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<article doi="10.1038/35022595" abstract="Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2) is a highly glycosylated protein and an important constituent of the lysosomal membrane. Here we show that LAMP-2 deficiency in mice increases mortality between 20 and 40 days of age. The surviving mice are fertile and have an almost normal life span. Ultrastructurally, there is extensive accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in many tissues including liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney and skeletal and heart muscle. In hepatocytes, the autophagic degradation of long-lived proteins is severely impaired. Cardiac myocytes are ultrastructurally abnormal and heart contractility is severely reduced. These findings indicate that LAMP-2 is critical for autophagy. This theory is further substantiated by the finding that human LAMP-2 deficiency causing Danon's disease is associated with the accumulation of autophagic material in striated myocytes."><fig id="2624"><title></title><label>figf1</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2624"/><sd-panel panel_id="9045"><strong>a</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag1" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Northern blot" ext_ids="OBI_0000860" norm_text="" ext_dbs="OBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="northern blot analysis" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/OBI?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/">Northern blot</sd-tag> analysis of</span> <em><sd-tag id="sdTag2" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="assayed" text="lamp-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">lamp-2</sd-tag></em> expression. Total RNA was hybridized using a <em><sd-pretag id="sdPretag14329093815770" parent-tag-id="2" class="assayed gene">lamp-2</sd-pretag></em> <span>cDNA2 probe and a murine <sd-tag id="sdTag3" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="normalizing" text="glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase" ext_ids="14433" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Gapdh" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</sd-tag> probe.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9045"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9046"><strong>b</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag9" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> analysis of <sd-tag id="sdTag10" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="P17047" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LAMP-2</sd-tag> expression. In control <sd-tag id="sdTag11" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="experiment" text="liver" ext_ids="UBERON:0002107" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="liver" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">liver</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag12" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="experiment" text="kidney" ext_ids="UBERON:0002113" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="kidney" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">kidney</sd-tag> extracts the glycosylated <sd-tag id="sdTag15" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="P17047" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LAMP-2</sd-tag> molecules were detected. In <sd-tag id="sdTag13" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag>-/- tissues no <sd-tag id="sdTag16" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="P17047" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LAMP-2</sd-tag> product was found.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9046"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9047"><strong>c</strong>, Increased mortality in <sd-tag id="sdTag25" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag> <span>deficient outbred (<sd-tag id="sdTag17" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="C57B6/Jx129SV" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">C57B6/Jx129SV</sd-tag>) <sd-tag id="sdTag18" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="mice" ext_ids="10090///10088" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon///NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus///mice" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag>. Forty-two control (closed circles) and</span> <span><sd-tag id="sdTag24" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag></span><span>-deficient <sd-tag id="sdTag23" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="mice" ext_ids="10090///10088" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon///NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus///mice" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy////http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag> (open circles) were monitored over <sd-tag id="sdTag19" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="300 days" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">300 days</sd-tag>.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9047"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9048"><strong>d</strong>, Loss of weight in early dying (<em>n</em> = 7 males) and surviving <span><sd-tag id="sdTag26" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag></span>-deficient <sd-tag id="sdTag28" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="mice" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag> (<em>n</em> = 11 males) in comparison with control <sd-tag id="sdTag29" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="assayed" text="mice" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag> ( <em>n</em> <span>= 12 males) monitored for <sd-tag id="sdTag27" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="60 days" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">60 days</sd-tag> after birth.</span><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9048"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2625"><title></title><label>figf2</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2625"/><sd-panel panel_id="9057"><strong>a</strong><span>, Ultrastructure of <sd-tag id="sdTag33" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> (arrowheads) in <sd-tag id="sdTag36" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="component" text="pancreatic acinar gland cells" ext_ids="UBERON:0001263" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="pancreatic acinus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">pancreatic acinar gland cells</sd-tag> from a <sd-tag id="sdTag35" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="6.5-month-old" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">6.5-month-old</sd-tag></span> <span><sd-tag id="sdTag34" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag></span>-deficient <span><sd-tag id="sdTag39" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="mouse" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="mouse" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mouse</sd-tag></span>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9057"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9058"><strong>b</strong><span>, <sd-tag id="sdTag40" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="Autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">Autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> containing <sd-tag id="sdTag41" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="assayed" text="glycogen" ext_ids="CHEBI:28087" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="glycogen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">glycogen</sd-tag> (g), <sd-tag id="sdTag55" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="cytosol and cellular constituents" ext_ids="GO:0044445" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="cytosolic part" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cytosol and cellular constituents</sd-tag> in a <sd-tag id="sdTag43" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_type" role="component" text="hepatocyte" ext_ids="CL:0000182" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CL" in_caption="True" ext_names="hepatocyte" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls=" https://identifiers.org/">hepatocyte</sd-tag> of an <sd-tag id="sdTag44" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="8-day-old" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">8-day-old</sd-tag></span> <span><sd-tag id="sdTag45" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag></span>-/- <span><sd-tag id="sdTag56" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="mouse" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="mouse" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mouse</sd-tag></span><span>. m, <sd-tag id="sdTag46" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="mitochrondria" ext_ids="GO:0005739" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="mitochondrion" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">mitochrondria</sd-tag>; bc, <sd-tag id="sdTag54" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="bile canaliculus" ext_ids="GO:0046691" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="intracellular canaliculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">bile canaliculus</sd-tag>.