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<article doi="10.1038/emboj.2010.338" abstract="Autophagy is a membrane-mediated degradation process of macromolecule recycling. Although the formation of double-membrane degradation vesicles (autophagosomes) is known to have a central role in autophagy, the mechanism underlying this process remains elusive. The serine/threonine kinase Atg1 has a key role in the induction of autophagy. In this study, we show that overexpression of Drosophila Atg1 promotes the phosphorylation-dependent activation of the actin-associated motor protein myosin II. A novel myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-like protein, Spaghetti-squash activator (Sqa), was identified as a link between Atg1 and actomyosin activation. Sqa interacts with Atg1 through its kinase domain and is a substrate of Atg1. Significantly, myosin II inhibition or depletion of Sqa compromised the formation of autophagosomes under starvation conditions. In mammalian cells, we found that the Sqa mammalian homologue zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) and myosin II had a critical role in the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy and mammalian Atg9 (mAtg9) trafficking when cells were deprived of nutrients. Our findings provide evidence of a link between Atg1 and the control of Atg9-mediated autophagosome formation through the myosin II motor protein."><fig id="2479"><title></title><label>Figure 1</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2479"/><sd-panel panel_id="7007"><div>(A-F) <sd-tag id="sdTag3" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag487" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> activation depends on the kinase activity of <sd-tag id="sdTag11" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>. Third‐instar <sd-tag id="sdTag489" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="wing imaginal discs" ext_ids="UBERON:0000984" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="imaginal disc-derived wing" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">wing imaginal discs</sd-tag> from <sd-tag id="sdTag491" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="ptc" ext_ids="35851" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ptc" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ptc</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag22" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="GAL4" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GAL4</sd-tag> UAS‐<sd-tag id="sdTag23" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> controls or <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14587263729500" parent-tag-id="642">flies</sd-pretag> expressing indicated transgenes were stained with phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag518" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> (blue) and <sd-tag id="sdTag20" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="TRITC" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">TRITC</sd-tag>‐labelled <sd-tag id="sdTag21" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="phalloidin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">phalloidin</sd-tag> (red). Low level of phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag519" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> staining was observed in controls (A) and cells overexpressing kinase‐deficient <sd-tag id="sdTag552" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg1" ext_ids="Q8MQJ7///Q9VU14" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1///Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227///7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster///Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐KR (C), whereas a robust increase in phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag521" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> was found in cells overexpressing <sd-tag id="sdTag14" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> (B). Co‐expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag15" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag7" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="spaghetti‐squash" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">spaghetti‐squash</sd-tag> (A20A21) exhibited low level of phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag522" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> staining (D). <sd-tag id="sdTag17" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐induced high level of phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag523" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> staining was not suppressed by expression of caspase inhibitor <sd-tag id="sdTag9" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="p35" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">p35</sd-tag> (E) or by depletion of <sd-tag id="sdTag10" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg12" ext_ids="39383" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg12" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg12</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag19" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg12" ext_ids="39383" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg12" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg12</sd-tag>RNAi) (F). Bar, 20 μm.</div><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7007"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7009">(H) <sd-tag id="sdTag554" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>, but not <sd-tag id="sdTag555" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>, directly phosphorylated <sd-tag id="sdTag556" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag> in vitro. <sd-tag id="sdTag30" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag44" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>, Flag-<sd-tag id="sdTag557" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐KR, <sd-tag id="sdTag49" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag27" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag50" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag549" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐KA were <sd-tag id="sdTag559" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipated" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">immunoprecipated</sd-tag> from lysate of transfected cells and incubated in an in vitro kinase reaction mixture containing <sd-tag id="sdTag29" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="reporter" text="[γ‐32P]ATP" ext_ids="CHEBI:15422" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATP" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">[γ‐32P]ATP</sd-tag> and bacterially expressed recombinant wild‐type <sd-tag id="sdTag34" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag548" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>A20A21. As shown on the <sd-tag id="sdTag493" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="autoradiogram" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">autoradiogram</sd-tag> (top panel), wild‐type but not the kinase‐deficient <sd-tag id="sdTag35" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg1" ext_ids="Q8MQJ7///Q9VU14" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1///Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227///7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster///Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag558" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐KR) and <sd-tag id="sdTag37" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqa" ext_ids="Q95SK9" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqa</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag553" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqa" ext_ids="Q95SK9" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐KA) was autophosphorylated. No phosphorylation was seen with <sd-tag id="sdTag547" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqh" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqh</sd-tag>A20A21. The equal input of <sd-tag id="sdTag492" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="His" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">His</sd-tag>‐fusion proteins is shown on the <sd-tag id="sdTag46" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Coomassie staining" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Coomassie staining</sd-tag>. Anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag39" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag> and anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag45" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag> immunoblottings (IBs) were used as controls to quantify the amount of proteins precipitated.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7009"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2480"><title></title><label>Figure 2</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2480"/><sd-panel panel_id="7010">(A-K) Genetic interactions between <sd-tag id="sdTag51" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag52" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>, and <sd-tag id="sdTag53" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="spaghetti‐squash" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">spaghetti‐squash</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag54" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>). Compared with the ptc‐<sd-tag id="sdTag55" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="GAL4" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GAL4</sd-tag> controls (A), expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag58" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag59" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> by <sd-tag id="sdTag495" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="ptc" ext_ids="35851" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ptc" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ptc</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag60" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="GAL4" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GAL4</sd-tag> resulted in missing anterior cross‐vein phenotypes (B, C). However, RNAi‐mediated downregulation of <sd-tag id="sdTag61" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag62" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>RNAi) or <sd-tag id="sdTag63" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag64" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>RNAi) did not cause <sd-tag id="sdTag76" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="wing vein" ext_ids="UBERON:0003194" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="imaginal disc-derived wing vein" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">wing vein</sd-tag> defects (D, E). Depletion of <sd-tag id="sdTag65" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag66" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> suppressed <sd-tag id="sdTag67" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag68" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag77" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="wing vein" ext_ids="UBERON:0003194" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="imaginal disc-derived wing vein" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">wing vein</sd-tag> defects, respectively (F, I). <sd-tag id="sdTag69" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag78" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="wing" ext_ids="UBERON:0000023" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="wing" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">wing</sd-tag> defects were modulated by depletion of <sd-tag id="sdTag70" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> (G) or by co‐expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag550" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>A20A21 (H). Nevertheless, <sd-tag id="sdTag71" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag75" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="wing vein" ext_ids="UBERON:0003194" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="imaginal disc-derived wing vein" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">wing vein</sd-tag> defects were suppressed by co‐expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag551" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>A20A21 (J) but not <sd-tag id="sdTag72" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>RNAi (K).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7010"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7012">(M) <sd-tag id="sdTag79" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag80" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag81" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> WT (wild‐type) or KA, together with <sd-tag id="sdTag82" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag83" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> WT or KR. The cells were lysed 48 h after transfection and <sd-tag id="sdTag561" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> (IP) with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag84" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag> antibodies. The <sd-tag id="sdTag562" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> proteins and the total cell lysates (TCL) were analysed by <sd-tag id="sdTag560" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> (IB) with antibodies as indicated.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7012"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7013">(N) <sd-tag id="sdTag96" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag97" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag563" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Atg1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐KR and various <sd-tag id="sdTag98" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag99" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> contracts were subjected to immunoprecipitations with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag100" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag> antibody. The <sd-tag id="sdTag564" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> proteins and the total cell lysates were analysed by <sd-tag id="sdTag565" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> with antibodies as indicated.