title: Sugar beet

text: The root of the beet contains 75% water, about 20% sugar, and 5% pulp. The exact sugar content can vary between 12% and 21%, depending on the cultivar and growing conditions. Sugar is the primary value of sugar beet as a cash crop. The pulp, insoluble in water and mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin, is used in animal feed. The byproducts of the sugar beet crop, such as pulp and molasses, add another 10% to the value of the harvest.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beets grow exclusively in the temperate zone, in contrast to sugarcane, which grows exclusively in the tropical and subtropical zones. The average weight of a sugar beet ranges between . Sugar beet foliage has a rich, brilliant green color and grows to a height of about . The leaves are numerous and broad and grow in a tuft from the crown of the beet, which is usually level with or just above the ground surface.


title: Sugar beet

text: Modern sugar beets date back to mid-18th century Silesia where Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, subsidised experiments aimed at developing processes for sugar extraction. In 1747, Andreas Marggraf isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3–1.6%. He also demonstrated that the sugar that could be extracted from beets was identical to that produced from cane. His student, Franz Karl Achard, evaluated 23 varieties of mangelwurzel for sugar content and selected a local strain from Halberstadt in modern-day Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Moritz Baron von Koppy and his son further selected from this strain for white, conical tubers. The selection was named "weiße schlesische Zuckerrübe", meaning white Silesian sugar beet, and boasted about a 6% sugar content. This selection is the progenitor of all modern sugar beets.


title: Sugar beet

text: A royal decree led to the first factory devoted to sugar extraction from beetroots being opened in Kunern, Silesia (now Konary, Poland) in 1801. The Silesian sugar beet was soon introduced to France, where Napoleon opened schools specifically for studying the plant. He also ordered that be devoted to growing the new sugar beet. This was in response to British blockades of cane sugar during the Napoleonic Wars, which ultimately stimulated the rapid growth of a European sugar beet industry. By 1840, about 5% of the world's sugar was derived from sugar beets, and by 1880, this number had risen more than tenfold to over 50%. The sugar beet was introduced to North America after 1830, with the first commercial production starting in 1879 at a farm in Alvarado, California. The sugar beet was also introduced to Chile by German settlers around 1850.


title: Sugar beet

text: "The beet-root, when being boiled, yields a juice similar to syrup of sugar, which is beautiful to look at on account of its vermilion color" (1575). This was written by 16th-century scientist, Olivier de Serres, who discovered a process for preparing sugar syrup from the common red beet. However, because crystallized cane sugar was already available and provided a better taste, this process never caught on. This story characterizes the history of the sugar beet. The competition between beet sugar and sugarcane for control of the sugar market plays out from the first extraction of a sugar syrup from a garden beet into the modern day.


title: Sugar beet

text: The use of sugar beets for the extraction of crystallized sugar dates to 1747, when Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, professor of physics in the Academy of Science of Berlin, discovered the existence of a sugar in vegetables similar in its properties to that obtained from sugarcane. He found the best of these vegetable sources for the extraction of sugar was the white beet. Despite Marggraf’s success in isolating pure sugar from beets, their commercial manufacture for sugar did not take off until the early 19th century. Marggraf's student and successor Franz Karl Achard began selectively breeding sugar beet from the 'White Silesian' fodder beet in 1784. By the beginning of the 19th century, his beet was about 5–6% sucrose by (dry) weight, compared to around 20% (or 18%) in modern varieties. Under the patronage of Frederick William III of Prussia, he opened the world's first beet sugar factory in 1801, at Cunern (Polish: Konary) in Silesia.


title: Sugar beet

text: The work of Achard soon attracted the attention of Napoleon Bonaparte, who appointed a commission of scientists to go to Silesia to investigate Achard's factory. Upon their return, two small factories were constructed near Paris. Although these factories were not altogether a success, the results attained greatly interested Napoleon. Thus, when two events, the blockade of Europe by the British Royal Navy and the Haitian Revolution, made the importation of cane sugar untenable, Napoleon seized the opportunity offered by beet sugar to address the shortage. In 1811, Napoleon issued a decree appropriating one million francs for the establishment of sugar schools, and compelling the farmers to plant a large acreage to sugar beets the following year. He also prohibited the further importation of sugar from the Caribbean effective in 1813.


title: Sugar beet

text: The number of mills increased considerably during the 1820s and 1830s, reaching a peak of 543 in 1837. The number was down to 382 in 1842, producing about 22.5 million kg of sugar during that year.


title: Sugar beet

text: As a result of the French advances in sugar beet production and processing made during the Napoleonic Wars, the beet sugar industry in Europe developed rapidly. A new tax levied in Germany in 1810 prompted the experimentation to increase the sugar content of the beet. This was because the tax assessed the value of the sugar beet crop based on the unprocessed weight of the sugar beet rather than the refined sugar produced from them. By 1812, Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Quéruel, working for the industrialist Benjamin Delessert, devised a process of sugar extraction suitable for industrial application. By 1837, France had become the largest sugar beet producer in the world, a position it continued to hold in the world even into 2010. By 1837, 542 factories in France were producing 35,000 tonnes of sugar. However, by 1880, Germany became the largest producer of sugar from sugar beet in the world, since the German factories processed most of the sugar beets grown in eastern France.


title: Sugar beet

text: By the 1850s, sugar beet production had reached Russia and Ukraine. This was made possible by the protection of the sugar beet industry by bounties, or subsidies, paid to beet sugar producers upon the export of their sugar by their respective governments. The protection provided to the sugar beet industry by these bounties caused drastic damage to the cane sugar industry and their grip on the British sugar market. The result was a reduction in the production of cane sugar, molasses and rum until 1915. During World War I, the widespread conflict destroyed large tracts of land that had served sugar beet producers and repurposed much of the remaining sugar beet land for grain production. This resulted in a shortage that revived the shrinking cane sugar industry.


title: Sugar beet

text: The first attempts at sugar beet cultivation were pursued by abolitionists in New England. The "Beet Sugar Society of Philadelphia" was founded in 1836 and promoted home-produced beet sugar as an alternative to the slave-produced cane sugar from the West Indies or sugar imported from Asia (called "free sugar" because it was grown without using slavery), but tasted "awful". This movement failed, perhaps most due to the unpopularity of abolitionists at the time, at least until the Civil War, when these associations became irrelevant and only the economic feasibility of the industry remained.


title: Sugar beet

text: In the 1850s an attempt was made in Utah by the LDS Church-owned Deseret Manufacturing Company to grow and process sugar beets, that failed for several reasons. First, the beet seeds they imported from France were not able to produce much sugar in the heavily salinized soil of Utah. Second, the cost of importing the beet seed from France consumed any possibility for profit. Finally, none of the people running the factory knew how to properly perform the chemical process to separate the sugar from the beet pulp.


title: Sugar beet

text: The first successful sugar beet factory was built by E. H. Dyer at Alvarado, California (now Union City), in 1870, but was not profitable until 1879. The factory survived on subsidies, since the abolitionist stigma that had held back the development of a sugar beet industry had been erased with the Civil War.


title: Sugar beet

text: After this first success in Alvarado, the sugar beet industry expanded rapidly. Research done by Rachel Lloyd at the University of Nebraska in the late 1880s resulted in a large production increase in the state of Nebraska. In 1889, Arthur Stayner and others were able to convince LDS Church leaders to support a second attempt, leading to the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company.


title: Sugar beet

text: Capital investment in factories demanded an adequate supply of sugar beets. In central Colorado and western Nebraska, this was provided substantially by Germans from Russia who were already expert at sugar beet farming when they immigrated in large numbers circa 1890–1905.


title: Sugar beet

text: By 1914, the sugar beet industry in the US matched the production of its European counterparts. The largest producers of beet sugar in the US were California, Utah, and Nebraska until the outbreak of World War II. In California, Japanese Americans were an important constituent in farming and production. When they were interned during World War II, California's beet sugar production stalled, and was largely shifted to inland states such as Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and Utah. In many of the regions where new sugar beet farms were started during the war, farmers were unfamiliar with beet sugar cultivation, so they hired Japanese-American workers from internment camps who were familiar with sugar beet production to work on the farms.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beets are grown in 11 states and represent 55% of the US sugar production as compared to sugarcane, which is grown commercially in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas, and Puerto Rico, accounting for 45% of US sugar production.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beets were not grown on a large scale in the United Kingdom until the mid-1920s, when 17 processing factories were built, following war-time shortages of imported cane sugar. Before World War I, with its far-flung empire, the United Kingdom simply imported the sugar from the cheapest market. However, World War I had created a shortage in sugar, prompting the development of domestic production. The first sugar beet processing factory was built at Lavenham in Suffolk in 1860, but failed after a few years without the government support its counterparts on the continent received. By the end of the century sugar production had ceased and the factory was re-purposed as a store house for horse hair and matting. It was totally destroyed by fire in 1905 and today, no trace remains.


title: Sugar beet

text: The Dutch built the first successful factory at Cantley in Norfolk in 1912, and it was moderately successful since, because of its Dutch backing, it received Dutch bounties.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beet seed from France was listed in the annual catalogues of Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders from that firm's inception in 1898 until the first of their own varieties was introduced in 1909. In 1915, the British Sugar Beet Society was formed to create an example of a domestic sugar beet industry for the purpose of obtaining government financing which was delivered by the British Sugar (Subsidy) Act 1925. The sugar beet industry in the United Kingdom was finally subsidized providing stability to the domestic industry that had experienced volatile shifts in profits and losses in the years since 1915. The British Power Alcohol Association was founded in 1924 to promote the use of beet for fuel.


