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<article doi="10.1038/emboj.2009.242" abstract="The p53-inducible TIGAR protein functions as a fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, promoting the pentose phosphate pathway and helping to lower intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS functions in the regulation of many cellular responses, including autophagy--a response to stress conditions such as nutrient starvation and metabolic stress. In this study, we show that TIGAR can modulate ROS in response to nutrient starvation or metabolic stress, and functions to inhibit autophagy. The ability of TIGAR to limit autophagy correlates strongly with the suppression of ROS, with no clear effects on the mTOR pathway, and is p53 independent. The induction of autophagy in response to loss of TIGAR can function to moderate apoptotic response by restraining ROS levels. These results reveal a complex interplay in the regulation of ROS, autophagy and apoptosis in response to TIGAR expression, and shows that proteins similar to TIGAR that regulate glycolysis can have a profound effect on the autophagic response through ROS regulation."><fig id="1316"><title></title><label>Figure 1</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1316"/><sd-panel panel_id="3036"><sd-tag id="sdTag388" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> regulates intracellular <sd-tag id="sdTag394" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in response to <sd-tag id="sdTag337" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress. (A) <sd-tag id="sdTag393" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in <sd-tag id="sdTag389" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag399" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag390" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> (clones <sd-tag id="sdTag391" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#5 and <sd-tag id="sdTag392" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#7) or control cells (clones Cont#1 and Cont#3) left untreated, after 6 h of <sd-tag id="sdTag338" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or 24 h of metabolic stress. <sd-tag id="sdTag395" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels were measured by <sd-tag id="sdTag398" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="flow cytometry" ext_ids="BAO_0000005" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="flow cytometry" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">flow cytometry</sd-tag> after <sd-tag id="sdTag397" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> treatment. The results are expressed as the mean <sd-tag id="sdTag396" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> fluorescence (and standard deviation), from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3036"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3037"><sd-tag id="sdTag9" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> regulates intracellular <sd-tag id="sdTag10" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in response to <sd-tag id="sdTag324" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress.(B) Basal, <sd-tag id="sdTag327" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation-induced (5 h) or metabolic stress-induced (18 h) <sd-tag id="sdTag11" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in <sd-tag id="sdTag12" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells in the presence of either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag13" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA1 or <sd-tag id="sdTag14" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA2, measured by <sd-tag id="sdTag15" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="flow cytometry" ext_ids="BAO_0000005" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="flow cytometry" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">flow cytometry</sd-tag> after <sd-tag id="sdTag400" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> treatment. The results are expressed as the mean intensity of cell fluorescence (and standard deviation). * represents significant difference from control conditions (P<0.05).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3037"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1317"><title></title><label>Figure 2</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1317"/><sd-panel panel_id="3038"><sd-tag id="sdTag19" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> expression modulates autophagy in response to <sd-tag id="sdTag328" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress. (A) (Left panel) <sd-tag id="sdTag411" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="confocal microscopy" ext_ids="BAO_0000453" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="confocal microscopy" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">confocal microscopy</sd-tag> images of the fluorescence in <sd-tag id="sdTag20" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag21" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag22" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> (clone <sd-tag id="sdTag23" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#7) or control cells (clone Cont#1) and infected with an <sd-tag id="sdTag332" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="adenovirus" ext_ids="10535" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Adenovirus" ext_tax_ids="10535" ext_tax_names="unidentified adenovirus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">adenovirus</sd-tag> expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag26" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag27" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> for 16 h. Cells were then left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag329" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h or to metabolic stress for 24 h. (Right panel) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag30" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag29" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-positive cells displaying <sd-tag id="sdTag31" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> puncta from three independent experiments. The mean values with standard deviation are presented.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3038"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3039"><sd-tag id="sdTag50" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> expression modulates autophagy in response to <sd-tag id="sdTag333" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress.(B) (Left panel) <sd-tag id="sdTag414" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Confocal microscopy" ext_ids="BAO_0000453" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="confocal microscopy" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Confocal microscopy</sd-tag> images of the fluorescence in <sd-tag id="sdTag54" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag55" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag56" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> and transfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag57" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs. After 48 h transfection, cells were then left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag334" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 5 h or to metabolic stress for 18 h. (Right panel) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag62" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag63" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-positive cells displaying <sd-tag id="sdTag64" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> puncta from three independent experiments. The mean values with standard deviation are presented.