BUG: inconsistency when passing dict to Series with index
* Adds ValueError if passing a dict into pd.Series with a different size than the passed index parameter.  Closes #28418 



- [x] closes #xxxx
- [ ] tests added / passed
- [x] passes `black pandas`
- [x] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [ ] whatsnew entry

(Will add whatsnew / test if this solution is acceptable.)
