title: Beyoncé (album)

text: The album's exploration of sexuality was particularly well received by reviewers. "The New York Times" chief critic Jon Pareles described the tracks as "steamy and sleek, full of erotic exploits and sultry vocals" noting that "every so often, for variety, they turn vulnerable, compassionate or pro-feminist". Caitlin White, writing for "The 405", characterized "Beyoncé" as a feminist text. She noted that the tracks demonstrate Beyoncé's desire to retain complete sexual agency, while also forgoing the expectations of pop songcraft by placing female pleasure at the forefront unquestioningly. Robert Christgau admired the album's "sex sequence" of songs, where for "over seven well-differentiated tracks", Beyoncé "performs the unlikely feat of conveying an open-ended eroticism that varies because [she] knows eroticism does, for each of us in our individual responses as well as for her". PopMatters' David Amidon similarly praised the album's honest, highly sexual nature, observing it was "her first attempt at bridging an audience, making music that makes the men want to hear what she has to say and the women feel like they can say it to men as well".


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: Other reviews recognized that the album eschewed contemporary R&B in favor of more experimental compositions. "Pitchfork" writer Carrie Battan of the same publication wrote that Beyoncé was "exploring sounds and ideas at the grittier margins of popular music" and rejecting "traditional pop structures in favor of atmosphere". "Spin"s Anupa Mistry felt it was "more textured than its predecessors in both sound and content", and applauded the singer's transition to a maturer sound of "big-hook message pop, multi-directional, mood-shifting suites and delicately resonant R&B ballads". Noting the lack of "guaranteed hits", "NME" believed that the "low-key, moody production throws the spotlight on the words and the images brought to play" and described it as her most experimental work to date. "Rolling Stone"s pop critic Rob Sheffield found "Beyoncé"s boldness among its best attributes, believing the album is at its "strongest when it goes for full-grown electro soul with an artsy boho edge". Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" highlighted a desire to push creative boundaries among the tracks and admired "how the music similarly blends the intimate and the extravagant", while "Entertainment Weekly" writer Nick Catucci concluded that the album was characterized by "clashing impulses—between strength and escape, megapop and fresh sounds, big messages and resonant lyrics".


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: Praise was also reserved for Beyoncé's vocal performance. "The Telegraph"s Neil McCormick declared Beyoncé as "one of the most technically gifted vocalists in pop" favoring her "gospel power, hip-hop flow and [huge] range". He was particularly complimentary of the vocal restraint displayed across the tracks that was absent from previous releases. Kitty Empire of "The Observer" noted the diverseness of her vocals on the album's up-tempo songs and found the singer ranging between "squeaky sexed-up falsettos, hood rat rapping, wordless ecstasies and effortless swoops". "Clash" regarded her voice most effective on the album's ballads, where they commented on how diversely her vocals conveyed feelings of love and described her "power and control [as] breathtaking".


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: Despite being released in December when several publications had completed their year-end lists, "Beyoncé" was ranked the best album of the year by "Billboard", "Houston Chronicle" and "Los Angeles Times", while "Spin" ranked it the best R&B album of the year. As of January 2015, "Billboard" also named "Beyoncé" as the second best album of the first half of the 2010s. The album was ranked within the top ten on lists by Associated Press, HitFix, MTV News, Club Fonograma and Digital Spy. "Beyoncé" was ranked at number eleven on Metacritic's twenty-five best-reviewed albums of 2013. On the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year's best in music, the album was ranked at number four. Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it eighteenth on his own year-end list. Some publications included "Beyoncé" on their 2014 lists, and it was deemed the best album of the year by "Vibe", Pretty Much Amazing and Nate Chinen of "The New York Times". "Consequence of Sound" listed the effort as the eighteenth best one from 2014 and "Tiny Mix Tapes", the fortieth one. "Pitchfork" named "Beyoncé" the fourteenth best album of the decade (2010–2014) so far; "Fact" listed the album as the ninth best one from the same period.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: "Beyoncé" was included in best-of lists of the 2010s decade by several publications, including "Pitchfork" (3rd), "The Associated Press" (3rd), "Stereogum" (7th), "Billboard" (11th), "Rolling Stone" (26th), "Consequence of Sound" (79th), "NME" (55th), "Uproxx" (33rd), "Tiny Mix Tapes" (35th)," Paste" (40th) and "Spex" (57th).


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: "Spin" considered the album the thirty-eighth best one of the past thirty years (1985–2014) and "Q" named it one of the greatest albums of the past thirty years. On "Rolling Stone"'s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, "Beyoncé" was placed at number 81, citing the album's "musical scope and feminist outreach" and adding that it "proved that nobody else was on her level". "The Guardian" included the project at number 9 on their ranking of the 100 best albums of the 21st century. "Beyoncé" was also included on the 2016 update of the "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". "Consequence of Sound" named the album the 37th best one of the last 15 years (2007-2022).


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: The album was nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards (2015), including Album of the Year, Best Urban Contemporary Album, Best Surround Sound Album and Best R&B Song and Best R&B Performance for "Drunk in Love", winning the latter three. In a recreation of an infamous incident at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Kanye West briefly appeared on stage during the presentation of the Album of the Year award to Becks "Morning Phase" (2014) in protest of "Beyoncé" not winning. While it initially appeared to be a joke as West returned to his seat, he said in comments following the ceremony that Beck "needs to respect artistry and he should have given his award to Beyoncé". He later apologized for his comments.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, Beyoncé was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award for her work on the visual album, performing a sixteen-minute medley of its songs. Van Tofler, president and CEO of Viacom, noted that their choice for the Vanguard Award was influenced by this project, saying, "when [she] put out the record and the way she did it in such a visual way, she was the most obvious choice". She won a further three awards, Best Collaboration for "Drunk in Love", and Best Cinematography and Best Video with a Social Message for "Pretty Hurts". The album was nominated for World's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards and Album of the Year at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards Japan. It also received two nominations at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top "Billboard" 200 Album and Top R&B Album, while "Drunk in Love" was nominated for Top R&B Song. At the 2014 mtvU Woodie Awards, "Beyoncé" won in the category Did It My Way Woodie, awarded for the album's release strategy. It won in the category for Album of the Year at the 2014 Soul Train Music Awards and Favorite Soul/R&B Album at the American Music Awards of 2014.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: During its first day of release in the United States, "Beyoncé" sold 80,000 units in three hours and a total of 430,000 digital copies within 24 hours. In its second day, the album sold 120,000 units, which brought its two-day sales total to 550,000. "Billboard" predicted it to sell around 600,000 digital copies by the end of the tracking week on December 15, 2013. "Beyoncé" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, with three-day sales of 617,213 digital copies. This gave Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album, making her the first female artist to have her first five studio albums debut atop the chart, beating Britney Spears' record of four in a row. It also became the largest debut sales week for a female artist in 2013, and the highest debut sales week of her solo career. The album also gave her the three largest sales weeks by any female and she became the only female to sell 300,000 copies within a week in 2013 and became the first person in the 2010s to score 300,000 copies in each of its first 3 weeks. "Beyoncé" marks the fourth-largest sales week of an album during 2013, behind Justin Timberlake's "The 20/20 Experience", Eminem's "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" and Drake's "Nothing Was the Same".


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: In its second week, the album remained at number one, selling an additional 374,000 copies. Ten days after its release, "Beyoncé" had sold 991,000 copies in the US, making it the best-selling album by a female artist in 2013. A third week at number-one with sales of 310,000 copies brought the album's US sales to 1.3 million after 17 days of release, positioning it as the eighth-best-selling album of the year, and the first to enter the year-end top 10 based on just three weeks of sales availability in the Nielsen SoundScan era. In its fourth week, sales reached 1.43 million, surpassing the total sales of Beyoncé's previous album, "4", which was released in 2011 and had sold 1.39 million in total in the two years since its release. Following Beyoncé performing at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, sales of the album in the US increased by 181%. The record sold 878,000 copies in the US in 2014 alone, becoming the sixth-best-selling album of the year. As of August 2022, "Beyoncé" has been certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the sale of five million units, and all fourteen tracks are certified gold or higher for the sale of 500,000 units, making it the fourth female album in history to have all its tracks RIAA certified.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: On December 16, Apple Inc. announced that "Beyoncé" was the fastest selling album in the history of the iTunes Store, both in the United States and worldwide. It sold 828,773 digital copies worldwide in its first three days, and topped the iTunes Store charts in one-hundred-and-four countries. Six days after its release, "Beyoncé" had sold one million digital copies on iTunes Stores worldwide. "Beyoncé" debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart on December 15, with two-day sales of 67,858 digital copies. The Official Charts Company's chief executive Martin Talbot noted that "few (if any) albums have sold as many digital copies in such a short space of time." In its fifth week, the album climbed to a new peak of number two. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on February 7, 2014, denoting shipments of 300,000 copies. As of April 2016, "Beyoncé" has sold 505,000 copies in the United Kingdom. On August 3, 2018, "Beyoncé" was certified double platinum by the BPI, denoting shipments of 600,000.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: The album entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number one, with 35,000 digital copies sold. It debuted at number twenty-four on the French Albums Chart with two-days sales of 12,100 digital copies, and peaked at number thirteen in its fifth week. The album debuted atop the Dutch Albums Chart, giving Beyoncé her first number-one album in the Netherlands. In Australia, "Beyoncé" entered the ARIA Albums Chart at number two, with first-week sales of 31,102 digital copies. The album topped the chart in its third week, becoming Beyoncé's first number-one album in Australia. It spent three consecutive weeks at number one and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipping 70,000 copies. In New Zealand, "Beyoncé" debuted at number two and was certified gold by Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ) for sales of 7,500 copies; it was later certified platinum. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), within the last nineteen days of 2013, the album sold 2.3 million units worldwide, becoming the tenth-best-selling album of 2013. The album also went on to become the 20th-best-selling album of 2014. Worldwide, "Beyoncé" sold more thn five million copies as of November 2016 and has generated over 1 billion streams as of March 2015.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: In 2014, "Beyoncé" was ranked as the second-most popular album of the year on the "Billboard" 200 only behind Disney's "Frozen" soundtrack.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: According to "Billboard", as of 2022, "Beyoncé" is one of the 15 best-performing 21st-century albums without any of its singles being number-one hits on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The surprising release of "Beyoncé" caused "hilarious, honest and hysterical" reaction among Beyoncé's fans, and "shock" among other musicians in an effect coined as "Beyoncé Syndrome" by the "BBC". According to data provided by Twitter, the release generated over 1.2 million tweets in twelve hours.


