Hodgson had in 1849 noted a dichotomy between pronominalized (inflecting) languages, stretching across the Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh to eastern Nepal, and non-pronominalized (isolating) languages. Konow (1909) explained the pronominalized languages as due to a Munda substratum, with the idea that Indo-Chinese languages were essentially isolating as well as tonal. Maspero later attributed the putative substratum to Indo-Aryan. It was not until Benedict that the inflectional systems of these languages were recognized as (partially) native to the family.