us recognized texas as an independent nation on february 1, 1861.
when did the us recognize texas as an independent nation?
february 1, 1861
na
na
north vietnam committed in, may 1959, to war in the south; this was confirmed by communications intelligence. diệm, well before that point, had constantly pushed a generic anticommunism, but how much of this was considered a real threat, and how much a nucleus around which he justified his controls, is less clear. those controls, and the shutdown of most indigenous opposition by 1959, was clearly alienating the diệm government from significant parts of the southern population, was massively mismanaging rural reforms and overemphasizing the power base in the cities, and might have had an independent rebellion. north vietnam, however, clearly began to exploit that alienation. the us, however, did not recognize a significant threat, even with such information as intelligence on the formation of the logistics structure for infiltration. the presentation of hard evidence — communications intelligence about the organization building the ho chi minh trail — hanoi's involvement in the developing strife became evident. not until 1960, however, did the us recognize both diệm was in danger, that the diệm structure was inadequate to deal with the problems, and present the first "counterinsurgency plan for vietnam (cip)"
war in vietnam (1959–1963)