Long-term neuropsychological effects of ecstasy in middle-aged ecstasypolydrug users.
Studies reporting ecstasy-induced serotonin-toxicity and (neuro)psychological dysfunctions have been conducted in young adults. Little is known about ecstasy effects later in life, when serotonin levels and cognition decrease as a consequence of normal ageing. This study aimed to assess whether harmful effects of ecstasy only add to or also interact with age-related neuropsychological decline. Attention, verbal and visual memory, visuospatial ability, self-reported depression, sensation-seeking and impulsivity were assessed in middle-aged moderate to heavy ecstasypolydrug users (n 17) and compared with none or very mild ecstasy using polydrug users (matched for age, gender, intelligence and other drugs n 16) and a group of drug-naive controls (n 20). Moderate to heavy ecstasypolydrug users performed significantly worse on a verbal memory task than none or very mild ecstasy using polydrug users and drug naives. Moderate and heavy ecstasypolydrug users also differed significantly from drug-naives on measures of depression, sensation-seeking and impulsivity but not from none or very mild ecstasy-using polydrug users. This study in middle-aged ecstasypolydrug users replicated findings of studies in younger ecstasy users, showing a harmful effect of ecstasy on verbal memory. There was no clear support for an interaction between harmful effects of ecstasy use and age-related memory decline or mid-life depression.