BUG: Fix parsing of stata dates (#17797)
- [x] closes #17797 
- [x] tests added / passed
- [x] passes `git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff`
- [x] Test and expand parsing of STATA date/time objects.

Expands behavior provided by the following to include most STATA format codes.
```python
        # remove format details from %td
        self.fmtlist = ["%td" if x.startswith("%td") else x
                        for x in self.fmtlist]
```

Add tests for above behavior (previously untested) + all additional format codes