what type of reaction is the decay of carbon-14
beta decay
title: Carbon-14 text: 1955–1980 contributed to this pool. The different isotopes of carbon do not differ appreciably in their chemical properties. This resemblance is used in chemical and biological research, in a technique called carbon labeling: carbon-14 atoms can be used to replace nonradioactive carbon, in order to trace chemical and biochemical reactions involving carbon atoms from any given organic compound. Carbon-14 goes through radioactive beta decay: By emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino, one of the neutrons in the carbon-14 atom decays to a proton and the carbon-14 (half-life of 5700 ± 40 years) decays into the stable (non-radioactive) isotope nitrogen-14. title: Carbon-14 text: Earth; carbon-13, which makes up 1%; and carbon-14, which occurs in trace amounts, making up about 1 or 1.5 atoms per 10 atoms of carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are both stable, while carbon-14 is unstable and has a half-life of 5,730±40 years. Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay. A gram of carbon containing 1 atom of carbon-14 per 10 atoms will emit ~0.2 beta particles per second. The primary natural source of carbon-14 on Earth is cosmic ray action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a cosmogenic nuclide. However, open-air nuclear testing between title: Carbon-14 text: plant operator management of carbon-14 includes releasing it at night, when plants are not photosynthesizing. After production in the upper atmosphere, the carbon-14 atoms react rapidly to form mostly (about 93%) CO (carbon monoxide), which subsequently oxidizes at a slower rate to form CO, radioactive carbon dioxide. The gas mixes rapidly and becomes evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere (the mixing timescale in the order of weeks). Carbon dioxide also dissolves in water and thus permeates the oceans, but at a slower rate. The atmospheric half-life for removal of CO has been estimated to be roughly 12 to 16 years in title: Carbon-14 text: the amounts negligible compared to cosmic rays. Carbon-14 can also be produced by other neutron reactions, including in particular C(n,γ)C and O(n,α)C with thermal neutrons, and N(n,d)C and O(n,He)C with fast neutrons. The most notable routes for C production by thermal neutron irradiation of targets (e.g., in a nuclear reactor) are summarized in the table. Carbon-14 may also be radiogenic (cluster decay of Ra, Ra, Ra). However, this origin is extremely rare. The above-ground nuclear tests that occurred in several countries between 1955 and 1980 (see nuclear test list) dramatically increased the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and subsequently title: Chemical reaction text: aliphatic substitution and also has two major types, S1 and S2 In the third type of substitution reaction, radical substitution, the attacking particle is a radical. This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction, for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens. In the first step, light or heat disintegrates the halogen-containing molecules producing the radicals. Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine. The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions which change the number of substituents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds. Double and triple