Ensure valid Block mutation in SeriesBinGrouper.
Closes https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/31802

~This "fixes" #31802 by expanding the number of cases where we swallow an
exception in libreduction. Currently, we're creating an invalid Series
in SeriesBinGrouper where the `.mgr_locs` doesn't match the values. See
https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/31802#issuecomment-595954511
for more.~

~For now, we simply catch more cases that fall back to Python. I've gone
with a minimal change which addresses only issues hitting this exact
exception. We might want to go broader, but that's not clear.~


cc @jbrockmendel & @WillAyd 