Question: In 3GPP-based telecom networks, how are charges incurred by a user typically settled among involved parties (e.g., operators, roaming brokers) in the registration link?
Option 1: On a retail basis, with each party billing the end-user directly for services rendered.
Option 2: On a wholesale basis between different parties, up to a mutually agreed maximum credit limit, at the end of an agreed accounting period.
Option 3: Through a centralized clearinghouse that handles all billing and settlements for all parties involved.
Option 4: Via a peer-to-peer payment system, bypassing traditional operator billing infrastructure.
Explanation: Settlement on a wholesale basis between parties (e.g., network operators, roaming brokers) streamlines the process by allowing charges to be aggregated and settled in bulk at agreed intervals, rather than on a per-user or per-session basis. This method simplifies financial transactions among multiple entities involved in providing service to a roaming user, leveraging established business relationships and credit limits to facilitate trust and efficiency in the settlement process.