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: "Rolling Stone"s Rob Sheffield wrote: "The whole project is a celebration of the Beyoncé Philosophy, which boils down to the fact that Beyoncé can do anything the hell she wants to." Peter Robinson of "The Guardian" hailed the shock release as "Beyoncégeddon", describing it as "a masterclass in both exerting and relinquishing control". Henry Knight for the "BBC" said "Beyoncé's self-titled album not only proved innovative musically, it rewrote the business model of the industry." "Forbes" Zack O'Malley Greenburg included Beyoncé on his "Music Industry Winners 2013" list, noting that the singer "didn't make use of any of the perks of [being signed to a large record label]—the "machine" we're told is so necessary. There was no radio promotion, no single, no advance press of any kind". The marketing strategy of releasing an album with little or no notice was the subject of a case study at Harvard University School of Business. Beyoncé is credited with the popularization of the surprise album, and the act of releasing a project without prior announcement has subsequently been executed by many artists, including Drake, Kanye West, Kendrick Lamar, and Eminem. Canadian musician Grimes named "Beyoncé" as one of the albums that changed her life, saying that it "revitalized the art of the album" for her".


title: Beyoncé (album)

text: After the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) announced Friday as the global record release day, "Billboard"s Andrew Flanagan thought the album release was among the influencing points in the decision, writing: "After seven months of semi-public back-and-forth, a conversation instigated in part by Aussie piracy and Beyonce's surprise release in December 2013 has resulted in the global recording industry accepting Friday as the release date for new albums." "Time" named Beyoncé as one of the most influential people of 2014 due to the album release, writing: "In December, she took the world by surprise when she released a new album, complete with videos, and announced it on Facebook and Instagram. "Beyoncé" shattered music-industry rules – and sales records".


title: Kashrut

text: ' (also ' or , ) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher ( in English, ), from the Ashkenazic pronunciation (KUHsher) of the Hebrew (), meaning "fit" (in this context: "fit for consumption").


title: Kashrut

text: While any produce that grows from the earth, such as fruits, grains, vegetables and mushrooms, is always permissible, laws regarding the status of certain agricultural produce, especially that grown in the Land of Israel, such as tithes and produce of the Sabbatical year, impact their permissibility for consumption.


title: Kashrut

text: Most of the basic laws of are derived from the Torah's books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Their details and practical application, however, are set down in the Oral Torah (eventually codified in the Mishnah and Talmud) and elaborated on in the later rabbinical literature. Although the Torah does not state the rationale for most laws, some suggest that they are only tests of obedience, while others have suggested philosophical, practical and hygienic reasons.


title: Kashrut

text: Over the past century, many certification agencies have started to certify products, manufacturers, and restaurants as kosher, usually authorizing the use of a proprietary symbol or certificate, called a , to be displayed by the food establishment or on the product, which indicates that they are in compliance with the kosher laws. This labeling is useful for many people, including those whose religions expect adherence to a similar set of dietary laws, people with allergies to dairy foods, or vegans, who use the various kosher designations to determine whether a food contains meat or dairy-derived ingredients.


title: Kashrut

text: The laws of Kashrut are a major area covered in traditional Rabbinic Ordination; see and . And numerous scholarly and popular works exist on these topics, covering both practice and theory.


title: Kashrut

text: Jewish philosophy divides the 613 commandments (or ) into three groups—laws that have a rational explanation and would probably be enacted by most orderly societies (), laws that are understood after being explained but would not be legislated without the Torah's command (), and laws that do not have a rational explanation ().


title: Kashrut

text: Some Jewish scholars say that should be categorized as laws for which there is no particular explanation since the human mind is not always capable of understanding divine intentions. In this line of thinking, the dietary laws were given as a demonstration of God's authority, and man must obey without asking why. Although Maimonides concurs that all the statutes of the Torah are decrees, he is of the view that whenever possible, one should seek out reasons for the Torah's commandments.


title: Kashrut

text: Some theologians have said that the laws of are symbolic in character: kosher animals represent virtues, while non-kosher animals represent vices. The 1st-century BCE Letter of Aristeas argues that the laws "have been given [...] to awake pious thoughts and to form the character". This view reappears in the work of the 19th-century Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.


title: Kashrut

text: The Torah prohibits "cooking the kid (goat, sheep, calf) in its mother's milk". While the Torah does not provide a reason, it has been suggested that the practice was perceived as cruel and insensitive.


title: Kashrut

text: Hasidic Judaism believes that everyday life is imbued with channels connecting with Divinity, the activation of which it sees as helping the Divine Presence to be drawn into the physical world; Hasidism argues that the food laws are related to the way such channels, termed 'sparks of holiness'


title: Kashrut

text: ', interact with various animals. These 'sparks of holiness' are released whenever a Jew manipulates any object for a 'holy reason' (which includes eating); however, not all animal products are capable of releasing their 'sparks of holiness'. The Hasidic argument is that animals are imbued with signs that reveal the release of these sparks, and the signs are expressed in the biblical categorization of ritually 'clean' and ritually 'unclean'.


title: Kashrut

text: Although the reason for is that it is a decree from the Torah, there have been attempts to provide scientific support for the view that Jewish food laws have an incidental health benefit. One of the earliest is that of Maimonides in "The Guide for the Perplexed".


title: Kashrut

text: In 1953, David Macht, an Orthodox Jew and proponent of the theory of biblical scientific foresight, conducted toxicity experiments on many kinds of animals and fish. His experiment involved lupin seedlings being supplied with extracts from the meat of various animals; Macht reported that in 100% of cases, extracts from ritually 'unclean' meat inhibited the seedling's growth more than that from ritually 'clean' meats.


title: Kashrut

text: At the same time, these explanations are controversial. Scholar Lester L. Grabbe, writing in the "Oxford Bible Commentary" on Leviticus, says "[a]n explanation now almost universally rejected is that the laws in this section have hygiene as their basis. Although some of the laws of ritual purity roughly correspond to modern ideas of physical cleanliness, many of them have little to do with hygiene. For example, there is no evidence that the 'unclean' animals are intrinsically bad to eat or to be avoided in a Mediterranean climate, as is sometimes asserted."


title: Kashrut

text: The laws of can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition (Biblical or rabbinical) and whether the prohibition concerns the food itself or a mixture of foods.


title: Kashrut

text: Only meat from particular species is permissible. Mammals that both chew their cud (ruminate) and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax, and the hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded.


title: Kashrut

text: In 2008, a rabbinical ruling determined that giraffes and their milk are eligible to be considered kosher. The giraffe has both split hooves and chews its cud, characteristics of animals considered kosher. Findings from 2008 show that giraffe milk curdles, meeting kosher standards. Although kosher, the giraffe is not slaughtered today because the process would be very costly. Giraffes are difficult to restrain, and their use for food could cause the species to become endangered.


title: Kashrut

text: Non-kosher birds are listed outright in the Torah, but the exact zoological references are disputed and some references refer to families of birds (24 are mentioned). The Mishnah refers to four signs provided by the sages. First, a (predatory bird) is not kosher. Additionally, kosher birds possess three physical characteristics: an extra toe in the back (which does not join the other toes in supporting the leg), a (crop), and a (gizzard) with a peelable lumen. However, individual Jews are barred from merely applying these regulations alone; an established tradition () is necessary to allow birds to be consumed, even if it can be substantiated that they meet all four criteria. The only exception to this is the turkey. There was a time when certain authorities considered the signs sufficient, so Jews started eating this bird without a because it possesses all the signs () in Hebrew.


title: Kashrut

text: Fish must have fins and scales to be kosher. Shellfish and other non-fish water fauna are not kosher. (See kosher species of fish.) Insects are not kosher, except for certain species of kosher locust. Any animal that eats other animals, whether they kill their food or eat carrion, is generally not kosher, as well as any animal that has been partially eaten by other animals.


title: Kashrut

text: Meat and milk (or derivatives) may not be mixed in the sense that meat and dairy products are not served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together.


title: Kashrut

text: Observant Jews have separate sets of dishes, and sometimes different kitchens, for meat and milk, and wait anywhere between one and six hours after eating meat before consuming milk products. The and (literally "milky" and "meaty") utensils and dishes are the commonly referred-to Yiddish delineations between dairy and meat ones, respectively.


title: Kashrut

text: Shelomo Dov Goitein writes, "the dichotomy of the kitchen into a meat and a milk section, so basic in an observant Jewish household, is […] never mentioned in the Geniza." Goitein believed that in the early Middle Ages Jewish families kept only one set of cutlery and cooking ware. According to David C. Kraemer, the practice of keeping separate sets of dishes developed only in the late 14th and 15th centuries. It is possible observant Jews before then waited overnight for the meat or dairy gravy absorbed in a pot's walls to become insignificant () before using the pot for the other foodstuff (meat or dairy).


title: Kashrut

text: Mammals and fowl must be slaughtered by a trained individual (a ) using a special method of slaughter, . slaughter severs the jugular vein, carotid artery, esophagus, and trachea in a single continuous cutting movement with an unserrated, sharp knife. Failure of any of these criteria renders the meat of the animal non-kosher.


title: Kashrut

text: The body of the slaughtered animal must be checked after slaughter to confirm that the animal had no medical condition or defect that would have caused it to die of its own accord within a year, which would make the meat unsuitable.


title: Kashrut

text: These conditions () include 70 different categories of injuries, diseases, and abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non-kosher.


title: Kashrut

text: It is forbidden to consume certain parts of the animal, such as certain fats () and the sciatic nerves from the legs, the process of excision being done by experts before the meat is sold.


title: Kashrut

text: As much blood as possible must be removed through the process; this is usually done through soaking and salting the meat, but the liver, as it is rich in blood, is grilled over an open flame.


title: Kashrut

text: Fish (and kosher locusts, for those who follow the traditions permitting them) must be killed before being eaten, but no particular method has been specified in Jewish law. Legal aspects of ritual slaughter are governed not only by Jewish law but civil law as well.


