sharecropping were farmers who kept a small portion of their crops & gave the rest to the landowners.
who were farmers who kept a small portion of their crops & gave the rest to the landowners?
sharecropping
after the american civil war of 1861–1865, peonage developed in the southern united states. poor white farmers and formerly enslaved african americans known as freedmen, who could not afford their own land, would farm another person's land, exchanging labor for a share of the crops. this was called sharecropping and initially the benefits were mutual. the land owner would pay for the seeds and tools in exchange for a percentage of the money earned from the crop and a portion of the crop. as time passed, many landowners began to abuse this system. the landowner would force the tenant farmer or sharecropper to buy seeds and tools from the land owner's store, which often had inflated prices. as sharecroppers were often illiterate, they had to depend on the books and accounting by the landowner and his staff. other tactics included debiting expenses against the sharecropper's profits after the crop was harvested and "miscalculating" the net profit from the harvest, thereby keeping the sharecropper in perpetual debt to the landowner. since the tenant farmers could not offset the costs, they were forced into involuntary labor due to the debts they owed the landowner. additionally, unpredictable or disruptive climatic conditions such as droughts or storms, caused disruptions to seasonal plantings or harvests, which in turn, caused the tenant farmers to accrue debts with the landowners.
peon
in 1930, the cartersville–rydal segment, as well as a small portion north of the gordon–murray county line, was under construction. the rydal–fairmount segment, as well as a small portion south-southeast of chatsworth, had a completed semi hard surface. later that year, a small portion of sr 8 southwest of villa rica, as well as a portion north of the gordon–murray county line, was under construction. the cartersville–rydal segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. also, the gordon county portion of the fairmount–chatsworth segment had completed grading, but no surface course. the next year, the segment of sr 8, from northeast of carrollton to just southwest of villa rica, had a completed hard surface. the cartersville–rydal segment was under construction. a portion north of the gordon–murray county line had completed grading, but no surface course. the chatsworth–tennga segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. in january 1932, an unnumbered road was built between villa rica and cartersville. in march of that year, sr 61 was designated on the previously unnumbered road from dallas to cartersville; however, there was no indication as to whether it was designated on the villa rica–dallas segment. by the end of the year, the cartersville–rydal segment had completed grading, but no surface course. near the end of 1933, this segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. the next year, sr 61 was designated on the villa rica–dallas segment. sr 20 was designated on the cartersville–rydal segment. also, a small portion north-northeast of rydal had a completed semi hard surface. before the year ended, us 411 was designated on the cartersville–tennga segment. the rydal–fairmount segment had a completed semi hard surface. a few months later, a portion south-southwest of dallas was under construction. at the end of the year, a small portion north-northeast of cartersville, and a portion north of chatsworth, had a completed hard surface. late in 1936, the central portion of the segment from cartersville to rydal had completed grading, but was not surfaced. also, the fairmount–crandall segment had a completed hard surface. at the end of the year, a portion south-southwest of rydal had a completed hard surface. a few months later, the crandall to tennga segment also had a completed hard surface. by the middle of 1937, about half of the segment from villa rica to dallas, as well as a portion north of dallas, was under construction. at this time, the segment from cartersville to rydal had a completed hard surface. later that year, the highway was under construction from villa rica to the paulding–bartow county line. at the end of the year, a portion south-southwest of dallas and a portion south of fairmount had a completed hard surface. the next year, us 78s was redesignated as us 78 alternate. the rydal–fairmount segment, as well as the paulding county portion of the villa rica–dallas segment, had a completed hard surface. by the middle of 1939, the portion of the villa rica–dallas segment that was in carroll and douglas counties, as well as the paulding county portion of the dallas–cartersville segment, had completed grading, but was not surfaced. the decade ended with sr 20 spur being built in the northern part of cartersville, to function like a northern bypass of the main part of the city. also, the bartow county portion of the segment from dallas to cartersville was under construction.
georgia state route 61