The Bangladesh government provided financial support for thousands of Bengalis to settle in the tracts. By 1981, a third of the population of the tracts were Bengali migrants. Demands to halt Bengali settlement, to have Bengali settlers return lands to the CHT natives, and for autonomy were made by the [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti]] (PCJSS; Chittagong Hill Tracts Peoples Solidarity Association), which was founded by Chakmas. On 7 January 1973, [[Shanti Bahini]] (Peace Force) was founded as the military army of PCJSS. Shanti Bahini resisted the Bengali army in 1975, led by Manabendra Narayan Larma. In an effort to win independence for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the Shanti Bahini launched guerrilla attacks against the government. Jumma guerillas made up Shanti Bahini forces. The party heads of PCJSS are mostly Chakma because of their 59% literacy rate, which is more than other CHT tribes, so they control the PCJSS.