the head of a long bone is called malleus.
what is the head of a long bone called?
malleus
epiphysis





















































the epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). at the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as bone.





















































the epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood cells).





















































section::::structure.





















































there are four types of epiphysis:
epiphysis
for those treated conservatively with immobilisation of long bone fractures, the incidence of fes is 22%. early operative fixation of long bone fractures can reduce the incidence of fes especially with the usage of internal fixation devices. patients undergoing urgent fixation of long bone fractures has a rate of 7% of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) when compared to those undergoing fixation after 24 hours (39% with ards). however, movement of the fracture ends of the long bones during the operative fixation can cause transient increase of fat emboli in the blood circulation. cytokines are persistently elevated if the long bone fractures is treated conservatively using immobilisation. the cytokine levels would return to normal after operative fixation. although ream nailing increases pressure in the medullary cavity of the long bones, it does not increase the rates of fes. other methods such as drilling of holes in the bony cortex, lavaging bone marrow prior to fixation, and the use of tourniquets to prevent embolisation have not been shown to reduce the rates of fes.
fat embolism syndrome