PERF: Introducing HashTables for datatypes with 8,16 and 32 bits
- [x] tests added / passed
- [x] passes `black pandas`
- [x] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [ ] whatsnew entry

Starts work on #33287

Proof of concept for 32bit/16bit hash tables. If works it should become blue print for UInt32/Int16/UInt16/Float32-HashTables.
