page:  = Ward Churchill = 
   
   Ward <unk> Churchill ( born 1947 ) is an American author and political activist . He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1990 until 2007 . The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government . His work features controversial and provocative views , written in a direct , often <unk> style . 
   In January 2005 , Churchill 's work attracted controversy because of the circulation of a 2001 essay , " On the Justice of <unk> <unk> " , in which he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and <unk> consequence of unlawful US foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century ; the essay is well known for Churchill 's use of the phrase " little <unk> " to describe the " <unk> corps " working in the World Trade Center . 
   In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research <unk> ; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so . Churchill was fired on July 24 , 2007 , leading to a claim by some scholars that he was fired because of the " Little <unk> " comment . Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment . In April 2009 a Denver jury found that Churchill was wrongly fired , <unk> him $ 1 in damages . In July 2009 , a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill 's request to order his <unk> , deciding the university has " quasi @-@ judicial immunity " . In February 2010 , Churchill appealed the judge 's decision . In November 2010 , the Colorado Court of Appeals upheld the lower @-@ court 's ruling . In September 10 , 2012 , the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the lower courts ' decisions in favor of the University of Colorado . On April 1 , 2013 , the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case . 
   In a February 2014 interview , Churchill commented that after living more than forty years in the northern plains / Colorado region , he had relocated to Atlanta , Georgia in 2013 . Churchill also stated that he had a half @-@ dozen uncompleted books which he intended to finish and publish in the next three years . 
   
   = = Early life and education = = 
   
   Churchill was born in <unk> , Illinois , to Jack <unk> Churchill and <unk> <unk> Allen . His parents divorced before he was two , and he grew up in <unk> , where he attended local schools . 
   In 1966 , he was drafted into the United States Army . On his 1980 resume , he said he served as a public @-@ information specialist who " wrote and edited the battalion <unk> and wrote news releases . " 
   In a 1987 profile on Churchill , the Denver Post reported that he was drafted , went to paratrooper school , then volunteered for Vietnam , where he served a 10 @-@ month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( <unk> ) , one of a six @-@ man team sent out to track down the enemy . The Post article also reported that Churchill was politically <unk> as a result of his experiences in Vietnam . Churchill told the Post that he had spent some time at the Chicago office of the Students for a Democratic Society ( <unk> ) in the late 1960s , and briefly taught members of the Weather Underground how to build bombs and fire weapons . 
   In 2005 , the Denver Post reported that Churchill 's military records show he was trained as a film <unk> and light truck driver , but they do not reflect paratrooper school or <unk> training . The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill having been a member of the unit , or a <unk> team . 
   Churchill received his <unk> in technological communications in 1974 and <unk> in communications theory in 1975 , both from <unk> State University , now the University of Illinois at Springfield . 
   
   = = Career = = 
   
   In 1978 , Churchill began working at the University of Colorado Boulder as an <unk> action officer in the university administration . He also <unk> on American Indian issues in the ethnic studies program . In 1990 , the University of Colorado hired him as an associate professor , although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position . The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department , without the usual six @-@ year <unk> period , after having been declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments . 
   He has long been interested in issues associated with the <unk> Act , which broke up the communal reservation lands and assigned plots to individual households . <unk> with that was the federal government 's first use of " blood quantum " to define individual membership in tribes , for what became known as the <unk> Rolls . Since re @-@ establishing self @-@ governments , <unk> recognized tribes have established their own criteria for enrollment as members , often related to descent from recognized historical lists , but less often requiring proofs of blood quantum . Some of his published works address these issues , which he has interpreted as part of the federal government 's policy of <unk> against Native Americans . 
   In 1995 Churchill discussed his views with David <unk> in an interview : 
   You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in <unk> @-@ America . But in Anglo @-@ America , while there was some preoccupation with it , it was not formalized until the passage of the General <unk> Act , mid @-@ 1880s . At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was <unk> and <unk> of at least one @-@ quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group . You couldn 't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth <unk> and be an Indian . You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter <unk> or hopefully a quarter and a quarter . The reason for this was quite clear . They were identifying Indians for purposes of <unk> them individual <unk> of land in the existing reservation base at that point . If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such , then the rest of the land would be declared surplus . So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of <unk> that would minimize the number of Indians that were available . It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to <unk> in the first place . It 's become increasingly so ever since . " ( David <unk> ( December 1995 ) . " Interview with Ward Churchill : Historical and Current <unk> " . Z Magazine . ) 
   In 1996 , Churchill moved to the new <unk> Studies Department of the University of Colorado . In 1997 , he was promoted to full professor . He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002 . 
   In January 2005 , during the controversy over his 9 / 11 remarks , Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to <unk> in June of that year . On May 16 , 2006 , the <unk> Committee of the Standing Committee on Research <unk> at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic <unk> , specifically plagiarism , fabrication , and <unk> . On July 24 , 2007 , Churchill was fired for academic <unk> in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado 's Board of <unk> . 
   