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7013"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7014">(O) <sd-tag id="sdTag111" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg1" ext_ids="Q8MQJ7///Q9VU14" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1///Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227///7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster///Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg1</sd-tag> directly phosphorylated <sd-tag id="sdTag112" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> in vitro. <sd-tag id="sdTag113" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag114" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> WT or KR <sd-tag id="sdTag567" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipated" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">immunoprecipated</sd-tag> from lysate of transfected cells was used to phosphorylate bacterially expressed recombinant <sd-tag id="sdTag568" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐K1, <sd-tag id="sdTag566" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqa" ext_ids="Q95SK9" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐K2, and <sd-tag id="sdTag569" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐C in an in vitro kinase assay. The lower panels represent equal input of <sd-tag id="sdTag133" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="His" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">His</sd-tag>‐fusion proteins and <sd-tag id="sdTag118" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> immunoprecipitates.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7014"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2481"><title></title><label>Figure 3</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2481"/><sd-panel panel_id="7015">(A) Characterization of <sd-tag id="sdTag571" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐dependent phosphorylation sites on <sd-tag id="sdTag530" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>. <sd-tag id="sdTag135" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag136" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag137" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag534" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg1" ext_ids="39454" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg1" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐KR were subjected to <sd-tag id="sdTag573" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitation" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitation</sd-tag> with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag139" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag> antibodies, followed by in vitro kinase assays with bacterially expressed <sd-tag id="sdTag529" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐K2, <sd-tag id="sdTag531" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐K2‐T194A, <sd-tag id="sdTag532" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐K2‐T239A, and <sd-tag id="sdTag535" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqa" ext_ids="Q95SK9" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐K2‐T279A as substrates. <sd-tag id="sdTag144" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg1" ext_ids="Q9VHR6" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg13" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg1</sd-tag> but not <sd-tag id="sdTag572" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg1</sd-tag>‐KR was autophosphorylated (top panel). Relative phosphorylation levels of substrates were quantified. Data are represented as mean±s.e. of triplicates. (B-D) Phosphorylation of <sd-tag id="sdTag146" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> at Thr‐279 is critical for the kinase activity of <sd-tag id="sdTag147" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7015"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7016">(B) <sd-tag id="sdTag163" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag164" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag574" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqa" ext_ids="Q95SK9" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐T279A <sd-tag id="sdTag576" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipated" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">immunoprecipated</sd-tag> from lysate of transfected cells was used to phosphorylate bacterially expressed recombinant <sd-tag id="sdTag575" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="spaghetti‐squash" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">spaghetti‐squash</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag166" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>) WT and A20A21, in an in vitro kinase assay.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7016"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7017">(C) Clonal expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag178" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag> but not <sd-tag id="sdTag577" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqa" ext_ids="Q95SK9" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐T279A (<sd-tag id="sdTag180" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>‐positive cells) in the <sd-tag id="sdTag179" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="larval wing imaginal discs" ext_ids="UBERON:0000984" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="imaginal disc-derived wing" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">larval wing imaginal discs</sd-tag> resulted in a marked increase in phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag524" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> staining (blue) and <sd-tag id="sdTag182" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="actin" ext_ids="GO:0015629" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="actin cytoskeleton" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">actin</sd-tag> reorganization (red). Bar, 20 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7017"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="29637">(D) The <sd-tag id="sdTag645" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="larval fat body" ext_ids="UBERON:0003917" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="arthropod fat body" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">larval fat body</sd-tag> of denoted genotypes were dissected, lysed, and subjected to <sd-tag id="sdTag648" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">western blot</sd-tag> analysis using anti‐phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag649" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> and anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag650" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqh" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqh</sd-tag> antibodies. For quantification, the levels of <sd-tag id="sdTag652" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> phosphorylation in each genotype were measured with ImageJ and normalized to the <sd-tag id="sdTag653" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Sqh" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Sqh</sd-tag> levels<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=29637"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2482"><title></title><label>Figure 4</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2482"/><sd-panel panel_id="7019">(A, B) Activation of <sd-tag id="sdTag578" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> on <sd-tag id="sdTag580" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> deprivation. The <sd-tag id="sdTag197" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="larval fat body" ext_ids="UBERON:0003917" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="arthropod fat body" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">larval fat body</sd-tag> of denoted genotypes under fed or starved conditions were dissected, lysed, and subjected to <sd-tag id="sdTag198" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">western blot</sd-tag> analysis using antibodies specific for phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag536" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="myosin regulatory light chain" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">myosin regulatory light chain</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag212" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag>) and total <sd-tag id="sdTag205" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag>. The <sd-tag id="sdTag208" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Rheb" ext_ids="117332" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Rheb" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Rheb</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag199" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>RNAi, <sd-tag id="sdTag539" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐T279A, <sd-tag id="sdTag579" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="spaghetti‐squash" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">spaghetti‐squash</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag537" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>A20A21), and <sd-tag id="sdTag538" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg7" ext_ids="37141" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg7" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg7</sd-tag>RNAi transgenes were expressed under the control of hs-<sd-tag id="sdTag203" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="GAL4" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GAL4</sd-tag> driver (B). For quantification, the relative phosphorylation levels of <sd-tag id="sdTag213" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> were quantified as in Figure 3D. Data are represented as mean±s.e. of triplicates.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7019"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7020">(C-J) Starvation‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag220" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="autophagosome" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagosome</sd-tag> formation was compromised by inhibition of <sd-tag id="sdTag500" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> activation. Compared with the fed condition (C), starvation induced a robust formation of <sd-tag id="sdTag231" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag221" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg8a" ext_ids="Q9W2S2" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg8a" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg8a</sd-tag> puncta in <sd-tag id="sdTag222" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="larval fat‐body cells" ext_ids="UBERON:0003917" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="arthropod fat body" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">larval fat‐body cells</sd-tag> (D). Clonal expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag224" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Atg12" ext_ids="39383" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg12" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg12</sd-tag>RNAi (E), <sd-tag id="sdTag581" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐T279A (F), <sd-tag id="sdTag225" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>RNAi (G), or <sd-tag id="sdTag540" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>A20A21 (H) markedly suppressed <sd-tag id="sdTag655" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag232" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg8a" ext_ids="Q9W2S2" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg8a" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg8a</sd-tag> puncta formation during starvation. The autophagic defects caused by <sd-tag id="sdTag583" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>‐T279A and <sd-tag id="sdTag582" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqa" ext_ids="36002" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqa" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqa</sd-tag>RNAi were rescued by co‐expression of the constitutively active <sd-tag id="sdTag541" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>E20E21 (I) and <sd-tag id="sdTag542" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>D20D21 (J), respectively. Bar, 20 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7020"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7021">(K) The average number of <sd-tag id="sdTag249" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag250" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg8a" ext_ids="Q9W2S2" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Atg8a" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg8a</sd-tag> marked <sd-tag id="sdTag235" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagosomes" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagosomes</sd-tag> per cell is shown (data are represented as mean±s.e. of 20 fat‐body samples imaged per genotype; ***P0.001).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7021"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7022">(L) Inhibition of <sd-tag id="sdTag501" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> activity increased sensitivity to starvation. Flies carrying transgenes under the control of <sd-tag id="sdTag253" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="fat body" ext_ids="UBERON:0003917" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="arthropod fat body" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">fat body</sd-tag>‐specific <sd-tag id="sdTag251" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Cg" ext_ids="36571" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="cg" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Cg</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag252" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="GAL4" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GAL4</sd-tag> driver were used for further analysis. Histogram illustrating the <sd-tag id="sdTag644" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="survival" ext_ids="OBI_0000699" norm_text="" ext_dbs="OBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="survival assessment" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/OBI?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/">survival</sd-tag> curve of adult female <sd-tag id="sdTag642" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="flies" ext_ids="7227" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">flies</sd-tag> of denoted genotypes when placed under starved conditions. Data are mean±s.e. from triplicate experiments (n=100 <sd-tag id="sdTag643" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="flies" ext_ids="7227" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">flies</sd-tag>/genotype/treatment). *P0.05, **P0.01, ***P0.001. See Supplementary data for genotypes.