Cladophora balls.

"Cladophora" balls are formed from the filaments of the alga which are photosynthetic. Large numbers of these balls were thrown ashore in Devon, England. They had an average diameter of 2.5 cm and several million balls were found forming a layer.  This is not to be confused with marimo, though formerly part of "Cladophora", is now called "Aegagropila linnaei".

Laotian Mekong weed.

In Laos, "Cladophora" spp. (ໄຄ "river weed" or more precisely ໄຄຫີນ "rock river weed") are commonly eaten as a delicacy and usually known in English under the name "Mekong weed". The algae grow on underwater rocks and thrive in clear spots of water in the Mekong river basin. They are harvested 1 to 5 months a year and most often eaten in dry sheets (ໄຄແຜ່ນ kaipen -kháy sheets-), similar to Crispy Chinese Seaweed or Japanese nori, though much cruder in their format. Luang Prabang's speciality is dry khai with sesame (kaipen), while Vang Vieng is famous for its roasted kháy sheets. They can be eaten in strips as an appetizer, with a meal or as a snack with Beer Lao. Luang Prabang kháy sheets kaipen are the most readily available form of Mekong weed and are famous throughout the country and in the neighbouring Isaan, though difficult to find beyond Vientiane. Mekong weed can also be eaten raw, in soups, or cooked as in a Lao "amok" preparation called ຫມົກໄຄ.

"Cladophora" as an asset and a nuisance.

The genus "Cladophora" is cosmopolitan and accordingly infestations cannot often be regarded logically as being invasive. Where they occur they may at various times be seen as beneficial, as a nuisance, or an outright pest.  Modest growth of "Cladophora" is generally harmless; the growth is an important food for many fish and other aquatic animals, as a buffer for the sequestration of nutrients in the water body and for protection of some aquatic organisms from solar ultraviolet radiation.  Where "Cladophora" becomes a pest is generally where special circumstances cause such drastic overgrowth that algal blooms develop and form floating mats. Typical examples include where hypertrophication or high mortality of rival organisms produce high concentrations of dissolved phosphorus. Extensive floating mats prevent circulation that is necessary for the aeration of deeper water and, by blocking the light, they kill photosynthesising organisms growing beneath. The mats interfere with the fishing industry by clogging nets and preventing the use of lines. Where they wash ashore the masses of rotting material reduce shoreline property values along water bodies such as the Great Lakes in the United States.  Quagga mussel populations have increased tremendously during the same time frame as the blooming of "Cladophora", though their ecological relationships are not yet clear and may be complex.

Diversity.

Species include:  "Aegagropila linnaei" (marimo) was formerly placed here as "Cladophora aegagropila"

Cladophora is a genus of reticulated filamentous Ulvophyceae (green algae). The genus "Cladophora" contains many species that are very hard to tell apart and classify, mainly because of the great variation in their appearances, which is affected by habitat, age and environmental conditions. Unlike "Spirogyra" the filaments of "Cladophora" branch and do not undergo conjugation. There are two multicellular stages in its life cycle - a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte - which look highly similar. The only way to tell the two stages apart is to either count their chromosomes, or examine their offspring. The haploid gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis and the diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis. The only visible difference between the gametes and spores of "Cladophora" is that the gametes have two flagella and the spores have four. The "Cladophora" species can be a major nuisance causing major alteration to benthic conditions linked particularly with increased phosphorus loading.


Education and military service.

Sipilä graduated from Puolanka lukio (Finland's university-preparatory high school), completing the matriculation examination with high marks in 1980. In 1986 Sipilä earned his Master's degree in science (technology) from the University of Oulu.  Sipilä has the rank of Captain in the reserves of the Finnish Defence Forces.

Business.

Sipilä's career started at Lauri Kuokkanen Ltd., first as a thesis worker and later as a product development manager. Changing jobs, he became a partner and later CEO at Solitra Oy. In 1998, Sipilä started his own business, Fortel Invest Oy. In 2002–2005 he worked as the CEO of Elektrobit Oyj, then returned to his own business.  Sipilä was managing director of Solitra in 1992 and became the main owner in 1994. Sipilä sold Solitra to American ADC Telecommunications in 1996, becoming a multimillionaire from the proceeds. Business ADC Mersum Oy was resold to Remec in 2001.  In 1996, Sipilä's income was the highest in Finland. According to "Ilta-Sanomat" he has been on the Board of Directors of 120 companies.

Chempolis Involvement.

Juha Sipilä was part-owner in the start-up company Chempolis. According to MOT Program (YLE) in 2012, Chempolis had received 10 million euros in public funds over 15 years along with extra funds from the Finnish Innovation Fund SITRA and Finnish state-owned financing company Finnvera. According to YLE TV News in 2017, the majority state-owned energy company Fortum saved Chempolis from bankruptcy by investing 6 million euros into the company in October 2016. Thereafter, children of Sipilä owned 5% of the company and Fortum 34%. Sipilä had been in control of the state owned companies including Fortum since the end of 2015. The Prime Ministers of Finland have not had the control of state companies previously.  Prime Minister Juha Sipilä lobbied for Chempolis in India in 2016. Chempolis issued a press release on its joint venture with India's Numaligarh Refinery to build a biorefinery in North East India (Assam) for the production of bioethanol following meetings between Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India's Finance Minister Arun Jaitley and Finland's Prime Minister Juha Sipilä on 12–14 February 2016.

Politics.

As a student, Sipilä worked for a short time in the Finnish Centre Youth, but otherwise he did not have experience in party politics before being elected to the Finnish Parliament in 2011 with 5,543 personal votes.  In April 2012, Sipilä announced his candidacy for the chairman's position in the party congress of the summer. On June 9, 2012, the party congress elected him chairman. He beat Tuomo Puumala in the second round by 1251 to 872 delegate votes. Sipilä led his party to victory in the 2015 election, where the Centre Party gained 14 seats compared to the previous election. With 30,758 personal votes he was the most popular candidate in the election. Following the election, he was tasked with forming a government coalition; and as the leader of the Centre Party, he began formal negotiations with the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party and formed a three-party majority coalition.

Sipilä's Government.

Sipilä's government struggled with Finland's poor economic performance, caused according to Paul Krugman and others by the constraints of its eurozone membership and aftershocks from the European debt crisis, but also by the decline of the paper industry, the fall of Nokia and a diminution in exports to Russia. Its attempts to address the problems through policies of spending cuts and reducing labour costs were controversial, particularly cuts to education spending that were seen as threatening Finland's successful public education system. These austerity measures were partly been implemented due to European Commission pressure, which urged Finland to improve its adherence to the Stability and Growth Pact and reform its labour market to improve competitiveness. On 22 July 2015, Sipilä announced his government's commitment to reducing Finnish wage costs by 5% by 2019, an internal devaluation caused by Finland's loss of the ability to devalue its currency to boost competitiveness.  There were protests against the government's austerity measures.  In summer 2017, Finns Party split into two parties, namely Blue Reform and the current Finns Party. The Blue Reform members of the former Finns Party, including all ministers, remained in the government after the split.  Following the term of Sipilä Cabinet, the Centre Party was the biggest loser of the 2019 parliamentary election, losing 18 seats and falling from largest party to fourth place. The party's support was lower than in any parliamentary election since 1917. Due to the devastating defeat, Sipilä consequently announced that he would continue as the chairman only until Centre Party's next convention in September 2019.

Talvivaara and Yleisradio scandal.

In 2016, Sipiläs close relatives were revealed to be part-owners of the bankrupt Talvivaara Mining Company, later renamed and re-organised into the company Terrafame, which had received considerable funds from the Finnish government. A Parliamentary Ombudsman later decided that Sipilä didn't face a conflict of interest over mine deal.  However, it was later revealed that Sipilä had contacted Yleisradio in order to instruct them on how to report on the Talvivaara and Terrafame incidents, leading to suspicion that YLE had been politically pressured.

Personal life.

Family.

Sipilä grew up in the small town of Puolanka, northern Finland, north of Kajaani, the firstborn of four children to mother Pirkko and father Pentti Sipilä, an elementary school teacher.  In 1981, Sipilä married Minna-Maaria Juntunen at Oulu Cathedral. They have five children. Their youngest son, Tuomo (born in 1993), died on 18 February 2015.

Wood Gas Venture.

Sipilä is known for his interest in wood gas electricity generation, which began as a hobby. The cost to bring power to his summer cottage seemed too high, and he became interested in wood gas. First, he produced the electricity with wind power and with a diesel generator, but then he started building wood gas plants. He converted an old Chevrolet El Camino into "El Kamina" ("Kamiina" means "stove" in Finnish.) powered by wood gas, with electronic control systems. This hobby was spun off into a company, Volter Oy, which produces wood gas power plants. A 10-house ecovillage in Kempele is powered by one such power plant.

Religious affiliation.

The Sipiläs are members of Rauhan Sana (transl. "Word of Peace", affiliated in North America with ALCA), a small Laestadian revivalist denomination within the state Lutheran church of Finland. The Sipiläs first met at a Laestadian summer camp as teenagers. Sipilä has stated he does not consider himself a legalistic Laestadian, and in interviews he has carefully distinguished his own Laestadian denomination from his home region's other, predominant, exclusive Laestadian group (Conservative Laestadianism). The chairman of board in Juha Sipilä's religious community was his wife's brother in 2015. According to Juha Sipilä, in 2012 he participated in the International Christian Chamber of Commerce ICCC.

Air travel.

Juha Sipilä owned airplane Mooney Ovation 2 in 2018. Earlier he had a third share of a helicopter and other plane. In 2018 he promised to compensate all climate change gas emissions from his air travel by cultivating trees with his own hands.

Juha Petri Sipilä (; born 25 April 1961) is a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland from 2015 to 2019. A relative newcomer to politics, he has a successful background in business. He was the leader of the Centre Party from 9 June 2012 to 7 September 2019. After leading the Centre party to victory in the 2015 general election, Sipilä formed a centre-right coalition and was appointed Prime Minister by the Finnish Parliament on 29 May 2015. On 8 March 2019, Sipilä stated his intention to resign as Prime Minister, citing difficulties in reforming Finland's health care system. President Sauli Niinistö asked him to continue with a caretaker government until a new government coalition was appointed on 6 June 2019 and was ultimately succeeded by Antti Rinne.


Early life.

Miller was born and raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey. Miller has two older sisters, Saiya and Caitlin. Miller's mother, Marta Miller (née Koch), is a modern dancer. Miller's father, Robert S. Miller, was senior vice president and managing director of Hyperion Books, and later became a publisher at Workman Publishing. Miller's father is Jewish and Miller's mother, who has German and Dutch ancestry, is from a Christian background. Miller self-identifies as Jewish and "spiritual".  At the age of six, Miller started to train as an opera singer, in order to overcome a speech impediment. Miller has sung with the Metropolitan Opera, and performed in the American premiere of Philip Glass's opera "White Raven". Miller attended Rockland Country Day School and The Hudson School, dropping out at age 16 after the release of the film "Afterschool".

Career.

Miller's start in film began in 2008 with Antonio Campos' "Afterschool", in the role of a teenager at a boarding school who accidentally films the drug-related deaths of two classmates, and is then asked to put together a memorial video. Miller appeared in "City Island" (2009), with Andy García, Julianna Margulies, and Steven Strait, and co-starred in "Beware the Gonzo" and "Every Day", both of which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. Miller next appeared in the BBC Films film "We Need to Talk About Kevin" (2011), alongside Tilda Swinton and John C. Reilly, which was adapted and directed by Lynne Ramsay from American author Lionel Shriver's 2003 novel of the same name. Miller played Damien on the Showtime hit comedy series "Californication". Miller appeared on "Royal Pains" as Tucker Bryant for two seasons. In the 2012 film adaptation of the novel "The Perks of Being a Wallflower", Miller played Patrick, alongside Logan Lerman and Emma Watson.  Miller has been credited with singing, drumming and percussion on musical recordings by the band Sons of an Illustrious Father, as early as 2011. The band is a trio that features Lilah Larson (vocals, guitar, bass and drums), Josh Aubin (bass, keyboards, guitar, vocals) and Miller. In 2019, the band released a cover of "Don't Cha" by the Pussycat Dolls and Miller appeared in its music video.  Miller played Credence Barebone in the 2016 film "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", a spin-off of the "Harry Potter" film series. Miller reprised the role in the film's sequel, "", which was released in November 2018.  Miller portrays Barry Allen / The Flash in Warner Bros.' DC Comics adaptations, first appearing in cameos in "" and "Suicide Squad", and continuing the role as one of the leads in "Justice League". Miller is set to play the character in the standalone film "The Flash". Miller attended Middle East Film and Comic Con in 2018 representing their character in the DC Comics franchise film "Justice League". In 2020, Miller reprised the role of The Flash for a cameo appearance in the Arrowverse crossover event, "Crisis on Infinite Earths".

Personal life.

Miller came out as queer in 2012. Having expressed an interest in "kissing boys" at a young age, Miller stated, "The way I would choose to identify myself wouldn't be gay. I've been attracted mostly to'shes' but I've been with many people and I'm open to love whatever it can be." Miller also commented on having "a lot of really wonderful friends who are of very different sexes and genders. I am very much in love with no one in particular."  Miller uses they/them pronouns, which "GQ Britain" stated is done "in a pointed refusal to be gendered". Miller stated that, for them, "queer" means "I don't identify as a man. I don't identify as a woman. I barely identify as a human." Having used all pronouns interchangeably, Miller has also stated that they are "comfortable with all the pronouns" and that they "let he/his/him ride, and that's fine." Although Miller has been credited as a queer icon, "GQ Britain" stated that they also eschew the term "queer", "as even "queer" is a label to them". Miller revealed having had a personal #MeToo experience with a Hollywood producer and a director, both unnamed. Miller said, "They gave me wine and I was underaged. They were like, 'Hey, want to be in our movie about gay revolution?' And I was like, 'No, you guys are monsters.'" Miller then went on to show support for the #MeToo movement.  In 2010, Miller dated Zoë Kravitz while they were filming "Beware the Gonzo".  On June 28, 2011, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, while shooting "The Perks of Being a Wallflower", Miller was a passenger in a vehicle that was pulled over for a broken brake light, and police discovered 20 grams of marijuana in their possession. Initially, Miller was charged with drug possession, but the charge was later dropped by a judge. Instead, Miller faced a penalty of $600 for two citations of disorderly conduct. Miller later commented: "I don't feel like there's any need to hide the fact that I smoke pot. It's a harmless herbal substance that increases sensory appreciation."

Ezra Matthew Miller (born September 30, 1992) is an American actor. Miller's feature film debut was in "Afterschool" (2008). Miller starred as Kevin in the drama "We Need to Talk About Kevin" (2011) and co-starred in the film adaptation of "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" (2012). In 2015, Miller co-starred in the drama "The Stanford Prison Experiment" and the comedy "Trainwreck". Miller played Credence Barebone in the "Fantastic Beasts" films "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" (2016) and "" (2018).


History.

On August 16, 2011, Rhapsody of Fire announced the friendly departure of long-time guitarist, songwriter, and founding member Luca Turilli and bassist Patrice Guers. Following his departure, Turilli founded his new Rhapsody band, Luca Turilli's Rhapsody, with Guers, his friend and former Rhapsody of Fire session and live guitarist Dominique Leurquin, an unspecified new lead singer and Rhapsody of Fire drummer Alex Holzwarth who became a member of both bands. On January 30, 2012, the band announced their first album, "Ascending to Infinity".  On March 30, 2012, the band finally revealed their new singer, Alessandro Conti. In 2012, Holzwarth left the band due to the impossibility to be fully in both bands. Following his departure, the band announced his new drummer, former Annihilator, Axxis and Stratovarius member Alex Landenburg.  On May 22, 2012, the first single from the upcoming album "Ascending to Infinity", titled "Dark Fate of Atlantis" was released with a music video. On June 22, 2012, the new album was released. The band then started its "Cinematic World Tour".  On October 8, 2012, the band revealed that Leurquin seriously injured his left hand with a circular saw, almost losing it: "After the complicated surgery and everyone around thinking it will be difficult for Dominique to play his beloved instrument once again, the doctors spent some more optimistic words to describe the situation, speaking about a long period of rehabilitation and some major problems eventually related to the thumb only. Therefore it seems there will be again the possibility for Dominique to play a guitar, and maybe sooner than what can be expected." The injury made it impossible for Leurquin to be a part of the band for almost two years; instead of replacing him with another guitarist for the upcoming Ascending to Infinity Tour, Turilli arranged all the songs to add Leurquin's parts on the backing tracks at lower volume. His return was eventually announced on August 9, 2014, with the band's concert at the Made of Metal Festival on August 15 being his first show with the band.  On 23 March 2015, Nuclear Blast announced "Prometheus: Symphonia Ignis Divinus" for release on June 19 in the EU, June 22 in the UK and June 30 in the US. The following year after release, they went on their first world tour in starting in Europe in early 2016. They co-headlined with Primal Fear in North America and South America in support of the album.  On September 30, the band announced on the website and Facebook that they would release their new album remixed in Dolby Atmos and on Blu-Ray with two live CDs from performances they had played on their Ascending to Infinity Tour and Prometheus Cinematic World Tour. It was released on December 9, 2016.  On June 20, 2018, Turilli had announced on the band's official Facebook page that the band would be going on an indefinite hiatus, due to the other members' commitments to other musical projects, such as vocalist Alessandro Conti who was announced as the new vocalist for Swedish symphonic power metal band Twilight Force earlier that month and drummer Alex Landenburg who was later confirmed as the new drummer for the American power metal band Kamelot on April 10, 2019.

Luca Turilli's Rhapsody (often simply referred by itself as Rhapsody, LT's Rhapsody or Turilli's Rhapsody) was an Italian symphonic power metal band created and led by Luca Turilli after his split from Rhapsody of Fire, also including German, French and Finnish members. The band members referred their style as "Cinematic metal" to underline Luca Turilli's passion for the world of cinema and the soundtracks, yet the main influence of his new artistic proposal.


History.

On 22 April 2012, the governing coalition of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and TOP 09 dissolved their coalition with VV due to corruption accusations against the party leadership (especially Vít Bárta), raising the possibility that early elections would be held in June 2012. However, shortly afterwards VV Deputy Karolína Peake led a breakaway faction of herself and seven other VV deputies who replaced VV in the coalition with ODS and TOP 09. The revised coalition controlled 100 seats, and won a subsequent vote of confidence on 27 April 2012 by 105 to 93 votes, with additional support from some independent MPs. The new party was launched as LIDEM on 3 May 2012.  In September 2012, the party applied for membership of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), and was accepted on 9 November 2012.  In December 2012, the Czech Prime Minister Petr Nečas sacked Karolína Peake as Defence Minister after only eight days in the post. He stated that he had lost confidence in her after she had begun her ministerial appointment by sacking one of the most senior officials in the Defence Ministry. This situation created a coalition crisis, as Peake announced that all LIDEM ministers consequently would withdraw on 10 January 2013, unless a solution could be found. On 8 January, LIDEM's republican council guaranteed no ministers would withdraw and the party would still support the government, as long as they could renegotiate a new improved coalition agreement with TOP 09 and ODS.  On 7 August 2013, party leader Peake left the Chamber of Deputies building during a vote of confidence for the Jiří Rusnok government. The remainder of the LIDEM deputies remained in the building and voted against government. The next day, 8 August 2013, Karolína Peake announced her resignation as LIDEM leader.  LIDEM was renamed to VIZE2014 in March 2014. The party changed its name once again in June 2015 to Order of the Nation.

Elected representatives.

As per May 2012, the LIDEM parliamentary group included eight members of the 200-member Chamber of Deputies. Of these eight members, Martin Vacek and Radim Vysloužil were never members of the LIDEM party itself, but independents working with the party to form a stronger coalition group. The six MPs who were both members of the LIDEM parliamentary group and LIDEM party included:  At the end of April 2013, Jana Suchá did not renew her membership fees for the following year, but the party announced on 4 August 2013 that despite this, she would stay in the party's parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies until the next election. On 4 August 2013, it was also reported that the LIDEM parliamentary group still counted all original eight members, as the three independents (non-party members) committed themselves to vote along with the LIDEM party group in the Chamber of Deputies.

Order of the Nation, previously known as LIDEM, is a political party in the Czech Republic, formed in 2012 as a breakaway party from Public Affairs (VV). The party supports greater individual freedom in economic and social spheres.


True "Cathar castles".

Cathar strong points were generally surrounded by a walled settlement - ranging from a small village to a sizable city - known as a "castrum". In relatively flat areas such as the Lauragais Plain, castles and "castra" were often located on nearby hills, for example Laurac, Fanjeaux, Mas-Saintes-Puelles and Carcassonne. In more rugged areas castles and "castra" were typically located on mountain tops as at Lastours-Cabaret, Montségur, Termes and Puilaurens.  When they were taken by the Catholic Crusaders they were generally offered to senior Crusade commanders who would replace the local lord as master of the castle and the surrounding area. The old lords, sometimes Cathar sympathisers, were dispossessed and often became refugees or guerrilla resistance fighters known as "faidits". The new French lords generally built themselves a new state-of-the-art castle, sometimes on the site of the old "Cathar castle", sometimes next to it, as at Puivert. In some places, notably Carcassonne and Foix, substantial parts of the existing castles dates from the Cathar period.

Royal citadels.

Following the failure of the attempt to recapture Carcassonne by its Viscount, Raymond II Trencaval, in 1240, the Cité de Carcassonne was reinforced by the French king, new master of the viscountcy. Carcassonne was heavily garrisoned not only against Cathar sympathizer insurgents, but also the Catalans and Aragonese, since the Trencavels had been vassals of the King of Aragon who was the direct descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne.  Cathar castles near the border between the historic Trencavel territories and the Roussillon which still belonged to the King of Aragon were taken by the King of France as frontier fortresses. Five of these became Royal citadels, garrisoned by a small troop of French royal troops. These five Cathar Castles are known as the "cinq fils de Carcassonne", the Five Sons of Carcassonne:

Abandonment of the Five Sons of Carcassonne.

In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees, sealing the marriage of the Infanta Marie Therese to the French King. The treaty modified the frontiers, giving Roussillon to France as part of the dowry, and moving the international frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, the present Franco-Spanish border. The Five Sons of Carcassonne thus lost their importance. Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they fell into decay, often becoming shelters for shepherds or bandits.

Further reading.

Bibliography

References.

Notes

Cathar castles (in French "Châteaux cathares") is a modern term used by the tourism industry (following the example of "Pays Cathare" – Cathar Country) to denote a number of medieval castles of the Languedoc region. Some had a Cathar connection, in that they offered refuge to dispossessed Cathars in the thirteenth century. Many of these sites were replaced by new castles built by the victorious French Crusaders and the term is also applied to these fortifications despite having no connection with Cathars. The fate of many Cathar castles, at least for the early part of the Crusade, is outlined in the contemporary Occitan ""Chanson de la Croisade"", translated into English as the "Song of the Cathar Wars".


Personal life.

Sergey is the son of Natalya Shubenkova, a former Soviet heptathlete who ranks among the best of all time in the event. Shubenkov decided at the age 16 to make sports his profession and began to train intensively. Alongside his athletic pursuits, he is also studying to obtain a degree in law.

Biography.

Shubenkov made a breakthrough by finishing 2nd to Britain's Lawrence Clarke at the 2009 European Athletics Junior Championships in Novi Sad, Serbia. Shubenkov went on to win the European under-23 title in 2011. His first Worlds competition was at the 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea where he finished 25th in the heats and did not advance into the semi-finals.  Shubenkov won his first major European title at the 2012 European Championships in 110 m hurdles. As a rising athlete to watch out, Shubenkov debuted in the Olympics at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He did not, however, reach the finals in men's 110 m hurdles.  In 2013, Shubenkov took the bronze in 110 hurdles at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan and won the gold medal in 60 m hurdles at the 2013 European Indoor Championships in Gothenburg. He repeated his success and won his first Worlds medal by winning a bronze at the 2013 World Championships in Moscow.  In the 2014 season, Shubenkov competed in the Diamond League series. In 18 May, at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix, he finished in 4th place – 13.30. In 31 May, taking 5th in the Prefontaine Classic – 13.29. 11 June, took 3rd place in the ExxonMobil Bislett Games – 13.37 and in 3 July, took 2nd place at the Athletissima – 13.13. He repeated as European champion winning gold at the 2014 European Athletics Championships in Zurich. In 2015 season, Shubenkov won the gold medal at the 2015 World Championships with a Personal Best of 12.98, he edged out Jamaica's Olympic reigning bronze medalist Hansle Parchment and American Olympic defending champion Aries Merritt who won the silver and bronze medals respectively. His personal best in the event is 12.98 seconds, which is the current Russian record and the first European descent to run sub-13s in the men's 110m hurdles. Commenting about his success and winning the competition, the 24-year-old quoted: "I can't describe what I'm feeling, I don't remember anything about the race. I heard the starting gun and then I opened my eyes and it was finished". Shubenkov finished 3rd in the overall ranking in the men's 110 m hurdles of Diamond League series for the 2015 season and won the last leg of the series in Zurich, beating David Oliver and Orlando Ortega.

Sergey Vladimirovich Shubenkov (; born 4 October 1990) is a Russian athlete who competes in the 110 metres hurdles. He is the 2015 World Champion, two-time European Champion (2014, 2012) and 2013 World bronze medalist in men's 110 m hurdles.


Early life and education.

Biersack was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.  For his early education, Biersack attended a Catholic elementary school, which he has spoken of in many interviews. His preschool teacher was Jamie Peters, who had a big influence on his creativity. Because of the way Andy dressed and the music he listened to (i.e. Kiss, The Misfits, Avenged Sevenfold, The Damned, The Dropkick Murphys, etc.), he was the target of bullying at school. This bullying is reenacted in the "Knives and Pens" music video, performed by his band, Black Veil Brides.  For high school, Biersack attended Cincinnati's School for Creative and Performing Arts, and majored in drama and vocal music. Two days after he turned 18, he left school before graduating to move to Los Angeles in hopes of furthering his potential career.

Career.

Black Veil Brides.

At age 14, Andy Biersack and a few of his friends formed their first band, called "Biersack" (although they only played one show). This project eventually grew into what would later be known as Black Veil Brides.  In September 2009 Black Veil Brides signed with the independent label StandBy Records. The writing process for a tour and a record began immediately. In 2009 they released their first music video for "Knives and Pens", which to date has garnered over 200 million views. The band embarked on their first US tour, titled "On Leather Wings". Their debut album, "We Stitch These Wounds", was released July 20, 2010 and sold over 13,000 copies in its first week, ranking at No. 36 on the Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 1 on the Billboard Independent chart. The band's second studio album, "Set the World on Fire", was released on June 14, 2011 through Lava Music/Universal Republic Records. The band's third album, "", was released on January 8, 2013. Their fourth self-titled album was released on October 27, 2014. Their fifth album "Vale" was released January 12, 2018.

Andy Black.

On May 2014, Biersack revealed to Kerrang! magazine that he had been working on new music outside Black Veil Brides under the moniker 'Andy Black'. He explained that his solo project will have a radically different sound compared to the band, and that he felt he couldn't create that sound within the band, thus deciding to take it on as a solo artist. Andy's inspiration for this project was his love for '80s synth and goth music. He will be working with former Black Veil Brides producer John Feldmann. Despite this project, he reassured his fans that this does not mean this is his primary focus, but rather more of a hobby or a side-project. On May 19, 2014 he premiered his first song, titled "They Don't Need to Understand", online with a music video via Hot Topic.  On March 17, 2016, Biersack announced the title of his first Andy Black album "The Shadow Side", scheduled to be released on May 6, 2016. The lead single from the project, "We Don't Have to Dance" was released on March 18, 2016, with a music video for the song being released on March 21.  On February 15, 2019, Biersack announced his second album, "The Ghost of Ohio", which was released on April 12, 2019. The album's lead single "Westwood Road" was released the same day.

Other media.

After his move to Los Angeles, he took up acting for a short time. He had a small part in the AT&T commercial "Confetti", as well as a 30-second spot in the Montana Meth commercial "Jumped". Biersack guest stars in the Funny or Die web series "Average Joe" on YouTube. He also starred in the Black Veil Brides full-length feature film, "Legion of the Black", which was released on January 6, 2013, to support the band's third album.  In February 2016, Biersack was cast to play the role of Johnny Faust in the independent supernatural thriller film "American Satan" alongside Asking Alexandria member Ben Bruce. The film, directed by Sumerian Records founder Ash Avildsen, was released on October 13, 2017.  Biersack authored the supernatural, historical fiction graphic novel "Ghost of Ohio", in collaboration with Z2 Comics. The graphic novel was released on April 19, 2012 as a tie-in to the album "Ghost of Ohio".

Personal life.

Biersack's stage name was "Andy Six" up until around 2011 when he decided that he preferred to be called by his birth name, Andy Biersack. In an interview with "Loudwire" in 2012, Biersack said, "I'm not a religious person but I grew up in a religious family. I went to the funeral for my grandfather, a person that I love very much, and everyone is speaking about how he went to Heaven and how he's in Heaven. I always fight with that, because I would love nothing more to believe that my grandfather is in the clouds playing or whatever awesome stuff they have up in Heaven, but I can't."  Biersack is a fan of comic books, he's listed comics such as, V For Vendetta,, and Kingdom Come as favorites.  On October 30, 2016, Biersack was involved in a physical altercation with his wife, Juliet Simms, on a flight back to Los Angeles. According to the video testimony given by adult film actress Mary Carey, a witness to the incident, Simms forcibly struck Biersack in the face twice. Carey also stated Simms struck herself in the face with the airline handcuffs until her nose began to bleed, alleging that she was defending herself against Biersack. In a video recorded by another passenger, Simms accused Biersack of breaking her ribs. Witnesses on the plane states Biersack did not lay a hand to Simms. Following the incident, both released statements about the effects of alcohol and confirming that they did not separate after the incident.

