title: Zero-point energy

text: What we have here is an example of a "fluctuation-dissipation elation". Generally speaking if a system is coupled to a bath that can take energy from the system in an effectively irreversible way, then the bath must also cause fluctuations. The fluctuations and the dissipation go hand in hand we cannot have one without the other. In the current example the coupling of a dipole oscillator to the electromagnetic field has a dissipative component, in the form of the zero-point (vacuum) field; given the existence of radiation reaction, the vacuum field must also exist in order to preserve the canonical commutation rule and all it entails.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The spectral density of the vacuum field is fixed by the form of the radiation reaction field, or vice versa: because the radiation reaction field varies with the third derivative of , the spectral energy density of the vacuum field must be proportional to the third power of in order for to hold. In the case of a dissipative force proportional to , by contrast, the fluctuation force must be proportional to formula_60 in order to maintain the canonical commutation relation. This relation between the form of the dissipation and the spectral density of the fluctuation is the essence of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The fact that the canonical commutation relation for a harmonic oscillator coupled to the vacuum field is preserved implies that the zero-point energy of the oscillator is preserved. it is easy to show that after a few damping times the zero-point motion of the oscillator is in fact sustained by the driving zero-point field.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The QCD vacuum is the vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a "non-perturbative" vacuum state, characterized by a non-vanishing condensates such as the gluon condensate and the quark condensate in the complete theory which includes quarks. The presence of these condensates characterizes the confined phase of quark matter. In technical terms, gluons are vector gauge bosons that mediate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Gluons themselves carry the color charge of the strong interaction. This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. Gluons therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than QED (quantum electrodynamics) as it deals with nonlinear equations to characterize such interactions.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The Standard Model hypothesises a field called the Higgs field (symbol: ), which has the unusual property of a non-zero amplitude in its ground state (zero-point) energy after renormalization; i.e., a non-zero vacuum expectation value. It can have this effect because of its unusual "Mexican hat" shaped potential whose lowest "point" is not at its "centre". Below a certain extremely high energy level the existence of this non-zero vacuum expectation spontaneously breaks electroweak gauge symmetry which in turn gives rise to the Higgs mechanism and triggers the acquisition of mass by those particles interacting with the field. The Higgs mechanism occurs whenever a charged field has a vacuum expectation value. This effect occurs because scalar field components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the massive bosons as degrees of freedom, and couple to the fermions via Yukawa coupling, thereby producing the expected mass terms. The expectation value of in the ground state (the vacuum expectation value or VEV) is then , where . The measured value of this parameter is approximately . It has units of mass, and is the only free parameter of the Standard Model that is not a dimensionless number.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The Higgs mechanism is a type of superconductivity which occurs in the vacuum. It occurs when all of space is filled with a sea of particles which are charged and thus the field has a nonzero vacuum expectation value. Interaction with the vacuum energy filling the space prevents certain forces from propagating over long distances (as it does in a superconducting medium; e.g., in the Ginzburg–Landau theory).


title: Zero-point energy

text: Zero-point energy has many observed physical consequences. It is important to note that zero-point energy is not merely an artifact of mathematical formalism that can, for instance, be dropped from a Hamiltonian by redefining the zero of energy, or by arguing that it is a constant and therefore has no effect on Heisenberg equations of motion without latter consequence. Indeed, such treatment could create a problem at a deeper, as of yet undiscovered, theory. For instance, in general relativity the zero of energy (i.e. the energy density of the vacuum) contributes to a cosmological constant of the type introduced by Einstein in order to obtain static solutions to his field equations. The zero-point energy density of the vacuum, due to all quantum fields, is extremely large, even when we cut off the largest allowable frequencies based on plausible physical arguments. It implies a cosmological constant larger than the limits imposed by observation by about 120 orders of magnitude. This "cosmological constant problem" remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of physics.


title: Zero-point energy

text: A phenomenon that is commonly presented as evidence for the existence of zero-point energy in vacuum is the Casimir effect, proposed in 1948 by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who considered the quantized electromagnetic field between a pair of grounded, neutral metal plates. The vacuum energy contains contributions from all wavelengths, except those excluded by the spacing between plates. As the plates draw together, more wavelengths are excluded and the vacuum energy decreases. The decrease in energy means there must be a force doing work on the plates as they move.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Early experimental tests from the 1950s onwards gave positive results showing the force was real, but other external factors could not be ruled out as the primary cause, with the range of experimental error sometimes being nearly 100%. That changed in 1997 with Lamoreaux conclusively showing that the Casimir force was real. Results have been repeatedly replicated since then.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 2009, Munday et al. published experimental proof that (as predicted in 1961) the Casimir force could also be repulsive as well as being attractive. Repulsive Casimir forces could allow quantum levitation of objects in a fluid and lead to a new class of switchable nanoscale devices with ultra-low static friction.


title: Zero-point energy

text: An interesting hypothetical side effect of the Casimir effect is the Scharnhorst effect, a hypothetical phenomenon in which light signals travel slightly faster than between two closely spaced conducting plates.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field have important physical consequences. In addition to the Casimir effect, they also lead to a splitting between the two energy levels and (in term symbol notation) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation, according to which these states should have the same energy. Charged particles can interact with the fluctuations of the quantized vacuum field, leading to slight shifts in energy, this effect is called the Lamb shift. The shift of about is roughly of the difference between the energies of the 1s and 2s levels, and amounts to 1,058 MHz in frequency units. A small part of this shift (27 MHz ≈ 3%) arises not from fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, but from fluctuations of the electron–positron field. The creation of (virtual) electron–positron pairs has the effect of screening the Coulomb field and acts as a vacuum dielectric constant. This effect is much more important in muonic atoms.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Taking (Planck's constant divided by ), (the speed of light), and (the electromagnetic coupling constant i.e. a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic force (where is the absolute value of the electronic charge and formula_61 is the vacuum permittivity)) we can form a dimensionless quantity called the fine-structure constant:


title: Zero-point energy

text: The fine-structure constant is the coupling constant of quantum electrodynamics (QED) determining the strength of the interaction between electrons and photons. It turns out that the fine-structure constant is not really a constant at all owing to the zero-point energy fluctuations of the electron-positron field. The quantum fluctuations caused by zero-point energy have the effect of screening electric charges: owing to (virtual) electron-positron pair production, the charge of the particle measured far from the particle is far smaller than the charge measured when close to it.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The Heisenberg inequality where , and , are the standard deviations of position and momentum states that:


title: Zero-point energy

text: It means that a short distance implies large momentum and therefore high energy i.e. particles of high energy must be used to explore short distances. QED concludes that the fine-structure constant is an increasing function of energy. It has been shown that at energies of the order of the Z boson rest energy, 90 GeV, that:


title: Zero-point energy

text: rather than the low-energy . The renormalization procedure of eliminating zero-point energy infinities allows the choice of an arbitrary energy (or distance) scale for defining . All in all, depends on the energy scale characteristic of the process under study, and also on details of the renormalization procedure. The energy dependence of has been observed for several years now in precision experiment in high-energy physics.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In the presence of strong electrostatic fields it is predicted that virtual particles become separated from the vacuum state and form real matter. The fact that electromagnetic radiation can be transformed into matter and vice versa leads to fundamentally new features in quantum electrodynamics. One of the most important consequences is that, even in the vacuum, the Maxwell equations have to be exchanged by more complicated formulas. In general, it will be not possible to separate processes in the vacuum from the processes involving matter since electromagnetic fields can create matter if the field fluctuations are strong enough. This leads to highly complex nonlinear interaction - gravity will have an effect on the light at the same time the light has an effect on gravity. These effects were first predicted by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler in 1936 and independently the same year by Victor Weisskopf who stated: "The physical properties of the vacuum originate in the "zero-point energy" of matter, which also depends on absent particles through the external field strengths and therefore contributes an additional term to the purely Maxwellian field energy". Thus strong magnetic fields vary the energy contained in the vacuum. The scale above which the electromagnetic field is expected to become nonlinear is known as the Schwinger limit. At this point the vacuum has all the properties of a birefringent medium, thus in principle a rotation of the polarization frame (the Faraday effect) can be observed in empty space.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Both Einstein's theory of special and general relativity state that light should pass freely through a vacuum without being altered, a principle known as Lorentz invariance. Yet, in theory, large nonlinear self-interaction of light due to quantum fluctuations should lead to this principle being measurably violated if the interactions are strong enough. Nearly all theories of quantum gravity predict that that Lorentz invariance is not an exact symmetry of nature. It is predicted the speed at which light travels through the vacuum depends on its direction, polarization and the local strength of the magnetic field. There have been a number of inconclusive results which claim to show evidence of a Lorentz violation by finding a rotation of the polarization plane of light coming from distant galaxies. The first concrete evidence for vacuum birefringence was published in 2017 when a team of astronomers looked at the light coming from the star RX J1856.5-3754, the closest discovered neutron star to Earth.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Roberto Mignani at the National Institute for Astrophysics in Milan who led the team of astronomers has commented that "When Einstein came up with the theory of general relativity 100 years ago, he had no idea that it would be used for navigational systems. The consequences of this discovery probably will also have to be realised on a longer timescale." The team found that visible light from the star had undergone linear polarisation of around 16%. If the birefringence had been caused by light passing through interstellar gas or plasma, the effect should have been no more than 1%. Definitive proof would require repeating the observation at other wavelengths and on other neutron stars. At X-ray wavelengths the polarization from the quantum fluctuations should be near 100%. Although no telescope currently exists that can make such measurements, there are several proposed X-ray telescopes that may soon be able to verify the result conclusively such as China's Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) and NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE).


