Catawissa Township is located southwest of the center of Columbia County, across the Susquehanna River from Bloomsburg, the county seat. The township is bordered to the north and northwest by the Susquehanna, to the west by the borough of Catawissa, to the southwest by Franklin Township, to the south by Cleveland and Locust townships, and to the east by Main Township. Catawissa Mountain, elevation , occupies the southeastern part of the township.