the hair is located perpendicular to the surface of the skin.
where is the hair located in the skin?
perpendicular to the surface of the skin
to apply a freeze brand, all hair is shaved at the branding site. this is because hair is an excellent insulator, and must be removed so the extreme cold of the freeze branding iron can be applied directly to the skin. the iron, made of metal such as brass or copper that removes heat rapidly from the skin, is submerged into the coolant. immediately before the iron is applied, the animal's skin is rubbed, squirted, or sprayed with a generous amount of 99% alcohol, then the freeze branding iron is removed from the coolant and held onto the skin with firm pressure for several seconds. the exact amount of time will vary according to the species of the animal, the thickness of its skin, the type of metal the branding iron is made of, the type of coolant being used, and the color of its hair coat. because a freeze-branded hair follicle regrows as white hair, a light-haired animal will have a freeze brand kept on the skin longer than does a dark-haired animal, so as to eliminate the hair follicle altogether and allow bare skin to show the brand.
livestock branding
in attempt to identify the skin condition of "tzaraath", russian pathologist gregory minh discovered that leprosy has the contagion factor and is thus disqualified as being the "tzaraath" discussed in the bible. similar conclusions were made by reuven kalisher, who suggested that vitiligo, as a skin discolorative disease that possesses the trio of characteristics mentioned in the torah text, is the likely candidate of being one and the same with "tzaraath"; those three being:





















































bullet::::1. non-contagious and





















































bullet::::2. cause the hair located within the discolored area to turn white (also known as poliosis or leukotrichia) and
tzaraath