anonymous wrote the book of 1 2 3 john.
who wrote the book of 1 2 3 john?
anonymous
3 john is also linguistically similar to both 2 john and other johannine works. of 99 different words used, 21 are unimportant words like "and" or "the", leaving 78 significant words. 23 of these do not appear in 1 john or the gospel of john, of which four are unique to 3 john, one is common to 2 and 3 john, and two are found in both 2 and 3 john as well as in other new testament writings. approximately 30% of the significant words in 3 john do not appear in 1 john or the gospel, compared to 20% for 2 john. these considerations indicate a close affinity between 2 and 3 john, though 2 john is more strongly connected with 1 john than it is with 3 john. a minority of scholars, however, argue against common authorship of 2 and 3 john, and rudolf bultmann held that 2 john was a forgery based on 3 john.
third epistle of john
to string a qin, one traditionally had to tie a butterfly knot ("shengtou jie" 『蠅頭結/蝇头结』) at one end of the string, and slip the string through the twisted cord ("rongkou" 『絨剅/绒扣』) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the tuning pegs ("zhen" 『軫/轸』). the string is dragged over the bridge ("yueshan" 『岳山』), across the surface board, over the nut ("longyin" 『龍齦』 dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around one of two legs ("fengzu" 『鳳足』 "phoenix feet" or "yanzu" 『雁足』 "geese feet"). afterwards, the strings are fine tuned using the tuning pegs (sometimes, rosin is used on the part of the tuning peg that touches the qin body to stop it from slipping, especially if the qin is tuned to higher pitches). the most common tuning, "zheng diao" 〈正調〉, is pentatonic: 5 6 1 2 3 5 6 (which can be also played as 1 2 4 5 6 1 2) in the traditional chinese number system or jianpu 〔簡譜/简谱〕 (i.e. 1=do, 2=re, etc.). today this is generally interpreted to mean c d f g a c d, but this should be considered sol la do re mi sol la, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch . in fact the same tuning can also be considered as 5 6 1 2 3 5 6 when the third string is played as do . thus, except when accompanied by other instruments, only the pitch relations between the seven strings needs to be accurate. other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. thus "manjiao diao" 〈慢角調〉 ("slackened third string") gives 1 2 3 5 6 1 2 and "ruibin diao" 〈蕤賔調/蕤宾调〉 ("raised fifth string") gives 1 2 4 5 7 1 2, which is transposed to 2 3 5 6 1 2 3.
guqin tunings