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<article doi="10.1002/embr.201438501" abstract="Autophagy eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria in an intricate process known as mitophagy. ULK1 is critical for the induction of autophagy, but its substrate(s) and mechanism of action in mitophagy remain unclear. Here, we show that ULK1 is upregulated and translocates to fragmented mitochondria upon mitophagy induction by either hypoxia or mitochondrial uncouplers. At mitochondria, ULK1 interacts with FUNDC1, phosphorylating it at serine 17, which enhances FUNDC1 binding to LC3. A ULK1-binding-deficient mutant of FUNDC1 prevents ULK1 translocation to mitochondria and inhibits mitophagy. Finally, kinase-active ULK1 and a phospho-mimicking mutant of FUNDC1 rescue mitophagy in ULK1-null cells. Thus, we conclude that FUNDC1 regulates ULK1 recruitment to damaged mitochondria, where FUNDC1 phosphorylation by ULK1 is crucial for mitophagy."><fig id="1141"><title></title><label>Figure 1</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1141"/><sd-panel panel_id="2328"><div>A Levels of <sd-tag id="sdTag1" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag2" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag456" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxia" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxia</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag392" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) for the indicated times.</div><div><sd-tag id="sdTag3" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="actin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">actin</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag4" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag></div><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2328"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2329">B Quantification of the ratio of <sd-tag id="sdTag6" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> to <sd-tag id="sdTag13" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="actin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">actin</sd-tag> in (A).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2329"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2330">C Levels of <sd-tag id="sdTag15" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag14" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag16" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for the indicated times.<sd-tag id="sdTag17" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="actin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">actin</sd-tag><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2330"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2331">D Quantification of the ratio of <sd-tag id="sdTag19" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> to <sd-tag id="sdTag20" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="actin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">actin</sd-tag> in (C).<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2331"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2332">E <sd-tag id="sdTag21" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> were exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag455" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxia" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxia</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag415" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) for 12 h or <sd-tag id="sdTag23" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag449" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="6 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">6 h</sd-tag> and then fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Cells were stained with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag24" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="TIM23" ext_ids="Q9WTQ8" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Timm23" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">TIM23</sd-tag> (mouse) and anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag25" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> (rabbit) primary antibodies, then <sd-tag id="sdTag450" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Alexa Fluor‐488" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Alexa Fluor‐488</sd-tag>‐labeled donkey anti‐rabbit <sd-tag id="sdTag451" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="IgG" ext_ids="GO:0071735" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="IgG immunoglobulin complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">IgG</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag452" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Alexa Fluor‐555" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Alexa Fluor‐555</sd-tag>‐labeled donkey anti‐mouse <sd-tag id="sdTag453" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="component" text="IgG" ext_ids="GO:0071735" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="IgG immunoglobulin complex" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">IgG</sd-tag> secondary antibodies before analysis by <sd-tag id="sdTag26" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunofluorescence microscopy" ext_ids="BAO_0000450" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="fluorescence microscopy" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunofluorescence microscopy</sd-tag>. Scale bar, 10 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2332"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2333">F <sd-tag id="sdTag27" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Immunoblot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Immunoblot</sd-tag>s of subcellular fractions from control <sd-tag id="sdTag28" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag29" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> that were exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag454" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxia" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxia</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag416" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) for <sd-tag id="sdTag457" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="12 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">12 h</sd-tag>. PNS, post‐nuclear supernatant; Cyto, <sd-tag id="sdTag31" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="cytosol" ext_ids="GO:0005829" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="cytosol" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cytosol</sd-tag>; <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14393884472240" parent-tag-id="491">Mito</sd-pretag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag32" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="mitochondria" ext_ids="GO:0005739" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="mitochondrion" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">mitochondria</sd-tag>.<sd-tag id="sdTag34" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2333"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2334">G <sd-tag id="sdTag39" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Immunoblot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Immunoblot</sd-tag>s of subcellular fractions from control <sd-tag id="sdTag40" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag41" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> that were treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag42" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag458" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="6 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">6 h</sd-tag>. PNS, post‐nuclear supernatant; Cyto, <sd-tag id="sdTag44" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="cytosol" ext_ids="GO:0005829" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="cytosol" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">cytosol</sd-tag>; <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14393884979030" parent-tag-id="491">Mito</sd-pretag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag45" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="experiment" text="mitochondria" ext_ids="GO:0005739" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="mitochondrion" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">mitochondria</sd-tag>.