who wrote the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
Max Weber
title: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism text: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism () is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician. Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930. It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and sociology in general. In the book, Weber wrote that capitalism in Northern Europe evolved when the Protestant (particularly Calvinist) ethic influenced large numbers of people to engage in title: Protestant work ethic text: work ethic to the United States of America, Canada, South Africa and other European colonies. The phrase was initially coined in 1904–1905 by Max Weber in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism". A number of leading contemporary historians, including historian Fernand Braudel (d. 1985) and British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (d. 2003), assert that the existing consensus among scholars is that Protestant Work Ethic theory is false. They refer to the pre-Reformation existence of rapid economic development of Catholic capitalist communities. Protestants, beginning with Martin Luther, reconceptualized worldly work as a duty which benefits both the individual title: Max Weber text: 1904, Weber began to publish some of his most seminal papers in this journal, notably his essay "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", which became his most famous work and laid the foundations for his later research on the impact of cultures and religions on the development of economic systems. This essay was the only one of his works from that period that was published as a book during his lifetime. Some other of his works written in the first one and a half decades of the 20th century—published posthumously and dedicated primarily from the fields of sociology title: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism text: aspects made its congregants fertile soil for the development of capitalism—namely, a lack of paralyzing ascetism, the refusal to accept state office and thereby develop "un"politically, and the doctrine of control by conscience which caused rigorous honesty. What Weber argued, in simple terms: The manner in which this paradox was resolved, Weber argued, was the investment of this money, which gave an extreme boost to nascent capitalism. By the time Weber wrote his essay, he believed that the religious underpinnings of the Protestant ethic had largely gone from society. He cited the writings of Benjamin Franklin, which emphasized frugality, hard title: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism text: the 8th most cited book in the social sciences published before 1950. Although not a detailed study of Protestantism but rather an introduction to Weber's later studies of interaction between various religious ideas and economics ("," "," and "Ancient Judaism)," "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" argues that Puritan ethics and ideas influenced the development of capitalism. The 'spirit of capitalism' does not refer to the spirit in the metaphysical sense but rather a set of values, the spirit of hard work and progress. Religious devotion, Weber argues, is usually accompanied by a rejection of worldly affairs, including