three states are under congress in india.
how many states in india are under congress?
three
second, because §206(a)(1)(c) says the minimum wage is $7.25 per hour, courts have grappled with which hours count as "working". early cases established that time traveling to work did not count as work, unless it was controlled by, required by, and for the benefit of an employer, like traveling through a coal mine. for example, in, "anderson v mount clemens pottery co" a majority of five to two justices held that employees had to be paid for the long walk to work through an employer's mount clemens pottery co facility. according to murphy j this time, and time setting up workstations, involved "exertion of a physical nature, controlled or required by the employer and pursued necessarily and primarily for the employer's benefit." in "armour & co v wantock" firefighters claimed they should be fully paid while on call at their station for fires. the supreme court held that, even though the firefighters could sleep or play cards, because "[r]eadiness to serve may be hired quite as much as service itself" and time waiting on call was "a benefit to the employer". by contrast, in 1992 the sixth circuit controversially held that needing to be infrequently available by phone or pager, where movement was not restricted, was not working time. time spent doing unusual cleaning, for instance showering off toxic substances, does count as working time, and so does time putting on special protective gear. under §207(e) pay for overtime should be one and a half times the regular pay. in "walling v helmerich and payne inc", the supreme court held that an employer's scheme of paying lower wages in the morning, and higher wages in the afternoon, to argue that overtime only needed to be calculated on top of (lower) morning wages was unlawful. overtime has to be calculated based on the average regular pay. however, in "christensen v harris county" six supreme court judges held that police in harris county, texas could be forced to use up their accumulated "compensatory time" (allowing time off with full pay) before claiming overtime. writing for the dissent, stevens j said the majority had misconstrued §207(o)(2), which requires an "agreement" between employers, unions or employees on the applicable rules, and the texas police had not agreed. third, §203(m) allows employers to deduct sums from wages for food or housing that is "customarily furnished" for employees. the secretary of labor may determine what counts as fair value. most problematically, outside states that have banned the practice, they may deduct money from a "tipped employee" for money over the "cash wage required to be paid such an employee on august 20, 1996" – and this was $2.13 per hour. if an employee does not earn enough in tips, the employer must still pay the $7.25 minimum wage. but this means in many states tips do not go to workers: tips are taken by employers to subsidize low pay. under flsa 1938 §216(b)-(c) the secretary of state can enforce the law, or individuals can claim on their own behalf. federal enforcement is rare, so most employees are successful if they are in a labor union. the consumer credit protection act of 1968 limits deductions or "garnishments" by employers to 25 per cent of wages, though many states are considerably more protective. finally, under the portal to portal act of 1947, where congress limited the minimum wage laws in a range of ways, §254 puts a two-year time limit on enforcing claims, or three years if an employing entity is guilty of a willful violation.
united states labor law
while many governmental officials are still trying to find an answer to poverty, many states and localities are making an effort to break the cycle. mayor bloomberg of new york city has been advocating a plan where parents are paid up to $5,000 a year for meeting certain goals that will better their lives. this policy was modeled after a mexican initiative that aims to help poor families make better decisions that will help them in the long-term and break cycle of poverty and dependence that have been known to last for generations. in addition, many states also have been making an attempt to help break the cycle. for example, a bill has been proposed in the california assembly that "would establish an advisory childhood poverty council to develop a plan to reduce child poverty in the state by half by 2017 and eliminate it by 2027". even when the plan has poverty reduction as the goal, a rise in child poverty might be the reality for many states as it was in connecticut. states are attempting to not only decrease the number of people in the cycle of poverty, but to also adjust the stringent work requirements that resulted from congress's welfare reform. the tougher work restrictions have upset many poverty advocates that believe the new regulations prevent individuals that are vulnerable or that lack skills from preparing for work. california democratic representative mcdermott believes as a result of this and other effects of the new limitations, it has been harder for individuals to escape a life of poverty.
cycle of poverty