Question: In a 5G non-roaming Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) scenario, where does the billing and charging function (CHF) reside for retail charging purposes?
Option 1: Within the Home Mobile Network Operator's (MNO) infrastructure, shared with the MNO's CHF.
Option 2: Deployed by the MVNO, but managed by the Home MNO for unified billing.
Option 3: Deployed and managed solely by the MVNO, separate from the MNO's network functions.
Option 4: Integrated into the User Equipment (UE) for localized billing and charging.
Explanation: In a 5G non-roaming MVNO scenario, the MVNO is responsible for its own retail charging to subscribers. The MVNO deploys and manages its own billing and charging function (CHF) for direct billing to its subscribers, without relying on other network functions from the MNO, allowing control over its retail charging processes.