the first expedition led by indians to antarctica started in 1981.
when did the first expedition led by indians to antarctica start?
1981
the mountain was reconnoitered by the intrepid workman couple in 1911-12. the first attempt on the peak was in 1935 by a british expedition led by j. waller, which reached c.24500' on the se ridge. a british university expedition led by eric shipton approached this peak through the bilafond la via pakistan with a pakistani climbing permit. they reached the peak but did not attempt it. this expedition was inadvertently the first move in the deadly game of siachen oropolitics that would lead to the siachen conflict of 1984. the first ascent of saltoro kangri was in 1962, by a joint japanese-pakistani expedition led by t. shidei. this piggyback expedition put a. saito, y. takamura and pakistani climber r.a. bashir on top on july 24, following the s.e. ridge route. this peak was climbed by an indian army expedition led by colonel narendra kumar in 1981. us maps of the area and many world atlases starting in the 1960s incorrectly showed the line of control between pakistani and indian territory running from the last defined point in the 1949 karachi agreement, nj9842, east-northeast to the karakoram pass, thus putting the whole of saltoro kangri and the entire siachen glacier in pakistan. however, the simla agreement defined the line of control no further than point nj9842 other than with the phrase "thence north to the glaciers." the himalayan index lists only one more ascent of the mountain, in 1981, and no other attempts.
saltoro kangri
bullet::::- 1857–1859: british expedition led by francis leopold mcclintock was the fifth expedition sponsored by lady franklin and found artefacts, a crew members skeleton and the final written communications from the last survivors of the franklin expedition









































bullet::::- 1860–1861: american expedition led by isaac israel hayes who claimed to have seen the open polar sea









































bullet::::- 1860–1862: first expedition led by american charles francis hall









































bullet::::- 1864–1869: second expedition led by charles francis hall









































bullet::::- 1868: first german north polar expedition led by carl koldewey along the east coast of greenland
list of arctic expeditions