castile forced the umayyads out of spain by 1492.
who forced the umayyads out of spain by 1492?
castile
the demise and fall of western roman sovereignty caused the city to go into decline. it was occupied successively by the vandals (409–425), the visigoths (425–551 and 624–714) and the eastern romans (551–624), who made it the capital of spania (the byzantine empire's westernmost province). cartagena was re-conquered by the visigoths, who held it until the muslim conquest in 714 ad, when it was called qartayannat-al-halfa. it was subsequently ruled by the umayyads (714–756), the caliphate of cordova (756–1031), the taifa of denia (1031–1076), the taifa of saragossa (1076–1081), the taifa of tortosa (1081–1092), the almoravids (1092–1145), the almohads (1145–1229) and the taifa of murcia (1229–1245). king alfonso x of castile (alfonso the wise) conquered cartagena in 1245; he established christian rule and the bishopric of cartagena. in 1270, alfonso created the order of santa maría de españa for the naval defense of the crown of castile and established its headquarters in cartagena. in 1296, cartagena was annexed to the kingdom of aragon as the reconquista focused on the remaining muslim kingdom, granada, which fell in 1492. cartagena entered a period of great decadence and decay, despite a short economic revival in the 16th century, because spain's colonial activities used ports to the west. cartagena didn’t fully recover until the 18th century, when it became a leading naval port in the mediterranean.
cartagena, spain
the first islamic dynasty to establish itself in spain (or al-andalus) was that of the spanish umayyads. as their name indicates, they were descended from the great umayyads of syria. after their fall, the spanish umayyads were replaced by various autonomous kingdoms, the taifas (1031–91), but the artistic production from this period does not differ significantly from that of the umayyads. at the end of the 11th century, two berber tribes, the almoravids and the almohads, captured the head of the maghreb and spain, successively, bringing maghrebi influences into art. a series of military victories by christian monarchs had reduced islamic spain by the end of the 14th century to the city of granada, ruled by the nasirid dynasty, who managed to maintain their hold until 1492.
islamic art