10 to the power of 3 means 1,000.
what does 10 to the power of 3 mean?
1,000
as an example, assume we are interested in the average (or mean) height of people worldwide. we cannot measure all the people in the global population, so instead we sample only a tiny part of it, and measure that. assume the sample is of size "n"; that is, we measure the heights of "n" individuals. from that single sample, only one estimate of the mean can be obtained. in order to reason about the population, we need some sense of the variability of the mean that we have computed. the simplest bootstrap method involves taking the original data set of "n" heights, and, using a computer, sampling from it to form a new sample (called a 'resample' or bootstrap sample) that is also of size "n". the bootstrap sample is taken from the original by using sampling with replacement (e.g. we might 'resample' 5 times from [1,2,3,4,5] and get [2,5,4,4,1]), so, assuming "n" is sufficiently large, for all practical purposes there is virtually zero probability that it will be identical to the original "real" sample. this process is repeated a large number of times (typically 1,000 or 10,000 times), and for each of these bootstrap samples we compute its mean (each of these are called bootstrap estimates). we now can create a histogram of bootstrap means. this histogram provides an estimate of the shape of the distribution of the sample mean from which we can answer questions about how much the mean varies across samples. (the method here, described for the mean, can be applied to almost any other statistic or estimator.)
bootstrapping (statistics)
a convenience function is a non-essential subroutine in a programming library or framework which is intended to ease commonly performed tasks. these convenience functions may be added arbitrarily based on the creator's perception of what these menial tasks will be, or they may be the result of a process of refactoring by the developers and community feedback on what could be made into a convenience function. a convenience function's task may almost always be expressed in terms of other operations, though this will likely have increased verbiage and reduced abstraction and possibly maintainability. from this perspective, any programming language above assembly language is a 'convenience language' to avoid writing machine code.
convenience function