title: Kashrut

text: Some believe that this ensures the animal dies instantly without unnecessary suffering, but many animal rights activists view the process as cruel, claiming that the animal may not lose consciousness immediately, and activists have called for it to be banned.


title: Kashrut

text: When an animal is ritually slaughtered () the raw meat is traditionally cut, rinsed and salted, prior to cooking. Salting of raw meat draws out the blood that lodges on the inner surface of the meat. The salting is done with coarse grain salt, commonly referred to as kosher salt, after which the meat is laid over a grating or colander to allow for drainage, remaining so for the duration of time that it takes to walk one biblical mile (approximately 18–24 minutes). Afterwards, the residue of salt is rinsed away with water, and the meat cooked.


title: Kashrut

text: Some Orthodox Jewish communities require the additional stricture of submersing raw meat in boiling water prior to cooking it, a practice known as (), "blanching." This was believed to constrict the blood lodged within the meat, to prevent it from oozing out when the meat was eaten. The raw meat is left in the pot of boiling water for as long as it takes for the meat to whiten on its outer layer.


title: Kashrut

text: If someone wanted to use the water for soup after making in the same pot, they could simply scoop out the film, froth and scum that surface in the boiling water.


title: Kashrut

text: Utensils used for non-kosher foods become non-kosher, and make even otherwise kosher food prepared with them non-kosher.


title: Kashrut

text: Some such utensils, depending on the material they are made from, can be made suitable for preparing kosher food again by immersion in boiling water or by the application of a blowtorch.


title: Kashrut

text: Food prepared in a manner that violates the (Sabbath) may not be eaten; although in certain instances it is permitted after the is over.


title: Kashrut

text: Passover has stricter dietary rules, the most important of which is the prohibition on eating leavened bread or derivatives of this, which are known as . This prohibition is derived from Exodus 12:15.


title: Kashrut

text: Utensils used in preparing and serving are also forbidden on Passover unless they have been ritually cleansed ().


title: Kashrut

text: Observant Jews often keep separate sets of meat and dairy utensils for Passover use only. In addition, some groups follow various eating restrictions on Passover that go beyond the rules of , such as not eating , or garlic.


title: Kashrut

text: Biblical rules also control the use of agriculture produce, for example, with respect to their tithing, or when it is permitted to eat them or to harvest them, and what must be done to make them suitable for human consumption.


title: Kashrut

text: For produce grown in the Land of Israel a modified version of the biblical tithes must be applied, including , , , and (untithed produce is called ); the fruit of the first three years of a tree's growth or replanting are forbidden for eating or any other use as ; produce grown in the Land of Israel on the seventh year obtains , and unless managed carefully is forbidden as a violation of the (Sabbatical Year).


title: Kashrut

text: Some rules of are subject to different rabbinical opinions. For example, many hold that the rule against eating (new grain) before the 16th of the month Nisan does not apply outside the Land of Israel.


title: Kashrut

text: Although plants and minerals are nearly always kosher, vegetarian restaurants and producers of vegetarian foods are required to obtain a , certifying that a rabbinical organization has approved their products as being kosher, because the usually certifies that certain vegetables have been checked for insect infestation and steps have been taken to ensure that cooked food meets the requirements of . Vegetables such as spinach and cauliflower must be checked for insect infestation. The proper procedure for inspecting and cleaning varies by species, growing conditions, and views of individual rabbis.


title: Kashrut

text: A pareve food is one which is neither meat nor dairy. Fish fall into this category, as well as any food that is not animal-derived. Eggs are also considered pareve despite being an animal product.


title: Kashrut

text: Some processes convert a meat- or dairy-derived product into a pareve one. For example, rennet is sometimes made from stomach linings, yet is acceptable for making kosher cheese. Gelatins derived from kosher animal sources (which were ritually slaughtered) are also pareve. Other gelatin-like products from non-animal sources such as agar agar and carrageenan are pareve by nature. Fish gelatin, like all kosher fish products, is pareve.


title: Kashrut

text: Jewish law generally requires that bread be kept parve (i.e., not kneaded with meat or dairy products nor made on meat or dairy equipment).


title: Kashrut

text: For example, dairy manufacturing equipment can be cleaned well enough that the rabbis grant pareve status to products manufactured with it but someone with a strong allergic sensitivity to dairy products might still react to the dairy residue. This is why some products that are legitimately pareve carry "milk" warnings.


title: Kashrut

text: For cannabis grown in Israel, the plants must observe , but this does not apply to cannabis from elsewhere. At least one brand of cannabis edibles is certified to follow the laws of .


title: Kashrut

text: Although it is not a food product, some tobacco receives a year-long kosher for Passover certification. This year-long certification means that the tobacco is certified also for Passover where different restrictions may be in place. Tobacco may, for example, come into contact with some grains that are strictly forbidden during Passover and the certification is a guarantee that it is free from this type of contamination.


title: Kashrut

text: In Israel, this certification is given by a private rabbinic group Beit Yosef, but the Chief Rabbinate has objected to granting of any certification by rabbis because of health risks from tobacco.


title: Kashrut

text: With the advent of genetic engineering, a whole new type of food has been brought into the world, and scholars in both academia and Judaic faith have differing viewpoints on whether these new strains of foods are to be considered kosher or not. The first genetically modified animal approved by the FDA for human consumption is the AquAdvantage salmon and, while salmon is normally an acceptably kosher food, this modified organism has a gene from a non-kosher organism.


title: Kashrut

text: In 2015, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly released a document regarding genetically modified organisms, stating that modification of gene sequences via the introduction of foreign DNA in order to convey a specific capability in the new organism is allowable, that entirely new species should not be intentionally created, and that the health implications of genetically modified foods must be considered on an individual basis.


title: Kashrut

text: Some put forth that this intermixing of species is against the teachings of the Talmud and thus against Jewish Law and non-kosher. Others argue that the one in sixty parts law of is of significance, and that the foreign gene accounts for less than 1/60 of the animal and thus the modified salmon is kosher.


title: Kashrut

text: Certain foods must be prepared in whole or in part by Jews. This includes grape wine, certain cooked foods ("bishul akum"), cheese ("g'vinat akum"), and according to some also butter ("chem'at akum"), dairy products (Hebrew: חלב ישראל chalav Yisrael "milk of Israel"), and bread (Pas Yisroel).


title: Kashrut

text: Although reading the label of food products can identify obviously non-kosher ingredients, some countries allow manufacturers to omit identification of certain ingredients. Such "hidden" ingredients may include lubricants and flavorings, among other additives; in some cases, for instance, the use of "natural" flavorings, these ingredients are more likely to be derived from non-kosher substances. Furthermore, certain products, such as fish, have a high rate of mislabeling, which may result in a non-kosher fish being sold in a package labeled as a species of kosher fish.


title: Kashrut

text: Producers of foods and food additives can contact Jewish religious authorities to have their products certified as "kosher": this involves a visit to the manufacturing facilities by an individual rabbi or a committee from a rabbinic organization, who will inspect the production methods and contents and, if everything is sufficiently "kosher" a certificate would be issued.


title: Kashrut

text: Manufacturers sometimes identify the products that have received such certification by adding particular graphical symbols to the label. These symbols are known in Judaism as "hechsherim". Due to differences in "kashrut" standards held by different organizations, the "hechsheirim" of certain Jewish authorities may at times be considered invalid by other Jewish authorities. The certification marks of the various rabbis and organisations are too numerous to list, but one of the most commonly used in the United States of America is that of the Union of Orthodox Congregations, who use a "U" inside a circle ("O-U"), symbolising the initials of "Orthodox Union". In Britain, commonly used symbols are the "KLBD" logo of the London Beth Din and the "MK" logo of the Manchester Beth Din. A single "K" is sometimes used as a symbol for "kosher", but since many countries do not allow letters to be trademarked (the method by which other symbols are protected from misuse), it only indicates that the company producing the product claims that it is kosher.


title: Kashrut

text: Many of the certification symbols are accompanied by additional letters or words to indicate the category of the product, according to Jewish law; the categorization may conflict with legal classifications, especially in the case of food that Jewish law regards as "dairy", but legal classification does not.


title: Kashrut

text: In many cases constant supervision is required because, for various reasons such as changes in manufacturing processes, products that once were kosher may cease to be so. For example, a kosher lubricating oil may be replaced by one containing tallow, which many rabbinic authorities view as non-kosher. Such changes are often coordinated with the supervising rabbi or supervising organization to ensure that new packaging does not suggest any "hechsher" or "kashrut". In some cases, however, existing stocks of pre-printed labels with the "hechsher" may continue to be used on the now non-kosher product. An active grapevine among the Jewish community discusses which products are now questionable, as well as products which have become kosher but whose labels have yet to carry the "hechsher". Some newspapers and periodicals also discuss "kashrut" products.


title: Kashrut

text: Products labeled kosher-style are non-kosher products that have characteristics of kosher foods, such as all-beef hot dogs, or are flavored or prepared in a manner consistent with Ashkenazi practices, like dill pickles. The designation usually refers to delicatessen items.


title: Kashrut

text: Food producers often look to expand their markets or marketing potential, and offering kosher food has become a way to do that. The uniqueness of kosher food was advertised as early as 1849. In 1911 Procter & Gamble became the first company to advertise one of their products, Crisco, as kosher. Over the next two decades, companies such as Lender's Bagels, Maxwell House, Manischewitz, and Empire evolved and gave the kosher market more shelf-space. In the 1960s, Hebrew National hotdogs launched a "we answer to a higher authority" campaign to appeal to Jews and non-Jews alike. From that point on, "kosher" became a symbol for both quality and value. The kosher market quickly expanded, and with it more opportunities for kosher products. Menachem Lubinsky, founder of the Kosherfest trade fair, estimates as many as kosher consumers and in sales of kosher products in the U.S.A.


title: Kashrut

text: In 2014 the Israeli Defense Forces decided to allow female kosher supervisors to work in its kitchens on military bases, and the first women kosher inspectors were certified in Israel.


title: Kashrut

text: Advertising standards laws in many jurisdictions prohibit the use of the phrase "kosher" in a product's labeling unless the producer can show that the product conforms to Jewish dietary laws; however, different jurisdictions often define the legal qualifications for conforming to Jewish dietary laws differently. For example, in some places the law may require that a rabbi certify the "kashrut" nature, in others the rules of "kosher" are fully defined in law, and in others still it is sufficient that the manufacturer only believes that the product complies with Jewish dietary regulations. In several cases, laws restricting the use of the term "kosher" have later been determined to be illegal religious interference.


