planets follow radial motion around the sun.
what type of path do planets follow around the sun?
radial motion
eudoxus of cnidus was the first astronomer to develop the concept of concentric spheres. he was originally a student at plato's academy and is believed to have been influenced by the cosmological speculations of plato and pythagoras. he came up with the idea of homocentric spheres in order to explain the perceived inconsistent motions of the planets and to develop a uniform model for accurately calculating the movement of celestial objects. none of his books have survived to the modern day and everything we know about his cosmological theories comes from the works of aristotle and simplicius. according to these works, eudoxus’ model had twenty-seven homocentric spheres with each sphere explaining a type of observable motion for each celestial object. eudoxus assigns one sphere for the fixed stars which is supposed to explain their daily movement. he assigns three spheres to both the sun and the moon with the first sphere moving in the same manner as the sphere of the fixed stars. the second sphere explains the movement of the sun and the moon on the ecliptic plane. the third sphere was supposed to move on a “latitudinally inclined” circle and explain the latitudinal motion of the sun and the moon in the cosmos. four spheres were assigned to mercury, mars, venus, jupiter, and saturn which were the only known planets at that time. the first and second spheres of the planets moved exactly like the first two spheres of the sun and the moon. according to simplicius, the third and fourth sphere of the planets were supposed to move in a way that created a curve known as a hippopede. the hippopede was a way to try and explain the retrograde motions of planets. many historians of science, such as michael j. crowe, have argued that eudoxus did not consider his system of concentric spheres to be a real representation of the universe but thought it was merely a mathematical model for calculating planetary motion.
concentric spheres
section::::distribution of stars around a supermassive black hole.





















































supermassive black holes reside in galactic nuclei. the total mass of the stars in a nucleus is roughly equal to the mass of the supermassive black hole. in the case of the milky way, the mass of the supermassive black hole is about 4 million solar masses, and the number of stars in the nucleus is about ten million.





















































the stars move around the supermassive black hole in elliptical orbits, similar to the orbits that planets follow around the sun. the orbital energy of a star is
bahcall–wolf cusp