title: Hesiod

text: Though typical of epic, his vocabulary features some significant differences from Homer's. One scholar has counted 278 un-Homeric words in "Works and Days", 151 in "Theogony" and 95 in "Shield of Heracles". The disproportionate number of un-Homeric words in "W & D" is due to its un-Homeric subject matter. Hesiod's vocabulary also includes quite a lot of formulaic phrases that are not found in Homer, which indicates that he may have been writing within a different tradition.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: Bheeshma is a 2020 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Venky Kudumula. The film stars Nithiin and Rashmika Mandanna while Anant Nag, Jisshu Sengupta, Vennela Kishore, and Sampath Raj play supporting roles. It is produced by Suryadevara Naga Vamsi under Sithara Entertainments. The music is composed by Mahati Swara Sagar. Upon Release, on 21 February 2020, the film received positive reviews and became a commercial success.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: Bheeshma is the CEO of Bheeshma Organics and he wants farmers to shift from using chemicals in farming to organic practices and he gets them successfully to shift. He then announces to the media that he will announce the next CEO on the company's 50th anniversary.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: The story shifts to Bheeshma Prasad who is a single man who seeks to find love always. He attends his friend Parimal's boss's pre-wedding party where he sees Sarah. He introduces himself as Bheeshma I.A.S. (I am Single) and he gets her to elope with her. She then realizes that he does not have money and she gets him stuck with the police which gets Parimal fired. His uncle, JP, has to bail him out by calling his classmate ACP Deva. Deva asks JP to bring Bheeshma to him to teach him a lesson as he believes Bheeshma is a "loser" since he lives his life as a meme creator. JP then tells Bheeshma's father, Anand Prasad, that Bheeshma is serving a punishment with Deva and the flashback is that Anand and Deva were classmates and Bheeshma touched his daughter when they were little causing a split between both of them. Bheeshma starts off by cleaning and serving tea to the officers. One day, Bheeshma is driving and after he drops off Deva, on the way back he sees that Chaitra needs assistance as her vehicle got into a crash. He introduces to her as ACP Bheeshma as he is in a cop car and she introduces herself as an employee of Bheeshma Organics. He decides to go with her and he ends up learning about organic farming.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: Then the CEO of Field Science, Raghavan, introduces a product called Instant which produces a six-month yield in four months by the use of chemicals and tries to influence some of Bheeshma's farmers by setting up a live interaction with Bheeshma.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: After a few hilarious twists and turns, Bheeshma finds out that she is the daughter of Deva. Deva soon develops a good opinion about Bheeshma but Chaitra does not like him. Bheeshma works for Deva as a driver and takes Chaitra to places where she wants to go. Chaitra and Bheeshma go to the interaction and he finds his friend Parimal there and that he works for Field Science. Bheeshma talks about how great organic farming is during the interaction and wins over Chaitra. Suddenly, Deva's constable sends a picture of them hugging and Deva is angry. He goes to Bheeshma's house and is shocked to see Anand as his father. He takes out his gun and decides to shoot Bheeshma saying he is a loser when Anand reveals that Bheeshma is the grandson of Sr. Bheeshma and he is the next CEO of Bheeshma Organics. Deva and Bheeshma are shocked and the media learns about this.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: When Bheeshma is ready to leave to take care of his grandfather, it is revealed that Anand lied to Deva to try to keep his son alive. Bheeshma is shocked and in the meanwhile, Chaitra calls him saying that her father wants her to marry him since he is the grandson of Sr. Bheeshma and says that he is a liar and that he manipulated her and how she knows that he is not Bheeshma's grandson. Bheeshma decides to tell Deva the truth but to his surprise Sr. Bheeshma announces him as an operational CEO of the company for 30 days. Bheeshma is shocked by this decision and Chaitra despises him even more. He also found out that Parimal lost his job at Field Science due to Raghavan learning that Parimal is Bheeshma's friend and he joins as a driver for Bheeshma. Bheeshma is then shown around the office and he quickly wins over the employees. He also saves a village from signing from Field Science angering Raghavan and also rewins Chaitra's love. Raghavan decides to make sure Bheeshma is not the next CEO by giving a poisonous hybrid plant to Sr. Bheeshma which then hospitalizes him and to become India's #1 agricultural company and also plants chemically made plants in Bheeshma's warehouse to further make the company lose reputation with a police raid. Raghavan invites Agricultural Minister, Ajay Varma, to launch Instant to the world but to his surprise, Ajay says that the product is made of harmful chemicals and cancels the license of Field Science which confines Raghavan to bed. He soon finds out that Sr. Bheeshma is alive and he was only hospitalized due to a high fever. The plant which Raghavan sent was destroyed by Parimal, thinking that the plant was for Jr. Bheeshma when it was actually for Sr. Bheeshma. Jr. Bheeshma then just suggests Parimal to replace the plant with a similar looking plant without the poisonous properties. He also learns that Bheeshma found Sarah and Ajay in a hotel room and says that he has a pen camera and button cameras which forces Ajay to give a speech about how the chemicals are bad and how the police found out about him planting the plants. Bheeshma is then appointed as the full-time CEO of Bheeshma Organics and Chaitra and Bheeshma marry and he says he is "Single for never" instead of "Single forever".


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: The film was announced on 30 March 2019, by Rashmika Mandanna through social media platforms, coinciding with Nithiin's birthday. The pooja ceremony and the principal photography was done in mid May 2019. Filming was lasted until late December 2019. Kannada actor Anant Nag was signed to play a pivotal role while, Bengali actor Jisshu Sengupta was signed to portray the antagonist. The song "Hey Choosa" was shot in Positano, Italy.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: The film was released on Netflix and Sun NXT (along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam) on 9 April 2020 with English Subtitles. The Hindi dubbed version was directly premiered on Dhinchaak TV channel (now renamed to Goldmines) on 19 February 2022.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: The film opened to positive reviews from critics on the first day of its release with praise for its performances, comedy, songs and dance numbers.


title: Bheeshma (2020 film)

text: Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu", appreciated the film's use of humour and wrote: "Director Venky Kudumula places such a character in the centre of a farming war. The result is a partly farcical comedy that’s at times deliberately frustrating and at other times, lends itself to laugh aloud segments." Australian Stars rated it 4/5 "A great entertainer, The whole cast was amazing and Venky's movie is all the way a winner. This is your perfect weekend watch." "Koimoi.com" editor Rohit Mohan rated the film 3/5 and stated "Nithiin comeback after one and half years is totally natural and a smash hit. The movie strikes right to the audience and Jishu Sengupta , Rashmika Mandanna did complete justice to their role." "Times of India" editor rated 3/5 star and stated "If you loved "Chalo", giving Bheeshma a chance is a no-brainer (pun intended). Just don’t go expecting something even remotely sane or novel and you won’t be disappointed."


title: Card security code

text: A card security code (CSC; also known as CVC, CVV, or several other names) is a series of numbers that, in addition to the bank card number, is printed (not embossed) on a card. The CSC is used as a security feature for card not present transactions, where a personal identification number (PIN) cannot be manually entered by the cardholder (as they would during point-of-sale or card present transactions). It was instituted to reduce the incidence of credit card fraud.


title: Card security code

text: These codes are in slightly different places for different card issuers. The CSC for Visa, Mastercard, and Discover credit cards is a three-digit number on the back of the card, to the right of the signature box. The CSC for American Express is a four-digit code on the front of the card above the account number. See the figures to the right for examples.


title: Card security code

text: CSC was originally developed in the UK as an eleven-character alphanumeric code by Equifax employee Michael Stone in 1995. After testing with the Littlewoods Home Shopping group and NatWest bank, the concept was adopted by the UK Association for Payment Clearing Services (APACS) and streamlined to the three-digit code known today. Mastercard started issuing CVC2 numbers in 1997 and Visa in the United States issued them by 2001. American Express started to use the CSC in 1999, in response to growing Internet transactions and card member complaints of spending interruptions when the security of a card has been brought into question.


title: Card security code

text: Contactless card and chip cards may electronically generate their own code, such as iCVV or a "dynamic" CVV.


title: Card security code

text: There are several types of security codes and PVV (all generated from DES key in the bank in HSM modules using PAN, expiration date and service code):


title: Card security code

text: The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, however, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.


title: Card security code

text: The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date (two fields printed on the card) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result (in a similar manner to a hash function).


title: Card security code

text: As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for "card not present" transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized. This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not present and the stolen card numbers are less useful. Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code; therefore, employees and customer service representatives with access to these web-based payment interfaces, who otherwise have access to complete card numbers, expiration dates, and other information, still lack the CVV2 code.


title: Card security code

text: The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation. This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.


title: Card security code

text: Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant. However, some merchants in North America, such as Sears and Staples, require the code. For American Express cards, this has been an invariable practice (for "card not present" transactions) in European Union (EU) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005. This provides a level of protection to the bank/cardholder, in that a fraudulent merchant or employee cannot simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for "card not present" purchases over the phone, mail order or Internet. To do this, a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it, which is more likely to arouse the cardholder's suspicion.


title: Card security code

text: Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.


title: Jump Force

text: Jump Force is a Japanese crossover fighting game developed by Spike Chunsoft and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment featuring characters from various manga series featured in Shueisha's "Weekly Shōnen Jump" anthology in celebration of the magazine's 50th anniversary. The game was released on February 14, 2019 in Japan for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and the following day worldwide in addition to Microsoft Windows. A Nintendo Switch port was released worldwide on August 28, 2020. The game received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Jump Force

text: When the real world collides with many of the "Shōnen Jump" universes, humanity is invaded by the "Venoms", an army of mind-controlled villains led by Kane and Galena. In order to fight back, many heroes are recruited to join the "Jump Force" under the leadership of Director Glover and his A.I. partner Navigator. But a suspicious figure is using both the Jump Force and the Venoms as an attempt to gain a mysterious artifact and merge all worlds into one.