title: Kashrut

text: In the United States, the cost of certification for mass-produced items is typically minuscule and is usually more than offset by the advantages of being certified. In 1975 "The New York Times" estimated the cost per item for obtaining kosher certification at 6.5 millionths of a cent ($0.000000065) per item for a General Foods frozen-food item. According to a 2005 report by Burns & McDonnell, most U.S. national certifying agencies are non-profit, only charging for supervision and on-site work, for which the on-site supervisor "typically makes less per visit than an auto mechanic does per hour". However, re-engineering an existing manufacturing process can be costly. Certification usually leads to increased revenues by opening up additional markets to Jews who keep kosher, Muslims who keep halal, Seventh-day Adventists who keep the main laws of Kosher Diet, vegetarians, and the lactose-intolerant who wish to avoid dairy products (products that are reliably certified as "pareve" meet this criterion). The Orthodox Union, one of the largest "kashrut" organizations in the United States, claims that "when positioned next to a competing non-kosher brand, a kosher product will do better by 20%".


title: Kashrut

text: In some European Jewish communities, kosher supervision of meat includes a "tax" used to fund Jewish education in the community, which makes kosher meat more expensive than the cost of supervision alone would imply.


title: Kashrut

text: Many Jews partially observe "kashrut," by abstaining from pork or shellfish or by not drinking milk with meat dishes. Some keep kosher at home but eat in non-kosher restaurants. In 2012, one analysis of the specialty food market in North America estimated that only 15% of kosher consumers were Jewish. Kosher meat is regularly consumed by Muslims when "halal" is not available. Muslims, Hindus, and people with allergies to dairy foods often consider the "kosher-pareve" designation as an assurance that a food contains no animal-derived ingredients, including milk and all of its derivatives. However, since "kosher-pareve" foods may contain honey, eggs, or fish, vegans cannot rely on the certification.


title: Kashrut

text: About a sixth of American Jews or 0.3% of the American population fully keep kosher, and many more of them do not strictly follow all of the rules but still abstain from some prohibited foods (especially pork). The Seventh-day Adventist Church, a Christian denomination, preaches a health message which expects adherence to the kosher dietary laws.


title: Kashrut

text: Surveys conducted in 2013 and 2020 found that 22% of American Jews by religion claimed to keep kosher in their homes. Pork consumption in particular seems to be a bigger taboo than other non-Kosher eating practices among Jews; with 41% claiming to at least abstain from eating pork. American Jews are generally less strict about Kosher laws when compared to Israeli Jews. Nearly three times as many Israeli Jews reported that they commit to keeping kosher in their homes and 84% will not eat pork.


title: Kashrut

text: In Ancient Hebrew the word "kosher" () means "be advantageous", "proper", "suitable", or "succeed", according to the Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. In Modern Hebrew it generally refers to "kashrut" but it can also sometimes mean "proper". For example, the Babylonian Talmud uses "kosher" in the sense of "virtuous" when referring to Darius I as a "kosher king"; Darius, a Persian king (reigned 522–486 BCE), fostered the building of the Second Temple. In colloquial English, "kosher" often means "legitimate", "acceptable", "permissible", "genuine", or "authentic". The word "kosher" can also form part of some common product names.


title: Kashrut

text: Sometimes "kosher" is used as an abbreviation of "koshering", meaning the process for making something "kosher"; for example, "kosher salt" is a form of salt with irregularly shaped crystals, making it particularly suitable for preparing meat according to the rules of "kashrut", because the increased surface area of the crystals absorbs blood more effectively. In this case the type of salt refers to kosher style salt. Salt may also be kosher certified salt, or both. Certified kosher salt follows "kashrut" guidelines. Sometimes the term "coarse kosher salt" is used to designate salt that is both kosher style and kosher certified. The term "fine kosher salt" is sometimes used for salt that is certified kosher but not kosher style.


title: Kashrut

text: "Kosher" can occur as a synonym for "Jewish tradition"; for example, a "kosher dill" pickle is simply a pickle made in the traditional manner of Jewish New York City pickle-makers, using a generous addition of garlic to the brine, and is not necessarily compliant with the traditional Jewish food laws.


title: Kashrut

text: In Suriname certain groups of people have long adhered to belief in treef, especially among people of African descent. The consumption of certain foods is prohibited, in the belief that it could cause major diseases, particularly leprosy. These prohibitions can vary individually, but it is inextricably related to conditions in the family. A treef is inherited from the father's side, but it can be revealed in a dream, often by a woman. In addition, a woman must take into account special food taboos during pregnancy. There is great importance attached to the treef; if a child observes the treef of his father, and yet experiences a skin condition, this is seen as a strong indication that the child was begotten by the woman with another man. Finally treef also be acquired later in life by wearing certain charms that compel you to abstain from certain foods.


title: Kashrut

text: The word is derived from Hebrew, due to influence of Sephardi Jews who came to Suriname in the 17th century. This is also the source of Sranan "kaseri" 'ritually clean, kosher'.


title: Kashrut

text: Although the term "kosher" relates mainly to food, it sometimes occurs in other contexts. Some Orthodox retailers sell kosher cell-phones - stripped-down devices with limited features.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA Network (Global Media Arts or simply GMA) is a Philippine free-to-air television and radio network. It is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network, Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29, 1961. GMA Network (formerly known as Republic Broadcasting System, GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company's logo. It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter, Tower of Power, is located at Tandang Sora Avenue, Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City with regional stations and offices strategically located in over 9 major cities across the country.


title: GMA Network

text: The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area, referring to the initial coverage area of the station. As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts. The flagship television station of GMA is DZBB-TV (GMA-7 Manila) which carries VHF Channel 7 (analog broadcast) with Channel 15 served as a permanent assigned digital frequency. The network operates across the Philippine archipelago through the GMA Regional TV department which has 7 originating stations and 46 relay stations nationwide. Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through the Philippine pay television channels GMA Pinoy TV, GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International which is available through satellite and cable TV systems worldwide. Since 2013, GMA has been testing digital terrestrial television broadcasts using the Japanese standard ISDB-T, in select areas in the Philippines.


title: GMA Network

text: The origin of GMA Network can be traced back to Loreto F. de Hemedes Inc. through DZBB, which started airing its radio broadcast on March 1, 1950, and officially launched as a local radio station in Manila on June 14, 1950, and owned by Robert La Rue "Uncle Bob" Stewart, an American war correspondent. Venturing into television in the 1960s, Stewart started RBS TV Channel 7 (under the call letters DZBB-TV) on October 29, 1961, becoming the Philippines' fifth terrestrial television station. Originally, RBS's programming was composed of foreign programs from the United States and it later produced local programs to cater to Filipino audiences. It produced shows like "Uncle Bob's Lucky Seven Club", a child-oriented show aired every Saturdays; "Dance Time with Chito"; and various news programs like "News at Seven". In 1963, RBS launched its first provincial television station in Cebu, DYSS Channel 7 (now GMA Cebu). In the same year, from Loreto F. de Hemedes Inc, the firm was formally renamed to Republic Broadcasting System, Inc. (RBS).


title: GMA Network

text: On September 21, 1972, then President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law by the virtue of Proclamation 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties; closed down the Congress and media establishments including RBS. In December 1972, RBS was given the green light by the government to return on the air, however with limited three-month permits. Programming during that time was supplied mostly via a blocktime agreement with Philippine Production Center Inc. (PPCI), a company led by former ABS-CBN executive Romeo Jalosjos. But due to limited licenses, difficulty in financial obligations, and disallowing foreign citizens and entities from owning and operating media companies in the Philippines, Stewart and the American Broadcasting Company, which owned 25% of the company, were forced to cede majority control to a triumvirate composed of Gilberto Duavit Sr., a Malacañang official; Menardo Jimenez, an accountant; and Felipe Gozon, an attorney of the Stewarts in 1974. The station changed its name to GMA Radio-Television Arts (GMA stood for Greater Manila Area, the station's initial coverage area) and retained its corporate name Republic Broadcasting System, Inc. (until 1996). Stewart's wife Loreto was the president when the takeover ensued. The relaunched GMA, aside from sporting a light blue square logo with the network name in white, also (until 1980) had a circle 7 logo in use, in its final years the blue circle 7 logo used was similar to those used by the ABC in some United States cities.


title: GMA Network

text: After that, Rod Reyes, then-general manager of RBS, recruited old-timers from ABS-CBN, including those from its news and entertainment divisions. After the Duavit-Jimenez-Gozon takeover, the station began to broadcast in color with an ₱8 million credit line thru buying telecine machines and acquired foreign programs. Ratings were up from #5 to #3 that time.


title: GMA Network

text: During martial law under the Marcos regime, GMA managed to broadcast the funeral of senator Ninoy Aquino, a public opposition leader who was assassinated on August 1983, the only local network to do so. In 1984, Imee Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, attempted to take over GMA. However, the takeover was prevented by the network executives. Stewart left the country for good as a result. The network played an instrumental role during the years preceding the People Power Revolution. They were the first to air an interview with Corazon Aquino in 1984, as well as when she announced her intention to run for presidency once she receives one million signatures. During the People Power Revolution, the network was also the first to report that Fidel Ramos and Juan Ponce Enrile broke away from the Marcos administration. GMA's rival ABS-CBN reopened in September 1986 and convinced key people to transfer networks including Freddie M. Garcia along with key people from the network's Marketing and Engineering departments.


title: GMA Network

text: The People Power Revolution enabled previously closed down television stations to air again. However, the political instability during Aquino's term added burden to the network, most notably when it was stormed by rebel soldiers for two days as a part of an attempted coup against the Aquino administration. In 1987, the network broadcast its programs for the first time in full stereo, the first VHF television network to do so in the country. Additionally, Broadway Centrum opened, and in 1988, they also inaugurated the , 120 kW Tower of Power in Quezon City, the tallest man-made structure in the country.


title: GMA Network

text: In 1992, the Philippine Congress passed a law granting the network to operate for another 25 years. The network then targeted international reach in the 1990s. Through its relay stations, GMA programs were seen across the country as well as Southeast Asia. GMA programming started airing in 60 American cities and parts of South America through the International Channel Network.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA was selected to be the official broadcaster for the 1995 World Youth Day, when Pope John Paul II visited the country again. During the same year, popular TV shows "Eat Bulaga!" and "Okay Ka, Fairy Ko!" began broadcasting on GMA after TAPE Inc., the programs' production company, refused an ABS-CBN proposal to buy the airing rights of the two shows. Around the same time, the network launched a UHF channel subsidiary, Citynet 27, several new shows (including weekly late-night show "Bubble Gang"), as well as the late night news program "Saksi". The network also adapted the 700 Club series as "The 700 Club Asia".


title: GMA Network

text: In 1995, GMA founded its film production company, Cinemax Studios (renamed to GMA Films in 1998) for the film "Run Barbi Run". In 1998, the company produced the biopic film "José Rizal", then the most expensive Filipino film produced, and had a successful run, garnering many accolades and nominations from award-giving bodies.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA formally changed its corporate name in 1996 to GMA Network Inc., with the acronym 'GMA' now standing for "Global Media Arts". In 1999, GMA aired the Filipino language television news program "GMA Network News", originally an English language newscast, then a rarity in Philippine television.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA was the first Philippine broadcaster to receive a Peabody Award for Investigative Reporting in 1999. Later, Citynet 27 became EMC, the first local music video-oriented TV channel, which became part of the short-lived Channel V franchise called Channel V Philippines. GMA broadcast the international millennium television special "2000 Today". The network then began airing 24-hour broadcasting until the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) released and implemented a new set of rules and regulations with its affiliated free-to-air TV networks in 2001. Menardo Jimenez officially announced his retirement as president and CEO of the network in the same year, with Felipe Gozon assumed his office in concurrent capacity as the chairman of the network.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA officially revealed its new logo and image during an episode of its noontime show "SOP" in 2002. The following year, "Saksi" won a New York Television Festival Gold Medal for its newscast, the first Filipino news program to do so. this win, along with the Peabody Award in 1999, earned the network a commendation from the House of Representatives later that year. That same year, GMA withdrew its membership from the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP), after various issues and incidents involving its news talents and the cable firm Sky Cable's alleged distortion of GMA's signal on its system, among other factors.


title: GMA Network

text: 2004 saw the debut of their several long-running television programs, among them the magazine show "Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho", as well as the award-winning documentary show "Reporter's Notebook" and its evening news program "24 Oras".


title: GMA Network

text: In 2005, subsidiary Citynet signed an agreement with ZOE Broadcasting Network. From 2005 to 2019, ZOE's flagship station DZOE-TV Channel 11, went on air as Quality TeleVision, and later reformatted as the GMA News TV and now known as GTV (currently on DWDB-TV Channel 27). The network planned to offer its initial public offering; however, the plan was delayed due to political instability during Arroyo's administration, among other factors. In 2007, the network announced its initial public offerring after several setbacks.


title: GMA Network

text: In 2006, "Debate with Mare at Pare", a late-night public affairs program, won the bronze medal at the New York Television Festival. The network was also praised for its coverage on the "Wowowee" stampede by local publications. An exclusive interview by Mike Enriquez to President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo after the lifting of the state of national emergency was allowed by GMA to be aired by other networks without prior consent, and was also similarly praised including the president herself. In April the same year, GMA founder Robert Stewart died while in the United States. The network supported and documented the successful attempt of mountain climber Romi Garduce to reach the summit of Mount Everest, only the third Filipino to do so.


title: GMA Network

text: The network started producing local adaptation of television franchises from other countries, starting from "" with FremantleMedia. They later produces local adaptations of the drama show "Marimar", sci-fi show "", quiz show "Kakasa Ka Ba sa Grade 5?", and game show "Whammy! Push Your Luck". The network announced in 2007 that they would also adapt the "Idol" franchise. Since an earlier adaptation of the franchise was made by Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC) (under the name "Philippine Idol"), the new adaptation would be transferred to GMA under the new name "Pinoy Idol".


title: GMA Network

text: In 2008 and 2009, GMA produced a diverse set of shows for its primetime block by airing several adaptations of Carlo J. Caparas and Mars Ravelo works, including "Joaquin Bordado" (2008), "Dyesebel" (2008) "Ang Babaeng Hinugot sa Aking Tadyang" (2009), "Darna" (2009), and "Totoy Bato" (2009), along with several original shows like "Gagambino", "", "Luna Mystika", among others. They also aired an adaptation of the "Survivor" franchise, titled "Survivor Philippines", as well as a local Filipino adaptation of a Korean drama, titled "Ako si Kim Samsoon". Their evening newscast "24 Oras" received two awards in the New York Television Festival, a gold medal for Best Continuing Coverage and a silver medal for Best News Program.


title: GMA Network

text: In 2010, for the first and second quarters, GMA Network released new soaps and shows like "The Last Prince", "Panday Kids", "First Time", "Laff En Roll", "Diva", "Zooperstars", "Claudine", "Wipeout", "Pepito Manaloto", "Wachamakulit", "Sunnyville", "Comedy Bar", "Love Bug", "Langit sa Piling Mo", "Pilyang Kerubin", "Endless Love", "Danz Showdown", as well as "Diz Iz It!" which replaced the longest morning talk show "SiS" along "Party Pilipinas" which replaced "SOP" and "Koreana" and "Little Star" which replaced "Sine Novela" marking the return of original concepts on their afternoon line-up.


title: GMA Network

text: In 2011, GMA Network offered an afternoon line-up which includes "Nita Negrita", "Magic Palayok", "Alakdana", "Sisid", "My Lover, My Wife" and "Kung Aagawin Mo ang Langit". In the prime-time line-up, GMA released "I Heart You, Pare!", "Dwarfina", "Machete", "Captain Barbell", "Munting Heredera", the first historical drama of the Philippines entitled "Amaya" and they offered the first TV remake drama series "Ikaw Lang ang Mamahalin".


title: GMA Network

text: In 2012, the network offered a line-up of television series featuring original concepts for the first quarter, in both their primetime and afternoon blocks such as "Legacy", "Biritera" and "My Beloved" on GMA Telebabad and "Alice Bungisngis and her Wonder Walis", "Broken Vow", "The Good Daughter" and "Hiram na Puso" on GMA Afternoon Prime.


title: GMA Network

text: On February 1, 2012, GMA Network announced it has signed a three-year deal with Fox International Channels which allows locally produced GMA's shows and feature films to be aired on FOX cable channels. The said deal covers a minimum of 350 hours' worth of programs and 25 feature films. Among the programs delivered to FOX for airing in its Philippine feed are: "Encantadia", "Darna", "Dyesebel", "Super Twins", "Stairway to Heaven", "Kaya Kong Abutin ang Langit", "Trudis Liit" and "Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita", and news and public affairs shows like "Wish Ko Lang", "Pinoy Meets World" and "Pinoy Abroad". While the films covered by the deal are: "My Best Friend's Girlfriend", "When I Met U", "", "Temptation Island" and "José Rizal".


title: GMA Network

text: On February 22, 2012, GMA Films' President Annette Gozon-Abrogar and director Yam Laranas announced that the thriller movie "The Road" was commercially released and shown in over 50 theaters across North America and Canada on May 11, 2012, a first for a local Filipino motion picture.


title: GMA Network

text: On February 28, 2012, the network announced the retirement of senior vice president for the Entertainment Group, Wilma Galvante. The announcement came about after Galvante officially retired from the network, ending her 19 years of service as entertainment head. GMA Network appointed Lilybeth Rasonable as Officer-in-charge of the Entertainment Group. Rasonable has been with the network since 1998 and has served as program manager, assistant vice president, and vice president for drama for the Entertainment Group. Her latest position prior to the appointment has seen her supervising the group's afternoon and primetime teledramas.


title: GMA Network

text: In April 2012, GMA Network's president and COO Gilberto Duavit Jr. announced that the network hit consolidated revenues at 13.083 billion pesos in 2011. That's despite the absence of 2.054 billion pesos' worth of revenues from political ads generated in 2010 and the global impact of financial crisis in Europe and slow economic recovery in the U.S. in 2011.


title: GMA Network

text: On October 4, 2012, the network announced the termination of negotiations with MediaQuest Holdings, Inc. (an affiliate of Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company) owned by businessman and TV5 chairman Manny V. Pangilinan. Since the beginning of the year, Mr. Pangilinan had been vocal with his interest to acquire GMA Network, saying that he "talked to them, ... since 2002, and then maybe five years ago." Following the return of the negotiations of GMA Network to the PLDT Group, Manny V. Pangilinan confirming on March 4, 2014, that the offer to buy 34% stake at GMA Network was expired in February of the same year.


title: GMA Network

text: In 2013, GMA Network launched a new line-up of shows including "Indio", "Forever", "Bukod Kang Pinagpala", "Unforgettable", "Vampire ang Daddy Ko", "Mundo Mo'y Akin", "Alisto", "Love & Lies", "Kakambal ni Eliana", "Home Sweet Home", "Maghihintay Pa Rin", "My Husband's Lover", "One Day Isang Araw", "Sunday All Stars", "Binoy Henyo", "Akin Pa Rin ang Bukas", "Dormitoryo", "Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko", "Kahit Nasaan Ka Man", "Genesis", "Katipunan", a remake of "Villa Quintana", "Bingit" and "Adarna".


title: GMA Network

text: On May 5, 2014, GMA Network chairman and CEO, attorney Felipe L. Gozon confirmed the networked has entered negotiations with San Miguel Corporation president and COO Ramon S. Ang. A month after, on June 24, 2014, GMA Network's major stockholders announced it will sell 30% of their equity shares of the network to Ang in his personal capacity. San Miguel Corporation is not involved in Ang's acquisition of the shares. In June 2015, GMA in a disclosure to the securities commission said that talks with Ramon Ang has bogged down. In that same year, the network won another Peabody Award for its coverage of Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Supertyphoon Yolanda).


title: GMA Network

text: In April 2015, GMA Network implemented a series of budget cuts towards its regional TV stations, by terminating at least 200 regional employees, downgrading its originating TV stations in Bacolod, Naga, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos and Ilocos to 'satellite-selling' or relay TV stations, and cancelling morning shows in Cebu, Davao, Iloilo and Dagupan, reportedly in order for them to "streamline their operations for increased ratings and revenue". In November that same year, the network also downgraded its originating station in Iloilo City into 'relay-selling' or satellite TV station and cancelling "Ratsada 24 Oras" following the retrenchment of 20 employees from the news department as part of the strategic streamlining undertaken by GMA Network.


