Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Cannabis use has been associated with increased crash risk, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on driving is unclear. To determine the driving impairment caused by vaporized cannabis containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD. A double-blind, within-participants, randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience at Maastricht University in the Netherlands between May 20, 2019, and March 27, 2020. Participants (N 26) were healthy occasional users of cannabis. Participants vaporized THC-dominant, CBD-dominant, THCCBD-equivalent, and placebo cannabis. THC and CBD doses were 13.75 mg. Order of conditions was randomized and balanced. The primary end point was standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP a measure of lane weaving) during 100 km, on-road driving tests that commenced at 40 minutes and 240 minutes after cannabis consumption. At a calibrated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.02%, SDLP was increased relative to placebo by 1.12 cm, and at a calibrated BAC of 0.05%, SDLP was increased relative to placebo by 2.4 cm. Among 26 randomized participants (mean SD age, 23.2 2.6 years 16 women), 22 (85%) completed all 8 driving tests. At 40 to 100 minutes following consumption, the SDLP was 18.21 cm with CBD-dominant cannabis, 20.59 cm with THC-dominant cannabis, 21.09 cm with THCCBD-equivalent cannabis, and 18.28 cm with placebo cannabis. SDLP was significantly increased by THC-dominant cannabis (2.33 cm 95% CI, 0.80 to 3.86 P < .001) and THCCBD-equivalent cannabis (2.83 cm 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.39 P < .001) but not CBD-dominant cannabis (-0.05 cm 95% CI, -1.49 to 1.39 P > .99), relative to placebo. At 240 to 300 minutes following consumption, the SDLP was 19.03 cm with CBD-dominant cannabis, 19.88 cm with THC-dominant cannabis, 20.59 cm with THCCBD-equivalent cannabis, and 19.37 cm with placebo cannabis. The SDLP did not differ significantly in the CBD (-0.34 cm 95% CI, -1.77 to 1.10 P > .99), THC (0.51 cm 95% CI, -1.01 to 2.02 P > .99) or THCCBD (1.22 cm 95% CI, -0.29 to 2.72 P .20) conditions, relative to placebo. Out of 188 test drives, 16 (8.5%) were terminated due to safety concerns. In a crossover clinical trial that assessed driving performance during on-road driving tests, the SDLP following vaporized THC-dominant and THCCBD-equivalent cannabis compared with placebo was significantly greater at 40 to 100 minutes but not 240 to 300 minutes after vaporization there were no significant differences between CBD-dominant cannabis and placebo. However, the effect size for CBD-dominant cannabis may not have excluded clinically important impairment, and the doses tested may not represent common usage. EU Clinical Trials Register 2018-003945-40.