title: Sugar beet

text: References to the sugar manufacturing from beets in Russia date back to 1802. Jacob Esipov built the first Russian commercial factory producing sugar from beets in the Tula province.


title: Sugar beet

text: During the Soviet period, some particularly impressive advancements were made in seed development, of which the most useful was the development of frost-resistant sugar beet, further expanding the growing range of the sugar beet.


title: Sugar beet

text: There were various attempts, after 1865, to farm sugar beets in the Australian colony, later state, of Victoria. An industry was established in the district around Maffra in 1896. It became unprofitable due to a drought in 1899 and the factory was taken over by the Victorian government. It was reopened in 1910 and the industry flourished during the inter-war years. Production peaked in 1939–1940. The Second World War affected the industry by taking away its labour force. After the war ended, local farmers preferred dairying to labour-intensive and less-profitable sugar beet production, and the factory closed in 1948. It was the only significant sugar beet factory in Australia. Australia continues to be a major sugar producer, but all production is from sugar cane grown in Queensland and northern New South Wales.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beet is widely grown in New Zealand as cattle feed, and this practice has spread to some parts of Australia.


title: Sugar beet

text: The sugar beet, like sugarcane, needs a particular soil and a proper climate for its successful cultivation. The most important requirement is the soil must contain a large supply of nutrients, be rich in humus, and be able to contain a great deal of moisture. A certain amount of alkali is not necessarily detrimental, as sugar beets are not especially susceptible to injury by some alkali. The ground should be fairly level and well-drained, especially where irrigation is practiced.


title: Sugar beet

text: Generous crops can be grown in both sandy soil and heavy loams, but the ideal soil is a sandy loam, i.e., a mixture of organic matter, clay and sand. A subsoil of gravel, or the presence of hardpan, is not desirable, as cultivation to a depth of from is necessary to produce the best results.


title: Sugar beet

text: Climatic conditions, temperature, sunshine, rainfall and winds have an important bearing upon the success of sugar beet agriculture. A temperature ranging from during the growing months is most favorable. In the absence of adequate irrigation, of rainfall are necessary to raise an average crop. High winds are harmful, as they generally crust the land and prevent the young beets from coming through the ground. The best results are obtained along the coast of southern California, where warm, sunny days succeeded by cool, foggy nights seem to meet sugar beet's favored growth conditions. Sunshine of long duration but not of great intensity is the most important factor in the successful cultivation of sugar beets. Near the equator, the shorter days and the greater heat of the sun sharply reduce the sugar content in the beet.


title: Sugar beet

text: In high elevation regions such as those of Idaho, Colorado and Utah, where the temperature is high during the daytime, but where the nights are cool, the quality of the sugar beet is excellent. In Michigan, the long summer days from the relatively high latitude (the Lower Peninsula, where production is concentrated, lies between the 41st and 46th parallels North) and the influence of the Great Lakes result in satisfactory climatic conditions for sugar beet culture. Sebewaing, Michigan, lies in the Thumb region of Michigan; both the region and state are major sugar beet producers. Sebewaing is home to one of four Michigan Sugar Company factories. The town sponsors an annual Michigan Sugar Festival.


title: Sugar beet

text: To cultivate beets successfully, the land must be properly prepared. Deep ploughing is the first principle of beet culture. It allows the roots to penetrate the subsoil without much obstruction, thereby preventing the beet from growing out of the ground, besides enabling it to extract considerable nourishment and moisture from the lower soil. If the latter is too hard, the roots will not penetrate it readily and, as a result, the plant will be pushed up and out of the earth during the process of growth. A hard subsoil is impervious to water and prevents proper drainage. It should not be too loose, however, as this allows the water to pass through more freely than is desirable. Ideally, the soil should be deep, fairly fine and easily penetrable by the roots. It should also be capable of retaining moisture and at the same time admit of a free circulation of air and good drainage. Sugar beet crops exhaust the soil rapidly. Crop rotation is recommended and necessary. Normally, beets are grown in the same ground every third year, peas, beans or grain being raised the other two years.


title: Sugar beet

text: In most temperate climates, beets are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn. At the northern end of its range, growing seasons as short as 100 days can produce commercially viable sugar beet crops. In warmer climates, such as in California's Imperial Valley, sugar beets are a winter crop, planted in the autumn and harvested in the spring. In recent years, Syngenta has developed the so-called tropical sugar beet. It allows the plant to grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Beets are planted from a small seed; of beet seed comprises 100,000 seeds and will plant over of ground ( will plant about .


title: Sugar beet

text: Until the latter half of the 20th century, sugar beet production was highly labor-intensive, as weed control was managed by densely planting the crop, which then had to be manually thinned two or three times with a hoe during the growing season. Harvesting also required many workers. Although the roots could be lifted by a plough-like device which could be pulled by a horse team, the rest of the preparation was by hand. One laborer grabbed the beets by their leaves, knocked them together to shake free loose soil, and then laid them in a row, root to one side, greens to the other. A second worker equipped with a beet hook (a short-handled tool between a billhook and a sickle) followed behind, and would lift the beet and swiftly chop the crown and leaves from the root with a single action. Working this way, he would leave a row of beets that could be forked into the back of a cart.


title: Sugar beet

text: Today, mechanical sowing, herbicide application for weed control, and mechanical harvesting have displaced this reliance on manual farm work. A root beater uses a series of blades to chop the leaf and crown (which is high in nonsugar impurities) from the root. The beet harvester lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root in a single pass over the field. A modern harvester is typically able to cover six rows at the same time. The beets are dumped into trucks as the harvester rolls down the field, and then delivered to the factory. The conveyor then removes more soil.


title: Sugar beet

text: If the beets are to be left for later delivery, they are formed into clamps. Straw bales are used to shield the beets from the weather. Provided the clamp is well built with the right amount of ventilation, the beets do not significantly deteriorate. Beets that freeze and then defrost, produce complex carbohydrates that cause severe production problems in the factory. In the UK, loads may be hand examined at the factory gate before being accepted.


title: Sugar beet

text: In the US, the fall harvest begins with the first hard frost, which arrests photosynthesis and the further growth of the root. Depending on the local climate, it may be carried out over the course of a few weeks or be prolonged throughout the winter months. The harvest and processing of the beet is referred to as "the campaign", reflecting the organization required to deliver the crop at a steady rate to processing factories that run 24 hours a day for the duration of the harvest and processing (for the UK, the campaign lasts about five months). In the Netherlands, this period is known as , a time to be careful when driving on local roads in the area while the beets are being grown, because the naturally high clay content of the soil tends to cause slippery roads when soil falls from the trailers during transport.


title: Sugar beet

text: The world harvested of sugar beets in 2020. The world's largest producer was Russia, with a harvest. The average yield of sugar beet crops worldwide was 58.2 tonnes per hectare.


title: Sugar beet

text: The most productive sugar beet farms in the world, in 2010, were in Chile, with a nationwide average yield of 87.3 tonnes per hectare.


title: Sugar beet

text: Imperial Valley (California) farmers have achieved yields of about 160 tonnes per hectare and over 26 tonnes sugar per hectare. Imperial Valley farms benefit from high intensities of incident sunlight and intensive use of irrigation and fertilizers.


title: Sugar beet

text: The sugar industry in the EU came under bureaucratic pressure in 2006 and ultimately resulted in the loss of 20,000 jobs, although many factories, as detailed in a later 2010 EU audit, were found to have been mistakenly shut down, as they were profitable without government intervention. Both Western and Eastern Europe did not produce enough sugar from sugar beets to meet overall demand for sugar in 2010–2011, and were net importers of sugar.


title: Sugar beet

text: After they are harvested, beets are typically transported to a factory. In the UK, beets are transported by a hauler, or by a tractor and a trailer by local farmers. Railways and boats are no longer used. Some beets were carried by rail in Ireland, until the complete shutdown of Irish Sugar beet production in 2006.


title: Sugar beet

text: Each load is weighed and sampled before it gets tipped onto the reception area, typically a flat concrete pad, where it is moved into large heaps. The beet sample is checked for


title: Sugar beet

text: From these elements, the actual sugar content of the load is calculated and the grower's payment determined.


title: Sugar beet

text: The beet is moved from the heaps into a central channel or gulley, where it is washed towards the processing plant.


title: Sugar beet

text: After reception at the processing plant, the beet roots are washed, mechanically sliced into thin strips called cossettes, and passed to a machine called a diffuser to extract the sugar content into a water solution, a process known as leaching.


title: Sugar beet

text: Diffusers are long vessels of many metres in which the beet slices go in one direction while hot water goes in the opposite direction. The movement may either be caused by a rotating screw or the whole rotating unit, and the water and cossettes move through internal chambers. The three common designs of diffuser are the horizontal rotating "RT" (Raffinerie Tirlemontoise, manufacturer), inclined screw "DDS" ("De Danske Sukkerfabrikker"), or vertical screw "Tower". Modern tower extraction plants have a processing capacity of up to per day. A less-common design uses a moving belt of cossettes, with water pumped onto the top of the belt and poured through. In all cases, the flow rates of cossettes and water are in the ratio one to two. Typically, cossettes take about 90 minutes to pass through the diffuser, the water only 45 minutes. These countercurrent exchange methods extract more sugar from the cossettes using less water than if they merely sat in a hot water tank. The liquid exiting the diffuser is called "raw juice". The colour of raw juice varies from black to a dark red depending on the amount of oxidation, which is itself dependent on diffuser design.


title: Sugar beet

text: The used cossettes, or pulp, exit the diffuser at about 95% moisture, but low sucrose content. Using screw presses, the wet pulp is then pressed down to 75% moisture. This recovers additional sucrose in the liquid pressed out of the pulp, and reduces the energy needed to dry the pulp. The pressed pulp is dried and sold as animal feed, while the liquid pressed out of the pulp is combined with the raw juice, or more often introduced into the diffuser at the appropriate point in the countercurrent process. The final byproduct, vinasse, is used as fertilizer or growth substrate for yeast cultures.


title: Sugar beet

text: During diffusion, a portion of the sucrose breaks down into invert sugars. These can undergo further breakdown into acids. These breakdown products are not only losses of sucrose, but also have knock-on effects reducing the final output of processed sugar from the factory. To limit (thermophilic) bacterial action, the feed water may be dosed with formaldehyde and control of the feed water pH is also practised. Attempts at operating diffusion under alkaline conditions have been made, but the process has proven problematic. The improved sucrose extraction in the diffuser is offset by processing problems in the next stages.


title: Sugar beet

text: Carbonatation is a procedure which removes impurities from raw juice before it undergoes crystallization. First, the juice is mixed with hot milk of lime (a suspension of calcium hydroxide in water). This treatment precipitates a number of impurities, including multivalent anions such as sulfate, phosphate, citrate and oxalate, which precipitate as their calcium salts and large organic molecules such as proteins, saponins and pectins, which aggregate in the presence of multivalent cations. In addition, the alkaline conditions convert the simple sugars, glucose and fructose, along with the amino acid glutamine, to chemically stable carboxylic acids. Left untreated, these sugars and amines would eventually frustrate crystallization of the sucrose.


title: Sugar beet

text: Next, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate (chalk). The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculation occurs where the heavy particles settle out in tanks (clarifiers). A final addition of more carbon dioxide precipitates more calcium from solution; this is filtered off, leaving a cleaner, golden light-brown sugar solution called "thin juice".


title: Sugar beet

text: Before entering the next stage, the thin juice may receive soda ash to modify the pH and sulphitation with a sulfur-based compound to reduce colour formation due to decomposition of monosaccharides under heat.


title: Sugar beet

text: The thin juice is concentrated by multiple-effect evaporation to make a "thick juice", roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to maple syrup. Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing, reducing the load on the crystallization plant.


title: Sugar beet

text: Thick juice is fed to the crystallizers. Recycled sugar is dissolved into it, and the resulting syrup is called mother liquor. The liquor is concentrated further by boiling under a vacuum in large vessels (the so-called vacuum pans) and seeded with fine sugar crystals. These crystals grow as sugar from the mother liquor forms around them. The resulting sugar crystal and syrup mix is called a "massecuite", from "cooked mass" in French. The massecuite is passed to a centrifuge, where the High Green syrup is removed from the massecuite by centrifugal force. After a predetermined time, water is then sprayed into the centrifuge through a spray bar to wash the sugar crystals which produces Low Green syrup. The centrifuge then spins at very high speed to partially dry the crystals. The machine then slows down and a plough-shaped arm is deployed which ploughs out the sugar from the sides of the centrifuge from the top to the bottom onto a conveying plant underneath where it is transported into a rotating granulator where it is dried using warm air.


title: Sugar beet

text: The high green syrup is fed to a raw sugar vacuum pan from which a second batch of sugar is produced. This sugar ("raw") is of lower quality with more colour and impurities, and is the main source of the sugar dissolved again into the mother liquor. The syrup from the raw (Low green syrup) is boiled for a long time in AP Pans and sent to slowly flow around a series of about eight crystallizers. From this, a very low-quality sugar crystal is produced (known in some systems as "AP sugar") that is also redissolved. The syrup separated is molasses, which still contains sugar, but contains too much impurity to undergo further processing economically. The molasses is stored on site and is added to dried beet pulp to make animal feed, sold in bulk tankers, fermented to alcohol, or further processed.


title: Sugar beet

text: Since the molasses still contained sugar, it was advantageous to recover it. The Steffen Process was used to recover some, so advanced factories had a "Steffen house" next to the plant. During World War I, when imported potash from European sources was unavailable in the United States, "Steffen's wastewater" provided a good source, leading to a profitable income stream for a factory. The need disappeared immediately after the war. In the 1950s, industrial fermentation advanced to produce monosodium glutamate (MSG), previously produced in Japan by the expensive racemization process. Beet sugar molasses, with a "Corynebacterium" (especially "Corynebacterium glutamicum") and combined with penicillin or a surfactant to block biotin, produced MSG as a result, which effectively produced large profits from what was formerly waste.


title: Sugar beet

text: In a number of countries, notably the Czech Republic and Slovakia, beet sugar is used to make a rum-like distilled spirit called "Tuzemak". On the Åland Islands, a similar drink is made under the brand name "Kobba Libre". In some European countries, especially in the Czech Republic and Germany, beet sugar is also used to make rectified spirit and vodka.


title: Sugar beet

text: An unrefined sugary syrup is produced directly from the sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has a consistency similar to that of honey and in the Czech Republic, beet sugar is used to make a rum-like distilled spirit all Czechs know as their rum, an alcoholic beverage called Tuzemák, formerly called Tuzemský rum (English: domestic rum).


title: Sugar beet

text: An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has a consistency similar to that of honey. No other ingredients are used. In Germany, particularly the Rhineland area, and in the Netherlands, this sugar beet syrup (called "Zuckerrüben-Sirup" or "Zapp" in German, or "Suikerstroop" in Dutch) is used as a spread for sandwiches, as well as for sweetening sauces, cakes and desserts. Suikerstroop made according to the Dutch tradition is a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed under EU and UK law.


title: Sugar beet

text: Commercially, if the syrup has a dextrose equivalency (DE) above 30, the product has to be hydrolyzed and converted to a high-fructose syrup, much like high-fructose corn syrup, or isoglucose syrup in the EU.


title: Sugar beet

text: Many road authorities in North America use desugared beet molasses as de-icing or anti-icing products in winter control operations. The molasses can be used directly, combined with liquid chlorides and applied to road surfaces, or used to treat the salt spread on roads. Molasses can be more advantageous than road salt alone because it reduces corrosion and lowers the freezing point of the salt-brine mix, so the de-icers remain effective at lower temperatures. Adding the liquid to rock salt also reduces the bounce and scatter of the rock salt, keeping it where it is needed, and reduces the activation time of the salt to begin the melting process.


title: Sugar beet

text: Betaine can be isolated from the byproducts of sugar beet processing. Production is chiefly through chromatographic separation, using techniques such as the "simulated moving bed".


title: Sugar beet

text: BP and Associated British Foods plan to use agricultural surpluses of sugar beet to produce biobutanol in East Anglia in the United Kingdom.


title: Sugar beet

text: The feedstock-to-yield ratio for sugarbeet is 56:9. Therefore, it takes 6.22 kg of sugar beet to produce 1 kg of ethanol (approximately 1.27 L at room temperature).


title: Sugar beet

text: In New Zealand, sugar beet is widely grown and harvested as feed for dairy cattle. It is regarded as superior to fodder beet, because it has a lower water content (resulting in better storage properties). Both the beet bulb and the leaves (with 25% protein) are fed to cattle. Although long considered toxic to cattle, harvested beet bulbs can be fed to cattle if they are appropriately transitioned to their new diet. Dairy cattle in New Zealand can thrive on just pasture and beets, without silage or other supplementary feed. The crop is also now grown in some parts of Australia as cattle feed.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beet plants are susceptible to "Rhizomania" ("root madness"), which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots, making the crop economically unprocessable. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already present in some areas. It is also susceptible to both the beet leaf curl virus, which causes crinkling and stunting of the leaves and beet yellows virus.


title: Sugar beet

text: Continual research looks for varieties with resistance, as well as increased sugar yield. Sugar beet breeding research in the United States is most prominently conducted at various USDA Agricultural Research Stations, including one in Fort Collins, Colorado, headed by Linda Hanson and Leonard Panella; one in Fargo, North Dakota, headed by John Wieland; and one at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, headed by Rachel Naegele.


title: Sugar beet

text: In the United States, genetically modified sugar beets, engineered for resistance to glyphosate, a herbicide marketed as Roundup, were developed by Monsanto as a genetically modified crop. In 2005, the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) deregulated glyphosate-resistant sugar beets after it conducted an environmental assessment and determined glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were highly unlikely to become a plant pest. Sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has been approved for human and animal consumption in multiple countries, but commercial production of biotech beets has been approved only in the United States and Canada. Studies have concluded the sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has the same nutritional value as sugar from conventional sugar beets. After deregulation in 2005, glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were extensively adopted in the United States. About 95% of sugar beet acres in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011.


title: Sugar beet

text: Weeds may be chemically controlled using glyphosate without harming the crop. After planting sugar beet seed, weeds emerge in fields and growers apply glyphosate to control them. Glyphosate is commonly used in field crops because it controls a broad spectrum of weed species and has a low toxicity. A study from the UK suggests yields of genetically modified beet were greater than conventional, while another from the North Dakota State University extension service found lower yields. The introduction of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets may contribute to the growing number of glyphosate-resistant weeds, so Monsanto has developed a program to encourage growers to use different herbicide modes of action to control their weeds.


title: Sugar beet

text: In 2008, the Center for Food Safety, the Sierra Club, the Organic Seed Alliance and High Mowing Seeds filed a lawsuit against USDA-APHIS regarding their decision to deregulate glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in 2005. The organizations expressed concerns regarding glyphosate-resistant sugar beets' ability to potentially cross-pollinate with conventional sugar beets. U.S. District Judge Jeffrey S. White, US District Court for the Northern District of California, revoked the deregulation of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets and declared it unlawful for growers to plant glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in the spring of 2011. Believing a sugar shortage would occur USDA-APHIS developed three options in the environmental assessment to address the concerns of environmentalists. In 2011, a federal appeals court for the Northern district of California in San Francisco overturned the ruling. In July 2012, after completing an environmental impact assessment and a plant pest risk assessment the USDA deregulated Monsanto's Roundup Ready sugar beets.


title: Sugar beet

text: The sugar beet genome shares a triplication event somewhere super-Caryophyllales and at or sub-Eudicots. It has been sequenced and two reference genome sequences have already been generated. The genome size of the sugar beet is approximately 731 (714-758) Megabases, and sugar beet DNA is packaged in 18 metacentric chromosomes (2n=2x=18). All sugar beet centromeres are made up of a single satellite DNA family and centromere-specific LTR retrotransposons. More than 60% of sugar beet's DNA is repetitive, mostly distributed in a dispersed way along the chromosomes.


title: Sugar beet

text: Crop wild beet populations ("B. vulgaris" ssp. "maritima") have been sequenced as well, allowing for identification of the resistance gene "Rz2" in the wild progenitor. "Rz2" confers resistance to rhizomania, commonly known as the sugar beet root madness disease.


title: Sugar beet

text: Sugar beets have been bred for increased sugar content, from 8% to 18% in the 200 years , resistance to viral and fungal diseases, increased taproot size, monogermy, and less bolting. Breeding has been eased by discovery of a cytoplasmic male sterility line – this has especially been useful in yield breeding.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Revolution is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction television series that ran from September 17, 2012, until May 21, 2014, when it was cancelled by NBC. The show takes place in the post-apocalyptic near-future of the year 2027, 15 years after the start of a worldwide, permanent electrical-power blackout in 2012. Created by Eric Kripke and produced by J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions for the NBC network, it originally aired on Mondays at 10:00 p.m. ET, and did well enough that NBC ordered a second season shortly after the first-season finale.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Film director Jon Favreau directed the pilot episode. In October 2012, NBC picked it up for a full season of 22 episodes, which was later reduced to 20 episodes. Season 1 of the show was filmed in and around Wilmington, North Carolina. Many of the scenes were shot in historic downtown Wilmington and on the campus of the University of North Carolina Wilmington. On April 26, 2013, the series was renewed by NBC for a second season of 22 episodes to air in a new time slot of Wednesdays at 8 p.m. Season 2 of "Revolution" was filmed in and around Bartlett and Granger, Texas. The second-season premiere aired on September 25, 2013, and the finale aired on May 21, 2014.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Fans started a petition to renew or relocate "Revolution", and as of January 2018, the petition had gathered over 101,358 signatures with a goal of 110,000. The TV series was never renewed, but a four-part comic book series appeared in May and June 2015, and wrapped up the story.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The series is set in a post-apocalyptic near-future, in the year 2027. Fifteen years earlier, in the year 2012, a worldwide event known as "The Blackout" caused all electricity on Earth, ranging from computers and electronics to car and jet engines, to be disabled permanently. As a result, trains and cars stopped where they were, ships went dead in the water, and aircraft plummeted from the sky and crashed. In the years after the Blackout, people adapted to this new world without electricity. Because government and public order collapsed, several areas are ruled by militias and their generals.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The series begins with the surviving Matheson family: Ben and his two young adult children: daughter Charlie and son Danny, who now live in a village near Chicago. He wears a small pendant around his neck that is the key to not only finding out what happened fifteen years ago, but also a possible way to reverse its effects. Sebastian Monroe, Monroe Militia general and self-appointed President of the "Monroe Republic", whose borders are the Mississippi River and the old states of Kentucky and the Carolinas, is searching for the pendants so he can use their power to take control of the entire North American continent. In the series' pilot, Ben Matheson is killed and Danny is abducted by Captain Tom Neville of the Militia. The remaining Matheson family, joined initially by Miles Matheson, Aaron Pittman, and Nora Clayton, now are on the run from the Monroe Militia. Monroe's new benefactor, Randall Flynn, a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense who fifteen years earlier ordered deployment of the weaponized technology that caused the Blackout, now works with Monroe in his efforts after Ben's wife Rachel (working under duress for Monroe) escapes from his custody. This technology is later revealed to be a form of nanotechnology whose ability to drain electricity can be countered by the pendant.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: In Season 1 Episode 5, "Soul Train", a map of the former continental United States, Canada, and Mexico is shown and shows the continent of North America divided into six "republics" (including parts of present-day Canada and Mexico along with the contiguous United States): the "Monroe Republic" in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions and some of Eastern Canada; the "Georgia Federation" encompassing the Southeast; the "Plains Nation" in the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Canadian plains; "Texas" (including large swaths of southern and western Oklahoma, southern Arkansas and western Louisiana); the "California Commonwealth" incorporating the West Coast states of Oregon and Washington, along with western Idaho, British Columbia and Baja California; and the "Wasteland". In the same episode, it indicates that the Georgia Federation and Plains Nation have allied against the Monroe Republic; border skirmishing in southwest Illinois, near St. Louis, is also mentioned. According to the wife of Captain Thomas Neville (Julia) in a letter to her husband, the Monroe Republic capital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is relatively safe; however, life outside west of Pittsburgh is subject to rebel attacks and other dangers such as bandits.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: In April 2013, the series was renewed for a second season of 22 episodes. The new season aired on Wednesdays at 8:00 pm (ET) as opposed to the previous time slot of Monday at 10:00 pm (ET). The season premiered on September 25, 2013, took a mid-season break before Thanksgiving 2013, and returned with new episodes on January 8, 2014.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Nicole Ari Parker was cast in a recurring role as Secretary Justine Allenford. Patrick Heusinger and Jessie Collins were also signed. "Supernatural" alumnus Jim Beaver was cast as John Franklin Fry, "a hard-ass, whip smart Texas Ranger who allies with Miles." The second season takes place six months after the events of the first season.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The themes and settings of the series change significantly in the second season. The Monroe Republic is no longer the primary enemy, being replaced by the Patriots. Sebastian Monroe becomes an ally (albeit an uneasy one) of the Matheson family, while the Nevilles are largely isolated from this group. The action of the main group of characters is centered on the town of Willoughby, in the nation of Texas. There is still considerable travel from this location (to the Plains Nation, the outpost called New Vegas, and to Mexico) but there is not a single continuing odyssey, as in the first season. The pendants and the Tower are no longer significant, with self-willed nanites becoming the major science-fictional element.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: According to the show's creator, Eric Kripke, the third season was going to be different from the first two seasons:


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: It was going to be great. It was gonna be this kind of treasure story where they were going to hear a legend of a very mythic treasure. It wasn't gonna be gold, it was gonna be supplies. It was gonna be this incredible stockpile of supplies. All the good guys and all the bad guys in the show were going to fight for this gold mine of material and supplies. It was going to be fun. It wasn't going to be a war season. It was going to be a treasure hunt season, which would have been fun and mixed up the show in a really interesting way. The third season was made into a four-part comic book series in 2015. It gave the ending and answered questions left from season 2.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Executive producer J. J. Abrams told the "Los Angeles Times" Hero Complex blog that series creator Eric Kripke:


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: came to us with an idea that was undeniably good. It was such a great premise for a series that it was just that feeling of the misery that you'd feel if you had a chance to be part of that and didn't take advantage of it. I'm really looking forward to that show. He's so obviously the real deal, and we're just really lucky and honored that he wanted to collaborate with us on it.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The series – described by its creators as a "romantic swashbuckling sci-fi adventure" – debuted in the United States on September 17, 2012. In October 2012, NBC announced it would pick up the series for an additional nine episodes after achieving an average of 9.8 million viewers for the first three episodes. After November 26, 2012, Revolution went on hiatus for a holiday break and to catch up on post-production. Following this, the show resumed broadcast on March 25, 2013, for the remaining episodes of season 1.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The role of Rachel Matheson was originally played by Andrea Roth until she was replaced by Elizabeth Mitchell.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: A portion of episode 4 of season 1 was filmed at Freestyle Music Park in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: In Canada, the series aired simultaneously with the American broadcast on City. It premiered in Australia on Fox8 in September 2012 and re-screened on free-to-air on Nine and Go! from November 2013. It premiered in New Zealand on TV2 on October 16, 2012. The series was broadcast by DSTV in South Africa and to the rest of Africa via satellite; it was delayed by a week from the USA broadcast. In the United Kingdom, the series started airing on Sky1 from March 29, 2013.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: In the summer of 2012, NBC had a voting campaign on "Revolution"s Facebook page where visitors could vote for which American city should have an advance screening of the series' pilot in early September. The top ten markets selected were Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York City, Philadelphia, Salt Lake City, and Seattle.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: On September 4, 2012, New York City's advance screening was held for 1,000 guests, with 80 of them seated on stationary bicycles to generate electricity for lighting. The remaining cities' screenings were held two days later, on September 6, 2012.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The first season had Metacritic score of 64 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating generally positive reviews. Glen Garvin of "The Miami Herald" described the show as "big, bold and brassy adventure, a cowboys-and-Indians story for end times". Dorothy Rabinowitz of "The Wall Street Journal" praised the production quality of the pilot: "If the quality of this one, so irresistible in its vitality and suspense, does fail to hold up, its creators will have delivered, at the least, one remarkably fine hour." Ed Bark observed that the show "has the overall look and feel of a big budget feature, delivers some consistently terrific action scenes". Some have compared the show to "Dies the Fire", "The Hunger Games", and "Lost".


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Verne Gay of "Newsday", however, gave the premiere a negative review: "There's an almost overwhelming been-there-seen-that feel to the pilot, which doesn't really offer any suggestion of 'well, you haven't seen this.'"


