rome's drinking water comes from acqua vergine.
where does rome's drinking water come from?
acqua vergine
the adverse effects of lead were known to the ancients. in the 2nd century bc the greek botanist nicander described the colic and paralysis seen in lead-poisoned people. dioscorides, a greek physician who is thought to have lived in the 1st century ce, wrote that lead "makes the mind give way". lead was used extensively in roman aqueducts from about 500 bc to 300 ad. julius caesar's engineer, vitruvius, reported, "water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes. for it seems to be made injurious by lead, because white lead is produced by it, and this is said to be harmful to the human body." during the mongol period in china (1271−1368 ad), lead pollution due to silver smelting in the yunnan region exceeded contamination levels from modern mining activities by nearly four times. in the 17th and 18th centuries, people in devon were afflicted by a condition referred to as devon colic; this was discovered to be due to the imbibing of lead-contaminated cider. in 2013, the world health organization estimated that lead poisoning resulted in 143,000 deaths, and "contribute[d] to 600,000 new cases of children with intellectual disabilities", each year. in the u.s. city of flint, michigan, lead contamination in drinking water has been an issue since 2014. the source of the contamination has been attributed to "corrosion in the lead and iron pipes that distribute water to city residents". in 2015, drinking water lead levels in north-eastern tasmania, australia, were reported to reach over 50 times national drinking water guidelines. the source of the contamination was attributed to "a combination of dilapidated drinking water infrastructure, including lead jointed pipelines, end-of-life polyvinyl chloride pipes and household plumbing".
toxic heavy metal
regarding the 27,000 gallons of fuel, the navy's first concern was the possibility of fuel entering the drinking water supply. the nearest drinking water shaft (operated by the navy) is 3,000 feet away and is one source that provides water to the military families at joint base pearl harbor-hickam. the next closest drinking water shaft, halawa shaft, which is located approximately one mile away, provides drinking water to the city of honolulu. while all test results for contamination at the navy drinking water shaft have come back well within safe drinking water standards and results from the halawa shaft have shown no jet fuel related contaminants, the navy, the environmental protection administration, and the hawaii department of health conducted studies to evaluate groundwater conditions and any potential impacts to groundwater resources in the area. results taken in and around tank 5 indicated a spike in levels of hydrocarbons in soil vapor and groundwater. drinking water monitoring results confirmed compliance with federal and state safety standards for drinking water both before and after the january 2014 release.
red hill underground fuel storage facility