Rustoiu identifies the Bastarnae as the bearers of the Poieneşti-Lukašovka culture of the regions to the east of the Carpathian Mountains, but this identification is not universally accepted. For instance, Poieneşti-Lukašovka settlements were inhabited by a sedentary population, but the historian Malcolm Todd says that the mobility of the Bastarnic warriors suggests that they were mustered by a nomad or semi-nomad people. Besides ceramics featuring the culture, Poieneşti-Lukašovka sites yielded pottery with analogies in Dacian and Celtic sites.