what are the four requirements to establish criminal liability for gross negligence manslaughter
the defendant breached this duty
title: Seaman's Manslaughter Statute text: "common attribute" as vessel captains, engineers, and pilots (individuals who were involved in the "marine operations, maintenance, or navigation of the vessel."). Seaman's Manslaughter Statute The Seaman's Manslaughter Statute, codified at , criminalizes misconduct or negligence that result in deaths involving vessels (ships and boats) on waters in the jurisdiction of the United States. The statute exposes three groups to criminal liability: Unlike common law manslaughter, which requires a "mens rea" or mental state of gross negligence or heat of passion in absence of malice, this statute requires only simple negligence — a breach of duty to perform an act title: Criminal negligence text: Criminal negligence In criminal law, criminal negligence is a surrogate "mens rea" (Latin for "guilty mind") required to constitute a "conventional" as opposed to strict liability offense. It is not, strictly speaking, a "mens rea" because it refers to an objective standard of behaviour expected of the defendant and does not refer to their mental state. To constitute a crime, there must be an "actus reus" (Latin for "guilty act") accompanied by the "mens rea" (see concurrence). Negligence shows the least level of culpability, intention being the most serious, and recklessness being of intermediate seriousness, overlapping with gross negligence. The title: Manslaughter text: person in the position of the accused would have known that by their act, they were exposing the victim to an ‘appreciable risk of serious injury’. Criminally negligent manslaughter is variously referred to as criminally negligent homicide in the United States, and gross negligence manslaughter in England and Wales. In Scotland and some Commonwealth of Nations jurisdictions the offence of culpable homicide might apply. It occurs where death results from serious negligence, or, in some jurisdictions, serious recklessness. A high degree of negligence is required to warrant criminal liability. A related concept is that of willful blindness, which is where title: Seaman's Manslaughter Statute text: Seaman's Manslaughter Statute The Seaman's Manslaughter Statute, codified at , criminalizes misconduct or negligence that result in deaths involving vessels (ships and boats) on waters in the jurisdiction of the United States. The statute exposes three groups to criminal liability: Unlike common law manslaughter, which requires a "mens rea" or mental state of gross negligence or heat of passion in absence of malice, this statute requires only simple negligence — a breach of duty to perform an act or omission in violation of a standard of care. Laws of this form date from steamboat accidents in the early 1800s. The title: Gross negligence text: a reasonable standard of care. This is a higher standard than ordinary negligence under tort law. In the U.K., a conviction for gross negligence manslaughter requires that the prosecutor prove the existence of a duty of care, breach of that duty by the defendant resulting in death, and a risk of death that would be obvious to a reasonable prudent person in the position of the defendant. The concept of gross negligence is broadly distrusted by English law. In "Wilson v Brett" Baron Rolfe (later Lord Cranworth) said he This view has been consistently approved in English law relating to