title: GMA Network

text: In 2016, GMA Network launched a new line-up of shows including "Wish I May", "That's My Amboy", "Dear Uge", "Lip Sync Battle Philippines", "Hanggang Makita Kang Muli", "The Millionaire's Wife", "Poor Señorita", "Yan ang Morning!", "Once Again", "Juan Happy Love Story", "Magkaibang Mundo", "Laff Camera Action", "A1 Ko Sa 'Yo", "Hay, Bahay!", "Conan, My Beautician", a new version of "Encantadia", "Superstar Duets", "Alyas Robin Hood", "Hahamakin ang Lahat", "Tsuperhero" and "Ika-6 na Utos".


title: GMA Network

text: On April 21, 2017, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 10925 which renewed GMA Network's license for another 25 years. The law granted GMA Network a franchise to construct, install, operate, and maintain, for commercial purposes, radio broadcasting stations and television stations, including digital television system, with the corresponding facilities such as relay stations, throughout the Philippines.


title: GMA Network

text: On March 9, 2018, GMA Network launched its new slogan "Buong Puso Para Sa Kapuso" (lit. Wholehearted for the One in Heart) with a new station ID. However, the network's current station ID in short version during the top/bottom of the hour in different variants before start the programs as well as during commercial breaks/reminders it also aired on its sister channel, GMA News TV. On August 27, 2018, GMA regional stations in Iloilo and Bacolod were upgraded again to originating station as GMA Western Visayas following the launch of the new regional news program "One Western Visayas".


title: GMA Network

text: On December 14, 2018, GMA Network's founding chairman Atty. Gilberto M. Duavit Sr. died at the age of 84. He was GMA Network's chairman from 1974 to 1976 and sat as one of the network's board of directors in 1977. He rejoined the network's board of directors in 2016 until the time of his death.


title: GMA Network

text: On February 22, 2019, the network has announced that they will be investing ₱1 billion for the second phase of their digitization project.


title: GMA Network

text: On January 1, 2020, GMA Network began the celebration of its 70th anniversary and its flagship international channel GMA Pinoy TV also began the celebration of its 15th anniversary with a variation of its current slogan: "Buong Puso Para sa Pilipino" (as GMA Network) and "Buong Puso Para sa Kapuso Abroad" (as GMA Pinoy TV). Along with their anniversary celebration, a new program lineup for 2020 was revealed, which was started by "All-Out Sundays", "Descendants of the Sun", the remake of the 1984 Philippine film "Anak ni Waray vs. Anak ni Biday", "Love of My Life", Saturday edition of "Wowowin" (also dubbed as Wowowin Primetime), "Centerstage", "Ilaban Natin 'Yan!" (which was first known as ""Doon Tayo Sa Tama""), and the remake of 1989 film "Bilangin ang Bituin sa Langit". Alongside, they also revealed future programs such as "Alamat ng Agimat", First Yaya, "Sanggang Dikit", Legal Wives, "Babawiin Ang Lahat" (retitled as "Babawiin Ko ang Lahat" in 2021), Seed of Love, "Lolong", "Owe My Love", "Taiwan and Only", "Sing 4 Hearts" and Catch Me Out Philippines.


title: GMA Network

text: On March 14, 2020, GMA Network announced the suspension of production of current programs, especially its live shows, due to President Rodrigo Duterte implementing an enhanced community quarantine in Metro Manila and Luzon in line with restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Thus, the network aired reruns of some drama series, including "Encantadia", "Kambal, Karibal", "Ika-6 na Utos", "My Husband's Lover", "Onanay" and "Alyas Robin Hood".


title: GMA Network

text: On April 5, 2022, GMA Network announced a deal with ABS-CBN Corporation that would allow Star Cinema films to air on GMA's local channels. On November 11, 2022, GMA Network announced a collaboration with ABS-CBN and Dreamscape Entertainment for a new drama series in 2023.


title: GMA Network

text: In February 2013, GMA Network admitted that it was conducting field tests of Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial (ISDB-T), the Japanese standard in digital television on UHF Channel 27 (551.143 MHz), but remained unconvinced of ISDB-T, saying that the European standard, second-generation Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T2), is superior to ISDB-T. However, in October 2013, National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) issued a draft memorandum circular adopting the Japanese standard as the sole standard in the delivery of digital terrestrial TV (DTT) services in the Philippines. In May 2015, GMA Network announced that it will be spending at least ₱2 to 3 billion for the rollout of its digital TV service and said the company plans to produce dongles, instead of set-top boxes for the rollout. In May 2015, GMA topped the digital TV test commissioned by mobile phone brand Starmobile and conducted by American market research firm International Data Corporation (IDC) with GMA's presence in 10 out of 14 locations in Metro Manila.


title: GMA Network

text: Beginning September 2013, some of the programs of the network have been produced in high-definition format in preparation for the ongoing digital shift in the country while keeping digital on-screen graphics in safe zone for their TV broadcast since the network is still broadcasting in 480i. The videos uploaded on their YouTube channel and third-party OTT services on the other hand are presented in 720p and 1080p format. GMA Playground is an extension of the digital terrestrial television format of the GMA Network.


title: GMA Network

text: In December 2016, it was announced that the network will spend an initial amount of ₱416 million for the commencement of the Digital Terrestrial Television transition project of GMA, which included the purchase of three high-powered transmitters capable for providing wider and clearer signal to digital television boxes, antennae and other connectivity requirements, and a fully mirrored head-end system, which is a master facility for grouping and digitally encoding programs. According to GMA Network Chairman and CEO, Felipe Gozon, the network will conclude the test phase, and it is expected to begin the rollout of the DTTV project starting in Metro Manila.


title: GMA Network

text: In preparation for the shift to digital, GMA New Media was working on a DTV set-top box (originally reported to be a DTV dongle) in order to compete with ABS-CBN's TV Plus set-top box. A prototype was shown at the IMMAP DigiCon congress in 2016, and is shown to be running a version of Android, double-acting as a streaming device capable of running apps and games. In June 2020, images of a DTV set-top box known as the GMA Affordabox surfaced online. The product is said to be priced at under ₱1000 and includes a multimedia player, a personal video recorder, and support for the Philippines' emergency broadcast warning system with an auto-on alert feature. The GMA Affordabox became available on Lazada and Shopee that same month with a final price tag of ₱888. On December 12, 2020, a DTV mobile dongle which designed for USB OTG-capable Android smartphones known as GMA Now was released on Lazada and Shopee, it costs ₱649 and it also has a video on demand feature to access GMA's exclusive online contents, a web chat (Groupee Chat), and interactive games, which requires internet connection for these extra features.


title: GMA Network

text: On February 22, 2019, GMA Network announced that they will be investing ₱1 billion for the second phase of its digitization project. On May 15, 2019, GMA Network began to transmit its digital test broadcast on UHF Channel 15 (479.143 MHz) as its permanent frequency assigned by National Telecommunications Commission.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA Network is jointly owned by its three major shareholders; the Gozon, Duavit and Jimenez families. Its corporate shareholding is owned by Group Management & Development Inc. (27.05%), FLG Management & Development Corp. (23.33%), M.A. Jimenez Enterprises (15.55%), GMA Holdings Inc. (14.81%), and Television International Corp. (11.45%).


title: GMA Network

text: Shareholder GMA Holdings, Inc. is jointly owned by Felipe L. Gozon, Gilberto Duavit, Jr., and Joel Marcelo Jimenez.


title: GMA Network

text: On October 29, 1961, Loreto F. de Hemedes Inc. launches its first television station in the Philippines, known back then as RBS TV Channel 7. GMA Network began branding its identity by eliminating call signs to its network identification.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA Network has used a number of logos throughout its history especially when Gozon, Jimenez, and Duavit acquired the station in 1975. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, the network used the Circle 7 logo for its Metro Manila and Cebu stations, which is also expended by several networks around the world (predominately the O&O stations of ABC in the United States). In the 1980s, to refine its presence in the Philippine broadcast industry, GMA Network used the slogan "Where You Belong", and lasted for two decades before invigorating to another catchphrase. In 1992, GMA Network redefines itself as the Rainbow Network, succeeding the ensigns of the rainbow. Throughout the 1990s, the network developed the logo before having it replaced by its current logo in 2002 and as the Kapuso Network. After a huge marketing campaign, and improved television ratings, the new insignia (the rainbow-colored stylized heart-shape logo known as ""Kapuso"") is now one of the most recognizable in the Philippines.


title: GMA Network

text: ""Kapuso ng Bawat Pilipino"" ("One in Heart with Every Filipino") is the secondary characteristic catchphrase of GMA Network. The slogan was initially used in conjunction with the rebranding of GMA Network as the Kapuso Network on October 27, 2002. (Currently, it is used in its Regional TV stations). But another slogan of the network ""Kapuso, Anumang Kulay ng Buhay"" ("One in Heart, in Every Colors of Life") is still used in other purposes and this is the official theme song title for the network. GMA Network's news and public affairs department meanwhile uses the slogan ""Serbisyong Totoo"" ("True Service") It is one of the longest running slogans used for news broadcast promotion. GMA Network found itself on the other end of a battle concerning the slogan, when ABS-CBN News Channel uses similar catchphrase, and immediately discontinued in order to avoid legal predicament from GMA Network. In 2006, its news department also used an accompanying slogan, "Just News", for its promotional campaign together with its news media partners, INQ7.Net. In 2018, the network introduced a new corporate slogan, ""Buong Puso Para Sa Kapuso"" ("Wholehearted for the One in Heart") which presented GMA's effort to bring programs, relevant shows, multi-awarded newscasts and documentaries and other services through TV, radio and online format from its birth to the present time, from the Philippines and abroad. In 2020, a variation of the current slogan ""Buong Puso Para Sa Pilipino"" ("Wholehearted for the Filipino") was unveiled on its 70th anniversary (currently used as a secondary slogan for its original 2018 slogan). It is currently shown on programming promo plugs of the network on TV and its Social Media channels, and ""Buong Puso Para Sa Pinoy Abroad"" ("Wholehearted for the Filipino Abroad") for celebrating GMA Pinoy TV's 15th anniversary.


title: GMA Network

text: GMA Network television programming comprises news and public affairs, local dramas and soap operas, anime series, variety and musical shows, foreign cartoons, children's shows, talk shows, reality programs, sports, and film presentations. Most of the programs are broadcast live and taped in its GMA Network Centers and Studios located in Metropolitan Manila. GMA Network currently programs 20.5 hours of programming per day. It provides 34.5 hours of prime-time programming per week to its owned and affiliated stations: on Weekdays, 4:00–10:00 p.m. on Mondays to Thursdays, 10:00 p.m.–1:00 a.m. on Fridays, 10:00 p.m.–1:00 a.m. on Saturdays, 4:30 p.m.–1:30 a.m. on Sundays. Programming is also provided from 4:00 p.m.–2:40 a.m. on Weekdays in the form of "Unang Hirit"; the two-and-half-hour and three-hour Monday to Saturday noontime variety show "Eat Bulaga!", early-afternoon drama (Afternoon Prime block), early and late-evening news programs ("24 Oras" and "Saksi" respectively); primetime programming through its "Telebabad" block; late-night current affairs show produced by its news and public affairs department.


title: GMA Network

text: Programming competition started in 2004 when production of numerous GMA Network shows was up against its rival network, ABS-CBN. Reality show "Extra Challenge" started to lead the ratings and with launch of "telefantasya" "Mulawin". On September 23, 2004, GMA Network gained leadership in Mega Manila against its closest competitor. In 2005, GMA Network began producing "Mars Ravelo's Darna", a classic Filipino comic book character which became a hit, with an overnight rating of 47.7 percent, the highest rating for a pilot episode and the first "telefantasya" to reach 52.1 percent ratings; followed by "Encantadia" at 47.2 percent and other prime-time "telefantasyas", "Mulawin" (2004) and "Sugo" (2005) contributed to GMA Network lead in Mega Manila. In 2006, GMA Network maintained its prime time supremacy by reformatting its reality-based program "Extra Challenge" and another "telefantasya" "Encantadia" (which was succeeded by "Etheria" and ""), and the localized subtitled versions of Korean television series "Stairway to Heaven", "Full House", "Jewel in the Palace" and "My Lovely Sam Soon".


title: GMA Network

text: In 2007, GMA Network started producing the local version of a Mexican television series "MariMar". For its pilot episode, it got 52.6 percent overnight rating, making it the only soap opera to achieve the highest ratings in GMA Network's history. In a 2006 survey conducted by Pulse Asia, seven out of 10 Metro Manila-based viewers find GMA Network a more credible network than its competitor. GMA Network managed to lead in Mega Manila and Southern Luzon demographic, which has the highest concentration of television ownership and 79 percent of advertisement placement.


title: GMA Network

text: The National Urban Television Audience Measurement was officially launched on October 16, 2006, to determine the television ratings and the audience share of local TV programs from urban areas in the Philippines. This changes the broadcast industry landscape and the manner in which the advertisers allocate their TV investments to achieve cost efficiency and maximization. In August 2007 audience rating data shows GMA Network maintained its lead in Mega Manila, which resulted to a 23 percent growth in its consolidated net income to ₱1.13 billion in the first half of the year from ₱915 million in the same period last year. GMA Network income grew by 23 percent year-on-year to ₱1.126 billion in the first six months of the year. Mega Manila accounts 49 percent of total TV households. The Mega Manila and Luzon markets combined accounts for 76 percent of the total TV households. It earned ₱2.3 billion in 2007. In 2011, GMA Network maintained the lead in the national television ratings mentioning figures from Nielsen TV Audience Measurement for January 1 to February 13, 2011. It had 33.2 percent audience shared based on overnight data, higher than ABS-CBN's 31.8 percent and TV5's 14.9 percent. It also leads in Urban Luzon, which makes up 77 percent of total television households in the Philippines. GMA Network posted 9.8 point lead with 36.5 points compared with the closest competitor, ABS-CBN's 26.7 points and imposing a 19.6 point lead from TV5's 16.9. GMA Network also sustained to beat ABS-CBN in Mega Manila, which accounts for 58 percent of television household. It got 37.7 percent share over ABS-CBN 25.2 percent and TV5's 17.7 percent, 20 points higher.


title: GMA Network

text: On July 22, 2004, during the arrival of Angelo de la Cruz at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (a truck driver who was held hostage and threatened with beheading in Iraq abducted by armed rebels west of Baghdad while trucking fuel from Saudi Arabia), live news coverage was aired on GMA Network and other local television stations in the Philippines. GMA Network used audio-video coverage through the facilities of Reuters, which GMA Network subscribed to. During the said broadcast, a live feed from Reuters was simultaneously aired with its own live broadcast. During the first five-second of the live feed, GMA Network did notice that the live feed from Reuters was also airing at another local station, its main competitor ABS-CBN. The live video was restricted only to ABS-CBN and Reuters did not inform GMA Network that the video coverage was only intended for ABS-CBN. The local Court of Appeals junked the case filed by ABS-CBN Corporation against GMA Network Inc. for what was claimed to be illegal copying of its live video footage. In a ruling, the local fourth division of the appellate court set aside the resolution of the local Justice Department, which approved the filing of the violation of Republic Act 8293 (or the Intellectual Property Code) against GMA Network. It ruled out that the act of GMA Network in airing the live video coverage was focused by good faith since there was no meaning to instigate damage to ABS-CBN Corporation. The local court also said GMA Network acted in good faith when it decided to instantaneously stop using the live video feed from Reuters upon learning ABS-CBN was also covering the said news event and its following exertion to authenticate the ABS-CBN Corporation restriction arrangement with the news service, Reuters. The local court also stressed that apart from lack of intent of GMA Network to affect the video from ABS-CBN, the action also cannot be reflected intrusion of Sections 212.4 and 185.1 of Republic Act 8293 since it was just a short excerpt compared with the totality of the matter.


title: GMA Network

text: On December 20, 2007, Judge Charito Gonzales of Quezon City Regional Trial Court Branch 80 released a temporary restraining order on TV ratings surveys based on a civil case filed by then ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation (now ABS-CBN Corporation) versus AGB Nielsen Media Research Philippines. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation accused competitor GMA Network Inc. of funding bribing operations in Bacolod City, to discredit the former. The local court in the Philippines further ordered ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation to file comment on the plea of AGB Nielsen Media Research Philippines for the alleged gathering and dissemination of television ratings data, within five days or until December 22, 2007. On December 21, 2007, a local AM radio station in the Philippines, owned by ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, DZMM field reporter Junrie Hidalgo reported a news story entitled ""AGB Nielsen, umamin sa dayaan: GMA Network, tahasang itinurong nasa likod ng dayaan"" ("AGB Nielsen admits to cheating: GMA Network aggressively accused of being behind the cheating") during the radio program of "Showbiz Mismo", hosted by Cristy Fermin and Jobert Sucaldito. The news story is based on an interview of AGB Nielsen general manager Maya Reforma regarding the purported cheating. In response, GMA Network Inc. aired a television plug reproving the purported unfair journalism and disagreed the accusations of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. GMA Network Inc. later filed a ₱15 million civil libel suit against ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on January 3, 2008. The respondents included Hidalgo, Fermin, Sucaldito, the station and news manager of DZMM, writers and executive producers of television programs "Bandila", "Entertainment Live" and "The Buzz" after the same story was aired locally. On January 7, 2008, the Quezon City Regional Trial Court junked ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation's suit against AGB Nielsen, saying the case was "prematurely filed" before the local court. Judge Gonzales' basis is the principle of mutuality of contracts, citing Article 1308 and 1196, New Civil Code of the Philippines. Also, Judge Samuel Gaerlan, Quezon City Regional Trial Court Branch 92 issued court summons against ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation and 15 of its personnel on January 3, 2008. On January 17, 2008, Judge Gaerlan recused himself from the case, considering that he has a cousin working in the legal department of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. The case was later re-raffled on January 28, 2008, and the case was eventually assigned to Judge Henri Inting of Branch 95 of the Quezon City Regional Trial Court. On February 14, 2008, Judge Inting issued a temporary restraining order barring local television station, ABS-CBN from airing defamatory statements against GMA Network Inc.


title: GMA Network

text: In December 2008, GMA Network Inc., Citynet Television, and ZOE Broadcasting Network filed a lawsuit against the management of TV5, alleging MPB Primedia Inc. (a subsidiary of Media Prima Berhad, a Malaysian company, which entered a block time agreement with Associated Broadcasting Company to sell the airtime of TV5) of violating Article XVI, Section 3, of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. GMA Network Inc. argues restriction of foreign entities to operate and own a Filipino company especially on broadcast media. GMA Network Inc. disputes MPB Primedia Inc. that it was established to skirt the anti-dummy laws and enter into an unlawful block time deal.


title: Spyro

text: Spyro is a series of platform video games which features the main protagonist Spyro, a dragon. Since the series' introduction in 1998 with the PlayStation game "Spyro the Dragon", there have been numerous sequels and a reboot trilogy. Originally published by Sony Computer Entertainment and created by Insomniac Games, the franchise has changed hands and developers numerous times before the rights to the intellectual property were acquired by Activision in 2008.


title: Spyro

text: A collection of remakes of the original "Spyro" PlayStation trilogy called "Spyro Reignited Trilogy", developed by Toys for Bob, was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in November 2018, and later for Microsoft Windows and Nintendo Switch in September 2019.


title: Spyro

text: "Spyro the Dragon" was released in North America on 10 September 1998 and Europe in October 1998 for the PlayStation. It is a platform game that placed the player as Spyro, a small purple dragon set with the task of freeing his fellow dragons from crystal prisons, which are scattered around their world. Each level is accessed through 'portals' from a main world. The game closes out with the climatic battle between Spyro and the primary antagonist, Gnasty Gnorc. The game sold well, with a total of five million copies being sold worldwide. The game received favorable reviews from IGN giving "Spyro the Dragon" a 9 out of 10. It received acclaim for its musical score by Stewart Copeland.


