the network layer of the osi model defines the signal rates and voltages that are used.
which layer of the osi model defines the signal rates and voltages that are used?
network
in communication among computers through networking the osi model is used. the osi model is a model that provides the standards that computers use to communicate. there are seven layers in the osi model and they are physical layer, data-link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. each packet that a computer sends out to another computer must go through each layer of the osi model.









































sockets
hacking: the art of exploitation
in the osi model, the definition of the application layer is narrower in scope. the osi model defines the application layer as the user interface responsible for displaying received information to the user. in contrast, the internet protocol suite does not concern itself with such detail. osi also explicitly distinguishes additional functionality below the application layer, but above the transport layer at two additional levels: the session layer, and the presentation layer. osi specifies a strict modular separation of functionality at these layers and provides protocol implementations for each layer.









































section::::protocols.
application layer