Stage injuries.

Biersack has suffered multiple injuries while performing with Black Veil Brides, most notably his fall from a pillar on June 18, 2011, in Hollywood. In an attempt to jump back onto the stage, he fell forward and hit his ribcage, knees and skull on the edge, which resulted in 3 ribs shattered (3 lower left), and one displaced. That particular injury caused Black Veil Brides to have to miss the first week of the Vans Warped Tour in 2011. On October 26, 2011, while on another tour in the UK, Biersack broke his nose on the drum riser while performing a gig in Luxembourg, resulting in more missed tour dates. However, two days later, he performed with Black Veil Brides in London.  In an interview with Revolver Magazine in 2011, Biersack stated:

Discography.

As Andy Black.

Filmography.

Andrew Dennis Biersack (born December 26, 1990), formerly known as Andy Six, is an American singer, pianist and actor. He is the founder and lead vocalist for the American rock band Black Veil Brides, and is its only remaining original member. In May 2014, he started a solo music project under the moniker Andy Black and released his debut album, "The Shadow Side", in 2016.


Club career.

Real Madrid B.

Carvajal was born in Leganés, a suburb of Madrid. He joined Real Madrid's youth system as a 10-year-old, and continued climbing through the ranks until reaching Real Madrid Castilla in 2010.  In his first season as a senior Carvajal was immediately cast in the reserve team's starting XI, also being the team's captain. In the following campaign, he fared even better (38 games and two goals, playoffs included), as the B's returned to Segunda División after a five-year absence.

Bayer Leverkusen.

On 11 July 2012, after failing to make a single appearance for Real's first team, Carvajal signed a five-year contract with Germany's Bayer 04 Leverkusen for a transfer fee of €5 million. The Spaniards added on a buy-back clause in the region of €6.5 million if they wanted to re-sign the player after one season, €7 million after two and approximately €8.5 million after three.  Carvajal made his Bundesliga debut on 1 September 2012 in a 2–0 home win against SC Freiburg, being subsequently named to the Team of the Week. He scored his first goal for his new club on 25 November, netting the second in an eventual 2–1 success at TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.  Carvajal was selected as one of the three best right backs at the end of his first and only season, behind FC Bayern Munich's Phillip Lahm and FC Schalke 04's Atsuto Uchida. He received 16% of the total vote from the fans.

Real Madrid.

On 3 June 2013, Real Madrid exercised its buy-back option on Carvajal, who became the team's first signing for 2013–14 for a fee believed to be in the region of €6.5 million. This was confirmed by Bayer's director of football Rudi Völler, who stated: "Real Madrid noticed the outstanding performances by Dani this season, and it was only a matter of time before they exercised their buy-back option." Shortly after the move, he spoke of his happiness to return, thanking the president, the fans and the club at a press conference.  Carvajal made his La Liga debut on 18 August 2013, in a 2–1 home win against Real Betis. One month later he played his first match in the UEFA Champions League, again featuring the full 90 minutes in a 6–1 away defeat of Galatasaray SK in the group stage.  Carvajal appeared in 45 matches in his first season and scored twice, in the league against Rayo Vallecano and CA Osasuna. He added 120 minutes in the Champions League final, a 4–1 triumph over Atlético Madrid.  Carvajal started in Real Madrid's triumphs in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup over compatriots Sevilla FC, and in that year's FIFA Club World Cup final against Argentina's San Lorenzo de Almagro. In the first leg of the Champions League's semi-finals, on 5 May 2015, he conceded a penalty by fouling Carlos Tevez, with the Juventus F.C. forward converting the spot-kick to defeat the Spaniards 2–1.  On 8 July 2015, Carvajal signed a new deal with the "Merengues" until 2020. He contributed with eight appearances and one goal in the campaign's Champions League, as the tournament ended in win; in the final against Atlético Madrid, he was subbed off injured early into the second half of a 1–1 draw (penalty shootout triumph). On 9 August 2016, Carvajal started in the UEFA Super Cup clash against Sevilla in Trondheim, and scored the final 3–2 in the 119th minute after an individual effort. During the league season, in spite of several physical ailments, he still contributed with 23 games to help the team be crowned champions. On 3 December 2016, after Sergio Ramos had equalised in the last minute against FC Barcelona at the Nou Camp, he celebrated the goal by giving opposing fans the middle finger, but later apologised; after nearly one month on the sidelines, he returned to action just in time to start at the Champions League final on 3 June, which they won for the third time in four years.  On 17 September 2017, Carvajal's contract was extended until 2022. Early in the following month, he was sidelined with a heart condition; he made eight appearances during that year's Champions League, and Madrid won their third consecutive and 13th overall title in the competition. In the decisive match against Liverpool he was forced to leave the pitch due to an injury, in an eventual 3–1 win in Kiev.  Carvajal scored Real Madrid’s first league goal of the new season on 19 August 2018, in a 2–0 home victory over Getafe CF.

International career.

Carvajal acted as backup to FC Barcelona's Martín Montoya at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, playing in the 3–0 group stage win against the Netherlands as Spain went on to win the tournament. He was selected by full side manager Vicente del Bosque for his 30-man provisional squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, being excused alongside all other Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid players from the warm-up game against Bolivia on 30 May due to the Champions League final, and being omitted from the final list the following day.  On 29 August 2014, Carvajal was called up to the squad for the first time, for matches against France and Macedonia. He made his debut on 4 September, in a 0–1 friendly defeat to the former in which he played the full 90 minutes; he was also selected for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament, being dropped after an injury contracted whilst with his club.  Carvajal was named in Spain’s final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After sitting out the first game against Portugal as he was not fully fit, he made his first appearance in the competition on 20 June and played the entire 1–0 win over Iran.

Honours.

Club.

Real Madrid Castilla  Real Madrid

International.

Spain U21  Spain U19

Daniel Carvajal Ramos (; born 11 January 1992) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right back for Real Madrid and the Spanish national team.


Mission.

The museum in Prague collects and preserves for future generations examples of historical and contemporary crafts as well as applied arts and design—in both national and international contexts. The staff and directors believe in the harmony between function, quality and beauty; its claimed ambition is to inspire, educate and entertain in a unique way.

History of the Museum.

In 1885, the foundation of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague reflected the dramatic development of Czech society at the time. Following the establishment of a similar institution in Brno in 1873, the Prague museum soon became an important cultural and educational center in the Crown Lands of Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The unfavorable impact of the Industrial Revolution on the aesthetic appearance and, consequently, the quality of products had for a long time been the subject of justified criticisms from artists, theorists and the public. The idea of establishing a permanent exhibition of decorative and applied arts in Prague was realised through an exhibition arranged by the Arkadia Association in 1861 at the Old Town Hall in Prague. Another source of inspiration was the founding of a similar institution—the South Kensington Museum (now Victoria and Albert Museum), which opened in London in 1852 and originally contained a collection of objects of applied and decorative arts. More important for the Czech public, however, was the Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie, which opened in Vienna in 1864.  In 1868, in cooperation with the Vienna museum, the Prague Chamber of Trade and Commerce held an exhibition on Žofín Island of objects obtained from the Exposition Universelle d'Art et d'Industrie de 1867—International Exposition (1867)—supplemented by historical arts and crafts mostly from the collection of Vojtěch Lanna, who became the Museum's most important donor and sponsor. In a period when funds and suitable buildings were hard to find, the promise of the exhibition area in the Rudolfinum (the House of the Artists) also contributed greatly to the birth of the museum.

Permanent Exhibition.

New permanent exhibition is going to be open at the end of 2020

Other Exhibitions.

"In Prague"  A small gallery that holds photographic displays of works by the world-reputed photographer Josef Sudek and others.  Apart from its fine arts collection, the National Gallery's Museum of Czech Cubism also contains Cubist furniture, glass and ceramics from UPM's holdings.  "In Chateaux and Elsewhere"  Displays of wrought-iron objects, children's toys, the study collection of 19th- and 20th-century furniture from the museum's holdings. The “Museum of the Senses”—an installation of the Municipal Museum in Kamenice, and short-term exhibitions.  An exhibition of Bohemian porcelain, with examples of Chinese and Japanese wares and porcelain produced in Europe.  The exhibition examines the art of furniture-making throughout the ages: from the Baroque to the Art Nouveau.

Library.

The largest Czech library specializing in the arts and related fields is an integral part of the museum. It holds 172,000 volumes, including authoritative art encyclopedias, dictionaries of artists, comprehensive works on iconography, topography and heraldry. Apart from art books and other scholarly publications, the library contains numerous reference manuals and periodicals. It provides on-premises use of resources, database access and research in the Art and Architecture (ART) subject gateway.  The exhibition halls of the museum and the library are fully accessible to wheelchair users.

Founded in 1885, the Prague Museum of Decorative Arts () is housed in a Neo-Renaissance edifice built from 1897 to 1899 after the designs of architect Josef Schulz. It opened in 1900 with exhibitions on the first floor. The Museum's rich collections include decorative and applied arts and design work ranging from Late Antiquity to the present day with focus on European objects, particularly arts and crafts created in the Bohemian lands. The impressive interior of the permanent exhibition, “Stories of Materials,” offers visitors an excursion into the history and development of decorative arts in the disciplines of glass, ceramics, graphic art, design, metal, wood and other materials, as well as objects such as jewellery, clocks and watches, textiles, fashion, toys and furniture.


Early life.

Lewis, the youngest of nine children of Anglican Reverend Morgan Lewis, the headmaster of a grammar school, and Margaret Pritchard, a Catholic, was born at Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, Wales, in 1616.  At 16 years of age, while visiting Paris, he converted to Catholicism from Anglicanism and subsequently went to study at the English College, Rome, where he assumed the alias "Charles Baker", a common practice among Catholic priests to avoid spies and informers in the employ of the Crown. He was ordained a Catholic priest on 20 July 1642. Three years later, he joined the Society of Jesus. He came back to his native place and worked for a year and then he was appointed "the Spiritual Director to the seminarians at the English College" in Rome. After his mission in Rome had been completed he came back to Wales and was working for 30 years in the apostolate paying much attention to the poor people and people in need.

Arrest and execution.

He was arrested on 17 November 1678 at St Michael's Church, Llantarnam, then in Monmouthshire, and condemned at the Assizes in Monmouth in March 1679 as a Catholic priest and for saying Catholic Masses. He was being accused of attempting to kill Charles II and trying to restore Catholic faith in the land of Wales. He was betrayed by an apostate couple who had been promised an award of 50 pounds for the Jesuit's capture, and another sum of 200 pounds was promised by a Welsh magistrate to those who could help in his exposure. Like John Wall and John Kemble, he was then sent to London to be examined by Titus Oates (the originator of the Popish Plot) and other informers.  He was brought for trial at the Lenten Assizes in Monmouth on 16 March 1679. He was brought to the bar on a charge of high treason – for having become a Catholic priest and then remaining in England, contrary to the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584.  He pleaded not guilty to the charge of being an accessory to the Popish Plot, but five or six witnesses claimed they had seen him say Mass and perform other priestly duties. For this Lewis was found guilty and sentenced to death by Sir Robert Atkyns. The condemned priest was brought to Newgate Prison in London with John Kemble (Herefordshire) and questioned about the "plot". Oates and his fellow informers William Bedloe, Stephen Dugdale and Miles Prance were unable to prove anything against him. Lord Shaftesbury advised him that if he gave evidence about the "plot" or renounced his Catholic faith, that his life would be spared and he would be greatly rewarded. Lewis said in his dying speech, "discover the plot I could not, as I knew of none; and conform I would not, for it was against my conscience". His last words before execution were: He was brought back to Usk in Monmouthshire for his execution by John Arnold of Monmouthshire, prayed at the Gunter Mansion and was hanged on 27 August 1679 and then posthumously disembowelled. It was a tribute to the esteem in which he was held that the crowd, who were mainly Protestants, insisted that he be allowed to hang until he was dead, and that he receive a proper burial. The Sheriff, who knew and liked Lewis, refused to attend the execution, which he had postponed for as long as he could.  After the Titus Oates affair (1679–80), the remaining Welsh-speaking Catholic clergy were either executed or exiled. Lewis was the last Welshman to become a Jesuit until 2001, more than 300 years later.

Recognition.

Together with John Wall, John Kemble and 37 other martyrs, David Lewis was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1970 – the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. In November 2007, a plaque was erected on the spot where Lewis was arrested near Llantarnam Abbey.

David Lewis (1616 – 27 August 1679) was a Jesuit Catholic priest and martyr who was also known as Charles Baker. Lewis was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales and is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.


Early life.

O'Brien was born in New York City, the son of Lisa (née Rhodes), a former actress who also ran an acting school, and Patrick O'Brien, a camera operator. He grew up in Springfield Township, New Jersey, until the age of twelve, when he and his family moved to Hermosa Beach, California. His father is of Irish descent, and his mother is of Italian, English and Spanish ancestry. After graduating from Mira Costa High School in 2009, he considered pursuing sports broadcasting and possibly working for the New York Mets. At 14, O'Brien began posting original videos onto his YouTube channel. With the videos developing, a local producer and director approached him about doing work for a web series while in his senior year of high school. While working on the webseries, O'Brien met an actor who connected him with a manager. He had planned to attend Syracuse University as a sports broadcasting major, but decided to pursue an acting career instead.

Career.

Before beginning his career in acting, O'Brien produced, directed and starred in a number of comedic short films which he released through his personal YouTube channel. He was also the drummer for the independent rock band Slow Kids at Play.  He went through several auditions before getting one of the main roles in MTV's "Teen Wolf", a series loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name. He had been intended to play Scott, but after reading the script, O'Brien wanted to audition for the part of Stiles instead. After four auditions, he was cast. In 2010, he began playing Stiles in the series.  In 2011, O'Brien was introduced to audiences in the entirely improvised independent comedy film "High Road". The following year, he starred opposite Britt Robertson in the romantic comedy "The First Time".  In 2013, O'Brien co-starred in the comedy film "The Internship". That same year, O'Brien filmed "The Maze Runner" which began filming in summer 2013, while he was on hiatus from "Teen Wolf". He played Thomas, the lead role. Yahoo! Movies named O'Brien as one of the 15 Breakout Stars to Watch for in 2014. He reprised the role of Thomas in "", released in September 18, 2015.  In March 2016, O'Brien was seriously injured on set while filming a stunt for "". O'Brien was in a harness on top of a moving vehicle when he was pulled off the vehicle unexpectedly and hit by another vehicle. His injuries included facial fractures, a concussion, and brain trauma. O'Brien later stated that the accident "'broke most of the right side'" of his face; he underwent reconstructive facial surgery. After months of recovery, O'Brien eventually began filming other projects, and his March 2017 return to "The Death Cure" set marked his complete return to health. The film premiered on January 26, 2018.  In 2016, he appeared in the disaster thriller-drama "Deepwater Horizon", based on the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion. He starred in 2017's "American Assassin", an action-thriller in which he played the titular character Mitch Rapp, and voiced the CGI title character in the "Transformers" spin-off film "Bumblebee" in 2018.  In 2019, O'Brien guest-starred in the comedic sci-fi anthology series "Weird City". Upcoming releases include the titular role in the mystery thriller "The Education of Fredrick Fitzell", filmed in 2018, and the post-apocalyptic road trip film "Monster Problems", in which he will star alongside Michael Rooker and Ariana Greenblatt.

Dylan O'Brien (born August 26, 1991) is an American actor. He is known for his lead role as Thomas in the "Maze Runner" dystopian science fiction trilogy and for his role as Stiles Stilinski in the MTV television series "Teen Wolf". O'Brien's other work includes starring roles in films such as "The First Time" and "American Assassin" and supporting roles in "The Internship" and "Deepwater Horizon".


Early life.

It is generally believed that Elbe was born in 1882, in Vejle, Denmark. Her year of birth is sometimes stated as 1886, which appears to be from a book about her which has some facts changed to protect the identities of the persons involved. Facts about the life of Elbe's wife Gerda Gottlieb suggest that the 1882 date is correct because they married while at college in 1904, when she would have been just eighteen if the 1886 date were correct.  It is speculated that Elbe was intersex, although that has been disputed. Some reports indicate that she already had rudimentary ovaries in her abdomen and she may have had Klinefelter syndrome.

Marriage and modeling.

Elbe met Gerda Gottlieb while they were students at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, and they married in 1904 when Gottlieb was 19 and Elbe was 22.  They worked as illustrators, with Elbe specialising in landscape paintings while Gottlieb illustrated books and fashion magazines.  They traveled through Italy and France before settling in 1912 in Paris, where Elbe could live more openly as a woman by posing as Gottlieb's sister. Elbe received the Neuhausens prize in 1907 and exhibited at Kunstnernes Efterårsudstilling (the Artists' Fall Exhibition), at the Vejle Art Museum in Denmark, where she remains represented, and in the Saloon and Salon d'Automne in Paris.  Elbe started dressing in women's clothes after filling in for Gottlieb's model, friend and actress Anna Larssen, who was late. Elbe was asked to substitute as Larssen's legs, wearing stockings and heels. Elbe felt surprisingly comfortable in the clothing. After walking in on the modeling session and witnessing Elbe embrace her new persona, Anna Larssen suggested she take the name "Lili". It was soon adopted, and Elbe began appearing in public as "Lili", ultimately identifying as a woman in every respect.  By the 1920s, Elbe regularly presented as a woman named Lili, attending various festivities and entertaining guests in her house. She liked to disappear into the throngs of revelers during the Carnival in Paris, arrayed in fashions she had garnered modeling for her wife Gerda. Over time, Gottlieb became famous for her paintings of beautiful women with haunting, almond-shaped eyes, dressed in chic apparel. The model who inspired Gottlieb's depictions of "petites femmes fatales" was in fact Elbe.

Surgeries and dissolution of marriage.

In 1930, Elbe went to Germany for sex reassignment surgery, which was highly experimental at the time. A series of four operations were carried out over a period of two years. The first surgery, removal of the testicles, was performed by Dr. Ludwig Levy-Lenz, under the supervision of sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin. The rest of Elbe's surgeries were carried out by Kurt Warnekros, a doctor at the Dresden Municipal Women's Clinic. The second operation was to implant an ovary onto her abdominal musculature, the third to remove the penis and the scrotum, and the fourth to transplant a uterus and construct a vaginal canal.  At the time of Elbe's last surgery, her case was already a sensation in Danish and German newspapers. A Danish court invalidated the couple's marriage in October 1930, and Elbe managed to have her sex and name legally changed, including receiving a passport as Lili Ilse Elvenes. She stopped painting after her transition. After the annulment of the marriage, Elbe returned to Dresden for her fourth surgery.  In 1931, Elbe became the second transgender woman to undergo a vaginoplasty surgery, a few weeks after Dr. Erwin Gohrbandt performed the experimental procedure on Dora Richter. Elbe's castration and penectomy had been performed by Dr. Ludwig Levy-Lenz (1889–1966) the previous year. These preliminary surgeries have sometimes caused confusion over the date of her reassignment surgery. The Gohrbandt technique deliberately left remnants of the scrotum intact, with a view to modifying these into labia at a later date, but for reasons that are unclear, Levy-Lenz did not perform this further procedure himself. Instead, Elvenes' case was taken over by Dr. Kurt Warnekros (1882–1949), at the Dresden Women's Clinic.  The May 1933 book-burning at the Institute for Sexual Research by Nazi students, the February 1945 obliteration of the Dresden Women's Clinic and its records in Allied bombing raids, and the myth-making process itself have left gaps and inconsistencies in the Lili Elbe narrative that may never be resolved.

Death.

Elbe began a relationship with French art dealer Claude Lejeune, whom she wanted to marry and with whom she wanted to have children. She was looking forward to her final surgery involving a uterus transplant and construction of a vagina.  These two procedures performed in June 1931 were new and experimental at that time. Her immune system rejected the transplanted uterus, and the operation and a subsequent surgical revision caused infection, which, in that pre-antibiotic age, led to Elbe's death from cardiac arrest on 13 September 1931, three months after the surgery.  Elbe was buried in (Trinity Cemetery) in Dresden. The grave was levelled in the 1960s. In April 2016, a new tombstone was inaugurated, financed by Focus Features, the production company of "The Danish Girl". The tombstone does not record the date of Elbe's birth, just her name and places of birth and death.

In popular culture.

The LGBT film festival MIX Copenhagen gives four "Lili" awards named after Elbe.  In 2000, David Ebershoff wrote "The Danish Girl", a fictionalised account of Elbe's life. It was an international bestseller and was translated into a dozen languages. In 2015, it was made into a film, also called "The Danish Girl", produced by Gail Mutrux and Neil LaBute and starring Eddie Redmayne as Elbe. The film was well received at the Venice Film Festival in September 2015, although it has been criticised for its casting of an English cisgender man to play a Danish transgender woman. Both the novel and the film omitted topics including Gottlieb's sexuality, which is evidenced by the subjects in her erotic drawings, and the disintegration of Gottlieb and Elbe's relationship after their annulment.

Lili Ilse Elvenes (28 December 1882 – 13 September 1931), better known as Lili Elbe, was a Danish transgender woman and among the early recipients of sex reassignment surgery.


History and origins.

The Breitling Jet Team was established in early 2003 with four L-39s. With the addition of two aircraft in 2004 and three in 2008, the team now has a total of nine jets. The Team's roots go back to 1980.

Patrouille Martini.

Jacques Bothelin, the team leader, began performing in airshows in 1980 with a French-designed Mudry CAP 10 aircraft. In 1982, he began to fly as part of a team of three SIAI-Marchetti SF260s sponsored by Martini. The team was called "Patrouille Martini", ("patrouille" is French for 'patrol' or 'team'). Also at that time, Jacques Bothelin established Apache Aviation at the team's Darois home base to handle the operational aspects of running a full-time aerobatic team. The Martini Team flew for five years in the SF260s, until the team took delivery of Swiss-manufactured Pilatus PC-7s, in 1988.

Patrouille Ecco.

In 1990, new regulations in France banning the advertising of alcohol forced Martini to withdraw its sponsorship. Ecco, a temporary employment agency, replaced Martini and the team was renamed "Patrouille Ecco" for the 1991 season. The team's colors changed from Martini's white to Ecco's green and white, and a fourth PC-7 was added. During the 1990s, Patrouille Ecco performed at airshows around Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Patrouille Adecco.

In 1997, Ecco merged with a Swiss firm, Adia, forming Adecco. The team's name changed to "Patrouille Adecco", and its colours shifted to Adecco's red and white. In 1998, the team suffered a setback when Adecco pulled out of its sponsorship. Jacques Bothelin and Philippe Laloix flew during 1999–2001 in two PC-7s as "Les Apaches"; the name was derived from the Apache Aviation firm.

Khalifa Jet Team.

In late 2001, a group of Algerian companies founded by Rafik Khalifa offered to sponsor Apache Aviation. The PC-7s were sold, and L-39 jets arrived as their replacement. The new team was known as the "Khalifa Jet Team", launching in March 2002, and making its airshow debut in May 2002. Over the summer of 2002, the team worked up from a two-ship formation to a four-aircraft team. Over the course of 2002, the team appeared at 43 events in six European countries.

Breitling.

In early 2003, Khalifa pulled out of the sponsorship. Breitling SA stepped into the breach and invested in the team. This allowed the outfit to expand from four planes to the seven-ship formation it flies today. In 2015, the team embarked on a two-year tour of North America with performances at notable events like the Sun 'n Fun Fly-In, the Vectren Dayton Air Show, Jones Beach, NY, Rhode Island, AirVenture at Oshkosh and the Abbotsford International Airshow as well as the Canadian International Air Show in Canada. Their final North American performance concluded on October 23, 2016 at the Huntington Beach Airshow in Huntington Beach, California.

Incidents.

On 15 September 2012, the Breitling Jet Team #2 crew had to eject, and the L-39 jet crashed on a field near Kleine Brogel Air Base. Nobody was injured.

The Breitling Jet Team is the largest civilian aerobatic display team in Europe. Based in Dijon, France, it flies seven Aero L-39 Albatros jets.


Early life.

Ryan Higa was born in Hilo, Hawaii on June 6, 1990. He is of Okinawan descent, and has an older brother named Kyle. In his youth, Higa competed in judo and holds a black belt rank. He wrestled at Waiakea High School, where he graduated in 2008.  Higa studied nuclear medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas but later dropped out to create online videos.

YouTube career.

Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi began posting YouTube videos of themselves lip syncing to songs in mid-2006 while attending Waiakea High School. They quickly expanded beyond songs, with a variety of other comedic pieces. Occasional guest appearances were made by Tim Enos, Ryan Villaruel, Kyle Chun, and Tarynn Nago.  On Christmas Eve of 2008, Higa and Fujiyoshi's two most popular videos, "How To Be Gangster" and "How To Be Emo", were removed due to copyright violations. On January 21, 2009, the nigahiga account was temporarily suspended and was required to remove more copyrighted videos. Because of this, nigahiga's lip syncing videos were all removed (with the exception of "You're Beautiful", which was audio swapped), along with most of his other videos that included copyrighted music. Since then, Higa started composing the music himself. "How to be Gangster" and "How to be Emo" were put back on nigahiga's channel in late August 2009, only to be removed a few days later, along with "How to be Ninja" and "How to be Nerd". In Spring 2010, "How to be Ninja", "How to be Gangster" and "How to be Emo" were made public once more.  "Ninja Melk", a 26-minute short film about ninjas, was released in August 2009. The plot revolves around a ninja master named Master Ching Ching sending his student Lapchung (played by Bryson Murata) to find a replacement, finding Higa and Fujiyoshi to catch the evil Bokchoy (Tim Enos) and his henchwoman, Gina (Tarynn Nago).  An independent 35-minute film he created with Wong Fu Productions called "Agents of Secret Stuff" was uploaded on the nigahiga channel on November 24, 2010. It features some other popular YouTube users as well as actors such as Aki Aleong. The film follows a teenage A.S.S. (Agent of Secret Stuff) (Higa) who goes undercover as a high school student to protect Taylor (Arden Cho) from the S.I.N.S. (Society Involving Not-So-Good Stuff). It included guest appearances from Ian and Anthony of Smosh, D-Trix, KassemG and Hiimrawn.  When Higa moved to Las Vegas to attend college, most of the nigahiga videos were solo efforts, usually featuring collaborations with other YouTube users. Since 2012, Higa has put together a production company, Ryan Higa Production Company (RHPC), which included Sean Fujiyoshi, that works together to make content for the nigahiga channel. In 2015, Higa's production company was based in a studio in Henderson, Nevada.  In 2016, Higa and other YouTubers and friends created the parody K-pop group Boys Generally Asian. In mid-2018, Fujiyoshi left the group as he was moving out of the area, specifically to Sacramento, California to live with his current girlfriend and to pursue his degree in Engineering.

Channels.

The nigahiga YouTube channel was created on July 20, 2006, by Higa, Fujiyoshi, Enos, and Nago (known collectively as "The Yabo Crew"). By December 21, 2010, it had reached 3 million subscribers, the first channel to do so. According to Higa, his channel name is a combination of "Niga" (にが) which means "rant" in Japanese, and his Okinawan last name, "Higa".  In 2011, he created a second channel, under the name HigaTV, where he posts video blogs and behind the scenes videos.  In 2012, Higa helped form the YOMYOMF Network, which hosts the online video-making talent competition, "Internet Icon", of which he served alongside Christine Lakin and Timothy DeLaGhetto as main judges.

BgA.

In 2016, Ryan Higa created a K-pop band with David Choi, Phillip Wang, Jun Sung Ahn and Justin Chon. It was called BgA, standing for Boys Generally Asian, deliberately inspired by the all-female band Girls Generation. Their first song was called "Dong Saya Dae", which currently has over 16 million views on YouTube. The song was conceived as a general parody of all K-pop songs and featured joke lyrics, but despite this, the song unexpectedly peaked at no. 2 on the official K-pop charts for iTunes. In 2017, BgA released their second song "Who's It Gonna Be", a more serious song than the first, though with the same basis of being a parody. This song went one better than the previous one, reaching no. 1 on the K-pop charts.

Film and television.

In 2008, Los Angeles producer Richard Van Vleet offered to help them create their first feature-length film. The resulting film, "Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure", was directed by Richard Van Vleet and released on November 14, 2008. It was shown in sold out theaters in Hawaii and California. The DVD was released on July 14, 2009, in the United States. The film is about a down on his luck movie producer, played by Michael Buckley, who is seeking out famous celebrities in order to make a hit movie in 30 days or risk being fired. He chooses Higa and Fujiyoshi after discovering the popularity of their YouTube videos. He invites them to Hollywood to make a movie. They accept the offer, and run into some amusing situations on the way.  Higa has also guest-starred on an episode of "Supah Ninjas", playing DJ Elephant Head, a master plotter who uses his hypnotizing electronic music to make people fall asleep to commit robberies.  He appeared in the 2016 horror film "Tell Me How I Die".

Business ventures.

Victorious Inc. released the "TeeHee" app in April 2015. It was a community hub for fans of Ryan Higa and was monetized through "pre-roll ads, branded content, e-commerce, and in-app purchases." The service was shut down in April 2017.  Higa published his memoir, "Ryan Higa's How to Write Good", in 2017.  Higa co-founded Ninja Melk, LLC in 2016 with Kathleen Hahn and Kyle Schroeder. Their titular energy drink launched in May 2019. The drink took three years to develop and is named after Higa's short film of the same name. Higa uploaded a stop motion short film onto the nigahiga YouTube channel on October 19, 2019 to promote the drink.

Personal life.

Higa endorsed Andrew Yang for the 2020 Democratic nomination for president. He identifies as an agnostic. He is diagnosed with ADHD.

Ryan Higa (born June 6, 1990), also known as nigahiga (), is an American comedian, YouTuber, musician, and actor. He is known for his comedy videos on YouTube. His YouTube channel, nigahiga, was the most subscribed channel on YouTube for 677 consecutive days from 2009–2011.


Early life and education.

Gilford was born in Evanston, Illinois, the son of Anne and Steve Gilford. He is of half Swedish and half Russian Jewish descent. He graduated from Northwestern University and Evanston Township High School. He served as a Trip Leader for Adventures Cross-Country and has led wilderness and adventure trips for teenagers to Alaska, British Columbia, California, Hawaii, and the South Pacific. Gilford also worked as a staff member for YMCA Camp Echo in Fremont, Michigan.

Acting career.

In 2005, he appeared in an episode of "". In 2006, Gilford landed a regular role in "Friday Night Lights", in which he played the role of Matt Saracen in the main cast, from Season 1 to Season 3. In 2009, Gilford was switched to the recurring cast in Seasons 4 and 5. That year, he also made his feature film debut, co-starring in "The Last Winter" (2006). He had a cameo in the film "" and guest starred in an episode of "Grey's Anatomy".  In 2009, he co-starred as Adam Davies in the romantic comedy "Post Grad" opposite Alexis Bledel. He also starred as Johnny Drake in the romantic drama "Dare" opposite Emmy Rossum. In 2010, he starred as Gus in the indie drama film "The River Why" alongside Amber Heard. He had a cameo in the movie "Super".  In 2010, he joined the cast of ABC's medical drama "Off The Map" which premiered in January 2011 but was cancelled after 13 episodes. In 2011, he appeared in Taylor Swift's music video for "Ours", in which he played her love interest. He played the role of Evan in the drama film "Answers to Nothing". In 2012, he starred as Seth in the indie drama film "In Our Nature" alongside Jena Malone.  In 2012, he was cast in another medical drama, "The Mob Doctor", on Fox, opposite Jordana Spiro; however this was also cancelled after 13 episodes. In January 2013, he appeared with Arnold Schwarzenegger in "The Last Stand". He played the role of Matthew Iris in the film "Crazy Kind of Love".  He co-starred alongside Allison Miller in the horror film "Devil's Due" (2014), set in New Orleans and the Dominican Republic, and released on January 17, 2014. He also co-starred in the film sequel "", released on July 18, 2014. He guest starred in shows such as "Drunk History", "Tim and Eric's Bedtime Stories" and "Kingdom". In 2016, he starred as Danny Warren in the ABC drama series "The Family". In 2017, Gilford starred as Conner Hooks in the YouTube Red futuristic web series "Lifeline".  Since 2018, Gilford has had a recurring role as Gregg in the NBC series "Good Girls". In 2019, Gilford was cast as Ben Walker in the "Bad Boys" spinoff drama "L.A.'s Finest."

Personal life.

In the spring of 2010, Gilford began dating actress Kiele Sanchez, whom he met on the set of the television pilot for "The Matadors". The couple became engaged in November 2011, and married on December 29, 2012. The couple also co-starred in "". In August 2015, Sanchez announced that she and Gilford were expecting a son in November. In October 2015, the couple announced that Sanchez had suffered a late-term miscarriage. The couple have a daughter, born in 2017.

Zachary Michael "Zach" Gilford (born January 14, 1982) is an American actor best known for his role as Matt Saracen on the NBC sports drama "Friday Night Lights".


Background.

Olga Hepnarová was born on 30 June 1951, in Prague, to Czech parents. Her father was a bank clerk and her mother was a dentist. Hepnarová was an average child, but later developed psychiatric problems, which manifested in an inability to communicate with people and have been suggested were symptoms of Asperger's syndrome. In 1964 she attempted suicide by overdosing on her medication. She spent a year in a psychiatric ward at a hospital in Opařany, and later worked at various jobs but was usually fired shortly after being hired, including when she was trained as a bookbinder in Prague and then worked in Cheb for a year before returning to Prague. She ended up working as a truck driver. Gradually she lost contact with her family, especially her father and older sister. She bought a cabin that she had brought to the village of Oleško, from where she commuted to work. She later sold the cabin and bought a Trabant car with the money she had received. During her teenage years she struggled with her vague sexuality. From the age of 17 she had sexual relations with both men and women. She described herself as a "sexual cripple".

Arson attack.

Hepnarová’s father inherited a farm in the village of Zábrodí, which the family used for recreation. On the morning of 7 August 1970, using a bottle of gasoline, Hepnarová set fire to the door in the living area of the building. She hoped that the fire would reach the hayloft via a dormer and destroy the homestead. Her sister and two tenants - a married couple over the age of 75 - were asleep in the house at the time. They woke up and managed to extinguish the fire in time. The final damage was only 50 Kcs. Hepnarová was not suspected of the crime. She had approached the farm on foot at night after taking a taxi from Náchod. She confessed to the act during a psychiatric examination in 1973. As a motive, she stated that the property had become the cause of money disputes between her parents.

Truck attack.

Hepnarova began planning the truck attack about 6 months in advance. She believed all people were trying to hurt her. She said that she had been beaten up on the street for no reason, and no one helped her. She refused to become an unknown suicide, and wanted to be remembered. Her original plans included derailment of an express train or detonation of an explosive in a room full of people, but she decided that these were too technically demanding and instead decided on a mass shooting: she planned to obtain an automatic weapon and open fire on the people on Wenceslas Square. She enrolled in the shooting ring at the then Svazarm. But she changed her mind about this option also: she was afraid that she might be immediately killed, and finding such a weapon also seemed difficult. Eventually she decided to use a vehicle as her weapon.  From 11 January to 10 July, Hepnarová lived in room 502 in what is now, which served as a hostel for the Prague Communications business. On 9 July 1973, she left for a last look at her cottage, and then abandoned her Trabant car, to which she was strongly attached. The next day, on 10 July, she successfully completed a test drive to demonstrate that she was able to control the specific type of truck she wanted to rent.  At 1:30 pm, Hepnarová drove her Praga RN truck from the Defender of Peace (today ) to the Strossmayer Square (Strossmayerovo náměstí) in the Prague 7 district, where she drove her truck onto the sidewalk and into a group of about 25 people who were waiting for a tram. After the vehicle spontaneously stopped, witnesses tried to help her because they thought she had lost control of the vehicle due to a technical defect. However, Hepnarová immediately admitted that she had intentionally rammed into the crowd. Three people died immediately, three more died later the same day, two within a few days (all aged from 60 to 79), and twelve people were injured but survived.  Before the attack, Hepnarová had sent a letter to two newspapers, "Svobodné slovo" and "Mladý svět", explaining her actions as revenge for the hatred she felt was directed against her by her family and the world. The letter was received two days after the murder.  I am a loner. A destroyed woman. A woman destroyed by people... I have a choice – to kill myself or to kill others. I choose TO PAY BACK MY HATERS. It would be too easy to leave this world as an unknown suicide victim. Society is too indifferent, rightly so. My verdict is: I, Olga Hepnarová, the victim of your bestiality, sentence you to death.

Arrest and conviction.

During the investigation, Hepnarová confirmed her intention was to kill as many people as possible. Psychology experts found her fully aware of her actions, and she expressed no regret. She planned her actions, as she took into account that the ground sloped down to the tram stop, which allowed her to gain speed for the maximum death toll. The attack was her second attempt, as she felt there were not enough people on her first run. On 6 April 1974, Hepnarová was sentenced to death for murder by the City Court. The sentence was affirmed by higher instance courts and the Supreme Court re-qualified the sentence to public endangerment with the same penalty to be upheld. After several psychiatric examinations Hepnarová was deemed criminally responsible for her actions, and the Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Lubomír Štrougal, refused to grant her a pardon.

Execution.

Hepnarová was executed by short-drop hanging on 12 March 1975 at Pankrác Prison in Prague. She was the last woman executed in Czechoslovakia, and one of the last by the use of short-drop hanging.

Literature.

In 1991, Bohumil Hrabal published "Ponorné říčky", in which he describes a fictional confession of an executioner from Pankrác, for whom the execution of a beautiful lady called Olga was a life-changing moment that made him completely disgusted by his job and an opponent of the death sentence.  "Oprátka za osm mrtvých" by Roman Cílek (2001) is about Hepnarová, and contains a collection of contemporary documents.

Film.

"I, Olga Hepnarová" () is a 2016 Czech-Polish drama film directed by Tomáš Weinreb and Petr Kazda. It was shown in the Panorama section at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival.

Olga Hepnarová (30 June 1951 – 12 March 1975) was a Czechoslovak rampage killer, who on 10 July 1973, killed eight people with a truck in Prague. Hepnarová was convicted and sentenced to death, and was executed in 1975, the last woman executed in Czechoslovakia.


Plot.

Set in a fictitious version of the Spanish court of 1519, it is based on courtly romance and intrigues. Three men — two noblemen and a mysterious bandit — are in love with the same woman. What follows in the ensuing chaos of action prompted the biographer of Hugo, J.P. Houston, to write "... and a résumé [plot synopsis] will necessarily fail, as in the case of Notre-Dame de Paris, to suggest anything like the involution of its details".

Act I.

In the first scenes Hugo introduces Don Carlos, King of Spain (the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) sneaking into the bedchamber of Doña Sol. He forces her maid to help conceal him within the room. Shortly thereafter, Doña Sol enters to welcome her lover Hernani. Hernani and Sol discuss their situation − Doña Sol is about to be forced to marry her elderly uncle, and Hernani is a bandit whose father was executed by the previous King. Hernani and Doña Sol plot to run away together, but Don Carlos emerges from the cabinet where he was hiding, disrupting them. The two men clash swords, but are interrupted by Sol's uncle and fiancé Don Ruy Gomez de Silva. He demands to know why both men are in Sol's private chambers. Don Carlos reveals his identity, and asserts that he had come hoping to meet Ruy Gomez to discuss the recent death of Emperor Maximilian, and claims that Hernani is a member of his entourage, thereby allowing everyone to leave peacefully.

Act II.

Don Carlos had overheard Sol and Hernani's plans to run away together, and accompanied with some aristocratic friends he appears at the rendezvous point, hoping to seduce Sol in Hernani's place. Doña Sol recognizes him and rejects him. Infuriated, Don Carlos attempts to abduct her. As Don Carlos and Doña Sol struggle over a dagger, Hernani arrives with his own sixty men having overtaken the king's three friends. He explains his hatred for the king over the death of his own father, and challenges Don Carlos to a duel. This time, the King is aware of Hernani's identity as a bandit, and he refuses a duel (as only noblemen could duel), but challenges Hernani to murder him. Hernani's sense of honor prevents him from attacking a man who won't fight back. The King escapes, and sends his men to arrest Hernani and his band of thieves. Hernani escapes after a farewell to Doña Sol.

Act III.

Doña Sol and Ruy Gomez prepare for their wedding, and hear news that Hernani's men have all been murdered. Hernani arrives at the house in disguise, and Ruy Gomez takes him in as a guest. Hernani − apparently suicidal − reveals his identity and tries to provoke the servants to arrest him, but Ruy Gomez still insists on protecting him. Hernani admonishes Doña Sol for agreeing to the marriage, but when she reveals that she plans to kill herself on the wedding night, he has a change of heart and encourages her to accept the match. Ruy Gomez is appalled to learn of Sol and Hernani's relationship, considering it a betrayal of his hospitality, but he still continues his protection. The King arrives to arrest Hernani, but Ruy Gomez refuses to surrender him, citing laws of hospitality, which, he asserts, protect his guests even from the King. The King threatens Ruy Gomez, and Doña Sol intercedes for him. The King forgives Ruy Gomez but abducts Doña Sol. Alone, Ruy Gomez releases Hernani, initially intending to fight him to the death; but when Hernani learns of Doña Sol's abduction he insists on trying to rescue her and promises to surrender himself to Ruy Gomez after Sol is safe. Hernani secures his promise by giving Ruy Gomez a horn to blow to announce the moment when Hernani should die.

Act IV.

Two months later, in June 1519, in Aachen (capital of the Holy Roman Empire), Don Carlos is awaiting the results of the imperial election while thwarting a conspiracy; among the conspirators are Don Ruy Gomez and Hernani. The latter, appointed to assassinate the king, refuses to give way to Don Ruy Gomez, who nevertheless asks him to break the pact. Don Carlos is elected emperor. He pardons the conspirators and announces the marriage of Doña Sol to Hernani. Hernani reveals his true identity: he is John of Aragon, noble but born in exile; and he abandons his idea of revenge.

Act V.

Sol and Hernani are married, but, as they enjoy their wedding feast, Hernani hears the call of the horn blown by Ruy Gomez. As Hernani is about to drink poison, Doña Sol enters the room and tries to convince him that he is hers and he does not have to listen to her uncle. She is unable to persuade him otherwise. Doña Sol, shocked by Hernani's decision to kill himself, drinks half of the poison. Hernani drinks the other half and they die in each other's arms. Ruy Gomez de Silva kills himself.

Characters.

Don Carlos is a fictionalized version of the real King Carlos I, later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Don Ruy Gomez de Silva, Duke of Pastrana, gets his name from an actual duke by that name, though the fictional version is an old man in 1519 whereas the real de Silva would have been a toddler at this date. Hernani's name comes from a Basque town where Hugo once stayed.

Hernani (Full title: Hernani, ou l'Honneur Castillan) is a drama by the French romantic author Victor Hugo. The title originates from Hernani, a Spanish town in the Southern Basque Country, where Hugo’s mother and her three children stopped on their way to General Hugo’s place of residence.


Early life and education.

Adams was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His mother is Rowan Marsh. His father is journalist Claude Adams. He attended Northern Secondary School.  Following his parents' divorce, Adams moved from Toronto to Los Angeles at age 19, where he attended the University of Southern California, earning a B.F.A. After earning the Jack Nicholson Award in 2004, which provided scholarships directly funded by the eponymous actor to outstanding performers at the school and earning his BFA, he immediately began working on a production of Edward Albee's "The Goat, or Who is Sylvia?" at the Mark Taper Forum.

Acting career.

Television.

Adams appeared in episodes of "Cold Case", "Pretty Little Liars", "Jack & Bobby", and has since had roles in "Lost", "Friday Night Lights", "Without a Trace", "Commander in Chief", "Heartland", "Ghost Whisperer", "NCIS", "Cupid", "Luck", "Raising the Bar", "Legends of Tomorrow", "Lie to Me" and "Suits". He starred as twin brothers in the 2008 ABC pilot "Good Behavior", executive produced by Rob Thomas. In 2009, he signed for the male lead in the one-hour drama "The Dealership", starring opposite Tricia Helfer and William Devane. His television appearances grew over the next few years, from guest appearances on "Numb3rs" to a recurring role as a love interest for Adrianne Palicki on "Friday Night Lights" and leads in TV features like the romantic comedy "Christmas in Boston".  In 2007, he moved up to guest appearances on top-rated shows like "Lost", where he played a young man who sought out John Locke (played by Terry O'Quinn), while maintaining his presence in the Los Angeles theater scene, most notably with an award-winning production of "Marat/Sade," which he produced and directed for the Blue House Theatre Company. In 2010, Adams guest starred in "Pretty Little Liars", in the 5th episode; "Reality Bites Me" as Ezra Fitz's college friend, Hardy.  In summer 2011, he began starring in the co-lead role of Mike Ross in "Suits" on the basic-cable USA Network, after being fired from the pilot of NBC's "Friends With Benefits". He garnered much acclaim for his role in the series which has continued into its seventh season in 2017–18. Since Season 3, Adams has been listed as a co-producer of "Suits" (with co-star Gabriel Macht) and has directed some episodes. On January 30, 2018, it was announced Adams was departing from the show following the completion of its seventh season. He appeared in HBO's 2012 TV series "Luck" as recurring character Nathan Israel.  In 2016, Adams was cast as Hourman in the TV series "Legends of Tomorrow". Playing the Rex Tyler iteration, he appeared at the end of the season 1 finale before being killed off in the season 2 premiere.

Film.

Adams' work in film includes supporting roles in "Old School" and "Two: Thirteen", and lead roles in "Weather Girl" (a 2009 Slamdance entry) and the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival competitor "Rage", directed by Sally Potter. In the beginning of 2018 he released his first own shortfilm, "We Are Here." He wrote, directed and acted the short film together with his wife Troian Bellisario.

Personal life.

Adams has been married to "Pretty Little Liars" star Troian Bellisario since December 2016. The two met in 2009 when they were cast opposite each other in the play "Equivocation". Prior to his appearance on "Pretty Little Liars", Adams and Bellisario had broken up; but they got back together after Adams' guest appearance on "Pretty Little Liars" in 2010. Adams and Bellisario married on December 10, 2016 in Santa Barbara, California. In October 2018, Adams announced the birth of the couple's daughter, Aurora.  Adams was one of the guests at his "Suits" co-star Meghan Markle’s wedding to Prince Harry at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on May 19, 2018.  Adams was awarded Honorary Life Membership of University College Dublin Law Society in September 2013. Adams plays the guitar and is an avid photographer who owns over 25 cameras.

Patrick Johannes Adams (born August 27, 1981) is a Canadian actor and director. He is best known for playing Mike Ross, a brilliant college dropout turned unlicensed lawyer in USA Network's TV series "Suits". He is also an avid photographer, with many of his photos getting more recognition after Suits' Behind the Lens and #PJAGallery events.


Origins.

In terms of population dynamics, the concept of carrying capacity was not explicitly used in 1838 by the Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst when he first published his equations based on research on modelling population growth, but was popularised in the 1920 by the American biostatisticians Raymond Pearl and Lowell Reed.  The origins of the English term "carrying capacity" are uncertain, with researchers variously stating that it was used "in the context of international shipping" or that it was first used during 19th-century laboratory experiments with micro-organisms. A recent review finds the first use of the term in an 1845 report by the US Secretary of State to the US Senate.

Factors.

In the standard ecological algebra as illustrated in the simplified of population dynamics, carrying capacity is represented by the constant K:  where "N" is the population, "r" is the maximum growth rate, "K" is the carrying capacity of the local environment, and "dN/dt", the derivative of "N" with respect to time "t", is the rate of change in population with time. Thus, the equation relates the growth rate of the population "N" to the current population size, incorporating the effect of the two constant parameters "r" and "K". (Note that decrease is negative growth.) The choice of the letter "K" came from the German "Kapazitätsgrenze" (capacity limit).  This equation is a modification of the original Verhulst model:  In this equation, the carrying capacity "K", formula_3, is  When the Verhulst model is plotted into a graph, the population change over time takes the form of a sigmoid curve, reaching its highest level at K. This is the logistic growth curve, and it is calculated with:  where  The logistic growth curve depicts how population growth rate and the carrying capacity are inter-connected. As illustrated in the logistic growth curve model, when the population size is small, the population increases exponentially. However, as population size nears the carrying capacity, the growth decreases and reaches zero at K.  What determines a specific system's carrying capacity involves a limiting factor which may be something such as available supplies of food, water, nesting areas, space or amount of waste that can be absorbed. Where resources are finite, such as for a population of "Osedax" on a whale fall or bacteria in a petridish, the population will curve back down to zero after the resources have been exhausted, with the curve reaching its apogee at K. In systems in which resources are constantly replenished, the population will reach its equilibrium at K.  Software is available to help calculate the carrying capacity of a given natural environment.

Humans.

Several estimates of the carrying capacity of the earth for humans have been made with a wide range of population numbers. A 2001 UN report said that two-thirds of the estimates fall in the range of 4 billion to 16 billion with unspecified standard errors, with a median of about 10 billion. Some of these issues have been studied by computer simulation models such as World3.  The application of the concept of carrying capacity for the human population, which exists in a non-equilibrium, has been criticized for not successfully being able to model the processes between humans and the environment.

The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained in that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available. In population ecology, carrying capacity is defined as the environment's maximal load, which is different from the concept of population equilibrium, which may be far below an environment's carrying capacity. The effect of carrying capacity on population dynamics may be modelled with a logistic function.