title: Jump Force

text: Frieza attacks New York City with an army of Venoms, being confronted by Son Goku; however, a stray laser blast from Frieza fatally wounds a civilian in the war zone. Trunks revives the civilian with a cybernetic device called an umbras cube, giving them the potential to be a hero like them. Frieza withdraws, allowing Goku and Trunks to take the civilian back to their HQ, where they are greeted by Director Glover. Glover explains that the manga worlds from "Jump" have somehow begun merging with the real world and using their own umbras cubes to turn evil-hearted humans into Venoms, forcing him to create the Jump Force to quell the threat; the organization consists of heroes from the "Jump" worlds, along with other people saved through the cubes.


title: Jump Force

text: The group is divided into Alpha, Beta and Gamma teams; Son Goku leads Alpha (along with Piccolo, Zoro and Gaara) to fight off the invading Venoms, Luffy leads Beta (along with Boa Hancock, Sanji, Boruto and later Vegeta) to reclaim the territory from the Venoms, while Naruto leads Gamma (along with Kakashi, Sasuke, Trunks and Sabo) for stealthy reconnaissance. The new hero, who serves as the game's player character, is asked to join one of the divisions to help repel the invasion. Light Yagami, whose Death Note lost its powers by the merging of worlds has also joined, secretly intent on restoring it.


title: Jump Force

text: The Jump Force discover other heroes being mind-controlled by umbras cubes charged with evil energy. They free the heroes and recruit them, taking the cubes for inspection. Duplicates of the Jump villains made of the dark umbras cubes also appear, along with the real ones, adding to the confusion.


title: Jump Force

text: After an amnesiac girl named Angela is rescued, several members of the Jump Force suddenly become possessed by evil auras during missions, leading them to suspect a traitor is among them. While Sanji is initially blamed, the culprit is revealed to be Angela, who is a disguise for the evil Galena. She steals the collected umbras cubes and gives them to her master Kane, a man seeking to wipe out humanity in revenge for the deaths of his family. The player pursues and defeats Kane, but Glover reveals himself as Prometheus, the true mastermind behind the merging of the worlds and Galena's true master, having used Kane to sow chaos across the worlds. Having outlived his usefulness, Galena seemingly kills Kane and proceeds to stall the heroes to allow Prometheus to continue his plans. The heroes defeat Galena, only for Prometheus to absorb her afterward.


title: Jump Force

text: The heroes confront Prometheus, who reveals himself to be a "keyman" charged with showing the real world the stories of "Jump", but grew tired of humanity's vices and attempts to merge the real and the Jump worlds together in order to guide humanity in the right direction. He steals the player's cube for its good energy, planning to use it to balance the evil energy he collected from the villains to become a god. The villains form a temporary truce with the heroes, while a still-alive Kane uses the last of his strength to give his cube to the player and Goku empowers them further with the energy from all of the Jump Force, allowing them to destroy Prometheus.


title: Jump Force

text: However, Prometheus's death does not separate the realities, leaving Earth still under threat from the "Jump" villains. At Trunks' suggestion, the player character becomes the new Jump Force director and continues to protect humanity. Meanwhile, Light finds an umbras cube left behind by Prometheus, planning to use its dark energy to re-power his Death Note.


title: Jump Force

text: "Jump Force" is a 1-v-1 fighting game where the player controls a team of three characters from a selection of various manga series featured in the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine. Players control one character at a time while the others are used as support, with players able to switch between them during battle. Combat functions similarly to the previous "Jump" fighting game, such as "J-Stars Victory VS", "Dragon Ball Xenoverse" sub-series, "" sub-series and "", with players moving around a 3D space and utilizing various combos and special moves to attack their opponents. The match ends when one team depletes the other's health bar.


title: Jump Force

text: The game's launch roster features 40 playable characters from 16 series, with 14 additional characters available as downloadable content via Character Passes and three added as part of a free update for a total of 57 characters. In addition, players are allowed to create their own unique playable character, customizing them with abilities, outfits and accessories earned through gameplay.


title: Jump Force

text: "Jump Force" was developed by Spike Chunsoft and published by Bandai Namco. The game is using Unreal Engine 4, and was created in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of "Weekly Shōnen Jump". "Dragon Ball" creator Akira Toriyama designed the original characters created for the game. "Jump Force" was announced at E3 2018 during Microsoft's press conference. It was released on February 14, 2019 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in Japan, and on February 15, 2019 in the west for the same platforms, as well as Microsoft Windows. A Nintendo Switch port was announced in April 2020. The Switch version, titled "Jump Force Deluxe Edition", includes the downloadable content from the first Character Pass and was released worldwide on August 28, 2020.


title: Jump Force

text: On November 10, 2021, Bandai Namco announced the discontinuation of the game. It was delisted from digital stores along with its downloadable content on February 8, 2022, and the shutdown of its online servers happened 10 months later on August 24, 2022.


title: Jump Force

text: In Japan, approximately 76,894 physical units for PS4 were sold during its launch week, becoming the top-selling game that week. As of 17 March 2019, the PS4 version has sold 190,214 physical units in Japan. The Nintendo Switch version sold 15,588 retail copies during its first week on sale in Japan, making it the seventh bestselling game of the week in the country.


title: Jump Force

text: In North America, the game debuted at number two on NPD's monthly sales chart for February 2019, behind only "Anthem". "Jump Force" is North America's fourth best-selling game of 2019 (behind only "Kingdom Hearts III", "Anthem", and "Resident Evil 2"), and had the third highest launch month sales for a Bandai Namco game in the territory.


title: Jump Force

text: In Europe, "Jump Force" debuted at number four on the weekly UK charts, with the PS4 version accounting for 74% of launch sales. It debuted at number one on the weekly Italian charts, and at number three on the weekly Switzerland charts, behind the other two new releases of the week, "Metro Exodus" and "Far Cry New Dawn".


title: Jump Force

text: Steam Spy estimates that the PC version sold between 50,000 and 100,000 units worldwide on the Steam platform, as of 23 March 2019. And between 200,000 and 500,000 units as of 22 December 2020.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Ryan David Leaf (born May 15, 1976) is a former American football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons. He played for the San Diego Chargers and the Dallas Cowboys between 1998 and 2001, and also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Seattle Seahawks.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf spent his college career with the Washington State Cougars, where he was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy after his junior year. He was selected as the second overall pick by the San Diego Chargers in the 1998 NFL Draft after Peyton Manning, but his career was shortened due to poor play, bad behavior, injuries, and struggles with his work ethic and ability to stay focused. An episode of "NFL Top 10" ranked him as the No. 1 "draft bust" in NFL history.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: After his NFL career ended, Leaf completed his degree at Washington State. He had legal troubles involving drugs beginning in 2010 after a Texas judge sentenced him to 10 years probation. Two years later, Leaf pleaded guilty to felony burglary and drug possession in Montana. After a suspended sentence with a stint in drug rehabilitation, Leaf began serving a seven-year sentence in state prison in December 2012. On September 9, 2014, Leaf was sentenced to five years in prison for violating his Texas probation by breaking into a home in Montana to steal prescription drugs, but he was released from prison on December 3, 2014. In October 2020, he pled guilty to a misdemeanor domestic violence charge.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf currently works as a Program Ambassador for Transcend Recovery Community, a group of sober living houses in Los Angeles, Houston, and New York. He also hosts a radio show and works as a college football analyst on television.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: After leading Charles M. Russell High School in Great Falls, Montana to the 1992 Montana state title, he was told that his build and athleticism was good for a tight end, or maybe a linebacker by the head coach of the time, Dennis Erickson, at the University of Miami. He chose to be a quarterback for the Washington State Cougars instead after head coach Mike Price, who had coached longtime New England Patriots starting quarterback Drew Bledsoe, called him on the phone while Leaf was watching the Rose Bowl, and told him "If you come here, we're going there". Leaf did not know that Washington State had not reached the Rose Bowl since 1931, but later told "Sports Illustrated" that he immediately knew he wanted to accept a scholarship and play for Price.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: He played in 32 games for Washington State, starting 24 of them. In his junior year, he averaged 330.6 yards passing per game and threw for a then Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) record 33 touchdowns. He also led the Cougars to their first Pac-10 championship in school history. Despite his strong early showing in the 1998 Rose Bowl, Washington State was defeated 21–16 by the eventual Associated Press national champion Michigan Wolverines.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf was a finalist in balloting for the Heisman Trophy that year, which is given annually to the "most outstanding" player in American college football voted in by media figures and former players. He finished third behind the winner, defensive back Charles Woodson of Michigan, and fellow quarterback Peyton Manning of Tennessee. He was named Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year, was named first-team All-American by "The Sporting News", and finished second in the nation in passer rating. The Rose Bowl helped make him a possible first overall selection in the NFL Draft, and Leaf decided to forgo his senior year at Washington State and enter the 1998 draft.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Peyton Manning and Leaf were widely considered to be the two best players available in the 1998 NFL Draft, and scouts and analysts debated who should be selected first. Tampa Bay Buccaneers coach Tony Dungy recalled that although his team did not need a quarterback, "Manning-Leaf was really split when you talked to people". Many favored Leaf's stronger arm and greater potential, while others deemed Manning the more mature player and safer pick. Most observers, however, believed that it would not greatly matter whether Manning or Leaf was drafted first because either would greatly benefit his team.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: The Indianapolis Colts owned the first draft pick that year. Team scouts favored Leaf, but Colts president Bill Polian and coaching staff preferred Manning, especially after discovering during individual workouts that he could throw harder than Leaf. Manning also impressed the team during his interview, while Leaf missed his. Leaf's draft prospect profile described the player as "self-confident to the point where some people view him as being arrogant and almost obnoxious". Leaf gained about 20 pounds between the end of his junior season and the NFL Combine in February, which Jerry Angelo, one of six experts "Sports Illustrated" consulted on the choice, described as "a [negative] signal" about his self-discipline. All six believed that Manning was the better choice, but the magazine concluded "What does seem reasonably certain is that ... both Manning and Leaf should develop into at least good NFL starters".


