who has said that caste is a closed class
Frederik Barth
title: Caste system in India text: prolific writer, and a key person in drafting modern India's constitution in the 1940s. He wrote extensively on discrimination, trauma and what he saw as the tragic effects of the caste system in India. He believed that the caste system originated in the practise of endogamy and that it spread through imitation by other groups. He wrote that initially, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed as classes whose choice of occupation was not restricted by birth and in which exogamy was prevalent. Brahmins then began to practise endogamy and enclosed themselves, hence Ambedkar defines caste as "enclosed class". He believed title: Caste text: of endogamous, hereditary Indian social groups they encountered upon their arrival in India in 1498, as a direct extension of the concept of ‘casta’ in contemporary Portugal. The use of the spelling "caste", with this latter meaning, is first attested in English in 1613. Modern India's caste system is based on the social groupings called "jāti" and the theoretical "varna". The system of "varnas" appears in Hindu texts dating back to 1000 BCE and envisages the society divided into four classes: Brahmins (scholars and yajna priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and nobles), Vaishyas (farmers, merchants, and artisans) and Shudras (laborers/service providers). The title: Social class text: drawn, such as in apartheid, the caste system in Africa, the position of the Burakumin in Japanese society and the casta system in Latin America. Social class A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes. "Class" is a subject of analysis for sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists and social historians. However, there is not a consensus on a definition of "class" and the term title: Caste system in India text: from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999–2000) and 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey The Other Backward Class (OBCs) were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, a figure which had shrunk to 41% by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation's survey took place. There has been criticism of the caste system from both within and outside of India. Since the 1980s, caste has become a major issue in the politics of India. The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers. Basava (1105–1167) Arguably one of the first title: Caste text: Mahindra Malla (1506–1575). The Hindu social code was later set up in Gorkha by Ram Shah (1603–1636). McKim Marriott claims a social stratification that is hierarchical, closed, endogamous and hereditary is widely prevalent, particularly in western parts of Pakistan. Frederik Barth in his review of this system of social stratification in Pakistan suggested that these are castes. The caste system in Sri Lanka is a division of society into strata, influenced by the textbook "varnas" and "jāti" system found in India. Ancient Sri Lankan texts such as the Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya and Yogaratnakaraya and inscriptional evidence show that the above hierarchy