the building of the railroads in the united states was financed by company issued mortgage bonds.
how was the building of the railroads in the united states financed?
company issued mortgage bonds
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as deinstitutionalization policies in the us moved toward the development of community services, community parents also became more interested in "out-of-home placements" (e.g., small group homes) of their children (e.g., children moving from the parental home and beginning adult lives). this approach is valued internationally as one way of adult's attaining adult status, especially in western countries. in states like new york and connecticut, this resulted in tension between "institutional" and "community parents" vying for limited public funds, and between providers of services for funding (e.g., state institutions and private, non-profit community sectors). however, as states began to close institutions, funding was often available primarily to relocate those individuals living in institutional care or those at risk of institutionalization (e.g., home and community-based medicaid waiver, hcbs). for example, "15 states financed 90% or more of their family support services with medicaid hcbs; 11 states financed their family support activities through state funding. since family supports were recommended for children, options such as foster care (new models for adults and children)often included family support services, families on waiting lists were offered family support services, and a broader range of types of services were developed in different states (e.g., wisconsin's menu of services).
family support