title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Tess Durbeyfield, a country girl of sixteen, is the eldest child of John Durbeyfield, a haggler, and his wife Joan. When the local parson tells John that "Durbeyfield" is a corruption of "D'Urberville", and that he is descended from an ancient Norman family, John celebrates by getting drunk. Tess drives to market in her father's place, but falls asleep at the reins; the wagon crashes and the family's only horse is killed. Feeling guilty, she agrees to visit Mrs d'Urberville, a rich widow, to "claim kin", unaware that the widow's late husband, Simon Stoke, had merely adopted the surname to distance himself from his tradesman's roots.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Alec d'Urberville, the son, is attracted to Tess and finds her a job as his mother's poultry keeper. Tess resists Alec's manipulative attentions, but her youth and inexperience obscure from her the real threat to her virtue. One night, on the pretence of rescuing her from a fight, Alec takes her on his horse to a remote spot and it is implied that he rapes her.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The following summer, Tess gives birth to a sickly boy. Unable to find a parson prepared to christen a child born out of wedlock, Tess attempts to do it herself, naming her dying child Sorrow.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Some years later, Tess finds employment as a milkmaid at Talbothays Dairy, where her past is unknown. She falls in love with Angel Clare, an apprentice gentleman farmer who is studying dairy management.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Angel's father, a clergyman, is surprised that his son wishes to marry a milkmaid but makes no objection, understanding Tess to be a pure and devout country maiden.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Feeling she has no choice but to conceal her past, Tess is reluctant to accept Angel's marriage proposal, but eventually agrees. She later tries several times to tell Angel of her history, but he says that they can share confidences after the wedding.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The couple spend their wedding night at an old d'Urberville mansion. When Angel confesses that he once had a brief affair with an older woman, Tess finally tells him about Alec, sure now he will understand and forgive.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Angel is appalled. Tess is not the pure maiden he took her for and, although he concedes she was "more sinned against" than sinning, he feels that her "want of firmness" amounts to a character flaw. The couple separate after a few days, with Tess returning home and Angel travelling to Brazil to try farming there.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Tess's family soon exhaust the funds Angel has given her and she is forced to take field work at the starve-acre farm of Flintcomb-Ash.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Alec d'Urberville continues to pursue Tess although she is already married. When Tess learns from her younger sister 'Liza-Lu that her parents are ill, she rushes home. Her mother recovers but her father dies, and the destitute family is evicted from their home. Alec tells Tess that her husband will never return and he offers to house the Durbeyfields on his estate. She refuses.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Angel's farming venture fails, he repents of his treatment of Tess, and he decides to return to England.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: After a long search, Angel finds Tess elegantly dressed and living in a boarding house in the fashionable seaside resort of Sandbourne, under the name of "Mrs d'Urberville". In anguish, Tess tells him he has arrived too late. Angel reluctantly leaves.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Tess and Alec argue, and Tess leaves the house. Sitting in her parlour beneath the d'Urbervilles' rented rooms, the landlady notices a spreading red spot – a bloodstain – on the ceiling. Tess has stabbed Alec to death in his bed.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Tess chases after Angel and tells him of the deed. The couple find an empty house and stay there for five days in blissful and loving seclusion before being forced to move on to evade capture. In the night they stumble upon Stonehenge. Tess asks Angel to marry and look after 'Liza-Lu when she is gone. She sleeps on an ancient stone altar. At dawn, while Tess sleeps on, Angel sees they are surrounded. Tess's final words on waking are "I am ready."


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The novel closes with Angel and 'Liza-Lu looking down at 8 a.m. from a nearby hill over the town of Wintoncester (Winchester) as a black flag signalling Tess's execution is raised over the prison. Angel and 'Liza-Lu go on their way hand in hand.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Hardy's writing often explores what he called the "ache of modernism", a theme notable in "Tess", which as one critic noted, In depicting this Hardy draws on imagery associated with hell to describe modern farm machinery, and suggests the effete nature of city life, as milk sent there must be watered down before townspeople can stomach it. Angel's middle-class fastidiousness makes him reject Tess, a woman whom Hardy presents as a sort of Wessex Eve, in harmony with the natural world. When he parts from her and goes to Brazil, the handsome young man gets so ill that he becomes a "mere yellow skeleton". All these signs have been interpreted as negative results of humanity's separation from nature, in creating destructive machinery and in failing to rejoice in pure and unadulterated nature.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: On the other hand, the Marxist critic Raymond Williams in "The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence" questions the identification of Tess with a peasantry destroyed by industrialization. Williams sees Tess not as a peasant, but as an educated member of the rural working class, who suffers a tragedy through being thwarted in her hopes to rise socially and desire for a good life (which includes love and sex), not by industrialism, but by the landed bourgeoisie (Alec), liberal idealism (Angel) and Christian moralism in her family's village (see Chapter LI). Earlier commentators were not always appreciative. Henry James and Robert Louis Stevenson in Bournemouth "loved to talk of books and bookmen: Stevenson, unlike James, was an admirer of Thomas Hardy, but agreed that "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" was 'vile'."


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Another role of Tess's only true friend and advocate, pointedly subtitling the book "a pure woman faithfully presented" and prefacing it with Shakespeare's words from "The Two Gentlemen of Verona": "Poor wounded name! My bosom as a bed/Shall lodge thee." However, though Hardy clearly means to criticize Victorian notions of female purity, the double standard also makes the heroine's tragedy possible and so serves as a mechanism of Tess's broader fate. Hardy variously hints that Tess must suffer either to atone for the misdeeds of her ancestors, or to provide temporary amusement for the gods, or because she possesses some small but lethal character flaw inherited from her ancestors.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Because of the numerous pagan and neo-Biblical references made about her, Tess has been seen variously as an Earth goddess or a sacrificial victim. For example, early in the novel, she takes part in a festival for Ceres, the goddess of the harvest, and when she baptises her dead child she chooses a passage from Genesis, the book of creation, rather than more traditional New Testament verses. Then when Tess and Angel come to Stonehenge, which was commonly believed in Hardy's time to be a pagan temple, she willingly lies on a stone supposedly associated with human sacrifice.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Tess has been seen as a personification of nature, an idea supported by her ties with animals throughout the novel. Tess's misfortunes begin when she falls asleep while driving Prince to market and causes the horse's death; at Trantridge she becomes a poultry-keeper; she and Angel fall in love amid cows in the fertile Froom valley; on the road to Flintcomb-Ash, she kills some wounded pheasants to end their suffering.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Yet Tess emerges as a powerful character not through this symbolism but because "Hardy's feelings for her were strong, perhaps stronger than for any of his other invented personages."


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: When Hardy was 16, he saw the hanging of Elizabeth Martha Brown, who had murdered a violent husband. This fascinating, yet repellent experience contributed to the writing of "Tess".


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The moral commentary running through the novel insists that Tess is not at fault in imposing mythological, biblical and folk imagery on a story of a young girl seduced and abandoned to create a "challenging contemporaneity". It was controversial and polarizing, setting these elements in a context of 19th-century English society, including disputes in the Church, the National School movement, the overall class structure of English society, and changing circumstances of rural labour. During the era of first-wave feminism, civil divorce was introduced and campaigns were waged against child prostitution, moving gender and sexuality issues to the forefront of public discussion. Hardy's work was criticized as vulgar, though by the late 19th century other experimental fiction works were released such as Florence Dixie's depiction of feminist utopia, "The Story of an African Farm" by Olive Schreiner, and Sarah Grand's work "The Heavenly Twins". These raised awareness of syphilis and advocating sensitivity rather than condemnation for young women infected with it.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Hardy's description leaves it unclear whether Alec d’Urberville rapes Tess or whether he seduces her, and the issue has been the subject of debate.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: Mary Jacobus, a commentator on Hardy's works, speculates that the rape/seduction ambiguity may have been forced on the author to meet publisher requirements and the "Grundyist" readership of his time.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The novel was first adapted for the stage in 1897. The production by Lorimer Stoddard proved a Broadway triumph for actress Minnie Maddern Fiske, when it opened on 2 March 1897. A copyright performance was given at St James's Theatre in London on the same date. It was revived in America in 1902 and then made into a motion picture by Adolph Zukor in 1913, starring Mrs. Fiske; no copies remain.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: In the UK, an adaptation, "Tess", by H. Mountford, opened at the Grand Theatre in Blackpool on 5 January 1900.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: "Tess", a different stage adaptation by H. A. Kennedy, premièred at the Coronet Theatre in London's Notting Hill Gate on 19 February 1900. Mrs Lewis Waller (Florence West) played the title role, with William Kettridge as Angel Clare and Whitworth Jones as Alec Tantridge. The play transferred to the Comedy Theatre for 17 performances from 14 April 1900 with a slightly different cast, including Fred Terry as Alec and Oswald Yorke as Angel.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: In 1924 Hardy himself wrote a British theatrical adaptation and chose Gertrude Bugler, a Dorchester girl from the original Hardy Players to play Tess. The Hardy Players (re-formed in 2005) was an amateur group from Dorchester that re-enacted Hardy's novels. Bugler was acclaimed, but prevented from taking the London stage part by the jealousy of Hardy's wife, Florence; Hardy had said that young Gertrude was the true incarnation of the Tess he had imagined. Years before writing the novel, Hardy had been inspired by the beauty of her mother Augusta Way, then an 18-year-old milkmaid, when he visited Augusta's father's farm in Bockhampton. When Hardy saw Bugler (he rehearsed The Hardy Players at the hotel run by her parents), he immediately recognised her as a young image of the now older Augusta.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: 1906: An Italian operatic version written by Frederic d'Erlanger was first performed in Naples, but the run was cut short by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. When the opera came to London three years later, Hardy, then 69, attended the premiere.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The story has also been filmed at least eight times, including three for general release through cinemas and four television productions.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: The Ninth Symphony by Ralph Vaughan Williams (composed 1956–1957) has a slow second movement based on Tess. It depicts the Stonehenge scene underscored by the eight-bell strokes that signify her execution at the traditional hour of 8 a.m.