   = = <unk> and <unk> affiliation = = 
   
   In 2003 , Churchill stated , " I am myself of <unk> and Creek descent on my father 's side , <unk> on my mother 's , and am an enrolled member of the United <unk> Band of <unk> Indians . " In 1992 , Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one @-@ eighth Creek and one @-@ sixteenth <unk> . In 1993 , Churchill told the Colorado Daily that " he was one @-@ sixteenth Creek and <unk> . " Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three @-@ <unk> <unk> . 
   In a statement dated May 9 , 2005 , and posted on its website , the United <unk> Band initially said , 
   " The United <unk> Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill <unk> <unk> a member of the <unk> Band and was only given an honorary ' associate membership ' in the early 1990s because he could not prove any <unk> ancestry . " The tribe said that all of Churchill 's " past , present and future claims or <unk> of <unk> ' enrollment , ' written or spoken , including but not limited to ; biographies , curriculum <unk> , lectures , applications for employment , or any other reference not listed <unk> , are deemed <unk> by the United <unk> Band . " 
   Two days later , the United <unk> Band replaced its statement and acknowledged Churchill 's " alleged ancestry " of being <unk> : 
   " Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry , and his willingness to assist the <unk> in promoting the tribe and its causes , he was awarded an ' Associate <unk> ' as an honor , " the tribe 's website now said . " However , Mr. Churchill may possess eligibility status for <unk> Nation of Oklahoma , since he claims 1 / 16 <unk> . " 
   The tribe 's spokesperson , Lisa <unk> , stated the tribe <unk> only members with certified one @-@ quarter American Indian blood . The website statement further clarified that Churchill " was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a ' Certificate of <unk> of Indian Blood ( <unk> ) " , and the associate membership did not <unk> an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe . 
   Churchill has never asked for <unk> certification , and finds the idea of being " <unk> " by the US government offensive . 
   In June 1994 , the United <unk> Band had voted to stop <unk> associate <unk> . Such honorary associate membership recognizes an individual 's assistance to the tribe , but it has nothing to do with Indian ancestry , and it does not <unk> an individual to vote in the tribe as a member . The <unk> Band states that Churchill still holds the associate membership and it has not been rescinded . In a separate interview , <unk> Berry , formerly on the tribe 's enrollment committee and four years on its council , said that Churchill had never fulfilled a promise to help the tribe . 
   In June 2005 , the Rocky Mountain News published an article about Churchill 's genealogy and family history . It " turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor " among 142 direct ancestors [ of Churchill 's ] identified from records . The News reported that both Churchill 's birth parents were listed as white on the 1930 census , as were all but two of his great @-@ great @-@ grandparents listed on previous census and other official documents . The News found that some of Churchill 's accounts of where his ancestors had lived did not agree with documented records . Numerous members of Churchill 's extended family have longstanding family legends of Indian ancestry among ancestors ; but , none was confirmed among the 142 direct forebears of Churchill who were identified . 
   <unk> in Churchill 's university personnel file show that he was granted tenure in a " special opportunity position . " In 1994 , then <unk> @-@ Boulder Chancellor James <unk> refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was <unk> claiming to be an Indian , saying " it has always been university policy that a person 's race or ethnicity is self @-@ proving . " 
   Some of Churchill 's Native American critics , such as Vernon <unk> ( White Earth Ojibwe ) and <unk> <unk> <unk> ( Southern Cheyenne @-@ <unk> Creek ) , argue that his assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute <unk> and grounds for termination . The University has said that it does not hire on the basis of ethnicity . The University of Colorado 's Research <unk> Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity to " add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship . " The committee concluded that the allegation was not " appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research <unk> . " 
   In a 2005 interview in The Rocky Mountain News , Churchill said , " I have never been confirmed as having one @-@ quarter blood , and never said I was . And even if [ the critics ] are absolutely right , what does that have to do with this issue ? I have never claimed to be <unk> <unk> Bull . " The longtime indigenous activist Russell <unk> said in February of that year , " So I want , from this day forward , every media person nationally , internationally and locally to know that we have <unk> that Ward Churchill is a full @-@ <unk> Indian leader . " 
   