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7022"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2483"><title></title><label>Figure 5</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2483"/><sd-panel panel_id="7023">(A) <sd-tag id="sdTag588" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Ulk1</sd-tag> interacted with <sd-tag id="sdTag589" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag>. <sd-tag id="sdTag263" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag264" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag267" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="O43293" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ZIPK</sd-tag> together with <sd-tag id="sdTag265" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag268" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Ulk1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag590" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Ulk1</sd-tag>‐KI were subjected to immunoprecipitations with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag266" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag> antibody. The <sd-tag id="sdTag591" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> proteins and the total cell lysates were analysed by <sd-tag id="sdTag592" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> with antibodies as indicated.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7023"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7024">(B) <sd-tag id="sdTag285" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐tagged kinase‐inactive <sd-tag id="sdTag595" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag>‐KA (K42A) was expressed in <sd-tag id="sdTag282" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> with <sd-tag id="sdTag283" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>‐tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag598" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Ulk1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag596" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Ulk1</sd-tag>‐KI. Cell lysates were incubated with or without <sd-tag id="sdTag594" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="intervention" text="alkaline phosphatase" ext_ids="P19111" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ALPI" ext_tax_ids="9913" ext_tax_names="Bos taurus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">alkaline phosphatase</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag593" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="intervention" text="CIP" ext_ids="P19111" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ALPI" ext_tax_ids="9913" ext_tax_names="Bos taurus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">CIP</sd-tag>) and analysed by <sd-tag id="sdTag597" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> with antibodies as indicated.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7024"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7025"><div>(C) Myosin II was activated upon <sd-tag id="sdTag599" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> deprivation in <sd-tag id="sdTag292" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7 cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7 cells</sd-tag>. <sd-tag id="sdTag603" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7 cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7 cells</sd-tag> were cultured in <sd-tag id="sdTag293" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag> containing <sd-tag id="sdTag600" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag> medium (<sd-tag id="sdTag601" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich condition) or in <sd-tag id="sdTag295" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="Earle's balanced salt solution" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Earle's balanced salt solution</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag296" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag>; starved condition) for 2 h. The <sd-tag id="sdTag505" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> activity was significantly downregulated after EBSS‐starved cells were replenished with fresh <sd-tag id="sdTag506" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag> medium containing 10% <sd-tag id="sdTag298" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="component" text="FBS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">FBS</sd-tag> for 2 h. The <sd-tag id="sdTag507" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> activity was quantified and expressed as a fold changes compared with the <sd-tag id="sdTag602" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag> controls. Each value represents mean±s.e. of triplicates.</div><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7025"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7026">(D) <sd-tag id="sdTag605" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag> cells stably infected with <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14395590534670" parent-tag-id="637">lentivirus</sd-pretag> expressing control (shLuc), <sd-tag id="sdTag303" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Ulk1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag304" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="O43293" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ZIPK</sd-tag> shRNA were cultured in <sd-tag id="sdTag606" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich <sd-tag id="sdTag607" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag> medium (F) or <sd-tag id="sdTag306" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag> (S) for 2 h. Effects of <sd-tag id="sdTag308" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Ulk1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag309" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag> knockdown on starvation‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag508" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> activation were analysed by <sd-tag id="sdTag608" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> with antibodies as indicated. Data are mean±s.e. of triplicates.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7026"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2484"><title></title><label>Figure 6</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2484"/><sd-panel panel_id="7027">(A) <sd-tag id="sdTag316" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag319" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag317" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> cells stably infected with <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14395591346380" parent-tag-id="637">lentivirus</sd-pretag> expressing control (shLuc), <sd-tag id="sdTag321" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag>, or non‐muscle myosin heavy chain‐IIA (<sd-tag id="sdTag318" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="4627" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag>) shRNA were cultured in <sd-tag id="sdTag609" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich medium (<sd-tag id="sdTag332" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag>) or starvation medium (<sd-tag id="sdTag322" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="Earle's balanced salt solution" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Earle's balanced salt solution</sd-tag>; <sd-tag id="sdTag323" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag>) in the presence or absence of lysosomal inhibitor <sd-tag id="sdTag333" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag509" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BafA1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BafA1</sd-tag>) for 2 h. Depletion of <sd-tag id="sdTag325" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag326" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="4627" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag> markedly inhibited starvation‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag327" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag328" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9GZQ8///Q9BXW4///Q9H492" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta formation. Quantification of the number of <sd-tag id="sdTag329" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag330" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9GZQ8///Q9BXW4///Q9H492" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> dots per cell (lower panel) was shown (data are represented as mean±s.e. of 100 cells, ***P0.001).