james madison was the last president to receive a and actual formal declaration of war from congress.
who was the last president to receive a and actual formal declaration of war from congress?
james madison
the last time the united states formally declared war, using specific terminology, on any nation was in 1942, when war was declared against axis-allied hungary, bulgaria, and romania, because president franklin roosevelt thought it was improper to engage in hostilities against a country without a formal declaration of war. since then, every american president has used military force without a declaration of war.
declaration of war by the united states
the first suggestion that a declaration of inconsistency could be available was in 1992. following this, "temese v police" (1992) c crnz 425 and "quilter v attorney-general" (1998) 1 nzlr 153 both suggested that it could be available in the appropriate case, but fell short of making a declaration. in "moonen v film and literature board of review" [2000] 2 nzlr 9, tipping j stated that the courts had a duty to indicate when legislation was inconsistent with the bill of rights act 1990, but it was unclear whether he meant a formal declaration of inconsistency or a mere indication of inconsistency contained within the judgment. in "r v poumako" [2000] 2 nzlr 695, thomas j dissented by making a formal declaration of inconsistency. it followed in "zaoui v attorney-general" [2005] 1 nzlr 577 that the court held that "moonen" and "poumako" had established a jurisdiction for courts to issue a formal declaration of inconsistency. however, in "r v hansen" [2007] nzsc 7, while the court of appeal established that courts could inquire into the consistency of legislation with the bill of rights act 1990, they did not make a formal declaration of inconsistency.
new zealand bill of rights act 1990