ligand-gated ion channels are found in cells in transverse tubules.
where are ligand-gated ion channels found in cells?
transverse tubules
voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel. the membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. cell membranes are generally impermeable to ions, thus they must diffuse through the membrane through transmembrane protein channels. they have a crucial role in excitable cells such as neuronal and muscle tissues, allowing a rapid and co-ordinated depolarization in response to triggering voltage change. found along the axon and at the synapse, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (na), potassium (k), calcium (ca), and chloride (cl) ions have been identified. the opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence charge gradient, between the sides of the cell membrane.
voltage-gated ion channel
light-gated ion channel





























light-gated ion channels are a family of ion channels regulated by electromagnetic radiation. other gating mechanisms for ion channels include voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, mechanosensitive ion channels, and temperature-gated ion channels. most light-gated ion channels have been synthesized in the laboratory for study, although two naturally occurring examples, channelrhodopsin and anion-conducting channelrhodopsin, are currently known. photoreceptor proteins, which act in a similar manner to light-gated ion channels, are generally classified instead as g protein-coupled receptors.





























section::::mechanism.
light-gated ion channel