<sd-tag id="sdTag46" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2334"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1142"><title></title><label>Figure 2</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1142"/><sd-panel panel_id="2335">A <sd-tag id="sdTag51" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="HeLa" ext_ids="CVCL_0030" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HeLa" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">HeLa</sd-tag> cells were co−transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag56" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag54" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag53" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="FLAG" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">FLAG</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag57" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>. Cells were lysed and <sd-tag id="sdTag52" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> with anti−<sd-tag id="sdTag55" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> antibody <sd-tag id="sdTag460" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> after transfection.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2335"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2336">B <sd-tag id="sdTag58" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="FLAG" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">FLAG</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag60" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> was co−transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag62" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>−vector or <sd-tag id="sdTag63" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag61" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> for <sd-tag id="sdTag461" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag65" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="HeLa" ext_ids="CVCL_0030" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HeLa" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">HeLa</sd-tag> cells, and then, cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag66" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> with anti−<sd-tag id="sdTag64" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GFP" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GFP</sd-tag> antibody.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2336"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2337">C<sd-tag id="sdTag67" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> were exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag463" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxia" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxia</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag393" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) for <sd-tag id="sdTag464" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="12 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">12 h</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag69" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag465" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="3 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">3 h</sd-tag>, followed by <sd-tag id="sdTag70" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitation" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitation</sd-tag> using anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag71" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> antibody.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2337"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2338">D The expression of <sd-tag id="sdTag75" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> is induced by 10 ng/ml <sd-tag id="sdTag468" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="tetracycline" ext_ids="CHEBI:27902" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="tetracycline" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">tetracycline</sd-tag> (Tet) in <sd-tag id="sdTag80" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="139341" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐inducible <sd-tag id="sdTag74" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="HeLa" ext_ids="CVCL_0030" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HeLa" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">HeLa</sd-tag> cells. Cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag76" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag78" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag77" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag469" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> (K46N) for <sd-tag id="sdTag470" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag>. Then, the cell lysates were prepared for <sd-tag id="sdTag394" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> using indicated antibodies.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2338"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2339">E<sd-tag id="sdTag84" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag85" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag82" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag>, and <sd-tag id="sdTag471" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="8408" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>-/- cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag87" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="139341" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag88" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> alone, <sd-tag id="sdTag89" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag90" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag97" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag92" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>, or <sd-tag id="sdTag472" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="139341" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag94" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag95" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag417" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> (K46N). Cells were harvested and lysed for <sd-tag id="sdTag98" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblots" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblots</sd-tag><sd-tag id="sdTag474" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> after transfection.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2339"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2340">F Purified <sd-tag id="sdTag101" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GST" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GST</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag105" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag102" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="GST" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">GST</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag478" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> (S17A) were subjected to an <sd-tag id="sdTag475" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="in vitro kinase assay" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">in vitro kinase assay</sd-tag> with <sd-tag id="sdTag104" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag109" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> <sd-tag id="sdTag480" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> by anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag106" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> antibody from <sd-tag id="sdTag103" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag114" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>‐transfected cells about <sd-tag id="sdTag476" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> post‐transfection. Phosphorylated <sd-tag id="sdTag479" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> was detected by anti‐p‐S17‐<sd-tag id="sdTag477" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="139341" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> antibody. The red asterisks mark the target bands.