who created the concept of the broken windows theory and what was it
James Q. Wilson George L. Kelling
title: Broken windows theory text: Broken windows theory The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory thus suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes such as vandalism, public drinking, and fare evasion help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes. The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. It was further popularized in the 1990s by New York City police commissioner William Bratton title: Broken windows theory text: replicated. Broken windows theory The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory thus suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes such as vandalism, public drinking, and fare evasion help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes. The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. It was further popularized in the 1990s by New York City police commissioner William title: Broken windows theory text: Wilson and George L. Kelling first introduced the broken windows theory in an article titled "Broken Windows", in the March 1982 "The Atlantic Monthly". The title comes from the following example: The article received a great deal of attention and was very widely cited. A 1996 criminology and urban sociology book, "Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities" by George L. Kelling and Catharine Coles, is based on the article but develops the argument in greater detail. It discusses the theory in relation to crime and strategies to contain or eliminate crime from urban neighborhoods. A title: Broken windows theory text: apathetic. Similar events can occur in any civilized community when communal barriers—the sense of mutual regard and obligations of civility—are lowered by actions that suggest apathy. In 1985, the New York City Transit Authority hired George L. Kelling, the author of "Broken Windows", as a consultant. Kelling was later hired as a consultant to the Boston and the Los Angeles police departments. One of Kelling's adherents, David L. Gunn implemented policies and procedures based on the Broken Windows Theory during his tenure as President of the New York City Transit Authority. One of his major efforts was to lead a title: Broken windows theory text: punishment other than jail. The goal is to deter minor offenders from committing more serious crimes in the future and reduce the prison population in the long run. In an earlier publication of "The Atlantic" released March, 1982, Wilson wrote an article indicating that police efforts had gradually shifted from maintaining order to fighting crime. This indicated that order maintenance was something of the past, and soon it would seem as it has been put on the back burner. The shift was attributed to the rise of the social urban riots of the 1960s, and "social scientists began to explore