Question: In a scenario where a subscriber's IP traffic is offloaded from a mobile operator's network, what charging approaches can the network apply according to 3GPP specifications for this offloaded traffic?
Option 1: Only Offline Charging
Option 2: Either Online or Offline Charging
Option 3: Only Volume-Based Charging without distinction between online and offline methods
Option 4: No Charging Applicable for Offloaded Traffic
Explanation: This answer reflects the capability of the network to flexibly manage charging for offloaded traffic, aligning with efficient resource utilization and billing strategies. Applying either online (real-time) or offline (post-session) charging for offloaded IP traffic allows the mobile operator to handle subscriber billing accurately, regardless of whether the traffic remains within their network or is offloaded. This dual capability supports both immediate billing updates (online) and batched billing processes (offline), catering to various operational and subscriber needs.