title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: "The Massachusetts Daily Collegian", the official newspaper of UMass Amherst, is published Monday through Thursday during the calendar semester. The "Collegian" is a non-profit student run organization which receives no funding from the University or from student fees. The "Collegian" operates entirely on advertising revenues. Founded in 1890, the paper began as "Aggie Life", became the "College Signal" in 1901, the "Weekly Collegian" in 1914 and the "Tri-Weekly Collegian" in 1956. Published daily since 1967, the "Collegian" has been broadsheet since January 1994. The "Daily Collegian" is one of the largest daily college newspapers in New England and the country.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: The Union Video Center is the University of Massachusetts' student-run television station, located in the basement of the Student Union. UVC-TV 19 is part of the University's Housing Cable Services Network and airs on channel 19 to over 11,000 viewers on campus via a closed circuit system. UVC began as the Student Video Project in 1974, and was renamed the Union Video Center in 1978 after growing into a full-fledged television station. Today, UVC-TV 19 serves as an educational training facility on campus for full-time undergraduate students.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: The student-operated radio station, WMUA, is a federally licensed, non-commercial broadcast facility serving the Connecticut River Valley of Western Massachusetts, Northern Connecticut, and Southern Vermont. Although the station is managed by full-time undergraduate students of the University of Massachusetts, station members can consist of various members of the University (undergraduate and graduate students, faculty and staff), as well as people of the surrounding communities. WMUA began as an AM station in 1949.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: UMass is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The university is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference, while playing ice hockey in the Hockey East Association. The football team joined the Mid-American Conference (MAC), in order to play at Football Bowl Subdivision (the sport's highest level) with games played at Gillette Stadium in 2012. In March 2014, the MAC and UMass announced an agreement for the Minutemen football team to leave the conference after the 2015 season due to UMass declining an offer to become a full member of the conference. In the agreement between the MAC and the university, there was a contractual clause that had UMass playing in the MAC as a football-only member for two more seasons if UMass declined a full membership offer. UMass announced that it would look for a "more suitable conference" for the team. UMass Amherst plays most of its home games at the 17,000-seat McGuirk Stadium on campus.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: UMass originally was known as the Aggies, later the Statesmen, then the Redmen. In a response to changing attitudes regarding the use of Native American–themed mascots, they changed their mascot in 1972 to the Minuteman, based on the historical "minuteman" relationship with Massachusetts; women's teams and athletes are known as Minutewomen.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: UMass football has enjoyed various levels of success over the years. As a founding member of the Yankee Conference, Massachusetts won 17 Yankee Conference Championships, appearing in one National Championship game during that timespan. They fell to Florida A&M in this inaugural Division I-AA Championship, 35–28. UMass' success continued as they began competition in the Atlantic 10 Conference in 1997. They went on to win four more conference titles while playing in the A-10 and make two more appearances in the National Championship game, winning it all in 1998. In 2006 the Minutemen took home the last A-10 title (the A-10 handed off management of their football league to the Colonial Athletic Association after the season) and made their most recent Championship game appearance. Their most recent conference championship came in 2007, the inaugural season under the CAA name.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: Some journalists consider Boston College, the University of New Hampshire, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Rhode Island their biggest sports rivals. Temple University has also been a strong rival in the Atlantic 10, but the rivalry came to an end when Temple moved all of its sports programs to the Big East Conference in 2013.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: The UMass Amherst Department of Athletics currently sponsors Men's Intercollegiate Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Ice Hockey, Football, Lacrosse, Soccer, Swimming, and Indoor and Outdoor Track & Field. They also sponsor Women's Intercollegiate Basketball, Softball, Cross Country, Rowing, Lacrosse, Soccer, Swimming, Field Hockey, Indoor and Outdoor Track & Field, and Tennis. Club sports offered which are not also offered at the varsity level are Men's Wrestling, Men's Rowing, Men's Tennis, Women's Ice Hockey, Men's and Women's Rugby, Men's and Women's Bicycle Racing, and Men's and Women's Fencing. Men's and Women's Downhill Skiing have been re-certified as club sports following the April 2, 2009 announcement of their discontinuation as varsity sports.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: There are 243,628 University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni worldwide. Notable UMass Amherst alumni include Greg Landry, Jeff Corwin, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Taj Mahal, Bill Paxton, William Monahan, Kenneth Feinberg, Bill Cosby, Natalie Cole, Julius "Dr. J" Erving, Rick Pitino, Bill Pullman, Betty Shabazz, Briana Scurry, Jack Welch, John F. Smith Jr., Jean Worthley, Jeff Reardon, Brandon Tory, Mike Flanagan, Serena Williams, Lawrence Mestel and Richard Gere.


title: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: Notable faculty have included Sheila Bair, the former Chairman of the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; Chuck Close, celebrated photorealist; Samuel R. Delany, author and critic; Vincent Dethier, pioneer physiologist; Ted Hughes, British poet laureate; Max Roach, considered one of the most important jazz drummers in history; Lynn Margulis, famed biologist; Stephen Resnick and Richard D. Wolff, heterodox economists; James Tate, Pulitzer Prize–winning poet; and Robert Paul Wolff, in both philosophy and African-American studies. Current faculty of note include poet Peter Gizzi, T.S. Eliot Prize–winning poet Ocean Vuong, media critic Sut Jhally, and feminist economist Nancy Folbre.


title: XX (film)

text: XX is a 2017 American anthology horror film directed by Jovanka Vuckovic, Annie Clark, Roxanne Benjamin and Karyn Kusama. It stars Natalie Brown, Melanie Lynskey, Breeda Wool and Christina Kirk. It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017, and was released in a limited release and through video on demand by Magnet Releasing on February 17, 2017.


title: XX (film)

text: The anthology is framed by stop-motion-animated segments depicting a walking dollhouse with a blinking doll face on it. A doll hand - separate, but also living - moves from its drawer and scurries around collecting items the dollhouse finds. Within its interior, various objects and items are shown including: a cabinet where bugs and moths enter acting as a stomach of sorts, a room with living sewing needles that make tiny tapestries, and a room with a morphing apple that seems to act as the dollhouse's heart. Eventually, the dollhouse finds a small blackbird (whether it is stuffed or an actual dead bird is ambiguous). The dollhouse places the bird into a baby doll and upon it crying immediately removes the bird and enters a room with an unconscious girl. The girl has a small door on her chest and the dollhouse places the bird inside it. After a while, the girl awakens, pleasing the dollhouse.


title: XX (film)

text: While riding on a train with his mother Susan, a young boy, Danny, sees an old man with a red box; the old man describes it as "a present" and allows Danny to look inside. After looking, Danny refuses to eat any food presented to him. Susan and her husband Robert start to worry about him, taking him to a doctor who finds that Danny has lost five pounds since his last checkup. Danny speaks with his sister Jenny, and soon after, she refuses to eat as well. Robert attempts to speak to Danny about his refusal to eat, but Danny whispers something in his ear, which causes Robert to start refusing food.


title: XX (film)

text: Susan is haunted by a dream of her family happily eating her at the dinner table. When she sees Danny, Jenny and Robert eating happily, Susan smiles, happy that her husband and kids are finally eating again.


title: XX (film)

text: Come Christmas, Danny, Jenny, and Robert are all emaciated, but don't seem to mind. Danny hands Susan a present wrapped in a red box. Susan recalls the incident on the train and connects the dots. When Susan asks Danny what was in the box, he tells her it was "nothing." Susan reveals in a voice-over that all three members of her family later died of starvation: Danny first, then Jenny, then Robert. She is now searching the trains for the man with the box, still wanting to know what is inside, as she feels it is the only way to get close to her family now.


title: XX (film)

text: Mary is attempting to hold a birthday party for her daughter Lucy, but when she finds her husband David dead in his home office, she decides to hide the body instead of calling 911. She spends the day frantically trying to conceal David's body from Lucy, nanny Carla, and neighbor Madeleine. She finally buys a panda costume off of a man who comes to sing Lucy a birthday song, and hides the body in the costume.


title: XX (film)

text: During the party, Mary does not have time to move the costumed body and is forced to set it up on a seat at the table. Carla bumps the costume, causing it to collapse into Lucy's birthday cake. The body is discovered when Carla, attempting to lift the Panda, accidentally removes the head, and the full title of the film is revealed as the children scream in terror: "The Birthday Party, or, The Memory Lucy Suppressed From Her Seventh Birthday That Wasn't Really Her Mom's Fault (Even Though Her Therapist Says It's Probably Why She Fears Intimacy)".


title: XX (film)

text: Four friends - Paul, Gretchen, Jess, and Jay - are all on an expedition out in the desert. Gretchen is afraid of heights. The four discover an ancient cave painting depicting an evil spirit before camping out for the night. Gretchen is attacked by a creature similar to the spirit in the painting, which takes over her body and wears her skin. It kills Paul and Jay before chasing Jess, who then falls and breaks her leg. The Gretchen-creature then descends a cliff to kill Jess.


title: XX (film)

text: Single mother Cora's rebellious son, Andy, is about to turn 18. She is called into Andy's school to meet with the principal regarding an incident in which Andy tore off a classmate's fingernails. The principal apologizes to Cora that she had to witness an "outburst" from the classmate's mother, and tells Cora that her son is remarkable. Cora is deeply unnerved that her son appears to have entranced his superiors.


title: XX (film)

text: Cora's mailman Chet hints that Andy is not necessarily her distant former husband's (an actor) son. Andy - whose voice has changed and finger and toenails have become claws - confirms her suspicions: he is transforming into the spawn of Satan, something she has worried about since before his birth. Andy, embracing his father's power, forces Cora to bow down to him as Satan enters the house to reclaim him, but she then embraces and quickly tells her son the reason they went into hiding, and asserts that she refuses to give up Andy to his father. Andy, moved, chooses her over his destiny. The two hold each other tight as their bones crack and blood seeps from their noses and mouths until they die from Satan's assault.