title: Tess of the d'Urbervilles

text: American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills has a song called "Tess-Timony" inspired by this novel on their 2015 album "Every Trick in the Book".


title: Tony Richardson

text: Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English theatre and film director and producer whose career spanned five decades. In 1964, he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the film "Tom Jones".


title: Tony Richardson

text: Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, University of Oxford. His Oxford contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson and Gavin Lambert. He had the unprecedented distinction of being the President of both the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Experimental Theatre Club (the ETC), in addition to being the theatre critic for the university magazine "Isis". Those he cast in his student productions included Shirley Williams (as Cordelia), John Schlesinger, Nigel Davenport and Robert Robinson.


title: Tony Richardson

text: In 1955, in his directing debut, Richardson produced Jean Giraudoux's "The Apollo of Bellac" for television with Denholm Elliott and Natasha Parry in the main roles. Around the same time he began to be active in Britain's Free Cinema movement, co-directing the non-fiction short "Momma Don't Allow" (also 1955) with Karel Reisz.


title: Tony Richardson

text: Part of the British "New Wave" of directors, he was involved in the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osborne's play "Look Back in Anger" at the Royal Court Theatre, and in the same period he directed Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon. Then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osborne's next play "The Entertainer", again for the Royal Court.


title: Tony Richardson

text: In 1959, Richardson co-founded Woodfall Film Productions with John Osborne and producer Harry Saltzman, and, as Woodfall's debut, directed the film version of "Look Back in Anger" (1959), his first feature film. The Entertainer (1960), A Taste of Honey (1961), and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962), based on the novel by Alan Sillitoe, also were produced there.


title: Tony Richardson

text: Many of Richardson's films, such as "A Taste of Honey" and "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner", were part of the acclaimed kitchen sink realism movement popular in Britain at the time, and several of his films continue to be held as cornerstones of the movement.


title: Tony Richardson

text: In 1964, Richardson received two Academy Awards (Best Director and Best Picture) for "Tom Jones" (1963) based on the novel by Henry Fielding.


title: Tony Richardson

text: His next film was "The Loved One" (1965), in which he worked with established stars, including John Gielgud, Rod Steiger and Robert Morse, and worked in Hollywood both on location and on the sound stage. In his autobiography, he confesses that he did not share the general admiration of Haskell Wexler, who worked on "The Loved One" as both director of photography and a producer.


title: Tony Richardson

text: Among stars that Richardson directed were Jeanne Moreau, Orson Welles, Rob Lowe, Milton Berle, Trevor Howard, David Hemmings, Nicol Williamson, Tom Courtenay, Lynn Redgrave, Marianne Faithfull, Richard Burton, Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, Mick Jagger, Katharine Hepburn, Seth Green, Tommy Lee Jones and Judi Dench. His musical composers included Antoine Duhamel, John Addison and Shel Silverstein. His screenwriters were Jean Genet, Christopher Isherwood, Terry Southern, Marguerite Duras, Edward Bond (adapting Vladimir Nabokov) and Edward Albee. Richardson and Osborne eventually fell out during production of the film "Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968). The basic issue was Osborne's unwillingness to go through the rewrite process, more arduous in film than it is in the theatre. Richardson had a different version. In his autobiography (p. 195), he writes that Osborne was angry at being replaced in a small role by Laurence Harvey to whom the producers had obligations. Osborne took literary revenge by creating a fictionalised and pseudonymous Richardson – a domineering and arrogant character whom everyone hated – in his play "The Hotel in Amsterdam".


title: Tony Richardson

text: Richardson's work was stylistically varied. "Mademoiselle" (1966) was shot noir-style on location in rural France with a static camera, monochrome film stock and no music. "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968) was part epic and part animated feature. "Ned Kelly" (1970) was what might be called an Aussie-western. "Laughter in the Dark" (1969) and "A Delicate Balance" (1973) were psycho-dramas. "Joseph Andrews" (1977), based on another novel by Henry Fielding, was a return to the mood of "Tom Jones".


title: Tony Richardson

text: In 1970, Richardson was set to direct a film about Vaslav Nijinsky with a script by Edward Albee. It was to have starred Rudolf Nureyev as Nijinsky, Claude Jade as Romola and Paul Scofield as Diaghilev, but producer Harry Saltzman cancelled the project during pre-production.


title: Tony Richardson

text: In 1974, he travelled to Los Angeles to work on a script (never produced) with Sam Shepard, and took up residence there. Later that year, he began work on "Mahogany" (1975), starring Diana Ross, but was fired by Motown head Berry Gordy shortly after production began, owing to creative differences.


title: Tony Richardson

text: He wrote and directed the comedy-drama "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984), based on John Irving's novel of the same name and starring Jodie Foster, Beau Bridges and Rob Lowe. Although it was a box-office failure, the film received a positive critical reception.


title: Tony Richardson

text: Richardson made four more major films before his death. His last, "Blue Sky" (1994), was not released for nearly three years after he died. Jessica Lange won a Best Actress Oscar for her performance in the film.


title: Tony Richardson

text: In 1966, Richardson financed the escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison of the spy and double agent George Blake.


title: Tony Richardson

text: Richardson was married to English actress Vanessa Redgrave from 1962 to 1967. The couple had two daughters, Natasha (1963–2009) and Joely Richardson (born 1965), then he left Redgrave for French actress and singer Jeanne Moreau. In 1972, he had a relationship with Grizelda Grimond, who was a secretary for Richardson's former business partner Oscar Lewenstein, and daughter of British politician Jo Grimond. Grizelda Grimond gave birth to his daughter, Katharine Grimond, on 8 January 1973.


title: Tony Richardson

text: Richardson was bisexual, but never acknowledged it publicly until after he contracted HIV. He died of complications from AIDS on 14 November 1991 at the age of 63.


title: Demogorgon

text: associated with the underworld. Although often ascribed to Greek mythology, the name probably arises from an unknown copyist's misreading of a commentary by a fourth-century scholar, Lactantius Placidus. The concept itself can be traced back to the original misread term demiurge.


title: Demogorgon

text: The origins of the name "Demogorgon" are not entirely clear, though the most prevalent scholarly view now considers it to be a misreading of the Greek δημιουργόν ("dēmiourgón", accusative case form of δημιουργός, 'demiurge') based on the manuscript variations in the earliest known explicit reference in Lactantius Placidus (Jahnke 1898, Sweeney 1997, Solomon 2012). Boccaccio, in his influential "Genealogia Deorum Gentilium", cites a now-lost work by Theodontius and that master's acknowledged Byzantine source "Pronapides the Athenian" as authority for the idea that Demogorgon is the antecedent of all the gods. Art historian Jean Seznec concludes that "Demogorgon is a grammatical error, become god."


title: Demogorgon

text: The name variants cited by Ricardus Jahnke include the Latin "demoirgon", "emoirgon", "demogorgona", "demogorgon", with the first critical editor Friedrich Lindenbrog (Fridericus Tiliobroga) having conjectured "δημιουργόν" as the prototype in 1600. Various other theories suggest that the name is derived from a combination of the Greek words δαίμων "daimon" ('spirit' given the Christian connotations of 'demon' in the early Middle Ages)—or, less likely δῆμος "dêmos" ("people")—and γοργός "gorgós" ("quick") or Γοργών "Gorgṓn", the monsters of Ancient Greek mythology first attested in Hesiod's "Theogony".


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon is first mentioned in the commentary on Statius's "Thebaid" often attributed in manuscripts to a Lactantius Placidus, (c. 350–400 AD). The Lactantius Placidus commentary became the most common medieval commentary on the poem by Statius and is transmitted in most early editions up to 1600. The commentary has been attributed incorrectly to a different Lactantius, the Christian author Lucius Caelius Firmianus Lactantius, even though the commentator appears to have been Mithraic.


title: Demogorgon

text: The name "Demogorgon" is introduced in a discussion of "Thebaid" 4.516, which mentions "the supreme being of the threefold world" ("triplicis mundi summum"). In one manuscript, the author says of Statius, "Dicit deum Demogorgona summum, cuius scire nomen non licet" ("He is speaking of the Demogorgon, the supreme god, whose name it is not permitted to know", or perhaps "He is speaking of a god, the supreme Demogorgon"). Prior to Lactantius, there is no mention of the supposed "Demogorgon" anywhere by any writer, pagan or Christian. However, as noted above, there are several different manuscript traditions, including one that gives "demoirgon", which has been taken by most critical editors to indicate some form of misconstruction of the Greek "dēmiourgon". Jahnke thus restores the text to read "He is speaking of the Demiurge, whose name it is not permitted to know". However, this phantom word in one of the manuscript traditions took on a life of its own among later scholars.


title: Demogorgon

text: In the Early Middle Ages, Demogorgon is mentioned in the tenth-century "Adnotationes super Lucanum", a series of short notes to Lucan's "Pharsalia" that are included in the "Commenta Bernensia", the "Berne Scholia on Lucan".


title: Demogorgon

text: By the late Middle Ages, the reality of a primordial "Demogorgon" was so well fixed in the European imagination that "Demogorgon's son Pan" became a bizarre variant reading for "Hermes' son Pan" in one manuscript tradition of Boccaccio's "Genealogia Deorum gentilium" ("Genealogies of the Gods":1.3–4 and 2.1), misreading a line in Ovid's "Metamorphoses".


title: Demogorgon

text: Boccaccio's "Demogorgon" is mentioned as a "primal" god in quite a few Renaissance texts, and impressively glossed "Demon-Gorgon," i.e., "Terror-Demon" or "God of the Earth". The French historian and mythographer Jean Seznec, for instance, now determines in "Demogorgon" an allusion to the Demiurge ("Craftsman" or "Maker") of Plato's "Timaeus." For a remarkable early text identifying Ovid's Demiurge (1/1, here) as "sovereign Demogorgon", see the paraphrase of "Metamorphoses" I in Abraham France, "The third part of the Countesse of Pembrokes Yuychurch" (London, 1592), sig. A2v."


title: Demogorgon

text: Note, however, Milton does not refer to the inhabitants of Hell, but of an unformed region where Chaos rules with Night. In Milton's epic poem Satan passes through this region while traveling from Hell to Earth.


