ENH: Use find_stack_level in pandas.core
Part of #44347 

- [x] Ensure all linting tests pass, see [here](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#pre-commit) for how to run them

This handles most of the stacklevels in core. A few more will take a bit more effort, separating out into a separate PR. After all stacklevels are replaced, will be removing `check_stacklevel=False` from the tests.