   = = = Blood quantum = = = 
   
   Churchill has responded to requests for <unk> of his claimed Indian heritage in various ways , including attacking the blood quantum upon which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements . Churchill argues that the United States instituted blood quantum laws based upon rules of <unk> in order to further goals of personal <unk> and political <unk> . 
   For decades in his writings , Churchill has argued that blood quantum laws have an inherent <unk> purpose . He says , 
   " Set the blood quantum at one @-@ quarter , hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians , let <unk> proceed as it [ has ] and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence " . 
   Churchill 's <unk> have been raised as one of the several research @-@ <unk> allegations that were brought against him in 2005 ( see below ) . He has been accused of using his interpretation of the <unk> Act to attack tribal governments that would not recognize him as a member . 
   
   = = Writing = = 
   
   Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture , and speaks about <unk> inflicted on the indigenous people of the Americas by European settlers and what he describes as the repression of native peoples that continues to this day . 
   As of 2007 , according to a report submitted on his behalf , Churchill has written 10 books on his own and co @-@ authored 4 . Some have been reprinted with updates . He has written 51 book chapters , 3 law reviews , and 50 scholarly essays ; 27 of these were <unk> . He has edited 4 volumes and co @-@ edited 3 more . 
   According to the University of Colorado investigation , " His academic publications are nearly all works of synthesis and <unk> , drawing upon studies by other scholars , not <unk> describing new research based on primary sources . " The investigation also noted that " he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals , not in the university presses or mainstream peer @-@ reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics . " In addition to his academic writing , Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion . 
   In 1986 , Churchill wrote an essay titled <unk> as <unk> : Notes on an American <unk> criticizing pacifist politics within the U.S. left as being <unk> , de facto racist and <unk> . In 1998 , <unk> Ring Publishing published the essay in a book entitled <unk> as <unk> : Reflections on the Role of Armed <unk> in North America and listing Ward Churchill as the author . The book included a preface by Ed Mead , a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Mike Ryan . The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the anti @-@ <unk> movement in the following few years . 
   Agents of <unk> ( 1988 ) , co @-@ authored by Jim <unk> Wall , describes what the authors claim was a secret war against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and ' 70s by the FBI under the <unk> program . The <unk> <unk> ( 1990 ; reissued 2002 ) , also co @-@ authored with Jim <unk> Wall , examines a series of original FBI <unk> that detail the Bureau 's activities against various leftist groups , from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to activists concerned with Central American issues in the 1980s . 
   In Fantasies of the Master Race ( 1992 ) , Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture . He focuses on such phenomena as Tony <unk> 's mystery novels , the film <unk> with Wolves , and the New Age movement , finding examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation . Churchill calls author Carlos <unk> 's claims of revealing the teachings of a <unk> Indian <unk> , the " greatest hoax since <unk> Man . " 
   <unk> for the Land ( 1993 ; reissued 2002 ) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles what he describes as the U.S. government 's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians . He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent <unk> and industrial practices such as surface mining . 
   Churchill 's Indians Are Us ? ( 1994 ) , a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race , further explores American Indian issues in popular culture and politics . He examines the movie Black Robe , the Pine Ridge Indian <unk> killings , the prosecution of Leonard <unk> , sports <unk> , the Indian Arts and <unk> Act of 1990 , and blood quantum laws , calling them tools of <unk> . Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age <unk> of <unk> and American Indian sacred traditions , and the " do @-@ it @-@ yourself <unk> " of certain contemporary authors . John P. <unk> of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of Indians Are Us ? in The American Indian Quarterly . Professor <unk> , an enrolled member of the <unk> Sioux Nation , states that Indians Are Us ? twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes . It was in this book that Churchill first made the claim that the United States distributed " smallpox @-@ infested blankets " to Indian tribes , a claim which he repeated several times over the next decade . The claim has been criticized as a <unk> . Churchill has , however , received support from some scholars . 
   From a Native Son : Selected Essays on <unk> , 1985 – 1995 ( 1996 ) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history , culture , and political activism . In his introduction to this volume , Howard <unk> <unk> " the emergence of a new generation of Native @-@ American scholars " and describes Churchill 's writing as " powerful , <unk> , <unk> of <unk> and deception " . 
   Churchill 's A Little <unk> of <unk> ( 1997 ) is a survey of ethnic cleansing in the Americas from <unk> to the present . He compares the treatment of North American Indians to historical instances of <unk> by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia , Turks against <unk> , and Europeans against the <unk> , as well as Nazis against the Poles and Jews . 
   In <unk> of Justice ( 2002 ) , Churchill argues that the U.S. ' s legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people . <unk> the evolution of federal Indian law , Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non @-@ Indians in the U.S. , but later adapted for application abroad . He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S. ' s " imperial logic , " which depends on a " corrupt form of <unk> " to establish colonial control and empire . 
   Churchill 's controversial essay on 9 / 11 was expanded into a book @-@ length manuscript , published as On the Justice of <unk> <unk> : Reflections on the <unk> of U.S. Imperial <unk> and <unk> ( 2003 ) by AK Press . The book features two other chapters , one listing US military <unk> , another listing what Churchill believes to be US violations of international law . The original essay takes the " roosting chickens " of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech , in which Malcolm X linked the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence which Kennedy <unk> as " merely a case of chickens coming home to roost . " Churchill 's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries . 
   In Kill the Indian , Save the Man : The <unk> Impact of American Indian Residential Schools ( 2004 ) , Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools ( in Canada ) or Indian boarding schools ( in the USA ) as part of government policies ( 1880s – 1980s ) which he regards as <unk> . 
   
   = = <unk> on Native American issues = = 
   
   Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co @-@ director of the Denver @-@ based American Indian Movement of Colorado , now an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement . In 1993 , he and other local <unk> leaders , including Russell <unk> , Glenn T. Morris , Robert <unk> , and David Hill , broke with the national <unk> leadership , including Dennis Banks and the brothers Vernon and Clyde <unk> , claiming that all <unk> chapters are autonomous . The <unk> Grand <unk> Council is based in Minneapolis and retains the name of the national group . It says that the schism arose when <unk> , Churchill , Glenn T. Morris and others openly supported the <unk> Indian group <unk> , who were allied with the anti @-@ revolutionary , CIA @-@ backed <unk> . 
   Journalists such as <unk> <unk> attributed the split to <unk> and other <unk> members dividing over opposition to the <unk> brothers because of their alleged involvement in the execution of Anna <unk> <unk> in December 1975 , who was then the highest @-@ ranking woman in <unk> but had been suspected of being an informant . It was a year in which other FBI <unk> had been discovered in <unk> . On November 3 , 1999 , <unk> held a press conference in Denver , Colorado in which he accused the <unk> brothers of <unk> in <unk> 's death , and named three lower @-@ level <unk> members involved in her death : <unk> Looking Cloud , John Graham , and <unk> Nelson Clark . This was the first time that an <unk> leader active at the time of the <unk> murder had publicly accused <unk> of having been involved . 
   Looking Cloud and Graham were convicted of murder in 2004 and 2010 , by federal and South Dakota state <unk> , respectively . By then Clark was being cared for in a nursing home and was not indicted . <unk> attributed the split in <unk> to divisions in the aftermath of <unk> 's murder . The journalist <unk> <unk> said in 1999 , " ... her [ <unk> 's ] death has divided the American Indian Movement ... " 
   The schism continued , with the national <unk> leadership claiming that the local <unk> leaders , such as Churchill , are tools of the U.S. government used against other American Indians . The leaders of the national <unk> organization , now called <unk> Grand <unk> Council , claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter @-@ intelligence source for the U.S. government , for example the FBI , and local , non @-@ Indian , police forces , to <unk> the national <unk> organization . Specifically , they refer to a 1993 Boulder , Colorado interview with <unk> <unk> , a former columnist for the Denver Post , in which Churchill stated that he " was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement . " In addition , Vernon <unk> accused Churchill of having ' <unk> represented himself as an Indian ' to bolster his credentials . <unk> said he complained to the University of Colorado about this as early as 1986 . 
   Churchill has been a leader of Colorado <unk> 's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade . Colorado <unk> 's leadership has come into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community , the main supporters of the parade . As early as 2004 , Churchill had claimed that such parades are unconstitutional , arguing that the <unk> Amendment to the Constitution provides Native Americans with a right not to be subjected to such displays , <unk> the First Amendment rights of non @-@ Native Americans . 
   
