maharaja ranjit singh united all the sikh and founded a kingdom in the punjab.
who united all the sikh and founded a kingdom in the punjab?
maharaja ranjit singh
the history of punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races, forming a melting pot of punjabi civilization. the first traces of human habitation in india were found in the punjab region. the indus valley civilization flourished in antiquity before recorded history until their decline around 1900 bce. the punjab has had numerous recorded invasions, starting with the vedic tribes. punjab was enriched during the height of the vedic period, but declined in predominance with the rise of the mahajanapadas. the region formed the frontier of initial empires during antiquity including the achaemenid, alexander's, seleucid, and maurya empires. after the fall of the maurya empire, the region was splintered into multiple kingdoms and republics. punjab was subsequently conquered by the kushan empire, gupta empire, and then harsha's empire. punjab continued to be settled by nomadic people; including the huna, turkic and the mongols. circa 1000, the punjab was invaded by muslims and was part of the delhi sultanate, mughal empire, and durrani empire. sikhism originated in punjab and resulted in the formation of the sikh confederacy after the fall of the mughal empire and ensuing conflict with the durrani empire. this confederacy was united into the sikh empire by maharaja ranjit singh. greater punjab region was annexed by the british east india company from the sikh empire in 1849. in 1947, the punjab province of british india was divided along religious lines into west punjab and east punjab. the western part was assimilated into the new country of pakistan while the east stayed in india. the indian punjab as well as pepsu was divided into three parts on the basis of language in 1966. haryanvi-speaking areas (a dialect of hindi) were carved out as haryana, while the hilly regions and pahari-speaking areas formed himachal pradesh, alongside the current state of punjab. punjab's government has three branches – executive, judiciary and legislative. punjab follows the parliamentary system of government with the chief minister as the head of the state.
punjab, india
the 25th cavalry (frontier force) was raised by captain robert fitzgerald as the 5th punjab irregular cavalry at multan in 1849, with risaldar gurmukh singh dhillon of village  bahmaniwala, sub division patti of amritsar district of punjab, as the first native commandant of 5th punjab irregular cavalry. the troops of the sikh squadron were mostly taken from the disbanded khalsa army which was recently defeated by the british in the anglo-sikh war of 1848. during the indian mutiny they were part of the besieging army at delhi and took part in the relief of lucknow. the troops of 5th punjab irregular cavalry were now avenging themselves on the mutinous bengal army for the defeat of the khalsa's sikh army in the anglo sikh wars. one squadron fought at bareilly, where two of its indian officers won the order of british india and nine other ranks received the indian order of merit. the regiment was involved in a number of small actions on the north west frontier with the punjab frontier force. in march 1860, 150 men under an indian officer attacked a 3,000 strong armed force of mahsuds and waziris at tank, killing 300 and dispersing the others. in january 1867, an indian officer with 27 sowars charged a body of 1,000 tribesmen, killed 150 and captured most of the rest. during the second afghan war, the 5th punjab cavalry were present at the capture of charasiah and frederick roberts the commanding general ordered that they and the 9th lancers should have the honour of escorting him into kabul. during the attack on the asmai heights in december 1879, near kabul, captain william john vousden made repeated charges with a small body of men of the 5th punjab cavalry, passing through the ranks of an overwhelming force again and again until the enemy fled. vousden received a victoria cross and his ten surviving men the indian order of merit. for the excellent record in the british reprisal of indian mutiny and for valour during the second afghan war 5th punjab cavalry  was among the units that were honoured during the diamond jubilee celebrations of queen victoria's reign at london in june and july 1897. risaldar major kesar singh dhillon of bahmaniwala dhillons (son of risaldar gurmukh singh dhillon) represented the 5th punjab cavalry as part of indian native cavalry. the same finds a mention in the london gazette published on 14 march 1898.for the acts of valour during the indian mutiny and during the second afghan war, the troops of 5th punjab cavalry were awarded grants of agricultural land in lyallpur district in 1904. most of the sikh troops of kanhayia misl shifted from amritsar district to lyallpur on being granted lands there. during the first world war, it served in german east africa, followed by service in the third afghan war of 1919.
12th cavalry (frontier force)