plant cell has a large central vacuole.
what kind of cell has a large central vacuole?
plant
"chara corallina" exhibits cyclic cytoplasmic flow around a large central vacuole. the large central vacuole is one the largest organelles in a plant cell and is generally used for storage. in "chara coralina", cells can grow up to 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter. the diameter of the vacuole can occupy around 80% of the cell's diameter. thus for a 1 mm diameter cell, the vacuole can have a diameter of 0.8 mm, leaving only a path width of about 0.1 mm around the vacuole for cytoplasm to flow. the cytoplasm flows at a rate of 100 microns/sec, the fastest of all known cytoplasmic streaming phenomena.
cytoplasmic streaming
the upper epidermal cells appear to remain relatively normal as well, as hyphal growth goes below this layer. healthy epidermal cells contain a large central vacuole surrounded by a thin cytoplasmic layer with endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts with well-developed grana, starch granules, and osmophilic globules. other organelles are infrequently present as well. epidermal cells of diseased tissue have highly irregular cell walls. the most dramatic changes were within the cell. the large central vacuole is replaced with a number of small irregularly shaped vacuoles containing a highly electron dense material. nuclei are enlarged, plus a 2-3 fold increase in the number of organelles normally present in these cell types. chloroplasts become large and irregular with large starch granules inside of them as well as other internal alterations to the chloroplasts. these alterations indicate intense metabolic activity, appearing to dedifferentiate and resemble meristematic cells. symptoms typically occur in early summer. concave depressions with asci in them on the top and bottom of leaves suggests direct penetration.
taphrina caerulescens