[#22550] Remove TestData from series-tests test_rank.py
Part of #22550

* Replaced TestData usage in `pandas/tests/series/test_rank.py` with fixtures
* Switched from class-based test approach to function-based (**Note:** This is why the diff is so big)

- [x] tests added / passed
- [x] passes `black pandas`
- [x] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