title: Ryan Leaf

text: The San Diego Chargers had the third overall pick. Polian told Chargers general manager Bobby Beathard that he would not trade the Colts' pick. Beathard later said that he would have taken Manning with the first pick because he knew his father Archie Manning, "but that didn't mean there was anything bad that way with Ryan at the time". His team needed a new quarterback after having scored the fewest touchdowns in the league in the previous season. To obtain the second draft pick from the Arizona Cardinals, San Diego traded its third overall pick, a future first round pick, a second round pick, and three-time Pro Bowler Eric Metcalf, guaranteeing the right to draft whichever of the two quarterbacks Indianapolis did not take first. Manning was drafted first by the Colts and Leaf second by the Chargers, who signed him to a four-year contract worth $31.25 million, including a guaranteed $11.25 million signing bonus, the largest ever paid to a rookie at the time. Leaf said, "I'm looking forward to a 15-year career, a couple of trips to the Super Bowl, and a parade through downtown San Diego." The night after the draft, Leaf flew to Las Vegas, Nevada on the jet of Chargers owner Alex Spanos and partied all night; the following day Leaf yawned during his first news conference.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: San Diego's high hopes for Leaf were soon dashed as his rookie season was marred by poor behavior, starting with skipping the final day of a symposium mandatory for all NFL draftees and incurring a $10,000 fine. Leaf nonetheless did well in the preseason and the start of the regular season, as the Chargers won their first two games. The Chargers won the season opener on September 6, 1998, 16–14 over the Buffalo Bills despite mistakes from Leaf such as fumbling his first snap and throwing two interceptions; Buffalo penalties voided two would-be interceptions from Leaf. In the game, Leaf's 6-yard touchdown pass to Bryan Still that followed a 67-yard pass to Still gave San Diego a 10–0 lead. However, late in the game, San Diego fell behind 14–13 after a Leaf interception. Leaf completed 16 of 31 passes for 192 yards in the opener and 13 of 24 passes for 179 yards (with 31 rushing yards in 7 carries) in the second game, a 13–7 win over the Tennessee Oilers.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Three days before the Chargers' September 20 game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Leaf was hospitalized for a viral infection that he attributed to an improperly cleaned artificial-turf burn. He started the game but completed only one of 15 passes for four yards, threw two interceptions and had four fumbles (three lost) in a 23–7 loss. The next day, Leaf was caught on camera shouting at "San Diego Union-Tribune" reporter Jay Posner to "knock it off" during a locker-room interview and was led away by Junior Seau and a team executive, during which he called Posner a "fucking bitch". He later apologized to Posner for the incident.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: After Leaf had four first-half passes picked off by the New York Giants in Week 4 (September 28), he was benched by head coach Kevin Gilbride in favor of former sixth-round pick Craig Whelihan. He started the following game on October 4 in a 17–12 loss to the Indianapolis Colts and top pick Peyton Manning. Both quarterbacks completed 12 of 23 passes and threw one interception, with Leaf having 23 more passing yards (160) than Manning, but Manning threw the game's only touchdown and was never sacked while Leaf was downed four times. Inside the final two minutes and San Diego down 14–6, Leaf's 56-yard pass to Charlie Jones set up a one-yard Natrone Means touchdown run, but Leaf's potential tying two-point conversion pass to Webster Slaughter was incomplete. He then lost his starting job permanently to Whelihan following a 4-of-15, 23-yard performance with an interception against the Denver Broncos on November 8. Leaf finished the season with 1,289 passing yards in ten games and a 45.3% completion percentage with only two touchdowns against fifteen interceptions, earning him an abysmal quarterback rating of 39.0.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf related poorly to both the media and his teammates, whom he tended to blame for his poor play, and developed a reputation for a poor work ethic, such as playing golf while other quarterbacks were studying film. Beathard said, "Guys can be jerks, but I've never seen a guy that worked harder at alienating his teammates. Junior Seau, Rodney Harrison, they came to me and said, 'Bobby, this guy is killing me.'" Harrison described the 1998 season as "a nightmare" due to Leaf's immaturity and Whelihan's inefficiency: "If I had to go through another year like that, I'd probably quit playing." During the offseason, Seau called on management to sign a veteran quarterback and "get a guy in here not to babysit, but to win."


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf suffered an injury to his throwing shoulder 20 minutes into the Chargers' opening training camp workout on July 23, 1999. One month later, a fan heckled Leaf by singing lyrics from the Little River Band song "Lonesome Loser" and comparing him to failed NFL quarterback Heath Shuler. Leaf, accompanied by a coach and security guards, went to confront the fan but was restrained by two coaches, with another Chargers employee saying, "No, don't do it, Ryan. Don't do it." Leaf later explained the incident: "...what I wanted to do was say, 'Hey, look, I've grown up, I'm calm about it, I would like to understand why you would say that about me.'"


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf underwent surgery to fix a labral tear in his shoulder and missed the 1999 season. He was placed on injured reserve but made headlines in early November when he got into a shouting match with Beathard and a coach, resulting in a fine, a suspension without pay, and an apology from Leaf four weeks later. During his suspension, he was caught on video playing flag football at a San Diego park, a violation of his contract according to team management.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In the final game of the 2000 preseason, Leaf completed a pass to Trevor Gaylor to seal a 24–20 win over the Arizona Cardinals. After the game, he appeared on the cover of the September 4, 2000 issue of "Sports Illustrated" along with headline "Back from the Brink". The cover story characterized his comeback as "an ascent from pariah to possible standout pro passer". He started the first two games of the 2000 season but completed less than half of his pass attempts and threw five interceptions against only one touchdown. In the season opener on September 3, a 9–6 loss to the Oakland Raiders, Leaf completed 17 of 39 passes for 180 yards and three picks, including one on a 4th-and-inches play with 1:37 left that sealed the Raiders' victory. He suffered swelling in his left hand in addition to a chin gash that required stitches following a late hit from Raiders defensive tackle Regan Upshaw. The following game, a 28–27 loss to the New Orleans Saints, Leaf completed 12 of 24 passes for 134 yards and threw his first touchdown pass since his rookie season, a 20-yarder to Curtis Conway, but also threw two interceptions, one of which again cost the Chargers at the end of the game.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Head coach Mike Riley planned to start backup Moses Moreno in Week 3, but Leaf started after Moreno suffered a shoulder injury. The following week, Leaf suffered a sprained wrist that caused him to miss the next five games. In November, he publicly speculated that the Chargers would release him after the season, and later that month, reports suggested that Leaf had lied about his wrist injury to get out of practice and play golf instead.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In the Week 11 game on November 12 against the Miami Dolphins, Leaf replaced Moreno mid-game. Leaf threw an interception on his fourth snap, led a touchdown drive in the Chargers' next series, and left the game with nearly a minute to go after straining a hamstring on a scramble. This game was the first since 1993 where three quarterbacks on the same team – in this case Leaf, Moreno, and Jim Harbaugh – each threw an interception in one game. On November 19 against the Denver Broncos, Leaf completed 13 of 27 passes and reached career single-game highs in quarterback rating (111.8), passing yards (311), and passing touchdowns (3), but the Chargers lost the game 38–37. After an 0–11 start, the Chargers got their first win on November 26, 17–16 over the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chargers took a 14–3 lead early in the second quarter after Leaf threw two touchdowns to Freddie Jones, but the offense struggled late in the game on the back of two interceptions, one of which was returned for a touchdown.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf would again play poorly with four more picks against the San Francisco 49ers on December 3, and with only 9 of 23 passes completed on December 10 in a loss to the Baltimore Ravens. He rebounded with 23 of 43 passes for 259 yards, two touchdowns and one interception in a December 17 loss to the Carolina Panthers 30–22. In the Chargers' final drive, with nearly two minutes remaining in the game, Leaf completed a 10-yard pass to Curtis Conway that was ruled six inches short of the end zone. On first down, however, miscommunication between Leaf and running back Jermaine Fazande resulted in a fumble and 8-yard loss, and the next two plays followed by a penalty forced a fourth down and goal 10 yards from the end zone, and Leaf's fourth-down pass was incomplete. On the final game of the season on December 24, Leaf made a 71-yard touchdown pass to Jeff Graham on the first play from scrimmage, but San Diego lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 34–21. In the game, Leaf completed 15 of 29 passes for 171 yards, 1 touchdown, and 1 interception, and a fumble of his final snap. For the 2000 season, Leaf completed 50% (161 of 322) of his passes for 1,883 yards, 11 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: After finishing the season with a disastrous 1–15 record, the Chargers released Leaf on February 28, 2001. In three seasons with the Chargers, he won only four of 18 games as a starter, and threw a total of 13 touchdowns and 33 interceptions.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: On March 2, 2001, two days after the Chargers released him, Leaf was claimed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who were intrigued by his physical talent and planned to develop him more slowly, giving him time to watch and learn. Leaf's wrist had still not healed, and doctors recommended surgery. After mediocre preseason performances, he was asked to accept demotion to fourth quarterback status on the team and accept a lower salary. He refused, and was released on September 3, five days before the start of the 2001 season.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: His next attempt at a comeback was with the Dallas Cowboys, who signed him after the Buccaneers released him, but he failed his first physical and was let go on September 5. After regular starter Quincy Carter suffered an injury, the Cowboys signed Leaf again on October 12. The Cowboys released him in May 2002 after he had appeared in only four games – all losses – throwing for a four-game total of 494 yards with only one touchdown and three interceptions.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Days later, he still got another chance when the Seattle Seahawks signed him to a one-year contract, planning to let him develop slowly (as the Buccaneers had done) to allow his still-injured wrist time to heal. He attended the team's spring minicamps and seemed upbeat about his new team, but then abruptly retired at the age of 26 just before the start of the Seahawks' 2002 training camp, offering no explanation at first. Seahawks head coach and general manager Mike Holmgren told the media Leaf's wrist did not bother him with either the Cowboys or the Seahawks.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: During his brief career in the NFL, Leaf appeared in 25 games and made 21 starts. He completed 317 of 655 (48.4%) passes for 3,666 yards, with 14 touchdowns and 36 interceptions and a career quarterback rating of 50.0. Rodney Harrison, one of Leaf's most outspoken critics on the Chargers, said of his retirement, "He took the money and ran. Personally, I could never rest good at night knowing my career ended like that. Normally in this game, you get back what you put into it, and he pretty much got back what he put into it".