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon's name was earlier invoked by Faustus in Scene III of Christopher Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus" (1590) when the eponymous Doctor summons Mephistopheles with a Latin incantation.


title: Demogorgon

text: The sixteenth-century Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer described Demogorgon as the master of fate in hell's hierarchy.


title: Demogorgon

text: According to Ariosto's lesser work "I Cinque Canti", Demogorgon has a splendid temple palace in the Imavo mountains (today's Himalaya) where every five years the Fates and genii are all summoned to appear before him and give an account of their actions. They travel through the air in various strange conveyances, and it is no easy matter to distinguish between their convention and a Witches' Sabbath. When elements of Ariosto's poem supplied Philippe Quinault's libretto for Jean-Baptiste Lully's opera "Roland", performed at Versailles, 8 January 1685, Demogorgon was king of the fairies and master of ceremonies.


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon also is mentioned in the Book II of the epic poem "El Bernardo" written in Mexico by Bernardo de Balbuena and published in Spain in 1624. The passage tells how the fairy, "Alcina", visits Demogorgon in his infernal palace:


title: Demogorgon

text:
Aquí Demogorgon está sentado
en su banco fatal, cuyo decreto
de las supremas causas es guardado
por inviolable y celestial preceto.
Las parcas y su estambre delicado
a cuyo huso el mundo está sujeto,
la fea muerte y el vivir lucido
y el negro lago del oscuro olvido


title: Demogorgon

text:
A bold bad man, that dar'd to call by name
Great Gorgon, Prince of darknesse and dead night,
At which Cocytus quakes, and Styx is put to flight.


title: Demogorgon

text:
Downe in the bottome of the deepe "Abysse"
Where "Demogorgon" in dull darknesse pent,
Farre from the view of Gods and heauens blis,
The hideous "Chaos" keepes, their dreadfull dwelling is.


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon is the central character in Voltaire's 1756 short story "Plato's Dream" - a "lesser superbeing" who was responsible for creating the planet Earth.


title: Demogorgon

text: He is also the protagonist of an opera "Il Demogorgone, ovvero il filosofo confuso" ("Demogorgon, or the Confused Philosopher" by Vincenzo Righini (1786) with a libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte, which originally was written for Mozart.


title: Demogorgon

text: One of the lead characters pretends to be Demogorgon in Johann Karl August Musäus' literary fairy tale "" ('Roland's Squires') from (volume 1, 1782).


title: Demogorgon

text: In Herman Melville's 1851 novel "Moby-Dick", the first mate of the ship, "Pequod", Starbuck, describes the white whale as the "demigorgon " of the ship's "heathen crew" (see ch. XXXVIII, paragraph 2).


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon also appears as a character in Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound". In this lyrical drama, Demogorgon is the offspring of Jupiter and Thetis who eventually dethrones Jupiter. It is never mentioned whether Demogorgon, portrayed as a dark, shapeless spirit, is female or male. The theory of Demogorgon's name originating from Greek "demos" and "gorgos" may be the foundation for its use in this text as an allusion to a politically active and revolutionary populace. Shelley's allusions to the French Revolution further support this.


title: Demogorgon

text: In the poem "Demogorgon" by Álvaro de Campos, the writer is afraid of becoming mad by learning the true nature and unveiling the mystery of life.


title: Demogorgon

text: In the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game, Demogorgon is a powerful demon prince. He is known as the Prince of Demons, a self-proclaimed title, but one that is acknowledged by mortals and even his fellow demons because of his power and influence. Demogorgon was also named as one of the greatest villains in "D&D" history by the final print issue of "Dragon". He is depicted as a 7 foot tall, reptilian (or amphibious) hermaphroditic tanar'ri (a type of demon) with a somewhat humanoid form. Two mandrill or hyena heads sprout from his twin snake-like necks, and his arms end in long tentacles. His two heads have individual minds.


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon first appeared in the original edition of "Dungeons and Dragons", in "Eldritch Wizardry" (1976), and has appeared in every subsequent edition of the game. He has also appeared in other "Dungeons & Dragons" products, such as in the novel "Archmage" by R.A. Salvatore and in the video game "".


title: Demogorgon

text: Demogorgon is the name given to the otherworldly antagonist of the Netflix original show "Stranger Things", which began airing in 2016. This name is inspired by the "Dungeons & Dragons" creature.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: Ashley Walters (born 30 June 1982), also known by his stage name Asher D, is a British rapper, songwriter and actor. He played Ricky in "Bullet Boy" (2004), the lead role as Dushane Hill in "Top Boy", and Antwan in "Get Rich or Die Tryin'" (2005). He has also appeared in British TV shows such as "Grange Hill", "The Bill", "Holby City", "Doctor Who", "Silent Witness" and the 2015 BBC police programme "Cuffs".


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: Walters was born in Peckham, south-east London, to Jamaican parents. He was raised by his mother, Pamela Case, a local government officer. He attended St. Georges CE Primary School, Camberwell, from the age of four. He then went on to Pimlico School, now known as Pimlico Academy.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: Having undertaken classes at the Sylvia Young Theatre School, after leaving school Walters starred in some stage productions.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: In July 2001, following an argument with a traffic warden, Walters was found to be carrying a loaded Brocock air pistol modified to fire live ammunition. He was arrested and, in 2002, jailed for 18 months, in a young offenders' institute. Having spent the previous nine months in custody, he subsequently served an additional nine months to complete his sentence.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: After the group split, in 2006 he recorded "In Memory of the Street Fighter", featuring the single "Andrea". He released a studio album in 2008 entitled "The Appetiser", a 12-track album produced with Laurence Ezra. In early 2012, Walters signed a recording contract with the independent record label SK Records. His single "How You Like Me Now" was released on 29 July 2012, followed up by "Your Love" released on 12 November 2012, featuring vocals from Alesha Dixon.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: Walters is also an actor, appearing under his full name, Ashley Walters. He appeared on television as Omar in "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles" and as Andy in "Grange Hill", both at the age of 14. He appeared in Saul Dibb's 2004 feature film "Bullet Boy", where he played Ricky, who had just been released from prison and back into living a normal life, a role for which Walters was named Best Newcomer at the British Independent Film Awards. He also appeared in 2005's "Get Rich or Die Tryin'".


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: In 2006, he played the role of Wolf in the film "Stormbreaker", and Danny in "Life and Lyrics", for which he has received many plaudits. In 2007, he starred in "WΔZ", alongside Selma Blair and Melissa George, and in "Sugarhouse". He played Lacey in the BBC Three drama pilot "West 10 LDN". He played the character Billy Bond in five episodes of the fourth series of BBC TV drama "Hustle". He also appeared in the MTV series "Top Buzzer" and played the role of Al B in the 2006 production "House of 9", alongside Dennis Hopper.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: Walters performed on stage in 2002 at the Royal National Theatre in Roy Williams' "Sing Yer Heart Out for the Lads" and in 2008 at the Royal Court Theatre in Levi David Addai's "Oxford Street". Another feature film, "Tuesday" (2008), sees him playing a jewel thief. He appeared in Bola Agbaje's play "Off the Endz" at the Royal Court Theatre during February and March 2010.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: He made appearances in ITV's police drama "The Bill" and firefighting drama "London's Burning". His "Grange Hill" history and autobiography was referenced by the comedian Stewart Lee on 16 March 2009, on the BBC Two show "Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle" in the episode themed on "Toilet Books". Walters also appeared on BBC TV in 2009's adaptation of Andrea Levy's "Small Island" and as Jack Holt in the short-lived drama " Outcasts" in February and March 2011.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: For the BBC Learning project "Off By Heart Shakespeare", Walters delivered one of Shakespeare's best known speeches — "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?" from "Romeo and Juliet". In October 2011, Walters starred in the Arjun Rose slasher "Demons Never Die". From 31 October 2011, he played Dushane in Channel 4's four-part drama "Top Boy". In February 2012, he played Chris in the BBC drama "Inside Men". In 2013, Walters reprised his role as main character Dushane in the second series of "Top Boy".


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: He managed to get in trouble with the producers on the first day of filming "Doctor Who" episode "Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS" when he tweeted a picture of himself in his costume in his trailer with the word "space". The picture was immediately removed.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: In 2017, Walters received the British Urban Film Festival honorary award from Lisa Maffia & Sheila Nortley at the BT Tower in London for 25 years outstanding contribution to film and television. Walters reprised his role in 2019 as Dushane in "Top Boy" again following its revival on streaming service Netflix, appearing in the third series that year and the fourth series of the drama in 2022.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: Walters has three children with his ex-partner. He married in 2013 and had a daughter in 2014. In 2016 they had a son. He also has two young daughters.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: On 31 March 2014, he was fined £600 after he admitted assaulting a security guard in Aberdeen in September 2013. In July 2014, he was fined £1250 for possession of cannabis at Holyhead, Anglesey. In May 2016, Walters was fined £1000 after admitting using threatening words and behaviour towards staff at the Hilton Hotel, Islington. Walters has said his father's absence while he was growing up contributed to his criminal behaviour.


title: Ashley Walters (actor)

text: In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, Walters signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election. The letter stated that "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few."


title: UFC 271

text: UFC 271: Adesanya vs. Whittaker 2 was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on February 12, 2022 at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas, United States.


title: UFC 271

text: A UFC Middleweight Championship rematch between then champion Israel Adesanya and former champion Robert Whittaker (also welterweight winner) served as the event's headliner. The pairing met previously in October 2019 at UFC 243, when then interim champion Adesanya knocked out Whittaker in the second round to unify the middleweight title.


