the thirteenth fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the u.s. constitution.
the thirteenth fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the u.s. constitution?
thirteenth
though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the united states, factors such as black codes, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black americans to involuntary labor, particularly in the south. in contrast to the other reconstruction amendments, the thirteenth amendment was rarely cited in later case law, but has been used to strike down peonage and some race-based discrimination as "badges and incidents of slavery." the thirteenth amendment applies to the actions of private citizens, while the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments apply only to state actors. the thirteenth amendment also enables congress to pass laws against sex trafficking and other modern forms of slavery.
thirteenth amendment to the united states constitution
section 3(c) contains a "bail-in" or "pocket trigger" process by which jurisdictions that fall outside the coverage formula of section 4(b) may become subject to preclearance. under this provision, if a jurisdiction has racially discriminated against voters in violation of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendments, a court may order the jurisdiction to have future changes to its election laws preapproved by the federal government. because courts have interpreted the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to prohibit only intentional discrimination, a court may bail in a jurisdiction only if the plaintiff proves that the jurisdiction enacted or operated a voting practice to purposely discriminate.
voting rights act of 1965