title: Ryan Leaf

text: ESPN put Leaf first on its list of 25 biggest sports flops between 1979 and 2004. NBC Sports commentator Michael Ventre called him "the biggest bust in the history of professional sports". Since Leaf's retirement, sportswriters and commentators have characterized subsequent drafted potential NFL quarterback flops as "the next Ryan Leaf". In 2010, NFL Network listed Leaf as the number one NFL quarterback bust of all time, adding that the only good that came out of drafting Leaf for the Chargers is that it put the team in position to draft LaDainian Tomlinson, Drew Brees, and eventually (after it initially appeared Brees himself would be a draft bust) Philip Rivers.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: "Deadspin" ranked Leaf as the sixth worst NFL player of all time in 2011, opining "To call Leaf a bust is unfair to the Blair Thomases and David Carrs of the world."


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Dish Network included Leaf in their 2015 "Biggest NFL Bust Bracket" where he was a "1 Seed" along with fellow busts JaMarcus Russell, Tony Mandarich, and David Carr.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf in 2016 compared the problems of Cleveland Browns quarterback Johnny Manziel to his own, saying it was like "looking in the mirror" and that the only difference was that Leaf's substance abuse problems happened after he retired. Leaf went on to state that Manziel is able to get the help he needs. According to Leaf, Archie Manning asked Leaf's father before the 2004 NFL Draft about how the Chargers treated him. While accepting responsibility for his poor behavior and play, Leaf said that his father telling Archie that the team did not help him was part of why Peyton's brother Eli Manning forced the Chargers to trade him to the New York Giants that year.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: After retiring from professional football, Leaf returned to San Diego and became a financial consultant. In 2004, Leaf resumed his education at Washington State University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in humanities in May 2005.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: He then joined Don Carthel's West Texas A&M University staff as a volunteer quarterbacks coach in 2006, commenting, "About a year after I retired from playing, I decided that I wanted to get back to college, where I had the greatest time of my life, and to get involved with college football." He also admitted that he was unprepared for the NFL when he was drafted back in 1998. In April 2008, ESPN described Leaf as having come to terms with his past. He said at the time, "When playing football became a job, it lost its luster for me. I kind of got out of the spotlight, and life's never been this good." But in November 2008 he was put on indefinite leave, and resigned the next day, from his coaching position at West Texas A&M for allegedly asking one of his players for a pill to help him deal with pain in his wrist from past injuries. Leaf's usage of painkillers dates back to 2002, when he took Vicodin from a boxing promoter after attending a match in Las Vegas. Leaf described the event as what "started about an eight-year run of off-and-on opioid abuse that took my life to the very bottom".


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In October 2009, he went to work in Vancouver, British Columbia as business-development manager for a travel company.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In September 2010, he began writing a regular column about Washington State University football for the website Cougfan.com. He wrote nine columns that football season and his work attracted a strong following among Washington State fans. In December 2010, he signed a contract with Pullman, Washington-based Crimson Oak Publishing to write no fewer than three memoirs. Crimson Oak describes its mission as publishing books with themes of "hope, possibility, and determination." Crimson Oak released Leaf's first book "596 Switch: The Improbable Journey from The Palouse to Pasadena" in October 2011. The book focuses on the 1997 Washington State football team that made the 1998 Rose Bowl.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: As of April 2018, he was working as a Program Ambassador for Transcend Recovery Community after staying sober the last six years. Transcend is a recovery community with nine locations in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles. In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres, he stated, "I started a foundation called the Focus Intensity Foundation, what I do is I raise money for scholarships for people who can't afford treatment, mental health treatment." In April, he wrote an article for "The Players' Tribune" titled "Letter to My Younger Self", describing his NFL career and life after its end.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf also has a radio show and works as a college football analyst on television for the Pac-12 Network.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: On July 14, 2019, Leaf was hired by ESPN as an analyst for the 2019–2020 college football season for games on ESPN2 and ESPNU. Leaf worked as an analyst for select weeks of Westwood One's Sunday night Football during the 2021 season. He has appeared as analyst in the show NFL overtime on Sky Sports in the UK during the 2021 season.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In 2001, Leaf married Nicole Lucia, a Charger cheerleader and daughter of financial radio host Ray Lucia. They separated in November 2003 and eventually divorced. In 2017 he got engaged to former Georgetown Hoyas volleyball player Anna Kleinsorge.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: His younger brother Brady Leaf played quarterback for the Oregon Ducks football team behind Dennis Dixon from 2003 to 2006.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In September 2010, the Associated Press reported that Leaf was spending time with his family in Montana.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: Leaf has connected several times with Peyton Manning, who was the top pick above Leaf in the 1998 draft. Manning's family reached out to Leaf during Leaf's imprisonment, and Leaf texted congratulations when Manning's statue was unveiled at Lucas Oil Stadium.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In May 2009, Leaf was indicted on burglary and controlled-substance charges in Texas. He was in a drug-rehabilitation program in British Columbia, Canada at the time of the indictment and was arrested by customs agents at the border on his return to the U.S. as he was intending to fly to Texas to surrender on the indictment. However, his attorney Jeffrey A. Lustick successfully blocked the fugitive warrant extradition process, therefore legally allowing Leaf to go to Texas on his own. Lustick later successfully got the Washington fugitive action against Leaf dismissed with prejudice. On June 17, he posted a $45,000 bond in Washington state for the criminal charges in Texas. In April 2010, he pled guilty in Amarillo, Texas to seven counts of obtaining a controlled substance by fraud and one count of delivery of a simulated controlled substance, all felonies. State District Judge John B. Board sentenced him to ten years of probation and fined him $20,000.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: On March 30, 2012, he was arrested on burglary, theft, and drug charges in his home town of Great Falls, Montana. Four days later, he was arrested again on burglary, theft, and two counts of criminal possession of dangerous drugs. As part of a plea bargain on May 8, 2012, he pled guilty to one count of felony burglary and one count of criminal possession of a dangerous drug.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: In late April 2012, Texas authorities issued two arrest warrants for him and set his bond at $126,000.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: On June 19, 2012, Leaf was sentenced to seven years in custody of the Montana Department of Corrections, with two years suspended if he abided by the conditions imposed by District Judge Kenneth Neil in Montana. He was to spend the first nine months of his sentence in a lockdown addiction treatment facility, Nexus Treatment Center in Lewistown, Montana. But on January 17, 2013, Leaf was remanded to Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge after being found guilty of "behavior that violated conditions of his drug treatment placement." He was also accused of threatening a program staff member.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: On September 9, 2014, a Texas judge sentenced Leaf to five years' imprisonment, giving credit for time spent in prison in Montana. According to ESPN, Leaf would not see further time in jail, but would also not be released from Montana prison. On December 3, 2014, Leaf was released from prison and placed under the supervision of Great Falls Probation and Parole.


title: Ryan Leaf

text: On May 22, 2020, Leaf was arrested for misdemeanor domestic battery in Palm Desert, California. Nearly five months later, he admitted to the charge in a plea deal that resulted in three years of probation and a 12-month class on domestic violence.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: The U.S. Dollar Index (USDX, DXY, DX, or, informally, the "Dixie") is an index (or measure) of the value of the United States dollar relative to a basket of foreign currencies, often referred to as a basket of U.S. trade partners' currencies. The Index goes up when the U.S. dollar gains "strength" (value) when compared to other currencies.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: The index is designed, maintained, and published by ICE (Intercontinental Exchange, Inc.), with the name "U.S. Dollar Index" a registered trademark.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: USDX started in March 1973, soon after the dismantling of the Bretton Woods system. At its start, the value of the U.S. Dollar Index was 100.000. It has since traded as high as 164.7200 in February 1985, and as low as 70.698 on March 16, 2008.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: The make up of the "basket" has been altered only once, when several European currencies were subsumed by the euro at the start of 1999. Some commentators have said that the make up of the "basket" is overdue for revision as China, Mexico, South Korea and Brazil are major trading partners presently which are not part of the index whereas Sweden and Switzerland are continuing as part of the index.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: The Trade-weighted US dollar index is a currency index created by the Federal Reserve to measure the exchange rate of the United States Dollar compared to the nations that it trades with the most, the more trade a country has with the United States the more that exchange rate weighs on the index. The index was created in 1998 during the creation of the Euro.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: ICE provides live feeds for Dow Futures that appear on Bloomberg.com and CNN Money. USDX is updated whenever U.S. Dollar markets are open, which is from Sunday evening New York City local time (early Monday morning Asia time) for 24 hours a day to late Friday afternoon New York City local time.


title: U.S. Dollar Index

text: US Dollar Index futures are traded for 21 hours a day on the ICE platform with futures having a March/June/September/December quarterly expiration cycle. It is also available indirectly in exchange-traded funds (ETFs), options, contracts for difference and mutual funds.


title: Justin Berfield

text: Justin Tyler Berfield (born February 25, 1986) is an American former actor, writer, and producer. He is known for his portrayal of Malcolm's dimwitted older brother, Reese, on the family sitcom "Malcolm in the Middle". He also played Ross Malloy on The WB sitcom "Unhappily Ever After". As of 2010, Berfield is Chief Creative Officer of Virgin Produced, a film and television development, packaging, and production company announced in 2010 by the Virgin Group.