title: Zero-point energy

text: In the late 1990s it was discovered that very distant supernova were dimmer than expected suggesting that the universe's expansion was accelerating rather than slowing down. This revived discussion that Einstein's cosmological constant, long disregarded by physicists as being equal to zero, was in fact some small positive value. This would indicate empty space exerted some form of negative pressure or energy.


title: Zero-point energy

text: There is no natural candidate for what might cause what has been called dark energy but the current best guess is that it is the zero-point energy of the vacuum. One difficulty with this assumption is that the zero-point energy of the vacuum is absurdly large compared to the observed cosmological constant. In general relativity, mass and energy are equivalent; both produce a gravitational field and therefore the theorized vacuum energy of quantum field theory should have led to the universe ripping itself to pieces. This obviously has not happened and this issue, called the cosmological constant problem, is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The European Space Agency is building the Euclid telescope. Due to launch in 2023, it will map galaxies up to 10 billion light years away. By seeing how dark energy influences their arrangement and shape, the mission will allow scientists to see if the strength of dark energy has changed. If dark energy is found to vary throughout time it would indicate it is due to quintessence, where observed acceleration is due to the energy of a scalar field, rather than the cosmological constant. No evidence of quintessence is yet available, but it has not been ruled out either. It generally predicts a slightly slower acceleration of the expansion of the universe than the cosmological constant. Some scientists think that the best evidence for quintessence would come from violations of Einstein's equivalence principle and variation of the fundamental constants in space or time. Scalar fields are predicted by the "Standard Model of particle physics" and string theory, but an analogous problem to the cosmological constant problem (or the problem of constructing models of cosmological inflation) occurs: renormalization theory predicts that scalar fields should acquire large masses again due to zero-point energy.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Cosmic inflation is a faster-than-light expansion of space just after the Big Bang. It explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. It is believed quantum vacuum fluctuations caused by zero-point energy arising in the microscopic inflationary period, later became magnified to a cosmic size, becoming the gravitational seeds for galaxies and structure in the Universe (see galaxy formation and evolution and structure formation). Many physicists also believe that inflation explains why the Universe appears to be the same in all directions (isotropic), why the cosmic microwave background radiation is distributed evenly, why the Universe is flat, and why no magnetic monopoles have been observed.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The mechanism for inflation is unclear, it is similar in effect to dark energy but is a far more energetic and short lived process. As with dark energy the best explanation is some form of vacuum energy arising from quantum fluctuations. It may be that inflation caused baryogenesis, the hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry (imbalance) between baryons and antibaryons produced in the very early universe, but this is far from certain.


title: Zero-point energy

text: There has been a long debate over the question of whether zero-point fluctuations of quantized vacuum fields are "real" i.e. do they have physical effects that cannot be interpreted by an equally valid alternative theory? Schwinger, in particular, attempted to formulate QED without reference to zero-point fluctuations via his "source theory". From such an approach it is possible to derive the Casimir Effect without reference to a fluctuating field. Such a derivation was first given by Schwinger (1975) for a scalar field, and then generalized to the electromagnetic case by Schwinger, DeRaad, and Milton (1978). in which they state "the vacuum is regarded as truly a state with all physical properties equal to zero". More recently Jaffe (2005) has highlighted a similar approach in deriving the Casimir effect stating "the concept of zero-point fluctuations is a heuristic and calculational aid in the description of the Casimir effect, but not a necessity in QED."


title: Zero-point energy

text: Nevertheless, as Jaffe himself notes in his paper, "no one has shown that source theory or another S-matrix based approach can provide a complete description of QED to all orders." Furthermore, Milonni has shown the necessity of the vacuum field for the formal consistency of QED. In QCD, color confinement has led physicists to abandon the source theory or S-matrix based approach for the strong interactions. The Higgs mechanism, Hawking Radiation and the Unruh effect are also theorized to be dependent on zero-point vacuum fluctuations, the field contribution being an inseparable parts of these theories. Jaffe continues "Even if one could argue away zero-point contributions to the quantum vacuum energy, the problem of spontaneous symmetry breaking remains: condensates [ground state vacua] that carry energy appear at many energy scales in the Standard Model. So there is good reason to be skeptical of attempts to avoid the standard formulation of quantum field theory and the zero-point energies it brings with it." It is difficult to judge the physical reality of infinite zero-point energies that are inherent in field theories, but modern physics does not know any better way to construct gauge-invariant, renormalizable theories than with zero-point energy and they would seem to be a necessity for any attempt at a unified theory.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The mathematical models used in classical electromagnetism, quantum electrodynamics (QED) and the Standard Model all view the electromagnetic vacuum as a linear system with no overall observable consequence. For example, in the case of the Casimir effect, Lamb shift, and so on these phenomena can be explained by alternative mechanisms other than action of the vacuum by arbitrary changes to the normal ordering of field operators. See the alternative theories section. This is a consequence of viewing electromagnetism as a U(1) gauge theory, which topologically does not allow the complex interaction of a field with and on itself. In higher symmetry groups and in reality, the vacuum is not a calm, randomly fluctuating, largely immaterial and passive substance, but at times can be viewed as a turbulent virtual plasma that can have complex vortices (i.e. solitons vis-à-vis particles), entangled states and a rich nonlinear structure. There are many observed nonlinear physical electromagnetic phenomena such as Aharonov–Bohm (AB) and Altshuler–Aronov–Spivak (AAS) effects, Berry, Aharonov–Anandan, Pancharatnam and Chiao–Wu phase rotation effects, Josephson effect, Quantum Hall effect, the De Haas–Van Alphen effect, the Sagnac effect and many other physically observable phenomena which would indicate that the electromagnetic potential field has real physical meaning rather than being a mathematical artifact and therefore an all encompassing theory would not confine electromagnetism as a local force as is currently done, but as a SU(2) gauge theory or higher geometry. Higher symmetries allow for nonlinear, aperiodic behaviour which manifest as a variety of complex non-equilibrium phenomena that do not arise in the linearised U(1) theory, such as multiple stable states, symmetry breaking, chaos and emergence.


title: Zero-point energy

text: What are called Maxwell's equations today, are in fact a simplified version of the original equations reformulated by Heaviside, FitzGerald, Lodge and Hertz. The original equations used Hamilton's more expressive quaternion notation, a kind of Clifford algebra, which fully subsumes the standard Maxwell vectorial equations largely used today. In the late 1880s there was a debate over the relative merits of vector analysis and quaternions. According to Heaviside the electromagnetic potential field was purely metaphysical, an arbitrary mathematical fiction, that needed to be "murdered". It was concluded that there was no need for the greater physical insights provided by the quaternions if the theory was purely local in nature. Local vector analysis has become the dominant way of using Maxwell's equations ever since. However, this strictly vectorial approach has led to a restrictive topological understanding in some areas of electromagnetism, for example, a full understanding of the energy transfer dynamics in Tesla's oscillator-shuttle-circuit can only be achieved in quaternionic algebra or higher SU(2) symmetries. It has often been argued that quaternions are not compatible with special relativity, but multiple papers have shown ways of incorporating relativity.


title: Zero-point energy

text: A good example of nonlinear electromagnetics is in high energy dense plasmas, where vortical phenomena occur which seemingly violate the second law of thermodynamics by increasing the energy gradient within the electromagnetic field and violate Maxwell's laws by creating ion currents which capture and concentrate their own and surrounding magnetic fields. In particular Lorentz force law, which elaborates Maxwell's equations is violated by these force free vortices. These apparent violations are due to the fact that the traditional conservation laws in classical and quantum electrodynamics (QED) only display linear U(1) symmetry (in particular, by the extended Noether theorem, conservation laws such as the laws of thermodynamics need not always apply to dissipative systems, which are expressed in gauges of higher symmetry). The second law of thermodynamics states that in a closed linear system entropy flow can only be positive (or exactly zero at the end of a cycle). However, negative entropy (i.e. increased order, structure or self-organisation) can spontaneously appear in an open nonlinear thermodynamic system that is far from equilibrium, so long as this emergent order accelerates the overall flow of entropy in the total system. The 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to thermodynamicist Ilya Prigogine for his theory of dissipative systems that described this notion. Prigogine described the principle as "order through fluctuations" or "order out of chaos". It has been argued by some that all emergent order in the universe from galaxies, solar systems, planets, weather, complex chemistry, evolutionary biology to even consciousness, technology and civilizations are themselves examples of thermodynamic dissipative systems; nature having naturally selected these structures to accelerate entropy flow within the universe to an ever-increasing degree. For example, it has been estimated that human body is 10,000 times more effective at dissipating energy per unit of mass than the sun.


