CLN/REF: Unify Arithmetic Methods
2 goals here.

First is to end up with a single implementation for our arithmetic ops.  By implementing the missing methods directly on DTA/PA, we make it so we don't need to special-case inside the `Index.__foo__` methods, so can dispatch to Series more directly.

Second is to get the wrapper defined in_arith_method_SERIES to the point where we can use it block-wise instead of column-wise, to address the recent perf issues.  This makes progress towards that goal by tightening up the allowed types in masked_arith_op

Oh, and we also get rid of a usage of values_from_object, which is adjacent to #27165 and #27167