In 1955 a French team using oxygen put nine French climbers and a Sherpa on the summit. Gill says that while pulmonary infarcts are rare, the French team in 1954 was fitter and used oxygen day and night from Camp 4 (); and also that the mountain was very windy: Jean Franco wrote that Makalu Col was the kingdom of the wind. Everest was first climbed without oxygen by Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler in 1978.