title: XX (film)

text: In October 2014, it was announced Karyn Kusama, Mary Harron, Jennifer Lynch and Jovanka Vuckovic would direct the horror-anthology film, while Magnet Releasing would distribute the film. In April 2016, it was announced musician St. Vincent would also direct a segment, making her directorial debut. Lynch and Harron were not involved with the final project, being replaced by Roxanne Benjamin.


title: XX (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017. It had a limited release and video on demand on February 17, 2017.


title: XX (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a critic approval rating of 69% based on 64 reviews. The consensus says, ""XX"'s array of distinct female filmmaking voices -- and the empowerment their collection represents -- offer enough thrills to make up for the overall uneven quality that plagues most anthology projects." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 64 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: XX (film)

text: Bloody Disgusting's Ben Larned called the creation of the film "a milestone" and said the "anthology lives up to expectations, and surpasses many male-dominated efforts of its kind" ultimately giving it a 4/5 rating. Sean Smithson writing for Shock Till You Drop said "XX is marking the spot for the future of horror" and noted "I’m ready for a second installment."


title: XX (film)

text: David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" stated, "while it's worth applauding the women-to-the-fore directive, the usual limits apply. With each short running around 20 minutes, there's little time to develop character or dramatic nuance, let alone lay the crucial groundwork to seed escalating terror."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: "Two plus two equals five" (2 + 2 = 5) is a mathematically incorrect phrase used in the 1949 dystopian novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" by George Orwell. It appears as a possible statement of Ingsoc (English Socialism) philosophy, like the dogma "War is Peace", which the Party expects the citizens of Oceania to believe is true. In writing his secret diary in the year 1984, the protagonist Winston Smith ponders if the Inner Party might declare that "two plus two equals five" is a fact. Smith further ponders whether or not belief in such a consensus reality makes the lie true.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: About the falsity of "two plus two equals five", in Room 101, the interrogator O'Brien tells the thought criminal Smith that control over physical reality is unimportant to the Party, provided the citizens of Oceania subordinate their real-world perceptions to the political will of the Party; and that, by way of doublethink: "Sometimes, Winston. [Sometimes it is four fingers.] Sometimes they are five. Sometimes they are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once".


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: As a theme and as a subject in the arts, the anti-intellectual slogan 2 + 2 = 5 pre-dates Orwell and has produced literature, such as "Deux et deux font cinq" ("Two and Two Make Five"), written in 1895 by Alphonse Allais, which is a collection of absurdist short stories; and the 1920 imagist art manifesto "2 × 2 = 5" by the poet Vadim Shershenevich, in the 20th century.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the 17th century, in the "Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the Existence of God and the Immortality of the Soul are Demonstrated" (1641), René Descartes said that the standard of truth is self-evidence of clear and distinct ideas. Despite the logician Descartes' understanding of "self-evident truth", the philosopher Descartes considered that the self-evident truth of "two plus two equals four" might not exist beyond the human mind; that there might not exist correspondence between abstract ideas and concrete reality.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In establishing the mundane reality of the self-evident truth of 2 + 2 = 4, in "De Neutralibus et Mediis Libellus" (1652) Johann Wigand said: "That twice two are four; a man may not lawfully make a doubt of it, because that manner of knowledge is grauen [graven] into mannes [man's] nature."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the comedy-of-manners play "Dom Juan, or The Feast with the Statue" (1665), by Molière, the libertine protagonist, Dom Juan, is asked in what values he believes, and answers that he believes "two plus two equals four".


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the 18th century, the self-evident falsehood of 2 + 2 = 5 was attested in the "Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" (1728), by Ephraim Chambers: "Thus, a Proposition would be "absurd", that should affirm, that two and two make five; or that should deny 'em to make four." In 1779, Samuel Johnson likewise said that "You may have a reason why two and two should make five, but they will still make but four."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the 19th century, in a personal letter to his future wife, Anabella Milbanke, Lord Byron said: "I know that two and two make four—& should be glad to prove it, too, if I could—though I must say if, by any sort of process, I could convert 2 & 2 into "five", it would give me much greater pleasure."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In Gilbert and Sullivan's "Princess Ida" (1884), the Princess comments that "The narrow-minded pedant still believes/That two and two make four! Why, we can prove,/We women—household drudges as we are –/That two and two make five—or three—or seven;/Or five-and-twenty, if the case demands!"


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the late 18th century, in the pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" (1789), about the legalistic denial of political rights to the common-folk majority of France, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, said: "Consequently, if it be claimed that, under the French constitution, 200,000 individuals, out of 26 million citizens, constitute two-thirds of the common will, only one comment is possible: It is a claim that two and two make five."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: Using the illogic of "two and two make five", Sieyès mocked the demagoguery of the Estates-General for assigning disproportionate voting power to the political minorities of France—the Clergy (First Estate) and the French nobility (Second Estate)—in relation to the Third Estate, the numeric and political majority of the citizens of France.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the 19th century, in the novel "Séraphîta" (1834), about the nature of androgyny, Honoré de Balzac said:


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the pamphlet "Napoléon le Petit" (1852), about the limitations of the Second French Empire (1852–1870), such as majority political support for the monarchist "coup d'Ḗtat", which installed Napoleon III (r. 1852–1870), and the French peoples' discarding from national politics the liberal values that informed the anti-monarchist Revolution, Victor Hugo said: "Now, get seven million, five hundred thousand votes to declare that two-and-two-make-five, that the straight line is the longest road, that the whole is less than its part; get it declared by eight millions, by ten millions, by a hundred millions of votes, you will not have advanced a step."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the late 19th century, the Russian press used the phrase 2 + 2 = 5 to describe the moral confusion of social decline at the turn of a century, because political violence characterised much of the ideological conflict among proponents of humanist democracy and defenders of tsarist autocracy in Russia. In "The Reaction in Germany" (1842), Mikhail Bakunin said that the political compromises of the French Positivists, at the start of the July Revolution (1830), confirmed their middle-of-the-road mediocrity: "The Left says, 2 times 2 are 4; the Right, 2 times 2 are 6; and the Juste-milieu says, 2 times 2 are 5".


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In "Notes from Underground" (1864), by Feodor Dostoevsky, the anonymous protagonist accepts the falsehood of "two plus two equals five", and considers the implications (ontological and epistemological) of rejecting the truth of "two times two makes four", and proposed that the intellectualism of free will—Man's inherent capability to choose or to reject logic and illogic—is the cognitive ability that makes humanity human: "I admit that twice two makes four is an excellent thing, but, if we are to give everything its due, twice two makes five is sometimes a very charming thing, too."


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In the literary vignette "Prayer" (1881), Ivan Turgenev said that: "Whatever a man prays for, he prays for a miracle. Every prayer reduces itself to this: 'Great God, grant that twice two be not four'." In "God and the State" (1882), Bakunin dismissed deism: "Imagine a philosophical vinegar sauce of the most opposed systems, a mixture of Fathers of the Church, scholastic philosophers, Descartes and Pascal, Kant and Scottish psychologists, all this a superstructure on the divine and innate ideas of Plato, and covered up with a layer of Hegelian immanence, accompanied, of course, by an ignorance, as contemptuous as it is complete, of natural science, and proving, just as two times two make five, the existence of a personal god." Moreover, the slogan "two plus two equals five", is the title of the collection of absurdist short stories "Deux et deux font cinq" ("Two and Two Make Five", 1895), by Alphonse Allais; and the title of the imagist art manifesto "2 x 2 = 5" (1920), by the poet Vadim Shershenevich.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In 1931, the artist supported Stalin's shortened production schedule for the economy of the Soviet Union with a propaganda poster that announced the "Arithmetic of an Alternative Plan: 2 + 2 plus the Enthusiasm of the Workers = 5" after Stalin's announcement, in 1930, that the first five-year plan (1928–1933) instead would be completed in 1932, in four years' time.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: George Orwell used the idea of 2 + 2 = 5 in an essay of January 1939 in "The Adelphi"; "Review of "Power: A New Social Analysis" by Bertrand Russell":


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In propaganda work for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) during the Second World War (1939–1945), Orwell applied the illogic of 2 + 2 = 5 to counter the reality-denying psychology of Nazi propaganda, which he addressed in the essay "Looking Back on the Spanish War" (1943), indicating that:


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In addressing Nazi anti-intellectualism, Orwell's reference might have been Hermann Göring's hyperbolic praise of Adolf Hitler: "If the Führer wants it, two and two makes five!" In the political novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949), concerning the Party's philosophy of government for Oceania, Orwell said:


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In "The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet is Killing Our Culture" (2007), the media critic Andrew Keen uses the slogan "two plus two equals five" to criticise the Wikipedia policy allowing any user to edit the encyclopedia — that the enthusiasm of the amateur for user generated content, peer production, and Web 2.0 technology leads to an encyclopedia of common knowledge, and not an encyclopedia of expert knowledge; that the "Wisdom of the crowd" will distort what society considers to be the truth.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: In 2017, the Italian Catholic priest Antonio Spadaro tweeted: "Theology is not #Mathematics. 2 + 2 in #Theology can make 5. Because it has to do with #God and real #life of #people..." In defence of the priest, Traditionalist Catholics stated that Spadaro's remark was referring to alleged contradictions among interpretations of the apostolic exhortation "Amoris laetitia" (2016)—for divorced-remarried Catholics returning to the Church—and the doctrines of Marriage in the Catholic Church. That a person can freely act in contradiction to Catholic doctrine if he or she felt that God allowed that action—despite the moral and theological contradictions inherent to the action. That Spadaro's "two plus two equal five" comments refer to the Church philosophy that human reason is insufficient for the full comprehension of God. That Spadaro was much like the cynical Rex Mottram character in the novel "Brideshead Revisited" (1945), by Evelyn Waugh, wherein Mottram, during his catechesis (becoming Catholic to marry a Catholic) is indifferent to ascertaining any aspect of Catholicism; Mottram attributes moral and theological contradictions to personal sinfulness.


title: 2 + 2 = 5

text: Former mathematician Kareem Carr has said "when somebody says '2+2=5', I will always ask them for more details rather than dismissing them as an idiot because maybe they are talking about [male and female] chickens and turns out that is how chickens work!".


