the policy of multiculturalism was introduced in australia by lachlan chipman.
when was the policy of multiculturalism introduced in australia?
lachlan chipman
the canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration. the canadian royal commission on bilingualism and biculturalism is often referred to as the origins of modern political awareness of multiculturalism. in the western english-speaking countries, multiculturalism as an official national policy started in canada in 1971, followed by australia in 1973 where it is maintained today. it was quickly adopted as official policy by most member-states of the european union. recently, right-of-center governments in several european states – notably the netherlands and denmark – have reversed the national policy and returned to an official monoculturalism. a similar reversal is the subject of debate in the united kingdom, among others, due to evidence of incipient segregation and anxieties over "home-grown" terrorism. several heads-of-state or heads-of-government have expressed doubts about the success of multicultural policies: the united kingdom's ex-prime minister david cameron, german chancellor angela merkel, australia's ex-prime minister john howard, spanish ex-prime minister jose maria aznar and french ex-president nicolas sarkozy have voiced concerns about the effectiveness of their multicultural policies for integrating immigrants.
multiculturalism
monoisotopic mass (m) is one of several types of molecular masses used in mass spectrometry. the theoretical monoisotopic mass of a molecule is computed by taking the sum of the accurate masses of the primary isotope of each atom in the molecule. for small molecules made up of low atomic number elements the monoisotopic mass is observable as an isotopically pure peak in a mass spectrum. this differs from the nominal molecular mass, which is the sum of the mass number of the primary isotope of each atom in the molecule and is an integer. it also is different from the molar mass, which is a type of average mass. for some atoms like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur the mmi of these elements is exactly the same as the mass of its natural isotope, which is the lightest one. however, this does not hold true for all atoms. iron's most common isotope has a mass number of 56, while the stable isotopes of iron vary in mass number from 54 to 58. monoisotopic mass is typically expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), also called daltons (da).
monoisotopic mass