Development and initial validation of an MDMAEcstasy motives assessment.
MDMAEcstasy motives differ from those of other substances such as alcohol, cannabis, and methamphetamine. Previous literature on alcohol and cannabis use identified social, expansion, enhancement, coping, and conformism as primary motives for use. MDMAEcstasy users also report using the drug for increases in self-awareness and energy. The development of an MDMAEcstasy use motives assessment has potential to inform treatment interventions and public policy on harm reduction. An MDMAEcstasy use motives assessment was developed from alcohol and cannabis motives measures and qualitative feedback from MDMAEcstasy users. Participants included an international sample of adults (N 1754) who completed an online questionnaire regarding their motives for using recreational MDMAEcstasy. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a 4-factor MDMAEcstasy motives scale. The four motive scales showed good internal consistency reliabilitySocial (α 0.88) Expansion (α 0.81), Coping (α 0.82), and Energy (α 0.75). Conformity and Enhancement did not emerge as significant factors. Analyses demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity with relevant constructs including quantityfrequency of use, MDMA use disorder, sensation seeking personality, and positive and negative consequences of use. MDMAEcstasy use motives differ from those of other substances due to the distinctly stimulating, emotional, and empathic effects sought by users. By identifying salient MDMAEcstasy motives, this study highlights the unique aspects of recreational MDMAEcstasy use. This research has utility for informing clinical practice and contributing to public health harm reduction efforts.