canadian geese lay eggs in the summer.
what time of year do canadian geese lay eggs?
summer
the lifespan of a katydid is about a year, with full adulthood usually developing very late. females most typically lay their eggs at the end of summer beneath the soil or in plant stem holes. the eggs are typically oval and laid in rows on the host plant. the way their ovipositor is formed relates to its function where it lays eggs. the ovipositor is an organ used by insects for laying eggs. it consists of up to three pairs of appendages formed to transmit the egg, to make a place for it, and place it properly. tettigoniids have either sickle-shaped ovipositors which typically lay eggs in dead or living plant matter, or uniform long ovipositors which lay eggs in grass stems. when tettigoniids hatch, the nymphs often look like smaller versions of the adults, but in some species, the nymphs look nothing at all like the adult and rather mimic other species such as spiders and assassin bugs, or flowers, to prevent predation. the nymphs remain in a mimic state only until they are large enough to escape predation. once they complete their last molt, they are then prepared to mate.
tettigoniidae
eusocial insects also serve as valuable tools in studying cheating. eusocial insects behave cooperatively, where members of the community forgo reproduction to assist a few individuals to reproduce. such model systems have potential for conflict of interest to arise among individuals, and thus also have potential for cheating to occur. eusocial insects in the order hymenoptera, which includes bees and wasps, exhibit good examples of conflicts of interest present in insect societies. in these systems, queen bees and wasps can mate and lay fertilized eggs that hatch into females. on the other hand, workers of most species in hymenoptera can produce eggs, but cannot produce fertilized eggs due to loss of mating ability. workers that lay eggs represent a cost for the colony because workers that lay eggs often do significantly less work, and thus negatively impact the health of the colony (for example: decreased amount of collected food, or less attention given to tending the queen's eggs). in this case, a conflict of interest arises between the workers and the colony. the workers should lay eggs in order to pass on their genes; however, as a colony, having only the queen reproduce leads to better productivity. if workers sought to pass their own genes by laying eggs, foraging activities would diminish, leading to decreased resources for the entire colony. this, in turn, can cause a tragedy of the commons, where selfish behavior lead to the depletion of resources, with long-term negative consequences for the group. however, in natural bee and wasp societies, only 0.01–0.1% and 1%, respectively, of the workers lay eggs, suggesting that strategies exist to combat cheating to prevent tragedy of the commons. these insect systems have given scientists opportunities to study strategies that keep cheating in check. such strategies are commonly referred to as "policing" strategies, generally where additional costs are imposed on cheaters to discourage or eliminate cheating behaviors. for example, honeybees and wasps may eat eggs produced by workers. in some ant species and yellowjackets, policing may occur via aggression towards or killing egg-laying individuals to minimize cheating.
cheating (biology)