the 2nd fleet arrived in australia on february 1875.
when did the 2nd fleet arrived in australia?
february 1875
european migration to australia began with the british convict settlement of sydney cove on 26 january 1788. the first fleet comprised 11 ships carrying 775 convicts and 645 officials, members of the crew, marines, and their families and children. the settlers consisted of petty criminals, second-rate soldiers and a crew of sailors. there were few with skills needed to start a self-sufficient settlement, such as farmers and builders, and the colony experienced hunger and hardships. male settlers far outnumbered female settlers. the second fleet arrived in 1790 bringing more convicts. the conditions of the transportation was described as horrific and worse than slave transports. of the 1,026 convicts who embarked, 267 (256 men and 11 women) died during the voyage (26%); a further 486 were sick when they arrived of which 124 died soon after. the fleet was more of a drain on the struggling settlement than of any benefit. conditions on the third fleet, which followed on the heels of the second fleet in 1791, were a bit better. the fleet comprised 11 ships. of the more than 2000 convicts brought onto the ships, 173 male convicts and 9 female convicts died during the voyage. other transport fleets bringing further convicts as well as freemen to the colony would follow. by the end of the penal transportation in 1868, approximately 165,000 people had entered australia as convicts.
immigration to australia
the "xia xiyang" provides valuable information, as described hereafter, about the dates and itinerary for this voyage. the fleet embarked from longwan (lit. "dragon bay") in nanjing on 19 january 1431. on 23 january, the fleet made a stop at xushan, a currently-unknown island in the yangtze, where the crew hunted animals. on 2 february 1431, the fleet sailed through the fuzi passage (present-day baimaosha channel) to the estuary yangtze river before arriving at liujiagang the following day (3 february). on 14 march 1431, the liujiagang inscription was erected there. on 8 april 1431, the fleet arrived at changle, where they remained until mid-december. the changle inscription, dated to the 11th month of the 6th year of the xuande reign, was erected during the end of their stay there. on 16 december, they traveled to the fu tou shan, possibly near fuzhou. the treasure fleet sailed through the wuhumen on 12 january 1431. on 27 january 1432, the fleet made a call at the capital city vijaya (near present-day qui nhon) of champa before departing on 12 february. on 7 march 1432, the fleet arrived at java, where they made port at surabaya. the fleet remained in the region before departing on 13 july. on 24 july 1432, the fleet arrived at palembang before departing on 27 july. from palembang, the fleet sailed down the musi river, through the banka strait, passing the lingga and riau archipelagos. the lingga and riau archipelagos had a considerable pirate population that posed a threat to passing ships, but these pirates posed no threat to the treasure fleet. on 3 august 1432, the treasure fleet arrived at malacca. the fleet departed from malacca on 2 september 1432. they traveled to semudera and arrived there on 12 september. on 2 november 1432, the fleet departed from semudera. on 28 november 1432, the fleet arrived at beruwala on ceylon. the fleet departed from beruwala on 2 december. they arrived at calicut on 10 december. the fleet departed from calicut to hormuz on 14 december 1432. they arrived at hormuz on 17 january 1433. the treasure fleet remained in hormuz for almost two months before traveling homeward on 9 march 1433.
ming treasure voyages