title: Justin Berfield

text: Berfield was born in Agoura Hills, California, to Gail Berfield (née Stark) and Eric "Rick" Berfield. He is the younger brother of actor Lorne Berfield. Berfield is Jewish.


title: Justin Berfield

text: Berfield's first screen appearance was in a Folgers coffee commercial at age five. He went on to appear in 20 other nationally broadcast American commercials as a young child. His TV debut came in the short-lived series "The Good Life" (1994) in which he co-starred with Drew Carey. More TV appearances followed in "Hardball", "The Boys Are Back", and "The Mommies" (1994–1995).


title: Justin Berfield

text: Berfield's first long-running TV role was as Ross Malloy in "Unhappily Ever After" (1995–1999), in which he notched up 100 episode appearances. In 1995, he (then aged 9) was one of 3000 juvenile actors who auditioned for the role of the young Anakin Skywalker in "".


title: Justin Berfield

text: In 1999, Linwood Boomer cast Berfield to play Reese, the trouble-making older brother of Frankie Muniz's title character on the Fox sitcom "Malcolm in the Middle" (in reality, Berfield is nearly 3 months younger than Muniz), which premiered on January 9, 2000. He appeared in all 151 episodes of that series, and with the recording of the 100th episode became the youngest actor in screen history to have appeared in 100 episodes of two different TV series. After "Malcolm in the Middle" ended on May 14, 2006, Berfield concentrated on production work, although he made a one-off appearance in the series "Sons of Tucson" in 2010.


title: Justin Berfield

text: In 2001, Berfield was asked to serve as a National Youth Ambassador for Ronald McDonald House Charities, in which he participated for three years until turning 18. He has been active with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and most recently Virgin Unite, the charitable arm of Virgin Group.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Elizabeth Tulloch (born January 19, 1981) known as Bitsie Tulloch, is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Juliette Silverton / Eve in the NBC television series "Grimm" and as Lois Lane in The CW superhero television series "Superman & Lois".


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch was born in San Diego, California, and grew up in Spain, Uruguay, and Argentina. Tulloch goes by "Bitsie", which is not a contraction of her given name, Elizabeth, but a homage to her oddly-nicknamed grandfather, a World War II bomber pilot, who was also involved in the 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: When Tulloch began acting she was credited as "Bitsie" and continued to be until 2017 when she decided to start using Elizabeth instead, explaining: "I still go by Bitsie. I still introduce myself as Bitsie to people I meet. But, it sort of worked when I was in my mid-20s and I was just starting acting. And now I'm in my mid-30s, and I felt like, for billing purposes, I wanted to go back to Elizabeth. I was doing a movie... and it actually hadn't even occurred to me. And the producer was, like, "Hey, we noticed it's Elizabeth when we were filling out your legal papers. Is that the way you want billing?" And I just thought about it, and I called my agent and my manager, and they were like, "Yeah, you know, that's not a bad idea. You are older now. And Bitsie is, obviously, a very kind of cute name. It's cutesy." So, that's really all it was about. It's not like I introduce myself as Elizabeth now. It's just for billing, going forward."


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch has stated her first language was Spanish although she no longer considers herself completely fluent. Her paternal grandmother's family is from Renfrewshire and her grandfather's family originated from the area around Kirkwall, both in Scotland. In an interview with BBC News, she reported that "we think the first Tulloch came to the US around 1880 and the Kerrs came in the early 1900s. After returning to the U.S., she went to middle and high school in Bedford, New York. Tulloch graduated "magna cum laude" from Harvard University with a double major in English and American Literature and Visual and Environmental Studies.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch's first acting credit was as R2-D2's "girlfriend" in "R2-D2: Beneath the Dome", a mockumentary produced by George Lucas telling the life story of the fictional robot R2-D2 from the "Star Wars" film series. She starred as "Sally" in the premiere of Sam Forman's play, "Quarterlife", which opened at the Pico Playhouse in March 2006. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Superbly performed... the scene at the end of the play, between Sally (Bitsie Tulloch) and Jack (Clark Freeman), was heartbreaking and beautiful... The lead actress, Bitsie Tulloch, [was] absolutely brilliant."


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: She was in "Lakeview Terrace" directed by Neil LaBute, opposite Samuel L. Jackson, Kerry Washington, and Patrick Wilson, and worked with Barbara Hershey on a film called "Uncross the Stars". In the fall of 2009 she filmed the romantic comedy "Losing Control". Tulloch voiced one of the characters, a wolf called Sweets, in "Alpha and Omega", a 3-D computer animated film, which was released in September 2010.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch played the small role of Norma, an actress in the 1920s starring in a silent movie with a veteran actor, in the award-winning movie "The Artist" with Jean Dujardin, John Goodman and James Cromwell, which was released by The Weinstein Company in November 2011, and won the 2012 Academy Award for Best Picture. The cast of the movie was nominated for a Critics' Choice Award for Best Ensemble Cast.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: In 2012 she starred as one of the titular roles in independent film "Caroline and Jackie" opposite Marguerite Moreau, which she also co-produced. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2012, and was released theatrically in May 2013.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch played Marilyn Sitzman, a witness to the Kennedy assassination, in the 2013 film "Parkland", opposite Paul Giamatti, Billy Bob Thornton, Marcia Gay Harden, Jacki Weaver, Jackie Earle Haley, and Zac Efron. The film was produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman of Playtone, and was released in 2013, to coincide with the 50th anniversary of John F. Kennedy's assassination.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch has appeared on the television shows "House", "Cold Case", "The West Wing", "Moonlight", and "Outlaw". In 2007, she filmed a role as a Dharma initiative scientist for the ABC series "Lost", but her role was re-cast due to scheduling conflicts with "quarterlife".


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch played the lead role in Ed Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz's drama "quarterlife", which premiered on NBC in early 2008. While the series was quickly pulled and moved to Bravo, Tulloch was hailed for her performance. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "She's the best realized of the bunch... Tulloch, who plays her, seems destined to be better known." She was often lauded as the "next" Claire Danes: "Will this be the first online show to create a real star? It looks likely: The gorgeous 26-year-old Tulloch clearly possesses Danes-like smarts and magnetism."


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: In 2009, Tulloch shot one of the three leads in HBO's buzzed-about comedy pilot "Washingtonienne" based on the book by Jessica Cutler. The pilot was produced by HBO and Sarah Jessica Parker. In early 2010, she filmed "Most Likely to Succeed", a half-hour comedy pilot for Imagine Entertainment through the FOX network, and had a recurring role on NBC's "Outlaw".


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch was a series regular on the NBC series "Grimm" (2011–2017). She played the role of Juliette Silverton / Eve in the fantasy police procedural drama set in a world where characters inspired by "Grimms' Fairy Tales" exist. Tulloch's heritage and fluency with the Spanish language were written into the role.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch played Lois Lane in The CW Arrowverse crossover events "Elseworlds" in 2018 and "Crisis on Infinite Earths" in 2019. The executive producers described the character as "dogged, determined and brave". In 2021, Tulloch and Tyler Hoechlin reprised their roles as Lois and Superman in the spinoff television series "Superman & Lois".


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: In December 2014, Tulloch confirmed she was in a relationship with her "Grimm" co-star David Giuntoli. In July 2016, she and Giuntoli revealed they became engaged in April 2016. They were married in June 2017. In October 2018, they confirmed that Tulloch was pregnant with their daughter, who was born in 2019.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: During her time living and working in Portland, Oregon (where "Grimm" was filmed), Tulloch became a fan of the Portland Trail Blazers and was often seen attending games with her co-stars.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch and Giuntoli maintained two residences, including a 1920s remodeled Dutch Colonial in Portland and a 1920s Spanish house in Hollywood Hills. In January 2020, the family moved to Washington state to be closer to family and their work in Vancouver.


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: In early 2012, Tulloch was nominated by the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, commonly called the "Critics' Choice Awards", for Best Ensemble Cast for "The Artist".


title: Elizabeth Tulloch

text: Tulloch was nominated for a 28th Annual LA Weekly Theater Award for her performance in Sam Forman's play "Quarterlife" (March 2007). "Quarterlife" was an experimental sequence of 20-plus episodes which were originally intended to be released only on the internet, but its success led it to being picked up by NBC.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Cuckoo is a British sitcom that began airing on BBC Three on 25 September 2012, repeating on BBC One, and in 2016 began airing worldwide on Netflix.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Written by Robin French and Kieron Quirke, "Cuckoo" stars Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner, Andie MacDowell, Greg Davies, Tamla Kari, Esther Smith, Tyger Drew-Honey, Helen Baxendale, Matt Lacey and Kenneth Collard. The series launch became BBC Three's most-watched comedy launch, beating the record set by "Bad Education", which debuted the previous month. Greg Davies was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Male Performance in a Comedy Programme. At the British Comedy Awards, "Cuckoo" was nominated for Best New Comedy Programme and Greg Davies was nominated for Best TV Comedy Actor.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Following the success of series one, the BBC ordered a second series, but it looked uncertain due to Samberg's busy schedule. In February 2014, it was announced that Samberg would not return for the second series, with Taylor Lautner replacing him as Cuckoo's long-lost lovechild Dale. The second series began on 7 August 2014. On 4 April 2016, "Cuckoo" was commissioned for two more series. Series 4 wrapped up production on 18 March 2018, confirmed by Lautner via social media. It was released on 2 August 2018.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: The show is filmed in the town of Amersham and Chesham Bois. and the adjoining ‘old town’ in Buckinghamshire.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Some of the outside scenes are also filmed in and around Chesham, Chartridge, Farnham, and Thame Oxfordshire.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: "Cuckoo" is set in Lichfield, Staffordshire, (external scenes are mostly filmed in Farnham, Surrey, Slough, Berkshire, and Amersham, Buckinghamshire, all approximately 100 miles south of Lichfield), home to the Thompson family. When Ken (Davies) and Lorna (Baxendale) collect their daughter Rachel (Kari) from the airport, they learn that she has returned from her gap year before medical school having married Dale "Cuckoo" Ashbrick (Samberg), an eccentric American hippie with an exuberantly loving attitude who does not have a job and loves to take drugs.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Two years have passed and Cuckoo has gone missing in a climbing accident in the Himalayas, Dylan (Drew-Honey) is planning to attend university, and Rachel (now played by Esther Smith) is moving in with new boyfriend Ben (Lacey). Dale (Lautner), a bearded young American arrives, claiming to be Cuckoo's son and searching for his father whom he has never met. Taking pity, Ken and Lorna ask him to stay.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Six months after Dale's dramatic departure at the end of the Christmas special of Series 2, Rachel is still heartbroken and missing Dale, but she has managed to salvage a certain friendship with her jilted former fiancé Ben (Lacey). Just as life looks like it is about to return to normal in the Thompson household, a transformed Dale returns to shake things up all over again after having spent some time working for a Chinese 'businessman' in Shanghai. Meanwhile, Ken and Lorna are preparing for the birth of their unplanned new baby, and their son Dylan (Drew-Honey) is getting ready to leave for university. In the first episode, Lorna gives birth to their baby son Sidney.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Dale and Steve work towards opening a bar called 'All Steve's Pals'. Rachel gets offered a job in Sierra Leone.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Series 4 was released, in full, online on BBC Three on 2 August 2018 with the opening episode titled "Lawyer of the Year".


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Series 5 introduces a new character, Ivy (Andie MacDowell), who comes to the UK from America with a slightly sinister plan. Dale (Taylor Lautner) does not appear in Series 5. His absence is not explained, with Rachel just telling Sid that "Dale is gone". After meeting a strange lady in a pub, Ken decides to run for Lichfield MP.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Series 5 was released in full, online on BBC Three on 4 January 2019 with the opening episode titled “Ivy Arrives”.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Netflix premiered series 1 and 2 for streaming audiences on 7 March 2016. Series 3 was subsequently added on 16 February 2017. Series 4 was subsequently added on 14 December 2018. Series 5 was subsequently added on 19 April 2019.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: In the episode "Family Meeting", family and friends are dancing to "Second Hand News" by Fleetwood Mac.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: In the episode "Potato Party", "Everyone Nose (All the Girls Standing in the Line for the Bathroom)" by N.E.R.D and "" by Gogol Bordello are featured during the party.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: The final episode, "The Holiday", ends with Rusted Root singing "Send Me on My Way". On Netflix this song is replaced due to BBC licensing agreements.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: In "Opening Night", "Don't You (Forget About Me)" by Simple Minds plays in All Steve's Pals while Lorna tells Dale about Rachel's plans to move to Sierra Leone. The final scene has "Modern Love" by David Bowie playing. Dale mixes cocktails to WOR by Django Django.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: In "Trapped", a section from "The Number One Song in Heaven" by Sparks when Dale reveals to Rachel that he found out about her “pregnancy”.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: Lorna and Connie listen to "Insane in the Brain" by Cypress Hill after Lorna tells Connie that Ken cheated on her with an air hostess.


title: Cuckoo (TV series)

text: In May 2015, NBC announced a US pilot of "Cuckoo", starring Michael Chiklis, Cheryl Hines, and Flula Borg, was to be produced. UK writers Robin French and Kieron Quirke, who created the BBC series, wrote the adaptation with "The Simpsons" veteran Tim Long. The project was not picked up as a series.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles. Estradiol is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as the breasts, widening of the hips and a female-associated pattern of fat distribution. It is also important in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues such as the mammary glands, uterus and vagina during puberty, adulthood and pregnancy. It also has important effects in many other tissues including bone, fat, skin, liver, and the brain.


title: Estradiol

text: Though estradiol levels in males are much lower than in females, estradiol has important roles in males as well. Apart from humans and other mammals, estradiol is also found in most vertebrates and crustaceans, insects, fish, and other animal species.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is produced especially within the follicles of the ovaries, but also in other tissues including the testicles, the adrenal glands, fat, liver, the breasts, and the brain. Estradiol is produced in the body from cholesterol through a series of reactions and intermediates. The major pathway involves the formation of androstenedione, which is then converted by aromatase into estrone and is subsequently converted into estradiol. Alternatively, androstenedione can be converted into testosterone, which can then be converted into estradiol. Upon menopause in females, production of estrogens by the ovaries stops and estradiol levels decrease to very low levels.


title: Estradiol

text: In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estradiol is used as a medication, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy and feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women; for information on estradiol as a medication, see the estradiol (medication) article.


title: Estradiol

text: The development of secondary sex characteristics in women is driven by estrogens, to be specific, estradiol. These changes are initiated at the time of puberty, most are enhanced during the reproductive years, and become less pronounced with declining estradiol support after menopause. Thus, estradiol produces breast development, and is responsible for changes in the body shape, affecting bones, joints, and fat deposition. In females, estradiol induces breast development, widening of the hips, a feminine fat distribution (with fat deposited particularly in the breasts, hips, thighs, and buttocks), and maturation of the vagina and vulva, whereas it mediates the pubertal growth spurt (indirectly via increased growth hormone secretion) and epiphyseal closure (thereby limiting final height) in both sexes.


title: Estradiol

text: In the female, estradiol acts as a growth hormone for tissue of the reproductive organs, supporting the lining of the vagina, the cervical glands, the endometrium, and the lining of the fallopian tubes. It enhances growth of the myometrium. Estradiol appears necessary to maintain oocytes in the ovary. During the menstrual cycle, estradiol produced by the growing follicles triggers, via a positive feedback system, the hypothalamic-pituitary events that lead to the luteinizing hormone surge, inducing ovulation. In the luteal phase, estradiol, in conjunction with progesterone, prepares the endometrium for implantation. During pregnancy, estradiol increases due to placental production. The effect of estradiol, together with estrone and estriol, in pregnancy is less clear. They may promote uterine blood flow, myometrial growth, stimulate breast growth and at term, promote cervical softening and expression of myometrial oxytocin receptors. In baboons, blocking of estrogen production leads to pregnancy loss, suggesting estradiol has a role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Research is investigating the role of estrogens in the process of initiation of labor. Actions of estradiol are required before the exposure of progesterone in the luteal phase.


title: Estradiol

text: The effect of estradiol (and estrogens in general) upon male reproduction is complex. Estradiol is produced by action of aromatase mainly in the Leydig cells of the mammalian testis, but also by some germ cells and the Sertoli cells of immature mammals. It functions ("in vitro") to prevent apoptosis of male sperm cells.


title: Estradiol

text: While some studies in the early 1990s claimed a connection between globally declining sperm counts and estrogen exposure in the environment, later studies found no such connection, nor evidence of a general decline in sperm counts.


title: Estradiol

text: Suppression of estradiol production in a subpopulation of subfertile men may improve the semen analysis.


title: Estradiol

text: Males with certain sex chromosome genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter's syndrome, will have a higher level of estradiol.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol has a profound effect on bone. Individuals without it (or other estrogens) will become tall and eunuchoid, as epiphyseal closure is delayed or may not take place. Bone density is also affected, resulting in early osteopenia and osteoporosis. Low levels of estradiol may also predict fractures, with post-menopausal women having the highest incidence of bone fracture. Women past menopause experience an accelerated loss of bone mass due to a relative estrogen deficiency.


title: Estradiol

text: The estrogen receptor, as well as the progesterone receptor, have been detected in the skin, including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. At menopause and thereafter, decreased levels of female sex hormones result in atrophy, thinning, and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity, firmness, and strength. These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content, irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells, decreased ground substance between skin fibers, and reduced capillaries and blood flow. The skin also becomes more dry during menopause, which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids (sebum production). Along with chronological aging and photoaging, estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging.


title: Estradiol

text: Hormone replacement therapy consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen, has well-documented and considerable beneficial effects on the skin of postmenopausal women. These benefits include increased skin collagen content, skin thickness and elasticity, and skin hydration and surface lipids. Topical estrogen has been found to have similar beneficial effects on the skin. In addition, a study has found that topical 2% progesterone cream significantly increases skin elasticity and firmness and observably decreases wrinkles in peri- and postmenopausal women. Skin hydration and surface lipids, on the other hand, did not significantly change with topical progesterone. These findings suggest that progesterone, like estrogen, also has beneficial effects on the skin, and may be independently protective against skin aging.


title: Estradiol

text: Estrogens can be produced in the brain from steroid precursors. As antioxidants, they have been found to have neuroprotective function.


title: Estradiol

text: The positive and negative feedback loops of the menstrual cycle involve ovarian estradiol as the link to the hypothalamic-pituitary system to regulate gonadotropins. (See Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.)


title: Estradiol

text: Estrogen is considered to play a significant role in women's mental health, with links suggested between the hormone level, mood and well-being. Sudden drops or fluctuations in, or long periods of sustained low levels of estrogen may be correlated with significant mood-lowering. Clinical recovery from depression postpartum, perimenopause, and postmenopause was shown to be effective after levels of estrogen were stabilized and/or restored.


title: Estradiol

text: The volumes of sexually dimorphic brain structures in transgender women were found to change and approximate typical female brain structures when exposed to estrogen concomitantly with androgen deprivation over a period of months, suggesting that estrogen and/or androgens have a significant part to play in sex differentiation of the brain, both prenatally and later in life.


title: Estradiol

text: There is also evidence the programming of adult male sexual behavior in many vertebrates is largely dependent on estradiol produced during prenatal life and early infancy. It is not yet known whether this process plays a significant role in human sexual behavior, although evidence from other mammals tends to indicate a connection.


title: Estradiol

text: Estrogen has been found to increase the secretion of oxytocin and to increase the expression of its receptor, the oxytocin receptor, in the brain. In women, a single dose of estradiol has been found to be sufficient to increase circulating oxytocin concentrations.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol has been tied to the development and progression of cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. Estradiol affects target tissues mainly by interacting with two nuclear receptors called estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ). One of the functions of these estrogen receptors is the modulation of gene expression. Once estradiol binds to the ERs, the receptor complexes then bind to specific DNA sequences, possibly causing damage to the DNA and an increase in cell division and DNA replication. Eukaryotic cells respond to damaged DNA by stimulating or impairing G1, S, or G2 phases of the cell cycle to initiate DNA repair. As a result, cellular transformation and cancer cell proliferation occurs.


title: Estradiol

text: Estrogen affects certain blood vessels. Improvement in arterial blood flow has been demonstrated in coronary arteries.


title: Estradiol

text: During pregnancy, high levels of estrogens, namely estradiol, increase coagulation and the risk of venous thromboembolism.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol has complex effects on the liver. It affects the production of multiple proteins, including lipoproteins, binding proteins, and proteins responsible for blood clotting. In high amounts, estradiol can lead to cholestasis, for instance cholestasis of pregnancy.


title: Estradiol

text: Certain gynecological conditions are dependent on estrogen, such as endometriosis, leiomyomata uteri, and uterine bleeding.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol acts primarily as an agonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear steroid hormone receptor. There are two subtypes of the ER, ERα and ERβ, and estradiol potently binds to and activates both of these receptors. The result of ER activation is a modulation of gene transcription and expression in ER-expressing cells, which is the predominant mechanism by which estradiol mediates its biological effects in the body. Estradiol also acts as an agonist of membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), such as GPER (GPR30), a recently discovered non-nuclear receptor for estradiol, via which it can mediate a variety of rapid, non-genomic effects. Unlike the case of the ER, GPER appears to be selective for estradiol, and shows very low affinities for other endogenous estrogens, such as estrone and estriol. Additional mERs besides GPER include ER-X, ERx, and G-mER.


title: Estradiol

text: ERα/ERβ are in inactive state trapped in multimolecular chaperone complexes organized around the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), containing p23 protein, and immunophilin, and located in majority in cytoplasm and partially in nucleus. In the E2 classical pathway or estrogen classical pathway, estradiol enters the cytoplasm, where it interacts with ERs. Once bound E2, ERs dissociate from the molecular chaperone complexes and become competent to dimerize, migrate to nucleus, and to bind to specific DNA sequences (estrogen response element, ERE), allowing for gene transcription which can take place over hours and days.


title: Estradiol

text: Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol. As such, estradiol is the main estrogen in the body, although the roles of estrone and estriol as estrogens are said not to be negligible.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol, like other steroid hormones, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and using the Δ or the Δ- pathway, androstenedione is the key intermediary. A portion of the androstenedione is converted to testosterone, which in turn undergoes conversion to estradiol by aromatase. In an alternative pathway, androstenedione is aromatized to estrone, which is subsequently converted to estradiol via 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD).


title: Estradiol

text: During the reproductive years, most estradiol in women is produced by the granulosa cells of the ovaries by the aromatization of androstenedione (produced in the theca folliculi cells) to estrone, followed by conversion of estrone to estradiol by 17β-HSD. Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and, in men, by the testes.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is not produced in the gonads only; in particular, fat cells produce active precursors to estradiol, and will continue to do so even after menopause. Estradiol is also produced in the brain and in arterial walls.


title: Estradiol

text: In men, approximately 15 to 25% of circulating estradiol is produced in the testicles. The rest is synthesized via peripheral aromatization of testosterone into estradiol and of androstenedione into estrone (which is then transformed into estradiol via peripheral 17β-HSD). This peripheral aromatization occurs predominantly in adipose tissue, but also occurs in other tissues such as bone, liver, and the brain. Approximately 40 to 50 µg of estradiol is produced per day in men.


title: Estradiol

text: In plasma, estradiol is largely bound to SHBG, and also to albumin. Only a fraction of 2.21% (± 0.04%) is free and biologically active, the percentage remaining constant throughout the menstrual cycle.


title: Estradiol

text: Inactivation of estradiol includes conversion to less-active estrogens, such as estrone and estriol. Estriol is the major urinary metabolite. Estradiol is conjugated in the liver to form estrogen conjugates like estradiol sulfate, estradiol glucuronide and, as such, excreted via the kidneys. Some of the water-soluble conjugates are excreted via the bile duct, and partly reabsorbed after hydrolysis from the intestinal tract. This enterohepatic circulation contributes to maintaining estradiol levels.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is also metabolized via hydroxylation into catechol estrogens. In the liver, it is non-specifically metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 via 2-hydroxylation into 2-hydroxyestradiol, and by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2C8 via 17β-hydroxy dehydrogenation into estrone, with various other cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and metabolic transformations also being involved.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is additionally conjugated with an ester into lipoidal estradiol forms like estradiol palmitate and estradiol stearate to a certain extent; these esters are stored in adipose tissue and may act as a very long-lasting reservoir of estradiol.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is excreted in the form of glucuronide and sulfate estrogen conjugates in urine. Following an intravenous injection of labeled estradiol in women, almost 90% is excreted in urine and feces within 4 to 5 days. Enterohepatic recirculation causes a delay in excretion of estradiol.


title: Estradiol

text: Levels of estradiol in premenopausal women are highly variable throughout the menstrual cycle and reference ranges widely vary from source to source. Estradiol levels are minimal and according to most laboratories range from 20 to 80 pg/mL during the early to mid follicular phase (or the first week of the menstrual cycle, also known as menses). Levels of estradiol gradually increase during this time and through the mid to late follicular phase (or the second week of the menstrual cycle) until the pre-ovulatory phase. At the time of pre-ovulation (a period of about 24 to 48 hours), estradiol levels briefly surge and reach their highest concentrations of any other time during the menstrual cycle. Circulating levels are typically between 130 and 200 pg/mL at this time, but in some women may be as high as 300 to 400 pg/mL, and the upper limit of the reference range of some laboratories are even greater (for instance, 750 pg/mL). Following ovulation (or mid-cycle) and during the latter half of the menstrual cycle or the luteal phase, estradiol levels plateau and fluctuate between around 100 and 150 pg/mL during the early and mid luteal phase, and at the time of the late luteal phase, or a few days before menstruation, reach a low of around 40 pg/mL. The mean integrated levels of estradiol during a full menstrual cycle have variously been reported by different sources as 80, 120, and 150 pg/mL. Although contradictory reports exist, one study found mean integrated estradiol levels of 150 pg/mL in younger women whereas mean integrated levels ranged from 50 to 120 pg/mL in older women.


title: Estradiol

text: During the reproductive years of the human female, levels of estradiol are somewhat higher than that of estrone, except during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; thus, estradiol may be considered the predominant estrogen during human female reproductive years in terms of absolute serum levels and estrogenic activity. During pregnancy, estriol becomes the predominant circulating estrogen, and this is the only time at which estetrol occurs in the body, while during menopause, estrone predominates (both based on serum levels). The estradiol produced by male humans, from testosterone, is present at serum levels roughly comparable to those of postmenopausal women (14–55 versus <35 pg/mL, respectively). It has also been reported that if concentrations of estradiol in a 70-year-old man are compared to those of a 70-year-old woman, levels are approximately 2- to 4-fold higher in the man.


title: Estradiol

text: In women, serum estradiol is measured in a clinical laboratory and reflects primarily the activity of the ovaries. The Estradiol blood test measures the amount of estradiol in the blood. It is used to check the function of the ovaries, placenta, adrenal glands. This can detect baseline estrogen in women with amenorrhea or menstrual dysfunction, and to detect the state of hypoestrogenicity and menopause. Furthermore, estrogen monitoring during fertility therapy assesses follicular growth and is useful in monitoring the treatment. Estrogen-producing tumors will demonstrate persistent high levels of estradiol and other estrogens. In precocious puberty, estradiol levels are inappropriately increased.


title: Estradiol

text: Individual laboratory results should always be interpreted using the ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the test.


title: Estradiol

text: In the normal menstrual cycle, estradiol levels measure typically <50 pg/mL at menstruation, rise with follicular development (peak: 200 pg/mL), drop briefly at ovulation, and rise again during the luteal phase for a second peak. At the end of the luteal phase, estradiol levels drop to their menstrual levels unless there is a pregnancy.


title: Estradiol

text: During pregnancy, estrogen levels, including estradiol, rise steadily toward term. The source of these estrogens is the placenta, which aromatizes prohormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is used as a medication, primarily in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms as well as transgender hormone replacement therapy.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol is an estrane steroid. It is also known as 17β-estradiol (to distinguish it from 17α-estradiol) or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol. It has two hydroxyl groups, one at the C3 position and the other at the 17β position, as well as three double bonds in the A ring. Due to its two hydroxyl groups, estradiol is often abbreviated as E2. The structurally related estrogens, estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4) have one, three, and four hydroxyl groups, respectively.


title: Estradiol

text: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, estradiol was shown to have gender-specific effects on fairness sensitivity. Overall, when the division of a given amount of money was framed as either fair or unfair in a modified version of the ultimatum game, estradiol increased the acceptance rate of fair-framed proposals among men and decreased it among women. However, among the placebo-group "the mere belief of receiving estradiol treatment significantly increased the acceptance of unfair-framed offers in both sexes", indicating that so-called "environmental" factors played a role in organising the responses towards these presentations of the ultimatum game.