title: UFC 271

text: A flyweight bout between former UFC Flyweight Championship challenger Alex Perez and Matt Schnell was expected to take place at this event. They were previously scheduled to meet on four occasions (UFC 262, , and UFC 269), but the contest was cancelled each time due to different reasons. At the weigh-ins, Perez came in at 128 pounds and did not attempt to try again, resulting in Matt Schnell refusing to take the catchweight bout and the bout being scrapped.


title: UFC 271

text: A potential middleweight title eliminator bout between Jared Cannonier and Derek Brunson was scheduled for UFC 270. However, the pairing was moved to this event due to undisclosed reasons.


title: UFC 271

text: 2016 Olympic silver medalist in wrestling Mark Madsen and Vinc Pichel were expected to meet in a lightweight bout. However, they were pushed back to UFC 273 due to unknown reasons.


title: UFC 271

text: A welterweight between Orion Cosce and Mike Mathetha was scheduled for the event. However, Cosce was pulled from the bout due to undisclosed reasons and replaced by Jeremiah Wells.


title: UFC 271

text: A light heavyweight bout between Maxim Grishin and Ed Herman was scheduled for this event. However in late January, Herman withdrew due to unknown reasons and was replaced by William Knight. At the weigh-ins, Knight weighed in at 218 pounds, 12 pounds over the light heavyweight non-title fight limit, marking the biggest weight miss in UFC history. As a result, the bout was shifted to heavyweight and Knight was fined 40% of his purse, which went to Grishin.


title: User interface

text: In the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, a user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, while the machine simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators' decision-making process. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls and process controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to, or involve such disciplines as, ergonomics and psychology.


title: User interface

text: Generally, the goal of user interface design is to produce a user interface that makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result (i.e. maximum usability). This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the user.


title: User interface

text: User interfaces are composed of one or more layers, including a human-machine interface (HMI) that interfaces machines with physical input hardware such as keyboards, mice, or game pads, and output hardware such as computer monitors, speakers, and printers. A device that implements an HMI is called a human interface device (HID). Other terms for human–machine interfaces are man–machine interface (MMI) and, when the machine in question is a computer, human–computer interface. Additional UI layers may interact with one or more human senses, including: tactile UI (touch), visual UI (sight), auditory UI (sound), olfactory UI (smell), equilibria UI (balance), and gustatory UI (taste).


title: User interface

text: Composite user interfaces (CUIs) are UIs that interact with two or more senses. The most common CUI is a "graphical user interface" (GUI), which is composed of a tactile UI and a visual UI capable of displaying graphics. When sound is added to a GUI, it becomes a "multimedia user interface" (MUI). There are three broad categories of CUI: "standard", "virtual" and "augmented". Standard CUI use standard human interface devices like keyboards, mice, and computer monitors. When the CUI blocks out the real world to create a virtual reality, the CUI is virtual and uses a "virtual reality interface". When the CUI does not block out the real world and creates augmented reality, the CUI is augmented and uses an "augmented reality interface". When a UI interacts with all human senses, it is called a qualia interface, named after the theory of qualia. CUI may also be classified by how many senses they interact with as either an X-sense virtual reality interface or X-sense augmented reality interface, where X is the number of senses interfaced with. For example, a Smell-O-Vision is a 3-sense (3S) Standard CUI with visual display, sound and smells; when "virtual reality interfaces" interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) virtual reality interface; and when "augmented reality interfaces" interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) augmented reality interface.


title: User interface

text: The user interface or "human–machine interface" is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touchscreens are examples of the physical part of the Human Machine Interface which we can see and touch.


title: User interface

text: In complex systems, the human–machine interface is typically computerized. The term "human–computer interface" refers to this kind of system. In the context of computing, the term typically extends as well to the software dedicated to control the physical elements used for human–computer interaction.


title: User interface

text: The engineering of human–machine interfaces is enhanced by considering ergonomics (human factors). The corresponding disciplines are human factors engineering (HFE) and usability engineering (UE) which is part of systems engineering.


title: User interface

text: Tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of computer science, such as computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages. Nowadays, we use the expression graphical user interface for human–machine interface on computers, as nearly all of them are now using graphics.


title: User interface

text: There is a difference between a user interface and an operator interface or a human–machine interface (HMI).


title: User interface

text: In science fiction, HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as a direct neural interface. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical) prostheses—the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., cochlear implants).


title: User interface

text: In some circumstances, computers might observe the user and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to immersive interfaces.


title: User interface

text: The history of user interfaces can be divided into the following phases according to the dominant type of user interface:


title: User interface

text: In the batch era, computing power was extremely scarce and expensive. User interfaces were rudimentary. Users had to accommodate computers rather than the other way around; user interfaces were considered overhead, and software was designed to keep the processor at maximum utilization with as little overhead as possible.


title: User interface

text: The input side of the user interfaces for batch machines was mainly punched cards or equivalent media like paper tape. The output side added line printers to these media. With the limited exception of the system operator's console, human beings did not interact with batch machines in real time at all.


title: User interface

text: Submitting a job to a batch machine involved, first, preparing a deck of punched cards describing a program and a dataset. Punching the program cards wasn't done on the computer itself, but on keypunches, specialized typewriter-like machines that were notoriously bulky, unforgiving, and prone to mechanical failure. The software interface was similarly unforgiving, with very strict syntaxes meant to be parsed by the smallest possible compilers and interpreters.


title: User interface

text: Once the cards were punched, one would drop them in a job queue and wait. Eventually, operators would feed the deck to the computer, perhaps mounting magnetic tapes to supply another dataset or helper software. The job would generate a printout, containing final results or an abort notice with an attached error log. Successful runs might also write a result on magnetic tape or generate some data cards to be used in a later computation.


title: User interface

text: The turnaround time for a single job often spanned entire days. If one was very lucky, it might be hours; there was no real-time response. But there were worse fates than the card queue; some computers required an even more tedious and error-prone process of toggling in programs in binary code using console switches. The very earliest machines had to be partly rewired to incorporate program logic into themselves, using devices known as plugboards.


title: User interface

text: Early batch systems gave the currently running job the entire computer; program decks and tapes had to include what we would now think of as operating system code to talk to I/O devices and do whatever other housekeeping was needed. Midway through the batch period, after 1957, various groups began to experiment with so-called "load-and-go" systems. These used a monitor program which was always resident on the computer. Programs could call the monitor for services. Another function of the monitor was to do better error checking on submitted jobs, catching errors earlier and more intelligently and generating more useful feedback to the users. Thus, monitors represented the first step towards both operating systems and explicitly designed user interfaces.


title: User interface

text: Command-line interfaces (CLIs) evolved from batch monitors connected to the system console. Their interaction model was a series of request-response transactions, with requests expressed as textual commands in a specialized vocabulary. Latency was far lower than for batch systems, dropping from days or hours to seconds. Accordingly, command-line systems allowed the user to change his or her mind about later stages of the transaction in response to real-time or near-real-time feedback on earlier results. Software could be exploratory and interactive in ways not possible before. But these interfaces still placed a relatively heavy mnemonic load on the user, requiring a serious investment of effort and learning time to master.


title: User interface

text: The earliest command-line systems combined teleprinters with computers, adapting a mature technology that had proven effective for mediating the transfer of information over wires between human beings. Teleprinters had originally been invented as devices for automatic telegraph transmission and reception; they had a history going back to 1902 and had already become well-established in newsrooms and elsewhere by 1920. In reusing them, economy was certainly a consideration, but psychology and the Rule of Least Surprise mattered as well; teleprinters provided a point of interface with the system that was familiar to many engineers and users.


title: User interface

text: The widespread adoption of video-display terminals (VDTs) in the mid-1970s ushered in the second phase of command-line systems. These cut latency further, because characters could be thrown on the phosphor dots of a screen more quickly than a printer head or carriage can move. They helped quell conservative resistance to interactive programming by cutting ink and paper consumables out of the cost picture, and were to the first TV generation of the late 1950s and 60s even more iconic and comfortable than teleprinters had been to the computer pioneers of the 1940s.


title: User interface

text: Just as importantly, the existence of an accessible screen — a two-dimensional display of text that could be rapidly and reversibly modified — made it economical for software designers to deploy interfaces that could be described as visual rather than textual. The pioneering applications of this kind were computer games and text editors; close descendants of some of the earliest specimens, such as rogue(6), and vi(1), are still a live part of Unix tradition.


title: User interface

text: In 1985, with the beginning of Microsoft Windows and other graphical user interfaces, IBM created what is called the Systems Application Architecture (SAA) standard which include the Common User Access (CUA) derivative. CUA successfully created what we know and use today in Windows, and most of the more recent DOS or Windows Console Applications will use that standard as well.


title: User interface

text: This defined that a pulldown menu system should be at the top of the screen, status bar at the bottom, shortcut keys should stay the same for all common functionality (F2 to Open for example would work in all applications that followed the SAA standard). This greatly helped the speed at which users could learn an application so it caught on quick and became an industry standard.


title: User interface

text: Typical human–machine interface design consists of the following stages: interaction specification, interface software specification and prototyping:


title: User interface

text: In broad terms, interfaces generally regarded as user friendly, efficient, intuitive, etc. are typified by one or more particular qualities. For the purpose of example, a non-exhaustive list of such characteristics follows:


title: User interface

text: The principle of least astonishment (POLA) is a general principle in the design of all kinds of interfaces. It is based on the idea that human beings can only pay full attention to one thing at one time, leading to the conclusion that novelty should be minimized.


title: User interface

text: If an interface is used persistently, the user will unavoidably develop habits for using the interface. The designer's role can thus be characterized as ensuring the user forms good habits. If the designer is experienced with other interfaces, they will similarly develop habits, and often make unconscious assumptions regarding how the user will interact with the interface.


