BUG: prevent overflowing diffs raising error in cut (#26045)
- [X] closes #26045 
- [X] tests added / passed
- [X] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [x] whatsnew entry

I added a relevant test with the example reported in the issue in `\tests\reshape\test_cut.py`.
I also tested with `grep -rn pandas -e 'np.diff(bins'` if we could have a similar situation elsewhere but it does not seem so.

~I will merge upstream & add changelog entry.~

Edit: whatsnew entry added & no need to merge master