messenger rna is made using dna as the pattern during transcription.
when is messenger rna made using dna as the pattern?
transcription
the 5′-end of nascent messenger rna is the site at which post-transcriptional capping occurs, a process which is vital to producing mature messenger rna. capping increases the stability of the messenger rna while it undergoes translation, providing resistance to the degradative effects of exonucleases. it consists of a methylated nucleotide (methylguanosine) attached to the messenger rna in a rare 5′- to 5′-triphosphate linkage.





















































the 5′-"flanking" region of a gene often denotes a region of dna which is not transcribed into rna. the 5′-flanking region contains the gene promoter, and may also contain enhancers or other protein binding sites.
directionality (molecular biology)
transfer-messenger rna (abbreviated tmrna, also known as 10sa rna and by its genetic name ssra) is a bacterial rna molecule with dual trna-like and messenger rna-like properties. the tmrna forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (tmrnp) together with small protein b (smpb), elongation factor tu (ef-tu), and ribosomal protein s1. in "trans"-translation, tmrna and its associated proteins bind to bacterial ribosomes which have stalled in the middle of protein biosynthesis, for example when reaching the end of a messenger rna which has lost its stop codon. the tmrna is remarkably versatile: it recycles the stalled ribosome, adds a proteolysis-inducing tag to the unfinished polypeptide, and facilitates the degradation of the aberrant messenger rna. in the majority of bacteria these functions are carried out by standard one-piece tmrnas. in other bacterial species, a permuted "ssra" gene produces a two-piece tmrna in which two separate rna chains are joined by base-pairing.
transfer-messenger rna