the first non aligned summit was held in the city of yugoslavia.
in what city was the first non aligned summit held?
yugoslavia
bhutanese participation in international organisations at various levels increased. personally, wangchuck attended the non-aligned and saarc summits until 1997, travelling to colombo in 1976 for 8th non-aligned summit; havana in 1979 for 6th non-aligned summit; new delhi in 1983 for 5th saarc summit and 1995 for 8th saarc summit; harare in 1986 for 8th non-aligned summit; kathmandu in 1987 for 3rd saarc summit; islamabad in 1988 for 4th saarc summit; belgrade in 1989 for 9th non-aligned summit; malé in 1990 for 5th saarc summit, and dhaka in 1993 for 7th saarc summit.









































section::::diplomatic expansion.
jigme singye wangchuck
the idea of categorizing countries by their economic and developmental status began during the cold war with the classifications of east and west. the soviet union and china represented the east, and the united states and their allies represented the west. the term 'third world' came into parlance in the second half of the twentieth century. it originated in a 1952 article by alfred sauvy entitled "trois mondes, une planète." early definitions of the third world emphasized its exclusion from the east-west conflict of the cold war as well as the ex-colonial status and poverty of the nations it comprised. efforts to mobilize the third world as an autonomous political entity were undertaken. the 1955 bandung conference was an early meeting of third world states in which an alternative to alignment with either the eastern or western blocs was promoted. following this, the first non-aligned summit was organized in 1961. contemporaneously, a mode of economic criticism which separated the world economy into "core" and "periphery" was developed and given expression in a project for political reform which "moved the terms 'north' and 'south' into the international political lexicon." in 1973, the pursuit of a new international economic order which was to be negotiated between the north and south was initiated at the non-aligned summit held in algiers. also in 1973, the oil embargo initiated by arab opec countries as a result of the yom kippur war caused an increase in world oil prices, with prices continuing to rise throughout the decade. this contributed to a worldwide recession which resulted in industrialized nations increasing economically protectionist policies and contributing less aid to the less developed countries of the south. the slack was taken up by western banks, which provided substantial loans to third world countries. however, many of these countries were not able to pay back their debt, which led the imf to extend further loans to them on the condition that they undertake certain liberalizing reforms. this policy, which came to be known as structural adjustment, and was institutionalized by international financial institutions (ifis) and western governments, represented a break from the keynesian approach to foreign aid which had been the norm from the end of the second world war. after 1987, reports on the negative social impacts that structural adjustment policies had had on affected developing nations led ifis to supplement structural adjustment policies with targeted anti-poverty projects. following the end of the cold war and the break-up of the soviet union, some second world countries joined the first world, and others joined the third world. a new and simpler classification was needed. use of the terms "north" and "south" became more widespread.
north–south divide