grants describes federal subsidies of special state and local activities.
which term describes federal subsidies of special state and local activities?
grants
according to a 2016 report by russian opposition leader ilya yashin, kadyrov collected enormous wealth, primarily through theft of federal subsidies for chechnya. between 2001 and 2014 chechnya has received over 464 billion roubles in subsidies, grants and donations with federal subsidies accounting for 80% of the republic's budget (and this does not include funds allocated for infrastructure managed at federal level such as roads). however, the administration of chechnya is being criticized for spending public funds for their personal benefit—in 2010 dmitry medvedev noted that "federal funds often do not reach people; we know where they disappear; it is obvious-they are being stolen". for example, the fleet of official vehicles in chechnya accounts for half of all official vehicles in all northern caucasus republics. public funds are being funnelled through akhmad kadyrov foundation, which—while being registered as a charity—has never produced or published any financial reports as required by russian law. these violations are ignored by russian ministry of justice, which in many cases has enforced them very strictly against other charities. the foundation operates a building company that services most of the publicly procured infrastructure projects in the republic and also collects a fee from all working citizens of chechnya, ranging from 10 to 30% of their earnings, raising 3–4 billion roubles per year this way. kadyrov himself declares annual income of 4.84 million roubles (2015), which is inconsistent with his lavish life-style, luxury vehicles, watches, race horses and mansions.
ramzan kadyrov
a 2017 study by the consulting firm management information services, inc. (misi) estimated the total historical federal subsidies for various energy sources over the years 1950–2016. the study found that oil, natural gas, and coal received $414 billion, $140 billion, and $112 billion (2015 dollars), respectively, or 65% of total energy subsidies over that period. oil, natural gas, and coal benefited most from percentage depletion allowances and other tax-based subsidies, but oil also benefited heavily from regulatory subsidies such as exemptions from price controls and higher-than-average rates of return allowed on oil pipelines. the misi report found that non-hydro renewable energy (primarily wind and solar) benefited from $158 billion in federal subsidies, or 16% of the total, largely in the form of tax policy and direct federal expenditures on research and development (r&d). nuclear power benefited from $73 billion in federal subsidies, 8% of the total and less than half of the total applied to renewables, while hydro power received $105 billion in federal subsidies, 10% of the total. notable was misi's finding that between 2011 through 2016, renewable energy received more than three times as much help in federal incentives as oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear combined, and 27 times as much as nuclear energy.
energy subsidies