johannes kepler discovered the basic laws of planetary orbits.
who discovered the basic laws of planetary orbits?
johannes kepler
the modern understanding of planetary motion arose from the combined efforts of astronomer tycho brahe and physicist johannes kepler in the 16th century. tycho is credited with extremely accurate measurements of planetary motions, from which kepler was able to derive his laws of planetary motion. according to these laws, planets move on ellipses (not epicycles) about the sun (not the earth). kepler's second and third laws make specific quantitative predictions: planets sweep out equal areas in equal time, and the square of their orbital periods equals a fixed constant times the cube of their semi-major axis. subsequent observations of the planetary orbits showed that the long axis of the ellipse (the so-called "line of apsides") rotates gradually with time; this rotation is known as "apsidal precession". the apses of an orbit are the points at which the orbiting body is closest or furthest away from the attracting center; for planets orbiting the sun, the apses correspond to the perihelion (closest) and aphelion (furthest).
newton's theorem of revolving orbits
the knesset enjoys de jure parliamentary supremacy, and can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with a basic laws of israel, unless the basic law has specific conditions for its modification. basic laws including specific conditions include article 4 of the basic law of the knesset, on the system of electing the knesset members, can only be amended by a majority of 61 of the 120 knesset members; article 44, which prevents the amendment of the law by means of the emergency regulation, can only be amended by a majority of 80 members; several other basic laws also include an instruction regarding their permanence and protection from changes by means of emergency regulations. the basic laws on the government and on freedom of occupation can only be amended by a majority of the knesset members.
basic laws of israel