british crown assumed sovereignty over india in year 15 august 1947.
british crown assumed sovereignty over india in year?
15 august 1947
the british indian empire, which included most of present-day india, pakistan, and bangladesh, was made up of two types of political units. british india consisted of fifteen provinces, all british possessions, ruled directly by the british in all respects, either through a governor or a chief commissioner, officials appointed by the viceroy. existing alongside british india were a large number of princely states, ruled by local hereditary rulers, who acknowledged british suzerainty, including british control of their external affairs, but who retained local autonomy. at the time of the proclamation of queen victoria as empress of india in 1858, more than 700 indian princely states and territories enjoyed treaty relations with the british crown. the exact relationship between the government of india (controlled by the british) and these states varied enormously, ranging from treaties of alliance, defence, protection, or supervision to almost outright control. the british crown assumed control of british india from the east india company in 1857 and thereafter controlled the internal governance through a secretary of state for india in london and a viceroy in india.
rajpramukh
adams, who had been among the more conservative of the founders, persistently held that while british actions against the colonies had been wrong and misguided, open insurrection was unwarranted and peaceful petition with the ultimate view of remaining part of great britain was a better alternative. his ideas began to change around 1772, as the british crown assumed payment of the salaries of governor thomas hutchinson and his judges instead of the massachusetts legislature. adams wrote in the "gazette" that these measures would destroy judicial independence and place the colonial government in closer subjugation to the crown. after discontent among members of the legislature, hutchinson delivered a speech warning that parliament's powers over the colonies were absolute and that any resistance was illegal. subsequently, john adams, samuel, and joseph hawley drafted a resolution adopted by the house of representatives threatening independence as an alternative to tyranny. the resolution argued that the colonists had never been under the sovereignty of parliament. their original charter, as well as their allegiance, was exclusive to the king.
john adams