193 countries are the members of the un.
how many countries are the members of the un?
193
at the end of the 1930s, given the unstable international situation, ifor established embassies of reconciliation that initiated peace efforts not only in europe but in japan and china as well. "ambassadors of reconciliation", such as george lansbury, muriel lester and anne seesholtz, visited many world leaders, including adolf hitler, benito mussolini, leon blum and franklin d roosevelt. muriel lester, english social worker, served as ifor travelling secretary throughout the world, helping to establish its work in many countries. she met mahatma gandhi, first in london when, in 1931, he spent some time at kingsley hall, a community center with educational, social and recreational purposes, run by her and her sister doris, and then in india when she went with him in bihar on his anti-untouchability tour during 1934. when world war ii broke out, travels and communications became almost impossible. in many countries ifor members suffered persecution for publicly preaching pacifism. ifor's members, especially in america tried by inter-church mediation to find ways of ending the war, to help conscientious objectors, and struggled against internment of japanese americans. in france, ifor members andré and magda trocmé, with the help of the villagers of le chambon sur lignon, saved the lives of thousands of jews escaping the holocaust. in belgium, feminist magda yoors peeters defends jewish refugees and conscientious objectors.
international fellowship of reconciliation
legal reforms to family laws have taken place in many countries during the past few decades. these dealt primarily with gender equality within marriage and with divorce laws. women have been given equal rights in marriage in many countries, reversing older family laws based on the dominant legal role of the husband. coverture, which was enshrined in the common law of england and the us for several centuries and throughout most of the 19th century, was abolished. in some european countries the changes that lead to gender equality were slower. the period of 1975–1979 saw a major overhaul of family laws in countries such as italy, spain, austria, west germany, and portugal. in 1978, the council of europe passed the "resolution (78) 37 on equality of spouses in civil law". among the last european countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were switzerland. in 1985, a referendum guaranteed women legal equality with men within marriage. the new reforms came into force in january 1988. in greece, in 1983, legislation was passed guaranteeing equality between spouses, abolishing dowry, and ending legal discrimination against illegitimate children. in 1981, spain abolished the requirement that married women must have their husbands’ permission to initiate judicial proceedings the netherlands, and france in the 1980s. in recent decades, the marital power has also been abolished in african countries that had this doctrine, but many african countries that were former french colonies still have discriminatory laws in their marriages regulations, such regulations originating in the napoleonic code that has inspired these laws. in some countries (predominantly roman catholic) divorce was legalized only recently (e.g. italy (1970), portugal (1975), brazil (1977), spain (1981), argentina (1987), ireland (1996), chile (2004) and malta (2011)) although annulment and legal separation were options. philippines still does not allow divorce. (see divorce law by country). the laws pertaining to the situation of children born outside marriage have also been revised in many countries (see legitimacy (family law)).
family