The Qarlugh Kingdom prospered as a neutral state wedged between two powerful empires, the Delhi Sultanate to the east and south, and the Mongol Empire under Möngke Khan to the north. Muhammad Qarlugh maintained independence and prosperity for his kingdom through balanced diplomacy and extensive trade between the two empires, and through allying himself with neighboring local rulers like Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah in Lahore, and Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan, governor of Multan and Sind. Trade between the Mongol lands and the Indian subcontinent flourished during Muhammad Qarlugh's reign as testified by the large number of coins found in the Salt Range that bear his name. The kingdom fell some time after 1266 with its lands being incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate.