title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Callahan is notorious for his unorthodox, violent and ruthless methods against the criminals and killers he is assigned to apprehend. At the same time, he is assigned a partner who is usually either killed or seriously injured during the film.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "Dirty Harry" (1971) was directed by Don Siegel and starred Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan. Harry tracks serial killer Scorpio (loosely based on the Zodiac killer). Eastwood's iconic portrayal of the blunt-speaking, unorthodox detective set the style for a number of his subsequent roles, and its box-office success led to the production of four sequels. The "alienated cop" motif was subsequently imitated by a number of other films. At the beginning of the film, Callahan corners a bank robber and says, "You've got to ask yourself a question: 'Do I feel lucky?'. Well, do ya, punk?". The line became famous, although often misquoted as "Do you feel lucky, punk?"; the second movie, "Magnum Force", opens with Harry asking, "Do you feel lucky?"


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: It was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1971 after "Fiddler on the Roof", "The French Connection", and "Diamonds Are Forever".


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "Magnum Force" (1973) was directed by Ted Post. The main theme of this film is vigilante justice, and the plot revolves around a group of renegade traffic cops who are executing criminals who have avoided conviction in court. Despite Harry's penchant for strong-arm methods, he does not tolerate coldblooded murder of the accused and resolves to stop the killers. In this film, Harry's catch-phrase is "A good man's got to know his limitations".


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "The Enforcer" (1976) was directed by James Fargo. In this film, Harry is teamed with a female partner with no field experience (in 1976, American women had only recently been allowed to fill patrol and investigative assignments in most police bureaus), Inspector Kate Moore (Tyne Daly), as they take on a terrorist ring calling themselves the People's Revolutionary Strike Force. Harry opposes introducing inexperienced officers to the dangers of police work, whether male or female, and sees the homicide division as too dangerous for his new partner, who worked until recently in the personnel department. Though Moore starts out overenthusiastic, she soon proves herself valuable to Harry, and matures quickly, earning Harry's respect in the process.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "Sudden Impact" (1983) was directed by Clint Eastwood. Aging, but still bitter, Callahan is sent to a small town to follow up a lead in a murder case, which leads him directly to a rape victim who is out to avenge herself and her catatonic sister by killing the people who sexually assaulted them. The film is notable for Callahan's catchphrase, "Go ahead, make my day".


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "The Dead Pool" (1988) was directed by Buddy Van Horn. Harry finds that he is among the subjects of a dead pool, a game betting on deaths of celebrities. Someone tries to rig the game by killing the celebrities on one player's list. Harry's catch phrase in this movie was "You're shit out of luck".


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: After this film, Eastwood retired from playing the "Dirty Harry" character, as he felt his age (58 in 1988) would make Harry a parody.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Frank Miller, creator of the "Sin City" graphic novels, revealed in an interview that he created the "Sin City" story-arc "That Yellow Bastard" out of his dislike of "The Dead Pool". Miller said: "When I went to see the last "Dirty Harry" movie, "The Dead Pool", I was disgusted. I went out and said, this is not a "Dirty Harry" movie, this is nothing, this is a pale sequel." and I also said, "that's not the last "Dirty Harry" story, I will show you the last "Dirty Harry" story." Another character in "That Yellow Bastard" story is Nancy Callahan, named after Harry Callahan.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: This 1985 film featuring Jackie Chan was Chan's second American feature film. The movie was noted for being similar to the "Dirty Harry" series, with inspiration taken there from by director James Glickenhaus.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Directed by and co-starring Clint Eastwood; the film features an aging, tough cop who partners with a rookie cop, played by Charlie Sheen. Upon the film's release critics and audiences noted the similarities between Eastwood's two characters.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Eastwood returned to acting after a four-year self-imposed hiatus in this 2008 film, which he also directed, produced, and partly scored with his son Kyle and Jamie Cullum. Eastwood plays Walt Kowalski, a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, Thao Vang Lor, is pressured into stealing Walt's prized 1972 Ford by his cousin for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role "an amalgam of the "Man with No Name, Dirty Harry", and "William Munny", here, aged and cynical, but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose". Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood's presence on film to "Dirty Harry" and the" Man with No Name", stating, "Dirty Harry is back, in a way, in "Gran Torino", not as a character but as a ghostly presence. He hovers in the film, in its themes and high-caliber imagery, and of course, most obviously in Mr. Eastwood's face. It is a monumental face now, so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered, as it has for decades, but seems closer to petrified wood."


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Tania Modleski, author of "Clint Eastwood and Male Weepies", said, "[f]or many reviewers, "Gran Torino" represents the final step in Eastwood's repudiation of the Dirty Harry persona. If "Unforgiven" ends up being equivocal in its attitude toward violence and vigilantism, "Gran Torino" appears to accept the impotence of the lone, avenging hero" and that the impotence "is perhaps underlined by Walt's repeated gesture of pointing his finger at villains as if it were a gun." Amy Biancolli of the "Houston Chronicle" said that though Walt, an "old fart", does not have the same name as Dirty Harry, "there's no mistaking the rasp in his voice or the uncompromising crankiness of his "Weltanschauung"." Tom Charity of "CNN" said of Walt, "Like other Eastwood heroes before him, Walt sacrifices his independence by accepting that others depend on him." John Serba of "The Grand Rapids Press" said that Walt, who is "bitter, hopelessly cranky," "shares a sense of moral certainty" with Callahan, but that Walt "is infused with the wisdom and weariness" that Callahan does not have.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: Warner Home Video owns rights to the "Dirty Harry" series. The five films have been remastered for DVD three times — in 1998, 2001 and 2008. They have been packaged in several DVD box sets. The "Dirty Harry" films made their high-definition debuts with the 2008 Blu-ray discs. Warner's marketing plan calls for only "The Dead Pool" film to be available as a separate Blu-ray, requiring fans who want the other four movies in high definition to buy the box set. In 2010 all five movies were released as a Blu-ray box set, "Clint Eastwood Dirty Harry Collection".


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: In the early 1980s, Warner Books published twelve books, authored under the pseudonym Dane Hartman, that further the adventures of Dirty Harry. The novels were later translated into French in the 1990s, as the "Collection Supercops".


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: In 1995 Williams Electronic Games (WMS) created a Dirty Harry pinball machine, inspired by the 1971 film. 4,248 units were manufactured. Notable features include a gun handle shooter, a moving cannon used to shoot playfield targets and custom audio callouts recorded by Clint Eastwood. Game modes, sounds and dot matrix animations reflect events in the film, such as a car chase, barroom brawl, defusing bombs and "Feel Lucky" mode.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "" is a 1990 video game based on "Dirty Harry" film series. It incorporates several references to the film series.


title: Dirty Harry (film series)

text: "Dirty Harry", originally scheduled for a 2007 release, is a canceled video game by The Collective based on the 1971 film of the same name.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: Encanto (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to Disney's 2021 film of the same name. Released by Walt Disney Records on November 19, 2021, the album contains eight original songs written by Lin-Manuel Miranda and produced by Mike Elizondo that were recorded by various singers, and 27 score pieces composed by Germaine Franco. It was released in 44 languages in addition to English and Spanish.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: To develop the soundtrack, Miranda and team visited Colombia—the setting of "Encanto"—to study the country's music. Consequentially, the album is rooted in genres such as vallenato, cumbia, bambuco and rock en español, making use of the traditional music instruments of Colombia, and incorporates salsa, tango, reggaeton and bachata styles alongside pop, hip hop, folk and musical theatre elements. In the film, the songs are performed by the Madrigals, who are a multigenerational family with magical powers granted to them by a "miracle"; the lyrical themes revolve around individuality, self-worth, transgenerational trauma and familial love.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack album was a commercial success, enjoying widespread popularity after "Encanto"s release on Disney+. It topped the "Billboard" 200 chart for nine weeks, and charted all of its original songs on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Elsewhere, the album reached number one in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and the top ten in various other territories. "We Don't Talk About Bruno" by various members of the "Encanto" cast and "Surface Pressure" by Jessica Darrow have been the album's best-selling tracks; the former topped the UK Singles and the US Hot 100 charts for multiple weeks, while the latter peaked at numbers four and eight, respectively. "Encanto" became the first Disney animated film to generate multiple top-10 Hot 100 entries. Additionally, "We Don't Talk About Bruno" is the second number-one song for Disney in the US after "A Whole New World" from "Aladdin" (1992), and its first-ever original song to reach number one in the UK.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: Upon release, "Encanto (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" was met with critical acclaim and received various accolades. Reviews lauded its vibrant Latin music rhythms and complimented Miranda's musicianship. The album won the Annie Award for outstanding music in a feature film, and received two nominations at the 94th Academy Awards: the film score for Best Original Score, and the track "Dos Oruguitas" by Sebastián Yatra for Best Original Song.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: In June 2020, American singer-songwriter Lin-Manuel Miranda, who had previously worked on "Moana" (2016), revealed that he had begun to write the music of American computer-animated musical film "Encanto", which would have eight original songs in both Spanish and English, and was set for release in 2021. After the film's premiere, Miranda disclosed that he had been writing songs for the film from the very beginning (that is, starting in 2016). Miranda and the filmmakers travelled to Colombia in 2018 to research and study the country, its culture and music. On September 8, 2021, Germaine Franco, co-composer of the songs from "Coco" (2017), began to score the film. Composer John Powell was named in the film's credits as a score consultant for the music; this was the first time he had returned to work on a Disney Animation film since "Bolt" (2008).


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: "Encanto (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" was released to streaming services on November 19, 2021. The film was theatrically released in the United States on November 24, 2021, in RealD 3D and Dolby Cinema. The soundtrack CDs were later made available via Target, while picture discs were sold by Walmart. The soundtrack was released in a total of 46 languages.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack consists of 44 tracks, comprising eight original songs, their instrumental versions, an English-language version of the track "Dos Oruguitas" and 27 score compositions. Drawing from the diverse music styles of Colombia, the soundtrack of "Encanto" is a Latin-pop album combining bambuco, salsa, tango, vallenato, reggaeton, cumbia, bachata, hip hop, folk, and funk with theatre music. It incorporates the traditional music instruments of Colombia, such as marimba, accordion, tiple, tambora, guacharaca, caja, maracas, arpa llanera, bandolas, and cuatros. The lyrics are in English and Spanish languages, and are about the film's central characters—a multi-generational family called the Madrigals, who wield magical powers gifted to them by "the miracle", except the lead protagonist Mirabel Madrigal who does not possess any gift.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The opening song "The Family Madrigal" was inspired by "Belle", the opener of "Beauty and the Beast" (1991). It is a vallenato tune, sung by American actress Stephanie Beatriz. Mirabel introduces the Madrigals and their unique magical gifts in the song. Also performed by Beatriz, "Waiting on a Miracle" is a bambuco song, written as Mirabel's "I Want" song. During the 2018 research trip to Colombia, the filmmakers noticed that local musicians in Barichara were playing Colombian music on guitars and tiples in a waltz time signature. Miranda wrote the song in that time signature to symbolize how Mirabel is in a "different rhythmic universe than the rest of her family".


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The third track, "Surface Pressure", is a reggaeton song with a synth-line, performed by American actress Jessica Darrow. Luisa Madrigal, one of Mirabel's elder sisters, expresses her insecurities and the stress she feels from her family in the song, describing the weight of responsibility. Miranda stated he wrote the song inspired by his elder sister. "We Don't Talk About Bruno" is an ensemble number, featuring verses by Pepa, Félix, Dolores, Camilo and Isabela Madrigal, who are Mirabel's aunt, uncle, cousins, and elder sister, respectively. It is sung by Colombian singers Carolina Gaitán and Mauro Castillo, American singer Adassa, American actor Rhenzy Feliz, and American actress Diane Guerrero, respectively. "We Don't Talk About Bruno" fuses various genres, such as salsa, guajira, Cuban folk, hip hop, and dance styles. It sees the characters list their perspectives of Mirabel's uncle, Bruno Madrigal, who became ostracized from his family after sharing unsettling visions.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: "What Else Can I Do?" is a "Shakira-esque" rock ballad. Mostly sung by Guerrero, the song sees Isabela free herself of the "need to be perfect". "Dos Oruguitas" is a violin-driven acoustic ballad. Miranda stated it was the hardest song to write and that it became his first song written entirely in Spanish-language. To make it sound like an authentic Colombian folk song, Miranda insisted on writing the song first in Spanish, rather than writing first in English and translating into Spanish later. It was recorded by Colombian singer-songwriter Sebastián Yatra. Miranda looked to songwriters like Joan Manuel Serrat and Antônio Carlos Jobim for the song's inspiration. "Dos Oruguitas" plays when Alma Madrigal, Mirabel's maternal grandmother ("Abuela") and the matriarch of the family, loses her husband Pedro. It is regarded as the emotional centerpiece of the album. "All of You" is the final musical number, sung by the entire cast. It is a culmination of melodies and musical sections from all of its preceding songs. "Colombia, Mi Encanto" is a non-diegetic track sung by Carlos Vives. It is an upbeat, radio-friendly dance-pop tune intended as a tribute to Colombia. It is played twice in the film: when Antonio Madrigal, Mirabel's cousin, gets his gift and again from the film's closing scenes to the ending credits.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: Receiving glowing reviews, the soundtrack was a critical success and was often acclaimed in the film's reviews. Mark Kennedy of Associated Press, Edward Porter of "The Sunday Times", John Lui of "The Straits Times", Mini Chibber of "The Hindu", Declan Burke of "Irish Examiner", Whelan Barzey of "Time Out", Katie Walsh of "Los Angeles Times", Richard Roeper of "Chicago Sun Times", Mark Feeney of "The Boston Globe," Caroline Siede of "The A.V. Club", Robbie Collin of "The Daily Telegraph", and Chris Hewitt of "Star Tribune" have identified the music as one of the best aspects of the film. The songs have been praised for helping youngsters understand intergenerational trauma and the damage caused by repressing truth.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: "Variety" writer Davis Clayton reviewed the soundtrack as "a quintessential sensation" by "all measures". Jeremy Crabb of "Screen Rant" wrote ""Encanto"s soundtrack vividly sets the mood for this film's heartfelt, animated story", bolstered by its bold ballads and quiet, reflective songs, and picked "We Don't Talk About Bruno" as the best song. "Billboard" critics dubbed "We Don't Talk About Bruno" as the most memorable track, but picked "Dos Origuitas" as the best track for being a heartfelt ballad with "emotional resonance and beautiful sentimentality". "TheWrap" Drew Taylor also ranked "Dos Oruguitas" as the best song, and "We Don't Talk About Bruno" as the runner-up. Francesca Steele of "i" stated "Encanto" boasts a "dizzying" soundtrack "deeply woven into the characterisation". Steele appreciated Disney for embracing a different musical direction and complex ensemble pieces and dubbed it their best music since "Frozen" (2013). "The Independent" critic Clarisse Loughrey opined that many of the tracks are characteristic of Miranda's work in his musicals "In the Heights" or "Hamilton", where "melodies will weave in and out of each other to reach a dizzying, final climax". Luke Goodsell of the ABC said the songs are Miranda's "seemingly inescapable" sounds and "vibrant musical numbers", displaying the diversity of Latin music. On the contrary, Stephen Thompson of NPR felt the songs were lackluster.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: "Encanto (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" was a huge commercial success. The album and its songs topped several streaming and record charts around the world. According to "Rolling Stone", the unexpected success has "largely boggled critics, who have approached its resounding popularity like a riddle they've been asked to solve."


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack topped the US "Billboard" 200 chart for nine weeks as the second longest-reigning number-one album of the 2020s decade, behind "" (2020) by American singer Morgan Wallen. It was the first Disney soundtrack since that of "Frozen II" (2019) to reach the top spot, and marked the sixth time an animated film's soundtrack topped the chart in its history, following "The Lion King" (1994), "Pocahontas" (1995), "Curious George" (2006), "Frozen" (2013) and "Frozen II", all of which are Walt Disney productions except "Curious George". "Billboard" reported that the soundtrack is only the third album in history to debut in one of the last four spots of the "Billboard" 200 (197–200) and eventually make it to number one, the others being Led Zeppelin's "Led Zeppelin II" (1969) and the Monkees' "Headquarters" (1967).


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: It first debuted at number 197 on the "Billboard" 200, rose to number 110 the next week, and eventually climbed to number seven on the chart. The soundtrack reached number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart dated January 15, 2022, dethroning Adele's "30" (2021) by earning 72,000 album-equivalent units, which comprises 88 million streams and 11,000 album sales. The next week, it slipped to number three following the debuts of Gunna's "DS4Ever" and the Weeknd's "Dawn FM" at the top two spots, before ascending to the number one spot once again in the following week with 104,000 units. It earned its highest consumption in its third chart-topping week—115,000 units—consisting of 19,000 sales and 138.51 million streams. Furthermore, the album topped the US Independent Albums and Soundtrack Albums charts, and the UK Compilation Chart for multiple weeks.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: Elsewhere, the album has reached number one in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, number five in Austria, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and in the Belgian region of Wallonia, number eight in Belgium's Flanders, number nine in Denmark, number 11 in Switzerland, number 14 in Germany, number 18 in Finland, number 25 in France, number 27 in Italy, and number 54 in Lithuania.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: "We Don't Talk About Bruno" was the soundtrack's most popular song, surging on various digital music platforms. It reached number one on the Spotify Top 50 US chart on January 10, 2022, ahead of the tracks from the Weeknd's "Dawn FM" that was released that week, and eventually topped YouTube, iTunes and Apple Music charts. "USA Today" called the song "the first breakout hit of 2022" and a ""Frozen"-style phenomenon". According to "Slate" critic Chris Molanphy, "the organic nature of the audience landing on 'We Don't Talk About Bruno' really is the marketplace picking the single and that's quite unusual, especially for an animated film".


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: All of the album's original songs appeared on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, led by "We Don't Talk About Bruno", which first appeared at number 50 and rose to number one, surpassing "Frozen" "Let It Go" (2013) as the highest charting Disney song since 1992. "Surface Pressure", reaching number eight, made "Encanto" the first Disney animated film to have generated multiple top-10 songs on the Hot 100. "The Family Madrigal" peaked at number 20, "What Else Can I Do?" at number 27, "Dos Oruguitas" at number 36, "Waiting on a Miracle" at number 48, "All of You" at number 71, and "Colombia, Mi Encanto" at number 100. Buoyed by the chart performances of the soundtrack and its songs, Miranda topped the Hot 100 Songwriters chart for the first time in his career.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: On the UK Singles Chart, "We Don't Talk About Bruno", "Surface Pressure" and "The Family Madrigal" charted at numbers one, four and seven, respectively. "We Don't Talk About Bruno" is the first-ever original Disney song to top the chart, while "Encanto" becomes the first animated film soundtrack to simultaneously place three songs in the chart's top ten.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: In Ireland, "We Don't Talk About Bruno", "Surface Pressure" and "The Family Madrigal" peaked at numbers one, eight and 19, respectively, on the Irish Singles Chart.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack; its tracks "Dos Oruguitas" and "Colombia, Mi Encanto"; Miranda; and Franco have been nominated for various awards. The film's music received two Academy Award nominations at the 94th Academy Awards: Best Original Score and Best Original Song for "Dos Oruguitas". It also won the 2022 Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement for Music in a Feature Production.


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack of "Encanto" was a viral phenomenon, enjoying widespread popularity on the internet. "Far Out" called it ""Encanto"-mania" and a "crossover pop phenomenon". The TikTok videos tagged with the hashtag "#encanto" have received more than 27.7 billion views in total, as of June 20, 2022. "Billboard" editor Jason Lipshutz compared "We Don't Talk About Bruno" to the "meteoric rise" of Olivia Rodrigo's breakthrough single "Driver's License" in January 2021. He said "We Don't Talk About Bruno" is propelled by high Spotify streams and trending TikTok videos like "Drivers License" and explained that audiences "look for the next big thing following the usual glut of Christmas music and fall releases from major artists". In agreement, Mikael Wood, the pop music critic of "Los Angeles Times", made the same comparison and stated "Encanto" becoming "2022's first widespread cultural phenomenon" has turned Miranda into a pop star and an "increasingly powerful showbiz figure". Wood also remarked Miranda's will for "cultural representation".


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" cited RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) reports on Latin music revenues, which grew for a fifth consecutive year in the US in 2020, and highlighted the presence of "Colombian hitmakers" Maluma and Sebastián Yatra featured on the soundtrack, summarizing "it's no wonder that "Encanto" has enjoyed crossover appeal". "/Film" BJ Colangelo called the soundtrack "The Biggest Thing In The World" (on January 10, 2022), while CinemaBlend writer Rachel Romean stated the album "has proven that it can stand on its own two feet even outside of the film". Associated Press journalist Jake Coyle called it a pop culture sensation, saying "the music of "Encanto" was suddenly everywhere. Everyone was talking about Bruno".


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: Johanna Ferreira of "PopSugar" wrote that the success of both the film and the soundtrack speaks to "not just the importance and significance of this type of representation in animated films, but also how movies like this are really changing how Latinx stories are being told". "Variety" said the film "cut through the cultural clutter, producing a series of resounding hits that are forever ingrained on the psyche of children, their parents and anyone who just happened to be in the general vicinity while the film was playing."


title: Encanto (soundtrack)

text: On October 28, 2022, it was announced that the "Encanto Live-to-Film Concert Experience" at the Hollywood Bowl taking place on November 11 and 12 would be filmed for Disney+ and released as "Encanto at the Hollywood Bowl" and released on December 28.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Julian Draxler (born 20 September 1993) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Primeira Liga club Benfica, on loan from Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain, and the Germany national team. Draxler is known for his ability to use both feet, his speed, and the power of his shot.


title: Julian Draxler

text: He made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011, and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final. In total, he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke, scoring 30 goals, before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015. In January 2017, he joined PSG.


title: Julian Draxler

text: A full international with over 40 caps since 2012, he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup, reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV. At that time, he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalke's history. One week later, in Schalke's 1–0 win against Hannover 96, he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 25 January 2011, Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1. FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time. He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club. He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St. Pauli. Draxler opened the scoring in Schalke's 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg, volleying in from outside the area, scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke. He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances, two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances.


title: Julian Draxler

text: In the 2011–12 season, Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke, appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches, mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role. He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches, two goals in the UEFA Europa League, and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup.


title: Julian Draxler

text: The following season, Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player, scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth, Werder Bremen, Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96. Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtby's departure and the signing of Michel Bastos, allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position, including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg. While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund, Draxler became Schalke's youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games. On 3 May, he scored the match's only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park. Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalke's joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals. He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches.


title: Julian Draxler

text: In May 2013, amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund, Draxler extended his contract for a further two years, until 30 June 2018. On 2 October 2013, Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League. This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group. In the final match of the Champions League group stage, Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel, taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament. He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga, two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 27 July 2015, Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus, after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms. Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks. On 31 August 2015, Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg. His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer. He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 31 August 2015, Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons. He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015, in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club. On 31 October, he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the "Wolves", scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen.


title: Julian Draxler

text: In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League, against Gent, Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg. On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena, he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history. However, media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the "Wolves" and often appeared like a "foreign body" in the team. He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer. Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain, Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window. On his return to the Wolfsburg team, Draxler was loudly booed by the club's supporters and described the following four months as "the worst first half of a season of my career".


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 24 December 2016, it was announced on VfL Wolfsburg's website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract, for a reported fee of €42 million, pending a medical examination. The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 7 January, Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes. He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute, after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa. Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the match's only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes. On 1 February, he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 14 February, Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG, a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16. On 26 February, he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSG's 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in "Le Classique" at the Stade Vélodrome. On 1 April, Draxler scored the opening goal in PSG's 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Between 2018 and 2020, Draxler won three Ligue 1, three Coupe de France, and three Coupe de la Ligue titles. He also played in the 2020 UEFA Champions League Final, which PSG lost 1–0 against Bayern Munich.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020. This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season. In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October, Draxler suffered a hamstring injury; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient. In May 2021, he extended his contract with PSG until 2024.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler joined Benfica on a season-long loan for a reported fee of €2.5 million on transfer deadline day, 1 September 2022. He made his Primeira Liga debut nine days later, featuring in Benfica's 1–0 away against Famalicão. He scored his first goal on 18 September, closing a 5–0 home win over Marítimo.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 9 August 2011, Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 7 May 2012, he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany. On 26 May 2012, he made his debut for the senior side in Germany's 5–3 loss to Switzerland, coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute. His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States. The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4, finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014, a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants.


title: Julian Draxler

text: In June 2014, Draxler was named in Germany's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil. On 13 July, he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign. However, he started on the left side of Germany's attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals, also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win. He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia, assisting Mario Gómez's second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, scoring a penalty kick in the team's opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2. Following Germany's title win, Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament.


title: Julian Draxler

text: On 4 June 2018, Germany's manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 17 June, Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0. He then played in a 2–1 win over Sweden. However, Germany finished last in their group after a 2–0 loss against South Korea, and were knocked out from the group stage of the World Cup.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations. He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder. In his Schalke 04 youth career, Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home. In addition, Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot.


title: Julian Draxler

text: In January 2014, Draxler was named by "The Observer" as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe.


title: Julian Draxler

text: FIFA's official website describes Draxler as "tall, fast, with a keen eye for goal, and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder".


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler was born in Gladbeck, North Rhine-Westphalia. He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011. In his childhood, he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04's home matches and since then has been a fan of the club.


title: Julian Draxler

text: Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart, Lena Stiffel. In 2019, he started dating a French dancer and choreographer, Sethanie Taing.


title: End of Watch

text: End of Watch is a 2012 American action thriller film written and directed by David Ayer. It stars Jake Gyllenhaal and Michael Peña as Brian Taylor and Mike Zavala, two Los Angeles Police Department officers who work in South Central Los Angeles. The film focuses on their day-to-day police work, their dealings with a certain group of gang members, their friendship with each other, and their personal relationships.


title: End of Watch

text: Ayer, who had written several police procedural films previously, wanted the film to focus more on the friendship between partners and daily police work and subordinate the contextual elements of the drug trafficking story taking place on the streets of south-central LA. Gyllenhaal, Peña, and other cast members underwent an intensive training program to prepare for their roles as police officers. Filming took place in Los Angeles in August 2011 with a budget of $7 million.


title: End of Watch

text: "End of Watch" premiered on September 8, 2012, at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in American theaters on September 21, grossing over $57 million at the box office. The film received a number of accolades, including two Independent Spirit Award nominations.


title: End of Watch

text: Los Angeles Police Department officers Brian Taylor and Mike Zavala are close friends and partners in the high crime area of South Central in the Newton Division of the LAPD. Taylor, a Marine Corps veteran, records their activities for a college class after they return to duty from a recent officer-involved shooting.


title: End of Watch

text: Upon responding to a public disturbance call, Tre, a Bloods gang member, yells racial insults at Zavala, who responds by accepting a one-on-one fist fight. Zavala wins and earns Tre's respect for not charging him with assault. Later that night, Tre and his fellow Bloods are attacked in a drive-by shooting by the hispanic Curbside Gang. The following night, the officers respond to a noise complaint at a house party where Taylor and Zavala encounter Curbside Gang members "Big Evil" and "LaLa". Taylor and Zavala rescue children from a house fire while on patrol and are awarded the Medal of Valor.


title: End of Watch

text: During a traffic stop, they arrest a man who is in possession of several ornate firearms and large amounts of cash. Taylor urges Zavala to join him in investigating further, leading them to another man guarding a home full of human trafficking victims. When ICE agents intervene, the officers learn that the house is tied to the Sinaloa Cartel and are strongly urged to stay clear due to possible reprisals. Taylor soon becomes engaged to his girlfriend Janet and Zavala's wife Gabby gives birth to their first child.


title: End of Watch

text: One night, Taylor and Zavala respond to a call from their rookie fellow officer, Sook, and find her partner Van Hauser has been stabbed through the eye. They find and rescue Sook, who was being savagely beaten nearby. Taylor marries Janet, and at their wedding Zavala tells Taylor that, should anything happen to him, he will take care of Janet. The next day, the officers perform a wellness check on an elderly woman. In her house, they discover large amounts of heroin, dismembered corpses, and a message from the cartel. Unbeknownst to them, ICE has eavesdropped on a phone call from the cartel in Mexico and hears the two officers have been "green-lit"; Big Evil, LaLa, and others are tasked with killing them.


title: End of Watch

text: While on patrol the officers encounter Tre who as a favor from their earlier encounter warns them that some friends who were recently released from Folsom prison learned that both officers were green-lit, but Taylor and Zavala shrug it off. Taylor reveals to Zavala that Janet is pregnant. They are baited into chasing a reckless driver into an apartment complex where they are ambushed by the Curbside Gang. They fight their way into an alley where Taylor is shot in the chest. As Zavala desperately attends to his partner, the assassins arrive and shoot him several times in the back. Police backup eventually arrives, and the gangsters are killed after refusing to surrender.


title: End of Watch

text: Taylor survives, having been shielded by Zavala's body. At Zavala's funeral, Taylor tries to deliver a eulogy, but only manages to say a few words. In a flashback to the day of the shooting, Zavala recounts to Taylor a humorous story from the first time he and his wife slept together, before the two receive a call from dispatch.


title: End of Watch

text: David Ayer, who wrote and directed "End of Watch", grew up in South Central Los Angeles and has had numerous friends in the LAPD. He had written several films previously about police officers in Los Angeles, but while these depicted rogue and corrupt officers, he wanted to feature honest, ethical police work in "End of Watch". In contrast to his previous works, Ayer wanted to focus on the friendship between Taylor and Zavala and "have all the cop stuff drop away and become secondary to the chemistry of these guys". Ayer wrote the screenplay over six days in December 2010. Jaime FitzSimons, a longtime friend of Ayer and a former police officer with the LAPD, served as the film's technical advisor, and his experiences from working in Los Angeles inspired several plot points of the film.


title: End of Watch

text: Jake Gyllenhaal was the first to be cast in the film; after receiving the script, he read it in an hour and immediately contacted Ayer. Michael Peña was cast shortly after, following a string of auditions. He and Gyllenhaal did not bond immediately but gradually became close friends over the process of training and filming. Gyllenhaal and Peña undertook five months of intensive training under the guidance of FitzSimons to prepare for their roles—this included 12-hour ride-alongs with multiple Greater Los Angeles Area law enforcement agencies up to three times a week, as well as training in hand-to-hand combat, police tactics and weapons. On his first ride-along, Gyllenhaal witnessed a murder during a drug bust. Tactical training was also given to the other actors playing police officers, including David Harbour, America Ferrera, Cody Horn, and Frank Grillo.


title: End of Watch

text: "End of Watch" was filmed on location in South Central Los Angeles, primarily in the area of the LAPD's Newton Division, one of the most violent and gang-affiliated areas of the city. Filming took place over 22 days in August 2011, with a budget of $7.5 million. The film was shot in a combination of found footage style and traditional photography. Most scenes were captured by four cameras simultaneously: these included a handheld camera operated by Gyllenhaal, cameras clipped to Gyllenhaal and Peña's vests, and dashboard footage from their patrol car. Some scenes were shot entirely by Gyllenhaal. An alternate ending of the film was shot where both of the main characters died, but Ayer ultimately chose to retain the original ending.


title: End of Watch

text: The world premiere of "End of Watch" was held on September 8, 2012, at the Toronto International Film Festival. It was originally scheduled to be released theatrically on September 28, 2012, but the release was later moved to September 21.


title: End of Watch

text: "End of Watch" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 22, 2013, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.


title: End of Watch

text: "End of Watch" grossed $41 million in North America and $16.6 million in other territories for a total gross of $57.6 million, against its budget of $7 million.


title: End of Watch

text: In its opening weekend in the United States, the film grossed $13.1 million, finishing first at the box office. It was especially popular among Hispanics, who made up 32% of the audience on the opening weekend, and a writer for "The Hollywood Reporter" attributed the film's popularity to strong word of mouth. The film was initially released in 2,730 theaters and expanded to 2,780 locations in its second week of release. On December 7, the film was given a nationwide re-release in 1,259 theaters shortly after it received two Independent Spirit Award nominations. On the first weekend of its re-release, it grossed $752,000.


title: End of Watch

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an 85% approval rating based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The website's consensus states: ""End of Watch" has the energy, devotion to characters, and charismatic performances to overcome the familiar pitfalls of its genre and handheld format." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100, based on reviews from 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: End of Watch

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, calling it "one of the best police movies in recent years, a virtuoso fusion of performances and often startling action", and went on to name the film the fourth best of 2012. Film critic James Berardinelli described "End of Watch" as "satisfying and emotionally potent ... a good, gritty drama of the sort that seems increasingly rare within the thriller genre", giving the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. Olly Richards, writing for "Empire", gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and summarized it as "a collection of cop-movie clichés but presented with sufficient flair and strong performances that the ride is enough, even if it's on rails". While "New York" Bilge Ebiri found the film largely unrealistic and Ayer's direction "serviceable at best", he wrote that "Ayer and his cast appear to have so convincingly nailed the way these characters talk and act that you might not even notice the film slipping from workaday grit into out-and-out myth."


title: End of Watch

text: Critics praised "End of Watch" for its avoidance of clichés often used in police films, particularly the buddy cop genre. Peter Debruge of "Variety" wrote that "Like a knife in the eye, "End of Watch" cuts past the cliches of standard police procedurals" and praised Ayer for depicting the LAPD as "an honorable and efficient organization of people working together". "Entertainment Weekly" Lisa Schwarzbaum, who gave the film an A−, described it as "one of the best American cop movies I've seen in a long time [and] also one of the few I've seen that pay serious attention to what cop life feels like, both on and off duty". In a review for "The Globe and Mail", however, Rick Groen opined that the focus on "saintly" police officers was less interesting than Ayer's "trademark grit and authenticity".


title: End of Watch

text: The performances of Peña and Gyllenhaal were also praised by critics. Peter Debruge commended the realism that the two actors brought to their roles, saying, "Gyllenhaal and Peña so completely reinvent themselves in-character. Instead of wearing the roles like costumes or uniforms, they let the job seep into their skin." The "Los Angeles Times" Betsy Sharkey applauded the chemistry between the two lead actors, as well as their individual performances, writing, "As good as Gyllenhaal is in this, Peña nearly steals the show." In a review for "USA Today", Claudia Puig commended Gyllenhaal for "giv[ing] his best performance since "Brokeback Mountain"" and Peña for "shin[ing] with charisma". Roger Ebert highlighted "End of Watch" as "one of the performances of [Peña's] career" and praised the performances given by the supporting cast, including Natalie Martinez and Anna Kendrick.


title: End of Watch

text: An aspect of the film criticized in numerous reviews was its handheld camerawork and cinematography. Richard Corliss wrote for "Time" that the found footage style of cinematography "borders on the ludicrous" and that "the tactic fatally substitutes photo realism for fauxto realism". Similarly, "The Washington Post" Michael O'Sullivan found the aesthetic gimmicky, overused, and "an unnecessary distraction from the story". On the other hand, Amy Biancolli of the "San Francisco Chronicle" felt that although the cinematography was inconsistent, "it's used to deepen its main characters" and "lends the film a lively intimacy".


title: End of Watch

text: Other reviewers criticized the casting of minorities as gang members. Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" pointed out that "almost all of [the crimes are] committed by the black and mainly brown people", while "The Globe and Mail" Rick Groen criticized "the script's penchant for over demonizing the ghetto's black residents".


title: 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident

text: On 26 September 1983, during the Cold War, the nuclear early-warning radar of the Soviet Union reported the launch of one intercontinental ballistic missile with four more missiles behind it, from bases in the United States. These missile attack warnings were suspected to be false alarms by Stanislav Petrov, an officer of the Soviet Air Defence Forces on duty at the command center of the early-warning system. He decided to wait for corroborating evidence—of which none arrived—rather than immediately relaying the warning up the chain-of-command. This decision is seen as having prevented a retaliatory nuclear attack against the United States and its NATO allies, which would likely have resulted in an escalation to a full-scale nuclear war. Investigation of the satellite warning system later determined that the system had indeed malfunctioned.


text: The incident occurred at a time of severely strained relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. Responding to the Soviet Union's deployment of fourteen SS-20/RSD-10 theatre nuclear missiles, the NATO Double-Track Decision was taken in December 1979 by the military commander of NATO to deploy 108 Pershing II nuclear missiles in Western Europe with the ability to hit targets in eastern Ukraine, Byelorussia or Lithuania within 10 minutes and the longer range, but slower BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) to strike potential targets farther to the east. In mid-February 1981, and continuing until 1983, psychological operations by the United States began. These were designed to test Soviet radar vulnerability and to demonstrate US nuclear capabilities. They included clandestine naval operations in the Barents, Norwegian, Black and Baltic seas and near the GIUK gap, as well as flights by American bombers, occasionally several times per week, directly toward Soviet airspace that turned away only at the last moment.


text: From the accounts of CIA and senior KGB officers, by May 1981, obsessed with historical parallels with the 1941 German invasion and Reaganite rhetoric, and with no defensive capability against the Pershing IIs, Soviet leaders believed the United States was preparing a secret nuclear attack on the USSR and initiated Operation RYaN. Under this, agents abroad monitored service and technical personnel who would implement a nuclear attack so as to be able either to preempt it or have mutually assured destruction.


text: On 1 September 1983, the Soviet military shot down a South Korean passenger jet, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, that had strayed into Soviet airspace. All 269 people aboard the aircraft were killed, including U.S. Representative Larry McDonald and many other Americans. The first Pershing II missiles were delivered to West Germany on 1 December 1983.


text: Bruce G. Blair, an expert on Cold War nuclear strategies and former president of the World Security Institute in Washington, D.C., says the American–Soviet relationship at that time:


text: In an interview aired on American television, Blair said, "The Russians (Soviets) saw a U.S. government preparing for a first strike, headed by a President Ronald Reagan capable of ordering a first strike." Regarding the incident involving Petrov, he said, "I think that this is the closest our country has come to accidental nuclear war."


text: On 26 September 1983, Stanislav Petrov, a lieutenant colonel in the Soviet Air Defense Forces, was the officer on duty at the Serpukhov-15 bunker near Moscow which housed the command center of the Soviet early warning satellites, code-named Oko. Petrov's responsibilities included observing the satellite early-warning network and notifying his superiors of any impending nuclear missile attack against the Soviet Union. If notification was received from the early-warning systems that inbound missiles had been detected, the Soviet Union's strategy was an immediate and compulsory nuclear counter-attack against the United States (launch on warning), specified in the doctrine of mutual assured destruction.


text: Shortly after midnight, the bunker's computers reported that one intercontinental ballistic missile was heading toward the Soviet Union from the United States. Petrov considered the detection a computer error, since a first-strike nuclear attack by the United States was likely to involve hundreds of simultaneous missile launches in order to disable any Soviet means of a counterattack. Furthermore, the satellite system's reliability had been questioned in the past. Petrov dismissed the warning as a false alarm, though accounts of the event differ as to whether he notified his superiors or not after he concluded that the computer detections were false and that no missile had been launched. Petrov's suspicion that the warning system was malfunctioning was confirmed when no missile in fact arrived. Later, the computers identified four additional missiles in the air, all directed towards the Soviet Union. Petrov suspected that the computer system was malfunctioning again, despite having no direct means to confirm this. The Soviet Union's land radar was incapable of detecting missiles beyond the horizon.


text: It was subsequently determined that the false alarms were caused by a rare alignment of sunlight on high-altitude clouds and the satellites' Molniya orbits, an error later corrected by cross-referencing a geostationary satellite.


text: In explaining the factors leading to his decision, Petrov cited his belief and training that any U.S. first strike would be massive, so five missiles seemed an illogical start. In addition, the launch detection system was new and in his view not yet wholly trustworthy, while ground radar had failed to pick up corroborative evidence even after several minutes of the false alarm.


text: Petrov underwent intense questioning by his superiors about his actions. Initially, he was praised for his decision. General Yuri Votintsev, then commander of the Soviet Air Defense's Missile Defense Units, who was the first to hear Petrov's report of the incident (and the first to reveal it to the public in 1998), stated that Petrov's "correct actions" were "duly noted." Petrov himself stated he was initially praised by Votintsev and was promised a reward, but recalled that he was also reprimanded for improper filing of paperwork with the pretext that he had not described the incident in the military diary.


text: He received no reward. According to Petrov, this was because the incident and other bugs found in the missile detection system embarrassed his superiors and the influential scientists who were responsible for it, so that if he had been officially rewarded, they would have had to be punished. He was reassigned to a less sensitive post, took early retirement (although he emphasized that he was not "forced out" of the army, as is sometimes claimed by Western sources), and suffered a nervous breakdown.


text: Oleg Kalugin, a former KGB chief of foreign counter-intelligence who knew Soviet leader Yuri Andropov well, said that Andropov's distrust of American leaders was profound. It was conceivable that if Petrov had declared the satellite warnings valid, such an erroneous report could have provoked the Soviet leadership into becoming bellicose. Kalugin said: "The danger was in the Soviet leadership thinking, 'The Americans may attack, so we better attack first.


title: El Al

text: El Al Israel Airlines Ltd. (, ), trading as El Al (Hebrew: , "Upwards", "To the Skies" or "Skywards", stylized as ELAL; ), is the flag carrier of Israel. Since its inaugural flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv in September 1948, the airline has grown to serve over 50 destinations, operating scheduled domestic and international services and cargo flights within Israel, and to Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, Africa, and the Far East, from its main base in Ben Gurion Airport.


title: El Al

text: El Al is the only commercial airline to equip its planes with missile defense systems to protect its planes against surface-to-air missiles, and is considered one of the world's most secure airlines, thanks to its stringent security procedures, both on the ground and on board its aircraft. Although it has been the target of many attempted hijackings and terror attacks, only one El Al flight has ever been hijacked; that incident did not result in any fatalities.


title: El Al

text: As Israel's national airline, El Al has played an important role in humanitarian rescue efforts, airlifting Jews from other countries to Israel, setting the world record for the most passengers on a commercial aircraft (single plane record of 1,088 passengers on a 747) by Operation Solomon when 14,500 Jewish refugees were transported from Ethiopia in 1991.


title: El Al

text: El Al offers only kosher in-flight meals, and does not fly passengers on the Jewish Shabbat or religious holidays.


title: El Al

text: In 2012, El Al operated an all-Boeing fleet of 42 aircraft, flying over 4 million passengers, and employed a staff of 6,056 globally. The company's revenues for 2016 were $2,040 million, with losses of $81 million, compared to a profit of $57 million in 2010. In 2018, the company's revenue was $7.7 billion with a net loss of $187.55 million. In July 2020, having lost hundreds of millions of dollars due to grounded flights and layoffs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and abroad, the company reached a bailout deal with the government, and a private buyer purchased a controlling stake (42.85%) in September of that year, with the government purchasing any unwanted shares (15%).


title: El Al

text: In September 1948, Israel's first president, Chaim Weizmann, attended a conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Weizmann was scheduled to fly back to Israel in an Israeli government aircraft, but due to an embargo imposed on Israel at the time, this was not possible. An Israeli C-54 military transport aircraft was instead converted into a civilian plane to transport Weizmann home. The aircraft was painted with the logo of the "El Al/Israel National Aviation Company" and fitted with extra fuel tanks to enable a non-stop flight from Geneva to Israel. It departed from Ekron Air Base on 28 September and returned to Israel the next day. After the flight, the aircraft was repainted and returned to military use.


title: El Al

text: The airline was incorporated and became Israel's national flag carrier on 15 November 1948, although it used leased aircraft until February 1949, when two unpressurized DC-4s were purchased from American Airlines. The acquisition was funded by the government of Israel, the Jewish Agency, and other Jewish organizations. The first plane arrived at Lod Airport (later renamed Ben Gurion) on 3 April 1949. Aryeh Pincus, a lawyer from South Africa, was elected head of the company. The first international flight, from Tel Aviv to Paris, with refueling in Rome, took place on 31 July 1949. By the end of 1949, the airline had flown passengers to London and Johannesburg. A state-run domestic airline, Israel Inland Airlines, was founded in 1949 in which El Al had a 50% stake.


title: El Al

text: From its earliest days, the operation of the airline in keeping with Jewish tradition has been a source of friction; when the Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion was forming his first coalition, the religious parties would not join unless Ben-Gurion promised that El Al would serve only kosher food on its flights and would not fly on the Jewish Sabbath. El Al owes its name to David Remez, the first Minister of Transport, who based the name on a passage from the book of Hosea. (Hosea 11:7)


title: El Al

text: A regular service to London was inaugurated in the middle of 1950. Later that year, El Al acquired Universal Airways, which was owned by South African Zionists.


title: El Al

text: El Al's cargo service was inaugurated in 1950 and initially relied on military surplus Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft. The same aircraft type was used also for passengers transportation in certain routes. The same year the airline initiated charter services to the United States, followed by scheduled flights soon after.


title: El Al

text: In 1950–1951 El Al expanded its activities in Europe and added new destinations such as Vienna and Istanbul, Athens and Nicosia. On July 31 of 1950, the company celebrated the first anniversary of its regular flight program.


title: El Al

text: The airline was involved in several covert operations: In the early 1950s, El Al airlifted over 160,000 immigrants to Israel from Iran, Iraq and Yemen as part of Operation Magic Carpet and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. In 1960, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was captured and flown from Argentina to Israel on an El Al aircraft.


title: El Al

text: In 1955, after using Lockheed Constellations for several years, the airline purchased two Bristol Britannia aircraft. El Al was the second airline in the world to fly this plane, after the British Overseas Airways Corporation. In 1958, El Al ran a newspaper advertisement in the United States featuring a picture of a "shrunken" Atlantic Ocean ("Starting Dec. 23, the Atlantic Ocean will be 20% smaller") to promote its non-stop transatlantic flights. This was a bold step: the airline industry had never used images of the ocean in its advertising because of the widespread public fear of airline crashes. The advertisement, which ran only once, proved effective. Within a year, El Al's sales tripled.


title: El Al

text: Despite the purchase of its Britannias and inauguration of non-stop transatlantic flights the airline remained unprofitable. When Efraim Ben-Arzi took over the company in the late 1950s, the Britannias were replaced in the next decade by the Boeing 707 and Boeing 720 jet airliners.


title: El Al

text: The first year that El Al turned a profit was 1960. That year, more than 50 percent of the passengers flying into Israel arrived on El Al flights. On 15 June 1961, the airline set a world record for the longest non-stop commercial flight: an El Al Boeing 707 flew from New York to Tel Aviv, covering in 9 hours and 33 minutes. By this time, El Al was carrying 56,000 passengers a year—on a par with Qantas and ahead of established airlines like Loftleiðir. In 1961, El Al ranked 35th in the world in accumulated passenger distance. El Al's success continued into the late 1960s. In 1968, regular flights to Bucharest were inaugurated, and cargo flights began to Europe and the United States. The airline also established a catering subsidiary, Teshet Tourism and Aviation Services Ltd. All these ventures brought in a profit of $2 million that year.


title: El Al

text: In 1968, El Al experienced the first of many acts of terrorism that have been perpetrated against the airline. On 23 July, the only successful hijacking of an El Al aircraft took place, when a Boeing 707 carrying 10 crew and 38 passengers were taken over by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The aircraft, El Al Flight 426, which was en route from Rome to Tel Aviv, was diverted to Algiers by the hijackers. Negotiations with the hijackers lasted for 40 days. Both the hijackers and the passengers, including 21 Israeli hostages, were eventually freed. According to Sarah Levy, it was the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson who saved Ariel Sharon's life, by advising him the night before to take a different flight. On 26 December of the same year, two PFLP members attacked an El Al aircraft at Athens International Airport, killing an Israeli mechanic. The Israeli Defense Forces responded to the incident on 29 December, with a night-time raid on Lebanon's Beirut Airport, destroying 14 planes on the ground belonging to Middle East Airlines, Trans Mediterranean Airways and Lebanese International Airways. The military action was responsible for the demise of the LIA, which had most of its fleet destroyed.


title: El Al

text: On 18 February 1969, Palestinians attacked an El Al plane at Zurich Airport, killing the copilot and injuring the pilot. One Palestinian attacker was killed and others were convicted but later released. Between September and December of that year, bomb and grenade attacks occurred at El Al offices in Athens, West Berlin, and Brussels. This wave of violence culminated in the failed hijacking of an El Al 707 by Patrick Arguello and Leila Khaled on 6 September 1970, as part of the Dawson's Field hijackings.


title: El Al

text: El Al acquired its first Boeing 747 jet in 1971. Many felt it was a risky purchase given the high cost of the plane and fear of attacks, but El Al operations flourished after the purchase. Another Boeing 747 was delivered in 1973 and was used to start non-stop service from Tel Aviv to New York (El Al – Boeing 707s had flown the eastward nonstop since around 1961).


title: El Al

text: El Al passengers and passengers from other airlines were attacked at Lod Airport in 1972, it was known as the Lod Airport massacre.


title: El Al

text: In the mid-1970s El Al began to schedule flights from airports outside of Israel that departed on the Jewish sabbath and landed in Israel after it had finished. However, the religious parties in the government were outraged by this change believing that it was a violation of Jewish law and contrary to the agreement signed in the early days of the state, in which El Al promised to refrain from flying on the sabbath. In 1982 the newly re-elected prime minister Menachem Begin, brought before the Knesset a vote to ban Sabbath flights once again (it passed by a vote of 58 to 54). Outraged, the secular community threatened to boycott the airline. In August 1982 El Al workers blocked Orthodox and Hasidic Jews from entering the airport.


title: El Al

text: In 1977 El Al established a charter subsidiary, El Al Charter Services Ltd., later renamed Sun D'Or International Airlines Ltd. Two years earlier the airline had suffered its first losses since the late 1950s, largely a product of the global recession. The management changed three times towards the end of the 1970s until Itzhak Shander was named president. As the political situation in Iran deteriorated, El Al began to airlift Jews to Israel. All the airline's infrastructure in Iran was eventually destroyed.


title: El Al

text: El Al flights to Cairo were inaugurated in April 1980, following the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. In late 1982, after a long period of labor disputes and strikes, El Al operations were suspended. The government appointed Amram Blum to run the company, which lost $123.3 million in the fiscal year ending April 1983. The airline also sold its stake in Arkia at this time.


title: El Al

text: Operations resumed in January 1983 under receivership. The government purchased two new Boeing 737 aircraft and announced plans to acquire four Boeing 767 jets at the cost of $200 million. Within four years, El Al was profitable again. It broke another record since then surpassed, in May 1988 with a non-stop flight from Los Angeles to Tel Aviv, a journey of in 13 hours and 41 minutes.


title: El Al

text: In January 1990, North American Airlines began providing feeder services to El Al's US destinations. El Al held a 24.9 percent stake in the airline until selling it back to Dan McKinnon in July 2003. By this time, El Al was operating a fleet of 20 aircraft, including nine Boeing 747s, and had begun replacing its aging Boeing 707s with the Boeing 757. Early that year, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, El Al inaugurated regular flights to Moscow. No airlifts from the former Soviet Union were possible at the time but permission was granted in 1991. Charter flights commenced in August 1991, with immigrants also occupying all available seats on El Al's scheduled routes. In cooperation with Aeroflot, El Al flew more than 400,000 Jewish immigrants to Israel within a three-year period.


title: El Al

text: On 24 May 1991, an El Al Boeing 747 cargo plane airlifted a record-breaking 1,088 Ethiopian Jews from Addis Ababa to Israel in the framework of Operation Solomon. Two babies were born during the flight. The plane carried twice as many passengers as it was designed for. In less than 36 hours, 14,500 Ethiopian Jews were flown to Israel. On 27 April 1994, El Al received its first Boeing 747-400.


title: El Al

text: El Al flights were inaugurated to the Far East and, in 1995, El Al signed its first codesharing agreement with American Airlines. In February 1995, the receivership under which the airline had technically been operating since 1982 came to an end. In June 1996, El Al recorded its first flight from Israel to Amman, Jordan.


title: El Al

text: In 1996, El Al recorded US$83.1 million in losses, due to the resumption of terrorist activities and the government's open skies policy. To keep its planes flying during this period, El Al introduced flights "to nowhere": passengers were offered various kinds of in-flight entertainment as the plane circled the Mediterranean. One-day shopping trips to London and visits to religious sites in eastern Europe were also promoted. In 1997, El Al opened a separate cargo division.


title: El Al

text: El Al's first Boeing 777 embarked on its maiden flight in March 2000. Later that year the controversy over flights on Shabbat erupted again, when the airline announced that it was losing US$55 million a year by grounding its planes on Saturdays. After privatization of the company began in June 2003, the policy regarding Shabbat flights was expected to change.


title: El Al

text: The first phase of the long-delayed privatization of the company commenced in June 2003 and by Israel's Government Companies Authority, headed by Eyal Gabbai. 15 percent of El Al's shares were listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. By June 2004, 50% of the company had been sold to the public. By January 2005, a controlling share of the company had been transferred to Knafaim-Arkia Holdings Ltd. As of October 2014, El Al's major shareholders are Knafaim Holdings (36%), Ginsburg Group (10%) and Delek Group (10%).


title: El Al

text: In August 2010, El Al and JetBlue signed an agreement to provide connecting through tickets between Israel and 61 destinations in the United States from October 2010, via John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York.


title: El Al

text: In 2015, El Al introduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated. The airline's workers' union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule. Later that year the requirement was removed.


title: El Al

text: In August 2017, El Al made their inaugural flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Their first variant of the plane was the 787-9, but in late 2019, they took delivery of the 787-8. The inaugural service was from Tel Aviv to London and Paris, with the transatlantic inaugural flight from Tel Aviv to Newark. El Al introduced a Premium Economy to this aircraft, in a 2-3-2 configuration. They also launched an upgraded Business Class with “pods” in a 1-2-1 configuration. This was upgraded from the original 2-3-2 configuration of their Business Class on the 777-200. Their Economy Class now also featured large personal touch screen entertainment and WiFi. In Business Class, the seats go to a 90° flat bed, have personal service, large touchscreen personal entertainment screens, and storage.


title: El Al

text: In May 2017, El Al re-inaugurated service to Miami International Airport with a Boeing 777-200ER airplane. The service offers three nonstop Tel Aviv to Miami flights per week. This is currently the only nonstop flight from Israel to the southeast United States. The service now continues with the Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner fitted with the new El Al Business Class.


title: El Al

text: In April 2018 the Israel Postal Company issued a stamp with different El Al-planes commemorating the 70th anniversary of the airline.


title: El Al

text: In July 2019, El Al retired its sole freight aircraft, a Boeing 747-400F, ending its dedicated cargo flights. The airline plans to use charter services by other airlines for this purpose from now on.


title: El Al

text: In March 2020, El Al suspended operations due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The Israeli government had announced that all visitors and residents to Israel would have to undergo a 14-day quarantine upon arrival into the country. El Al also converted some of their Boeing 787 Dreamliner airplanes to serve as cargo flights to transport medical goods from China to Europe through Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport. El Al also offered some passenger flights to get stranded Israeli citizens home. These flights went from Tel Aviv to Miami, New York, London, Paris, and more. They also offered two services to Australia during the pandemic. This was the first ever nonstop flight from Israel to Australia. El Al offered one flight from Tel Aviv to Perth and Tel Aviv to Melbourne.


title: El Al

text: On 1 July 2020, after returning substantial amounts of leased aircraft (and canceling current leases) the airline canceled all flights and suspended operations indefinitely. On 6 July, the company announced it had worked out a bailout deal with the government to make up the hundreds of millions of dollars it had lost due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and abroad. The proposed deal would net the airline $250 million in government loans (with a guarantee for 75 percent of the loan in case of defaults) and an additional $150 million from its own sale of company shares which, if not sold, would be purchased by the government. The deal was approved by a Knesset committee. On 17 September, it was announced that Kanfei Nesharim, a company owned by 27-year-old Eli Rozenberg (son of US Centers Health Care nursing home chain founder Kenny Rozenberg), had bought a controlling 42.85% stake in the airline with a $107 million offer. Under the prior negotiated bailout deal, the Israeli government, which had committed to buying any unwanted shares as part of a rescue package, bought $34 million worth of shares, for a stake that equals roughly 15% of the company. The holdings of El Al's owners before the bailout, Knafaim Holdings, fell to 15.2% from 38%. The new management will seek to emphasise "punctuality" and work to upgrade food services across all classes.


title: El Al

text: On 17 April 2022, El-Al started its first direct flight between the Israeli coastal city of Tel Aviv and Egypt's Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. Flight 5193 is operated by El-Al subsidiary Sun d’Or.


title: El Al

text: El Al's headquarters are located on the grounds of Ben Gurion Airport in Central District, Israel, near Lod. In 2022, El Al announced it would be moving its U.S. headquarters from New York to Miami.


title: El Al

text: During 2005, the airline transported 3.5 million passengers, a rise from 3.2 million in 2004 and 2.8 million in 2003. 60% of the airline's passengers are Israeli.


title: El Al

text: In 2006, El Al posted a $44.6 million loss on revenues of $1.665 billion. The company is facing four lawsuits, two of which have been approved as class actions, which could cost the company $176.2 million. El Al spends $100 million a year to conform with airline security measures required by Israel's Shin Bet security service. In early 2007, El Al opened a new King David Lounge at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris. New lounges at Heathrow Airport in London and JFK International Airport in New York had also opened in late 2007.


title: El Al

text: In 2007, El Al invested NIS 1 billion in the purchase of two new Boeing 777-200s that included an updated El Al decal. The aircraft are fitted with upgraded seats with adjustable headrests and legrests. Each seat is equipped with a touch-screen entertainment system. The first aircraft, named "Sderot", completed its maiden flight from New York to Tel Aviv on 26 July 2007. The second, "Kiryat Shmona", was delivered at the end of August 2007.


title: El Al

text: After the United States Federal Aviation Administration downgraded Israel's aviation safety rating to 2 in February 2009, an IATA member warned El Al, as well as competing airlines Arkia and Israir, that they may appear on the European blacklist of banned carriers. Giora Romm, head of the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel, responded to the claim, stating: "We are in close contact with the Europeans," He added, "I don't know what the fuss is about. The Europeans' e-mail is strange. We are doing everything we can to improve security." The European Union has yet to make an official statement on the matter. El Al uses the Amadeus CRS system for reservation, inventory, check-in and online bookings. In November 2012, the United States FAA restored Israel's category 1 rating.


title: El Al

text: El Al has a cargo branch, El Al Cargo, which became independent in 1997. As the national cargo airline of Israel, it operates between Tel Aviv, Liège and New York plus ad hoc worldwide charters with one Boeing 747-200F aircraft. Before 2001, when the Israeli air cargo market opened up to competition, El Al Cargo enjoyed a monopoly. Now its main competition comes from CAL Cargo Air Lines.


title: El Al

text: As of 2020, the company employs a staff of 6,360 globally and has a fleet of 45 aircraft. The company's revenues for 2016 were $2.04 billion, totaling losses of $80.7 million compared to a profit of $57 million in 2010.


title: El Al

text: El Al has Hebrew language voiceovers and Arabic language subtitles in its flight safety videos, which is followed by another video in English


title: El Al

text: The main business of Borenstein, a company fully owned by El Al, registered in the U.S. and operating at New York's JFK airport, is the production and supply of kosher ready meals to airlines and other institutions.


title: El Al

text: Katit (a company fully owned by El Al) is mainly engaged in the production and supply of meals to the company's employees.


title: El Al

text: The charter operations of the Group is carried out through Sun D'Or, a company fully owned by El Al. Sun D'Or operates as a tourist organizer for wholesalers and individuals and markets charter and scheduled flights, both by means of leasing full aircraft capacity to third parties, or aircraft parts' capacity to a number of partners for pre-negotiated prices, or by direct sales. Starting from 2011, Sun D'Or operates as a tourist organizer, while maintaining the "Sun D'Or" brand for scheduled and charter flights marketed by Sun D'Or. In March 2011, The Israel Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) announced the suspension of Sun d'Or's operating license effective 1 April 2011. The CAA based its decision citing non-compliance with Israeli and international airline management standards, mainly lack of self-owned planes and crew. Since then, Sun d'Or no longer operates own aircraft but utilizes planes from its parent, El Al.


title: El Al

text: Superstar (a company fully owned by El Al) is a tourist wholesaler that markets tourist package deals to travel agents and passengers, and sells airline tickets at discounted prices for flights on the company's routes.


title: El Al

text: Tamam (a company fully owned by El Al) is mainly engaged in the production and supply of kosher ready meals to airline companies.


title: El Al

text: On 26 November 2013, El Al unveiled its now-defunct low cost airline "Up", which commenced operations on 30 March 2014, initially to Berlin, Budapest, Kyiv, Larnaca and Prague using five Boeing 737-800s transferred from the El Al fleet. "Up" was founded by its parent El Al to be used on some routes to Europe where it replaced El Al itself. All "Up" flights were operated by El Al, using El Al's call sign and codes with a four digit number. For flights over two hours the airline offered a buy on board service.


title: El Al

text: In August 2014, Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary foreshadowed the development of a "Ryanair Israel", connecting Israel with cities across Europe. He said an inhibiting factor in the plan was Israeli authorities' protectiveness of El Al from competition. The CEO of "Up" wished to recreate the airline business world. Ryanair started serving Ovda Airport and Ben Gurion Airport in the winter season 2017/18 from several airports throughout Europe.


title: El Al

text: "Up" ceased operations on 14 October 2018. All of its six destinations and fleet were reintegrated into mainline El Al operations.


title: El Al

text: As a prime target for terrorism, El Al employs stringent security procedures, both on the ground and on board its aircraft. Though time-consuming, these procedures have won El Al's security reputation. In 2008, the airline was named by "Global Traveler" magazine as the world's most secure airline.


title: El Al

text: El Al planes have been fitted with anti-missile counter-measures since the early 2000s, with the initial system known as Flight Guard.


title: El Al

text: Since the early 2000s, El Al has been the only commercial airline to fit its planes with systems to defend against anti-aircraft missiles. In 2014, El Al began to fit some of its planes that fly on more sensitive routes with an updated missile approach warning system (MAWS) that employs an infrared missile-tracking camera, an “infrared (IR), ultra-violet (UV), or radar missile-approach warning sensor to detect a missile launch in the very early stages of an attack” and a laser system to act as a counter-measure. In November 2014, under the Israeli government's SkyShield programme, Elbit's Commercial Multi-Spectral Infrared Countermeasures (C-MUSIC) system was adopted by El Al. "C-MUSIC is one of the biggest and most complex projects ever undertaken at Elbit and in Israel".


title: El Al

text: At Israel's Ben Gurion Airport, plainclothes and uniformed agents monitor the premises for explosives, suspicious behavior, and other threats. Armed security personnel also patrol El Al terminals overseas. Inside the terminal, passengers and their baggage are checked by a trained team. El Al security procedures require that all passengers be interviewed individually prior to boarding, allowing El Al staff to identify possible security threats. Passengers are asked questions about their place of origin, the reason for their trip, their job or occupation, and whether they have packed their bags themselves. El Al believes interviewers can spot signs of nervousness.


title: El Al

text: At the check-in counter, passengers' passports and tickets are closely examined. A passport without a sticker from the security checkers will not be accepted. At passport control, passengers' names are checked against information from the FBI, Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Scotland Yard, Shin Bet, and Interpol databases. Luggage is screened and sometimes hand searched. In addition, bags are put through a decompression chamber simulating pressures during flight that could trigger explosives. Even at overseas airports, El Al security agents conduct all luggage searches personally, even if they are supervised by government or private security firms.


title: El Al

text: Undercover agents (sometimes referred to as sky marshals) carrying concealed firearms sit among the passengers on every international El Al flight. Most El Al pilots are former Israeli Air Force pilots. The cockpits in all El Al aircraft have double doors to prevent entry by unauthorized persons. A code is required to access the doors, and the second door will open only after the first has closed and the person has been identified by the captain or first officer. Furthermore, there are reinforced steel floors separating the passenger cabin from the baggage hold.


title: El Al

text: In April 2013, the Israeli government increased payments to El Al to secure 97.5% of the airline's security costs ahead of the Open Skies agreement to take effect in 2014 with the European Union.


title: El Al

text: The airline was criticized by Hungarian courts for refusing to search luggage with the passenger present, acting against Hungarian domestic laws stipulating that only authorized officials are able to undertake such searches.


title: El Al

text: In 2008, a civil case was brought to the Supreme Court of Israel by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, which alleged that El Al's practice of ethnic profiling illegally singled out Arab passengers for tougher treatment. The group had petitioned "for the complete elimination of racial profiling" by the airline. In 2015, the court dismissed the petition on procedural grounds, accepting in part the government's argument "that it could not completely change without heavily burdening all travelers," but reimbursing the Association for Civil Rights in Israel a total of NIS 30,000 for its legal fees, and finding that the petition "had already gotten security to be less discriminatory." The court left the door open for a renewed petition in the future if required.


title: El Al

text: In September 2014 it was reported that there have been repeated incidents where some ultra-Orthodox male passengers refused to sit next to female passengers, sometimes delaying flights. As a result, a petition was initiated with Change.org to pressure El Al to alter their policy of allowing ultra-Orthodox passengers on flights to negotiate switching seats. The petition reads: "Why does El Al Airlines permit female passengers to be bullied, harassed, and intimidated into switching seats which they rightfully paid for and were assigned to by El Al Airlines? One person's religious rights do not trump another person's civil rights."


title: El Al

text: Following the incidents, Iris Richman, founder of "Jewish Voices Together", a group created to address issues of religious pluralism in Israel and the U.S., encouraged passengers to protest this behavior through the US government, referencing "49 U.S. Code § 40127 – Prohibitions on discrimination: Persons in Air Transportation." According to this directive, she wrote, "An air carrier or foreign air carrier may not subject a person in air transportation to discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex or ancestry." Richman contacted the U.S. Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection Division, and stated the department "is willing to investigate any situation where any employee of a carrier – i.e. a steward/ess – participated in asking someone to change a seat because of their gender."


title: El Al

text: In November 2014 Tova Ross in "The Forward"; disagreed that this is discrimination against women. She wrote, "...If we [women] want the right to pray and practice and dress in the ways we see fit, why do we cast such caustic aspersions on the premise of a man who calmly asks to change his seat in order for him not to stray from his preferred religious outlook?"..."A favor for a fellow human being, no matter how archaic we may deem his beliefs. We are indulging a request that we may neither understand nor agree with, but if it doesn’t really put us out, if the flight isn’t full and there is in fact someone who will easily volunteer to switch seats, then what is everyone’s colossal problem with the mere premise?"


title: El Al

text: El Al said that it would not put a policy in place to handle situations where male Haredim refuse to sit next to female passengers, but would instead attempt to satisfy passengers involved in such incidents on a case-by-case basis.


title: El Al

text: In February 2016, Renee Rabinowitz filed a successful lawsuit against El Al after being involved in an incident where an ultra-Orthodox man refused to sit next to her on a flight from Newark International Airport to Tel Aviv and the flight attendants asked her to move seats. Later in 2018, the airline decided to immediately remove any passengers who refuse to sit next to a woman.


title: El Al

text: El Al serves destinations on four continents in 31 countries with a well-developed European network including the transcontinental nation of Russia. The airline serves a number of gateway cities in North America such as New York–JFK, Newark, Miami, Los Angeles, and Boston. They have also expanded their service to Asia such as Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Mumbai, Beijing–Capital, Hong Kong, and Tokyo–Narita. From its founding until 2020, El Al's inability to overfly Saudi Arabian airspace, along with that of several other Arab and Muslim countries, has reduced their ability to further expand their route network in Asia. In 2018, Saudi Arabia granted permission to Air India to fly a five times weekly flight from Tel Aviv to New Delhi using Saudi Arabian airspace. If Saudi Arabia did not allow El Al to use their airspace, El Al might have lost a large share of their Asian market due to other airlines having shorter and cheaper flights. However, Saudi Arabia opened airspace to Israeli aircraft for the first time in September 2020. El Al also offers services to Johannesburg in South Africa and Zanzibar.


title: El Al

text: Prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the airline had plans to perform experimental direct flights between Tel Aviv and Melbourne. The service would have been the airline's longest ever direct flight and the first direct connection between Israel and Australia.


title: El Al

text: In June of 2022, the airline announced that it would indefinitely suspend flights from Toronto–Pearson effective October 27, 2022. The decision ended an over-40-year presence in Canada. In response, a petition was launched on Change.org to try and reverse the decision. El Al also announced that it was cancelling its routes to Brussels Airport and Warsaw Chopin Airport.


title: El Al

text: El Al's historic, superseded livery featured a turquoise/navy blue stripe down the side of the aircraft, and a turquoise tailfin with the flag of Israel at the top. El Al's logo was featured above the front run of windows on each side of the plane in the turquoise/navy scheme. The new livery features a blue stripe with a thick silver border on the bottom that sweeps across the side of the aircraft near the wing, disappears over the top of the plane and reappears at the bottom of the tailfin. The El Al logo is part of the design, although it has been changed slightly since then. Most of El Al's aircraft are named for Israeli cities, such as Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Bet Shemesh, Nazeret, Haifa, and others. The larger the aircraft – the bigger or more populated the city it is named after. The cities' names are located near the nose of the plane beneath the cockpit windows. One aircraft, a Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, is painted in the livery that El Al used in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the airline's 70th year of operations, using a gray belly, white roof with El Al titles, a blue cheatline, and the flag of Israel on the vertical stabilizer that was introduced with the introduction of the Boeing 707 to the El Al fleet.


title: El Al

text: By contrast, El Al's cargo plane livery in the past lacks the painting of Israel's flag and its airline identity; only a word "Cargo" appears on the fuselage. Subsequently, the most recent cargo plane livery (a now retired Boeing 747-400F) was painted white except for the airline's name and Cargo.


title: El Al

text: Matmid is El Al's present frequent flyer program. King David club cards (red) were issued 1991. It was re-launched in 2004 following the merger of El Al's previous frequent flyer programs. It has five tiers: Matmid, Matmid Silver, Matmid Gold, Matmid Platinum and Matmid TOP Platinum. Points accumulated in the program entitle members to bonus tickets, flight upgrades, and discounts on car rentals, hotel stays, and other products and services. Points are also awarded for travel with partner airlines, as well as for nights at partner hotels and for credit card purchases. Matmid points can be collected on most flights operated by South African Airways, Sun D'Or, Qantas and limited Aeroméxico flights Points are accumulated for any fares (ex. promotions), and points age—i.e. lose their validity after three years. To join Matmid, a one-time fee must be paid.


title: El Al

text: The King David Lounge is the name adopted by El Al for special airport lounges that serve the airline's premium class passengers. There are six King David Lounges worldwide at the key airports at Ben Gurion International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Newark Liberty International Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, London Heathrow Airport and Los Angeles International Airport. All King David Lounges offer drinks, snacks, newspapers and magazines (Israeli and foreign), while some lounges also offer free Wi-Fi internet access. The King David Lounge at Terminal 3 at Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion airport is equipped with a telephone, shower facilities and a spa; it has a separate section for first-class passengers.


title: El Al

text: Personal AVOD screens are provided on all Boeing 777-200ERs and Boeing 787s. Streaming with iPads and smartphones by an El Al app is provided on Boeing 737-900ERs and some Boeing 737-800s, where there are no personal AVOD screens.


title: El Al

text: Over its history, El Al has been involved in the following incidents and accidents, involving both the aircraft actually operated by the airline and its outstations abroad. Most of these incidents are related to Palestinian terrorism, particularly in the period between 1968 and 1990, and so incidents are separated by terrorist and non-terrorist incidents. Despite these attacks, EL Al has not lost a passenger on any passenger flight since 1955.


title: Chapman University

text: Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California. It encompasses ten schools and colleges, including Fowler School of Engineering, Dodge College of Film and Media Arts, Fowler School of Law, and Schmid College of Science and Technology, and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". Although it does not claim to be a Christian college, it has had a relationship with the Disciples of Christ since the university's founding and with the United Church of Christ since 2011.


title: Chapman University

text: Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861. Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration. Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race.


title: Chapman University

text: In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, which held classes in downtown Los Angeles. In 1934, the school was renamed Chapman College, after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C. C. Chapman. In 1954, it moved to its present campus in the city of Orange on the site formerly occupied by Orange High School, which had relocated.


title: Chapman University

text: Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958. This evolved into Brandman University.


title: Chapman University

text: Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991. In that year, Dr. James L. Doti became president of Chapman University.