   = = 9 / 11 essay controversy = = 
   
   Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of <unk> <unk> . In it , he argued that the September 11 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy . He compared the role of financial workers at the World Trade Center in " ongoing <unk> American imperialism " to the role played by Adolf <unk> in organizing the Holocaust . In 2005 , this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak . This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter @-@ accusations of <unk> by Churchill and supporters . Following the controversy , the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil <unk> said , " While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views , his essay on 9 / 11 has outraged and <unk> us and the general public . " 
   A documentary called <unk> Fire : Stories from the Edge of Free Speech , broadcast on HBO , prominently features Churchill 's case in addressing the issues of free speech and First Amendment rights . 
   
   = = Research <unk> investigation = = 
   
   The controversy attracted increased academic attention to Churchill 's research , which had already been criticized by the legal scholar John <unk> and historian <unk> <unk> . Additional critics were the sociologist Thomas Brown , who had been preparing an article on Churchill 's work , and the historians <unk> Robertson and Russell <unk> , who claimed that Churchill had misrepresented their work . In 2005 , University of Colorado Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of research <unk> , including three allegations of plagiarism , and four allegations of fabrication or <unk> regarding the history of the <unk> Act , the Indian Arts and <unk> Act of 1990 , and statements that smallpox was intentionally spread to Native Americans by John Smith in <unk> and by the United States Army at Fort Clark in 1837 ( not to be confused with the well @-@ documented use of smallpox @-@ infected blankets at Fort Pitt in 1764 ) . 
   On May 16 , 2006 the University released their findings ; the <unk> Committee agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in " serious research <unk> " , including <unk> , fabrication , and two of the three allegations of plagiarism . The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions . The Standing Committee on Research <unk> accepted the findings of the <unk> Committee but also disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed . Churchill 's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University 's <unk> and <unk> Committee , which found that two of the seven findings of <unk> did not constitute <unk> offences . Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year 's suspension without pay , while two favored dismissal . 
   On July 24 , 2007 , the University <unk> voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research <unk> , <unk> the recommendation of <unk> and <unk> panel that two be dismissed . By a vote of eight to one , the <unk> determined to fire Churchill . 
   The next day , Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was <unk> for his expressing politically unpopular views . The jury in Churchill 's suit for <unk> weighed the university 's claims of academic <unk> per jury instructions it received in the case . As Stanley Fish said , " It was the jury ’ s task to determine whether Churchill ’ s dismissal would have occurred independently of the adverse political response to his <unk> protected statements . " The jury found that the alleged <unk> would not have led to Churchill 's firing and rejected the university 's academic <unk> claim as the grounds for dismissal . On April 1 , 2009 , a Colorado jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired , and awarded $ 1 in damages . As one of the jurors said later in a press interview , " it wasn 't a <unk> in his face or anything like that when we didn 't give him any money . It 's just that [ Churchill 's attorney ] David Lane kept saying this wasn 't about the money , and in the end , we took his word for that . " Churchill 's counsel asked Chief Judge Larry J. <unk> of the Denver District Court to order <unk> in light of the verdict . 
   On July 7 , 2009 , Judge <unk> found that the defendants ( university ) were entitled to quasi @-@ judicial immunity as a matter of law , vacated the jury verdict and determined that the University did not owe Churchill any financial compensation . <unk> denied Churchill 's request for <unk> at <unk> . 
   Churchill appealed both decisions . On November 24 , 2010 , a three @-@ judge panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court 's decision . In February 2011 , Churchill filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court . In late May 2011 , the Colorado Supreme Court agreed to hear his case . Court records indicate that oral arguments began June 7 , 2012 . On September 10 , 2012 , the court ruled that the University had " quasi @-@ judicial immunity " , upholding the trial court 's ruling . On April 1 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from Churchill . 
   
