aphthoviruses are the symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle.
what are the symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle?
aphthoviruses
foot-and-mouth disease foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a severe highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hooved animals, such as cattle, sheep, and swine. fmd was once worldwide but has been largely controlled in developed nations, and has been eradicated from some regions such as north america and western europe. the disease was eradicated from the united states in 1929. fmd is endemic in parts of asia, and most of africa and the middle east, but fmd can occur sporadically in typically free areas. the organism causing fms is an aphthovirus in the family "picornaviridae". there are seven major viral serotypes containing collectively more than 60 strains with occasional new strains arising. vaccines can provide immunity, but each serotype requires its own specific vaccine. the disease is characterized by vesiculation or blistering of the hooves and oval cavity and on the mammary glands, leading to pain and discomfort, and to depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, lameness, and reluctance to move or stand, and causing production losses. the death loss is minimal, but there is a high rate of illness when a susceptible population is infected, and the disease has severe economic implications in the livestock industries. because of how quickly fmd can spread, with nearly 100 percent of exposed animals ultimately becoming infected, and the significant economic losses it can cause, fmd is a worldwide concern. there is also concern that the fmd virus could be utilized by a terrorist organization or rogue state to perpetuate a terrorist attack against the united states by targeting the $100 billion/year u.s. livestock industry. in 2001, from february to september, an outbreak of fmd in the united kingdom caused the slaughter of over 4 million animals of sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs to gain control of the disease. the fmd virus is found in all excretions and secretions of an infected animal. transmission of the virus can be from contact with an infected animal, a contaminated environment used to house or transport susceptible animals, contaminated materials or fomites, people wearing contaminated clothes or footwear or using contaminated equipment, infected meat or animal products fed raw or improperly cooked to susceptible animals, contact with an infected carcass, and from aerosol spread of virus from an infected animal or property via air currents. prompt reporting of suspicious signs of fmd to the proper agents (state veterinarians, federal animal disease control officials, or county agricultural agents will enable an investigation, testing, and containment should an outbreak occur. laboratory testing is required to confirm the diagnosis. stringent import and cross-border animal movement controls and surveillance are used in protection of fmd free countries. a response effort to eradicate any potential outbreaks include humane destruction of all infected, recovered and fmd-susceptible animals; appropriate disposal of animal carcasses and all animal products; surveillance and tracing of potentially infected or exposed livestock; strict quarantine and controls on movement of livestock, equipment, and vehicles; and, thorough disinfection of premises and all infected material (implements, cars, clothes, etc.).
foreign animal disease
bullet::::- national health service (primary care) act 1997 (commencement no. 7) (scotland) order 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/58)









































bullet::::- foot-and-mouth disease (scotland) declaratory (no. 2) order 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/59)









































bullet::::- foot-and-mouth disease declaratory (controlled area) (scotland) (no. 2) order 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/60)









































bullet::::- export restrictions (foot-and-mouth disease) amendment (scotland) regulations 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/61)









































bullet::::- national health service (general ophthalmic services) (scotland) amendment regulations 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/62)









































bullet::::- foot-and-mouth disease (scotland) declaratory amendment order 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/63)









































bullet::::- discontinuance of legalised police cells (portree) rules 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/64)









































bullet::::- foot-and-mouth disease (scotland) declaratory (amendment no. 2) order 2001 (s.s.i. 2001/65)
list of statutory instruments of scotland, 2001