title: User interface

text: Peter Morville of Google designed the User Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for a decade.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Emil John Lagassé III ( ; born October 15, 1959) is an American celebrity chef, restaurateur, television personality, cookbook author, and National Best Recipe award winner for his "Turkey and Hot Sausage Chili" recipe in 2003. He is a regional James Beard Award winner, known for his mastery of Creole and Cajun cuisine and his self-developed "New New Orleans" style. He is of Portuguese descent on his mother’s side, while being of French heritage through his father.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: He has appeared on a wide variety of cooking TV shows, including the long running Food Network shows "Emeril Live" and "Essence of Emeril", and is associated with several catchphrases, including "Kick it up a notch!" and "Bam!" Lagasse's portfolio of media, products, and restaurants generates an estimated US$150 million annually in revenue.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Emeril John Lagasse III was born on October 15, 1959, in Fall River, Massachusetts, to a French-Canadian family from Quebec. His parents are Emeril John Lagassé, Jr. and a Portuguese mother, Hilda Medeiros. Lagasse worked in a Portuguese bakery as a teenager where he discovered his talent for cooking and subsequently enrolled in a culinary arts program at Diman Regional Vocational Technical High School.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: His talents as a percussionist earned him a scholarship to the New England Conservatory of Music, but he chose instead to attend Johnson & Wales University in hopes of becoming a chef. He attended Johnson & Wales in 1978. Many years later, the school awarded him an honorary doctorate.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse graduated from the culinary school JWU in 1978 and became Executive Chef at the Dunfey's Hyannis Resort in 1979. He was nominated as Chef of the Year in 1983.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 1982 Lagasse succeeded Paul Prudhomme as executive chef of Commander's Palace in New Orleans under Richard Brennan, Sr. He led the kitchen there for seven and a half years before leaving to open his own restaurant.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 1990 he opened Emeril's in New Orleans. It was designated "Restaurant of the Year" in "Esquire" magazine that year and has been a recipient of the "Wine Spectator" Grand Award since 1999. Many of his restaurants, as well as his corporate office, Emeril's Homebase, are located in New Orleans.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In August 2006 Lagasse contributed several recipes to the meal selection aboard the International Space Station, as part of a general NASA effort to improve the quality of the food supply for astronauts. Lagasse's cuisine in particular was selected in the hopes that the spicier fare would offset the reported tendency of microgravity to deaden flavors.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse is the executive chef and proprietor of eleven restaurants in New Orleans, Las Vegas, and Orlando.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse first appeared on television on the show "Great Chefs" where he was featured on ten episodes, including Great Chefs, the Louisiana New Garde, New Orleans Jazz Brunch and Great Chefs — Great Cities. From 1993 to 1995 he was the original host of Food Network's "How to Boil Water". After several appearances on several other Food Network programs, Lagasse hosted his own show, "Essence of Emeril". "Essence" in the title refers to Emeril's Essence, the name of a spice blend of his own concoction that he frequently uses in his cooking, and which is commercially available in several flavors. He also often suggested that viewers of his show create their own spice blends that reflect their personal tastes and be unafraid to use them to customize the dishes he would teach.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In early 1997 "Emeril Live" began production. Later that year, the show won a Cable Ace Award for "Best Informational Show" of 1997.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse was one of sixteen chefs featured in the 1993 Julia Child series "Cooking with Master Chefs".


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: He also appeared on Shop at Home Network (which, like Food Network, was owned by Scripps Networks), on the "From Emeril's Kitchen" from 2005 to 2006. The program was discontinued after Scripps liquidated Shop at Home's assets to Jewelry Television in June 2006.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: On television, Lagasse is known for his light and jovial hosting style as well as several catchphrases, including "Bam!". Emeril's signature catchphrase began simply as a means of keeping his studio crew awake, alert and focused. When Emeril first began at Food Network, he would tape seven shows a day, from seven in the morning until two in the afternoon. The interjection soon proved a hit with viewers. "Kick it up a notch", "Aw, yeah, babe" and "Feel the love", are usually said before or after adding something spicy to a dish, or after the reaction to adding something. When frying or making dishes like sausage, Lagasse advocated using genuine lard, boasting, "Pork fat rules!" This style developed fully, and Lagasse became more comfortable when a live studio audience was added in the change from "Essence of Emeril" to "Emeril Live".


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse hosted a daily series, "Emeril Green", which aired on Discovery Channel's eco-lifestyle network Planet Green. The show focused on cooking with organic, locally grown and seasonal produce, and was filmed on location at Whole Foods Markets across the United States.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: From April to July 2010, Lagasse hosted the weekly variety program "The Emeril Lagasse Show", which aired on Sundays on Ion Television.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In September 2011 he hosted the Hallmark Channel show, "Emeril's Table". It was cancelled after one season. In 2013, Lagasse began hosting the Cooking Channel show "Emeril's Florida". The show aired for five seasons, from 2013 to 2017.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Emeril now hosts "Eat the World with Emeril Lagasse" on Amazon Prime Video produced by Ugly Brother Studios. Its first season was released for streaming on September 9, 2016. In 2017 the show won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Culinary Program as well as for Single-Camera Editing The television show features Emeril and internationally known chefs such as Angela Dimayuga, Danny Bowien, Mario Batali, Aarón Sánchez, José Andrés and others, traveling the world and trying local favorites.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 2009 Lagasse joined Bravo's "Top Chef" as a judge. He also was a guest judge during season 9 of "Top Chef: Texas" in 2011 and joined the judges' table for seasons 10 and 11 in Seattle and New Orleans, respectively. During season 11 of "Top Chef: New Orleans", Emeril's Restaurant was the featured location and the episode's winning dish was featured on the menu at the restaurant.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse teamed with fellow Food Network personality Mario Batali in a tag battle against Bobby Flay and White House executive chef Cristeta Comerford on an episode of "Iron Chef America" which aired on January 2, 2010.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse served as the "Menu Master" of the TNT cooking competition show "On the Menu", which ran for one season in 2014. The show was hosted by Ty Pennington.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 1996, Lagasse was a guest on the animated show "Space Ghost Coast to Coast", where he and other chefs, including Martin Yan, prepare meals for Space Ghost.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse briefly starred on "Emeril", a TV sitcom on NBC during the 2001 fall season with Robert Urich, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself. It was canceled after eleven episodes.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: He provides the voice of hot-tempered alligator named Marlon the Gator in the 2009 New Orleans-set Disney film "The Princess and the Frog".


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 2006, Lagasse appears as himself in the film "Last Holiday", starring Queen Latifah. He is featured as the cooking inspiration to her character and appears in the final scene.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 2012, Lagasse appeared as himself on an episode of the HBO drama series "Treme". Lagasse's scene was written by fellow chef (and "Treme" writer) Anthony Bourdain, who stated afterward that writing the scene was "a dream" for him because it showed a sadder, more burdened side of Lagasse, which existed in real life but was rarely shown in his television appearances.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse acted as Grand Marshal of the 2008 Tournament of Roses Parade and presided over the nationally telecast coin-toss before the game wearing a business suit—a rarity for


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: He made a guest appearance on "Jon & Kate Plus 8" during the show's 5th season to help celebrate its 100th episode in May 2009.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: The Emeril Lagasse Foundation, founded in 2002, supports non-profit organizations and educational initiatives that create opportunities for children, especially for those from disadvantaged circumstances, to realize their full potential.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Emeril Lagasse Foundation has distributed more than $6 million in grants for children's charities. Projects funded by the Foundation include an outdoor classroom, gardens, fresh foods cafeteria and teaching kitchen at Edible Schoolyard New Orleans and the Orlando Junior Academy's Edible Schoolyard as well as a new culinary kitchen house, an accessible learning kitchen for special needs students at St. Michael Special School, a four-year culinary arts program for high school students at New Orleans Center for Creative Arts, the Emeril Lagasse Foundation Hospitality Center at Café Reconcile, and hospitality training at Liberty's Kitchen for at-risk youth preparing healthy school meals. Each fall, the foundation hosts its signature annual fundraiser, Carnivale du Vin, which ranks among the Top Ten U.S. Charity Wine Auctions in "Wine Spectator" magazine. The Foundation introduced the charity indoor/outdoor food and music fest Boudin, Bourbon & Beer in 2011. In 2013 Lagasse was honored as James Beard Foundation Humanitarian of the Year.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: In 2010 Lagasse appeared in a commercial to raise awareness of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Also starring in the commercial were Sandra Bullock, Peyton and Eli Manning, Jack Del Rio, Drew Brees, James Carville, Blake Lively, and John Goodman.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse's style of cooking is called "New New Orleans", which uses local Louisiana ingredients in his own interpretation of Creole cuisine, strongly influenced by Asian, Portuguese, Southwestern, and other cultures which themselves influence New Orleans cuisine. However, the styles of cuisine at Lagasse's restaurants are not all the same. Delmonico Steakhouse at The Venetian in Las Vegas is a classic steakhouse with a Creole flair, and Emeril's Coastal Italian serves seafood-heavy, Italian-inspired fare.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse has a wide range of branded products. On June 8, 2000, he signed a deal with B&G Foods to create a line of dry grocery products marketed under the label "Emeril's." The product line includes pasta sauces, marinades, salsas, and Lagasse's signature "Essence" spice blend. In 2004 he lent his name to a line of fresh produce made by Pride of San Juan. These products, branded "Emeril's Gourmet Produce", include spring mix salad blends, fresh herbs, and heirloom tomatoes.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse also has two lines of kitchen knives produced by Wüsthof and cookware made by All-Clad, as well as a line of kitchen electrical appliances made by T-Fal.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: On February 19, 2008, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia announced it had acquired the rights to all Emeril products including cookware, cookbooks, television shows, and food products in a $50 million agreement. Lagasse retains rights to his restaurants and corporate offices.


title: Emeril Lagasse

text: Lagasse met his first wife, Elizabeth Kief, while working at the Venus De Milo Restaurant in Swansea, Massachusetts to pay his way through school. After Kief and Lagasse divorced, Lagasse married a second time to a fashion designer, Tari Hohn, but that too ended in divorce. Lagasse was married a third time on May 13, 2000, to a real estate broker, Alden Lovelace. He and Lovelace had two children. In 2011, Lagasse and his family moved to Destin, Florida. His mother, Hilda Medeiros Lagasse died on August 24, 2016.