"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" is a song written by Jim Steinman, and recorded by Meat Loaf with Lorraine Crosby. The song was released in August 1993 as the first single from the album "." The last six verses feature Crosby, who was credited only as "Mrs. Loud" in the album notes. She does not appear in the video, in which her vocals are lip-synched by Dana Patrick. Meat Loaf promoted the single with American singer Patti Russo.


title: I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)

text: The power ballad was a commercial success, reaching number one in 28 countries. The single was certified platinum in the United States and became Meat Loaf's first and only number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and the UK Singles Chart, and was the best-selling single of 1993 in the United Kingdom. The song earned Meat Loaf a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo.


text: The timings in this article refer to the original album version. There are many shorter single and radio edits.


text: The song opens with a guitar played to sound like a revving motorcycle. Roy Bittan's piano begins to play along with the guitars and drums. The vocals begin at the 1:50 point. The opening vocals are accompanied by piano and backing vocals. The song then becomes much louder as the band, predominantly piano, plays the main melody for twenty seconds. An instrumental section follows the first verse and chorus, lasting over 45 seconds, with piano playing the title melody, accompanied by guitar and wordless background vocals by Todd Rundgren, Rory Dodd and Kasim Sulton. The lead vocals recommence with another verse. The phrase "sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll" was changed to "Some days I just pray to the god of sex and drums and rock and roll" on the recording, although Meat Loaf would occasionally sing the original phrase in concert.


text: The lyrics "I'd do anything for love, but I won't do that" were first used in the song "Getting So Excited" (written by Alan Gruner), recorded by Bonnie Tyler in the album "Faster Than the Speed of Night", which was produced by Steinman.


text: At the 9:28 point, the song transforms into a duet coda. The structure of the verses remains, but the woman now asks what the man would do. He answers in the affirmative for the first four sections. The song's tone changes for the final two sections, in which the woman, Lorraine Crosby on the original recorded version, predicts that the man would eventually do things to upset her and their relationship. Both times, he denies it.


text: Meat Loaf claimed that the question, "What is 'that'?" was one of the most popular questions he would be asked. In his 1998 "VH1 Storytellers" special, he explained it on stage using a blackboard and a pointer. Meat Loaf believed that the lyrics were unambiguous, but Steinman predicted that they would cause confusion.


text: Each verse identifies things the man "would" do for love (such as "I'd run right into hell and back"), followed by a promise of something he "will not" do (such as "I'll never forget the way you feel right now"). This is followed by the title lyrics, which repeat the pattern. Each mention of "that" is thus a reference to the particular promise made earlier in the same verse. At the song's conclusion, the woman predicts: "You'll see that it's time to move on", and "You'll be screwing around." To each of these, he emphatically responds, "I won't do that!"


text: An early episode of the VH1 program "Pop-up Video" commented, "Exactly what Meat Loaf won't do for love remains a mystery to this day." A reviewer writing for AllMusic commented that "The lyrics build suspense by portraying a romance-consumed lover who pledges to do anything in the name of love except 'that,' a mysterious thing that he will not specify." Frank O'day says the lyrics provide "an enlightening example of how listeners project their own thoughts, values, and concerns onto the meaning of the song with misconstrued lyrics."


text: English singer Lorraine Crosby sang the other part of the duet. She and her partner Stuart Emerson had moved to Los Angeles to work with Steinman, who became their manager and secured them a contract with Meat Loaf's label MCA. While visiting the company's studios on Sunset Boulevard, Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf, who was recording the song. Crosby recalls, "In I went and sang it twice and I never thought anything more of it until six months later when I got a phone call saying, 'Would you mind if we used your vocals?'" As Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals, she received no royalties from the song.


text: Cher, Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler had been considered for the role. Tyler, who described Crosby as "a great friend of mine from Newcastle", said: "Meat Loaf was naughty, really: he gave her no acknowledgement on the album but I think her part really made that song."


text: Michael Bay directed the music video. He also directed the videos for "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are" and "Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through", also from "Bat Out of Hell II". Filming took place in Los Angeles County, California in July 1993; the opening chase was filmed at Chávez Ravine, with the interior mansion scenes filmed at Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills. The cinematographer was Daniel Pearl, particularly known for filming "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" in 1973. Pearl says that this video "is one of my personal all-time favorite projects... I think the cinematography is pure, and it tells a story about the song."


text: The video is based on "Beauty and the Beast" and "The Phantom of the Opera". Bob Keane did Meat Loaf's make-up, which took up to two hours to apply. The make-up was designed to be simple and scary, yet "with the ability to make him sympathetic."


text: The shoot went over budget, and was filmed in heat, across four days. According to one executive, it "probably had the budget of "Four Weddings and a Funeral"." It is the abridged seven-minute version, rather than the twelve-minute album version.


text: The actress in the video, Dana Patrick, is miming to Crosby's vocals; she did the same for Patti Russo's vocals in the 1995 song "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)". According to the captions aired on "Pop-Up Video", Patrick received several offers for record deals after the video aired, from executives who assumed she was actually singing in the video.


text: The story begins with the opening credits saying: "I have travelled across the universe through the years to find her. Sometimes going all the way is just a start." We then see "The Beast" character – a deformed man portrayed by Meat Loaf, on a motorbike being chased by police officers and a helicopter. As the chase continues into night, the Beast passes into a graveyard and into what appears to be a very ornate mausoleum, hiding from his pursuers. He mournfully examines his deformed hands and features. As the officers enter and examine the mausoleum, he crashes through the wall with his motorbike and accidentally knocks down a police officer (whose shotgun goes off): this causes one of the chandeliers on the ceiling to fall and kill the officer.


text: In desperation, the Beast flees into the nearby woods where he comes across a beautiful woman bathing/cooling herself by a fountain. The woman appears to be in sunny daylight, while the rest of the woods and castle clearly show that it is night-time. The woman looks into a mirror and glimpses the Beast watching her. She turns and he flees leaving only an amulet hanging on a branch. The woman picks it up and pursues him.


text: As she approaches the castle, the Beast is watching her movements through the reflection of his drink. As she comes into the castle, the Beast hurriedly removes himself. The woman sits in his chair and rests by the fire. The Beast watches her from his hall of mirrors and contemplates approaching her but is ashamed of his appearance. She later is seen having a bath, interspersed with the police officers finding the dead officer's body and preparing to raid the castle. She is later seen trying to sleep while being seduced by three vampy women, while the Beast sits in a chair (a reference to Dracula and the Brides). The Beast leaves the room and, seeing his reflection, begins to smash up the mirrors. The woman, hearing the noise, comes out and follows him into a presumable living room. The Beast observes her from above and levitates the chair she is sitting on.


text: The Beast, then hearing the officers are near, moves away, and pulls the chair back down, breaking a lamp. The two run away and the woman removes the Beast's hood so she can look at him clearly. She accepts him and caresses his face while they embrace. As they pull away, the Beast is returned to his human form, and the two disappear just before the police catch them. The woman and the transformed Beast finally ride off into the sunrise on his motorbike.


text: The single cover is a cropped version of the painting "Leavetaking" by fantasy illustrator Michael Whelan, who also painted the "Bat Out of Hell II" cover.


text: The song reached number one in the charts in 28 countries. In most countries, it was Meat Loaf's first and only number one solo single. It was number one in the US for five weeks and sold over 1.4 million copies there. In the UK, it topped the singles chart, and at seven minutes and 52 seconds, "I'd Do Anything for Love" becoming the longest song on top there since The Beatles' hit "Hey Jude". This was then broken when Oasis released their 1998 single "All Around the World", clocking in at 9 minutes and 38 seconds.


text: In the United Kingdom, this was the biggest hit of 1993, selling 723,000 copies in 1993. As a result of its success, "Bat Out of Hell" was reissued in the UK, this time reaching the top ten (which it did not achieve on its first release in 1979), meaning Meat Loaf achieved the rare feat of having two singles in the UK top ten at the same time.


text: Critical reaction was mixed. AllMusic said that "Meat Loaf sells the borderline-campy lyrics with a full-throated vocal whose stirring sense of conviction brings out the heart hidden behind the clever phrases." Meat Loaf won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo for the song. Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote that the song "has Mr. Loaf's emotionally charged vocal fronting a mammoth mix (and what sounds like a cast of thousands). Cohort Steinman gives it his all here, providing epic power chords, angelic backing choruses, a romance-laden duet with fellow MCA signee "Mrs. Loud," and anthemic pace changes calculated to raise every lighter in the arena." He also described it as "a glorious exercise in rock'n'roll excess."


text: British adventurer Bear Grylls cites this song as his inspiration to apply for selection into the SAS: "Enthusiasm and determination count for so much more than skills, brains or qualifications... and all this expressed itself to me through Meatloaf's song!".


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Prinz Eugen () was an heavy cruiser, the third of a class of five vessels. She served with Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The ship was laid down in April 1936, launched in August 1938, and entered service after the outbreak of war, in August 1940. She was named after Prince Eugene of Savoy, an 18th-century general in the service of Austria. She was armed with a main battery of eight guns and, although nominally under the limit set by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, actually displaced over .