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: The second season received more positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 78% approval rating with an average rating of 7.8/10, based on 9 reviews.


title: Revolution (TV series)

text: In May 2015, DC Comics started releasing a new digital comic book which picks up where the television series left off. Eric Kripke announced the digital comics revival on April 15, 2015. Between May 4 and June 15, 2015, four separate digital chapters were released fortnightly. Each of the four chapters have a specifically designed cover, all illustrated by DC Comics artist Angel Hernandez.


title: Tom's Diner

text: "Tom's Diner" is a song written in 1982 by American singer and songwriter Suzanne Vega. It was first released as a track on the January 1984 issue of "Fast Folk Musical Magazine". Originally featured on her second studio album, "Solitude Standing" (1987), it was released as a single in Europe only in 1987 following the success of her single "Luka". It was later used as the basis for a remix by the British group DNA in 1990, which reached No. 1 in Austria, Germany, Greece and Switzerland.


title: Tom's Diner

text: The "Tom's Diner" of the song is Tom's Restaurant in New York City, a mid-20th-century diner on the corner of Broadway and 112th Street. Singer and songwriter Suzanne Vega was reputedly a frequent patron during the early 1980s when she was a student at nearby Barnard College. The diner later became famous as the location used for the exterior scenes of Monk's Café in the popular 1990s television sitcom "Seinfeld".


title: Tom's Diner

text: The song begins with the narrator stopping at a diner for a cup of coffee. The song mentions reading a newspaper as well as seeing two women, one who enters the diner and one who stands outside in the rain. The ringing of bells at a nearby cathedral causes the narrator to reminisce about an unnamed companion and a midnight picnic. At the end of the song, the narrator leaves the diner to catch the train after the coffee is finished.


title: Tom's Diner

text: Vega wrote the song based on a comment by her friend Brian Rose, a photographer, who mentioned that in his work, he sometimes felt as if "he saw his whole life through a pane of glass, and <nowiki>[...]</nowiki> like he was the witness to a lot of things, but was never really involved in them". She attempted to think and write in this fashion (including a male perspective) while sitting at Tom's Restaurant. The "bells of the cathedral" that she remarks hearing in the song are those of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, located one block to the east.


title: Tom's Diner

text: An article on Suzanne Vega's official website uses clues in the song to determine the exact date that Vega wrote it.


title: Tom's Diner

text: Vega said that she wrote the song in 1982; Brian Rose has said that it was written sometime between mid-1981 and mid-1982. The lyrics refer to a rainy morning, when she was at the diner on the corner, reading in her newspaper of "a story of an actor / who had died while he was drinking", and afterwards "turning to the horoscope / and looking for the funnies". Only two newspapers in New York City carried comic strips, or "funnies", in 1981 and 1982, and only one, the "New York Post", featured a front-page story of the death of Oscar-winning actor William Holden, whose body was discovered on Monday, November 16, 1981. He had died from a fall at his apartment, suffered after drinking excessively. In a 2008 essay for "The New York Times", Vega confirmed that Holden was the actor whose death she had read about and inspired the line in the song.


title: Tom's Diner

text: On that day in New York, however, the weather was not rainy, but overcast. Vega has acknowledged that "Tom's Diner" is a composite of events, and that the rain was from a morning she remembered being in the diner during the spring of 1982, after the initial events of the song.


title: Tom's Diner

text: Vega conceived "Tom's Diner" as a piece for voice and solo piano. Two versions feature on her album "Solitude Standing"; the album opens with an a cappella version, and closes with an instrumental version played on keyboards, with guitars lending support.


title: Tom's Diner

text: During the 2006 Major League Baseball season, Cincinnati Reds player Ryan Freel used this song as his entrance song when he came to bat.


title: Tom's Diner

text: An article in the now defunct magazine "Business 2.0" revealed that "Tom's Diner" was also used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the audio compression scheme known as MP3 at what is now the Fraunhofer Society. He recalled: "I was ready to fine-tune my compression algorithm...somewhere down the corridor, a radio was playing 'Tom's Diner.' I was electrified. I knew it would be nearly impossible to compress this warm a cappella voice."


title: Tom's Diner

text: In a 2009 documentary about the history of the song by Swedish SVT, Brandenburg said: "I was finishing my PhD thesis, and then I was reading some hi-fi magazine and found that they had used this song to test loudspeakers. I said 'OK, let's test what this song does to my sound system, to MP3'. And the result was, at bit rates where everything else sounded quite nice, Suzanne Vega's voice sounded horrible."


title: Tom's Diner

text: Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time he refined the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. While the MP3 compression format is not specifically tuned to play the song "Tom's Diner" (an assortment of critically analyzed material was involved in the design of the codec over many years), among audio engineers this anecdote has earned Vega the informal title "The Mother of the MP3".


title: Tom's Diner

text: In 1990, two British record producers under the name DNA remixed "Tom's Diner", grafting Vega's vocals onto a dance beat from Soul II Soul ("Keep On Movin'") and turning her simple ad-libbed outro – "Do do do uh, do da-do uh" – into the song's driving hook. It was impossible to get a whole song into a sampler, so they spent evenings and weekends cutting Vega's vocals into little bits. Without permission from Vega, her record label, or publisher, the duo released the remix on a limited basis for distribution to clubs as "Oh Suzanne" by "DNA featuring Suzanne Vega". Vega's record company of the time, A&M, decided to buy and release the remix rather than take DNA to court for copyright infringement.


title: Tom's Diner

text: A&M struck the deal after consulting with Vega, who liked the interpretation, and DNA, who conducted the transaction through intermediaries without revealing their true identities. The remix became a much larger hit than Vega had with the song originally, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart and number five on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and it became one of a handful of tracks to chart in the top 10 of both the Modern Rock Tracks (number seven) and "Billboard" R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks (number ten) charts. The remix also reached number one in Austria, Germany, Greece and Switzerland. A music video was also made of this version.


title: Tom's Diner

text: The remix of the song is written in the key of F minor in common time with a tempo of 99 beats per minute. Vega's vocals span from F to E in the song.


title: Tom's Diner

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" commented, "Don't miss the exceptional "Tom's Diner", by DNA Featuring Suzanne Vega." He noted that the Brit outfit has placed "a slammin' Soul II Soul-flavored swing instrumental" underneath Vega's song. He also described the track as "indelibly infectious." Student newspaper "Columbia Daily Spectator" called it a "surprise hit". Marisa Fox from "Entertainment Weekly" said the dance beat is "mesmerizing". A reviewer from "Music & Media" wrote that "the lonely vocal part is perfectly complemented by the Steely Dan type horns and the grinding hip-hop beat. A fine version." British magazine "Music Week" ranked the song number-one in their Top 10 list, "Pick Of The Year - Dance". Diane Tameecha from "The Network Forty" commented that "the connection of Vega's sensuously soft voice and the unlikely rhythm (for her music, anyway) is startlingly vibrant, and its jazziness is an instant ear-catcher." "Smash Hits"'s reviewer said that remixes like this one "end up sounding far better than the originals and the result is rather refreshing."


title: Tom's Diner

text: For the release of his fourteenth studio album "Déjà Vu" on June 12, 2015, record producer Giorgio Moroder included a remake of the song, featuring American singer Britney Spears on his album as the eighth track. It was later released as the album's fourth and final single on October 9, 2015, with two new remixes included, marking the second release from Spears in 2015, following "Pretty Girls", and additionally her first featuring participation since "S&M (Remix)" in 2011.


title: Tom's Diner

text: Despite being a non-single track at that time, it became Moroder's best-selling digital song to date, debuting and peaking at number 38 on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Songs chart, and number fourteen on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart, during the week of July 4, 2015.


title: Tom's Diner

text: German groups AnnenMayKantereit and Giant Rooks covered the song in 2019. The cover went viral on TikTok in March 2022, reaching more than 120 million views on TikTok and 45 million streams on Spotify.


title: Tom's Diner

text: The song spawned a number of hip hop, dance, and rock remixes and remakes from artists such as Peter Behrens (drummer from Trio) and Bingo Hand Job, a whimsical one-time collaboration between Billy Bragg and R.E.M. It was also sampled in songs by Public Enemy, Nikki D, 2Pac, Twin Hype, Yo Gotti and Lil' Kim, among other hip hop acts.


title: Tom's Diner

text: In 1991, Vega, noting the huge number of remakes of the song, released "Tom's Album", a compilation of different versions of the song, spanning a variety of musical genres, including a parody by Mark Jonathan Davis that worked in references to "I Dream of Jeannie" called "Jeannie's Diner", which Nick-at-Nite would use to promote its airings of the show. The album also featured another DNA remix of one of her songs, "Rusted Pipe". On the album's sleeve, Vega wrote: "A small song about eating breakfast became a song about accidental pregnancy (Daddy's Little Girl – Nikki D.) and the recent war in the Gulf (Waiting at the Border). One version incorporates forgotten bits of pop culture (Jeannie's Diner). All of them surprised me; a couple made me wince. I include them anyway."


title: Tom's Diner

text: In 2015, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner") as a part of his project "The Ghost in the MP3". "moDernisT" is composed exclusively of the sounds deleted during MP3 compression from the song "Tom's Diner", known as the mother of the MP3. A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression, along with the conceptual motivation for the project, was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference.