title: Halo 3

text: Halo 3 is a 2007 first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie for the Xbox 360 console. The third installment in the "Halo" franchise, the game concludes the story arc begun in 2001's "" and continued in 2004's "Halo 2". "Halo 3"s story centers on the interstellar war between twenty-sixth century humanity, a collection of alien races known as the Covenant, and the alien parasite Flood. The player assumes the role of the Master Chief, a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier, as he battles the Covenant and the Flood. The game features vehicles, weapons, and gameplay elements not present in previous titles of the series, as well as the addition of saved gameplay films, file sharing, and the Forge map editor—a utility which allows the player to perform modifications to multiplayer levels.


title: Halo 3

text: Bungie began developing "Halo 3" shortly after "Halo 2" shipped. The game was officially announced at E3 2006, and its release was preceded by a multiplayer beta open to select players who purchased the Xbox 360 game "Crackdown". Microsoft spent $40million on marketing the game, in an effort to sell more game consoles and broaden the appeal of the game beyond the established "Halo" fanbase. Marketing included cross-promotions and an alternate reality game. The game was released in September 2007.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" grossed US$170million on its first day of release, and $300million in its first week. To date, "Halo 3" has sold in excess of 14.5 million copies. The game was also the best-selling video game of 2007 in the U.S. More than one million people played "Halo 3" on Xbox Live in the first twenty hours. Overall, the game was very well received by critics, with the Forge and multiplayer offerings singled out as strong features; however, some reviewers criticized single-player aspects, especially the plot and campaign layout. "Halo 3" is frequently listed as one of the greatest video games of all time. A prequel to the game, "", was released worldwide in September 2009. A sequel, "Halo 4", released in November 2012, was developed by new studio 343 Industries. "Halo 3" was re-released as part of "" for the Xbox One in November 2014 and for Microsoft Windows in July 2020.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" is a shooter game where players primarily experience gameplay from a first-person perspective. Much of the gameplay takes place on foot, but also includes segments focused on vehicular combat. Gameplay focuses on the "Golden Triangle of "Halo"": players utilize weapons, grenades, and melee attacks, which are available to a player in most situations. Players may dual-wield some weapons for additional firepower, forgoing the use of grenades and melee attacks. Unlike previous installments, the player's secondary weapon is visible on their player model, holstered or slung across the player's back. "Halo 3" introduces support weapons, cumbersome two-handed weapons that slow the player when carried, but offer greatly increased firepower in return.


title: Halo 3

text: In addition to weapons, "Halo 3" contains a new class of gear called equipment; these items have various effects, ranging from defensive screens to shield regeneration and flares. Only one piece of equipment can be carried at a time. The game's vehicular component has been expanded with new drivable and AI-only vehicles.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" contains non-gameplay additions, such as Forge, a map-editing tool. Forge enables players to insert and remove game objects, such as weapons, crates and vehicles into existing multiplayer maps. Almost all weapons, vehicles, and interactive objects can be placed and moved on maps with Forge. Players can enter Forge games and edit and manipulate objects in real time. A budget limits the number of objects that can be placed. Players may also save up to 100 films of gameplay to their Xbox 360's hard drive, viewing the action from any angle and at different speeds. "Halo 3" offers a form of file sharing, where items such as saved films, screenshots, and custom variants can all be uploaded to Bungie's official website. Anyone can browse user created content that has been uploaded to Bungie's website and tag it to automatically download to their console next time they sign into Xbox Live on "Halo 3".


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3"s story or campaign mode can be played alone or cooperatively with up to three other players via Xbox Live or System Link. Instead of each player being an identical character in cooperative play, as in previous "Halo" games, the first player plays as Master Chief, the second player as the Arbiter, and the final two players controlling the Covenant Elites N'tho 'Sraom and Usze 'Taham. Each player has identical abilities, although their starting weapons vary. Hidden skulls found on each level cause changes to the gameplay when enabled, such as giving the enemies extra health, changing in-game dialogue, or modifying AI behavior. These skulls, as well as the difficulty level and the speed at which the level is completed, provide multipliers to the total score. Players are awarded gamerscore points for unlocking Achievements by reaching a certain score in each level.


title: Halo 3

text: Local area network or Xbox Live supports up to sixteen players in multiplayer matches, with game modes including variations of deathmatch and Capture the Flag. Players must actively seek out other players through their Xbox Live Friends list, using the party invite system, or the LAN search feature to play multiplayer matches with their own custom rules and customized maps. If they are connected to Xbox Live however, a player can choose to have the game decide for them the exact rules and map to play on, as well as finding additional people to play against or with, using the "Matchmaking" system (the automated grouping of players of similar skill). A player will decide from a selection of developer designed "playlists" which each contain a certain way to experience the game.


title: Halo 3

text: Like other multiplayer Xbox 360 titles, "Halo 3" uses a customized version of TrueSkill ranking system for its matchmaking on a per-playlist basis. A linear measure of a player's experience with the matchmade portion of the game and each particular playlist is also tracked (denoted as EXP). To help players have an enjoyable time online, several peace-of-mind features are implemented within easy reach, such as avoid/feedback options on a player's service record, as well as voice chat mute straight from the in-game scoreboard. Like "Halo 2", "Halo 3" supports downloadable content and updates. The online services for the original Xbox 360 version of the game went offline in January 2022.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" is set in a science fiction setting during the years 2552 and 2553. Humanity is at war with a genocidal alliance of alien races known as the Covenant. After years of conflict, a Covenant fleet discovers Earth during "Halo 2". "Halos" are massive ringworlds, ranging from thousands to tens of thousands of kilometers in diameter, scattered across the galaxy. These rings were constructed thousands of years ago by a race known as the Forerunners as weapons of last resort against the parasitic alien species known as the Flood. When activated, the Halos would destroy all sentient life in the galaxy, depriving the Flood of its food. The Forerunners disappeared after they activated the rings. In "", whilst fleeing the Covenant, the UNSC ship "Pillar of Autumn" stumbled upon one of these ringworlds, Installation 04. Against the wishes of the ring's artificial intelligence (AI) caretaker, 343 Guilty Spark, the human supersoldier Master Chief destroyed the ring to stop the threat from Halo and the Flood. The Covenant, unaware of the destructive nature of the rings, attempt to fire another ring, Installation 05, during "Halo 2" in order to fulfill their religious prophecy. One race in the Covenant, the Elites, learn the truth about the rings, and join forces with humanity in order to stop the installation's firing. Though they are successful, the unexpected shutdown triggers a fail-safe protocol, priming all the rings for firing from one location, referred to as the Ark. Still oblivious to the true nature of the rings, the Covenant High Prophet of Truth and the remaining loyalist Covenant proceed to head to Earth, where they believe the Ark is buried.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3"s protagonist is Master Chief Petty Officer John-117, an enhanced supersoldier known as a "Spartan". Master Chief fights alongside the Arbiter, a disgraced Covenant Elite commander. Two other Elite characters, N'tho 'Sraom and Usze 'Taham, appear as the third and fourth players in cooperative play. Supporting characters from previous games return, including human soldiers Avery Johnson and Miranda Keyes. Also playing a role in the story is the Flood leader known as the "Gravemind". In "Halo 2", the Gravemind escapes from confinement, invades the Covenant mobile capital city of "High Charity", and captures the human AI Cortana.


title: Halo 3

text: After the events of the comic tie-in "", the Master Chief arrives on Earth in east Africa, where he is found by Johnson and the Arbiter. The Chief and company return to a UNSC outpost where Keyes and Lord Hood plan a final effort to stop the Covenant leader, the High Prophet of Truth, from activating a Forerunner artifact the Covenant have excavated. The Chief clears anti-air Covenant defenses so Hood can lead the last of Earth's ships against the Prophet, but Truth activates the buried artifact, creating a slipspace portal which he and his followers enter. A Flood-infested ship crash-lands nearby; Elite forces arrive and vitrify the Flood-infected areas of Earth, stopping the threat. Following a message Cortana left aboard the Flood ship, the Chief, Arbiter, Elites, Johnson, Keyes and their troops follow Truth through the portal. Joining them is 343 Guilty Spark, who aids the Chief as he has no function to fulfill after the destruction of his ringworld.


title: Halo 3

text: Traveling through the portal, the humans and Elites discover an immense artificial structure known as the Ark, far beyond the edges of the Milky Way galaxy. Here, Truth can remotely activate all the Halos. The Flood arrive aboard "High Charity" in full force, beginning to infest the installation. Truth captures Johnson, as he needs a human to use Forerunner technology. Keyes is killed attempting a rescue, and Johnson is forced to activate the rings. Gravemind forges a truce with the Chief and Arbiter to stop Truth and defeat the remainder of his army, rescuing Johnson and halting the installations' activation. After the Arbiter kills Truth, Gravemind turns on the Chief and Arbiter.


title: Halo 3

text: The Chief, Arbiter and Guilty Spark discover that the Ark is constructing another Halo to replace the one that the Chief previously destroyed. The Chief decides to activate this Halo; the ringworld would eliminate the Flood infestation on the Ark while sparing the galaxy at large from destruction. To activate the ring, the Chief rescues Cortana, who has the Activation Index of the destroyed Halo, from "High Charity" and destroys the city. Arriving on the new Halo, Cortana warns that Gravemind is trying to rebuild itself on the ring. The Chief, Arbiter, and Johnson travel to Halo's control room to activate the ring. Guilty Spark explains that because the ring is not yet complete, a premature activation will destroy it and the Ark. When Johnson ignores his warning, Guilty Spark fatally wounds him to protect "his" ring. Although the Chief destroys Guilty Spark, Johnson soon dies of his injuries. Chief activates the ring, and escapes the ring's self-destruction on the UNSC frigate "Forward Unto Dawn". However, the force of Halo's blast causes the slipspace portal to collapse, resulting in only the front half of "Forward Unto Dawn", carrying the Arbiter, making it back to Earth.


title: Halo 3

text: A memorial service is held on Earth for the fallen heroes of the Human-Covenant war, during which the Arbiter and Lord Hood briefly exchange words regarding the fallen Master Chief. After the memorial service, the Arbiter and his Elite brethren depart for their home planet. Meanwhile, the rear half of the "Forward Unto Dawn" drifts in unknown space. Cortana drops a distress beacon, but acknowledges it may be many years before they are rescued. As the Master Chief enters cryonic sleep, Cortana confides to him that she will miss him, but he comforts her by telling her "wake me when you need me." If the game is completed at the Legendary difficulty level, the scene continues to show the piece of "Forward Unto Dawn" drifting towards an unknown planet, setting up the events of "Halo 4".