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2340"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2341">G <sd-tag id="sdTag310" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag><sd-tag id="sdTag117" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag118" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>, and the phosphorylated <sd-tag id="sdTag482" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> in <sd-tag id="sdTag120" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> exposed to <sd-tag id="sdTag483" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxia" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxia</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag396" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) for the indicated times.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2341"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2342">H<sd-tag id="sdTag123" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="Western blot" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">Western blot</sd-tag> analysis of the kinetics of <sd-tag id="sdTag124" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag125" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>, and the phosphorylated in <sd-tag id="sdTag127" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag128" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag>(20 μM) for the indicated times.<sd-tag id="sdTag129" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="normalizing" text="actin" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">actin</sd-tag><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2342"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2343">I, J The single mutant which can abolish the <sd-tag id="sdTag135" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag136" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> interaction was identified. <sd-tag id="sdTag130" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="HeLa" ext_ids="CVCL_0030" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HeLa" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">HeLa</sd-tag> cells were co‐transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag131" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag133" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag> and the indicated constructs. <sd-tag id="sdTag487" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> after transfection, cells were lysed for <sd-tag id="sdTag134" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitation" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitation</sd-tag> by anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag132" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Flag" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Flag</sd-tag> antibody.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2343"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2344">K<sd-tag id="sdTag138" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag140" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag139" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> and its mutants after the endogenous <sd-tag id="sdTag141" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> was knocked down by siRNA. <sd-tag id="sdTag488" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="36 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">36 h</sd-tag> after transfection, cells were harvested in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag143" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag489" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>) and then lysed for <sd-tag id="sdTag144" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag> with the indicated antibodies.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2344"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2345">L <sd-tag id="sdTag152" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> were co‐transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag155" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag153" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> or its mutants and <sd-tag id="sdTag491" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="Mito" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Mito</sd-tag><sd-tag id="sdTag492" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Dsred" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Dsred</sd-tag> after the endogenous <sd-tag id="sdTag157" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag> was knocked down by siRNA. <sd-tag id="sdTag493" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> post‐transfection, cells were treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag490" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxic" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxic</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag397" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) conditions for <sd-tag id="sdTag494" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="12 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">12 h</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag159" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag495" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="6 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">6 h</sd-tag> before fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with indicated antibodies. Scale bar, 10 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2345"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1143"><title></title><label>Figure 3</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1143"/><sd-panel panel_id="2346">A<sd-tag id="sdTag161" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ and <sd-tag id="sdTag162" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were cultured under <sd-tag id="sdTag497" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxic" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxic</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag398" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) condition for <sd-tag id="sdTag499" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="12 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">12 h</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag500" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag164" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag498" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag165" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2346"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2347">B <sd-tag id="sdTag173" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ and <sd-tag id="sdTag174" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag175" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for the indicated times in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag176" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag502" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag177" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2347"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2348">C <sd-tag id="sdTag178" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ and <sd-tag id="sdTag179" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag180" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag181" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> for <sd-tag id="sdTag505" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> and then harvested in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag182" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag504" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag183" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2348"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2349">D <sd-tag id="sdTag184" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag188" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag185" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag189" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag506" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> (K46N), then cultured under <sd-tag id="sdTag507" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxic" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxic</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag401" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) conditions for <sd-tag id="sdTag509" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag191" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag508" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cells lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag192" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2349"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2350">E<sd-tag id="sdTag196" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag199" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag197" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O70405" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag200" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>−<sd-tag id="sdTag511" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag> and then treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag195" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag510" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag>. Cells were harvested in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag193" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag512" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag513" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2350"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2351">F <sd-tag id="sdTag201" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐knockdown <sd-tag id="sdTag345" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="MEFs" ext_ids="CL:2000042" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="embryonic fibroblast" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">MEFs</sd-tag> were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag202" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag203" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag424" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag413" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (S17A) for the indicated times. Cell lysates were used for <sd-tag id="sdTag350" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotting</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2351"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2352">G <sd-tag id="sdTag208" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag516" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag358" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag>, and <sd-tag id="sdTag209" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag357" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag213" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag518" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag359" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (S17D). <sd-tag id="sdTag517" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> after transfection, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag215" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (mouse) and anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag218" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9CQV6///Q91VR7" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Map1lc3b///Map1lc3a" ext_tax_ids="10090///10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus///Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> (rabbit) primary antibodies for <sd-tag id="sdTag354" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunofluorescence microscopy" ext_ids="BAO_0000450" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="fluorescence microscopy" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunofluorescence microscopy</sd-tag>. Scale bar, 10 μm.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2352"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2353">H <sd-tag id="sdTag221" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag224" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag222" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag519" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag360" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (S17D) for <sd-tag id="sdTag522" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in the absence or presence of 50 nm <sd-tag id="sdTag226" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag521" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>) for an additional <sd-tag id="sdTag520" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="6 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">6 h</sd-tag> before harvesting. Cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag220" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotted" ext_ids="BAO_0002424" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="western blot" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoblotted</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2353"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2354">I <sd-tag id="sdTag227" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="component" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag229" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag230" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> or <sd-tag id="sdTag523" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag369" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (S17D) for <sd-tag id="sdTag525" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in the absence or presence of 50 nm <sd-tag id="sdTag228" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag524" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>) for an additional <sd-tag id="sdTag526" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="6 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">6 h</sd-tag> before harvesting. Cell lysates were detected with the <sd-tag id="sdTag233" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="citrate synthase activity" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">citrate synthase activity</sd-tag> kit.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2354"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2355">J <sd-tag id="sdTag235" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="cell_line" role="component" text="HeLa" ext_ids="CVCL_0030" norm_text="" ext_dbs="CVCL" in_caption="True" ext_names="HeLa" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://identifiers.org/cellosaurus:">HeLa</sd-tag> cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag236" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q8IVP5" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag237" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag>, <sd-tag id="sdTag527" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="139341" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag371" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (S17A), or <sd-tag id="sdTag528" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="139341" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="FUNDC1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>-<sd-tag id="sdTag374" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> (S17D). <sd-tag id="sdTag529" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> after transfection, cell lysates were <sd-tag id="sdTag242" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoprecipitated" ext_ids="BAO_0002508" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="immunoprecipitation" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">immunoprecipitated</sd-tag> with anti‐<sd-tag id="sdTag243" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="LC3" ext_ids="Q9GZQ8///Q9BXW4///Q9H492" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot///Uniprot///Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="MAP1LC3B///MAP1LC3C///MAP1LC3A" ext_tax_ids="9606///9606///9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens///Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot////https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">LC3</sd-tag> antibody.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2355"/></sd-panel></fig><fig id="1144"><title></title><label>Figure 4</label><graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?figure_id=1144"/><sd-panel panel_id="2356">A <sd-tag id="sdTag244" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ or <sd-tag id="sdTag245" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were cultured under <sd-tag id="sdTag531" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxic" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxic</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag405" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) or normoxic conditions in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag250" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag532" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). <sd-tag id="sdTag246" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag251" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag255" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag>, and <sd-tag id="sdTag248" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− <sd-tag id="sdTag256" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐KD cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag252" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag257" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> and <sd-pretag id="sdPretag14393919291480" parent-tag-id="537">FUNDC1</sd-pretag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag259" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag>, then cultured under <sd-tag id="sdTag533" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxic" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxic</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag406" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) conditions for 24 h in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag254" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag534" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cells were harvested and lysed for <sd-tag id="sdTag260" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting assays" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">immunoblotting assays</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2356"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2357">B <sd-tag id="sdTag261" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+ or <sd-tag id="sdTag262" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were treated with or without <sd-tag id="sdTag267" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag268" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag535" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). <sd-tag id="sdTag263" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag270" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐ULK1 and <sd-tag id="sdTag265" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− <sd-tag id="sdTag269" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐KD cells were transfected with <sd-tag id="sdTag271" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag266" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="ULK1" ext_ids="O75385" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="ULK1" ext_tax_ids="9606" ext_tax_names="Homo sapiens" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">ULK1</sd-tag> and <sd-tag id="sdTag537" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="assayed" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="Q9DB70" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Uniprot" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐<sd-tag id="sdTag277" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> and then treated with <sd-tag id="sdTag278" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag538" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> in the absence or presence of 50 nM <sd-tag id="sdTag274" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="bafilomycin A1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">bafilomycin A1</sd-tag> (<sd-tag id="sdTag536" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="BAF1" ext_ids="CHEBI:22689" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="bafilomycin A1" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">BAF1</sd-tag>). Cells were harvested and lysed for <sd-tag id="sdTag279" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="immunoblotting assays" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">immunoblotting assays</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2357"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2358">C <sd-tag id="sdTag280" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>+/+, <sd-tag id="sdTag281" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− <sd-tag id="sdTag283" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐KD, or <sd-tag id="sdTag282" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="ULK1" ext_ids="22241" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Ulk1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">ULK1</sd-tag>−/− <sd-tag id="sdTag284" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="gene" role="intervention" text="FUNDC1" ext_ids="72018" norm_text="" ext_dbs="NCBI gene" in_caption="True" ext_names="Fundc1" ext_tax_ids="10090" ext_tax_names="Mus musculus" ext_urls="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/">FUNDC1</sd-tag>‐KD cells rescued by introduction of <sd-tag id="sdTag285" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="HA" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">HA</sd-tag>‐ULK1 and FUNDC1‐<sd-tag id="sdTag288" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="protein" role="reporter" text="Myc" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">Myc</sd-tag> were cultured under <sd-tag id="sdTag539" source="sdapi" category="physical" entity_type="" role="" text="hypoxic" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">hypoxic</sd-tag> (1% <sd-tag id="sdTag409" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="O2" ext_ids="CHEBI:15379" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="dioxygen" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">O2</sd-tag>) conditions for <sd-tag id="sdTag541" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag> or with <sd-tag id="sdTag290" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="molecule" role="intervention" text="FCCP" ext_ids="CHEBI:75458" norm_text="" ext_dbs="ChEBI" in_caption="True" ext_names="carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=">FCCP</sd-tag> (20 μM) for <sd-tag id="sdTag540" source="sdapi" category="time" entity_type="" role="" text="24 h" ext_ids="" norm_text="" ext_dbs="" in_caption="True" ext_names="" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="">24 h</sd-tag>. Samples were analyzed by <sd-tag id="sdTag291" source="sdapi" category="assay" entity_type="" role="" text="electron microscopy" ext_ids="BAO_0000449" norm_text="" ext_dbs="BAO" in_caption="True" ext_names="electron microscopy" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/BAO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioassayontology.org%2Fbao%23">electron microscopy</sd-tag>. Scale bar, 2 μm. The yellow asterisks mark <sd-tag id="sdTag292" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="mitochondria" ext_ids="GO:0005739" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="mitochondrion" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">mitochondria</sd-tag>. The red arrows indicate <sd-tag id="sdTag293" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="double‐membraned autophagic structures" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">double‐membraned autophagic structures</sd-tag>. The yellow arrow denotes <sd-tag id="sdTag294" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="autolysosomes" ext_ids="GO:0044754" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autolysosome" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">autolysosomes</sd-tag>.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2358"/></sd-panel><sd-panel panel_id="2359">D-E The <sd-tag id="sdTag544" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="mitochondrial" ext_ids="GO:0005739" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="mitochondrion" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">mitochondrial</sd-tag> coverage and <sd-tag id="sdTag543" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="mitochondrial" ext_ids="GO:0005739" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="mitochondrion" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">mitochondrial</sd-tag>−containing <sd-tag id="sdTag542" source="sdapi" category="entity" entity_type="subcellular" role="assayed" text="AVs" ext_ids="GO:0005776" norm_text="" ext_dbs="Gene Ontology" in_caption="True" ext_names="autophagic vacuole" ext_tax_ids="" ext_tax_names="" ext_urls="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">AVs</sd-tag> shown in (C) were quantified. Recon, reconstitution.<graphic href="https://api.sourcedata.io/file.php?panel_id=2359"/></sd-panel></fig></article>