title: Xbox Game Pass

text: On January 23, 2018, Microsoft announced an expansion of Game Pass that would see first-party titles arrive on the catalog day-and-date with the retail release of the game, starting with the aforementioned "Sea of Thieves" launched on March 20, 2018. "Crackdown 3", "State of Decay 2" and "Forza Horizon 4" would also be added upon launch, although their launch dates were not announced at the time, and future releases in existing Microsoft franchises, such as "Halo" and "Gears of War", would also be added upon their release. Additionally, select ID@Xbox titles are also added to the service on their release dates, the first being "Robocraft Infinity".


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Spencer has stated that Microsoft's intent with the Xbox Game Pass is to make it available across many devices, including those of their competitors. Spencer stated "We want to bring Game Pass to any device that somebody wants to play on...Not just because it’s our business, but really because the business model allows for people to consume and find games that they wouldn’t have played in any other space." Microsoft announced in May 2019 that Xbox Game Pass would be coming for Windows 10 computers, bringing over 100 games from Microsoft's own studios as well as third-parties when it launches.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: On April 18, 2019, Microsoft announced "Xbox Game Pass Ultimate", a new tier that combines both Game Pass and Xbox Live Gold into a single subscription package. It became available for testing to Xbox Insiders that same day, while general availability began on June 9, 2019. On June 9, 2019, Microsoft announced that Game Pass for PC would launch in open beta, and this would also be included in Ultimate.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: xCloud was included for Xbox Game Pass Ultimate subscribers on September 15, 2020, which adds the ability for cloud gaming to select Android mobile devices, with initially over 100 games optimized for the services. Support for additional Android mobile devices are expected later. xCloud support for iOS devices via Safari and via desktop browsers on Windows and macOS computers, was added in beta form in early 2021 and fully released to all Game Pass Ultimate subscribers by June 28, 2021.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Microsoft partnered with Electronic Arts (EA) in September 2020 to bring the basic EA Play service to Xbox Game Pass subscribers on Xbox and PC, with EA Play being made available on console and xCloud to Game Pass Ultimate members on November 10, 2020 (the same day as the launch of the Xbox Series X and Series S), before expanding to PC for Game Pass Ultimate and Game Pass for PC members on March 18, 2021. Spencer said in October 2020 that their current pricing model for Game Pass at this point was considered "completely sustainable" despite concerns from some developers that they were undercharging for it, and that Microsoft had no plans to raise the price in the near future.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: In June 2021, Microsoft stated that it was working on a Game Pass app for smart TVs, as well as a "standalone streaming device". Both of these offerings would be built around xCloud. In December 2021, Microsoft announced the rebranding of Xbox Game Pass for PC as "PC Game Pass" to reduce market confusion. The service continues to be branded with the Xbox logo.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: On January 18, 2022, Microsoft announced that Game Pass had surpassed 25 million subscribers. On that same day, Microsoft announced plans to acquire Activision Blizzard and to begin integrating Activision's catalog of games into Game Pass.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Riot Games, which has traditionally offered its games through its own launcher, announced in June 2022 that they will be adding their free-to-play games including "League of Legends" to Xbox Game Pass later in 2022. For games like "League of Legends", the full roster of champions or heroes will be available to Game Pass subscribers, while for other titles like "Legends of Runeterra", subscribers to Game Pass will receive in-game rewards.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: A Friends and Family tier was revealed in September 2022, with trials first released in Ireland and Colombia. The higher priced plan, estimated to be $25/month, allows one to share their account with up to four others, limited to those within the same country as the account holder.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Xbox Game Pass is similar to Xbox One's existing EA Play video game subscription and to the PlayStation Now service offered by rival Sony. The subscription catalog contained more than 100 games at launch, with games being added to, and sometimes withdrawn from, the catalog from time to time. Xbox Game Pass allows the player to download the full game to the console; according to Head of Xbox Phil Spencer, this was done to give players "continuous, full-fidelity gameplay without having to worry about streaming, bandwidth or connectivity issues". Unlike EA Access, Xbox Game Pass offers games from a wide range of publishers, such as Bandai Namco, Capcom, WB Games, 2K Games, and first-party games from Xbox Game Studios. According to Spencer, Microsoft sees the Game Pass as more of a platform to offer games that do not fit the common mold that sell well and would be difficult to gain a publisher, and instead to allow these games to be offered in the subscription model, encouraging both developers to create new and experimental titles. The Game Pass also provides a way for players to try games they would not normally have purchased.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: The catalog features select games for Xbox Series X|S and Xbox One as well as select Xbox 360 and Xbox titles with which Xbox Series X|S and Xbox One are backwards-compatible. There is no limit to the number of games a player can download and install to their consoles, other than the amount of storage space available to the console. As long as a game remains in the catalog, it is available for unlimited download and play by subscribers. Players can purchase games in the catalog at a 20% discount, and any related add-on content for those games at a 10% discount. The discounted price is available only while the game is in the catalog and is only for the particular game. Games from the catalog can be played while the console is offline, but for no more than 30 days before it must reconnect to verify an active subscription.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: If the game is removed from the catalog or the player ends their subscription, access is suspended until the player purchases the game or renews their subscription, but their in-game progress will be saved in the interim. If the game is an Xbox 360 title, it will be backward-compatible and must be used on Xbox Series X|S or Xbox One; it cannot be downloaded to a player's Xbox 360 console unless the player chooses to purchase it.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Spencer has stated that Microsoft has multiple ways to compensate developers for games on Game Pass and there is no one single payback approach. The payback scheme ranges from a flat rate approach as to assure exclusivity on the Microsoft platform, to completely covering the costs of development, and includes various models based on usage and monetization approaches. Paradox Interactive's Fredrik Wester stated the terms they have had followed the Netflix model where the developer or publisher was paid a lump sum by Microsoft for their game on the service for a fixed period of time based on a perceived value, rather than the per-play royalty-based approach used by services like Spotify. The upfront approach, along with the large subscriber numbers, allows developers to select ongoing directions for their games. In the case of Obsidian Entertainment, they were able to consider additional downloadable content for their game "Outer Worlds" as they knew millions were playing it.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: In a July 2020 interview, Xbox's marketing director Aaron Greenberg said that Xbox Game Pass is not necessarily meant to be profitable for Microsoft at the current time but is designed to help draw more players to use it through word-of-mouth by offering a large set of features as a seemingly under priced value, and in the long-term become valuable. This allows them to avoid high costs of advertising the service.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: While there had been rumors that Microsoft was working to bring Xbox Game Pass to other console platforms like the PlayStation or Nintendo Switch, Spencer said in an August 2021 interview that there are currently no plans for these consoles. Spencer said "We have no plans to bring [the full Xbox experience] to any other kind of closed platforms right now, mainly because those closed platforms don't want something like Game Pass" and that their focus was on making it available to open systems like personal computers and web applications.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: In the Q3 2020 earnings call in April 2020, Microsoft reported that there were over 10 million Xbox Game Pass subscribers. By September 2020, it had reached 15 million subscribers, 18 million by January 2021, and greater than 25 million by January 2022. According to documents related to the Activision Blizzard acquisition, Game Pass had total revenues of in the fiscal year ending January 2021, which was about 30% of Microsoft's games and services revenues, or 18% of its total Xbox business.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: Xbox Game Pass is available in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


title: Xbox Game Pass

text: On March 29, 2022, the PC Game Pass Preview launched in five Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The service has been officially launched in these countries on April 21, 2022.


title: Quail

text: Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy.


title: Quail

text: Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New World quail are placed in the family Odontophoridae. The species of buttonquail are named for their superficial resemblance to quail, and form the family Turnicidae in the order Charadriiformes. The king quail, an Old World quail, often is sold in the pet trade, and within this trade is commonly, though mistakenly, referred to as a "button quail". Many of the common larger species are farm-raised for table food or egg consumption, and are hunted on game farms or in the wild, where they may be released to supplement the wild population, or extend into areas outside their natural range. In 2007, 40 million quail were produced in the U.S.


title: Quail

text: Quail that have fed on hemlock (e.g., during migration) may induce acute kidney injury due to accumulation of toxic substances from the hemlock in the meat; this problem is referred to as "coturnism".


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: G4 (also known as G4TV) was an American pay television and digital network owned by Comcast Spectacor that primarily focused on video games.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: The network was originally owned by G4 Media, a joint venture between the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal and Dish Network, and first launched on April 24, 2002. In late 2012, G4's studio programming ceased in preparation for a planned relaunch as Esquire Network, as part of a licensing deal with Hearst Corporation, owner of "Esquire" magazine. Esquire Network would ultimately replace Style Network instead, on September 23, 2013. G4 announced in November 2014 that it would end all operations. The network was shut down on New Year's Eve 2014. By August 2013, it was reported that approximately 61,217,000 American households (53.61% of households with television) were receiving the network.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On July 24, 2020, a revival of the G4 brand was announced; the network relaunched on November 16, 2021. On October 16, 2022, a draft memo leaked online that indicated Comcast would soon be shutting down the network.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: G4 was launched on April 24, 2002, under the ownership of Comcast. The initial concept was to create a service similar to rival TechTV but targeted at 12-to-34-year-olds, an elusive demographic. The channel was soft launched with a week-long series of "Pong" matches. It was initially available to three million Comcast subscribers, and offered 13 half-hour programs.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: G4 was created and originally led by Charles Hirschhorn, a former president of Walt Disney Television and Television Animation. He expected video game creators themselves to eventually produce programming for the channel. He envisioned that G4 could follow in the footsteps of MTV, which provided music video producers with a venue for non-traditional television programming. Hirschhorn intended G4 to become a vehicle for unconventional advertising. In 2002, G4 offered advertisers wide latitude to place their products on G4's programs, and even allowed their commercials to appear as if they were a part of the program. G4 offered what was called a "2 minute unit", which was an advertising package played as if it were part of a G4 program that was long enough to run an entire movie trailer. G4 offered to sell the right to have a game showcased on the show "Pulse".


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On March 25, 2004, Vulcan Inc. announced that G4 Media would acquire TechTV and merge the two networks. The combined network was rebranded as G4techTV. On February 15, 2005, less than a year after the merger, the "TechTV" brand was dropped from the channel's name. A Canadian version of TechTV, originally launched on September 7, 2001, would also be relaunched under the "G4techTV" branding and would retain the brand until 2009.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: In September 2005, Neal Tiles replaced Hirschhorn as the channel's president. Tiles had previously been a senior marketing executive at DirecTV, Fox Sports and ESPN. He announced that G4 would be retooled as a male-oriented channel, stating that "guys like to play games, but not necessarily watch a bunch of shows with games on the screen".


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Comcast announced on October 12, 2006, that it would consolidate its west coast entertainment operations, including G4, E! and Style Network into a new group headed by Ted Harbert, who had formerly run E!. It was announced that the upper management of the G4 channel would relocate to E!'s Los Angeles office. Harbert gave his opinion at the time that the focus of the channel on "gaming has been demonstrated as being too narrow."


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: In April 2007, G4, in association with Earth911, launched an electronic-waste-recycling campaign called Gcycle.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On February 17, 2009, it was reported that G4 intended to cut back its original programming. "X-Play" would be reduced to three nights a week while "Attack of the Show!" would be cut to four nights a week. Consequently, a number of the staff and production crew involved in the shows would be laid off. Layla Kayleigh also left G4 in April 2009 after Neal Tiles announced that her contract would not be renewed.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: It was announced during Comic-Con 2010 that G4 would be the exclusive North American broadcaster of "Marvel Anime", which made its television debut in 2011. During the week of July 26-August 1, 2010, G4 changed its logo to 4G as a promotion for Sprint Nextel's next generation wireless internet service.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On November 1, 2010, DirecTV announced that it had removed G4 from its channel lineup, citing low interest among their subscriber base and low Nielsen ratings as the primary reason for dropping of the channel. DirecTV commented that it was "...unable to reach an agreement to continue carrying the G4 channel and it has been removed from the DirecTV channel lineup."


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: It was reported that the UFC and WWE were in separate talks to buy G4 in 2011. The UFC eventually partnered with Fox, while WWE launched its own network on February 24, 2014.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On January 5, 2012, Neal Tiles stepped down as CEO. He was replaced by former NBCUniversal marketing chief Adam Stotsky. Long-time employees Adam Sessler and Kevin Pereira both departed the network during the first half of 2012.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On October 26, 2012, it was announced that "X-Play" and "Attack of the Show!" would be cancelled by the end of the year, ending G4's studio programming.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: In December 2012, NBCUniversal signed a brand licensing deal with the Hearst Corporation, owner of "Esquire" magazine, to relaunch G4 into Esquire Network which would air shows aimed at a metrosexual audience about travel, cooking, fashion and non-sports related male programming, including the addition of acquired and archive NBCU content such as "Party Down", "Parks and Recreation", and week-delayed episodes of "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon". The rebranding was scheduled to take place on April 22, 2013, but was moved to an unspecified date in the summer on April 15, 2013. Network general manager Adam Stotsky stated the rebranding was pushed back in order to have a broader original series slate to launch with than would have been available for the April launch. Stotsky confirmed that a new season of "American Ninja Warrior" would air on the network in the summer. In May 2013, the launch date was pushed to September 23, 2013, with its first program being an 80th anniversary special for "Esquire".


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On September 9, 2013, news broke that NBCUniversal would instead replace the Style Network with Esquire Network, leaving G4 "as is for the foreseeable future, though it's highly unlikely the company will invest in more original programming". On September 23, 2013, G4 was dropped by Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks (Bright House carriage contracts were negotiated by Time Warner Cable), citing the network's low viewership as "(not a) good value for our customers". Verizon FiOS discontinued the channel on October 1, 2013, and Cablevision did so on October 10, 2013, pursuant to a filing with the Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control (that state's utility service regulator) a month prior, that NBCUniversal had plans to discontinue G4's operations as of the October 10 date, though only the discontinuation of carriage by Cablevision occurred.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Late in October 2013, Charter Communications, which was one of the charter carriers of TechTV when it was a sister of that network under the ownership of Vulcan Ventures, announced its intention to drop G4 on December 17; sister network Cloo replaced G4 on its systems. On November 1, 2013, Dish Network removed it from the lineup with Esquire Network replacing G4, ending all carriage of the network from direct broadcast satellite services. Cox ceased carriage of G4 in all markets on December 31, 2013.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Comcast removed G4 from all its cable and satellite systems nationwide on January 6, 2014; the network continued to be carried on other cable systems.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Certain cable operators reported that the network would end all on-air operations on November 30, 2014, and the aforementioned providers continued airing the network until the alleged cutoff date (or when their contracts with G4 were fully exhausted), ending all carriage of the network from cable providers and cable television services.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: The final day of G4 in its previous iteration was a marathon of the Top 100 Video Games of All Time, followed by the last program being the debut episode of "X-Play". A note on the G4 website's program schedule was added to that particular episode saying "Thanks for watching G4." The network would cease broadcasting with a game of "Pong" on the screen, referencing the network's launch, gradually getting smaller and smaller before becoming just a small dot, followed by the sound of the San Diego Comic-Con attendee Ramses to Kevin Pereira shouting ""I'm at Comic-Con!!!"", (possibly alluding to G4 dying and going to Comic-Con, occasionally nicknamed "nerd heaven"), as the dot shut off like an analog TV alongside the Atari 2600 version of Donkey Kong's death bloops and the Game Boy start-up chime, thus symbolically ending the network with a "game over".


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On July 24, 2020, the Twitter accounts of G4, "Attack of the Show!" and "X-Play" were reactivated to post a teaser video announcing a revival of the network slated for 2021. The teaser was released during "Comic-Con@Home", the first virtual streaming edition of the San Diego Comic-Con. G4's website was reopened with a playable game of "Pong" which, if won, redirected to a mailing list to sign up for updates and a free shirt promo code. The campaign was in-reference to the network's original launch in 2002 and their shutdown in 2014. Comcast would transfer operations of G4 from NBCUniversal to its Spectacor division (former owners of the now-defunct PRISM regional premium cable television channel).


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On August 12, 2020, Olivia Munn, the former co-host of "Attack of the Show!", was reportedly in final talks for a multi-year deal with G4.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On September 4, 2020, the official G4 YouTube channel uploaded a video featuring former "X-Play" host Adam Sessler as one of his fictional characters, Crazy Adam, asking for fans to submit applications to become a G4 host or simply nominate their favorite personalities with the hashtag, #G4NeedsTalent.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On November 16, 2020, G4 announced "A Very Special G4 Holiday Reunion Special", a scripted special hosted by Ron Funches featuring interviews with Kevin Pereira, Olivia Munn, Adam Sessler, Morgan Webb, Kristin Adams, and Blair Herter. The special premiered on November 24 on Twitch and YouTube; Syfy would also air the special on November 27. At the special's end, wrestler Xavier "King" Woods / Austin Creed would be the first newly announced host for G4's relaunch, after beginning a campaign on Twitter to become a G4 personality in August 2020. On the same day of the special's premiere, G4 launched "Gravython", a charity drive that would be raising funds for a variety of community partners.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On January 28, 2021, G4 announced that both "Attack of the Show!" and "X-Play" would be revived due to high demand from fans. They also gave a tentative date of Summer 2021 for the network's relaunch. The following day, the company launched the "B4G4" brand, featuring short-form experimental content on YouTube and Twitter created to gain feedback from audiences that would help determine the shows for G4's relaunch. On February 12, 2021, the B4G4 iterations of "Attack of the Show!" and "X-Play" began, with Kevin Pereira and Adam Sessler returning to host their respective series; these involved humorous sketches for "AOTS" and Let's Plays with other gaming-based streamers and YouTubers alongside Sessler for "X-Play". On the same day, it was announced that Esports shoutcasters Indiana "Froskurinn" Black and Ovilee May would be the network's new hosts, helming the series "The Bleep Esports Show" - a satirical program focusing on current gaming-related news. In March, the network also began livestreaming on both Twitch and YouTube, where its hosts interact with the audience and do watch-alongs to new B4G4 videos.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On April 2, 2021, G4 uploaded a video on their YouTube channel revealing the return of "Epic April", a month dedicated to new announcements. On April 5, G4 revealed the development of a new competitive series hosted by Xavier "King" Woods / Austin Creed in partnership with WWE to air in the fall. On April 11, Esports shoutcaster, "The Titan Games" commentator and former AEW commentator Alex “Goldenboy” Mendez was announced to be joining the network as a new host. On April 14, 2021, G4 announced that "Ninja Warrior", an English-dubbed version of the Japanese show "SASUKE" (itself the original Japanese version of "American Ninja Warrior"), would be returning to the network with 3 new tournaments and a total of 167 episodes. On April 19, comedian and YouTuber Kassem G was announced to be joining the network as a new host. On April 28, Adam Sessler and Kassem G revealed during a livestream that cosplayer Jefferson "Jeffersawrus" Carvey was the network's first #G4NeedsTalent hire. Its final "Epic April" announcement was made on the 30th, where Virtual YouTuber and livestreamer character CodeMiko, along with her creator known only as "The Technician", would be joining as a new host.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On May 5, 2021, G4 was announced to be the official broadcaster of "Dungeons & Dragons Live", airing on July 16 and 17. On May 14, YouTuber and podcaster Gina Darling was revealed during a livestream with Adam Sessler and Kassem G to be joining as a new host.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On October 12, 2021, it was announced that G4's cable network would officially return on November 16, 2021.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: In November 2021, it was announced that airings of select episodes of the web series "Scott the Woz" would air on G4 in one-hour blocks. The show was scheduled to debut on December 7, 2021 at 6:30pm EST but due to technical difficulties involving Amazon Web Services, it did not air in that timeslot. The show would officially debut at 10:30pm EST.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: The network officially relaunched on November 16 at 6 a.m. EST, with a marathon of the original "Ninja Warrior", occasionally featuring reruns of the "Very Special G4 Holiday Reunion Special" from the previous year. The "Catastrophic Launch Special" was broadcast on the network's Twitch and YouTube channels that same evening, before airing on the cable network on the next day.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On March 7, 2022, G4 launched a FAST channel on Pluto TV called G4 Select, which carries most of G4's regular programming. As part of an exclusive partnership, the channel would also feature new content catered to free, linear streaming audiences. The channel was later added to Vizio's WatchFree platform on June 16, 2022.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: On October 16, 2022, it was announced that G4 would be ceasing operations after relaunching the previous year. Comcast Spectacor chairman and CEO Dave Scott wrote a memo to employees: "Team: As you know, G4 was re-introduced last year to tap into the popularity of gaming," Scott wrote. "We invested to create the new G4 as an online and TV destination for fans to be entertained, be inspired, and connect with gaming content.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Over the past several months, we worked hard to generate that interest in G4, but viewership is low and the network has not achieved sustainable financial results. This is certainly not what we hoped for, and, as a result, we have made the very difficult decision to discontinue G4’s operations, effective immediately. I know this is disappointing news, and I’m disappointed, too. I want to thank you and everyone on the G4 team for the hard work and commitment to the network.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Our human resources team is reaching out to you to provide you with support, discuss other opportunities that may be available, and answer any questions you may have."


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: Several factors that led to G4's discontinuation ranged from low viewership, a lack of audience strategy, ever-changing and absent leadership, competition with streaming content creators on YouTube and Twitch, and high expenditures. G4 Select would be removed from Pluto TV on October 19, 2022 during an episode of "Attack of the Show: Vibe Check", the network fully sunsetting operations on October 21, ending two minutes into "Smosh"; G4 Select would later cease on Vizio. G4 in itself left Philo, YouTube TV, Xfinity, and Cox prior to the shutdown, with Fios being the last to carry the network until the true discontinuation date, November 18, 2022, two days after the first anniversary of the re-launch.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: The final programs aired were a marathon of "Xplay", with segments from other G4 programs added during commercial breaks or between episodes. Similar to how the original network ended in 2014 with the first episode of "Xplay" from 2003, the final full episode to air was the first episode from the "Xplay" relaunch in 2021. This was followed by a zoomed-out photo of former "Attack of the Show" host Gina Darling's forehead, with a still game of "Pong" etched onto it and text reading, "G4" and "Thanks 4 watching!," along with a deadpan voice saying "I'm at Comic-Con!," referencing the first time the network stopped transmitting. A screen reading "THANK YOU FOR WATCHING" was set to appear after midnight, however Fios cut their signal just seconds prior to midnight, ending in the middle of the sign-off.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: In addition to video game culture, G4's programming encompasses geek, fandom, genre, and general audience shows aimed at young adult men. The network primarily livestreams its original programming on their Twitch and YouTube channels. These livestreams are edited to air on the linear television channel and video on demand platforms the next day. The television channel's programming currently features reruns of past G4 shows, as well as other acquired programs.


title: G4 (American TV network)

text: G4's website previously featured game trailers and reviews, select video clips of its original shows, and web original programming. The website continued providing entertainment-related news articles until May 31, 2013, with the last article posted on G4's website as a replacement for the site's schedule section, was a notice stating that "NBCUniversal has discontinued all operations for G4" seven days after the network left the air. The website was relaunched on July 24, 2020, coinciding with the announcement of the network's revival.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine, sold under the brand name Unisom among others, is an antihistamine medication which is used in the treatment of insomnia and allergies. In combination with pyridoxine (vitamin B), it is also used to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. Doxylamine is available over-the-counter, and is used in nighttime cold medicines, such as NyQuil, as well as in pain medications containing acetaminophen and codeine, to help with sleep. The medication is taken by mouth.


title: Doxylamine

text: Side effects of doxylamine include dizziness, drowsiness, grogginess, and dry mouth, among others. Doxylamine is an antihistamine—specifically an inverse agonist of the histamine H receptor—and to a lesser extent an anticholinergic—specifically an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M through M. It is a first-generation antihistamine and crosses the blood–brain barrier into the brain, thereby producing centrally mediated sedative and hypnotic effects.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine was first described in 1948 or 1949. Several of the first-generation antihistamines, including doxylamine, are the most widely used sleep medications in the world.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine is an antihistamine used to treat sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, hives, skin rash, itching, and other cold or allergy symptoms. It is also used as a short-term treatment for insomnia.


title: Doxylamine

text: The first-generation sedating antihistamines diphenhydramine, doxepin, doxylamine, and pyrilamine are the most widely used medications in the world for preventing and treating insomnia. As of 2004, doxylamine and diphenhydramine, which are both over-the-counter medications, were the agents most commonly used to treat short-term insomnia. As of 2008 and 2017, over-the-counter antihistamines were not recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for treatment of chronic insomnia "due to the relative lack of efficacy and safety data". Neither version of their guidelines explicitly included or mentioned doxylamine, although diphenhydramine was discussed. A 2015 systematic review of over-the-counter sleep aids including doxylamine found little evidence to inform the use of doxylamine for treatment of insomnia.


title: Doxylamine

text: A major systematic review and network meta-analysis of medications for the treatment of insomnia published in 2022 found that doxylamine had an effect size (standardized mean difference (SMD)) against placebo for treatment of insomnia at 4weeks of 0.47 (95% 0.06 to 0.89). The certainty of evidence was rated as moderate. No data were available for doxylamine in terms of longer-term treatment (3months). For comparison, the other sedating antihistamines assessed, doxepin and trimipramine, had effect sizes (SMD) at 4weeks of 0.30 (95% CI –0.05 to 0.64) (very low certainty evidence) and 0.55 (95% CI –0.11 to 1.21) (very low certainty evidence), respectively.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doses of doxylamine that have been used for sleep range from 5 to 50mg, with 25mg being the typical dose.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine is used in the combination drug pyridoxine/doxylamine to treat morning sickness (nausea and vomiting of pregnancy). It is the only medication approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of morning sickness.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine is used medically as doxylamine succinate, the succinate salt of doxylamine, and is available both alone (brand names Decapryn, Doxy-Sleep-Aid, Unisom) and in combination with pyridoxine (a form of vitamin B) (brand names Bendectin, Bonjesta, Diclegis). Doxylamine is available alone as immediate-release oral tablets containing 25mg doxylamine succinate. Oral tablets containing 12.5mg doxylamine succinate as well as oral capsules containing 25mg doxylamine succinate were also previously available but were discontinued. The combination of doxylamine and pyridoxine is available in the form of extended- and delayed-release oral tablets containing 10 to 20mg doxylamine succinate and 10 to 20mg pyridoxine hydrochloride. Doxylamine alone is available over-the-counter, whereas doxylamine in combination with pyridoxine is a prescription-only medication. Doxylamine is also available in over-the-counter nighttime cold medicine products such as NyQuil Cold & Flu (contains acetaminophen, doxylamine succinate 6.25 to 12.5mg, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide), where it serves as the sedating component.


title: Doxylamine

text: Side effects of doxylamine include dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth, among others. Doxylamine is a potent anticholinergic and has a side-effect profile common to such drugs, including blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, muscle incoordination, urinary retention, mental confusion, and delirium.


title: Doxylamine

text: Because of its relatively long elimination half-life (10–12hours), doxylamine is associated with next-day effects including sedation, drowsiness, grogginess, dry mouth, and tiredness when used as a hypnotic. This may be described as a "hangover effect". The shorter elimination half-life of diphenhydramine (4–8hours) compared to doxylamine may give it an advantage over doxylamine as a sleep aid in this regard.


title: Doxylamine

text: Antihistamines like doxylamine are sedating initially but tolerance occurs with repeated use and can result in rebound insomnia upon discontinuation.


title: Doxylamine

text: Occasional case reports of coma and rhabdomyolysis have been reported with doxylamine. This is in contrast to diphenhydramine.


title: Doxylamine

text: Studies of doxylamine's carcinogenicity in mice and rats have produced positive results for both liver and thyroid cancer, especially in the mouse. The carcinogenicity of the drug in humans is not well-studied, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the drug as "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans".


title: Doxylamine

text: Continuous and/or cumulative use of anticholinergic medications, including first-generation antihistamines, is associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline and dementia in older people.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine is generally safe for administration to healthy adults. Doses of doxylamine of up to 1,600mg/day for 6months have been given to adults with schizophrenia, with little toxicity encountered. The median lethal dose () is estimated to be ~500mg/kg in humans. Symptoms of overdose may include dry mouth, dilated pupils, insomnia, night terrors, euphoria, hallucinations, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, and death. Fatalities have been reported from doxylamine overdose. These have been characterized by coma, tonic-clonic (or grand mal) seizures and cardiorespiratory arrest. Children appear to be at a high risk for cardiorespiratory arrest. A toxic dose for children of more than 1.8mg/kg has been reported. A 3-year-old child died 18 hours after ingesting 1,000mg doxylamine succinate. Rarely, an overdose results in rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine acts primarily as an antagonist or inverse agonist of the histamine H receptor. This action is responsible for its antihistamine and sedative properties. To a lesser extent, doxylamine acts as an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, an action responsible for its anticholinergic and (at high doses) deliriant effects.


title: Doxylamine

text: The bioavailability of doxylamine is 24.7% for oral administration and 70.8% for intranasal administration. The T of doxylamine is 1.5 to 2.5 hours. Its elimination half-life is 10 to 12hours (range 7 to 15hours). Doxylamine is metabolized in the liver primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9. The main metabolites are "N"-desmethyldoxylamine, "N","N"-didesmethyldoxylamine, and doxylamine "N"-oxide. Doxylamine is eliminated 60% in the urine and 40% in feces.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistamines. Other antihistamines from this group include bromodiphenhydramine, carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, orphenadrine, and phenyltoloxamine.


title: Doxylamine

text: Doxylamine is a first-generation antihistamine and was discovered by Nathan Sperber and colleagues and was first reported in 1948 or 1949. It has been the antihistamine component of NyQuil since 1966.


title: Doxylamine

text: Bendectin, a combination of doxylamine, pyridoxine (vitamin B), and dicyclomine (an anticholinergic antispasmodic agent), was marketed for treatment of morning sickness in 1956. This product was reformulated in 1976 to remove dicyclomine. The reformulated product was voluntarily discontinued by the manufacturer in the United States in 1983 due to concerns about an alleged association with congenital limb defects. However, these concerns have not been supported by studies. In 2013, doxylamine/pyridoxine was reintroduced in the United States under the brand name Diclegis. The combination was not removed from the market in Canada, where it had been marketed since 1979.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Robin Roberts (born November 23, 1960) is an American television broadcaster. Roberts is the anchor of ABC's "Good Morning America". Roberts was the first woman of color and first openly LGBT woman to host the American TV game show "Jeopardy!"


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: After growing up in Mississippi and attending Southeastern Louisiana University, Roberts was a sports anchor for local TV and radio stations. Roberts was a sportscaster on ESPN for 15 years (1990–2005). She became co-anchor on "Good Morning America" in 2005. Roberts was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012. Her treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome was chronicled on the program, which earned a 2012 Peabody Award for the coverage.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, and grew up in Pass Christian, Mississippi, where she played basketball and tennis, among other sports. She attended Pass Christian High School and graduated as the class of 1979 salutatorian. She is the daughter of Lucimarian (née Tolliver) and Colonel Lawrence E. Roberts.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In a 2006 presentation to the student body at Abilene Christian University, Roberts credited her parents as cultivating the "three 'D's: Discipline, Determination, and 'De Lord.'" She is the youngest of four, following siblings Sally-Ann, Lawrence, Jr. (nicknamed Butch), and Dorothy. Her father was a pilot with the Tuskegee Airmen.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts attended Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana, graduating "cum laude" in 1983 with a degree in communication. She followed in the footsteps of her older sister Sally-Ann Roberts, an anchor at the CBS affiliate WWL-TV in New Orleans.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts noted on the January 14, 2007, edition of "Costas on the Radio" that she was offered a scholarship to play basketball at Louisiana State University, but thought the school was too big and impersonal after visiting the campus. On her way back to Pass Christian from that visit, she saw a road sign for Southeastern Louisiana University, stopped to visit and decided to enroll. The only scholarship left was a tennis scholarship, and she was promised that there would be a journalism scholarship by the time she would graduate. She went on to become a standout performer on the women's basketball team, ending her career as the school's third all-time leading scorer (1,446 points) and rebounder (1,034). Roberts is one of only three Lady Lions to score 1,000 career points and grab 1,000 career rebounds. During her senior season, she averaged a career-high 27.6 points per game. On February 5, 2011, Southeastern hosted a ceremony to retire Roberts's jersey, number 21.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts began her career in 1983 as a sports anchor and reporter for WDAM-TV in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. In 1984, she moved to WLOX-TV in Biloxi, Mississippi. In 1986, she was sports anchor and reporter for WSMV-TV in Nashville, Tennessee. From 1988 to 1990 she was a sports anchor and reporter at WAGA-TV in Atlanta, Georgia. While in Atlanta, she was also a radio host for radio station V-103.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: She joined ESPN as a sportscaster in February 1990, where she stayed until 2005. On "SportsCenter", she used the catchphrase, "Go on with your bad self!" Roberts began to work for ABC News, specifically as a featured reporter for "Good Morning America" in June 1995.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts worked at both ESPN and "Good Morning America", contributing to both programs. During that time, she served primarily as the news anchor at "GMA". In 2005, Roberts was promoted to co-anchor of "Good Morning America". In December 2009, Roberts was joined by George Stephanopoulos as co-anchor of "GMA" after Diane Sawyer left to anchor "ABC World News". Under their partnership, the Roberts-Stephanopoulos team led "Good Morning America" back to the top of the ratings; the program became the number-one morning show again in April 2012, beating NBC's "Today", which had held the top spot for the previous 16 years.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In the fall of 2005, Roberts anchored a series of emotional reports from the Mississippi Gulf Coast after it was devastated by Hurricane Katrina; her hometown of Pass Christian was especially hard hit, with her old high school reduced to rubble. On February 22, 2009, Roberts hosted the Academy Awards preshow for ABC, and did so again in 2011.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In 2010, Roberts guest-starred on Disney Channel's "Hannah Montana", appearing in season 4, episode 10, "Can You See the Real Me?" On May 30, 2010, Roberts drove the Pace Car for the 2010 Indianapolis 500.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame as part of the Hall's class of 2012 for her contributions to and impact on the game of women's basketball through her broadcasting work and play. In 2014 Roberts was named one of ESPNW's Impact 25.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: On May 19, 2018, Roberts co-anchored the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle at St. George's Chapel in Windsor.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts served as a guest host on "Jeopardy!" for five episodes airing July 19–23, 2021, following the death of Alex Trebek in November 2020.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts is the host of the Disney+ interview series "Turning the Tables with Robin Roberts", which debuted in 2021.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: She performed as an a cappella backup singer/former member of the Barden Bellas in "Pitch Perfect 2".


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In 2014, she started her own production company, Rock'n Robin Productions. Roberts, whose father was a Tuskegee Airman, executive-produced and narrated the one-hour documentary "Tuskegee Airmen: Legacy of Courage" which premiered on History on February 10, 2021.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In 2014, Roberts won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism. Roberts was inducted into the Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2016.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts was the 2018 recipient of the National Association of Broadcasters Distinguished Service Award.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: For their first match of March 2019, the women of the United States women's national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back; Alyssa Naeher chose to honor Roberts.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In April 2022, Roberts celebrated her 20th anniversary with "Good Morning America", during which an on-air celebration was held with Roberts being honored with a plaque featuring her name on the grounds of Time Square.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: Roberts began a romantic relationship with massage therapist Amber Laign in 2005. Though friends and co-workers had known about her same-sex relationships, Roberts publicly acknowledged her sexual orientation for the first time in late December 2013. In 2015, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In 2007, Roberts was diagnosed with an early form of breast cancer. She underwent surgery on August 3, and by January 2008 had completed eight chemotherapy treatments.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: In 2012, she was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a disease of the bone marrow. Be the Match Registry, a nonprofit organization run by the National Marrow Donor Program, experienced an 1,800 percent spike in donors the day Roberts went public with her illness. She took a leave from "GMA" to get a bone marrow transplant, and went home in October 2012. She returned to "GMA" on February 20, 2013. Roberts received a 2012 Peabody Award for how she engaged the public about her disease.


title: Robin Roberts (newscaster)

text: The Peabody citation credits her for "allowing her network to document and build a public service campaign around her battle with rare disease" and "inspir[ing] hundreds of potential bone marrow donors to register and heighten[ing] awareness of the need for even more donors." ESPN awarded its Arthur Ashe Courage Award to Roberts at the 2013 ESPYs, and the National Basketball Association awarded her the Sager Strong Award at its award ceremony on June 20, 2019.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Semion Yudkovich Mogilevich ( ; born June 30, 1946) is a Ukrainian-born Russian organized crime boss. He quickly built a highly structured criminal organization, in the mode of an American mafia family; many of the organization's 250 members are his relatives. He is described by agencies in the European Union and United States as the "boss of bosses" of most Russian Mafia syndicates in the world, he is believed to direct a vast criminal empire and is described by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as "the most dangerous mobster in the world." He has been accused by the FBI of "weapons trafficking, contract murders, extortion, drug trafficking, and prostitution on an international scale."


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Mogilevich's nicknames include "Don Semyon" and "The Brainy Don" (because of his business acumen). According to US diplomatic cables, he controls RosUkrEnergo, a company actively involved in Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, and is a partner of Raiffeisen Bank.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Mogilevich currently lives freely in Moscow, and has three children. He is closely associated with the Solntsevskaya Bratva crime group. He has alliances with political figures including Yury Luzhkov, the former Mayor of Moscow, Dmytro Firtash, and Leonid Derkach, former head of the Security Service of Ukraine. Oleksandr Turchynov, who was designated the acting President of Ukraine in February 2014, appeared in court in 2010 for allegedly destroying files pertaining to Mogilevich. Shortly before his assassination, Russian FSB defector Alexander Litvinenko claimed Mogilevich had a "good relationship" with Vladimir Putin from the 1990s.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: William S. Sessions, Director of the FBI from 1987 to 1993 during the presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, was Mogilevich's attorney in the United States until Sessions' death on June 12, 2020.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Mogilevich was born in 1946 to a Jewish family in Kyiv's Podil neighborhood. He graduated in economics from the University of Lviv.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: His first significant fortune derived from scamming fellow Soviet Jews (mainly Ukrainians and Russians) eager to emigrate, including to Israel, the country where Mogilevich himself briefly lived in 1990. According to some reports, Mogilevich earned a considerable amount of money as an intermediary selling jewelry and artwork belonging to Jews who emigrated from Kyiv in the 1980s. Mogilevich made deals to purchase their assets, sell them for fair market value, and forward the proceeds. Instead he simply sold the assets and pocketed the proceeds. He served two terms in prison, of 3 and 4 years, for currency-dealing offenses.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In the 1980s, according to the FBI, Mogilevich was the key money-laundering contact for the Solntsevskaya Bratva.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In early 1991, Mogilevich moved to Hungary and married his Hungarian girlfriend Katalin Papp. He has at least three children: a daughter by ex-wife Tatiana Markova, a son with ex-wife Galina Grigorieva, and a son with Papp. Through his marriage to Papp, he obtained a Hungarian passport. Living in a fortified villa outside Budapest, he continued to invest in many enterprises; he bought a local armament factory, "Army Co-Op", which produced anti-aircraft guns.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In 1994, the Mogilevich group obtained control over Inkombank, one of the largest private banks in Russia, in a secret deal with bank chairman Vladimir Vinogradov, getting direct access to the world financial system. The bank collapsed in 1998 under suspicions of money laundering.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: The Hungarian mafia is closely associated with People's Republic of China mafia, especially from Fujian (Fuiying) () and Zhejiang (Zheiyang) ().


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In May 1995, a meeting in Prague between Mogilevich and Sergei Mikhailov, head of the Solntsevskaya Bratva, was raided by Czech police. The occasion was a birthday party for one of the deputy Solntsevo mafiosi. Two hundred partygoers (including dozens of prostitutes) in the restaurant "U Holubů", owned by Mogilevich, were detained and 30 expelled from the country. Police had been tipped off that the Solntsevo group intended to execute Mogilevich at the party over a disputed payment of $5 million. But Mogilevich never arrived and it is believed that a senior figure in the Czech police, working with the Russian mafia, had warned him. Soon after, the Czech Interior Ministry imposed a ten-year entry ban on him, while the Hungarian government declared him "persona non grata" and the British barred his entry into the UK, declaring him "one of the most dangerous men in the world."


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In 1997 and 1998, the presence of Mogilevich, Mikhailov and others associated with the Russian Mafia behind a public company trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), YBM Magnex International Inc., was exposed by Canadian journalists. On May 13, 1998, dozens of agents for the FBI and several other U.S. government agencies raided YBM's headquarters in Newtown, Pennsylvania. Shares in the public company, which had been valued at $1 billion on the TSX, became worthless overnight.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In 1998, an FBI informant told the bureau that one of Mogilevich's chief lieutenants in Los Angeles met two Russians from New York City with Genovese crime family ties to broker a scheme to dump American toxic waste in Russia. Mogilevich's man from L.A. said the Red Mafia would dispose of the toxic waste in the Chernobyl region, "probably through payoffs to the decontamination authorities there," says a classified FBI report.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Until 1998, Inkombank and Bank Menatep participated in a US$10 billion money laundering scheme through the Bank of New York. Mogilevich was also suspected of participation in large-scale tax fraud, where untaxed heating oil was sold as highly taxed car fuel – one of the greatest scandals that broke around 1990–1991.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Estimates are that up to one-third of fuels sold went through this scheme, resulting in massive tax losses for various countries of Central Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland). In the Czech Republic the scandal is estimated to have cost the taxpayers around 100 billion CZK (≈US$5 billion) and involved, besides others, murders and the attempted assassination of a journalist writing about the problem.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: In 2003, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation placed Mogilevich on the "Wanted List" for participation in the scheme to defraud investors in Canadian company YBM Magnex International Inc. Frustrated by their previous unsuccessful efforts to charge him for arms trafficking and prostitution, they had now settled on the large-scale fraud charges as their best hope of running him to ground. He was considered to be the most powerful Russian mobster alive. In a 2006 interview, former Clinton administration anti-organized-crime czar Jon Winer said: "I can tell you that Semion Mogilevich is as serious an organized criminal as I have ever encountered and I am confident that he is responsible for contract killings."