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3039"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3040"><sd-tag id="sdTag341" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> expression modulates autophagy in response to <sd-tag id="sdTag342" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress. (C) (Left panel) <sd-tag id="sdTag87" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> showing the expression levels of endogenous <sd-tag id="sdTag68" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-I, <sd-tag id="sdTag69" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-II and <sd-tag id="sdTag70" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="Q9NQ88" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TIGAR</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag71" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells transfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag72" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs, and 48 h later exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag343" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 0, 2.5 and 6 h. (Middle panel) <sd-tag id="sdTag86" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> showing the expression levels of endogenous <sd-tag id="sdTag75" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-I, <sd-tag id="sdTag76" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-II and <sd-tag id="sdTag344" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag78" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag79" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag80" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> (clones <sd-tag id="sdTag81" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#5 and <sd-tag id="sdTag82" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#7) or control cells (clones Cont#1 and Cont#3) and left untreated. (Right panel) <sd-tag id="sdTag90" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> showing the expression levels of <sd-tag id="sdTag91" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="p62" ext_ids="Q13501" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="SQSTM1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">p62</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag92" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="COX-IV" ext_ids="P13073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="COX4I1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">COX-IV</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag345" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag84" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells transfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag85" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs and left untreated. <sd-tag id="sdTag93" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="Actin" ext_ids="P60709" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ACTB" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">Actin</sd-tag> expression was examined as a loading control.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3040"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3041"><sd-tag id="sdTag386" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="Q9NQ88" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TIGAR</sd-tag> expression modulates autophagy in response to <sd-tag id="sdTag349" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress.(D) <sd-tag id="sdTag96" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> showing the expression levels of endogenous <sd-tag id="sdTag387" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="Q9NQ88" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TIGAR</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag98" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells after exposure to <sd-tag id="sdTag350" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation or metabolic stress for 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8 h; * represents significant difference from control conditions (P<0.05); # represents a lack of significant difference from control conditions (P>0.05).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3041"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1318"><title></title><label>Figure 3</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1318"/><sd-panel panel_id="3042"><sd-tag id="sdTag354" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> expression modulates autophagy independently of p53. (A) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag104" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag105" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-positive cells displaying <sd-tag id="sdTag106" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> puncta. <sd-tag id="sdTag417" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag108" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag109" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> were transfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag110" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs, and 48 h after transfection, cells were left untreated (t0) or treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag114" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="Bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">Bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (100 nM) for 1 or 2 h (t1 and t2). The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag112" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag113" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated at the indicated time points. Data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3042"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3043">(B) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag116" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag117" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-positive cells displaying <sd-tag id="sdTag118" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> puncta. <sd-tag id="sdTag418" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag120" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag121" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> were cotransfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag122" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs, and scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag128" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="p53" ext_ids="7157" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TP53" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">p53</sd-tag> siRNA. After 48 h transfection, cells were left untreated or exposed for 5 h to <sd-tag id="sdTag356" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation. The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag126" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag127" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated, and data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3043"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3044">(C) <sd-tag id="sdTag129" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> showing the expression levels of endogenous <sd-tag id="sdTag130" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="p53" ext_ids="P04637" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TP53" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">p53</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag131" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="Q9NQ88" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TIGAR</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag132" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells cotransfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag133" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs, and scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag134" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="p53" ext_ids="7157" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TP53" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">p53</sd-tag> siRNA, and 48 h later exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag357" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 5 h. Actin expression was examined as a loading control.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3044"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3045">(D) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag139" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag140" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag>-positive cells displaying <sd-tag id="sdTag141" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> puncta. <sd-tag id="sdTag419" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag143" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag144" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> were cotransfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag145" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs, and scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag151" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="DRAM" ext_ids="55332" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="DRAM1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">DRAM</sd-tag> siRNA1/2. After 48 h transfection, cells were left untreated or exposed for 5 h to <sd-tag id="sdTag358" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation. The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag149" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag150" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated, and data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments; * represents significant difference from starved control conditions (P<0.05); @ represents significant difference from untreated control conditions (P<0.05); # represents a lack of significant difference from control conditions (P>0.05).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3045"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1319"><title></title><label>Figure 4</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1319"/><sd-panel panel_id="3046">(A) <sd-tag id="sdTag420" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells were left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag359" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h or to metabolic stress for 24 h, with or without treatment with <sd-tag id="sdTag160" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO1" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939///CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI///ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine///L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=///http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">AO1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag161" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="NAC" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">NAC</sd-tag> (2 mM) and <sd-tag id="sdTag162" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="L-ascorbic acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">L-ascorbic acid</sd-tag> (2 mM)) for 24 h. The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag158" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag159" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated, and data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3046"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3047">(B) (Left panel) <sd-tag id="sdTag163" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in <sd-tag id="sdTag164" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells left untreated or treated with 0.5 or 1 mM of <sd-tag id="sdTag360" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="H2O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:16240" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="hydrogen peroxide" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">H2O2</sd-tag> for 24 h. <sd-tag id="sdTag166" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels were measured by <sd-tag id="sdTag167" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="flow cytometry" ext_ids="BAO_0000005" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="flow cytometry" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">flow cytometry</sd-tag> after <sd-tag id="sdTag402" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> treatment. The results are expressed as the mean <sd-tag id="sdTag403" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> fluorescence (and standard deviation) from three independent experiments. (Right panel) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag169" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag170" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta positive cells for cells treated as described above. Data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3047"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3048">(C) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag173" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag174" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta positive cells. <sd-tag id="sdTag421" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag176" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag177" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> were transfected with vector pCHER1A expressing the <sd-tag id="sdTag404" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="mCherry" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">mCherry</sd-tag> gene as control, or expression plasmids for <sd-tag id="sdTag178" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag179" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag193" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag194" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FBPase-2" ext_ids="114508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fbp2" ext_tax_ids="10116" ext_tax_names="Rattus norvegicus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FBPase-2</sd-tag>. After 48 h transfection, cells were left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag361" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h or to metabolic stress for 24 h, with or without treatment with <sd-tag id="sdTag185" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO1" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939///CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI///ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine///L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=///http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">AO1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag186" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="NAC" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">NAC</sd-tag> (2 mM) and <sd-tag id="sdTag187" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="L-ascorbic acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">L-ascorbic acid</sd-tag> (2 mM)) for 24 h. The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag189" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag190" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9GZQ8///Q9H492" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated, and data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3048"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3049">(D) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag195" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag196" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta positive cells. Cells were left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag364" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h with or without treatment with <sd-tag id="sdTag199" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO1" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939///CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI///ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine///L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=///http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">AO1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag200" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="NAC" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">NAC</sd-tag> (2 mM) and <sd-tag id="sdTag201" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="L-ascorbic acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">L-ascorbic acid</sd-tag> (2 mM)), <sd-tag id="sdTag213" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO2" ext_ids="448288" norm_text="" ext_dbs="PubChem" in_caption="True" ext_names="CHEMBL354739" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/">AO2</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag214" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="glutathione ethyl ester" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">glutathione ethyl ester</sd-tag> (4 mM)) or <sd-tag id="sdTag215" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO3" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">AO3</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag216" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="ethyl pyruvate" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">ethyl pyruvate</sd-tag> (4 mM)) for 24 h. <sd-tag id="sdTag408" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag204" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag205" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> were transfected with vector pCHER1A expressing the <sd-tag id="sdTag407" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="mCherry" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">mCherry</sd-tag> gene as control, or expression plasmid for <sd-tag id="sdTag208" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag209" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>. After 48 h transfection, cells were treated. The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag211" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag212" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9H492///Q9BXW4///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated, and data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3049"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3050">(E) (Left panel) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag217" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag218" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta positive cells. Cells were left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag367" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 5 h or to metabolic stress for 18 h, with or without treatment with <sd-tag id="sdTag223" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO1" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939///CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI///ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine///L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=///http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">AO1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag224" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="NAC" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">NAC</sd-tag> (2 mM) and <sd-tag id="sdTag422" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="L-ascorbic acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">L-ascorbic acid</sd-tag> (2 mM)) for 24 h. <sd-tag id="sdTag227" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag228" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag229" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> in the presence of either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag230" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA1 or <sd-tag id="sdTag231" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA2. (Right panel) Basal or <sd-tag id="sdTag368" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation-induced (5 h) <sd-tag id="sdTag234" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in <sd-tag id="sdTag235" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells in the presence of either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag236" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA1 or <sd-tag id="sdTag237" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA2 with or without treatment with <sd-tag id="sdTag238" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="AO1" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939///CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI///ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine///L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=///http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">AO1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag239" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="NAC" ext_ids="CHEBI:28939" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="N-acetyl-L-cysteine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">NAC</sd-tag> (2 mM) and <sd-tag id="sdTag240" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="L-ascorbic acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:29073" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="L-ascorbic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">L-ascorbic acid</sd-tag> (2 mM)) for 24 h, measured by <sd-tag id="sdTag242" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="flow cytometry" ext_ids="BAO_0000005" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="flow cytometry" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">flow cytometry</sd-tag> after <sd-tag id="sdTag405" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> treatment. The results are expressed as the mean intensity of cell fluorescence (and standard deviation). * represents significant difference from control conditions (P<0.05); # represents a lack of significant difference from control conditions (P>0.05).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3050"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1320"><title></title><label>Figure 5</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1320"/><sd-panel panel_id="3051">(A) <sd-tag id="sdTag244" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> showing knockdown of <sd-tag id="sdTag245" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ATG5" ext_ids="Q9H1Y0" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG5" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ATG5</sd-tag> protein expression by <sd-tag id="sdTag246" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG5" ext_ids="9474" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG5" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG5</sd-tag> siRNA.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3051"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3052">(B) <sd-tag id="sdTag247" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="RT–PCR" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">RT-PCR</sd-tag> showing knockdown of <sd-tag id="sdTag248" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="assayed" text="ATG10" ext_ids="83734" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG10" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG10</sd-tag> mRNA expression by <sd-tag id="sdTag249" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG10" ext_ids="83734" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG10" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG10</sd-tag> siRNA.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3052"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3053">(C) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag250" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag251" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9H492///Q9BXW4///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta positive cells. <sd-tag id="sdTag424" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag253" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag254" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> in the presence of either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag255" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA1 or <sd-tag id="sdTag256" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA2, and either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag257" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG5" ext_ids="9474" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG5" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG5</sd-tag> siRNA or <sd-tag id="sdTag258" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG10" ext_ids="83734" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG10" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG10</sd-tag> siRNA. After 48 h, cells were left untreated or exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag372" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 5 h.