the intellectuals of the enlightenment were known by the french term
Age of Enlightenment
title: Age of Enlightenment text: Age of Enlightenment The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy". French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 (the year that Louis XIV died) and 1789 (the beginning of the French Revolution). International historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. "" () of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses and in printed books title: Intellectual text: (American intellectuals, French intellectuals, Ibero–American intellectuals, "et al."). The contemporary intellectual class originated from the "intelligentsiya" of Tsarist Russia (–1870s), the social stratum of those possessing intellectual formation (schooling, education, Enlightenment), and who were Russian society's counterpart to the German "Bildungsbürgertum" and to the French "bourgeoisie éclairée", the enlightened middle classes of those realms. In the late 19th century, amidst the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906), an identity crisis of anti-semitic nationalism for the French Third Republic (1870–1940), the reactionary anti–Dreyfusards (Maurice Barrès, Ferdinand Brunetière, "et al.") used the terms "intellectual" and "the intellectuals" to deride the liberal Dreyfusards (Émile Zola, Octave title: Early modern period text: philosophers sparking the Age of Enlightenment in the following century. The Great Divergence is epitomized by the "Age of Enlightenment" (or "Age of Reason"). The Enlightenment, starting in the 1750s, flourished until about 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and a Counter-Enlightenment gained force. The centre of the Enlightenment was France, where it was based in the salons and culminated in the great "Encyclopédie" (1751–1772), edited by Denis Diderot (1713–1784) with contributions by hundreds of leading philosophes (intellectuals) such as Voltaire (1694–1778) and Montesquieu (1689–1755). The French Enlightenment was received in Germany, title: Age of Enlightenment text: and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and came to advance ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to title: Age of Enlightenment text: Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' "Discourse on the Method", published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's "Principia Mathematica" in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his "cogito ergo sum" published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of