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 2" was a critical and commercial success, but its development had taken a toll on Bungie. The game's development was fraught and rushed, resulting in the final act of the game's campaign being cut. Bungie was openly critical of the game's shortcomings, and viewed a third "Halo" game as a chance to "make right" to fans for "Halo 2"s problems, as well as the final "Halo" game the studio would make before moving onto other projects. Lingering dissatisfaction with Bungie's acquisition by Microsoft in 2000 and a desire for more favorable profit-sharing on "Halo 3" led to an agreement where Bungie would become an independent studio after shipping a set number of new "Halo" games.


title: Halo 3

text: After "Halo 2" shipped, Bungie cofounder Jason Jones went on sabbatical, leaving the "Halo 3" team with little direction or leadership; different staff members wrestled over who would take on creative positions for the new game, and no clear creative direction was decided upon. Story writer Joseph Staten took a vacation after coming into conflict with other staff members, meaning there was no clear person who was responsible for the game's story for a portion of development. The story was drafted by a committee, then presented to senior Bungie members. Composer Martin O'Donnell recalled he did not feel the draft would work, as it left out previous characters and plot threads. Having recently seen the film "Serenity", he insisted that characters should die to increase the stakes. Staten returned to do edits after the plot had been established.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 2" had popularized online multiplayer matchmaking and social features like player parties and voice chat. The Xbox 360 integrated many similar features into Xbox Live, but changed the underlying system. Designer Max Hoberman recalled that instead of creating new features, he spent a year fixing broken features to get back to parity with "Halo 2".


title: Halo 3

text: Compared to the harried pace of "Halo 2"s development which necessitated painful cuts to ship the game on time, Bungie staffers recalled "Halo 3"s development as much more smooth, with more time to add features like Forge mode.


title: Halo 3

text: Bungie remained quiet as to what their new project was, leaving comments in their weekly update alluding to a "new project". The game was officially announced with a real-time cinematic trailer at E3 2006.


title: Halo 3

text: In comparison with "Halo 2"s tight-lipped development, Bungie was more transparent about the process for "Halo 3". Bungie kept the public informed on game development via weekly updates on their web site. During development, the game was divided into single player and multiplayer builds; this made debugging and testing the much smaller multiplayer files quicker. While details of "Halo 3"s multiplayer were widely disseminated in the sixteen months leading up to the release, the single-player aspect of the storyline was kept relatively secret throughout much of the development to build up interest. The first campaign screenshots did not appear until a year after the announcement trailer, on July 5, 2007, as a "tease" for the planned pace of marketing.


title: Halo 3

text: A public beta test of the game's online multiplayer features, as well as saved films and file share, took place four months before the full release. Players required a "Crackdown" disc to play the beta.


title: Halo 3

text: AI behavior was enhanced and improved; the behavior of enemy Brutes the player faces was modified, giving them a "pack mentality" that causes the aliens to perform similar actions at the same time and altering gameplay.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" utilizes a proprietary, in-house graphics engine. It employs graphics technologies such as high dynamic range, global lighting, and depth of field effects within cutscenes. Motion blurring was absent from the beta, but was added to the final game. Most dynamic objects in the game cast real-time shadows on themselves and the environment around them, including the game's plant life. "Halo 3" uses normal, bump, and parallax mapping to give surfaces more detail without dramatically increasing the number of polygons. Players can see distances of up to away, all fully three-dimensional. The engine is capable of real-time reflections, but are often unused as Bungie considered it a waste of resources. "Halo 3" uses two frame buffers instead of the usual single buffer, allowing Bungie to preserve as much of dynamic range as possible for the game's lighting without adversely affecting the frame rate. As a consequence, the game natively renders at 1152×640 resolution instead of 720p. The image can be upscaled to 1080p by the Xbox 360. "Halo 3" has also been enhanced for Xbox One X, rendering at 1920p upscaled to 2160p in HDR at a solid 30fps.


title: Halo 3

text: As with all titles on the Xbox 360, "Halo 3" fully supports 5.1 surround sound audio. In the game, there are over 50,000 pieces of audio, with nearly 40,000 of those being NPC dialogue. This is far more than in either of the preceding "Halo" titles; "Halo 2" had over 15,000 pieces of dialogue. The AI controlling this dialogue is designed to ensure the exchanges flow naturally and convincingly. Separate recordings were made for nearby and distant gunfire to make for a more believable sound experience in the public beta, and the finished game uses Waves Audio plugins to modify dialog and other audio in-game depending on conditions. Distant gunfire sounds, which may first seem like pre-recorded ambient sound, may often be the result of an actual firefight happening elsewhere in the game.


title: Halo 3

text: Marty O'Donnell again composed the original score for the game. Some pieces of the game's music are produced with a much larger real orchestra than any pieces in the prior two games. For example, the music for the announcement trailer was recorded with a 60-piece orchestra and a 24-piece choir. "Halo 3" is the first game in the series to feature custom soundtracks, allowing players to replace in-game music with their own choices. The "Halo 3 Original Soundtrack" was released on November 20, 2007. Included on the soundtrack is an original composition submitted by fans and judged by Nile Rodgers, Michael Ostin, and Marty O'Donnell.


title: Halo 3

text: Voice actors returning to reprise their roles in "Halo 3" include Jen Taylor as Cortana, David Scully as Sergeant Johnson and the Elites, Keith David as the Arbiter, Tim Dadabo as 343 Guilty Spark, Ron Perlman as Lord Hood, Robert Davi as Rtas 'Vadum, and Steve Downes as the voice of Master Chief. The game also features new voices, with Terence Stamp and Justis Bolding replacing "Halo 2" voice actors Michael Wincott and Julie Benz as the Prophet of Truth and Miranda Keyes respectively. Additional voices include celebrity presenter Jonathan Ross, Nathan Fillion, Adam Baldwin, Alan Tudyk, Katee Sackhoff, and John DiMaggio. Members of the "Halo" machinima "Red vs. Blue" (Burnie Burns, Gus Sorola, Matt Hullum, Jason Saldaña, Geoff Ramsey, and Joel Heyman) have cameo roles.


title: Halo 3

text: Microsoft spent more than $40million marketing "Halo 3". The goal of the campaign was to sell more Xbox 360 consoles and widen the appeal of the game beyond the ""Halo" faithful" to casual as well as hardcore gamers. Marketing took the form of stages, including trailers of the game, real-time cinematics, recorded gameplay sequences, pre-rendered CGI, and live action film. On September 12, 2007, the "Believe" "Halo 3" ad campaign, focused on the epic nature of the story and heroism told through dioramas and third party accounts of Master Chief's service, began with the video "Museum" and continued on past the game's release.


title: Halo 3

text: Throughout the course of development Bungie released four "developer documentaries" that explained the processes behind creating parts of the game. A large-scale multiplayer beta test was played on Xbox Live with more than 800,000 members of the public being able to take part and experience the game for themselves. Beginning in June 2007, an alternate reality game called "Iris" involved players in slowly revealing background information for the game. The actual release was met with worldwide launch parties.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" also had marketing tie-ins and promotions. PepsiCo announced a new line of soft drink, a variant of Mountain Dew named Game Fuel, branded with the "Halo 3" logo and the Master Chief. Much of the advertising focused on appealing to the general public, rather than just hardcore fans of the game; for example, some 7-Eleven stores advertised "Halo 3" and sold specialty cups and copies of the game. Gamestation stores in the UK offered a limited edition Master Chief figurine to the first 1000 preorders.


title: Halo 3

text: The game's final testing copy before its gold release—codenamed "Epsilon" and confirmed by Bungie to be almost complete—was leaked to the Internet months before the game's release date. Microsoft reacted to this leak by having the Xbox Live accounts of gamers caught playing the leaked copy banned until the year 9999. Retail copies of the game, complete with photographs of the open game box, started to appear on the internet auction site eBay weeks before release, followed by UK catalog retailer Argos accidentally releasing some of their copies a week early. Microsoft's Entertainment and Devices division were quoted as being "disappointed" that the Argos leak happened, but stated they had no intention for punishing them for an "honest mistake". The retail copy was also leaked online over a week before release, with the 6.14 gigabyte file of the game ripped from a disc and downloaded by thousands of people within 24 hours. Videos of the ending of "Halo 3", obtained from the leaked copy, were captured and posted on video sharing sites.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" was released on September 25, 2007, in three separate retail versions: "Standard", "Limited", and "Legendary". The Standard Edition contains the game disc, manual, and a small poster with the game's control-map and artwork. The Limited Edition, contained in a metal case, contains the game disc, manual, poster, Xbox 360 bonus disc with featurettes, and a hardcover-bound "Bestiarum", a collection of information and art covering the species, cultures, and civilizations of "Halo 3". The Legendary Edition contains the game disc, manual, poster, interactive bonus disc, the Bestiarum on a DVD, Legendary DVD containing exclusive content, and a scale replica of the Master Chief's helmet as a case for the three discs. The slip-cover packaging unfolds into a large heavy-stock poster of Master Chief. Some of the Limited Edition versions of "Halo 3" were found to have a defect in the hub that kept the discs in place, which could lead to scratched discs. Microsoft introduced a disc replacement program in response.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" was made a free download for Xbox Live Gold subscribers through the "Games with Gold" program in October 2013. It became playable on the Xbox One via backwards compatibility in 2017. An Xbox One-native version of the game, presenting the graphics at 1080p and 60 frames per second, was included as part of "" for the Xbox One in 2014. "Halo 3" was re-released again as part of the Windows version of "The Master Chief Collection" in 2020.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" supports multiplayer map downloadable content as well as game updates via Xbox Live. The first three post-release multiplayer maps, "Standoff", "Rat's Nest", and "Foundry", were released as a pack on December 11, 2007, collectively known as the "Heroic Map Pack". A second group of three maps including a remake of "Halo 2" map "Lockout", titled "Blackout", a new map "Ghost Town" and a remake of "Halo: Combat Evolved" map "Sidewinder", titled "Avalanche" were bundled as the "Legendary Map Pack", on April 15, 2008. These maps introduced visual filters to the Forge pallet, which change the way the maps look. A remake of the "Halo: Combat Evolved" map "Chill Out", titled "Cold Storage", was released as a free download on "Bungie Day", July 7, 2008. The third multiplayer map pack, titled the "Mythic Map Pack" and consisting of the maps "Orbital", "Assembly", and "Sandbox", was included with the Limited Collectors Edition of "Halo Wars". The map pack was released over the Xbox Live Marketplace on April 9, 2009. The fourth and final multiplayer map pack, "Mythic II Map Pack", was released on February 2, 2010. The map pack includes the three new maps from "": "Citadel", "Longshore", and a remake of "Halo 2" map "Midship", titled "Heretic".