title: Zero-point energy

text: One may query what this has to do with zero-point energy. Given the complex and adaptive behaviour that arises from nonlinear systems considerable attention in recent years has gone into studying a new class of phase transitions which occur at absolute zero temperature. These are quantum phase transitions which are driven by EM field fluctuations as a consequence of zero-point energy. A good example of a spontaneous phase transition that are attributed to zero-point fluctuations can be found in superconductors. Superconductivity is one of the best known empirically quantified macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena whose basis is recognised to be quantum mechanical in origin. The behaviour of the electric and magnetic fields under superconductivity is governed by the London equations. However, it has been questioned in a series of journal articles whether the quantum mechanically canonised London equations can be given a purely classical derivation. Bostick, for instance, has claimed to show that the London equations do indeed have a classical origin that applies to superconductors and to some collisionless plasmas as well. In particular it has been asserted that the Beltrami vortices in the plasma focus display the same paired flux-tube morphology as Type II superconductors. Others have also pointed out this connection, Fröhlich has shown that the hydrodynamic equations of compressible fluids, together with the London equations, lead to a macroscopic parameter (formula_65 = electric charge density / mass density), without involving either quantum phase factors or Planck's constant. In essence, it has been asserted that Beltrami plasma vortex structures are able to at least simulate the morphology of Type I and Type II superconductors. This occurs because the "organised" dissipative energy of the vortex configuration comprising the ions and electrons far exceeds the "disorganised" dissipative random thermal energy. The transition from disorganised fluctuations to organised helical structures is a phase transition involving a change in the condensate's energy (i.e. the ground state or zero-point energy) but "without any associated rise in temperature". This is an example of zero-point energy having multiple stable states (see Quantum phase transition, Quantum critical point, Topological degeneracy, Topological order) and where the overall system structure is independent of a reductionist or deterministic view, that "classical" macroscopic order can also causally affect quantum phenomena. Furthermore, the pair production of Beltrami vortices has been compared to the morphology of pair production of virtual particles in the vacuum.


title: Zero-point energy

text: The idea that the vacuum energy can have multiple stable energy states is a leading hypothesis for the cause of cosmic inflation. In fact, it has been argued that these early vacuum fluctuations led to the expansion of the universe and in turn have guaranteed the non-equilibrium conditions necessary to drive order from chaos, as without such expansion the universe would have reached thermal equilibrium and no complexity could have existed. With the continued accelerated expansion of the universe, the cosmos generates an energy gradient that increases the "free energy" (i.e. the available, usable or potential energy for useful work) which the universe is able to utilize to create ever more complex forms of order. The only reason Earth's environment does not decay into an equilibrium state is that it receives a daily dose of sunshine and that, in turn, is due to the sun "polluting" interstellar space with decreasing entropy. The sun's fusion power is only possible due to the gravitational disequilibrium of matter that arose from cosmic expansion. In this essence, the vacuum energy can be viewed as the key cause of the negative entropy (i.e. structure) throughout the universe. That humanity might alter the morphology of the vacuum energy to create an energy gradient for useful work is the subject of much controversy.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Physicists overwhelmingly reject any possibility that the zero-point energy field can be exploited to obtain useful energy (work) or uncompensated momentum; such efforts are seen as tantamount to perpetual motion machines.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Nevertheless, the allure of free energy has motivated such research, usually falling in the category of fringe science. As long ago as 1889 (before quantum theory or discovery of the zero point energy) Nikola Tesla proposed that useful energy could be obtained from free space, or what was assumed at that time to be an all-pervasive aether. Others have since claimed to exploit zero-point or vacuum energy with a large amount of pseudoscientific literature causing ridicule around the subject. Despite rejection by the scientific community, harnessing zero-point energy remains an interest of research, particularly in the US where it has attracted the attention of major aerospace/defence contractors and the U.S. Department of Defense as well as in China, Germany, Russia and Brazil.


title: Zero-point energy

text: A common assumption is that the Casimir force is of little practical use; the argument is made that the only way to actually gain energy from the two plates is to allow them to come together (getting them apart again would then require more energy), and therefore it is a one-use-only tiny force in nature. In 1984 Robert Forward published work showing how a "vacuum-fluctuation battery" could be constructed. The battery can be recharged by making the electrical forces slightly stronger than the Casimir force to reexpand the plates.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1995 and 1998 Maclay et al. published the first models of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with Casimir forces. While not exploiting the Casimir force for useful work, the papers drew attention from the MEMS community due to the revelation that Casimir effect needs to be considered as a vital factor in the future design of MEMS. In particular, Casimir effect might be the critical factor in the stiction failure of MEMS.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1999, Pinto, a former scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech in Pasadena, published in "Physical Review" his thought experiment (Gedankenexperiment) for a "Casimir engine". The paper showed that continuous positive net exchange of energy from the Casimir effect was possible, even stating in the abstract "In the event of no other alternative explanations, one should conclude that major technological advances in the area of endless, by-product free-energy production could be achieved."


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 2001, Capasso et al. showed how the force can be used to control the mechanical motion of a MEMS device, The researchers suspended a polysilicon plate from a torsional rod – a twisting horizontal bar just a few microns in diameter. When they brought a metallized sphere close up to the plate, the attractive Casimir force between the two objects made the plate rotate. They also studied the dynamical behaviour of the MEMS device by making the plate oscillate. The Casimir force reduced the rate of oscillation and led to nonlinear phenomena, such as hysteresis and bistability in the frequency response of the oscillator. According to the team, the system's behaviour agreed well with theoretical calculations.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Despite this and several similar peer reviewed papers, there is not a consensus as to whether such devices can produce a continuous output of work. Garret Moddel at University of Colorado has highlighted that he believes such devices hinge on the assumption that the Casimir force is a nonconservative force, he argues that there is sufficient evidence (e.g. analysis by Scandurra (2001)) to say that the Casimir effect is a conservative force and therefore even though such an engine can exploit the Casimir force for useful work it cannot produce more output energy than has been input into the system.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 2008, DARPA solicited research proposals in the area of Casimir Effect Enhancement (CEE). The goal of the program is to develop new methods to control and manipulate attractive and repulsive forces at surfaces based on engineering of the Casimir force.


title: Zero-point energy

text: A 2008 patent by Haisch and Moddel details a device that is able to extract power from zero-point fluctuations using a gas that circulates through a Casimir cavity. As gas atoms circulate around the system they enter the cavity. Upon entering the electrons spin down to release energy via electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is then extracted by an absorber. On exiting the cavity the ambient vacuum fluctuations (i.e. the zero-point field) impart energy on the electrons to return the orbitals to previous energy levels, as predicted by Senitzky (1960). The gas then goes through a pump and flows through the system again. A published test of this concept by Moddel was performed in 2012 and seemed to give excess energy that could not be attributed to another source. However it has not been conclusively shown to be from zero-point energy and the theory requires further investigation.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1951 Callen and Welton proved the quantum fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) which was originally formulated in classical form by Nyquist (1928) as an explanation for observed Johnson noise in electric circuits. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem showed that when something dissipates energy, in an effectively irreversible way, a connected heat bath must also fluctuate. The fluctuations and the dissipation go hand in hand; it is impossible to have one without the other. The implication of FDT being that the vacuum could be treated as a heat bath coupled to a dissipative force and as such energy could, in part, be extracted from the vacuum for potentially useful work. Such a theory has met with resistance: Macdonald (1962) and Harris (1971) claimed that extracting power from the zero-point energy to be impossible, so FDT could not be true. Grau and Kleen (1982) and Kleen (1986), argued that the Johnson noise of a resistor connected to an antenna must satisfy Planck's thermal radiation formula, thus the noise must be zero at zero temperature and FDT must be invalid. Kiss (1988) pointed out that the existence of the zero-point term may indicate that there is a renormalization problem—i.e., a mathematical artifact—producing an unphysical term that is not actually present in measurements (in analogy with renormalization problems of ground states in quantum electrodynamics). Later, Abbott et al. (1996) arrived at a different but unclear conclusion that "zero-point energy is infinite thus it should be renormalized but not the 'zero-point fluctuations'". Despite such criticism, FDT has been shown to be true experimentally under certain quantum, non-classical conditions. Zero-point fluctuations can, and do, contribute towards systems which dissipate energy. A paper by Armen Allahverdyan and Theo Nieuwenhuizen in 2000 showed the feasibility of extracting zero-point energy for useful work from a single bath, without contradicting the laws of thermodynamics, by exploiting certain quantum mechanical properties.


title: Zero-point energy

text: There have been a growing number of papers showing that in some instances the classical laws of thermodynamics, such as limits on the Carnot efficiency, can be violated by exploiting negative entropy of quantum fluctuations.


title: Zero-point energy

text: Despite efforts to reconcile quantum mechanics and thermodynamics over the years, their compatibility is still an open fundamental problem. The full extent that quantum properties can alter classical thermodynamic bounds is unknown


title: Zero-point energy

text: The use of zero-point energy for space travel is speculative and does not form part of the mainstream scientific consensus. A complete quantum theory of gravitation (that would deal with the role of quantum phenomena like zero-point energy) does not yet exist. Speculative papers explaining a relationship between zero-point energy and gravitational shielding effects have been proposed, but the interaction (if any) is not yet fully understood. Most serious scientific research in this area depends on the theorized anti-gravitational properties of antimatter (currently being tested at the alpha experiment at CERN) and/or the effects of non-Newtonian forces such as the gravitomagnetic field under specific quantum conditions. According to the general theory of relativity, rotating matter can generate a new force of nature, known as the gravitomagnetic interaction, whose intensity is proportional to the rate of spin. In certain conditions the gravitomagnetic field can be repulsive. In neutrons stars for example it can produce a gravitational analogue of the Meissner effect, but the force produced in such an example is theorized to be exceedingly weak.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1963 Robert Forward, a physicist and aerospace engineer at Hughes Research Laboratories, published a paper showing how within the framework of general relativity "anti-gravitational" effects might be achieved. Since all atoms have spin, gravitational permeability may be able to differ from material to material. A strong toroidal gravitational field that acts against the force of gravity could be generated by materials that have nonlinear properties that enhance time-varying gravitational fields. Such an effect would be analogous to the nonlinear electromagnetic permeability of iron making it an effective core (i.e. the doughnut of iron) in a transformer, whose properties are dependent on magnetic permeability. In 1966 Dewitt was first to identify the significance of gravitational effects in superconductors. Dewitt demonstrated that a magnetic-type gravitational field must result in the presence of fluxoid quantization. In 1983, Dewitt's work was substantially expanded by Ross.


title: Zero-point energy

text: From 1971 to 1974 Henry William Wallace, a scientist at GE Aerospace was issued with three patents. Wallace used Dewitt's theory to develop an experimental apparatus for generating and detecting a secondary gravitational field, which he named the kinemassic field (now better known as the gravitomagnetic field). In his three patents, Wallace describes three different methods used for detection of the gravitomagnetic field – change in the motion of a body on a pivot, detection of a transverse voltage in a semiconductor crystal, and a change in the specific heat of a crystal material having spin-aligned nuclei. There are no publicly available independent tests verifying Wallace's devices. Such an effect if any would be small. Referring to Wallace's patents, a New Scientist article in 1980 stated "Although the Wallace patents were initially ignored as cranky, observers believe that his invention is now under serious but secret investigation by the military authorities in the USA. The military may now regret that the patents have already been granted and so are available for anyone to read." A further reference to Wallace's patents occur in an electric propulsion study prepared for the Astronautics Laboratory at Edwards Air Force Base which states: "The patents are written in a very believable style which include part numbers, sources for some components, and diagrams of data. Attempts were made to contact Wallace using patent addresses and other sources but he was not located nor is there a trace of what became of his work. The concept can be somewhat justified on general relativistic grounds since rotating frames of time varying fields are expected to emit gravitational waves."


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1986 the U.S. Air Force's then Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (RPL) at Edwards Air Force Base solicited "Non Conventional Propulsion Concepts" under a small business research and innovation program. One of the six areas of interest was "Esoteric energy sources for propulsion, including the quantum dynamic energy of vacuum space..." In the same year BAE Systems launched "Project Greenglow" to provide a "focus for research into novel propulsion systems and the means to power them".


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1988 Kip Thorne et al. published work showing how traversable wormholes can exist in spacetime only if they are threaded by quantum fields generated by some form of exotic matter that has negative energy. In 1993 Scharnhorst and Barton showed that the speed of a photon will be increased if it travels between two Casimir plates, an example of negative energy. In the most general sense, the exotic matter needed to create wormholes would share the repulsive properties of the inflationary energy, dark energy or zero-point radiation of the vacuum. Building on the work of Thorne, in 1994 Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand (see Alcubierre drive). The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a "warp bubble" and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 1992 Evgeny Podkletnov published a heavily debated journal article claiming a specific type of rotating superconductor could shield gravitational force. Independently of this, from 1991 to 1993 Ning Li and Douglas Torr published a number of articles about gravitational effects in superconductors. One finding they derived is the source of gravitomagnetic flux in a type II superconductor material is due to spin alignment of the lattice ions. Quoting from their third paper: "It is shown that the coherent alignment of lattice ion spins will generate a detectable gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence of a time-dependent applied magnetic vector potential field, a detectable gravitoelectric field." The claimed size of the generated force has been disputed by some but defended by others. In 1997 Li published a paper attempting to replicate Podkletnov's results and showed the effect was very small, if it existed at all. Li is reported to have left the University of Alabama in 1999 to found the company "AC Gravity LLC". AC Gravity was awarded a U.S. DOD grant for $448,970 in 2001 to continue anti-gravity research. The grant period ended in 2002 but no results from this research were ever made public.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 2002 Phantom Works, Boeing's advanced research and development facility in Seattle, approached Evgeny Podkletnov directly. Phantom Works was blocked by Russian technology transfer controls. At this time Lieutenant General George Muellner, the outgoing head of the Boeing Phantom Works, confirmed that attempts by Boeing to work with Podkletnov had been blocked by Moscow, also commenting that "The physical principles – and Podkletnov's device is not the only one – appear to be valid... There is basic science there. They're not breaking the laws of physics. The issue is whether the science can be engineered into something workable"


title: Zero-point energy

text: Froning and Roach (2002) put forward a paper that builds on the work of Puthoff, Haisch and Alcubierre. They used fluid dynamic simulations to model the interaction of a vehicle (like that proposed by Alcubierre) with the zero-point field. Vacuum field perturbations are simulated by fluid field perturbations and the aerodynamic resistance of viscous drag exerted on the interior of the vehicle is compared to the Lorentz force exerted by the zero-point field (a Casimir-like force is exerted on the exterior by unbalanced zero-point radiation pressures). They find that the optimized negative energy required for an Alcubierre drive is where it is a saucer-shaped vehicle with toroidal electromagnetic fields. The EM fields distort the vacuum field perturbations surrounding the craft sufficiently to affect the permeability and permittivity of space.


title: Zero-point energy

text: In 2014 NASA's Eagleworks Laboratories announced that they had successfully validated the use of a Quantum Vacuum Plasma Thruster which makes use of the Casimir effect for propulsion. In 2016 a scientific paper by the team of NASA scientists passed peer review for the first time. The paper suggests that the zero-point field acts as pilot-wave and that the thrust may be due to particles pushing off the quantum vacuum. While peer review doesn't guarantee that a finding or observation is valid, it does indicate that independent scientists looked over the experimental setup, results, and interpretation and that they could not find any obvious errors in the methodology and that they found the results reasonable. In the paper, the authors identify and discuss nine potential sources of experimental errors, including rogue air currents, leaky electromagnetic radiation, and magnetic interactions. Not all of them could be completely ruled out, and further peer reviewed experimentation is needed in order to rule these potential errors out.


title: Remy Ma

text: Reminisce Mackie ( Smith; born May 30, 1980), known professionally as Remy Ma, is an American rapper. Discovered by Big Pun, she came to prominence for her work as a member of Fat Joe's group, Terror Squad. In 2006, she released her debut studio album "", which became a modest success, peaking at number 33 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. Ma's most commercially successful songs include "Whuteva", "Ante Up (Remix)", "Lean Back", "Conceited", and "All the Way Up".


title: Remy Ma

text: She is one of only four multiple winners of the BET Award for Best Female Hip-Hop Artist, which she won in 2005 and 2017. Ma is the recipient of two "Vibe" Awards, two Source Awards, and has been nominated for four Grammy Awards. Since 2015, she has starred on VH1's reality series "", alongside her husband Papoose.


title: Remy Ma

text: Mackie was born in The Bronx, and grew up in Castle Hill Projects. She was exposed to her family's drug abuse at an early age. She was forced to take care of her younger brothers and sisters at a young age and retreated from her home life issues by writing poetry. Her reputation spread around the Bronx, eventually getting the attention of Big Pun. After a meeting and freestyle session, Pun took Ma under his wing and became her mentor. Ma kickstarted her singing career under the name "Remy Martin" on Big Pun's album "Yeeeah Baby", where she was featured on the tracks "Ms. Martin" and "You Was Wrong".


title: Remy Ma

text: After the death of Big Pun, rapper Fat Joe signed Ma to his imprint label under SRC and Universal where she became a member of his hip hop group Terror Squad. She appeared on their second and final album, "True Story", released on July 27, 2004. Their single, "Lean Back", topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 for three weeks from August 21, 2004, garnered Ma her first Grammy nomination.


title: Remy Ma

text: On February 7, 2006, Ma released her debut album "", which was supported by the singles "Whuteva", "Conceited" and "Feels So Good". The album was a critical success, however a disappointment financially, moving 37,000 units in its opening week and 158,000 units within the first year. Remy was frustrated at the way the album was being promoted by Universal and tensions between her and the label caused a rift between Ma and Fat Joe. Ma and Universal parted ways, and she severed her associations with Joe and the Terror Squad.


title: Remy Ma

text: On February 13, 2007, Ma told "Billboard" that she was working on her second album, "PunisHer", as well as a collaboration album as part of the all-female rap supergroup 3Sum, alongside female rappers Shawnna and Jacki-O.


title: Remy Ma

text: In July 2007, Remy was arrested for shooting Makeda Barnes-Joseph at a Manhattan nightspot. She was found guilty on assault, weapons, and attempted coercion charges; on May 13, 2008 she was sentenced to eight years in prison. She maintained that the shooting was an accident.


title: Remy Ma

text: While incarcerated, she released the mixtapes "The BX Files", "Shesus Khryst" and "Blasremy". In 2011, Ma's music was featured and discussed in the documentary "Black Lifestyle in Japan", where she was praised for her style and listed as one of the most frequently listened to hip-hop musicians in Japan, among younger women.


title: Remy Ma

text: Ma was released from prison in 2014 after serving six years in prison. On October 31, 2014, she released the mixtape "I'm Around". On April 28, 2015, she released "Remy on the Rocks", a compilation of various tracks from her mixtapes.


title: Remy Ma

text: On July 7, 2015, Ma announced that she was joining "" for its sixth season, along with her husband Papoose. She has continued to appear on the show as a series regular in seasons seven, eight, nine and ten, as well as starring in the spin-off show "", and the specials "Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday", "Dirty Little Secrets", "The Love Edition", "Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified" and "40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot".


title: Remy Ma

text: In 2016, Fat Joe revealed that he and Ma would be releasing a joint album. On March 2, 2016, the joint album was officially announced as "Plata O Plomo", which translates from Spanish to "money or bullets". The phrase was used by Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar, who would offer government officials and law enforcement the choice of taking a bribe, or having a murder contract placed against them. The album's first single, "All the Way Up", was released the same day. "All the Way Up" was a critical and commercial success, receiving platinum certification from the RIAA, and two Grammy Award nominations. "Plata O Plomo" debuted at number 44 on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 11,158 album-equivalent units. The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics, despite lukewarm commercial success. "XXL" gave the album a 4 out of 5 stars, noting that the album is a "a triumphant return" for the duo.


title: Remy Ma

text: On November 16, 2017, Ma released "Wake Me Up", the first single from her upcoming album, then titled "7 Winters, 6 Summers". It featured fellow New York rapper Lil' Kim and a sample from Kim's "Queen Bitch" from the 1996 album "Hard Core". On January 19, 2018, Ma released the album's second single "Melanin Magic", featuring vocals by Chris Brown and using a sample from Mint Condition's "Breakin' My Heart (Pretty Brown Eyes)." On April 26, 2018, Ma released the song "Company" featuring fellow Bronx artist A Boogie wit da Hoodie. On June 12, 2018, Ma released "New Thang", with rapper French Montana, from the soundtrack for the film "Uncle Drew".


title: Remy Ma

text: Since September 10, 2018, Ma has appeared as a host on the talk show "State of the Culture" with Joe Budden.


title: Remy Ma

text: In March 2020, Ma announced during an appearance on radio show "The Breakfast Club" that the title of the album had been changed to "Reminisce", and that a release date was being decided. In 2021 Ma starred in the film "," as the character Cassi.


title: Remy Ma

text: Smith married Shamele Mackie, better known as fellow rapper Papoose, in February 2016. The couple were initially scheduled to be wed while Smith was incarcerated in 2008, but the wedding was called off after police caught Mackie attempting to smuggle a key into prison and banned him from visiting her for six months.


title: Remy Ma

text: Remy Ma has one child from a previous relationship, as well as three stepchildren with Papoose. She gave birth to the couple's first child together, Reminisce Mackenzie, on December 14, 2018.


title: Remy Ma

text: On July 13, 2007, Smith turned herself in to New York City police in relation to a shooting early that morning outside a Manhattan delicatessen. Police say that while she was with a group of people outside the Pizza Bar, a Manhattan nightspot, a verbal confrontation broke out at 4 a.m. During the entire incident, a gunshot to the torso wounded Makeda Barnes-Joseph, who had been accused of stealing three thousand dollars from Smith. Police sources indicate that Barnes-Joseph later identified Smith as the shooter. Security tapes from inside the club showed no evidence of any altercations or arguments. Smith pleaded not guilty to charges of attempted murder, assault, and criminal weapon possession. Smith was later charged with witness tampering and assault after an August 2007 incident in which she was accused of causing several male friends to attack a witness's boyfriend.


title: Remy Ma

text: On March 27, 2008, Smith was convicted of assault, illegal weapon possession and attempted coercion in connection with these charges. She was immediately taken into custody pending sentencing scheduled for May 13. She was acquitted of witness tampering and gang assault. At her sentencing, the judge noted her disregard for the victim following the shooting—commenting that the rapper rifled through the victim's purse looking for the alleged stolen money, as Barnes-Joseph sat seriously wounded in the car. Smith then exited the vehicle, jumped into a waiting car and drove off, leaving Barnes-Joseph bleeding in the front seat. No money was found in Barnes-Joseph's purse.


title: Remy Ma

text: The shooting caused Barnes-Joseph to undergo several surgeries. In 2007, Barnes-Joseph filed an $80 million civil lawsuit against Smith for damages, along with pain and suffering. According to her lawyers, Smith was serving an eight-year term at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women in Bedford Hills, New York, located in Westchester County and was expected to be released in 2015.


title: Remy Ma

text: Smith married her fiancée, rapper Papoose, while incarcerated in May 2008. During an interview with Hot 97 host Funkmaster Flex in July 2012, Smith announced that in 22 1/2 months she would be released.


title: Remy Ma

text: In February 2014, her husband Papoose confirmed that Smith should be released during July 2014. On August 1, 2014, Smith was released from prison after serving six years. In October 2018, Smith launched a new clothing line, with proceeds going to the "Remy Ma Foundation" to help women and their families who have been negatively affected by incarceration.


title: Remy Ma

text: After being investigated by the NYPD for allegedly assaulting Brittney Taylor, one of her "Love & Hip Hop" co-stars, Smith turned herself in to the authorities on May 6, 2019. On December 2, 2019, all charges were dropped due to lack of evidence.


title: Remy Ma

text: A beef between Remy Ma and Foxy Brown originated in August 2004, when an interviewer noted to Remy: "Right now, it's a lack of female rappers in the game. Foxy don't got anything going on," Remy Ma responded: "How do I feel about them? Stay wherever they at, don't drop a song, don't do nothing, let me be the only one. I'm having so much fun. I hope they never come out. Nah, I wish everyone the best of luck. Just don't drop when I drop. That's all I got to say. Matter of fact, just don't drop at all. It'll even be better." In September 2004, Remy recalled that after a rap battle with Lady Luck at Fight Klub, her refusal to "show some type of seniority or respect" to Brown became one of the building blocks in the feud. Remy also recalled that during the incident the two were arguing over a future rap battle, where Brown declined and allegedly stated, "What? A battle? That's for beginners. We sell records in Brooklyn!" Remy dissed the rapper, responding, "When the last time you sold a record? Get the fuck out of here. I'd rather be a beginner that's on fire than be a washed-up veteran. Are you fucking serious? Don't try to degrade what I do." Remy additionally revealed that a prize of over $200,000 was offered to whoever won the rap battle.


title: Remy Ma

text: Another building block to the feud was Remy's recollection of her and Brown coincidentally being interviewed at the same events either "before or after" each other, where she would catch wind of Brown "subliminally" dissing her by making statements like: "I've been doing this for years. These new chicks, they('re) not on (my level)." In another event, specifically a "Baby Phat" after-party, Foxy Brown intentionally tried to bump into Remy. The occurrence resulted in strands of Brown's weave getting caught in Remy's bracelet, causing Remy to snatch her wrist back and yank out the strands. Remy recalled that Brown in response "kept it moving (despite a scuffle) she had with "regular" girls in a bathroom (over cutting in line)."


title: Remy Ma

text: In late January 2005, Remy Ma reportedly punched Foxy Brown inside Island Def Jam/Universal offices, roughly a few days after Brown "subliminal" disses Remy during a venue at Jay-Z's "Best of Both Worlds Tour" and allegedly dissed her during a Hot 97 interview segment with DJ Clue, where Brown disses Remy on a mixtape track ("We Hustlaz") and allegedly ranted: "Who drives 645's? That's wack. We sell records [in New York]. We don't just get on the radio station and pop shit." In February 2006, Remy Ma released a freestyle record ("Most Anticipated") that contained "slick comments" about Brown's hearing problem and stated that she didn't care if it was offensive because "it was just good punchlines". In September 2006, Remy again joked about Brown's hearing, addressing to a radio show: "now Foxy suddenly got her hearing back, (I) wanted to be the first to inform her that she's wack and old."


title: Remy Ma

text: In July 2007, during her interview with "Sub 0 Magazine", Foxy Brown dissed Remy Ma, stating: "When you lookin' at Fox(y) and Kim and sayin', 'Damn y'all make me wanna rap.' Well shit you disappointing me 'cause you sound horrible. You look horrible, ya sound horrible. If it walk like somethin', talk like somethin', act like somethin', then it is somethin'." Brown also dissed Remy's recollection of their disagreement over the rap battle, addressing: "Some of these female rappers have the wrong approach, they wanna be my friend. And instead of approaching me like, '"Hey, how you doing", another chick (Remy), 'Yo, what up with that battle?' And I'm lookin' at her like, 'You bum ass. Naw, I don't do that, I'm a business woman baby.'" In December 2007, Remy spoke more candidly on her dispute with Brown. She confirmed that although she disliked Brown as a person, she admitted she liked Brown's music and added that she was influenced by her and Lil' Kim. Remy later concluded her take on the feud by giving a shout-out to Brown's rival Jacki-O and stating, "If you look at every female that came out after (Foxy Brown) or when she came out with (Lil') Kim, to Eve, me, Jacki-O, it even got to Latifah, like how do you (get in a fight) with Queen Latifah? Like, are you serious? This chick is a problem."


title: Remy Ma

text: Disagreements between Nicki Minaj and Ma originated in 2007, when Ma took note of Minaj's freestyle record, nicknamed "Dirty Money", from her mixtape "Playtime Is Over" (2007). In the record, Minaj recites: "Tell that bitch with the crown to run it like Chris Brown/she won three rounds, I'ma need a hundred thou/like 'Chinatown' — bitches better bow down/oh you ain't know, betcha bitches know now/fuck I got a gun — let her know that I'm the one". Minaj reportedly never confirmed or denied that the song was about Ma, however, Ma remarked in a 2010 interview: "To this day I still feel like (the song) is a stab at me; I'm gonna (diss Minaj) back for that one". Although Ma and Minaj shared words of encouragement, their relationship soon soured, and they began releasing verses and songs with lyrics aimed at each other, including Ma's "Money Showers" with Fat Joe and Minaj's "Make Love" with Gucci Mane.


title: Remy Ma

text: On February 25, 2017, Ma released "Shether", which contained a number of accusations and allegations regarding Minaj's personal and professional life. She followed this with "Another One".


title: Remy Ma

text: On the March 3, 2017, episode of "The Wendy Williams Show", Ma accused Minaj of "trying to keep (her) off of red carpets" and "trying to make sure awards don't go to (her)". A week later, in an interview hosted by "BuzzFeed", Ma stated that she had second thoughts about releasing the diss track and commented on the difficulties of being a woman in the music industry. Minaj subsequently responded with the song "No Frauds", in which she accused Ma of spreading falsehoods and made fun of Ma's poor record sales with "Plata O Plomo".


title: Remy Ma

text: On June 12, 2017, Ma took the stage at Hot 97's Summer Jam. During her performance, she brought out Queen Latifah, Young M.A, Lil' Kim, MC Lyte, Lady of Rage, and Cardi B to perform "U.N.I.T.Y." After the group left the stage, Ma launched into a performance of "Shether", while photos of Minaj were displayed on the stage screen behind her. During the performance, she repeatedly directed f-bombs at Minaj.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The year 2022 is the 12th year in the history of the ONE Championship, a mixed martial arts, kickboxing, Muay Thai and submission grappling promotion based in Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Marat Grigorian contracted COVID-19 and could not participate in the semi-finals of the Grand Prix. He was subsequently replaced by Jo Nattawut.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Jonathan Haggerty was forced to pull out of his bout with Goncalve due to health issue and could not participate in the quarter-finals of the Grand Prix. He was subsequently replaced by Josue Cruz.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Rodtang Jitmuangnon was forced to pull out due to not providing a hydration test sample and was not able to weigh in. He was subsequently replaced by Panpayak Jitmuangnon.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship: Heavy Hitters (also known as ONE 150: Xiong vs. Miura) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on January 14, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event was headlined by a Women's Strawweight championship bout between reigning Champion Xiong Jingnan and challenger Ayaka Miura.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The co main event was set to feature a kickboxing title fight, the reigning ONE Kickboxing Light Heavyweight Champion Roman Kryklia was set to defend his title against Murat Aygün. The two were originally scheduled to fight at last year. However, in turn, Aygün has to withdraw on January 12 due to COVID-19, the bout was cancelled for the second time.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Filipino fighter Jeremy Miado and Robin Catalan will not be taking part in the upcoming event due to COVID-19.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The pinoys opponents will thus face each other instead. Catalan, will return to action after a year against Elipitua Siregar on the card.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Mongolia was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on January 20, 2022, at the Steppe Arena in Ulaanbataar, Mongolia.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship: Only the Brave (also known as ONE 151: Sitthichai vs. Kiria, Nattawut vs. Allazov) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on January 28, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The main event was set to feature an interim Heavyweight title fight between the Russian Anatoly Malykhin and the Belarusian Kiril Grishenko. However, the bout was canceled and moved to .


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship: Bad Blood (also known as ONE 152: Malykhin vs. Grisheko) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on February 11, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Bibiano Fernandes was scheduled to make his second ONE bantamweight title defense against John Lineker in the main event. However, Lineker tested positive for COVID days before the event and the bout was pulled. The interim Heavyweight title fight between the Russian Anatoly Malykhin and the Belarusian Kiril Grishenko was promoted to the main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Former ONE Flyweight Muay Thai Champion Jonathan Haggerty will make his return to action when he faces #4-ranking Flyweight Muay Thai Mongkolpetch Petchyindee Academy.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A strawweight bout between Yosuke Saruta and Gustavo Balart was planned for the event. However, Saruta tested positive for COVID days before the event and the bout will be rescheduled to ONE 156.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A welterweight fight between Ken Hasegawa and Murad Ramazanov was scheduled for ONE: Bad Blood Hasegawa was injured and out of his clash with Murad Ramazanov, the bout is set to be rebooked.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The Filipina fighter Jenelyn Olsim was set to faces Jihin Radzuan of Malaysia in a women's atomweight bout. However, a two days before the event, Olsim withdrew from the bout, reportedly because she has suffered an injury during her training. She was replaced by Mei Yamaguchi.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship: Full Circle (also known as ONE 153: De Ridder vs. Abbasov) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on February 25, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Middleweight World Championship bout between reigning champion Reinier de Ridder and title challenger Kiamrian Abbasov was scheduled as the main event. Two additional title fights were later added as well: a ONE Kickboxing Light Heavyweight Championship bout between the champion Roman Kryklia and challenger Murat Aygun, as well as a ONE Muay Thai Featherweight Championship between champion Petchmorakot Petchyindee and challenger Jamal Yusupov.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Jamal Yusupov and David Branch, but the two veterans have been forced to withdraw from their respective matchups.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship: Lights Out (also known as ONE 154: Le vs. Tonon) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on March 11, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Featherweight Championship title bout between champion Thanh Le and title challenger Garry Tonon was scheduled as the main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Bantamweight World Champion Bibiano Fernandes defends his belt against top-ranked contender John Lineker, and newly crowned ONE Strawweight Muay Thai World Champion Prajanchai PK.Saenchai makes his first title defense against #3-ranked Joseph Lasiri.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Utrecht was a Kickboxing event held by ONE Championship, the last of 8 4-men tournaments making up the last 32 and last 16 of the Road to One kickboxing tournament in collaboration with 1MMA, sanctioned by Vechtsport Organisatie Nederland (VON) and supported by Global Association of Mixed Martial Arts (GAMMA), on March 12, 2022, at the WFL Studio in Utrecht, Netherlands.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event will feature a 4-man heavyweight qualification tournament to earn a sport in the Road to one Europe tournament.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship: X (also known as ONE 155: Lee vs. Stamp, ONE 155: X and ONE 155: X, 10 YEARS) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on March 26, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: On 27 October 2021, CEO Chatri Sityodtong broke the news that ONE: X would be postponed to early 2022, owing to a recent surge in the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore. The event was later rescheduled for March 26, 2022.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: It was announced that ONE Flyweight World Grand Prix Champion Demetrious Johnson had signed on to compete at ONE X against ONE Muay Thai Flyweight Champion Rodtang Jitmuangnon in a special rules fight. The contest was set for four, three-minute rounds alternating between Muay Thai and MMA rules. The fight started under Muay Thai rules and switched to MMA for the following rounds.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Stamp Fairtex challenged ONE Atomweight Champion Angela Lee in the headlining bout for the 10th anniversary card with return to full attendance in Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Bantamweight Muay Thai World Champion Nong-O Gaiyanghadao was scheduled to defend his title against former ONE Bantamweight Kickboxing World Champion Alaverdi Ramazanov. Because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ramazanov was replaced with the Brazilian Felipe Lobo.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: John Wayne Parr faced former ONE Lightweight World Champion Eduard Folayang in retirement Wushu vs. Muay Thai legends fight.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Capitan Petchyindee defended the ONE Bantamweight Kickboxing Championship against #2-ranked bantamweight kickboxer Hiroki Akimoto.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Four years since they first fought, Superbon Banchamek defended his ONE Featherweight Kickboxing Championship title against #1-ranked Marat Grigorian.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Eight years since they first fought, the #3-ranked Sitthichai Sitsongpeenong rematched the #4-ranked Chingiz Allazov for the Featherweight Kickboxing Grand Prix Final.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Top Filipino strawweights Lito Adiwang and Jeremy Miado faced each other at this event. A rematch between Seo Hee Ham and Denice Zamboanga was also booked for the event. A featherweight fight between Amir Khan and Ryogo Takahashi was added to the ONE: X card.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Reinier de Ridder and Andre Galvao met in a submission grappling match. The American Danielle Kelly made her debut at ONE X in an atomweight submission grappling match against Japanese veteran Mei Yamaguchi.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Nieky Holzken was scheduled to face Islam Murtazaev in a fight between two top lightweight Kickboxing contenders. Shoko Sato was to meet Yusup Saadulaev in a battle of formerly ranked bantamweight contenders. The card also featured Ryuto Sawada and Senzo Ikeda, who meet in a strawweight contest. However, due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, all Russian athletes were removed from the card as a result of the Singaporean government banning them from entering the country. As a result, Murtazaev was replaced by Sinsamut Klinmee and Yusup Saadulaev was replaced by Stephen Loman.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Alyse Anderson was scheduled to fight with Indian striker Asha Roka. However, the bout did not materialize.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: RUF 46 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with RUF Nation on March 26, 2022, at the Celebrity Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona, United States.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured the semi-finals for the Road to ONE RUF MMA Heavyweight tournament, with the champion receiving a US$100,000+ contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship 156: Eersel vs. Sadikovic was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on April 22, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event was headlined by a ONE Kickboxing Lightweight Championship bout between the reigning champion Regian Eersel and title challenger Arian Sadikovic.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The Co-main Event Jackie Buntan and Smilla Sundell challenged for the inaugural ONE Women's Strawweight Muay Thai Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A strawweight MMA clash between #1-ranked Bokang Masunyane and #2-ranked Jarred Brooks has been added to the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Former WBC and WMC Muay Thai World Champion Liam Harrison faced "Elbow Zombie" Muangthai PK.Saenchai in a bantamweight Muay Thai showdown. and Opening the lead card was a strawweight mixed martial arts bout between Namiki Kawahara and Danial Williams.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Strawweight bout between former ONE Strawweight Champion Yosuke Saruta and Gustavo Balart was expected to take place at in February, but Saruta withdraw from the bout due to tested positive for COVID-19. The pairing was rebooked for this event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A kickboxing light heavyweight bout between former SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Champion Andrei Stoica and Giannis Stoforidis was scheduled for the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Women's Atomweight Muay Thai bout between Former Glory Women's Super Bantamweight Championship Anissa Meksen and Estonian phenom Marie Ruumet was scheduled for the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Women's Strawweight bout between former Women's Strawweight title Challenger Ayaka Miura and Dayane Cardoso was scheduled for the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Mikey Musumeci is to compete against Japanese MMA veteran Masakazu Imanari this bout was a Submission Grappling match.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: RUF 47 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with RUF Nation on May 14, 2022, at the Celebrity Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona, USA.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured the final for the Road to ONE RUF MMA Heavyweight tournament, with the champion receiving a US$100,000+ contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship 157: Petchmorakot vs. Vienot was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on May 20, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Muay Thai Featherweight Championship bout between the champion Petchmorakot Petchyindee Academy and current SUPERKOMBAT World Middleweight Champion Jimmy Vienot (also former Lumpinee Stadium middleweight champion) was booked as the main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Muay Thai Strawweight Championship bout between the champion Prajanchai P.K.Saenchai and title challenger Joseph Lasiri was expected to take place at but it was postponed due to Lasiri getting injury during his training camp. They met at this event instead scheduled as the co-main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Flyweight Muay Thai Grand Prix bout between current ONE Flyweight Muay Thai Champion Rodtang Jitmuangnon and Jacob Smith was expected to take place at ONE on TNT 1 in last April, but Smith withdraw from the bout due to injury. The pairing was rebooked for this event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Jonathan Haggerty was set to face Walter Goncalves in the quarter-finals of the ONE Muay Thai Flyweight Grand Prix. However, Haggerty was forced to pull out of his bout with Goncalves at the last minute due to health issue. Haggerty was replaced in his tournament quarter-finals against Goncalves by Josue Cruz, who had been set to compete in a Grand Prix alternate bout against Panpayak Jitmuangnon earlier in the card.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A heavyweight bout between Marcus Almeida and Hugo Cunha was expected for the main card. However, Cunha tested positive for COVID-19 before the event and was replaced by Jasur Mirzamukhamedov. However, Mirzamukhamedov tested positive for COVID-19 After traveling to Singapore. the bout will be rescheduled for Buchecha and expected to return to action at .


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Two lightweight submission grappling matches were announced for the event: between Garry Tonon and Tye Ruotolo, as well as between Shinya Aoki and Kade Ruotolo.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Women's Atomweight bout between Alyse Anderson and Asha Roka was scheduled for . However, Anderson withdraw from the bout due to medical resons. The pairing was rebooked for this event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship 158: Tawanchai vs. Larsen was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on June 3, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Strawweight Championship title bout between champion Joshua Pacio and title challenger Jarred Brooks was scheduled as the main event. The bout was later postponed, as Brooks withdrew with an injury. A featherweight muay thai bout between Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym and Niclas Larsen was promoted from co-main to main event in its stead.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship 159: De Ridder vs. Bigdash was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on July 22, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Middleweight Championship bout between current champion Reinier de Ridder and former champion Vitaly Bigdash headlined the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: An interim ONE Muay Thai Women's Atomweight Championship bout between the ONE Kickboxing Atomweight World champion Janet Todd and Lara Fernandez was booked as the co-main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Lightweight Muay Thai bout between Sinsamut Klinmee and Islam Murtazaev was expected to take place at the event. However, Murtazaev withdraw due to a family emergency and was replaced by Liam Nolan.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Women's Atomweight Submission grappling rematch between 2018 Asian Games gold medalist in Jujitsu and 2019 Southeast Asian Games gold medalist in Jujitsu Jessa Khan and Amanda Alequin was scheduled to take place at the event. However, Alequin withdraw due to undisclosed medical issue.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Heavyweight bout between Anderson Silva and Mikhail Jamal Abdul-Latif was scheduled to take place at the event. However, Abdul-Latif withdrawal due to suffered an injury.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: MMA superstar Bokang Masunyane and a Japanese MMA phenom Hiroba Minowa, Filipino-American Lea Bivins for a promotional newcomer and an Indian star Zeba Bano were scratched their line-up due to Masunyane and Bano have been missed weight, and also Minowa rejected to negotiate for a catchweight bout against Masunyane


