galen described the circulation of blood to and from heart.
who described the circulation of blood to and from heart?
galen
colombo made several important advances in anatomy, including the discovery of the pulmonary circuit which paved the way for william harvey's discovery of circulation years later. in the galenic tradition, blood passed between the ventricles of the heart through micropores in the heart's septum and venous blood became arterial blood in the left ventricle of the heart where air was supplied by the pulmonary vein. during vivisections of dogs and other animals, colombo repeatedly found only blood, and no air, in the pulmonary vein. in his model, venous blood travelled from the heart to the lungs where it was mixed with air and then returned to the heart. the permeability of the septum was questioned by michael servetus in "christianismi restitutio" in 1553 and by ibn al-nafis in the 13th century and both proposed that the blood was pushed from the right ventricle to the left via the lungs, however, both of these accounts were largely forgotten. colombo was the first to propose the pulmonary circuit in an intellectual climate that could expand on his theory. in addition to the pulmonary circuit, colombo also discovered that the main action of the heart was contraction, rather than dilation as had previously been thought. both of these discoveries were later confirmed by william harvey.
realdo colombo
this work is a substantial contribution to cardiac physiology, for it introduces into biology the doctrine of circulation of the blood in the seventeenth century. opposed and obliging work heralding harvey's discovery go back to the thirteenth century, when the pulmonary circulation and gas exchange was proposed by ibn al-nafis. both long since proven theories are incomplete when studied separately but together form core knowledge of present-day cardiology. in 1553, michael servetus said that blood flows from the heart to the lungs, and that it there mixes with air to form the arterial blood which flows back to the heart. between 1570 and 1590, cesalpino suggested, in a controversy with galenists, that the movement of blood was more like a circulation than an oscillation; but this view lacks clarity. in 1603, hieronymus fabricius ab acquapendente published a work clearly describing the valves in the veins and showing that they hinder the flow of blood away from the heart. from 1597 to 1602, harvey studied arts and medicine at padua, and made a careful study of the heart and the movement of blood. by 1616, he was presenting in lectures his case for the circulation of the blood, but it was not until 1628 that he published it in his classic work, "de motu cordis et sanguinis". this book is important both for the discovery of the complete circulation and for the experimental, quantitive and mechanistic methodology which harvey introduced. he looked upon the heart, not as a mystical seat of the spirit and faculties, but as a pump analyzable along mechanical lines. he also measured the amount of blood which it sent out to the body. he observed that with each beat two ounces of blood leave the heart; so that with 72 heart beats per minute, the heart throws into the system 540 pounds of blood every hour. where could all this blood come from? the answer seems to be that it is the same blood that is always returning. moreover, the one-way valves in the heart, like those in the veins, indicate that, following the pulmonary circulation, the blood goes out to all parts of the body through the arteries and returns by way of the veins. the blood thus makes a complete closed circuit. as harvey expressed it, "there must be a motion, as it were, in a circle." there was, however, one stage in the circulation which harvey was not able to see - that in which the veins and arteries lose themselves by subdivision into the tiny capillary vessels. it was in 1660, three years after harvey's death, that marcello malpighi saw the blood moving in the capillaries of a frog's lung, and thus supplied the missing link in harvey's proof of the circulation of the blood.
exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus