european powers controlled a lot of governments and financial agents in africa at the end of the 19th century.
who controlled a lot of governments and financial agents in africa at the end of the 19th century?
european powers
at the start of the 19th century, effective portuguese governance in africa south of the equator was limited, in portuguese mozambique to the island of mozambique and several other coastal trading as far south as delagoa bay, and in portuguese angola to luanda and benguela and a few outposts, the most northerly of which was ambriz portugal had occupied the coast of mozambique from the 16th century, and later initiated the prazo system of large leased estates under nominal portuguese rule in the zambezi valley. by the end of the 18th century, the valleys of the zambezi and lower shire river were controlled by four families that claimed to be portuguese but which were virtually independent, and from 1853 the portuguese government embarked on a series of military campaigns to bring these under its effective control. in the second half of the 19th century, various european powers had an increasing interest in africa. the first challenge to portugal's wider claims came from the transvaal republic, which in 1868 claimed an outlet to the indian ocean at delagoa bay. although in 1869 portugal and the transvaal reached agreement on a border under which all of delagoa bay was portuguese, britain then lodged a claim to the southern part of that bay. this claim was rejected after arbitration by president macmahon. his award made in 1875 upheld the border agreed in 1869. a second challenge came from the foundation of a german colony at angra pequena, now known as lüderitz, in namibia in 1883. although there was no portuguese presence there, portugal had claimed it on the basis of discovery.
anglo-portuguese treaty of 1891
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the arizona chamber of commerce and industry is an arizona based business-advocacy group. since 1974, the arizona chamber of commerce and industry has been promoting statewide business advocacy at the arizona capitol and with the arizona congressional delegation. its membership employs 250,000 arizonans from all sectors of the arizona economy. the board of directors of the arizona chamber of commerce and industry is composed of more than 90 business executives, representing industries across arizona. the arizona chamber is governed by the board of directors and its executive committee, including the seven board officers.
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