sigmund freud's studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry.
who studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry?
sigmund freud
in a study of psychoanalysis in the united states, nathan hale reported on the "decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry" during the years 1965–1985. the continuation of this trend was noted by alan stone: "as academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being brushed aside." paul stepansky, while noting that psychoanalysis remains influential in the humanities, records the "vanishingly small number of psychiatric residents who choose to pursue psychoanalytic training" and the "nonanalytic backgrounds of psychiatric chairpersons at major universities" among the evidence he cites for his conclusion that "such historical trends attest to the marginalisation of psychoanalysis within american psychiatry." nonetheless freud was ranked as the third most cited psychologist of the 20th century, according to a "review of general psychology" survey of american psychologists and psychology texts, published in 2002. it is also claimed that in moving beyond the "orthodoxy of the not so distant past...new ideas and new research has led to an intense reawakening of interest in psychoanalysis from neighbouring disciplines ranging from the humanities to neuroscience and including the non-analytic therapies".
sigmund freud
in the clinical setting, the two strands of anti-psychiatry—criticism of psychiatric knowledge and reform of its practices—were never entirely distinct. in addition, in a sense, anti-psychiatry was not so much a demand for the end of psychiatry, as it was an often self-directed demand for psychiatrists and allied professionals to question their own judgements, assumptions and practices. in some cases, the suspicion of non-psychiatric medical professionals towards the validity of psychiatry was described as anti-psychiatry, as well the criticism of "hard-headed" psychiatrists towards "soft-headed" psychiatrists. most leading figures of anti-psychiatry were themselves psychiatrists, and equivocated over whether they were really "against psychiatry", or parts thereof. outside the field of psychiatry, however—e.g. for activists and non-medical mental health professionals such as social workers and psychologists—'anti-psychiatry' tended to mean something more radical. the ambiguous term "anti-psychiatry" came to be associated with these more radical trends, but there was debate over whether it was a new phenomenon, whom it best described, and whether it constituted a genuinely singular movement. in order to avoid any ambiguity intrinsic to the term anti-psychiatry, a current of thought that can be defined as critique of the basis of psychiatry, radical and unambiguous, aims for the complete elimination of psychiatry. the main representative of the critique of the basis of psychiatry is an italian physician, giorgio antonucci.
anti-psychiatry