title: Estradiol

text: The discovery of estrogen is usually credited to the American scientists Edgar Allen and Edward A. Doisy. In 1923, they observed that injection of fluid from porcine ovarian follicles produced pubertal- and estrus-type changes (including vaginal, uterine, and mammary gland changes and sexual receptivity) in sexually immature, ovariectomized mice and rats. These findings demonstrated the existence of a hormone which is produced by the ovaries and is involved in sexual maturation and reproduction. At the time of its discovery, Allen and Doisy did not name the hormone, and simply referred to it as an "ovarian hormone" or "follicular hormone"; others referred to it variously as "feminin", "folliculin", "menformon", "thelykinin", and "emmenin". In 1926, Parkes and Bellerby coined the term "estrin" to describe the hormone on the basis of it inducing estrus in animals. Estrone was isolated and purified independently by Allen and Doisy and German scientist Adolf Butenandt in 1929, and estriol was isolated and purified by Marrian in 1930; they were the first estrogens to be identified.


title: Estradiol

text: Estradiol, the most potent of the three major estrogens, was the last of the three to be identified. It was discovered by Schwenk and Hildebrant in 1933, who synthesized it via reduction of estrone. Estradiol was subsequently isolated and purified from sow ovaries by Doisy in 1935, with its chemical structure determined simultaneously, and was referred to variously as "dihydrotheelin", "dihydrofolliculin", "dihydrofollicular hormone", and "dihydroxyestrin". In 1935, the name "estradiol" and the term "estrogen" were formally established by the Sex Hormone Committee of the Health Organization of the League of Nations; this followed the names estrone (which was initially called theelin, progynon, folliculin, and ketohydroxyestrin) and estriol (initially called theelol and trihydroxyestrin) having been established in 1932 at the first meeting of the International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in London. Following its discovery, a partial synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol was developed by Inhoffen and Hohlweg in 1940, and a total synthesis was developed by Anner and Miescher in 1948.


title: Estradiol

text: The name "estradiol" derives from ', Gk. ' (, literally meaning "verve or inspiration"), which refers to the estrane steroid ring system, and "", a chemical term and suffix indicating that the compound is a type of alcohol bearing two hydroxyl groups.


title: LoRa

text: LoRa (from "long range") is a physical proprietary radio communication technique. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology. It was developed by Cycleo (patent 9647718-B2), a company of Grenoble, France, later acquired by Semtech.


title: LoRa

text: LoRaWAN defines the software communication protocol and system architecture. The continued development of the LoRaWAN protocol is managed by the open, non-profit LoRa Alliance, of which SemTech is a founding member.


title: LoRa

text: Together, LoRa and LoRaWAN define a Low Power, Wide Area (LPWA) networking protocol designed to wirelessly connect battery operated devices to the internet in regional, national or global networks, and targets key Internet of things (IoT) requirements such as bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility and localization services. The low power, low bit rate, and IoT use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LoRaWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per


title: LoRa

text: LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands EU868 (863–870/873 MHz) in Europe; AU915/AS923-1 (915–928 MHz) in South America; US915 (902–928 MHz) in North America; IN865 (865–867 MHz) in India; and AS923 (915–928 MHz) in Asia; and 2.4 GHz worldwide. LoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption. The technology covers the physical layer, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3 kbit/s and 27 kbit/s, depending upon the spreading factor.


title: LoRa

text: LoRa devices have geolocation capabilities used for trilaterating positions of devices via timestamps from gateways.


title: LoRa

text: LoRa uses a proprietary spread spectrum modulation that is similar to and a derivative of chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation. Each symbol is represented by a cyclic shifted chirp over the frequency interval (formula_1) where formula_2 is the center frequency and formula_3 the bandwidth of the signal (in Hertz). The spreading factor (SF) is a selectable radio parameter from 5 to 12 and represents the number of bits sent per symbol and in addition determines how much the information is spread over time. There are formula_4 different initial frequencies of the cyclic shifted chirp (the instantaneous frequency is linearly increased and wrapped to formula_5 when it reaches the maximum frequency formula_6). The symbol rate is determined by formula_7. LoRa can trade off data rate for sensitivity (assuming a fixed channel bandwidth formula_3) by selecting the SF, i.e. the amount of spread used. A lower SF corresponds to a higher data rate but a worse sensitivity, a higher SF implies a better sensitivity but a lower data rate. Compared to lower SF, sending the same amount of data with higher SF needs more transmission time, known as time-on-air. More time-on-air means that the modem is transmitting for a longer time and consuming more energy. Typical LoRa modems support transmit powers up to +22 dBm. However, the regulations of the respective country may additionally limit the allowed transmit power. Higher transmit power results in higher signal power at the receiver and hence a higher link budget, but at the cost of consuming more energy. There are measurement studies of LoRa performance with regard to energy consumption, communication distances, and medium access efficiency. According to the LoRa Development Portal, the range provided by LoRa can be up to in urban areas, and up to or more in rural areas (line of sight).


title: LoRa

text: In addition, LoRa uses forward error correction coding to improve resilience against interference. LoRa's high range is characterized by high wireless link budgets of around 155 dB to 170 dB. Range extenders for LoRa are called LoRaX.


title: LoRa

text: Since LoRa defines the lower physical layer, the upper networking layers were lacking. LoRaWAN is one of several protocols that were developed to define the upper layers of the network. LoRaWAN is a cloud-based medium access control (MAC) layer protocol, but acts mainly as a network layer protocol for managing communication between LPWAN gateways and end-node devices as a routing protocol, maintained by the LoRa Alliance.


title: LoRa

text: LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the network, while the LoRa physical layer enables the long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is also responsible for managing the communication frequencies, data rate, and power for all devices. Devices in the network are asynchronous and transmit when they have data available to send. Data transmitted by an end-node device are received by multiple gateways, which forward the data packets to a centralized network server. Data are then forwarded to application servers. The technology shows high reliability for the moderate load, however, it has some performance issues related to sending acknowledgements.


title: LoRa

text: The LoRa Alliance is a 501(c)(6) association created in 2015 to support LoRaWAN (long range wide-area network) protocol, as well as to ensure interoperability of all LoRaWAN products and technologies. This open, nonprofit association has over 500 members. Some members of the LoRa Alliance are IBM, Everynet, Actility, MicroChip, Orange, Cisco, KPN, Swisscom, Semtech, A2A Smart City SPA, Bouygues Telecom, Singtel, Proximus, The Things Industries and Cavagna Group. In 2018, the LoRa Alliance had over 100 LoRaWAN network operators in over 100 countries. The Alliance is administered by the VTM Group in Beaverton, Oregon.


title: LoRa

text: Researchers have proposed that LoRaWAN could solve some of the issues concerning power usage in 4G/5G technologies.


title: Christopher Gorham

text: Christopher Gorham (born August 14, 1974) is an American actor who is best known for the ABC series "Ugly Betty". He has also appeared in such series as "Insatiable", "Popular", "Odyssey 5", "Felicity", "Jake 2.0", "The Magicians", "Medical Investigation", "Out of Practice", "Harper's Island", "Covert Affairs", and "Once Upon a Time". He is also the voice of Barry Allen / The Flash in the DC Animated Movie Universe beginning with "" (2014) and ending with "" (2020).


title: Christopher Gorham

text: Gorham was born in Fresno, California, to David Gorham, a certified public accountant, and Cathryn Gorham, a school nurse. He attended the Roosevelt School of the Arts and graduated from UCLA with a B.A. in Theater in 1996. While in college he participated in many sports, including martial arts, stage combat, fencing, rollerblading, and ballroom dancing.


title: Christopher Gorham

text: His first job in the acting business was as an intern on "Baywatch" (1989). Gorham has appeared in a number of science-fiction TV series, ranging from a starring role in "Odyssey 5" to the title character in "Jake 2.0". He also had roles on "Party of Five", "Felicity", and "Without a Trace". He has also acted in films, including 2001's "The Other Side of Heaven" co-starring Anne Hathaway.


title: Christopher Gorham

text: Gorham played Harrison John in the WB series "Popular" and Dr. Miles McCabe in the NBC drama "Medical Investigation". He played the lead role in the short-lived CBS series "Out of Practice". He was also the lead of ABC Family's original movie "Relative Chaos".


title: Christopher Gorham

text: Three years after "Jake 2.0" ended, Gorham had a recurring role as Henry Grubstick in Silvio Horta's new series, "Ugly Betty", and played the main love interest for the series' heroine Betty Suarez (played by America Ferrera). For his role, Gorham was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. He joined the cast full-time for the series' second season. He then left in July 2008, but returned for the season three and then also the season four finale. He starred in the 2009 CBS TV miniseries, "Harper's Island", in which characters were killed off every week leading to the eventual reveal of the murderer.


title: Christopher Gorham

text: From July 13, 2010, until December 18, 2014, Gorham played blind special ops agent Auggie Anderson on "Covert Affairs", leading the main character, a trainee CIA agent played by Piper Perabo, at her new job. The series was highly successful for the USA Network, running for five seasons. The series was cancelled in January 2015. BuddyTV ranked Gorham fifth on its list of "TV's Sexiest Men of 2011".


title: Christopher Gorham

text: In 2014 Gorham recurred in the back half of the third season of "Once Upon a Time" as Walsh, the Wizard of Oz. He played rival pageant coach Bob Barnard on the Netflix series "Insatiable" which premiered August 10, 2018.


title: Christopher Gorham

text: On March 25, 2021, it was announced that Gorham has been cast as Trevor Elliot, the accused client of Mickey Haller in the upcoming Netflix ordered series "The Lincoln Lawyer" with Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Mickey Haller.


title: Christopher Gorham

text: Gorham is also the voice of Barry Allen / The Flash in the DC Animated Movie Universe, beginning with "" (2014) and concluding with "" (2020).


title: Christopher Gorham

text: Gorham is married to his former "Popular" co-star, Anel Lopez Gorham, with whom he has three children. His son Lucas was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. and Gorham has become an autism awareness advocate:I don't think of him as my son with Asperger's. I think of him as my son. He's not wrong. He's not broken. He is who he is. We, as his parents, are going to do our best — as we do with all of our kids — to give him the best shot at having the best life he can.