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: "Prinz Eugen" saw action during Operation Rheinübung, an attempted breakout into the Atlantic Ocean with the battleship in May 1941. The two ships destroyed the British battlecruiser and moderately damaged the battleship in the Battle of the Denmark Strait. "Prinz Eugen" was detached from "Bismarck" during the operation to raid Allied merchant shipping, but this was cut short due to engine troubles. After putting into occupied France and undergoing repairs, the ship participated in Operation Cerberus, a daring daylight dash through the English Channel back to Germany. In February 1942, "Prinz Eugen" was deployed to Norway, although her time stationed there was curtailed when she was torpedoed by the British submarine days after arriving in Norwegian waters. The torpedo severely damaged the ship's stern, which necessitated repairs in Germany.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Upon returning to active service, the ship spent several months training officer cadets in the Baltic before serving as artillery support for the retreating German Army on the Eastern Front. After the German collapse in May 1945, she was surrendered to the British Royal Navy before being transferred to the US Navy as a war prize. After examining the ship in the United States, the US Navy assigned the cruiser to the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll. Having survived the atomic blasts, "Prinz Eugen" was towed to Kwajalein Atoll, where she ultimately capsized and sank in December 1946. The wreck remains partially visible above the water approximately two miles northwest of Bucholz Army Airfield, on the edge of Enubuj. One of her screw propellers was salvaged and is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial in Germany.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The of heavy cruisers was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, Germany signed the Anglo–German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five "treaty cruisers". The "Admiral Hipper"s were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: "Prinz Eugen" was long overall, and had a beam of and a maximum draft of . After launching, her straight bow was replaced with a clipper bow, increasing the length overall to . The new bow kept her foredeck much drier in heavy weather. The ship had a design displacement of and a full-load displacement of . "Prinz Eugen" was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's propulsion system was rated for a top speed of from . As designed, her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The ship's primary armament was eight SK L/60 guns mounted in four twin turrets, placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft. Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve L/65 guns, twelve guns, and eight guns. The ship also carried a pair of triple torpedo launchers abreast of the rear superstructure. For aerial reconnaissance, she was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. "Prinz Eugen"s armored belt was thick; her upper deck was thick and her main armored deck was thick. The main battery turrets had thick faces and 70 mm thick sides.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: "Prinz Eugen" was ordered by the "Kriegsmarine" from the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel. Her keel was laid down on 23 April 1936, under construction number 564 and the contract name "Kreuzer J". She was originally to be named after Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, the Austrian victor of the Battle of Lissa, though considerations over the possible insult to Italy, defeated by Tegetthoff at Lissa, led the Kriegsmarine to adopt Prinz Eugen as the ship's namesake. She was launched on 22 August 1938, in a ceremony attended by the Governor ("Reichsstatthalter") of the Ostmark, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, who made the christening speech. Also present at the launch were Adolf Hitler, the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Miklós Horthy (who had commanded the battleship from 24 November 1917 to 1 March 1918), and his wife Magdolna Purgly, who performed the christening. As built, the ship had a straight stem, though after her launch this was replaced with a clipper bow. A raked funnel cap was also installed.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Commissioning was delayed slightly due to light damage sustained during a Royal Air Force attack on Kiel on the night of 1 July 1940. "Prinz Eugen" suffered two relatively light hits in the attack, but she was not seriously damaged and was commissioned into service on 1 August. The cruiser spent the remainder of 1940 conducting sea trials in the Baltic Sea. In early 1941, the ship's artillery crews conducted gunnery training. A short period in dry dock for final modifications and improvements followed. In April, the ship joined the newly commissioned battleship for maneuvers in the Baltic. The two ships had been selected for Operation Rheinübung, a breakout into the Atlantic to raid Allied commerce.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: On 23 April, while passing through the Fehmarn Belt en route to Kiel, "Prinz Eugen" detonated a magnetic mine dropped by British aircraft. The mine damaged the fuel tank, propeller shaft couplings, and fire control equipment. The planned sortie with "Bismarck" was delayed while repairs were carried out. Admirals Erich Raeder and Günther Lütjens discussed the possibility of delaying the operation further, in the hopes that repairs to the battleship would be completed or "Bismarck"s sistership would complete trials in time for the ships to join "Prinz Eugen" and "Bismarck". Raeder and Lütjens decided that it would be most beneficial to resume surface actions in the Atlantic as soon as possible, however, and that the two ships should sortie without reinforcement.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: By 11 May 1941, repairs to "Prinz Eugen" had been completed. Under the command of "Kapitän zur See" (KzS—Captain at Sea) Helmuth Brinkmann, the ship steamed to Gotenhafen, where the crew readied her for her Atlantic sortie. On 18 May, "Prinz Eugen" rendezvoused with "Bismarck" off Cape Arkona. The two ships were escorted by three destroyers—, , and —and a flotilla of minesweepers. The Luftwaffe provided air cover during the voyage out of German waters. At around 13:00 on 20 May, the German flotilla encountered the Swedish cruiser ; the cruiser shadowed the Germans for two hours in the Kattegat. "Gotland" transmitted a report to naval headquarters, stating: "Two large ships, three destroyers, five escort vessels, and 10–12 aircraft passed Marstrand, course 205°/20'." The "Oberkommando der Marine" (OKM—Naval High Command) was not concerned about the security risk posed by "Gotland", though Lütjens believed operational security had been lost. The report eventually made its way to Captain Henry Denham, the British naval attaché to Sweden, who transmitted the information to the Admiralty.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The code-breakers at Bletchley Park confirmed that an Atlantic raid was imminent, as they had decrypted reports that "Bismarck" and "Prinz Eugen" had taken on prize crews and requested additional navigational charts from headquarters. A pair of Supermarine Spitfires were ordered to search the Norwegian coast for the German flotilla. On the evening of 20 May, "Prinz Eugen" and the rest of the flotilla reached the Norwegian coast; the minesweepers were detached and the two raiders and their destroyer escorts continued north. The following morning, radio-intercept officers on board "Prinz Eugen" picked up a signal ordering British reconnaissance aircraft to search for two battleships and three destroyers northbound off the Norwegian coast. At 7:00 on the 21st, the Germans spotted four unidentified aircraft that quickly departed. Shortly after 12:00, the flotilla reached Bergen and anchored at Grimstadfjord. While there, the ships' crews painted over the Baltic camouflage with the standard "outboard gray" worn by German warships operating in the Atlantic.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: While in Bergen, "Prinz Eugen" took on of fuel; "Bismarck" inexplicably failed to similarly refuel. At 19:30 on 21 May, "Prinz Eugen", "Bismarck", and the three escorting destroyers left port. By midnight, the force was in the open sea and headed toward the Arctic Ocean. At this time, Admiral Raeder finally informed Hitler of the operation, who reluctantly allowed it to continue as planned. The three escorting destroyers were detached at 04:14 on 22 May, while the force steamed off Trondheim. At around 12:00, Lütjens ordered his two ships to turn toward the Denmark Strait to attempt the breakout into the open waters of the Atlantic.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: By 04:00 on 23 May, Lütjens ordered "Prinz Eugen" and "Bismarck" to increase speed to to make the dash through the Denmark Strait. Upon entering the Strait, both ships activated their FuMO radar detection equipment sets. "Bismarck" led "Prinz Eugen" by about ; mist reduced visibility to . The Germans encountered some ice at around 10:00, which necessitated a reduction in speed to . Two hours later, the pair had reached a point north of Iceland. The ships were forced to zigzag to avoid ice floes. At 19:22, hydrophone and radar operators aboard the German warships detected the cruiser at a range of approximately . "Prinz Eugen"s radio-intercept team decrypted the radio signals being sent by "Suffolk" and learned that their location had indeed been reported.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Admiral Lütjens gave permission for "Prinz Eugen" to engage "Suffolk", though the captain of the German cruiser could not clearly make out his target and so held fire. "Suffolk" quickly retreated to a safe distance and shadowed the German ships. At 20:30, the heavy cruiser joined "Suffolk", but approached the German raiders too closely. Lütjens ordered his ships to engage the British cruiser; "Bismarck" fired five salvoes, three of which straddled "Norfolk" and rained shell splinters on her decks. The cruiser laid a smoke screen and fled into a fog bank, ending the brief engagement. The concussion from the 38 cm guns disabled "Bismarck"s FuMo 23 radar set; this prompted Lütjens to order "Prinz Eugen" to take station ahead so she could use her functioning radar to scout for the formation. The British cruisers tracked "Prinz Eugen" and "Bismarck" through the night, continually relaying the location and bearing of the German ships.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The harsh weather broke on the morning of 24 May, revealing a clear sky. At 05:07 that morning, hydrophone operators aboard "Prinz Eugen" detected a pair of unidentified vessels approaching the German formation at a range of , reporting "Noise of two fast-moving turbine ships at 280° relative bearing!". At 05:45, lookouts on the German ships spotted smoke on the horizon; these turned out to be from and , under the command of Vice Admiral Lancelot Holland. Lütjens ordered his ships' crews to battle stations. By 05:52, the range had fallen to and "Hood" opened fire, followed by "Prince of Wales" a minute later. "Hood" engaged "Prinz Eugen", which the British thought to be "Bismarck", while "Prince of Wales" fired on "Bismarck".


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The British ships approached the Germans head on, which permitted them to use only their forward guns, while "Bismarck" and "Prinz Eugen" could fire full broadsides. Several minutes after opening fire, Holland ordered a 20° turn to port, which would allow his ships to engage with their rear gun turrets. Both German ships concentrated their fire on "Hood". About a minute after opening fire, "Prinz Eugen" scored a hit with a high-explosive 20.3 cm shell, detonating unrotated projectile ammunition and starting a large fire on "Hood", which was quickly extinguished. Holland then ordered a second 20° turn to port, to bring his ships on a parallel course with "Bismarck" and "Prinz Eugen". By this time, "Bismarck" had found the range to "Hood", so Lütjens ordered "Prinz Eugen" to shift fire and target "Prince of Wales" to keep both of his opponents under fire. Within a few minutes, "Prinz Eugen" scored a pair of hits on the battleship and reported that a small fire had been started.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Lütjens then ordered "Prinz Eugen" to drop behind "Bismarck", so she could continue to monitor the location of "Norfolk" and "Suffolk", which were still some to the east. At 06:00, "Hood" was completing her second turn to port when "Bismarck"s fifth salvo hit. Two of the shells landed short, striking the water close to the ship, but at least one of the 38 cm armor-piercing shells struck "Hood" and penetrated her thin upper belt armor. The shell reached "Hood"s rear ammunition magazine and detonated of cordite propellant. The massive explosion broke the back of the ship between the main mast and the rear funnel; the forward section continued to move forward briefly before the in-rushing water caused the bow to rise into the air at a steep angle. The stern similarly rose upward as water rushed into the ripped-open compartments. After only eight minutes of firing, "Hood" had disappeared, taking all but three of her crew of 1,419 men with her.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: After a few more minutes, during which "Prince of Wales" scored three hits on "Bismarck", the damaged British battleship withdrew. The Germans ceased fire as the range widened, though Captain Ernst Lindemann, "Bismarck"s commander, strongly advocated chasing "Prince of Wales" and destroying her. Lütjens firmly rejected the request, and instead ordered "Bismarck" and "Prinz Eugen" to head for the open waters of the North Atlantic. After the end of the engagement, Lütjens reported that a "Battlecruiser, probably "Hood", sunk. Another battleship, "King George V" or "Renown", turned away damaged. Two heavy cruisers maintain contact." At 08:01, he transmitted a damage report and his intentions to OKM, which were to detach "Prinz Eugen" for commerce raiding and to make for St. Nazaire for repairs. Shortly after 10:00, Lütjens ordered "Prinz Eugen" to fall behind "Bismarck" to discern the severity of the oil leakage from the bow hit. After confirming "broad streams of oil on both sides of ["Bismarck"s] wake", "Prinz Eugen" returned to the forward position.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: With the weather worsening, Lütjens attempted to detach "Prinz Eugen" at 16:40. The squall was not heavy enough to cover her withdrawal from Wake-Walker's cruisers, which continued to maintain radar contact. "Prinz Eugen" was therefore recalled temporarily. The cruiser was successfully detached at 18:14. "Bismarck" turned around to face Wake-Walker's formation, forcing "Suffolk" to turn away at high speed. "Prince of Wales" fired twelve salvos at "Bismarck", which responded with nine salvos, none of which hit. The action diverted British attention and permitted "Prinz Eugen" to slip away.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: On 26 May, "Prinz Eugen" rendezvoused with the supply ship "Spichern" to refill her nearly empty fuel tanks. She had by then only 160 tons fuel left, enough for a day. Afterwards the ship continued further south on a mission against shipping lines. Before any merchant ship was found, defects in her engines showed and on 27 May, the day "Bismarck" was sunk, she was ordered to give up her mission and make for a port in occupied France. On 28 May "Prinz Eugen" refuelled from the tanker "Esso Hamburg". The same day more engine problems showed up, including trouble with the port engine turbine, the cooling of the middle engine and problems with the starboard screw, reducing her maximum speed to 28 knots. The screw problems could only be checked and repaired in a dock and thus Brest, with its large docks and repair facilities, was chosen as destination. Despite the many British warships and several convoys in the area, at least 104 units were identified on the 29th by the ship's radio crew, "Prinz Eugen" reached the Bay of Biscay undiscovered, and on 1 June the ship was joined by German destroyers and aircraft off the coast of France south of Brest; and escorted to Brest, which she reached late on 1 June where she immediately entered dock.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Brest is not far from bases in southern England and during their stay in Brest "Prinz Eugen" and the battleships "Scharnhorst" and were repeatedly attacked by Allied bombers. The Royal Air Force jokingly referred to the three ships as the Brest Bomb Target Flotilla, and between 1 August and 31 December 1941 it dropped some 1200 tons of bombs on the port. On the night of 1 July 1941, "Prinz Eugen" was struck by an armor-piercing bomb that destroyed the control center deep down under the bridge. The attack killed 60 men and wounded more than 40 others. The loss of the control center also made the main guns useless and repairs lasted until the end of the year.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The continuous air attacks led the German command to decide "Prinz Eugen", "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" would have to move to safer bases as soon as they were repaired and ready. Meanwhile, the "Bismarck" operation had demonstrated the risks of operating in the Atlantic without air cover. In addition, Hitler saw the Norwegian theater as the "zone of destiny", so he ordered the three ships' return to Germany in early 1942 so they could be deployed there. The intention was to use the ships to interdict Allied convoys to the Soviet Union, as well as to strengthen the defenses of Norway. Hitler insisted they would make the voyage via the English Channel, despite Raeder's protests that it was too risky. Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax was given command of the operation. In early February, minesweepers swept a route through the Channel, though the British failed to detect the activity.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: At 23:00 on 11 February, "Scharnhorst", "Gneisenau", and "Prinz Eugen" left Brest. They entered the Channel an hour later; the three ships sped at , hugging the French coast along the voyage. By 06:30, they had passed Cherbourg, at which point they were joined by a flotilla of torpedo boats. The torpedo boats were led by "Kapitän zur See" Erich Bey, aboard the destroyer . "General der Jagdflieger" (General of Fighter Force) Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe fighter and bomber forces (Operation Donnerkeil) during Cerberus. The fighters flew at masthead-height to avoid detection by the British radar network. Liaison officers were present on all three ships. German aircraft arrived later to jam British radar with chaff. By 13:00, the ships had cleared the Strait of Dover but, half an hour later, a flight of six Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers, with Spitfire escort, attacked the Germans. The British failed to penetrate the Luftwaffe fighter shield, and all six Swordfish were destroyed.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Off Dover, "Prinz Eugen" came under fire from British coastal artillery batteries, though they scored no hits. Several Motor Torpedo Boats then attacked the ship, but "Prinz Eugen"s destroyer escorts drove the vessels off before they could launch their torpedoes. At 16:43, "Prinz Eugen" encountered five British destroyers: , , , , and . She fired her main battery at them and scored several hits on "Worcester", but she was forced to maneuver erratically to avoid their torpedoes. Nevertheless, "Prinz Eugen" arrived in Brunsbüttel on the morning of 13 February, completely undamaged but suffering the only casualty in all three big ships, killed by aircraft gunfire.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: On 21 February 1942, "Prinz Eugen", the heavy cruiser , and the destroyers , , , , and steamed to Norway. After stopping briefly in Grimstadfjord, the ships proceeded on to Trondheim. Two days later, while patrolling off the Trondheimsfjord, the British submarine torpedoed "Prinz Eugen". The torpedo struck the ship in the stern, killing fifty men, causing serious damage, and rendering the ship unmaneuverable. However, on her own power she managed to reach Trondheim and from there was towed to , where, over the next few months, emergency repairs were effected. Her entire stern was cut away and plated over and two jury-rigged rudders, operated manually by capstans, were installed.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: On 16 May, "Prinz Eugen" made the return voyage to Germany under her own power. While en route to Kiel, the ship was attacked by a British force of 19 Bristol Blenheim bombers and 27 Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers commanded by Wing Commander Mervyn Williams, though the aircraft failed to hit the ship. "Prinz Eugen" was out of service for repairs until October; she conducted sea trials beginning on 27 October. Hans-Erich Voss, who later became Hitler's Naval Liaison Officer, was given command of the ship when she returned to service. In reference to her originally planned name, the ship's bell from the Austrian battleship was presented on 22 November by the Italian "Contrammiraglio" (Rear Admiral) de Angeles. Over the course of November and December, the ship was occupied with lengthy trials in the Baltic. In early January 1943, the "Kriegsmarine" ordered the ship to return to Norway to reinforce the warships stationed there. Twice in January "Prinz Eugen" attempted to steam to Norway with "Scharnhorst", but both attempts were broken off after British surveillance aircraft spotted the two ships. After it became apparent that it would be impossible to move the ship to Norway, "Prinz Eugen" was assigned to the Fleet Training Squadron. For nine months, she cruised the Baltic training cadets.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: As the Soviet Army pushed the Wehrmacht back on the Eastern Front, it became necessary to reactivate "Prinz Eugen" as a gunnery support vessel; on 1 October 1943, the ship was reassigned to combat duty. In June 1944, "Prinz Eugen", the heavy cruiser "Lützow", and the 6th Destroyer Flotilla formed the Second Task Force, later renamed Task Force Thiele after its commander, "Vizeadmiral" August Thiele. "Prinz Eugen" was at this time under the command of "KzS" Hans-Jürgen Reinicke; throughout June she steamed in the eastern Baltic, northwest of the island of Utö as a show of force during the German withdrawal from Finland. On 19–20 August, the ship steamed into the Gulf of Riga and bombarded Tukums. Four destroyers and two torpedo boats supported the action, along with "Prinz Eugen"s Ar 196 floatplanes; the cruiser fired a total of 265 shells from her main battery. "Prinz Eugen"s bombardment was instrumental in the successful repulse of the Soviet attack.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: In early September, "Prinz Eugen" supported a failed attempt to seize the fortress island of Hogland. The ship then returned to Gotenhafen, before escorting a convoy of ships evacuating German soldiers from Finland. The convoy, consisting of six freighters, sailed on 15 September from the Gulf of Bothnia, with the entire Second Task Force escorting it. Swedish aircraft and destroyers shadowed the convoy, but did not intervene. The following month, "Prinz Eugen" returned to gunfire support duties. On 11 and 12 October, she fired in support of German troops in Memel. Over the first two days, the ship fired some 700 rounds of ammunition from her main battery. She returned on the 14th and 15th, after having restocked her main battery ammunition, to fire another 370 rounds.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: While on the return voyage to Gotenhafen on 15 October, "Prinz Eugen" inadvertently rammed the light cruiser amidships north of Hela. The cause of the collision was heavy fog. The light cruiser was nearly cut in half, and the two ships remained wedged together for fourteen hours. "Prinz Eugen" was taken to Gotenhafen, where repairs were effected within a month. Sea trials commenced on 14 November. On 20–21 November, the ship supported German troops on the Sworbe Peninsula by firing around 500 rounds of main battery ammunition. Four torpedo boats—"T13", "T16", "T19", and "T21"—joined the operation. "Prinz Eugen" then returned to Gotenhafen to resupply and have her worn-out gun barrels re-bored.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The cruiser was ready for action by mid-January 1945, when she was sent to bombard Soviet forces in Samland. The ship fired 871 rounds of ammunition at the Soviets advancing on the German bridgehead at Cranz held by the XXVIII Corps, which was protecting Königsberg. She was supported in this operation by the destroyer "Z25" and torpedo boat . At that point, "Prinz Eugen" had expended her main battery ammunition, and critical munition shortages forced the ship to remain in port until 10 March, when she bombarded Soviet forces around Gotenhafen, Danzig, and Hela. During these operations, she fired a total of 2,025 shells from her 20.3 cm guns and another 2,446 rounds from her 10.5 cm guns. The old battleship also provided gunfire support, as did "Lützow" after 25 March. The ships were commanded by "Vizeadmiral" Bernhard Rogge.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: The following month, on 8 April, "Prinz Eugen" and "Lützow" steamed to Swinemünde. On 13 April, 34 Lancaster bombers attacked the two ships while in port. Thick cloud cover forced the British to abort the mission and return two days later. On the second attack, they succeeded in sinking "Lützow" with a single Tallboy bomb hit. "Prinz Eugen" then departed Swinemünde for Copenhagen, arriving on 20 April. Once there, she was decommissioned on 7 May and turned over to Royal Navy control the following day. For his leadership of "Prinz Eugen" in the final year of the war, Reinicke was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 April 1945. During her operational career with the "Kriegsmarine", "Prinz Eugen" lost 115 crew members; 79 men were killed in action, 33 were killed in accidents and three died of other causes. Of these 115 crew members, four were officers, seven were cadets or ensigns, two were petty officers, 22 were junior petty officers, 78 were sailors and two were civilians.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: On 27 May 1945, "Prinz Eugen" and the light cruiser —the only major German naval vessels to survive the war in serviceable condition—were escorted by the British cruisers and to Wilhelmshaven. On 13 December, "Prinz Eugen" was awarded as a war prize to the United States, which sent the ship to Wesermünde. The United States did not particularly want the cruiser, but it did want to prevent the Soviet Union from acquiring it. Her US commander, Captain Arthur H. Graubart, recounted later how the British, Soviet and US representatives in the Control Commission all claimed the ship and how in the end the various large prizes were divided in three lots, "Prinz Eugen" being one of them. The three lots were then drawn lottery style from his hat with the British and Soviet representatives drawing the lots for other ships and Graubart being left with the lot for "Prinz Eugen". The cruiser was commissioned into the US Navy as the unclassified miscellaneous vessel USS "Prinz Eugen" with the hull number IX-300. A composite American-German crew consisting of 574 German officers and sailors, supervised by eight American officers and eighty-five enlisted men under the command of Graubart, then took the ship to Boston, departing on 13 January 1946 and arriving on 22 January.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: After arriving in Boston, the ship was extensively examined by the US Navy. Her very large GHG passive sonar array was removed and installed on the submarine for testing. American interest in magnetic amplifier technology increased again after findings in investigations of the fire control system of "Prinz Eugen". The guns from turret Anton were removed while in Philadelphia in February. On 1 May the German crewmen left the ship and returned to Germany. Thereafter, the American crew had significant difficulties in keeping the ship's propulsion system operational—eleven of her twelve boilers failed after the Germans departed. The ship was then allocated to the fleet of target ships for Operation Crossroads in Bikini Atoll. Operation Crossroads was a major test of the effects of nuclear weapons on warships of various types. The trouble with "Prinz Eugen"s propulsion system may have influenced the decision to dispose of her in the nuclear tests.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: She was towed to the Pacific via Philadelphia and the Panama Canal, departing on 3 March. The ship survived two atomic bomb blasts: Test Able, an air burst on 1 July 1946 and Test Baker, a submerged detonation on 25 July. "Prinz Eugen" was moored about from the epicenter of both blasts and was only lightly damaged by them; the Able blast only bent her foremast and broke the top of her main mast. She suffered no significant structural damage from the explosions but was thoroughly contaminated with radioactive fallout. The ship was towed to the Kwajalein Atoll in the central Pacific, where a small leak went unrepaired due to the radiation danger. On 29 August 1946, the US Navy decommissioned "Prinz Eugen".