title: Spyro

text: "Ripto's Rage!", known as "Gateway to Glimmer" in Europe and Australia, followed on from the success of the first title, making its release on 2 November 1999 in North America and 5 November 1999 in Europe for the PlayStation. The game introduced new characters including Hunter, a cheetah; Elora, a faun; The Professor, a mole; and Zoe, a fairy. The structure of the game is similar to the first, with levels being accessed from the three main home worlds: Summer Forest, Autumn Plains, and Winter Tundra. The game ends with the climatic duel between Spyro and the primary antagonist, Ripto. The game introduces some abilities for Spyro, including hovering after a glide, swimming underwater, climbing ladders, head-bashing, and the ability to use power-ups. Like its predecessor, it was critically acclaimed.


title: Spyro

text: "Year of the Dragon" was released in North America on 24 October 2000 and Europe on 10 November 2000 for the PlayStation, and it was the last "Spyro" game to be created by Insomniac Games. In the game, the dragons are celebrating the Year of the Dragon, an event held every twelve years in which new dragon eggs arrive in the dragon worlds. Bianca, an anthropomorphic rabbit, steals the eggs, and Spyro follows her down a rabbit hole. The rabbit hole leads to the Forgotten Realms, which are under the rule of the game's primary antagonist, The Sorceress, to whom Bianca is apprenticed. As in the previous games, levels are accessed from a central home world, of which there are four: Sunrise Spring, Midday Gardens, Evening Lake, and Midnight Mountain. The game also features levels in which the player controls "Sparx", Spyro's companion dragonfly, in a bird's eye view shooting game as well as four new playable characters: Sheila the Kangaroo, Sgt. Byrd, Bentley the Yeti, and Agent 9 the Monkey.


title: Spyro

text: "Season of Ice" was the first Spyro game not to be developed by Insomniac Games or be on a Sony console, released for the Game Boy Advance and developed by Digital Eclipse. It is known as "Spyro Advance" in Japan. Spyro must use his fire breath to rescue the fairies in the various Fairy Realms after they are frozen by an evil monster named Grendor.


title: Spyro

text: "Season of Flame" was the second Digital Eclipse title and was released for the Game Boy Advance. It is the sequel to "Season of Ice", and introduces new features, such as the ability to breathe other elements besides fire. In the game, Spyro must recover the stolen fireflies scattered across the Dragon Realms and foil an evil plot by Ripto and his minions.


title: Spyro

text: "Enter the Dragonfly" is available for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube, and was developed by Equinox Digital Entertainment and Check Six Studios. It had received mixed to negative responses from reviewers, referring to the numerous glitches, lack of storyline, originality, and long load times. The story begins with the baby dragons preparing to receive their dragonflies and celebrating. Ripto captures the dragonflies, making the dragons helpless, and accidentally scatters the dragonflies across the world with a spell. Spyro must recover the dragonflies.


title: Spyro

text: "Attack of the Rhynocs", also known as "Spyro Adventure" in Europe and Australia, is the third and final game to be developed by Digital Eclipse. Spyro is tasked with collecting the "Heart" of each land in order to stop Ripto's latest evil scheme after a machine malfunctions opening a portal, bringing Ripto back into the dragon realms following the events of Enter The Dragonfly.


title: Spyro

text: "The Cortex Conspiracy", known as "Spyro Fusion" in Europe and Australia, and "Spyro Advance Wakuwaku Tomodachi Daisakusen!" in Japan, introduces multiple game screening. It is a crossover game between "Spyro the Dragon" and "Crash Bandicoot", and a companion game to "Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage". In the game, Spyro travels through Crash's universe in a side-scroller, rather than the traditional isometric, top-down view.


title: Spyro

text: "A Hero's Tail" is available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Nintendo GameCube, and was created by Eurocom. The game revolves around an evil plot by the villain Red, a former Dragon Elder, who begins to plant Dark Gems around the Dragon Realms, sucking the life out of these worlds. He also works alongside Gnasty Gnorc and Ineptune. Spyro then begins his journey to destroy all the Dark Gems, alongside Sparx, Hunter, Sgt. Byrd, and Blink.


title: Spyro

text: "Shadow Legacy" acts as a sequel to "Spyro: A Hero's Tail" and was released only on the Nintendo DS. This is the first "Spyro" game that plays as a role-playing game as opposed to a platformer and the game allows Spyro to gain experience, level up and learn new spells and combat moves. Spyro must use his new skills to save his allies when they are trapped in the "Shadow Realm" which features returning levels from the Dragon Kingdom, Avalar, and the Forgotten Realms.


title: Spyro

text: "The Legend of Spyro" is a game trilogy that is part of the "Spyro the Dragon" series. It acted as a reboot to the original series. The games use a combination of close-combat and platforming gameplay, though the gameplay is more oriented towards combat than previous games in the Spyro series were. The story revolves around Spyro, the protagonist, and his efforts to stop Malefor, The Dark Master, from destroying the world.


title: Spyro

text: The first installment of this game is titled "The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning". It focuses on Spyro's origins as a legendary purple dragon and his quest to stop Cynder, the black dragon waging war against the world. He meets Ignitus the Fire Guardian, a red dragon who tells him about his past and offers to train him in his newly discovered ability to breathe fire. Spyro must then embark on a quest to various worlds to rescue the other three Guardians; Volteer, the Electric Guardian, Cyril, the Ice Guardian, and Terrador, the Earth Guardian. Each guardian trains him in a new elemental breath to help him on his journey and eventual fight with Cynder herself.


title: Spyro

text: Discussions around the relaunch of Spyro began as early as 2014. In a July 2014 interview with "The Daily Telegraph," Sony Computer Entertainment CEO, Andrew House stated that his team was considering bringing "Spyro" back. House stated that he believed video gamers would be interested in revisiting a character from their youth. Later that same year, Insomniac Games CEO Ted Price also stated that making a new "Spyro" game was a possibility. In 2017, developer Vicarious Visions stated that they were aware of how high the popular demand was for a revival of the classic Spyro series. In a statement they said, "just keep asking". "Spyro Reignited Trilogy" was officially announced on 5 April 2018 and was originally going to be released on 21 September 2018 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, before being delayed to 13 November 2018. The game was developed by Skylanders developer Toys for Bob and was ported to Microsoft Windows and Nintendo Switch, with a release date of 3 September 2019.


title: Spyro

text: In addition to "Crash Purple" and "Spyro Orange", Spyro has made various crossover appearances in the "Crash Bandicoot" series. Spyro appears as a playable character in the Game Boy Advance version of "Crash Nitro Kart", and makes a cameo appearance in "Crash Twinsanity". The characters Spyro, Cynder, Dark Spyro, Sparx the Dragonfly and Malefor also made appearances in the "Skylanders" series, including all six mainline games and the television series. Elements from the "Spyro" series were added to "Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled" as part of a post-launch game update in August 2019. Spyro, Hunter, and Gnasty Gnorc appear as playable characters, along with "Spyro"-themed karts and a "Spyro Circuit" race track. Spyro-themed parade and pool floats appear in "", while both Spyro and Dark Spyro have major roles in ""


title: Spyro

text: "Spyro Ever After" was going to be the first Spyro educational game where Spyro meets fairy tale characters like The Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, Goldilocks and the Three Bears and Golden Goose. However, the game never passed the storyboard, and was cancelled.


title: Spyro

text: "Agent 9" was a James Bond-like parody spin-off game starring Agent 9 as the main character as he does spy missions. It was set to be developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and Backbone Entertainment and be published by Universal Interactive. The game's production was cancelled for undisclosed reasons.


title: Spyro

text: After the cancellation of "Agent 9", Digital Eclipse reworked the game into a full "Spyro the Dragon" title, that took place in a large desert environment. The video game title was never released to the market, and was scrapped by Digital Eclipse.


title: Spyro

text: The main character of the series is Spyro the Dragon, a young purple dragon. In the original series, he is accompanied by Sparx, a dragonfly that performs many functions such as helping protect Spyro from damage and collecting gems. Most of the games before the "Legend of Spyro" series include Hunter the cheetah, a loyal friend of Spyro's who sometimes helps him on quests; Moneybags, a money-obsessed bear who in some games is needed to make pathways for Spyro for a small fee; and Zoe, a fairy who serves as checkpoints in each land that Spyro visits.


title: Spyro

text: The Dragon Realms are the main setting of the series where most of the dragons including Spyro live. Avalar is a separate world that was being threatened by Ripto in "Spyro: Ripto's Rage". The Forgotten Realms are the ancient home of the dragons before being driven out by the Sorceress and serve as the setting for Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The Fairy Realms are a separate series of realms that are inhabited by fairies and only appear in "". After collecting enough orbs in "Spyro 2: Riptos Rage", the Dragon Shores can be accessed, which has games and a special power-up for Spyro.


title: Spyro

text: A large part of the original series revolves around item collection. When the player collects a certain amount of items, they can move on to the next area. The most common of these are gems, which are often used not only for collecting, but also for buying skills, passageways, items, and more. In "A Hero's Tail" there were special dark gems, which the player had to destroy to proceed to new areas within the game, while collecting light gems allowed use of some of the professor's inventions and opened certain doors.


title: Spyro

text: Freeing dragons is the main goal in "Spyro the Dragon", while retrieving dragon eggs is the main goal in "". In "Spyro the Dragon", dragon eggs are also collected by chasing down thieves (but their color designs are different from those of the third installment). They also appear in "Spyro: A Hero's Tail", and collecting them will unlock concept art. Collecting Talismans and Orbs are the primary goal in "", as the devices are used in a portal to get Spyro back to his home. Dragonflies are the primary collectibles in "" where Spyro catches them using his bubble breath. In "" freeing fairies is the main goal, and in "" collecting fireflies is the goal.


title: Spyro

text: Stewart Copeland composed the soundtracks for the first four "Spyro" games. Copeland made music for each world in the games as well as music devoted to each level, often playing each level so he could tailor the mood of the music to the level. As with the voice cast in "A Hero's Tail", Stewart Copeland was replaced and the soundtrack was composed by Steve Duckworth and Paul Lawler. Rebecca Kneubuhl and Gabriel Mann of the a cappella band Spiralmouth composed the music for "The Legend of Spyro" trilogy. Finally, for "Reignited Trilogy", Copeland's music was remixed in-house by the developer and remained mostly faithful to the original scores; Copeland himself composed a main theme for the compilation.