In addition, recognizable tephra layers are found in this ice and appear to originate from explosive eruptions of volcanoes such as Mount Berlin, Mount Takahe and Mount Waesche. These tephra layers at Mount Moulton crop out in parallel layers and geochemical traits indicate an origin at Mount Berlin although some layers may have been erupted from mafic volcanoes at Mount Moulton and Mount Berlin. Furthermore, the appearance of the deposits indicates that the eruptions of Mount Berlin were highly explosive. Most likely they eventually fell onto the ice of Mount Moulton, were incorporated in it and then transported downward to the blue ice field.