charles ii was crowned king after a period of commonwealth rule in england.
who was crowned king after a period of commonwealth rule in england?
charles ii
after the virginia company of london lost its proprietary charter in 1624, the colony was taken over by the english crown, and became a crown colony. governors were appointed by the ruling monarch to oversee the interests of the crown. during the interregnum period (1649–1660), when england came under commonwealth rule and the protectorate rule of oliver and richard cromwell, those governments appointed virginia's governors. william berkeley, who was governor at the time of the execution of king charles i, remained in office until the arrival of a commonwealth fleet in 1651 led to his removal. berkeley was returned to office by votes of the virginia assembly and by appointment of the restored king charles ii in 1660.
list of colonial governors of virginia
around the end of the 16th century, the relations between the commonwealth and the ottomans, never too cordial, further worsened with the growing number of independent actions by cossacks. from the second part of the 16th century, cossacks started raiding the territories under ottoman rule. the commonwealth could not control the fiercely independent cossacks, but was held responsible for them, since at that time they were nominally under the commonwealth rule. at the same time, tatars living under the ottoman rule were raiding the commonwealth. however, they attacked mostly in the south-eastern areas of the commonwealth, which were fairly sparsely inhabited, while the cossacks were raiding the heart of ottoman empire, wealthy merchant port cities just two days away from the mouth of the dniepr river (which the cossacks used as their main transportation route). by 1615, cossacks had even burned the townships on the outskirts of constantinople. consecutive treaties between the ottoman empire and the commonwealth called both parties to curb cossack and tatar activities, but they were never implemented on either side of the border. in internal agreements, pushed forward by the polish side, the cossacks agreed to burn their boats and stop their raiding. however, cossack boats could be built quickly, and the cossack lifestyle required periodic hunts for glory and booty. sometimes cossacks just needed resources to ensure their subsistence, while on other occasions they were bribed by the habsburgs to help ease ottoman pressure on their borders. also, there was widespread animosity between cossacks and tatars, after decades of border clashes and reciprocal looting of estates and villages. cossacks raided ottomans territories and their vassals near the black sea almost yearly, usually attracting retaliatory tatar raids (and vice versa). the vicious circle of chaos and retaliations often turned the entire south-eastern commonwealth border into a low-level warzone.
moldavian magnate wars