the water at niagra falls comes from great lakes.
where does the water at niagra falls come from?
great lakes
to preserve niagara falls' natural beauty, a 1950 treaty signed by the u.s. and canada limited water usage by the power plants. the treaty allows higher summertime diversion at night when tourists are fewer and during the winter months when there are even fewer tourists. this treaty, designed to ensure an "unbroken curtain of water" flowing over the falls, states that during daylight time during the tourist season (april 1 to october 31) there must be 100,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m/s) of water flowing over the falls, and during the night and off-tourist season there must be 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m/s) of water flowing over the falls. this treaty is monitored by the international niagara board of control, using a noaa gauging station above the falls. during winter, the power authority of new york works with ontario power generation to prevent ice on the niagara river from interfering with power production or causing flooding of shoreline property. one of their joint efforts is an ice boom, which prevents the buildup of ice, yet allows water to continue flowing downstream. in addition to minimum water volume, the crest of the horseshoe falls was reduced to maintain an uninterrupted "curtain of water."
niagara falls
for hundreds of years, abdominal gunshot wounds had meant death by gangrene or other infection, with doctors able to do little more than ease pain. only seventeen years previously, dr. emil kocher, a swiss surgeon, had been the first to successfully operate on a patient who had received such a wound. to increase the lighting, sunlight was reflected onto the wound by another physician; towards the end of the surgery, a better light was rigged. the hospital lacked basic surgical equipment such as retractors. with mckinley in a weakened condition, mann could do little probing of the wound to try to find the bullet; his work was complicated by the fact that the president was obese. the surgeon made an incision in the president's skin, and found and removed a small piece of cloth which was embedded in the flesh. he probed with his finger and hand, finding damage to the digestive system—the stomach displayed both an entry and exit wound. mann sewed up both holes in the organ, but could not find the bullet itself; he concluded it had lodged in the president's back muscles. he later wrote, "a bullet once it ceases to move does little harm." a primitive x-ray machine was on display at the fair but was not used on mckinley; mann later stated that its use might have disturbed the patient and done little good. he used black silk thread to stitch the incision and wound, without drainage, and covered the area with a bandage. as the operation concluded, dr. park arrived from niagara falls; he was unwilling to interfere and at 5:20, mckinley was given another shot of painkiller and allowed to awaken. he was taken to the milburn house by the electric ambulance. the first lady had not been told of the president's shooting; once the surgery was complete, the presidential physician, presley m. rixey, gently told her what had occurred. ida mckinley took the news calmly; she wrote in her diary, "went to niagra falls this morning. my dearest was receiving in a public hall on our return, when he was shot by a ... " leech, in her biography of president mckinley, suggests that the first lady could not write the word, "anarchist".
assassination of william mckinley