where is atp synthase located within the mitochondria
the inner mitochondrial membrane
title: Mitochondrion text: the ATP synthase complex, and their potential energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (P). This process is called chemiosmosis, and was first described by Peter Mitchell who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. Later, part of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their clarification of the working mechanism of ATP synthase. Under certain conditions, protons can re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without contributing to ATP synthesis. This process is known as "proton leak" or "mitochondrial uncoupling" and is due to title: ATP synthase text: chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation. The same process takes place in the mitochondria, where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F-part projects into mitochondrial matrix. The consumption of ATP by ATP-synthase pumps proton cations into the matrix. The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality. This association appears to have occurred early in evolutionary history, because essentially the same structure and activity of ATP synthase enzymes are title: ATP synthase text: proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. It consists of three main subunits, a, b, and c, and (in humans) six additional subunits, d, e, f, g, F6, and 8 (or A6L). An atomic model for the dimeric yeast F region was determined by cryo-EM at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å. This part of the enzyme is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and couples proton translocation to the rotation the causes ATP synthesis in the F region. In the 1960s through the 1970s, Paul Boyer, a UCLA Professor, developed the binding change, or flip-flop, mechanism theory, title: ATP synthase text: protons movement across the membrane. The F portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. This portion is located through the intermembrane space between the inter membrane space of the mitochondria. Subunits formula_2 and formula_3 make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP. Other three subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. The other F subunits formula_4 are a part of a rotational motor mechanism. formula_5 subunit allows formula_3 to go through conformational changes, i.e. closed, half open and open states allows for ATP to be bound and released once title: Mitochondrion text: in a mitochondrion. The matrix is important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins ("see: protein biosynthesis"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed 16,569 base pairs encoding 37 genes: 22 tRNA, 2