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Thailand 1 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Fairtex Fight Promotion on August 6, 2022, at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured first part of the featherweight, flyweight and women's atomweight Road to ONE Muay Thai tournaments, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Thailand 2 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Fairtex Fight Promotion on August 13, 2022, at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event Week 2 of the featherweight, flyweight and women's atomweight Road to ONE Muay Thai tournaments, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Championship 160: Ok vs. Lee 2 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on August 26, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The main event of the evening featured a rematch for the ONE Lightweight Championship between the defending champion Ok Rae Yoon and the former champion Christian Lee.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Featherweight Championship bout between current champion Thanh Le and Tang Kai is expected to co-headline the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured a semi-final of the ONE Muay Thai Flyweight Grand Prix between Walter Goncalves and Superlek Kiatmoo9, as well as one Grand Prix alternate bout.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE on Prime Video 1: Moraes vs. Johnson 2 (also known as ONE Fight Night 1 outside the Americas) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on August 27, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Flyweight Championship rematch between current champion Adriano Moraes and former UFC Flyweight Champion (also 2019 ONE Flyweight World Grand Prix Champion) Demetrious Johnson is expected to headline the event. The pairing previously met at ONE on TNT 1 in April 2021 where Moraes defeated Johnson by Knockout in Round 2.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The co-main event of the evening featured a title fight for the ONE Muay Thai Bantamweight Championship between the champion Nong-O Gaiyanghadao and the challenger Liam Harrison.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event was to feature a semi-final of the ONE Flyweight Muay Thai World Grand Prix between current ONE Flyweight Muay Thai World Champion Rodtang Jitmuangnon and Savvas Michael with the winner advancing to the World Grand Prix final. However, Rodtang was forced to withdraw due to failed to provide a sample for the organization’s mandatory hydration test and was not permitted to weigh in and was replaced by Panpayak Jitmuangnon who scheduled against Sherzod Kabutov in preliminary card.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A Flyweight Muay Thai bout between former ONE Flyweight Muay Thai World Champion Jonathan Haggerty and Amir Naseri was expected to take place at the event. However, Haggerty forced to withdraw from the contest due to a non-COVID related illness.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: At the weigh-ins, two fighters missed weight for their respective bouts. Itsuki Hirata weighed in at 119.25 pounds, 4.25 lbs over the Atomweight non-title fight limit. Zebaztian Kadestam weighed in at 188.5 pounds, 3.5 lbs over the welterweight non-title fight limit. Both bouts proceeded at catchweight. Kadestam was fined 30% of their purse, which went to their opponent Iuri Lapicus; Hirata was fined 50% of their purse, which went to their opponent Lin Heqin.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Muay Thai Grand Prix Liverpool was a Muay Thai event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Muay Thai Grand Prix on September 10, 2022, at the Eventim Olympia in Liverpool, England.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured first part of an eight man tournament for the Road to ONE Muay Thai Grand Prix Bantamweight tournament, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Thailand 3 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Fairtex Fight Promotion on September 17, 2022, at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured semi-final of the featherweight, flyweight and women's atomweight Road to ONE Muay Thai tournaments, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A tournament Featherweight Muay Thai bout between Yodphupha Tor. Yotha and YodIQ P.K.Saenchai Muaythaigym was scheduled take place at the event. However, YodIQ withdraw due to flu symptoms and was replaced by Kwangtung Realfighter.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE 161: Petchmorakot vs. Tawanchai was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on September 29, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Heavyweight World Championship title unification bout between current champion Arjan Bhullar and interim champion Anatoly Malykhin is expected to headline the event. However, Bhullar withdraws their title unification bout with Malykhin due to his arm injury.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Muay Thai Featherweight Championship bout between current champion Petchmorakot Petchyindee and #1 ranked contender Tawanchai P.K.Saenchai is expected that this event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: At the weigh-ins, Han Zihao weighed in at 154.75 lb, 8.75 lb over the bantamweight non-title fight limit of 145 pounds. the bout agreed to moved to the featherweight division (145–155 lbs) where Han was fined 30%, which went to Ferrari Fairtex. Wang Shuo came in at 139.5 pounds, 3.5 pounds over the flyweight non-title limit. The bout was later scrapped after Wang Shuo pulled out of the bout.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE on Prime Video 2: Lee vs. Xiong 3 (also known as ONE Fight Night 2 outside the Americas) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on September 30, 2022, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Women's Strawweight Championship bout and trilogy between current champion Xiong Jingnan and current ONE Women's Atomweight Champion Angela Lee headlined the event. The pairing first met at on March 31, 2019 where Xiong won by knockout in fifth round. Their second meeting took place at on October 13, 2019 in ONE Women's Atomweight World Championship bout, where Lee defended the title by submission in fifth round.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Featherweight Kickboxing World Championship bout between current champion Superbon Singha Mawynn and former K-1 Super Welterweight Champion (also 2022 ONE Featherweight Kickboxing World Grand Prix Champion) Chingiz Allazov is expected to take place at the co-main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A inaugural ONE Flyweight Submission Grappling World Championship bout between Mikey Musumeci and Cleber Sousa was expected to take place at the event. It was also the submission grappling title in the promotion's history.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Muay Thai Grand Prix Sheffield was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Muay Thai Grand Prix on October 1, 2022, at the Magna Centre in Sheffield, England.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured second part of an eight man tournament for the Road to ONE Muay Thai Grand Prix Bantamweight tournament, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: BEAST Championship 11 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with BEAST Championship on October 8, 2022, at the Gladstone Showground in Gladstone, Australia.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured a four man tournament for the Road to ONE BEAST Championship Light Heavyweight tournament, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE 162: Zhang vs. Di Bella was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on October 21, 2022 at the Axiata Arena in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event was headlined by a vacant ONE Kickboxing Strawweight Championship bout between Zhang Peimian and promotional newcomer Jonathan Di Bella. Di Bella defeated Zhang by unanimous decision for the ONE Kickboxing Strawweight Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE on Prime Video 3: Lineker vs Andrade (also known as ONE Fight Night 3 outside the Americas) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on October 22, 2022 at the Axiata Arena in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The main event featured ONE Middleweight Champion Reinier de Ridder defending his title against promotional newcomer Shamil Abdulaev.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event will mark the promotion's return to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the first time since in December 2019.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Three championship belts were on the line during this event, namely the ONE Bantamweight Championship, the inaugural ONE Lightweight Submission Grappling Championship and the inaugural ONE Lightweight Muay Thai Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Kade Ruotolo defeated Uali Kurzhev via heel hook to capture the ONE Lightweight Submission Grappling Championship, Regian 'The Immortal' Eersel defeated Sinsamut Klinmee via split decision to capture the ONE Lightweight Muay Thai Championship and the bout between John Lineker and Fabricio Andrade was declared a no contest after Lineker received an unintentional groin strike, leaving the ONE Bantamweight title vacant.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Thailand 4 was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Fairtex Fight Promotion on October 29, 2022, at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured final of the featherweight, flyweight and women's atomweight Road to ONE Muay Thai tournaments, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: Road to ONE: Muay Thai Grand Prix London was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship in partnership with Muay Thai Grand Prix on November 12, 2022, at the Peninsula Square in London, England.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event featured the semi-finals of an eight man tournament for the Road to ONE Muay Thai Grand Prix Bantamweight tournament, with the champion receiving a US$100,000 contract to compete in ONE Championship.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE on Prime Video 4: Abbasov vs. Lee (also known as ONE Fight Night 4) was a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on November 19, 2022 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The competition was announced bout couple between former ONE Middleweight and Light Heavyweight World Champion Aung La Nsang and former UFC and WSOF Middleweight title contender Yushin Okami. However their fight was moved to ONE 163 on the same day.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE 163: Akimoto vs. Petchtanong will be a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on November 19, 2022 at the Singapore in Kallang, Singapore.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The main event will feature ONE Bantamweight Kickboxing Champion Hiroki Akimoto defending his title against Petchtanong Petchfergus.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE on Prime Video 5: de Ridder vs. Malylhin (also known as ONE Fight Night 5) will be a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on December 3, 2022 at the Mall of Asia Arena in Manila, Philippines.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE Light Heavyweight World Champion (and also the ONE Middleweight World Champion) Reinier de Ridder is set to make his first title defense against interim ONE Heavyweight World Champion Anatoliy Malykhin in the main event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A welterweight bout between promotional newcomer and former KSW Champion Roberto Soldić and Murad Ramazanov was announced for the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: ONE 164: Pacio vs. Brooks will be a Combat sport event held by ONE Championship on December 3, 2022 at the Mall of Asia Arena in Manila, Philippines.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: A ONE Strawweight World Championship title bout between current champion Joshua Pacio and the contender Jarred Brooks is expected to headline the event.


title: 2022 in ONE Championship

text: The event will mark the promotion's return to Manila, Philippines for the first time since in January 2020.


title: Rule of thumb

text: In English, the phrase rule of thumb refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. This usage of the phrase can be traced back to the 17th century and has been associated with various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.


title: Rule of thumb

text: A modern folk etymology holds that the phrase is derived from the maximum width of a stick allowed for wife-beating under English common law, but no such law ever existed. This belief may have originated in a rumored statement by 18th-century judge Sir Francis Buller that a man may beat his wife with a stick no wider than his thumb. The rumor produced numerous jokes and satirical cartoons at Buller's expense, but there is no record that he made such a statement.


title: Rule of thumb

text: English jurist Sir William Blackstone wrote in his "Commentaries on the Laws of England" of an "old law" that once allowed "moderate" beatings by husbands, but he did not mention thumbs or any specific implements. Wife-beating has been officially outlawed for centuries in England (and the rest of the United Kingdom) and the United States, but continued in practice; several 19th-century American court rulings referred to an "ancient doctrine" that the judges believed had allowed husbands to physically punish their wives using implements no thicker than their thumbs.


title: Rule of thumb

text: The phrase "rule of thumb" first became associated with domestic abuse in the 1970s, after which the spurious legal definition was cited as factual in a number of law journals, and the United States Commission on Civil Rights published a report on domestic abuse titled "Under the Rule of Thumb" in 1982. Some efforts were made to discourage the phrase, which was seen as taboo owing to this false origin. During the 1990s, several authors correctly identified the spurious etymology; however, the connection to domestic violence was cited in some legal sources even into the early 2000s.


title: Rule of thumb

text: In English, "rule of thumb" refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. The exact origin of the phrase is uncertain. Its earliest (1685) appearance in print comes from a posthumously published collection of sermons by Scottish preacher James Durham: "Many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, and by rule of thumb (as we use to speak), and not by Square and Rule."


title: Rule of thumb

text: The phrase is also found in Sir William Hope's "The Compleat Fencing Master", 1692: "What he doth, he doth by rule of Thumb, and not by Art". James Kelly's "The Complete Collection of Scottish Proverbs", 1721, includes: "No Rule so good as Rule of Thumb, if it hit", meaning a practical approximation.


title: Rule of thumb

text: Historically, the width of the thumb, or "thumb's breadth", was used as the equivalent of an inch in the cloth trade; similar expressions existed in Latin and French as well. The thumb has also been used in brewing beer, to gauge the heat of the brewing vat. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer writes that "rule of thumb" means a "rough measurement". He says that "Ladies often measure yard lengths by their thumb. Indeed, the expression 'sixteen nails make a yard' seems to point to the thumb-nail as a standard" and that "Countrymen always measure by their thumb". According to "Phrasefinder", "The phrase joins the whole nine yards as one that probably derives from some form of measurement but which is unlikely ever to be definitively pinned down".


title: Rule of thumb

text: A modern folk etymology relates the phrase to domestic violence via an alleged rule under English common law which permitted wife-beating provided that the implement used was a rod or stick no thicker than a man's thumb. Wife-beating has been officially outlawed in England and the United States for centuries, but enforcement of the law was inconsistent, and wife-beating did continue. However, a rule of thumb permitting wife-beating was never codified in law.


title: Rule of thumb

text: English jurist William Blackstone wrote in the late 1700s in his "Commentaries on the Laws of England" that, by an "old law", a husband had formerly been justified in using "moderate correction" against his wife but was barred from inflicting serious violence; Blackstone did not mention either thumbs or sticks. According to Blackstone, this custom was in doubt by the late 1600s, and a woman was allowed "security of the peace" against an abusive husband. Twentieth-century legal scholar William L. Prosser wrote that there was "probably no truth to the legend" that a husband was allowed to beat his wife "with a stick no thicker than his thumb".


title: Rule of thumb

text: The association between the thumb and implements of domestic violence can be traced to 1782, when English judge Sir Francis Buller was ridiculed for purportedly stating that a husband could beat his wife, provided that he used a stick no wider than his thumb. There is no record of Buller making such a statement, but the rumor generated much satirical press, with Buller being mocked as "Judge Thumb" in published jokes and cartoons.


title: Rule of thumb

text: In the following century, several court rulings in the United States referred to a supposed common-law doctrine which the judges believed had once allowed wife-beating with an implement smaller than a thumb. None of these courts referred to such a doctrine as a rule of thumb or endorsed such a rule, but all permitted some degree of wife-beating so long as it did not result in serious injury.


title: Rule of thumb

text: An 1824 court ruling in Mississippi stated that a man was entitled to enforce "domestic discipline" by striking his wife with a whip or stick no wider than the judge's thumb. In a later case in North Carolina ("State v. Rhodes", 1868), the defendant was found to have struck his wife "with a switch about the size of this fingers"; the judge found the man not guilty due to the switch being smaller than a thumb. The judgment was upheld by the state supreme court, although the later judge stated: