In the early 20th century Korea came under the increasing influence of Japan, and by 1905 it was deemed a Japanese protectorate. In 1909 China and Japan signed the Gando Convention, whereby Korea was made to renounce any claims north of the Yalu-Tumen line in return for extensive Chinese concessions to Japan. In the Mount Paektu area the 1712 pillar was confirmed as the border marker, and the Shiyi/Sogul headwater stream utilised up to the Tumen border. The following year Japan formally annexed Korea. In 1962, with Japanese rule in Korea over and with both China and North Korea now forming Communist states, a border treaty was signed which fixed the boundary line along the Yalu and Tumen rivers, with the middle overland section running across Mount Paektu and through Heaven Lake. A subsequent protocol of 1964 allocated the numerous riverine islets, granting 264 to North Korea and 187 to China.