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: By late December 1946, the ship was in very bad condition; on 21 December, she began to list severely. A salvage team could not be brought to Kwajalein in time, so the US Navy attempted to beach the ship to prevent her from sinking, but on 22 December, "Prinz Eugen" capsized and sank. Her main battery gun turrets fell out of their barbettes when the ship rolled over. The ship's stern, including her propeller assemblies, remains visible above the surface of the water. The US government denied salvage rights on the grounds that it did not want the contaminated steel entering the market. In August 1979, one of the ship's screw propellers was retrieved and placed in the Laboe Naval Memorial in Germany. The ship's bell is currently held at the National Museum of the United States Navy, while the bell from "Tegetthoff" is held in Graz, Austria.


title: German cruiser Prinz Eugen

text: Beginning in 1974, the US government began to warn about the danger of an oil leak from the ship's full fuel bunkers. The government was concerned about the risk of a severe typhoon damaging the wreck and causing a leak. Starting in February 2018, the US Navy, including the Navy's Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit One, US Army, and the Marshall Islands conducted a joint oil removal effort with the salvage ship , which had cut holes into the ship's fuel tanks to pump the oil from the wreck directly into the oil tanker "Humber". The US Navy announced that the work had been completed by 15 October 2018; the project had extracted approximately of fuel oil, which amounted to 97 percent of the fuel remaining aboard the wreck. Lieutenant Commander Tim Emge, the officer responsible for the salvage operation, stated that "There are no longer active leaks... the remaining oil is enclosed in a few internal tanks without leakage and encased by layered protection."


title: Judy (film)

text: Judy is a 2019 biographical drama film based on the life of American actress Judy Garland. Directed by Rupert Goold, it is an adaptation of the Olivier- and Tony-nominated West End and Broadway play "End of the Rainbow" by Peter Quilter. The film stars Renée Zellweger, Jessie Buckley, Finn Wittrock, Rufus Sewell, and Michael Gambon.


title: Judy (film)

text: The film follows Garland's career during the last year of her life, when she relocated her stage career to England, coupled with flashbacks of her childhood, most prominently the filming of her part as Dorothy Gale in "The Wizard of Oz", her most famous role. After some initial success in a run of sell-out concerts at the Talk of the Town in London, her efforts eventually stop making progress and even start to worsen as her health deteriorates.


title: Judy (film)

text: "Judy" premiered at the 46th Telluride Film Festival on 30 August 2019, and was released in the United States on 27 September 2019, and in the United Kingdom on 2 October 2019. The film received generally positive reviews, with Zellweger's performance garnering widespread acclaim. For her portrayal of Garland, Zellweger won the Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as the Golden Globe Award, SAG Award, BAFTA Award and Critics' Choice Movie Award.


title: Judy (film)

text: In the 1930s, 16-year-old child actress Judy Garland is told by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head, Louis B. Mayer on the set of "The Wizard of Oz", that she has a gift other girls do not. Her talent at singing is nearly unmatched while she is able to surpass the success of Shirley Temple as a Hollywood child star. As Judy's career takes off, a ruthless studio minder forces Judy to take amphetamines against her will, once such instance occurs during her date with Mickey Rooney. Judy is even denied permission for her to sleep due to the demanding schedule. Responding to Judy's criticisms, Mayer explains that she is exhausted by her working hours; even using emotional and physical intimidation to keep her in line.


title: Judy (film)

text: In her forties, Judy has been performing with Lorna and Joey, her two children from her marriage to Sidney Luft, her third husband. Later, the trio try to check into their hotel but are turned away for previous nonpayment. Because of this, Judy is forced to return home to Luft, who has since divorced her.


title: Judy (film)

text: At a party, Judy meets Mickey Deans, a nightclub owner, and they become friends. In 1968, Judy is told by her agent of England being free to host her upcoming performances, but that the US reception to her has cooled due to her performance unreliability and moodiness. She decides to embark for there, leaving Lorna and Joey with Luft, which is difficult for her.


title: Judy (film)

text: While in England, substance abuse keeps Judy from performing reliably. She is late to her London premiere and assistants are called upon to check on her health and fix her make-up. The fans are enthusiastic and her performance is excellent. During the show, she starts to sing the "Clang, clang, clang..." lyrics to "The Trolley Song" to loud applause.


title: Judy (film)

text: Judy meets two adoring gay fans at the stage door on her way out and joins them for a late-night snack at their flat. They bond over their difficulties, and she sings "Get Happy" while one of the fans plays the piano. Deans comes to London on a surprise visit, which cheers her up. She still has trouble making her stage performances on time because of substance abuse and anxiety.


title: Judy (film)

text: Judy's sponsoring British agent has her examined by a voice specialist doctor. She says she had a tracheotomy two years ago, which weakened her voice. The doctor diagnoses physical and mental exhaustion, which requires rest for recovery. Her relationship with Deans is a support to her personal life, and they marry, making him her fifth husband. She still thinks about Lorna and Joey and suffers from being separated from them. They, however, are happy in school in California. Deans has bad news about a money deal that fell through, which means she must stay in England to make ends meet. At her next performance, she passes out on stage and is heckled. Her singing engagement is terminated but she returns for a last night on stage, where she asks to perform one last song. She breaks down while singing "Over the Rainbow" but recovers with the encouragement of supportive fans and is able to complete the performance. She asks, "You won't forget me, will you?" to the audience, who applaud before she ends her performance by saying, "Promise you won't". The film's end card says she died six months later, in summer 1969, at the age of 47.


title: Judy (film)

text: Principal photography began on 19 March 2018, in London. Filming locations included West London Film Studios. Pinewood Studios, and Hackney Empire.


title: Judy (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 30 August 2019. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2019. It was theatrically released in the United States on 27 September 2019, by Roadside Attractions and LD Entertainment, and in the United Kingdom on 2 October 2019, by 20th Century Fox, Pathé's British Distributor.


title: Judy (film)

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on 28 September 2019 by Decca Records. It features twelve of Garland's most popular tracks performed by Zellweger, including several that were featured in the movie, as well as duets with Sam Smith and Rufus Wainwright.


title: Judy (film)

text: The film grossed $24.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $18.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $43.2 million.


title: Judy (film)

text: The film made $2.9 million in its opening weekend, from 461 theatres, finishing seventh at the box office; 60% of its audiences was female, while 79% were over the age of 35. It expanded to 1,458 theatres the following weekend and made $4.6 million, finishing sixth, before making $3.2 million in its third weekend, returning to seventh place.


title: Judy (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's consensus reads, "Led by a deeply committed performance from Renée Zellweger, "Judy" captures the waning days of a beloved performer with clear-eyed compassion." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Judy (film)

text: Zellweger garnered much critical acclaim for her performance in the title role, with several critics labelling her a frontrunner to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, which she would later go on to win. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" called her portrayal of Garland "the performance of the year," while Zoe Gahan of "Vanity Fair" wrote, "a stellar stage-stomping performance. It is hard to tell where Garland stops and Zellweger starts...Go and see this film. Laugh and weep, bawl your eyes out—she deserves every tear." Eric Kohn of "IndieWire" gave the film a "C", stating that "Zellweger inhabits the role of the jaded, soul-searching musical icon reasonably well within a dreary and unremarkable saga that finds her grappling with her past, contending with pill-popping addictions and a broken family. It's a familiar story that "Judy" struggles to freshen up, at least until Zellweger takes the mic."


title: Judy (film)

text: Monica Castillo of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film two out of four stars; though she praised how it contextualized Garland's abusive childhood, she criticized Goold's direction and Zellweger's performance, stating that "there are spots in the movie where Zellweger's affected manners become too distracting and overshadow everything else around her...Try as she might, Zellweger's Judy never goes beyond an impression of the multi-talented artist; her all-caps version of acting fails to allow the role to feel natural."


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Shantanu Maheshwari (born 7 March 1991) is an Indian actor, dancer, choreographer and host. He debuted with the show "Dil Dosti Dance" on Channel V in his breakthrough performance as the protagonist Swayam Shekhawat. In 2017, he participated in "" and emerged as the winner. He was also seen as a contestant on "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9" and "Nach Baliye 9" and became a finalist in both. He is a part of the Desi Hoppers dance crew who emerged as the winners in the "World of Dance" 2015 Championship in Los Angeles. Maheshwari made his Bollywood debut in 2022, with Sanjay Leela Bhansali's "Gangubai Kathiawadi" opposite Alia Bhatt.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Maheshwari was born on 7 March 1991 in Kolkata, India. He attended The Park English School, Kolkata and St. Joseph's College, Kolkata He moved to Mumbai for his higher studies where he attended H.R. College of Commerce and Economics and was a part of the Street Soul Dance Crew [SSDC] from his college. Maheshwari is versatile as a dancer but specializes mainly in Popping and (Liquid) Waving.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Maheshwari began his acting career with "Dil Dosti Dance" for Channel V. He rose to fame by essaying the role of Swayam Shekhawat during the four-years run of the show. His chemistry with co-star Vrushika Mehta earned him widespread adulation as they went on to win the third spot in the "Hottest Indian TV Jodi" list by the UK-based newspaper "Eastern Eye".


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: In 2015, he appeared in Zing's episodic show "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya" where he played the role of a cancer patient. He returned to the small screen with his "Dil Dosti Dance" co-star Vrushika Mehta in "Yeh Hai Aashiqui" on Bindass, playing an episodic character of a verbally-challenged law student. He also dubbed for some episodes of "Yeh Hai Aashiqui". In 2015, Maheshwari appeared in the Bindass show "Bindass Naach". The finite series, which had appearances by the likes of Jaja Vaňková and Terence Lewis, showcased the formation of his crew Desi Hoppers and their subsequent victory at "World of Dance" 2015. Desi Hoppers became the first dance crew in the history to represent India at World of Dance and win it too. The crew was invited to give a special performance on "America's Got Talent 11" and received praise from the judges Simon Cowell, Heidi Klum and Nick Cannon. It was also invited to give a special performance on China's famous talk show "Day Day Up".


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Maheshwari returned to fiction shows with MTV India's "Girls On Top" playing an aspiring musician Sahir Bhasin.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: In 2016, Maheshwari participated in the celebrity dance reality show "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9" on Colors TV. He was one of the most consistent performers in the show and became the most popular and strongest contender for the title. He received praises from seasoned actor and ex-Jhalak contestant Ronit Roy who called him the winner of the show. Bollywood star Hrithik Roshan called Maheshwari a "flying star". However, he lost the trophy to Teriya Magar and Salman Yusuff Khan and became the 2nd runner-up.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: In 2017, he starred in a short film "Something Like Love" which marked his foray into the digital cinema. Maheshwari participated in "" which was shot in Spain and hosted by Bollywood director Rohit Shetty. He was the most consistent performer and got in the danger zone for the fewest times. Rohit Shetty called him the "silent killer" of the show. He won the show by beating Hina Khan and Ravi Dubey in the finale.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Along with his dance crew Desi Hoppers, Maheshwari was invited to perform an exhibition act at the "World of Dance" 2017 finals in Los Angeles.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: The crew also went on to perform at "Asian Battleground", a cross-national dance reality show shot in Malaysia. Among the twelve dance crews that participated in the competition, Desi Hoppers came 3rd in the showcase rankings and were a part of the top 4 finalists that advanced for the face-off round.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: In 2018, Maheshwari hosted MTV India's episodic series "Love on the Run". Maheshwari then along with his crew Desi Hoppers participated in the world's biggest dance reality show World of Dance (TV series) and in doing so they became the first-ever Indian dance crew to represent India on such a big platform. They received high praise from judges Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo and Derek Hough who loved their unique style and fusion of hip-hop with Indian culture. They also scored an impressive 96 to qualify for the next round which was also the highest score in round one. Maheshwari launched the spring collection of Lee Cooper with #MasterofDenim look. He also gained popularity as the host of Zee TV's reality show India's Best Dramebaaz, which later won the Favorite Non-Fiction Show award at Zee Rishtey Awards.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Along with his crew, Desi Hoppers, Maheshwari gave special performances at the University of Oxford, UK, as part of a social entrepreneur summit with the likes of Academy Award winner Chiwetel Ejiofor, Grammy award winner Sarah McLachlan and chief international anchor for CNN, Christiane Amanpour present. Maheshwari has also given numerous stage performances on "Indian Television Academy Awards", "Radio Mirchi Top 20" & "Golden Petal Awards" on Colors TV,"&TV It's Diwali", "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India", DID Li'l Masters (Season 4 Finale) & Gold Awards on Zee TV, "Adbhut Ganesh Utsav" and "Dandiya Nights" over the years.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Owing to his influence on aspiring youth, IIMUN invited Shantanu to be one of the motivational speakers of IIMUN championship conference MUNCLAVE 2019. Shantanu along with Desi Hoppers has choreographed and directed dance performances for the Zee TV show "Yeh Teri Galiyan". Shantanu also appeared in a promotional video by Netflix for The Umbrella Academy (TV series) with Tiku Talsania, Supriya Pilgaonkar and Kubbra Sait. His third music video composed by Qaran and sung by Ash King on Sony Music India named "Haaye Oye" featuring Elli Avram opposite him, crossed 45 million views on YouTube within two weeks and trended on various music platforms. He has performed the character of "Abir Basu" in Ekta Kapoor's web series Medically Yours. The web series fetched a 8.8 IMDb rating and Shantanu's performance was much appreciated. He received Likee's Digital Influencer award as the Youth Icon of the year for the same. He along with his partner became the finalist of Nach Baliye season-9.


title: Shantanu Maheshwari

text: Maheshwari starred opposite Alia Bhatt in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's "Gangubai Kathiawadi in 2022." The film marks his debut in Bollywood.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: Randi Jayne Zuckerberg (born February 28, 1982) is an American businesswoman. She is the former director of market development and spokesperson for Facebook, and a sister of the company's co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg. Prior to working at Facebook, she was a panelist on "Forbes on Fox". As of May 2014, she is founder and CEO of Zuckerberg Media, editor-in-chief (EIC) of Dot Complicated, a digital lifestyle website, and creator of "Dot.", an animated television show about a young girl (the eponymous Dot) who uses technology to enhance both her educational experiences and recreational activities.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: After graduating from Harvard, Randi Zuckerberg worked for two years in marketing for advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather. She has stated in articles and interviews that to her it was a dream job in which she enjoyed the work and was on a good track for professional advancement.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: In late 2004, Randi's brother Mark asked her to join him at his startup Facebook, which he said was understaffed with people willing to travel and who could explain his vision. Randi took a position that required relocation and a cut in pay but with stock options. She has stated that she initially thought this was a temporary position that might last six months. Once she was in Silicon Valley and part of the innovation-driven community, she became fascinated with the possibilities and remained for ten years.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: Ranked among 50 "Digital Power Players" by "The Hollywood Reporter" in 2010, Zuckerberg organized, and was also a correspondent for the ABC News/Facebook and Republican Party U.S. presidential primaries debates in 2008.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: Zuckerberg told the "Wall Street Journal" that her Facebook journalist team was treated at the DNC "like rock stars".


