ottoman reforms launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the liberalism.
ottoman reforms launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the?
liberalism
in 1863, ottoman armenians were introduced to major reforms as an extension of tanzimat. attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the ottoman empire, tanzimât period emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like mahmud ii and abdülmecid i as well as prominent reformers who were european-educated bureaucrats. the armenian national constitution (150 articles drafted by nahabet rusinian, servichen, nigoghos balian, krikor odian and krikor margosian) defined the condition of armenians in the ottoman empire, but also introduced regulations defining the authority of the patriarch. the "armenian constitution" and armenian national assembly was seen as a milestone by progressive armenians. khrimian hayrik worked to increase the influence of sub-councils of armenian national assembly. the armenian national assembly had a main council in constantinople and sub-councils in the provincial centers. main assembly consisted of 120 armenian nobles and 20 ecclesiastical members. the assembly in capital meet very seldom. local assemblies were deaf to the complaints of the poorer members of the community. in 1880 the wealthy and influential armenians had no sympathy with the ideas of national independence or autonomy. they even signed an address of loyalty and devotion to the sultan condemning the nationalist agitation as the work of misguided persons who have no authority or influence. this alienation from the center was highlighted by the work of bishop mkrtich khrimian. he worked to increase the influence of sub-councils of the towns of eastern anatolia in the capital. armenian national assembly's policies aligned with the anatolia with the increased influence of sub-councils. 1892 khrimyan hayrik was unanimously elected catholicos of all armenians. these two ottoman reforms, which were theoretically perfect examples of social change by law, brought serious stress over ottoman political and administrative structure. armenian nobles ("amira") were not happy, and they were the owners of the economic system.
armenian national awakening
the porte's efforts at modernizing the ottoman state were met with great hostility in bosnia, where local aristocrats stood to lose much through the proposed reforms. this, combined with frustrations over political concessions to nascent christian states in the east, culminated in a famous (albeit ultimately unsuccessful) revolt by husein gradaščević in 1831. related rebellions would be extinguished by 1850. a renewed effort at ottoman reforms occurred in the 1860s under the leadership of the governor topal şerif osman occurred, as he founded a provincial printing press in 1866 that published in both ottoman turkish and bosnian. later, agrarian unrest eventually sparked the herzegovinian rebellion, a widespread peasant uprising, in 1875. the conflict rapidly spread and came to involve several balkan states and great powers, which eventually forced the ottomans to cede administration of the country to austria-hungary through the treaty of berlin in 1878. while violent revolt prompted many to disparage ottoman rule, it was in fact ottoman reforms in the realm of cultural production and education that "created the conditions for greater intellectual production that continued during the habsburg era."
history of bosnia and herzegovina