   = = Honors = = 
   
   1992 , Alfred University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of <unk> Letters . 
   
   = = Works = = 
   
   Books , as editor 
   <unk> and Native Americans . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1984 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 178 @-@ 9 . 
   Sharon <unk> , ed . ( 1997 ) . Islands in <unk> : The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 568 @-@ 8 . Re @-@ released as Churchill , Ward ( 2005 ) . Sharon <unk> , ed . Islands in <unk> : The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 738 @-@ 5 . 
   <unk> <unk> , ed . ( 2006 ) . <unk> The Crime Of Silence : Evidence Of U.S. War <unk> In Indochina . AK Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 21 @-@ 5 . 
   Books , as author and co @-@ author : 
   Culture versus <unk> : Essays on <unk> in the <unk> <unk> with Elisabeth Lloyd . <unk> Press . 1984 . 
   Agents of <unk> : The FBI 's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian <unk> with Jim <unk> Wall . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1988 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 6 . 
   The <unk> <unk> : <unk> from the FBI 's Secret War Against Domestic <unk> with Jim <unk> Wall . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1990 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 2 . 
   Fantasies of the Master Race : Literature , Cinema , and the Colonization of American Indians . Common Courage Press . 1992 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 348 @-@ 4 . 
   Churchill , Ward ( 1992 ) . <unk> and Jim <unk> Wall , ed . <unk> of Steel : The Politics of <unk> in America ( <unk> , Politics , Culture , Theory , Vol . 4 ed . ) . <unk> Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 17 @-@ 3 . Re @-@ released as Churchill , Ward ( 2004 ) . Jim <unk> Wall , ed . Politics of <unk> in the United States . AK Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 12 @-@ 3 . 
   <unk> for the Land : Indigenous Resistance to <unk> , <unk> and <unk> in Contemporary North America . Common Courage Press . 1993 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 001 @-@ 0 . <unk> and expanded edition : <unk> for the Land : Native North American Resistance to <unk> , <unk> and Colonization . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 415 @-@ 3 . 
   Indians Are Us ? : Culture and <unk> in Native North America . Common Courage Press . 1994 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 8 . 
   Since <unk> <unk> : Notes from the <unk> for American Indian Liberation . <unk> Press . 1995 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 03 @-@ 5 . 
   Churchill , Ward ( 1996 ) . From a Native Son : Selected Essays on <unk> 1985 – 1995 . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 4 . 
   <unk> as <unk> : Reflections on the Role of Armed <unk> in North <unk> with Mike Ryan ( introduction by Ed Mead ) . <unk> Ring . 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 07 @-@ 5 . 
   A Little <unk> of <unk> . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ 343 @-@ 9 . 
   <unk> Measures : The History of FBI Political <unk> . Common Courage Press . 2000 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 1 . 
   Acts Of Rebellion : The Ward Churchill Reader . <unk> . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ <unk> @-@ 4 . 
   <unk> of Justice : Indigenous Peoples and <unk> Law . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 0 . 
   On the Justice of <unk> <unk> : Reflections on the <unk> of U.S. Imperial <unk> and <unk> . AK Press . 2003 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 79 @-@ 1 . 
   Kill the Indian , Save the Man : The <unk> Impact of American Indian Residential Schools . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2004 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 4 . 
   Speaking Truth in the <unk> of Power : <unk> on <unk> , <unk> , and Native North America . AK Press . 2004 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 04 @-@ 8 . 
   To <unk> , <unk> And <unk> : The FBI 's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party . <unk> . 2005 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ <unk> @-@ 8 . 
   Articles 
   Churchill , Ward ( July – September 1992 ) . " I Am <unk> : Notes on the <unk> of the Fourth World " . Z <unk> 1 ( 3 ) . <unk> from the original on October 14 , 2007 . 
   Churchill , Ward ( 1994 ) . " Let 's <unk> the Fun Around " . First published as " <unk> Against <unk> " in Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill ( <unk> . ) ( 1994 ) . Race , Class and Gender : An Anthology . <unk> , CA : <unk> pp. 366 – 73 . Also published under the titles " The Indian Chant and the <unk> <unk> " and " Using Indian Names as <unk> <unk> Native Americans " . 
   Churchill , Ward ( November 1998 ) . " Smoke Signals : A History of Native Americans in Cinema " . <unk> Magazine . 
   Churchill , Ward ( Winter – Spring 2003 ) . " An American Holocaust ? The Structure of <unk> " . Socialism and Democracy 17 ( 2 ) : 25 – 76 @.@ <unk> : 10 @.@ <unk> / <unk> . 
   Churchill , Ward ( Spring 2005 ) . " The <unk> of 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 : Reflections on History , Justice and <unk> <unk> " . Alternative Press Review 9 ( 1 ) : 45 – 56 . <unk> from the original on October 2 , 2006 . 
   Churchill , Ward ( July – August 2007 ) . " The Fourth World : <unk> for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life " . Left <unk> 25 : 25 – 29 . 
   Audio and video 
   Doing Time : The Politics of <unk> , audio CD of a lecture , recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg , September 2000 ( AK Press , 2001 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 47 @-@ 0 ) 
   Life In <unk> America ( AK Press , 2003 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 72 @-@ 2 ) 
   In A Pig 's Eye : Reflections on the Police State , <unk> , and Native America ( AK Press , 2002 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 50 @-@ 0 ) 
   US Off The Planet ! : An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And <unk> <unk> , VHS video recorded July 17 , 2001 ( <unk> Media <unk> , 2002 ) 
   <unk> and <unk> in the American Left , 2003 audio CD recorded at an AK Press warehouse in Oakland ( AK Press Audio ) 
   Z <unk> Ward Churchill Audio August 10 , 2003 and earlier 
   Churchill <unk> About Academic Freedom – Free Speech Radio News February 9 , 2005 
   Ward Churchill Under Fire – Free Speech Radio News , February 3 , 2005 . 
   The Justice of <unk> <unk> : Ward Churchill <unk> The Pacifica Network Show , Democracy Now ! from February 18 , 2005 features extended Audio / Video exclusive interview with Churchill . 
   A Little <unk> of <unk> : <unk> U.S. <unk> <unk> to the Domestic <unk> of Indigenous Peoples " , recorded in North <unk> , Saskatchewan on March 19 , 2005 
   Debate with David Horowitz and Ward Churchill at George Washington University April 6 , 2006 
   " Full two @-@ hour audio of debate with David Horowitz " . <unk> Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . 
   " David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill — Round 1 " . Young Americans Foundation . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . Video and audio ( excerpt ) 
   " David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill " . <unk> Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . 
   
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   Churchill 's subjects are often American Indian figures and other themes associated with Native American Culture . He uses historical photographs as source material for works . In the early 1990s at Santa Fe Indian Market , Churchill protested the passage of the 1990 Indian Arts and <unk> Act . It requires that , to identify and exhibit works as being by a Native American , artists and craftsmen must be enrolled in a Native American tribe or designated by a tribe as an <unk> . Under federal law , Churchill cannot identify his art as by a Native American . 
   Some of Churchill 's pieces may <unk> <unk> . For example , his 1981 <unk> Winter Attack was , according to Churchill and others , based on a 1972 drawing by the artist Thomas E. <unk> Churchill printed 150 copies of Winter Attack and sold at least one of them . Other copies are available online for purchase . Churchill says that , when he produced Winter Attack , he publicly acknowledged that it was based on <unk> ' work . The online journal <unk> mentions Churchill 's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality . 
   
   