Intra- and extra-cellular DNA damage by harmine and 9-methyl-harmine.
It is known that β-carbolines are able to produce photosensitized damage in cell-free DNA, but there is little information on their effects on cellular DNA. Therefore, we have analyzed the DNA damage produced by harmine and 9-methyl-harmine under UVA irradiation in V79 cells, together with the associated generation of micronuclei and photocytotoxicity. The results indicate that the most frequent photoproducts generated in the cellular DNA are modified purines such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine. Only relatively few single-strand breaks were observed. CPDs were absent, although they were generated in cell-free DNA irradiated under the same conditions. The overall extent of DNA damage in the cells was considerably smaller than the one observed in cell free DNA. The generation of cellular DNA damage was associated with a significant generation of micronuclei and decreased cell proliferation. The data indicate that β-carbolines act as photosensitizers in mammalian cells. The spectrum of DNA modification, and therefore the mechanism of DNA damage generation, differs considerably from that observed with cell-free DNA.