A latent class analysis of drug and substance use patterns among patients treated in emergency departments for suspected drug overdose.
Polysubstance use and misuse can increase risks for nonfatal and fatal drug overdose. To categorize drugs used in combination in nonfatal overdoses, we analyzed data from emergency department (ED) overdose-related visits in 18 states funded by CDCs Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance (ESOOS) program. From 2017 to 2018, 120,706 ED visits included at least one hospital discharge code indicating acute drug poisoning for opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, anti-depressants, sedatives, alcohol, benzodiazepines, or other psychotropic drugs. Latent class analyses were conducted to determine the groupings of drug combinations in overdose visits. Latent class analyses indicated a model of 5 classes - mostly heroin overdose (42.5% of visits) mostly non-heroin opioid overdoseuse (27.3%) opioid, polysubstance (11.0%) female, younger (<25 years), other non-opioid drugs (10.5%) female, older (>55 years), benzodiazepine (8.0%). Findings indicated that heroin continues to be a large burden to EDs, yet EDs are also seeing overdose survivors with polydrug toxicity. Medication-assisted treatment could be initiated in the emergency department following overdose for patients with opioid use disorder, and post-overdose protocols, such as naloxone provision and linkage to treatment and harm reduction services, have the potential to prevent future overdose for those at risk.