dukkha is the first noble truth of buddhist, also known as suffering.
first noble truth of buddhist also known as suffering is?
dukkha
while studying the "shōbōgenzō", nishijima developed a theory he called "three philosophies and one reality," which presents his distinctive interpretation of the four noble truths as well as explaining the structure of dogen's writing. according to nishijima, dōgen carefully constructed the "shōbōgenzō" according to a fourfold structure, in which he described each issue from four different perspectives. the first perspective is "idealist," "abstract," "spiritual," and "subjective"; nishijima says this is the correct interpretation of the first noble truth (in mainstream buddhism, the first noble truth is "dukkha"). the second perspective is "concrete," "materialistic," "scientific," and "objective" (in mainstream buddhism, "samudaya"). the third perspective is described as an integration of the first two, producing a "realistic" synthesis (mainstream, "nirodha"). the fourth perspective is reality itself, which nishijima argues cannot be contained in philosophy or stated in words, but which dōgen attempts to suggest through poetry and symbolism. in mainstream buddhism, the fourth noble truth is the eightfold path.
gudō wafu nishijima
thus, for instance, when the buddha talks about the "aggregates of clinging," he is referring to our grasping and guarding physical, mental and conscious experiences that we falsely believe we are or possess.





















































section::::buddhism.:as part of the causal chain of suffering.





















































in the four noble truths, the first noble truth identifies clinging ("upādāna", in terms of "the aggregates of clinging") as one of the core experiences of suffering. the second noble truth identifies craving ("tanha") as the basis for suffering. in this manner a causal relationship between craving and clinging is found in the buddha's most fundamental teaching.
upādāna