title: Tom's Diner

text: In 2020, English producer Robbie Doherty remixed the song with artist Keees, titling it "Pour the Milk", launching it to No. 44 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: Stand and Deliver is a 1988 American drama film directed by Ramón Menéndez, written by Menéndez and Tom Musca, based on the true story of a high school mathematics teacher, Jaime Escalante. For portraying Escalante, Edward James Olmos was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 61st Academy Awards. The film won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Feature in 1988. The film's title refers to the 1987 Mr. Mister song of the same name, which is also featured in the film's ending credits.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: In 2011, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Stand and Deliver

text: In the early 1980s, Jaime Escalante becomes a mathematics teacher at James A. Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. The school is full of Latino students from working-class families whose academic achievement is far below their grade level. Two students, Angel and another gangster, arrive late and question Escalante's authority. Escalante demonstrates how to multiply numbers using one's fingers and appeals to the students' sense of humor. After class, some gangsters threaten Escalante. After school, he stops the gangsters from fighting. He then introduces himself as a 'one-man gang' with the classroom as his domain. Escalante tells the students that he's decided to teach the students algebra.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: At a meeting, Escalante learns that the school's accreditation is under threat, as test scores are not high enough. Escalante says that students will rise to the level that is expected of them. Escalante gives the students a quiz every morning and a new student joins the class. He instructs his class under the philosophy of "ganas", roughly translating to "desire".


title: Stand and Deliver

text: Escalante tells other faculty that he wants to teach the students calculus. He seeks to change the school culture to help the students excel in academics, as he has seen the untapped potential of his class. Other teachers ridicule him, as the students have not taken the prerequisites. Escalante states that the students can take the prerequisites over the summer. He sets a goal of having the students take Advanced Placement Calculus by their senior year.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: The students sign up for the prerequisites over the summer. There is no air conditioning, but Escalante is able to teach the class, giving them oranges and telling them to focus so they can get good jobs and take vacations. In the fall, he gives the students contracts to be signed by the parents; they must come in on Saturdays, show up an hour early to school, and stay until 5pm in order to prepare for the AP Calculus exam.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: Two weeks before the students' exam, Escalante is teaching an ESL class to some adults. He suddenly clutches at his torso in pain, stumbles into the hallway, and falls. A substitute teacher is found for the students while Escalante recovers in the hospital, but the substitute teacher is a music teacher. Soon after, Escalante escapes from the hospital and shows up at school to continue teaching. After taking the exam, the students head to the beach and celebrate. All 18 students who took the exam pass it. At a meeting to congratulate the students, a plaque of appreciation is presented to Escalante.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: To the dismay of both Escalante and the students, the Educational Testing Service questions the students' exam scores. Escalante finds an anonymous letter of resignation in his school mail and has to walk home that evening, as his car has been stolen from the school parking lot. Dismayed, he confides in his wife that he regrets having taught the students calculus, because they did well but nothing changed for them. The boys of the class show up at Escalante's house; they have fixed up his car as a way to thank him. Escalante meets with the investigators from Educational Testing Service, argues with them, but ultimately offers to have the students retake the test. Despite having only one day to prepare, all the students pass, and Escalante demands that the original scores be resubmitted.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: The film is accurate in that students in Escalante's class had to retake the test, and all who retook the test passed.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: The movie gives the impression that the incident occurred in the second year Escalante was teaching, after students from his first year took a summer session for the calculus prerequisites. In fact, Escalante first began teaching at Garfield High School in 1974 and taught his first Advanced Placement Calculus course in 1978 with a group of 14 students, and it was in 1982 that the exam incident occurred. In the first year (1978), only five students remained in the course at the end of the year, only two of whom passed the AP Calculus exam. Writing in "Reason", Jerry Jesness stated, "Unlike the students in the movie, the real Garfield students required years of solid preparation before they could take calculus... So Escalante established a program at East Los Angeles College where students could take those classes in intensive seven-week summer sessions. Escalante and [principal Henry] Gradillas were also instrumental in getting the feeder schools to offer algebra in the eighth and ninth grades." In 1987, 27 percent of all Mexican Americans who scored three or higher on the AP Calculus exam were students at Garfield High.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: Escalante himself described the film as "90 percent truth, 10 percent drama". He said that several points were left out of the film. He pointed out that no student who did not know multiplication tables or fractions was ever taught calculus in a single year. Also, he suffered inflammation of the gall bladder, not a heart attack.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: Ten of the 1982 students signed waivers to allow the College Board to show their exams to Jay Mathews, the author of "Escalante: The Best Teacher in America". Mathews found that nine of them had made "identical silly mistakes" on free response question six. Mathews heard from two of the students that during the exam, a piece of paper had been passed around with that flawed solution. Twelve students, including the nine with the identical mistakes, retook the exam, and most of them received the top four and five scores. Mathews concluded that nine of the students did cheat, but they knew the material and did not need to.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: Mathews wrote in the "Los Angeles Times" that the Ana Delgado character "was the only teenage character in the film based on a real person" and that her name had been changed.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the movie holds a score of 90% from 61 reviews. The website's consensus reads, ""Stand and Deliver" pulls off the unlikely feat of making math class the stuff of underdog drama -- and pays rousing tribute to a real-life inspirational figure in the bargain." Metacritic has given the film a score of 77 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Stand and Deliver

text: In December 2011, "Stand and Deliver" was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. The Registry said the film was "one of the most popular of a new wave of narrative feature films produced in the 1980s by Latino filmmakers" and that it "celebrates in a direct, approachable, and impactful way, values of self-betterment through hard work and power through knowledge."


title: Stand and Deliver

text: The film is recognized by the American Film Institute as #86 on its 2006 AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers list.


title: Stand and Deliver

text: In 2016, the United States Postal Service issued a 1st Class Forever "Jaime Escalante" stamp to honor "the East Los Angeles teacher whose inspirational methods led supposedly 'unteachable' high school students to master calculus."


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Alexandra "Sasha" Vyacheslavovna Trusova (; born 23 June 2004) is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2022 Olympic silver medalist, the 2021 World bronze medalist, a two-time European bronze medalist (2020 and 2022), the 2019 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2021 Skate America champion, the 2019 Skate Canada champion, the 2019 Rostelecom Cup champion, the 2021 U.S. Classic champion, the 2019 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion, a four-time Russian national medalist (silver in 2019 and 2022; bronze in 2020 and 2021), a two-time Junior World Champion (2018 and 2019), the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, the 2019 Junior Grand Prix Final silver medalist, a four-time champion on the Junior Grand Prix series, and a two-time Russian Junior national champion.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova is accredited for leading the ladies figure skating technical revolution, becoming the first female skater to land the quad Lutz, quad flip, and quad toe loop jumps; the second to land the quad Salchow (after Miki Ando); and the first to land two and three ratified quads in a free skate, achieved at the 2018 Junior World Championships and the 2019 Nepela Trophy, respectively. She is also the first to land four and five quads in a free skate, achieved at the Beijing Winter Olympics 2022. She currently holds four Guinness World Records, the fourth in recognition of her landed quadruple flip at the 2019 ISU Grand Prix Final. Her technical score of 92.35 points in the free skate at the 2018 Junior Worlds was the highest ever recorded in women's singles skating at the junior and senior level until the GOE (Grade of Execution) system was changed at the end of 2017–18 season.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At the junior level, Trusova won the first of her two World Junior Championship titles (2018 and 2019) and the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Final at the age of 13, the youngest woman to win these events. At the 2018 JGP Lithuania, she became the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in combination after performing a quad toe loop and triple toe loop. At the 2018 JGP Armenia, she became the first female skater to land a quad Lutz jump in international competition. She is also the first female skater to backload a quad in combination which she accomplished at Skate Canada 2019, landing a quad Toe in combination with a triple Salchow. Trusova currently has the second highest free skating score of any female skater, with 177.13 points, behind only compatriot Kamila Valieva. Trusova is the first and currently only female skater competing with four different quadruple jumps—toe loop, Salchow, flip, and Lutz—and the first to score above 100 points in technical elements, with 100.20 in the free skate at 2019 Skate Canada and an Olympic record 106.16 at the 2022 Olympics.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova was born on 23 June 2004 in Ryazan. She has two younger brothers, Egor and Ivan. Trusova is a dog lover and owns five of them: a chihuahua named Tina, who often accompanies her to competitions; a husky named Jack; a miniature royal poodle named Lana, which she received at Rostelecom Cup for winning the 2019 World Junior Figure Skating Championships and landing her first triple Axel in practice; a basenji named Alita, a second miniature poodle named Cruella (nickname Ella), and most recently, a new puppy named SelMa. Both Ella and SelMa were gifted to her by fans from China.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: A short biography of her career through her teenage years has been published in Russian, "Alexandra Trusova. The Girl Who Fights Gravity: And Changes the World of Woman's Figure Skating", with an English translation released in March 2021.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: As of 2022, Trusova is in a relationship with the 2022 Beijing team event gold medalist Mark Kondratiuk.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova began learning to skate in 2008. She trained in Ryazan under Olga Shevtsova before relocating to Moscow in 2015, where she was coached by Alexander Volkov. She joined the Khrustalny (Crystal) rink where Eteri Tutberidze and Sergei Dudakov became her coaches in 2016.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova finished 4th at the 2017 Russian Junior Championships, placing 6th in the short program and 4th in the free skate.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova debuted internationally in August 2017 at a 2017–18 ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) competition in Brisbane, Australia. Ranked first in both the short program and free skate, she won the gold medal ahead of teammate Anastasia Gulyakova. She landed an underrotated quadruple Salchow in her free program. Her total score of 197.69 points was the third highest ever achieved by a women's single skater on the junior level at the time, behind only Alina Zagitova and Marin Honda. She then finished first at JGP Belarus and qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At the 2017–18 Junior Grand Prix Final, Trusova scored 73.25 points, breaking the junior women's world record for the short program. In the free skate, she scored 132.36 points, approximately half a point less than what her teammate and training partner, Alena Kostornaia, scored. However, Trusova won the overall competition due to her 1.5 point-lead from the short program. In January 2018, Trusova won the gold medal at the 2018 Russian Junior Championships after placing first in the short program and third in the free skate. She again narrowly beat her training partner and silver medalist Kostornaia by a margin of 0.6 points.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: In March 2018, Trusova competed at the 2018 Junior Worlds, where she won the gold medal after placing first in both the short program and free skate. Her free skate score of 153.49 points set the new world record for the junior free program, and her total score of 225.52 points was also the new world record for the junior combined total score. At the competition, Trusova became the first female skater to land the quad toe loop, the second to land the quad Salchow behind Miki Ando, and the first to land two ratified quads in a free skate. Her quadruple jump was the first ratified in 16 years since Ando's in 2002. Trusova's technical score of 92.35 points in the free skate at the 2018 Junior World was the highest ever recorded in women's figure skating at the time at both the junior and senior levels. Her total score of 225.52 would have placed her first in the senior women's World Championships that year as well, despite a significantly lower program component scores and the absence of a choreographic sequence.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova began the season by competing in the 2018 Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series. At her first JGP event of the season, she won the gold medal in Kaunas, Lithuania. She ranked first in both the short program and the free skate and won the gold medal by 30 points over silver medalist Kim Ye-lim. As of September 2018, her scores at the competition are the highest achieved in an international junior women's competition. There, Trusova became the first female skater to land a quad in combination—a quad toe loop and triple toe loop that received 16.14 points. She also became the first female skater to attempt a quad Lutz in a competition, which she landed but not ratified due to underrotation.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At her second JGP event of the season, she won another gold medal in Yerevan, Armenia. Again she placed first in both the short program and free skate, winning the gold medal by 33 points over silver medalist and teammate Alena Kanysheva. Trusova surpassed her own free skate world record score and became the first female skater to land a quadruple Lutz in international competition (teammate Anna Shcherbakova landed two quadruple Lutz jumps several days earlier in a domestic competition). With two Junior Grand Prix gold medals, Trusova qualified for the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At the JGP Final, she won the silver medal after placing second in both the short program and free skate. This time, she was outscored by Kostornaia by approximately 2.5 points. In the free skate, Trusova landed a clean quad toe loop but stepped out of her first quad Lutz and fell on a second, underrotatated quad Lutz.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At the 2019 Russian Championships, Trusova placed second in the short program and second in the free skate, winning the silver medal overall. In the free skate, she landed a quad Lutz but fell on an underrotated quad toe loop, finishing behind Shcherbakova by 0.07 points. Trusova stated after the competition that she planned to work more on her quad jumps prior to the 2019 Junior World Championships.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova successfully defended her Junior World title at the 2019 World Junior Championships, placing second in the short program to Shcherbakova and winning the free skate.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova made her international senior debut at the 2019 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial, where she won the gold medal and set several new world records. In the free skate, she became the first woman ever to land three quadruple jumps when she landed a quad Lutz and two quad toe loops, the second of which was in combination. She set a new free skate record of 163.78 points and new combined total record of 238.69 points. Her technical element score (TES) of 98.34 points in the free skate was also the new world record. She earned 14.72 points for her quadruple Lutz, which was a new record for the highest valued single jump by a female skater.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: On October 5, Trusova skated in the team competition at the Japan Open, where she won the event with four quads—a quad Salchow, quad Lutz, quad toe-triple toe combination, and quad toe-Euler-triple Salchow combination—scoring over 160 points. Since it was not an official ISU competition, her historic number of quads landed were not officially recognized as the first in international competition.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova made her ISU Grand Prix debut at the 2019 Skate Canada International, where she won the gold medal after placing third in the short program and first in the free skate. At the competition, having performed quad toe loop-triple toe loop and quad toe loop-Euler-triple Salchow combinations, she became the first woman to land two quad-triple jump combinations in one program at an ISU-sanctioned international competition. She also became the first woman to land a quad-triple jump combination in the second half of the free skate. At the same competition, she set the new free skating record of 166.62 points and a new combined total record of 241.02 points. Her TES of 100.20 points in the free skate was also the new world record. At her second Grand Prix, the 2019 Rostelecom Cup, Trusova placed second in the short program behind Evgenia Medvedeva. She placed first in the free skate despite falling on her opening quad Salchow attempt and another fall on a triple combination, and won her second Grand Prix gold medal.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova's results qualified her for the Grand Prix Final in Torino. Skating in the short program, Trusova opted to attempt the triple Axel in competition for the first time, but underrotated it and fell. Consequently, she placed fifth in the segment, fourteen points behind first-place Kostornaia. Trusova said that the decision to introduce the triple Axel had been taken in light of its being landed "more or less consistently" in practices in the preceding week and remarked "I like to risk, and without risking, I wouldn’t achieve what I have by this moment". In the free skate, Trusova attempted the quad flip in competition for the first time, landing it cleanly, alongside a quad Lutz and a quad toe loop, but doubled an intended quad Salchow and fell on a second quad toe attempt. She became the first female skater to attempt five quads in a free skate, as well as the first to attempt four different types of quads. Third in the free, won the bronze medal behind Kostornaia and Shcherbakova.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At the 2020 Russian Championships, Trusova placed third in the short program, opting not to attempt the triple Axel. The free skate proved a struggle, with two falls on her quad Lutz and quad flip attempts and doubling on her first attempted quad toe loop. She eventually landed her second quad toe attempt, as well as her remaining triple jumps, and remained in third place. She was "not pleased" with the performance and said she hoped to master the quad loop by the end of the season.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Competing at the 2020 European Championships, Trusova doubled and turned out of a planned triple Axel. She scored 74.95 points and placed third in that segment behind Kostornaia and Shcherbakova. In the free skate, she fell on two planned quads but landed her quad toe-triple toe combination successfully. She placed third overall behind her two teammates and won the bronze medal. Trusova was also assigned to compete at the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, which were cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: On May 6, 2020, it was announced by Russian media outlets Nevasport and Sport24 that Trusova had decided to part ways with coach Eteri Tutberidze in favor of joining Evgeni Plushenko's academy. Trusova was joined in the departure by coach Sergei Rozanov, as well as novice training-mates Veronika and Alyona Zhilina. According to Sport24, Trusova chose to leave the Tutberidze group due to lack of attention from Tutberidze herself during the months following the cancellation of the World Championships, as well as her overall dissatisfaction with her position in the training group.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova performed at the 2020 Russian Test Skates and successfully executed a quad toe in combination. At the second stage of Russian Cup held in Moscow Trusova made a mistake on her triple Axel jump in the short program and placed third behind Kamila Valieva and Daria Usacheva. However, in the free skate, Trusova cleanly executed two quadruple toe-loops, one in combination, and won the free skate to win gold. At the fourth stage in Kazan, she stepped out on her opening triple Axel in the short program and placed second behind Kostornaia. In the free skate, Trusova cleanly landed three quads but fell on a fourth, as well as one a triple jump. Despite these mistakes, Trusova scored 171.21 points and won her second straight competition.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: In the short program at the 2020 Rostelecom Cup, Trusova fell on a downgraded triple Axel and, as a result, placed third behind Kostornaia and Elizaveta Tuktamysheva with a score of 70.81, which was her lowest international result since September 2017. She encountered similar problems in the free skate, falling four times and receiving negative grades of execution on two other jumping passes. Her final score of 198.93 saw her drop down to fourth place, unprecedented for Trusova in international competition, and her first off-podium finish since the 2017 Russian Junior Championships.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Competing at the 2021 Russian Championships, Trusova placed fourth in the short program behind Shcherbakova, Valieva, and Usacheva. She landed two quad Lutzes in the free skate, placing third in the segment and winning the bronze medal. Speaking afterward about dealing with injury, she said that "two quads in the long program is very little for me and I'll try to do more, but for today, this was the maximum content that I was able to do".


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: With the European Championships cancelled, Trusova instead participated in the 2021 Channel One Trophy, a televised team event. Trusova was elected for the Time of Firsts team captained by Evgenia Medvedeva and placed fourth in the short program, the only woman on her team to skate cleanly. In the free skate, she made errors on both quad Lutz attempts, placing third in the segment, and her team finished in second place overall.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova was selected to compete for the Russian Federation at the 2021 World Championships in March 2021 in Stockholm, where she was considered a favorite to make the podium. In the short program, Trusova placed twelfth after putting a hand down on her triple Lutz due to overrotation, consequently failing to execute the second part of her jump combination. In her free skate, she attempted five quads, falling on two of them; however, due to the high base value of her program, mistakes by other medal contenders, and her successful landing of three her quads, Trusova was able to finish third overall for the bronze medal, 8.57 points ahead fourth-place skater Karen Chen. On the podium alongside Shcherbakova and Tuktamysheva, this was only the second time that a single country had swept the women's podium at the World Championships, after the United States in 1991. On May 1, it was announced that Trusova was returning to the Sambo-70 training center under previous coach Tutberidze.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova picked music from the film "Cruella" for her free program, having watched it three times beforehand and persuading her coaches. She debuted her programs for the Olympic season at the 2021 Russian Test skates in September held in Chelyabinsk, where she cleanly executed a five quad free program for the first time in a public event. However, said afterward "this is not a competition, so I'm not completely satisfied". The following week Trusova competed at the 2021 U.S. Classic at the Skating Club of Boston, where she made mistakes on four out of five planned quads but narrowly took the gold medal over South Korean skater Park Yeon-jeong. In late October, it was reported that Trusova had suffered a leg injury shortly before the 2021 Skate America, which did not allow her to train at her maximum. Despite the injury, Trusova decided to compete and placed first in the short program with a personal best of 77.69 and winning the free skate by opening with a quad Lutz. In early November, Trusova decided to withdraw from her second Grand Prix assignment, the 2021 NHK Trophy.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Returning to competition at the 2022 Russian Championships, Trusova placed fifth in the short program after botching her triple Axel attempt. She rallied in the free skate despite two jump errors, placing second in the segment and winning the silver medal. Speaking afterward, she noted "the quad toe did not work" but was "still happy with the result". At the European Championships in Tallinn, Trusova placed third in the short program despite falling on her triple Axel attempt again. In the free skate, she landed two out of her four planned quads, winning her second European bronze medal. Despite medaling, she said she was "not happy with the skate" due to the errors. On January 20, Trusova was officially named to the Russian Olympic team.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Competing in the women's event short program at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Trusova fell on an underrotated triple Axel attempt and received an edge call on her triple flip but still placed fourth in the segment, 5.24 points behind third-place Kaori Sakamoto. In the free program, Trusova landed all five of the quads planned in her program, albeit receiving an edge call on her quad flip and negative grade of execution on her quad toe-loop and final solo quad Lutz. She placed first in the segment, setting Olympic scoring records of 106.16 for the technical component and 177.13 overall. However, she placed second overall behind teammate Shcherbakova, winning a silver medal in the event. Trusova is the first woman to land a quad flip and first to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics. She is the first woman to land four and five quads in competition as well as the first woman to land four and five quads in one program at the Olympics. In spite of an emotional reaction to not winning the gold medal, Trusova did receive her silver medal on the podium. In the press conference following the event, Trusova stated "What was going on in my soul when I said that I hate sports? I haven't won a major competition in three years. I thought that if I jumped everything, I would win, but this did not happen."


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: In early March 2022, the ISU banned all figure skaters and officials from Russia and Belarus from attending the World Championships as a result of which Trusova was not allowed to participate in the competition at the end of March.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova opened her fourth senior season at the 2022 Russian test skate event, held in Moscow in September. She skated the short program segment, debuting a new program to Annie Lennox's cover of "I Put a Spell on You" by Jay Hawkins, but withdrew from the free skate due to an ongoing back injury.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: On 1 October, it was reported by TASS that Trusova had again decided to part ways with coaches Eteri Tutberidze, Daniil Gleikhengauz, and Sergei Dudakov, this time in favor of joining Svetlana Sokolovskaya's group at CSKA.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova's skating technique is distinguished by her ability to compete with a significant repertoire of quad jumps, which are unrivaled by other female competitors as of 2022. Such ability has made her especially competitive in her free skate performances due to higher scoring of quad jumps in women's competition. The ISU currently does not allow quads in the women's short program, leading Trusova to rely on the execution of her quads exclusively during her free skate programs. At the 2021 World Championships, she had planned five quad jumps in her free skate, managing to land three of them successfully and moving her from twelfth place after the short program to the bronze medal following her free skate.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: At the 2018 JGP Lithuania, Trusova became the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in combination: a quad toe loop with a triple toe loop. A few weeks later, she was the first female skater to land a quadruple Lutz jump in international competition, ratified at the 2018 JGP Armenia. Trusova is the first and currently only female skater competing with four different types of quadruple jumps—toe loop, Salchow, flip, and Lutz.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: In May 2022, Trusova spoke in an interview of her desire to train to be the first person to do a quintuple jump in competition. When asked about the training, Trusova stated that in 2021 she did train the quintuple jump using the 'fishing-pole' harness apparatus used in Russia. She currently prefers to attempt the jumps without the use of any harnesses, which she describes as awkward and creating impediments to improving her ability to master the new jump. In the interview, Trusova stated that the quintuple jump might be approached as a priority over her trying the quad axel (which men have already tried in competition) because she has not yet mastered the triple axel for use in competition.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova has represented Adidas as a brand ambassador since 2018. She has appeared in numerous digital advertisements for the brand, including a 30-second advertisement for their "Impossible is Nothing" campaign in April 2021. She became a brand ambassador for the Japanese-produced Ajinomoto product Amino Vital in July 2020. In January 2021, Swiss luxury watch brand Maurice Lacroix announced Trusova as the latest Friend of the Brand to join their ML Crew. Trusova also became a spokesperson for the Russian-Belarusian brand of dairy products Verkhovye. She partnered with Canadian jewelry brand Brilliance & Melrose in October 2021.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova formerly used nude Risport Royal Pro boots, but as of late 2021 uses white Edea Piano boots with the same Jackson Ultima Matrix Supreme blades.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: Trusova had set three junior world record scores before season 2018–19. However, because of the introduction of the new +5/-5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system to replace the previous +3/-3 GOE system, the ISU decided that all statistics would start from zero from the 2018–19 onwards and that all previous statistics would be historical.


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: "Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. Personal bests highlighted in bold. Previous ISU world best are italicized."


title: Alexandra Trusova

text: "Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships". Previous ISU world best highlighted in bold. Historical ISU world best highlighted in bold with a * mark.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: Ryu Jun-yeol (; born September 25, 1986) is a South Korean actor, activist, and photographer. Ryu began his acting career in independent films, and then rose to prominence through his breakthrough role in the critically acclaimed television series "Reply 1988" (2015–2016), the highest-rated drama in Korean cable television history at the time, which also led to him winning various Best New Actor Awards in South Korea. Known as a prolific Chungmu-ro actor, since then he has starred in the box-office hit films "The King" (2017), "A Taxi Driver" (2017), "Little Forest" (2018), "Believer" (2018), "Money" (2019), "" (2019), and "The Night Owl" (2022).


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: Ryu has received numerous accolades throughout his career, including nominations for Baeksang Arts Awards, Blue Dragon Film Awards, Buil Film Awards, Chunsa Film Art Awards, London East Asian Film Festival and New York Asian Film Festival. In addition to his film work, Ryu actively engages in social and environmental activism. He has been recognised by "Forbes" Korea as one of the most powerful celebrities in South Korea, placing on the listing for three consecutive years, fourteenth in 2017, thirty-sixth in 2018, and eleventh in 2019.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: Ryu was born on September 25, 1986, in Suwon, South Korea. He is the eldest and has a sister who is two years his junior. He graduated from University of Suwon majoring in Film under a scholarship. While studying at the university, Ryu took on many part-time jobs, working as a pizza delivery person, a day labourer, an after-school tutor, and more. Ryu was conscripted before debuting as an actor. He registered as a public officer in 2007 and completed his duties in 2009.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2012, Ryu started acting in short films and independent film productions, before being cast in a bit part in the 2013 feature film "INGtoogi: The Battle of Internet Trolls".


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: Ryu first drew attention for his breakout performance in his debut feature film, "Socialphobia" in 2015, which earned him Rising star award at KAFA Film Festival and other nominations from Chunsa Film Art Awards. Later that year, Ryu gained widespread public recognition through starring in the popular teen series "Reply 1988", alongside Lee Hye-ri, Park Bo-gum, Go Kyung-pyo, and Lee Dong-hwi. His portrayal of one of the leads, Kim Jung-hwan, won him many accolades, including the Best New Actor in TV award at the 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards in 2016.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2016, Ryu starred in the coming-of-age film "One Way Trip" and crime thriller "No Tomorrow". The same year, he played his first leading role in romantic-comedy "Lucky Romance" alongside Hwang Jung-eum.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2017, Ryu featured in political crime drama film "The King" alongside Jo In-sung and Jung Woo-sung, which became the 7th highest-grossing South Korean film of the year and for which he won the Best New Actor in Film award at the 53rd Baeksang Arts Awards. The same year, he featured in biopic "A Taxi Driver" with veteran actors Song Kang-ho and Yoo Hae-jin, which became the highest grossing Korean film of the year and the twelfth highest-grossing South Korean film in history. Ryu also appeared in legal thriller "Heart Blackened" alongside Choi Min-sik and Park Shin-hye.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2018, Ryu starred in the critically acclaimed drama film "Little Forest" with Kim Tae-ri, and headlined the crime action film "Believer" with Cho Jin-woong . "Believer" was a box-office hit, becoming the first Korean film to surpass five million admissions in 2018. It was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year in South Korea.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2019, Ryu starred in the action thriller film "Hit-and-Run Squad" with Gong Hyo-jin directed by Han Jun-hee, lead the crime film "Money" alongside Yoo Ji-tae and historical action film "" directed by Won Shin-yun. All three films performed well at the box-office, with "The Battle: Roar to Victory" and "Money" eventually becoming the 5th and 9th highest grossing Korean films of the year respectively. Ryu's continuous big screen success earned him a spot in Forbes Korea Power Celebrity for two consecutive years, 36th in 2018 and 11th in 2019.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2021, Ryu starred in JTBC's "Tenth Anniversary Special Project", a Hur Jin-ho melodrama television series "Lost" with Jeon Do-yeon, marking his small screen comeback after five years.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: In 2022, Ryu headlined Choi Dong-hoon's sci-fi action fantasy film, "Alienoid," reuniting with Kim Tae-ri. The film premiered in July 2022. Despite the film not being a commercial success, Ryu's performance was praised by critics. In November, Ryu starred in the historical-thriller film "The Night Owl", reuniting with Yoo Hae-jin.


title: Ryu Jun-yeol

text: Ryu is set to feature as a lead in psychological thriller drama "Money Game" along with actress Chun Woo-hee and actor Park Jeong-min, reuniting with director Han Jae-rim.