:
1. What chemicals were of interest to surgeons?
2. What chemicals' effects did surgeons want to know more about?
3. What chemicals piqued the interest of researchers?
Q18:
1. What made adrenal extracts interesting to researchers?
2. Why did researchers want to know more about adrenal extracts?
3. What was the interest of adrenal extracts for surgical researchers?
Q19:
1. What did researchers want to make with adrenal extracts?
2. What did researchers hope to use adrenal extracts to make?
3. What did researchers hope adrenal extracts would help them create?
Q20:
1. What were adrenal extracts used for in the early days?
2. What was an early use of adrenal extracts?
3. What did adrenal extracts first get used to do?
