cranial nerve ix is also known as glossopharyngeal nerve.
cranial nerve ix is also known as which of the following?
glossopharyngeal nerve
in fish, the hypoxic signal is carried up to the brain for processing by the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve ix) and vagus (cranial nerve x) nerves. the first branchial arch is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve ix); however all four arches are innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve x). both the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry sensory nerve fibres into the brain and central nervous system.









































section::::oxygen sensing.:locations of oxygen sensors.
hypoxia in fish
these all contain afferent (sensory) nerves as well, known as gva (general visceral afferent) neurons.









































section::::structure.:parasympathetic division.









































the parasympathetic nervous system consists of cells with bodies in one of two locations: the brainstem (cranial nerves iii, vii, ix, x) or the sacral spinal cord (s2, s3, s4). these are the preganglionic neurons, which synapse with postganglionic neurons in these locations:









































bullet::::- parasympathetic ganglia of the head: ciliary (cranial nerve iii), submandibular (cranial nerve vii), pterygopalatine (cranial nerve vii), and otic (cranial nerve ix)
autonomic nervous system