chinese controlled vietnam for more than a thousand years.
who controlled vietnam for more than a thousand years?
chinese
section::::history.:champa.





















































the cham people are an ethnic group of malayo-polynesian stock originating in present-day vietnam and cambodia. they are believed by many archaeologists to have created the prototype of a kris as far back as 2000 years ago. the chams established the kingdom of champa in an area that constitutes today’s southern vietnam around the first century a.d. the kingdom remained independent from the chinese who controlled vietnam's north and in its refusal to submit, champa frequently waged wars against china as well as other neighbouring kingdoms, đại việt and the khmer empire.
silat melayu
traditionally, empresses consort and empresses dowager were addressed with "thousand years" () rather than "ten thousand years", which was reserved for the emperor. however, empress dowager cixi, the "de facto" supreme ruler of china from 1861 to 1908, was addressed with "ten thousand years". several photographs of her show a banner on her litter reading "the incumbent holy mother, the empress dowager of the great qing, [will live and reign for] ten thousand years, ten thousand years, ten thousand of ten thousand years" (). the emperor was addressed by the title "lord of ten thousand years" ().





















































section::::china.:usage.
ten thousand years