title: Halo 3

text: The first version update for "Halo 3" was released on February 19, 2008, and addressed various bugs such as melee contest resolution and saved-film theater errors. The next update (called a Title Update) was released September 23, 2008, and includes new Achievements, a new XP ranking system, and various new ways to detect and stop cheating in the game. No further "Halo 3" updates were planned.


title: Halo 3

text: First-day sales of "Halo 3" reached $170million in the U.S., setting a record for highest gross of a video game within 24 hours of its release. The performance beat the previous record setter—"Halo 2"—which earned $125million within 24 hours of its launch. The game was preordered by more than one million people in North America. Worldwide more than US$300million worth were sold in the first week, helping to more than double the sales of the Xbox 360 when compared with the weekly average before the "Halo 3" launch. By 2010, Microsoft reported total grosses at $600 million.


title: Halo 3

text: In the U.S., "Halo 3" sold 3.3 million copies in its first 12 days on sale, increasing to 3.7 million copies by November 15, 2007. Reuters UK estimated that "Halo 3" may have sold up to 5.2 million copies worldwide in the first two weeks after launch. By November 30, 2007, "Halo 3" had sold 5million copies worldwide, and as of that point, was the best-selling video game of 2007 in the U.S., even though the game is only available on one console. On January 3, 2008, Microsoft announced that "Halo 3" had sold copies. The game drew over a million Xbox Live members to play online in the first 20 hours, making it the biggest day for Xbox Live gaming in history. The game returned to the top 20 sales charts more than a year after its release in February 2009; Gamasutra reported that the boost might have been due to the release of "Halo Wars". According to Microsoft, "Halo 3" had sold 14.5 million copies . The game was also the best-selling video game of 2007 in the U.S.


title: Halo 3

text: "Advertising Age" reported that movie studio executives were convinced the release of "Halo 3" harmed box office receipts; the week's take was 27% less than the previous year's yield. While some executives decided the disparity in estimated and actual gross for films like "The Heartbreak Kid" was due more to the film's poor reception, other analysts believed that "the audience on ["Halo 3"] is the 18-to-34 demographic, similar to what you'd see in cinemas" and that this led to a decrease in receipts. Later research suggested that the "Halo 3" players still watched the same amount of television and movies, regardless of the time they spent playing the game.


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" received critical acclaim upon its release. It holds an average of 94/100 on aggregate website Metacritic. "Pro-G"s Wesley Yin-Poole assured readers that "Halo 3" lived up to the enormous hype surrounding it, writing that the game was "everything we hoped it would be, and much, much, more". Reviewers including "Eurogamer"s Rob Fahey, "GamesRadar"s Charlie Barrett, and "GameSpot"s Jeff Gerstmann felt that the underlying formula of previous "Halo" games was unchanged, but that this was not a detriment. "Every type of Halo fan, from the hardcore to the casual to the brand new, will find something to satisfy them in Master Chief's third adventure," Barrett asserted, while IGN's Hilary Goldstein referred to "Halo 3" as "the most complete game available on any console", specifically stating "the Forge and the replay functionality raise the bar for console shooters so high, it may never be surpassed this generation." The gameplay additions to the game, such as equipment and new vehicles, were praised; Gerstmann and Goldstein noted that equipment had much more relevance in multiplayer matches than the campaign.


title: Halo 3

text: Reception of the single-player aspect varied. Yin-Poole wrote that while the cliffhanger ending of "Halo 2" was disappointing, the campaign of "Halo 3" was much more satisfying. Gerstmann, GameSpy's Gabe Graziani, and Goldstein maintained that the campaign was too short, especially on easier difficulty levels or with three additional players in co-op. Goldstein was highly critical of the eighth level, stating "the penultimate chapter is so bad, just thinking about it puts a rotten taste in my mouth." "The New York Times" Charles Herold said the game had a "throwaway" plot and Total Video Games judged the single-player aspect ultimately disappointing. Goldstein and Steve West of Cinema Blend thought a part of the game's story was lost by not having the Arbiter featuring as prominently as the character was in "Halo 2".


title: Halo 3

text: Most publications agreed that multiplayer was by far one of the best features; IGN said that the multiplayer map lineup was the strongest of the series, and GameSpy added that "each [multiplayer] map is extremely well-tuned". The Forge level editor and saved films features were singled out as particularly strong features, in addition to superb voice acting and Martin O'Donnell's rich score.


title: Halo 3

text: Other complaints focused on the artificial intelligence; critics praised the enemy AI but complained that the intelligence of the player's allies was far poorer. Bryan Vore of "Game Informer" said that human faces and some textures were just "embarrassing".


title: Halo 3

text: "Halo 3" was nominated for seven awards from the Spike TV Awards, of which it won "Best Multiplayer Game" and "Most Addictive Video Game Fueled by Dew". It won "Time"s "Game of the Year" and IGN chose it as the Best Xbox 360 Online Multiplayer Game and Innovative Design of 2007. The Visual Effects Society awarded Bungie the "Best Real Time Visuals in a Video Game" for "Halo 3". "Halo 3" took the "Calvin Award" for "Best Videogame" as selected by Box Office Prophets. "Halo 3" also took the award for Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2007 from GameTrailers, and was voted by fans as Game of the Year on G-Phoria. "Halo 3" won the "Edge" Award For Interactive Innovation in August 2008. In 2010, the game was included as one of the titles in the book "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die".


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Xbox Game Pass and PC Game Pass are video game subscription services from Microsoft. Both services grant users access to a rotating catalog of games from a range of publishers and other premium services, including Xbox Live Gold and EA Play, for a single monthly subscription price. Xbox Game Pass provides this service on Xbox Series X/S and Xbox One consoles, as well as Android, iOS, and iPadOS devices via Xbox Cloud Gaming, while PC Game Pass provides the service to personal computers using Windows 11 and Windows 10 with support for Xbox Cloud Gaming. The service was launched on June 1, 2017, while Xbox Live Gold subscribers received priority access on May 24.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Conception of what would become Game Pass came from two areas. First was with Phil Spencer taking over for Don Mattrick as the head of the Xbox brand at Microsoft following the troubled launch of the Xbox One in 2013. Mattrick had positioned the Xbox One as more of an entertainment hub and not a gaming console, and certain design decisions made prior to launch had to be reverted following negative criticism of this positioning from consumers and the media. Spencer, after taking over the Xbox brand, recognized he needed to put the Xbox in a better position as they planned for the next generation of the console, while reinvigorating the team he had with new ideas for this, even if his ideas were risky. One of the ideas generated during this time was a game rental service, and a project to establish this service was started under the code name Arches. As Microsoft progressed, online streaming services like Netflix and Spotify demonstrated successful subscription business models that led Microsoft to transition Arches to also follow a subscription model eventually into Game Pass. The concept of Game Pass fit into the larger corporate strategy of Microsoft to push cloud-based services under CEO Satya Nadella.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: The second area involved Rare, a game developer that Microsoft had acquired in 2002. During Mattrick's period at Xbox, he had positioned the Kinect motion-sensing peripheral (introduced with the Xbox 360) as a major component of the Xbox environment, and assigned Rare to work on "Kinect Sports" as a launch title for it, atypical of Rare's typical output. According to Rare studio director Craig Duncan, working on "Kinect Sports" gave them creative ideas for a future game with multiplayer elements, which they initially called "Rare Next" but eventually developed into "Sea of Thieves". "Sea of Thieves" was intended as a major test of demonstrating how well Game Pass would be adopted by players and the economics of the system. Spencer knew there was strong hesitation from other game publishers and developers on the subscription model, so he made plans to have Game Pass launch using a catalog of older titles, and then bring on "Sea of Thieves" as Microsoft's first first-party game for the service, on the same day that it would also be available at retail or purchasable through digital storefronts. Spencer had told Duncan that even if every player of "Sea of Thieves" played it through Game Pass and that no retail or downloadable copies were bought, Spencer would still consider that a successful result.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: On February 28, 2017, Microsoft announced the debut of Xbox Game Pass and made a limited catalog of games available to select members of its Xbox Insider community for testing and feedback. Later in the second quarter of 2017, the service was opened up to players who subscribe to Xbox Live Gold, and then to the general user population. An Xbox Live Gold subscription is not required for Xbox Game Pass, but it is required for any online multiplayer content the games in the catalog may contain.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: As part of Microsoft's E3 2017 press conference, Microsoft announced that selected Xbox titles would be made available through a new backwards-compatibility feature similar to that in place for Xbox 360 titles. In a later interview, Spencer stated that some of those games could make their way onto Game Pass, as well.