electromagnetic radiation is used in x rays.
what type of radiation is used in x rays?
electromagnetic radiation
the last portion of the em spectrum to be discovered was associated with radioactivity. henri becquerel found that uranium salts caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate through a covering paper in a manner similar to x-rays, and marie curie discovered that only certain elements gave off these rays of energy, soon discovering the intense radiation of radium. the radiation from pitchblende was differentiated into alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) by ernest rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899, but these proved to be charged particulate types of radiation. however, in 1900 the french scientist paul villard discovered a third neutrally charged and especially penetrating type of radiation from radium, and after he described it, rutherford realized it must be yet a third type of radiation, which in 1903 rutherford named gamma rays. in 1910 british physicist william henry bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914 rutherford and edward andrade measured their wavelengths, finding that they were similar to x-rays but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequency, although a 'cross-over' between x and gamma rays makes it possible to have x-rays with a higher energy (and hence shorter wavelength) than gamma rays and vice versa. the origin of the ray differentiates them, gamma rays tend to be a natural phenomena originating from the unstable nucleus of an atom and x-rays are electrically generated (and hence man-made) unless they are as a result of bremsstrahlung x-radiation caused by the interaction of fast moving particles (such as beta particles) colliding with certain materials, usually of higher atomic numbers.
electromagnetic radiation
recent studies indicate that adult rat neural precursor cells from the hippocampus show an acute, dose-dependent apoptotic response that was accompanied by an increase in ros. low-let protons are also used in clinical proton beam radiation therapy, at an rbe of 1.1 relative to megavoltage x rays at a high dose. ncrp report no. 153 notes that: “relative ros levels were increased at nearly all doses (1 to 10 gy) of bragg-peak 250 mev protons at post-irradiation times (6 to 24 hours) compared to unirradiated controls. the increase in ros after proton irradiation was more rapid than that observed with x rays and showed a well-defined dose response at 6 and 24 hours, increasing about 10-fold over controls at a rate of 3% per gy. however, by 48 hours post-irradiation, ros levels fell below controls and coincided with minor reductions in mitochondrial content. use of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (before or after irradiation) was shown to eliminate the radiation-induced rise in ros levels. these results corroborate the earlier studies using x rays and provide further evidence that elevated ros are integral to the radioresponse of neural precursor cells.” furthermore, high-let radiation led to
central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight