russia controlled poland after the congress of vienna.
who controlled poland after the congress of vienna?
russia
hurewicz attended school in a german-controlled poland but with world war i beginning before he had begun secondary school, major changes occurred in poland. in august 1915 the russian forces which had held poland for many years withdrew. germany and austria-hungary took control of most of the country and the university of warsaw was refounded and it began operating as a polish university. rapidly, a strong school of mathematics grew up in the university of warsaw, with topology one of the main topics. although hurewicz knew intimately the topology that was being studied in poland he chose to go to vienna to continue his studies.
witold hurewicz
the formation was disbanded in 1947, many of its soldiers choosing to remain in exile rather than to return to communist-controlled poland, where they were often seen by the polish communists as "enemies of the state", influenced by the western ideas, loyal to the polish government in exile, and thus meeting with persecution and imprisonment (in extreme cases, death). failure of allied western governments to keep their promise to poland, which now fell under the soviet sphere of influence, became known as the "western betrayal." the number of polish ex-soldiers unwilling to return to communist poland was so high that a special organization was formed by the british government to assist settling them in the united kingdom: the polish resettlement corps (polski korpus przysposobienia i rozmieszczenia); 114,000 polish soldiers went through that organization. since many poles had been stationed in united kingdom and served alongside british units in the war, the polish resettlement act 1947 permitted all of them to settle in the united kingdom after the war, multiplying the size of the polish minority in the uk. many also joined the polish canadian and polish australian communities. after the united states congress passed a 1948 law, amended in 1950, which allowed the immigration of polish soldiers who were demobilized in great britain, a number of them moved to the u.s. where, in 1952, they organized the association polish veterans of world war ii.
polish armed forces in the west