Newemerging psychoactive substances and associated psychopathological consequences.
The present paper provides an updated review of both the large number of newnovelemerging psychoactive substances (NPS) and their associated psychopathological consequences. Focus was here given on identification of those NPS being commented in specialised online sources and the related short-long-term psychopathological and medical ill-health effects. NPS have been identified through an innovative crawlingnavigating software, called the NPS.Finder®, created in order to facilitate the process of early recognition of NPS online. A range of information regarding NPS, including chemical and street names chemical formula three-dimensional image and anecdotally reported clinicalpsychoactive effects, were here made available. Using the NPS.Finder® approach, a few thousand NPS were here preliminarily identified, a number which is about 4-fold higher than those figures suggested by European and international drug agencies. NPS most commonly associated with the onset of psychopathological consequences included here synthetic cannabinoidscannabimimetics new synthetic opioids ketamine-like dissociatives novel stimulants novel psychedelics and several prescription and over-the-counter medicines. The ever-increasing changes in terms of recreational psychotropics availability represent a relatively new challenge for psychiatry, as the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of many NPS have not been thoroughly understood. Healthmental health professionals should be informed about the range of NPS their intake modalities their psychoactive sought-after effects the idiosyncratic psychotropics combinations and finally, their medical and psychopathological risks.