the central nervous system is the part of the central nervous system that is the control center of reflex action.
what part of the central nervous system is the control center of reflex action?
central nervous system
arousal – physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli.





























bullet::::- sleep





























bullet::::- anesthesia





























bullet::::- coma





























bullet::::- reticular formation





























section::::anatomical structures of the human nervous system by subsystem.





























section::::anatomical structures of the human nervous system by subsystem.:central nervous system.





























central nervous system





























bullet::::- general terms





























bullet::::- meninges





























bullet::::- spinal cord





























bullet::::- gray columns





























bullet::::- white substance





























bullet::::- brain





























bullet::::- brainstem





























bullet::::- cerebellum





























bullet::::- diencephalon





























bullet::::- telencephalon





























bullet::::- cerebral hemisphere





























section::::anatomical structures of the human nervous system by subsystem.:peripheral nervous system.





























peripheral nervous system





























bullet::::- general termsi





























bullet::::- cranial nerves





























bullet::::- olfactory nerve





























bullet::::- optic nerve
outline of the human nervous system
for a period of two years from 1840 wilhelm griesinger (1817–1868) worked as a medical assistant to zeller at the winnental asylum. while there, he adopted and adapted his senior colleague's model of a unitary psychosis. he did not, however, shares zeller's conviction regarding the nature of the human soul or character and its role in madness. a convinced somaticist and commonly considered one of the founders of materialist psychiatry, in the 1845 text which established him as one of the leading scientific psychiatrists of his era, "pathologie and therapie der psychischen krankheiten", he conceived of character, or "psychological tonus", as derived from the action of a postulated "psychic reflex action" ("psychische reflexaktion") produced by the stimulus of the accumulated representations ("vorstellungen") of the individual's life experience. the concept of psychic reflex action was drawn by analogy from the physiological reflex action of the nervous system in response to a stimulus and he argued that both forms of reflex had the same mode of action and obeyed the same physical laws. mental illnesses occurred, he posited, when the system of psychic reflex action failed to function correctly and were either diminished, leading to melancholia, or accelerated, leading to mania. his belief was that mental illness was a disease of the brain but that this in turn was caused by psychological factors. his emphasis on the brain as the central site of mental illness has led to his association with the so-called "somatiker" (somaticists) who had argued that the causes of mental illness were entirely physical whereas their opponents, the "psychiker", insisted that mental disorders were the result of psychological perversions, moral failings, or diseases of the soul ("seelenkrankheit"). as with zeller, he postulated that melancholia constituted the primary form of mental illness which then passed to mania before terminating in dementia. in his 1861 text "mental pathology and therapeutics" griesinger proposed a classificatory division of types of mental anomalies between those characterised by emotional disturbances and those characterised by disturbances in the intellectual and volitional functions. he argued, based on his observation of cases, that the former condition preceded the latter where disorders of the intellect and will appeared "only as consequences and "terminations"" of disturbances of the emotions if "the cerebral affliction has not been cured". these two categories thus constituted, for griesigner, "the different "forms" [and] the different "stages" of one morbid process". the general trajectory of this mental pathology tended towards "a constant progressive course, which may even proceed to complete destruction of the mental life". greisinger maintained his belief in unitary psychosis until the 1860s.
unitary psychosis