The list below shows the hill stations in Malaysia. According to Samuel Robert Aiken, geography professor at Concordia University, the hill stations built before the independence of Malaysia (1957) were categorized into two categories, principal hill station and minor hill station. Principal hill stations are those which were developed in locations that are more integrated with social and cultural interaction. Minor hill stations are the hill stations which were less developed due to limited growth and low elevations, where the hill station elevation was not high enough to satisfy people's needs for a place with a cool climate compared to the lowlands, and lack of flatlands to accommodate more government officials. Other hill stations which were not categorized by Aiken include Genting Highlands, Mount Jerai and Bukit Tinggi. These hill stations were developed after the independence of Malaysia, but received significant coverage from organizations including the University of California, Berkeley, the New Straits Times and the World Wide Fund for Nature for strong economic and tourism development, or for potential risk to environments due to recent developments.