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3053"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3054">(D) <sd-tag id="sdTag262" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="ROS" ext_ids="CHEBI:26523" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="reactive oxygen species" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">ROS</sd-tag> levels in <sd-tag id="sdTag263" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells in the presence of either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag264" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA1 or <sd-tag id="sdTag265" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA2, and scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag266" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG5" ext_ids="9474" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG5" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG5</sd-tag> siRNA or <sd-tag id="sdTag267" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG10" ext_ids="83734" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG10" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG10</sd-tag> siRNA, measured by <sd-tag id="sdTag268" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="flow cytometry" ext_ids="BAO_0000005" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="flow cytometry" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">flow cytometry</sd-tag> after <sd-tag id="sdTag406" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="DCF" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">DCF</sd-tag> treatment. After 48 h, cells were left untreated or exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag375" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 5 h. The results are expressed as the mean intensity of cell fluorescence (and standard deviation). * represents significant difference from control conditions (P<0.05); # represents a lack of significant difference from control conditions (P>0.05).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3054"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1321"><title></title><label>Figure 6</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1321"/><sd-panel panel_id="3055">(A) Quantitation of the percentage of <sd-tag id="sdTag273" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag274" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9BXW4///Q9H492///Q9GZQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A///MAP1LC3B" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta positive cells. <sd-tag id="sdTag425" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag276" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag277" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> (clones <sd-tag id="sdTag278" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#5 and <sd-tag id="sdTag279" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#7) or control cells (clones Cont#1 and Cont#3) were left untreated or exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag376" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h, with or without treatment with <sd-tag id="sdTag285" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="Z-VAD-FMK" ext_ids="5497174" norm_text="" ext_dbs="PubChem" in_caption="True" ext_names="Z-VAD (OMe)-FMK" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/">Z-VAD-FMK</sd-tag> for 24 h. The percentage of cells with <sd-tag id="sdTag283" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag284" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LC3" ext_ids="440738///81631///84557" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene///NCBI gene///NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LC3</sd-tag> puncta was calculated, and data are shown as the mean and standard deviation of the mean from three independent experiments.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3055"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3056">(B) Apoptosis in <sd-tag id="sdTag426" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells stably over-expressing <sd-tag id="sdTag287" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>-tagged-<sd-tag id="sdTag288" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> (clones <sd-tag id="sdTag289" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#5 and <sd-tag id="sdTag290" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag>#7) or control cells (clones Cont#1 and Cont#3), as measured by cells with a sub-G1 <sd-tag id="sdTag378" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="DNA" ext_ids="CHEBI:16991" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="deoxyribonucleic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">DNA</sd-tag> content. Cells were transfected with either scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag291" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA1 or <sd-tag id="sdTag292" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNA2. Cells were left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag377" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h or to metabolic stress for 24 h.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3056"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="3057">(C) Apoptosis in <sd-tag id="sdTag428" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="assayed" text="U2OS" ext_ids="CVCL_0042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="U2OS" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">U2OS</sd-tag> cells cotransfected with scrambled or <sd-tag id="sdTag300" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="TIGAR" ext_ids="57103" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="TIGAR" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">TIGAR</sd-tag> siRNAs, and scrambled, <sd-tag id="sdTag301" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG5" ext_ids="9474" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG5" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG5</sd-tag> siRNA or <sd-tag id="sdTag302" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG10" ext_ids="83734" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG10" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG10</sd-tag> siRNA, as measured by cells with a sub-G1 <sd-tag id="sdTag381" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="DNA" ext_ids="CHEBI:16991" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="deoxyribonucleic acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">DNA</sd-tag> content. After 48 h, cells were left untreated, exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag382" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="nutrient" ext_ids="CHEBI:33284" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="nutrient" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">nutrient</sd-tag> starvation for 6 h or to metabolic stress for 24 h. Data are shown as the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments. In each case, the increase in apoptosis after knockdown of <sd-tag id="sdTag309" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG5" ext_ids="9474" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG5" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG5</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag310" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ATG10" ext_ids="83734" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ATG10" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ATG10</sd-tag>, compared with the matched control, was statistically significant; * represents significant difference from control conditions (P<0.05); # represents a lack of significant difference from control conditions (P>0.05).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=3057"/></sd-panel></fig></article>