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: In August 2011, Zuckerberg resigned from Facebook and announced her new social media firm, named "Zuckerberg Media". Since starting Zuckerberg Media, Randi has produced shows and digital content for BeachMint, the Clinton Global Initiative, Cirque du Soleil, the United Nations, Condé Nast and Bravo.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: Zuckerberg appeared on the "Today Show" on January 26, 2016 in a segment entitled "2016 Netiquette" in which she discussed modern day etiquette on the Internet.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: In the cartoon adaptation of "Dot." she voices the character "Ms. Randi", Dot's music teacher who organizes the children's choir at the community center.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: In December 2021, Zuckerberg was brought on as an inaugural brand advisory council member with Okcoin crypto exchange in the company's initiative to bring more women into the cryptocurrency market.


title: Randi Zuckerberg

text: In 2011, Zuckerberg advocated for the abolition of anonymity on the Internet to protect children and young adults from cyberbullying. She explained how anonymity is protective for perpetrators.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: The execution of Charles I by beheading occurred on Tuesday, 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting House on Whitehall. The execution was the culmination of political and military conflicts between the royalists and the parliamentarians in England during the English Civil War, leading to the capture and trial of Charles I, the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. On Saturday 27 January 1649, the parliamentarian High Court of Justice had declared Charles guilty of attempting to "uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people" and he was sentenced to death by beheading.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Charles spent his last few days in St James's Palace, accompanied by his most loyal subjects and visited by his family. On 30 January, he was taken to a large black scaffold constructed in front of the Banqueting House, where he was to be executed. A large crowd had gathered to witness the regicide. Charles stepped onto the scaffold and gave his last speech, declaring his innocence of the crimes of which parliament had accused him, and claiming himself as a "martyr of the people". The crowd could not hear the speech, owing to the many parliamentarian guards blocking the scaffold, but Charles' companion, Bishop William Juxon, recorded it in shorthand. Charles gave a few last words to Juxon, claiming his "incorruptible crown" in Heaven, and put his head on the block. He waited a few moments, and after giving a signal that he was ready, the anonymous executioner beheaded Charles with a single blow and held Charles' head up to the crowd silently, dropping it into the swarm of soldiers soon after.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: The execution has been described as one of the most significant and controversial events in English history. Some view it as the martyrdom of an innocent man, with Restoration historian Edward Hyde describing "a year of reproach and infamy above all years which had passed before it; a year of the highest dissimulation and hypocrisy, of the deepest villainy and most bloody treasons that any nation was ever cursed with" and the Tory Isaac D'Israeli writing of Charles as "having received the axe with the same collectedness of thought and died with the majesty with which he had lived", dying a "civil and political" martyr to Britain. Still others view it as a vital step towards democracy in Britain, with the prosecutor of Charles I, John Cook, declaring that it "pronounced sentence not only against one tyrant but against tyranny itself" and Whig historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner, who wrote that "with Charles' death the main obstacle to the establishment of a constitutional system had been removed. [...] The monarchy, as Charles understood it, had disappeared forever".


title: Execution of Charles I

text: The execution was set to be carried out on 30 January 1649. On 28 January, the king was moved from the Palace of Whitehall to St James's Palace, likely to avoid the noise of the scaffold being set up outside the Banqueting House (at its rear side on the street of Whitehall). Charles spent the day praying with the Bishop of London, William Juxon.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: On 29 January, Charles burnt his personal papers and ciphered correspondence. He had not seen his children for 15 months, so the parliamentarians allowed him to talk to his two youngest children, Elizabeth and Henry, for one last time. He instructed the 14-year-old Elizabeth to be faithful to "true Protestant religion" and to tell her mother that "his thoughts had never strayed from her". He instructed the 10-year-old Henry to "not be made a king" by the Parliamentarians, being that many suspected they would install Henry as a puppet king. Charles divided his jewels among the children, leaving him with only his George (an enameled figure of St. George, worn as a part of the ceremonial dress of the Order of the Garter). Charles spent his last night restless, only going to sleep at 2 a.m.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Charles awoke early on the day of his execution. He began dressing at 5 a.m. in fine clothes, all black, and his blue Garter sash. His preparation lasted until dawn. He instructed the Gentleman of the Bedchamber, Thomas Herbert, on what would be done with the few possessions he had left. He requested one extra shirt from Herbert, so that the crowd gathered would not see him shiver from the cold and mistake it for cowardice. Before leaving, Juxon gave Charles the Blessed Sacrament, so that Charles would not faint out of hunger on the scaffold. At 10 a.m., Colonel Francis Hacker instructed Charles to go to Whitehall, ready for his execution. At noon, Charles drank a glass of claret wine and ate a piece of bread.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: A large crowd had amassed outside the Banqueting House, where the platform for Charles' execution was set up. The platform was draped in black and staples had been driven into the wood for ropes to be run through if Charles needed to be restrained. The execution block was so low that the king would have had to prostrate himself to place his head on the block, a submissive pose as compared to kneeling before the block. The executioners of Charles were hidden behind face masks and wigs to prevent identification.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Just before 2 p.m., Colonel Hacker called Charles to the scaffold. Charles came through the window of the Banqueting Hall to the scaffold in what Herbert described as "the saddest sight England ever saw". Charles saw the crowd and realised that the barrier of guards prevented the crowd from hearing any speech he would make, so he addressed his speech to Juxon and the regicide Matthew Thomlinson—the former of whom recorded the speech in shorthand. He declared his innocence from the crimes parliament accused him of, his faithfulness to Christianity and that Parliament had been the cause of all the wars before him. He called himself "a martyr of the people"—claiming he would be killed for their rights.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Charles asked Juxon for his silk nightcap to put on, so that the executioner would not be troubled by his hair. He turned to Juxon and declared he "would go from a corruptible crown to an incorruptible crown"—claiming his perceived righteous place in Heaven. Charles gave Juxon his George, sash, and cloak—uttering one cryptic word: "remember". Charles laid his neck out on the block and asked the executioner to wait for his signal to behead him. A moment passed and Charles gave the signal; the executioner beheaded him in one clean blow.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: The executioner silently held up Charles' head to the spectators. He did not utter the customary cry of "Behold the head of a traitor!" either from inexperience or fear of identification. According to the royalist Philip Henry, the crowd let out a loud groan—a 17-year-old Henry writing of "such a groan [...] as I never heard before and I desire I may never hear again"—though such a groan is not reported by any other contemporary account of the execution. The executioner dropped the king's head into the crowd and the soldiers swarmed around it, dipping their handkerchiefs in his blood and cutting off locks of his hair. The body was then put in a coffin and covered with black velvet. It was temporarily placed in the king's former 'lodging chamber' within Whitehall.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: The identities of the executioner of Charles I and his assistant were never revealed to the public, with crude face masks and wigs hiding them at the execution, and they were probably only known to Oliver Cromwell and a few of his colleagues. The clean cut on Charles' head and the fact the executioner held up Charles' head after the execution suggests the executioner was experienced in the use of an axe, though the fact the executioner did not call out "Behold the head of a traitor!" could suggest that he was inexperienced in the public execution of traitors, or that he simply feared identification from his voice.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: There was much speculation among the public on the identity of the executioner, with several contradictory identifications appearing in the popular press. These included Richard Brandon, William Hulet, William Walker, Hugh Peter, George Joyce, John Bigg, Gregory Brandon and even—as one French report alleged—Cromwell and Fairfax themselves. Though many of these proved to be unfounded rumours (the accusations of Gregory Brandon, Cromwell, and Fairfax were entirely ahistorical), some may have been accurate.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Colonel John Hewson was given the task of finding an executioner and he offered 40 soldiers the position of executioner or assistant in exchange for £100 and quick promotion, though none came forward immediately. It has been suggested that one of these soldiers later accepted the job, the most probable candidate among the men being Hulet. Shortly after the execution Hulet received a prominent and swift promotion and he was not seen to be present on the day of Charles' execution. His alibi consisted of the claim he was imprisoned on the day for refusing the position, though this seems to conflict with his promotion soon after. William Hulet was tried as the executioner in October 1660, upon the Restoration, and he was sentenced to death for his supposed part in the execution. This sentence was soon overturned and Hulet was pardoned after some exculpatory evidence was presented to the judge.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Overall, the most likely candidate for the executioner was Richard Brandon, the common hangman at the time of Charles' execution. He would have been experienced, explaining the clean cut, and he is reported to have received £30 around the time of the execution. He was also the executioner of other royalists before, and after, Charles' execution—including William Laud and Lord Capel. Despite this, Brandon denied being the executioner throughout his life, and a contemporary letter claims that he refused a parliamentarian offer of £200 to perform the execution. A tract published shortly after Brandon's death, "The Confession of Richard Brandon", claims to contain a deathbed confession of Brandon to the execution of Charles, though it attracted little attention in its time and is now regarded as a forgery.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Of the other suggested candidates: Peter had prominently advocated for Charles' death but was absent from his execution, though he was reported to have been kept at home through illness. Joyce was a loyal fanatic of Cromwell and had, earlier in the war, captured the king from Holdenby House. William Walker was a parliamentarian soldier who, according to local tradition, had confessed to the regicide several times. Bigg was a clerk of the regicide Simon Mayne and later hermit who, according to local tradition, became a hermit shortly after the Restoration out of fear for being tried as the executioner.


title: Execution of Charles I

text: On his execution day, the reports of Charles' last actions were fitting for his later portrayal as a martyr – as biographer Geoffrey Robertson put it, he "played the martyr's part almost to perfection". This was certainly no accident, a flurry of royalist reports overstated the horror of the crowd and the biblical innocence of Charles in his execution. Even Charles showed planning for his future martyrdom: apparently delighted that the biblical passage to be read upon the day of his execution was Matthew's account of the Crucifixion. He had hinted to his cousin, the Duke of Hamilton, in 1642:


title: Execution of Charles I

text: In the opinion of Daniel P. Klein: "Charles was a defeated and humiliated king in 1649. Yet by tying his trial to Christ's, the King was able to lay claim to martyrdom, connecting his defeated political cause with religious truth."


title: Execution of Charles I

text: Almost immediately after Charles was executed, the supposed meditations and autobiography of Charles, , began to circulate in England. The book gained massive popularity in a short time, going into twenty editions by the first month of its publication, and has been named by Philip A. Knachel "the most widely read, widely discussed work of royalist propaganda to issue from the English Civil War". The book presented Charles' supposed meditations on the events of his kingship and his justifications for his past actions, widely disseminating the view of Charles as the pious "martyr of the people" he had declared himself. It aggravated the fervor of the royalists in the wake of Charles' execution and their high praise led to the wide circulation of the book; some sections even put into verse and music for the uneducated and illiterate of the population. John Milton described it as "the chiefe strength and nerves of their [royalist] cause".