</span> <strong>c</strong>, Accumulation of numerous early <sd-tag id="sdTag51" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> in cultured <sd-tag id="sdTag52" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag><span>-/- <sd-tag id="sdTag48" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_type" role="component" text="hepatocytes" ext_ids="CL:0000182" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CL" in_caption="True" ext_names="hepatocyte" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls=" https://identifiers.org/">hepatocytes</sd-tag>. Arrow, large late <sd-tag id="sdTag49" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuole" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14329109232920" parent-tag-id="60">vacuole</sd-pretag></sd-tag> containing partially degraded material. Insert, magnification of the region indicated by an asterisk with typical early</span> <sd-tag id="sdTag53" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> containing undigested cellular constituents. Scale bars: <strong>a</strong>, 3.5 µm; <strong>b</strong>, 0.2 µm; <strong>c</strong>, 1.3 µm; insert, 0.9 µm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9058"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2626"><title></title><label>figf3</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2626"/><sd-panel panel_id="9052"><p><strong>a</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag57" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="Vacuole" ext_ids="GO:0005773" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">Vacuole</sd-tag> in a <sd-tag id="sdTag58" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="fibre" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">fibre</sd-tag> of the <sd-tag id="sdTag59" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="experiment" text="soleus muscle" ext_ids="UBERON:0001389" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uberon" in_caption="True" ext_names="soleus muscle" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_">soleus muscle</sd-tag>. <strong>b</strong>, Ultrastructure of a <sd-tag id="sdTag60" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="vacuole" ext_ids="GO:0005773" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">vacuole</sd-tag> in a <sd-tag id="sdTag61" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_type" role="experiment" text="cardiomyocyte" ext_ids="CL:0000746" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CL" in_caption="True" ext_names="cardiac muscle cell" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls=" https://identifiers.org/">cardiomyocyte</sd-tag>. Scale bars: <strong>a</strong>, 1 µm; <strong>b</strong>, 1.5 µm.</p><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9052"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9053"><p><strong>c</strong>, Typical <sd-tag id="sdTag70" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="original twitch recordings" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">original twitch recordings</sd-tag> of developed force of <sd-tag id="sdTag65" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="tissue" role="assayed" text="heart muscles" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">heart muscles</sd-tag> from control (thin line) and <sd-tag id="sdTag66" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag>-deficient (thick line) <sd-tag id="sdTag68" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="mice" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag>. <strong>d</strong>, Average values of developed force. Preparations of <sd-tag id="sdTag67" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="LAMP-2" ext_ids="16784" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp2" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">LAMP-2</sd-tag> deficient <sd-tag id="sdTag69" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="organism" role="component" text="mice" ext_ids="10090" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI taxon" in_caption="True" ext_names="Mus musculus" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/">mice</sd-tag> had a significantly lower baseline developed force at a stimulation frequency of 4 Hz and 10 Hz; <em>P</em> 0.01.</p><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9053"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="2627"><title></title><label>figf4</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=2627"/><sd-panel panel_id="9054"><p><strong>a</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag71" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Volume density" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Volume density</sd-tag> of early (Avi) and late (Avd) <sd-tag id="sdTag72" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autophagic vacuoles" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autophagic vacuoles</sd-tag> from four independent cultures. Examples of Avi and Avd are shown in <strong>b</strong> and <strong>c</strong>, respectively. Bars represent 0.4 µm.</p><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9054"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9055"><p><strong>d</strong>, Labelling density of <sd-tag id="sdTag78" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="cathepsin-D" ext_ids="P18242" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ctsd" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">cathepsin-D</sd-tag> as estimated in two independent experiments. <strong>e</strong>, Labelling density of <sd-tag id="sdTag79" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LAMP-1" ext_ids="P11438" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Lamp1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LAMP-1</sd-tag>.</p><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9055"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="9056"><p><strong>f</strong>, <sd-tag id="sdTag86" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Degradation of long-lived proteins" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Degradation of long-lived proteins</sd-tag> followed over <sd-tag id="sdTag87" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in amino acid and fetal-calf-serum-containing medium. <strong>g</strong>, Effect of <sd-tag id="sdTag88" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="amino-acid" ext_ids="CHEBI:33709" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="amino acid" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">amino-acid</sd-tag> (AA) deprivation and <sd-tag id="sdTag89" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="3-methyladenine" ext_ids="CHEBI:38635" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="3-methyladenine" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">3-methyladenine</sd-tag> (MA) on protein degradation during <sd-tag id="sdTag90" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="4 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">4 h</sd-tag> of chase. The error bars in <strong>a</strong>, <strong>d</strong>, <strong>e</strong> and <strong>g</strong> represent s.e.m.</p><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=9056"/></sd-panel></fig></article> |