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7027"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7028">(B) Cells as in (A) were cultured in <sd-tag id="sdTag610" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich medium (F) or <sd-tag id="sdTag335" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag> (S) with or without <sd-tag id="sdTag611" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BafA1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BafA1</sd-tag> for 2 h. Effects of <sd-tag id="sdTag337" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag338" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="4627" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag> knockdown on starvation‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag339" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag340" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> conversion were assessed by <sd-tag id="sdTag612" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag341" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>, anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag342" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="O43293" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ZIPK</sd-tag>, anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag343" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="P35579" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag>, and anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag358" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="tubulin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">tubulin</sd-tag> antibodies. The relative ratio of <sd-tag id="sdTag613" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>II/<sd-tag id="sdTag614" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>I is shown at the right panel. Data are mean±s.e. of triplicates.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7028"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2485"><title></title><label>Figure 7</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2485"/><sd-panel panel_id="7029">(A) The <sd-tag id="sdTag361" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="fat body" ext_ids="UBERON:0003917" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="arthropod fat body" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">fat body</sd-tag> of <sd-tag id="sdTag362" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="spaghetti‐squash" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">spaghetti‐squash</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag618" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">sqh</sd-tag>AX3); <sd-tag id="sdTag376" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="sqh" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">sqh</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag363" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> larva under fed or starved conditions were dissected and subjected to immunofluorescence analysis. <sd-tag id="sdTag364" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag365" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> and phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag615" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="myosin regulatory light chain" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">myosin regulatory light chain</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag367" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag>) were enriched in <sd-tag id="sdTag381" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="cell–cell junction" ext_ids="GO:0005911" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="cell-cell junction" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cell-cell junction</sd-tag> under <sd-tag id="sdTag616" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich (fed) condition. Under starvation conditions, <sd-tag id="sdTag368" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Sqh" ext_ids="31554" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Sqh</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag369" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> and phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag617" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P40423" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="sqh" ext_tax_ids="7227" ext_tax_names="Drosophila melanogaster" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> were localized to both <sd-tag id="sdTag641" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="cell–cell junction" ext_ids="GO:0005911" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="cell-cell junction" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cell-cell junction</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag382" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="perinuclear region" ext_ids="GO:0048471" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="perinuclear region of cytoplasm" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">perinuclear region</sd-tag>. <sd-tag id="sdTag383" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="Actin" ext_ids="GO:0015629" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="actin cytoskeleton" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">Actin</sd-tag> was stained with <sd-tag id="sdTag372" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="TRITC" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">TRITC</sd-tag>‐labelled <sd-tag id="sdTag373" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="phalloidin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">phalloidin</sd-tag> (red) and <sd-tag id="sdTag378" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="nucleus" ext_ids="GO:0005634" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="nucleus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">nucleus</sd-tag> was stained with <sd-tag id="sdTag379" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DAPI" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DAPI</sd-tag> (blue). Bar, 20 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7029"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7030">(B) Starvation induced redistribution of <sd-tag id="sdTag510" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="myosin II" ext_ids="GO:0016460" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="myosin II complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">myosin II</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag384" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag385" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag386" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> cells. Both phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag619" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P24844///P19105///O14950" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL9///MYL12A///MYL12B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag387" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="O14950///P19105///P24844" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL12B///MYL12A///MYL9" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> were localized in peripheral region of cells in <sd-tag id="sdTag620" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich medium (<sd-tag id="sdTag388" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag>), whereas they redistributed to the <sd-tag id="sdTag389" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="perinuclear region" ext_ids="GO:0048471" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="perinuclear region of cytoplasm" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">perinuclear region</sd-tag> and co‐localized with <sd-tag id="sdTag390" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag391" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> under starvation conditions (<sd-tag id="sdTag392" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="Earle's balanced salt solution" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Earle's balanced salt solution</sd-tag>; <sd-tag id="sdTag393" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag>). Bar, 10 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7030"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7031">(C) <sd-tag id="sdTag403" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag404" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag405" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> cells cultured in <sd-tag id="sdTag621" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich (<sd-tag id="sdTag406" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag>) or starved (<sd-tag id="sdTag407" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag>) conditions were homogenized and subjected to centrifugation, and the resulting post‐nuclear supernatant (PNS) was fractionated by high‐speed centrifugation into <sd-tag id="sdTag415" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="membrane" ext_ids="GO:0016020" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="membrane" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">membrane</sd-tag> pellet and <sd-tag id="sdTag417" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="cytosol" ext_ids="GO:0005829" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="cytosol" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cytosol</sd-tag>. Proteins were resolved by <sd-tag id="sdTag412" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="SDS–PAGE" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">SDS-PAGE</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag624" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag> with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag413" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TGN46" ext_ids="O43493" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TGOLN2" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TGN46</sd-tag> antibody as a control for <sd-tag id="sdTag623" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="membrane" ext_ids="GO:0016020" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="membrane" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">membrane</sd-tag>‐association proteins, anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag414" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="caspase‐3" ext_ids="P42574" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="CASP3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">caspase‐3</sd-tag> as a control for cytosolic proteins. The levels of phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag622" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P24844///O14950///P19105" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL9///MYL12B///MYL12A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag410" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="O14950///P19105///P24844" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL12B///MYL12A///MYL9" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> in each fraction were quantified using ImageJ and plotted relative to their amounts in PNS (n=3). Each value represents mean±s.e. of three experiments. *P0.05, **P0.01.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7031"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2486"><title></title><label>Figure 8</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2486"/><sd-panel panel_id="7032">(A) <sd-tag id="sdTag433" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Immunofluorescence" ext_ids="BAO_0000450" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="fluorescence microscopy" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Immunofluorescence</sd-tag> analysis of <sd-tag id="sdTag422" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-m<sd-tag id="sdTag626" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Atg9" ext_ids="285973///79065" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9B///ATG9A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg9</sd-tag> and phospho‐myosin regulatory light chain (<sd-tag id="sdTag424" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="O14950///P19105///P24844" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL12B///MYL12A///MYL9" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag>) in <sd-tag id="sdTag425" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag426" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-m<sd-tag id="sdTag627" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg9" ext_ids="Q674R7///Q7Z3C6" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9B///ATG9A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg9</sd-tag> cells. <sd-tag id="sdTag427" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-m<sd-tag id="sdTag628" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg9" ext_ids="Q674R7///Q7Z3C6" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9B///ATG9A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg9</sd-tag> was enriched in the <sd-tag id="sdTag420" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="trans‐Golgi network" ext_ids="GO:0005802" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="trans-Golgi network" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">trans‐Golgi network</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag421" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="TGN" ext_ids="GO:0005802" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="trans-Golgi network" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">TGN</sd-tag>) labelled with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag428" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TGN46" ext_ids="O43493" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TGOLN2" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TGN46</sd-tag> antibody and phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag545" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P24844///P19105///O14950" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL9///MYL12A///MYL12B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> localized to cell peripheral in <sd-tag id="sdTag625" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag>‐rich condition (<sd-tag id="sdTag429" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag>). <sd-tag id="sdTag430" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-m<sd-tag id="sdTag629" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg9" ext_ids="Q674R7///Q7Z3C6" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9B///ATG9A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg9</sd-tag> redistributed and co‐localized with phospho‐<sd-tag id="sdTag546" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="MRLC" ext_ids="P24844///P19105///O14950" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYL9///MYL12A///MYL12B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">MRLC</sd-tag> in starvation condition (<sd-tag id="sdTag431" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="Earle's balanced salt solution" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Earle's balanced salt solution</sd-tag>; <sd-tag id="sdTag432" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag>).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7032"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7033">(B) mAtg9 interacted with non‐muscle myosin heavy chain‐IIA (<sd-tag id="sdTag630" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="P35579" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag>) under starvation conditions. <sd-tag id="sdTag441" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> (right panel) or <sd-tag id="sdTag442" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="293T cells" ext_ids="CVCL_0063" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HEK293T" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">293T cells</sd-tag> stably infected with <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14395591183500" parent-tag-id="637">lentivirus</sd-pretag> expressing control (shLuc), UNC‐51‐like kinases (<sd-tag id="sdTag444" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="Ulk1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Ulk1</sd-tag>) or zipper‐interacting protein kinase (<sd-tag id="sdTag445" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag>) shRNA (left panel) were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag440" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="V5" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">V5</sd-tag>‐tagged m<sd-tag id="sdTag634" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Atg9" ext_ids="285973///79065" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9B///ATG9A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg9</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag447" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-tagged <sd-tag id="sdTag448" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="4627" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag>. At 48 h after transfection, cells were incubated in either <sd-tag id="sdTag450" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="serum" ext_ids="UBERON:0001977" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="serum" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">serum</sd-tag>‐containing medium (<sd-tag id="sdTag451" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="DMEM" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DMEM</sd-tag>) or <sd-tag id="sdTag452" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="undefined" role="component" text="EBSS" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">EBSS</sd-tag> for 2 h with or without the treatment of 50 μM <sd-tag id="sdTag459" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="ML‐7" ext_ids="CHEBI:78761" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="ML-7" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ML‐7</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag460" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="blebbistatin" ext_ids="CHEBI:75379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="blebbistatin" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">blebbistatin</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag636" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="Blebb" ext_ids="CHEBI:75379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="blebbistatin" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">Blebb</sd-tag>). Cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag631" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag454" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="V5" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">V5</sd-tag> antibody and <sd-tag id="sdTag632" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag> with indicated antibodies.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7033"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="7034">(C) <sd-tag id="sdTag464" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MCF7" ext_ids="CVCL_0031" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="MCF-7" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MCF7</sd-tag>/<sd-tag id="sdTag465" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-m<sd-tag id="sdTag639" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Atg9" ext_ids="Q674R7///Q7Z3C6" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9B///ATG9A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Atg9</sd-tag> cells were stably infected with <sd-tag id="sdTag637" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="lentivirus" ext_ids="11646" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lentivirus" ext_tax_ids="11646" ext_tax_names="Lentivirus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">lentivirus</sd-tag> expressing control (shLuc), <sd-tag id="sdTag468" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag>, or <sd-tag id="sdTag469" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="4627" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag> shRNA. Under starved conditions, m<sd-tag id="sdTag640" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="Atg9" ext_ids="79065///285973" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG9A///ATG9B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">Atg9</sd-tag> was redistributed from the <sd-tag id="sdTag471" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="TGN" ext_ids="GO:0005802" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="trans-Golgi network" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">TGN</sd-tag> to a dispersed peripheral pool in control cells (shLuc). Starvation‐induced <sd-tag id="sdTag473" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-mAtg9 redistribution was blocked in <sd-tag id="sdTag475" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ZIPK" ext_ids="1613" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DAPK3" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ZIPK</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag476" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="NMHC‐IIA" ext_ids="4627" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MYH9" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">NMHC‐IIA</sd-tag> knockdown cells. The images were analysed by quantifying mAtg9 localization in cells for either a <sd-tag id="sdTag478" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="TGN" ext_ids="GO:0005802" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="trans-Golgi network" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">TGN</sd-tag>‐enriched or dispersed pattern. Data are represented as mean±s.e. of 70 cells. *P0.05, **P0.01. Bar, 10 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=7034"/></sd-panel></fig></article>