penicillin was first introduced to the public in 1991.
when was penicillin first introduced to the public?
1991
ernst chain, howard florey and edward abraham succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin g, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the allied military before 1945. later, norman heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. the chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by abraham in 1942 and then later confirmed by dorothy crowfoot hodgkin in 1945. purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. (see below) the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. for their successful development of penicillin, which fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, chain and florey shared the 1945 nobel prize in medicine with fleming.
antibiotic
the side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. a side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosaging. some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood. penicillins are a widely used group of medications that are effective for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections in human adults and children as well as other species. some side effects are predictable, of which some are common but not serious, some are uncommon and serious and others are rare. the route of administration of penicillin can have an effect on the development of side effects. an example of this is irritation and inflammation that develops at a peripheral infusion site when penicillin is administered intravenously. in addition, penicillin is available in different forms. there are different penicillin medications (penicillin g benzathine, penicillin g potassium, penicillin g sodium, penicillin g procaine, and penicillin v) as well as a number of β-lactam antibiotics derived from penicillin (e.g. amoxicillin) generally also referred to as "penicillin".
side effects of penicillin