Question: Where should a Core Network Element Management (EM) initiate Trace Deactivation for both Home and Foreign Subscriber Traces in UMTS and EPS?
Option 1: Always from the Radio Access Network (RAN) elements directly managing the subscriber's connection.
Option 2: From the Core Network EM, specifically targeting HSS for home subscribers and MSC Server/VLR, SGSN, or MME for foreign subscribers.
Option 3: Directly from the User Equipment (UE) to the serving network element.
Option 4: Through a centralized portal that manages all trace sessions across different networks.
Explanation: According to signalling deactivation mechanisms, Trace Deactivation must be initiated from the Core Network EM. For home subscribers, this targets the HSS, while for foreign subscribers roaming in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN), it targets the MSC Server/VLR, SGSN, or MME, ensuring trace sessions are properly deactivated within the core network's management scope.