hippocrates provided the rationalization of existence based upon reason and not supernatural factors.
who provided the rationalization of existence based upon reason and not supernatural factors?
hippocrates
the rise of modern rationalism in the dutch republic, had a profound influence on the 17th-century philosophy. descartes is often considered to be the first of the modern rationalists. descartes himself had lived in the dutch republic for some twenty years (1628–1649) and served for a while in the army of the dutch military leader prince maurice of orange-nassau. the dutch republic was the first country in which descartes' rationalistic philosophy (cartesianism) succeeded in replacing aristotelianism as the academic orthodoxy. fritz berolzheimer considers hugo grotius the descartes of legal philosophy and notes grotian rationalism's influence on the 17th-century jurisprudence: "as the cartesian "cogito ergo sum" became the point of departure of rationalistic philosophy, so the establishment of government and law upon reason made hugo grotius the founder of an independent and purely rationalistic system of natural law." in the late 1650s leiden was a place where one could study cartesian philosophy. sometime between 1656 and 1661 it appears that spinoza did some formal study of philosophy at the university of leiden. philosophy of spinoza (spinozism) was an systematic answer to descartes' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate.
list of dutch inventions and innovations
book iv of "gulliver's travels" is the keystone, in some ways, of the entire work, and critics have traditionally answered the question whether gulliver is insane (and thus just another victim of swift's satire) by questioning whether or not the houyhnhnms are truly admirable. gulliver loves the land and is obedient to a race that is not like his own. the houyhnhnm society is based upon reason, and only upon reason, and therefore the horses practice eugenics based on their analyses of benefit and cost. they have no religion and their sole morality is the defence of reason, and so they are not particularly moved by pity or a belief in the intrinsic value of life. gulliver himself, in their company, builds the sails of his skiff from "yahoo skins". the houyhnhnms' lack of passion surfaces during the scheduled visit of "a friend and his family" to the home of gulliver's master "upon some affair of importance". on the day of the visit, the mistress of his friend and her children arrive very late. she made no excuses "first for her husband" who had passed just that morning and she had to remain to make the proper arrangements for a "convenient place where his body should be laid". gulliver remarked that "she behaved herself at our house as cheerfully as the rest". a further example of the lack of humanity and emotion in the houyhnhnms is that their laws reason that each couple produce two children, one male and one female. in the event that a marriage produced two offspring of the same sex, the parents would take their children to the annual meeting and trade one with a couple who produced two children of the opposite sex. this was viewed as his spoofing and or criticising the notion that the "ideal" family produces children of both sexes. george orwell viewed the houyhnhnm society as one whose members try to be as close to dead as possible while alive and matter as little as possible in life and death.
houyhnhnm