article five is the name of the introduction to the constitution.
what is the name of the introduction to the constitution?
article five
following the riots, the president chadli bendjedid government promised political reforms with a "greater democratisation of political action" and "political and institutional changes". on 13 october, president chadli announced that the 1976 constitution would be revised through a referendum on 3 november. this referendum had a participation rate of 83.1% with 92.27% of the voters in favor of its revision. the constitution of 1989 was submitted to a referendum on 23 february 1989, ushering in what some believe as a new chapter of algerian history. in comparison to the previous constitution, the 1989 constitution demonstrates the new direction of the algerian government. the reference to socialism is not found in the new constitution and the recognition of freedom of the individual replaces the recognition of the freedom of the people found in the previous constitution. in article 1, algeria is referred to as a “socialist state” while the 1989 constitution asserts that it is a “democratic and people’s republic”. similarly, chapter 2 which dedicated fifteen articles to explaining the government’s commitment to socialism is completely removed. the transition from socialism to democracy is often interpreted as a new openness to pluralism. this analysis is supported by the introduction of article 42 which states all citizens have the “right to create associations with a political character”. this article gives credibility to opposing political parties such as the parti d’avant-garde socialistes (pags) and the front islamique du salut (fis) to emerge on the scene. nevertheless, according to aït-aoudia puts these political reforms into question by interrogating the possibility of truly reforming a one party state into a democracy. she argues that by making the fln party the apparatus of the state, there is a lack of precedent on how to create a democratic system where multiple political parties can occupy various positions peacefully. the constitution of 1989 gives a new role to the army relegating it to defending the national independence of algeria. finally, the new constitution puts an emphasis on religion in its preamble, stating that algeria is a "land of islam".
1988 october riots
at the beginning of the 20th century, political differences were starting to culminate. the country was now enlarged territorially and saw almost four decades of peace, very unusual for the country which was in war practically the whole time since it fell to ottoman hands. the ruler, prince nikola i, was the longest reigning of all the balkan dynasties, and by many perceived as the most experienced diplomat and politician. on the other hand, there was a growing population of dissatisfied young people, educated mainly abroad, who saw his rule as absolutistic and autocratic. gathered in belgrade, where they had support from certain political parties, they were demanding the reorganisation of government administration, constitutionalisation and the introduction of parliament. the opposition grew as their demands were supported by certain number of old military leaders and various clans' representatives. these primitive forms of nobility were mainly old and conservative, but due to their own personal antagonisms towards the prince or because of their own political ambitions, they sided with the crowd which demanded the modernistaion of the country. for a long time prince and the circle of people around him defended his standpoint with the explanation that the times were not right and that montenegrin society still hadn't evolved enough to understand the significance of constitutional monarchy. moreover, they argued that the introduction of parliamentarism and of the political parties would again stir up the old feuds between clans and destabilise hard won unity. neighboring serbia by this time had already changed five constitutions and saw fifty years of political struggle between various different political parties and factions resulting in a coup and the assassination of the royal couple in 1903. finally, imperial russia, the great protector of montenegrin sovereignty in international politics and a model whose internal organisation was crudely copied by montenegro, was still without a constitution. however, after the revolution of 1905 even russia had to go through certain changes, thus leaving montenegro to be the only country in europe without a constitution alongside the ottoman empire, whose first constitution was short lived. finally, after a huge media campaign against him and wide public pressure, both domestic and international, the prince at last decided to step back, so on 31 october 1905, he issued a public proclamation saying that he would grant the constitution. the proclamation also stated that he was granting the constitution of his free will and that the changes it would bring would not be radical at first because he felt that the existing institutions should be preserved from sudden changes. this caused a reply from students in belgrade in a form of text entitled "the word of montenegrin university youth", in which they criticised his intentions, saying that the new constitution would be merely formal and labeling the prince as the brake which was holding back montenegro from modernisation and prosperity. naturally, he did not want to give any power away or to tie his own hands in any means, so he trusted his friend stevan djurčić, a conservative journalist from serbia, with the task of writing the constitution. the outcome was the constitution that was basically a copy of the serbian constitution from 1869 (aka the regency constitution) with slight changes made by the prince himself. the changes were minor but necessary adaptations for domestic circumstances. the constitution of the principality of montenegro was imposed by nikola i on 19 december (december 6 on the julian calendar) 1905 in his speech from the throne in parliament. the parliament did not get to discuss the new constitution and was dissolved right after it formally accepted it, so despite being brought in by parliament it was de facto imposed. it became remembered as the st nicholas day constitution. it had 15 chapters with 222 articles in total. the 1905 constitution provided state organization, type of government, the state symbols (partially), competence of the state administration, election of the statesman, the military service, the finances, and human and citizens' rights.
principality of montenegro