A characteristic of the pre-Inca Caranqui region is the presence of many clusters of large man-made earthen mounds, locally called tolas, dated from 1200 to 1500 CE. Most are found in the inter-montane basin surrounding the Imbabura Volcano, at elevations from to . The climate at these altitudes is suitable for growing maize, the chief food crop of the pre-Columbian (and present day) inhabitants. The tolas, which number in the hundreds, with many more having been destroyed, are up to on each side and to in height. Archaeological research indicates they were used as platforms for elite residences, ceremonies, and burials.