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Mogilevich was arrested in Moscow on January 24, 2008, for suspected tax evasion. His bail was placed, and he was released on July 24, 2009. On his release, the Russian interior ministry stated that he was released because the charges against him "are not of a particularly grave nature".


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: On October 22, 2009, the FBI named Mogilevich as the 494th fugitive to be placed on the Ten Most Wanted list. The Bureau removed him from the list in December 2015, indicating that he no longer met list criteria, for reasons relating to living in a country with which the United States does not maintain an extradition treaty.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: According to FBI reports, Mogilevich had alliances with the Camorra, in particular with Salvatore De Falco, a lower-echelon member of the Giuliano clan. Mogilevich and DeFalco would have held meetings in Prague in 1993.


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: Mogilevich lives freely in Moscow, according to the FBI. As to Mogilevich himself, government law enforcement agencies from throughout the world had by then been trying to prosecute him for over 10 years. But he had, in the words of one journalist, "a knack for never being in the wrong place at the wrong time".


title: Semion Mogilevich

text: On April 6, 2022, the Bureau refreshed its effort to apprehend Mogilevich, working in tandem with United States Department of State. The State Department's Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program now offers a reward of up to $5 million for information "leading to the arrest and/or conviction" of Mogilevich.


title: Domee Shi

text: Domee Shi (; ; born 1989) is a Chinese-born Canadian animator, director and screenwriter. Since 2011, she has worked for Pixar, contributing as a storyboard artist for multiple films, including "Inside Out" (2015), "Incredibles 2" (2018), and "Toy Story 4" (2019). Shi directed the 2018 short film "Bao" and the 2022 feature film "Turning Red", becoming the first woman to direct a short film and then the first woman with sole director's credit on a feature film for Pixar. "Bao" won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 91st Academy Awards, and also earned nominations for the 43rd Annie Awards, the International Online Cinema Awards, and the Tribeca Film Festival.


title: Domee Shi

text: Shi was born in 1989 in Chongqing, Sichuan (now Chongqing municipality) as an only child before immigrating to Canada at the age of two with her parents. She spent six months in Newfoundland before moving to Toronto, where she grew up learning about art from her father. She was influenced by her father, who had been a college professor of fine arts and a landscape painter in China. Shi took inspiration and guidance from her mother's personality when directing "Bao". Shi recalls that "My Chinese mom was always making sure I never wandered away too far, that I was safe." During her childhood, Shi watched many Studio Ghibli and Disney films, which exposed her to Asian cinema and animation.


title: Domee Shi

text: As a high school student, Shi watched anime, read manga, and became the Vice President of her school's anime club. She joined online art communities and uploaded her fan artwork to DeviantArt. This became her first exposure to an environment of like-minded people that helped her establish a network with other artists. "I could follow artists, and I could email them. In the past, you'd have to be in California or know a guy who was friends with this other guy that worked at Disney or something," said Shi. Thus Shi was inspired to enroll at Sheridan College for her post-secondary education.


title: Domee Shi

text: At Sheridan, Shi studied animation, graduating in 2011. During her second year at Sheridan, she enrolled in a course taught by Nancy Beiman, whose class she credits for her pursuit of storyboarding. Shi created a short film for an assignment during her last year at Sheridan. In 2009, she undertook an internship with Chuck Gammage Animation as a clean-up artist, inbetweener, storyboard artist, and animator.


title: Domee Shi

text: After graduating, Shi worked briefly as a cartooning instructor with an emphasis on character design and comic book creation. In 2011, she accepted a three-month internship at Pixar as a storyboard artist. This was her second attempt, having initially been turned down by the animation studio and others, such as Disney and DreamWorks. Shi wrote an animated webcomic series titled "My Food Fantasies" in 2014, in which she drew "outlandish" situations involving food. Shi later said that she developed her interest in writing stories about food while making "My Food Fantasies". The first feature film she worked on with Pixar was "Inside Out" (2015), on which she served as a storyboard artist. After briefly working on "The Good Dinosaur", Shi began working on "Toy Story 4" in 2015. She also drew storyboards for the 2018 film "Incredibles 2", where she worked on a sequence featuring the characters Jack-Jack and Edna Mode.


title: Domee Shi

text: The short film "Bao" (2018) was developed as a "side-project" before and during Shi's full-time work on "Inside Out". "Bao", alongside two other projects, was eventually pitched to her mentor, Pete Docter, and Pixar for support. "Bao" was approved in 2015, making Shi the first woman to direct a short film for the studio. The eight-minute short debuted at the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival, where it preceded "Incredibles 2" in theaters. Shi won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for "Bao", becoming the first woman of color to win the award.


title: Domee Shi

text: On May 8, 2018, it was reported that Shi was directing a feature film at Pixar. On November 26, 2018, Shi confirmed that she was working on a film at the studio. Shi also said that the film was in early stages of development, with the story still being worked on, and that she was "really excited to play in this new 90-minute film format." On January 1, 2019, Shi said that she planned the film to be "entertaining and emotional." On December 9, 2020, Shi's film was announced with the title "Turning Red". It was originally scheduled to be released in theaters on March 11, 2022, but due to rising cases of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, it was instead released direct-to-streaming on Disney+ on the same date. Disney said "Turning Red" was the number one streaming title on Disney+, and in early April 2022, Pixar promoted Shi to vice president of creative, alongside Andrew Stanton, Peter Sohn and Dan Scanlon.


title: Domee Shi

text: Shi is influenced by her father's art, as he was her art teacher while growing up. "Like, I asked him what he thought [of the film] and he said, 'I really liked it, but I also have notes for you.' And I was like, Ah, that's my classic dad," Shi said.


title: Domee Shi

text: In an interview with "Now Magazine", Shi said that the animated films "My Neighbors the Yamadas" (1999) and "Spirited Away" (2001) were her influences when creating "Bao".


title: Domee Shi

text: Shi says that most of her ideas come from specific cultures around her. Because audiences started to appreciate other stories with different background and culture after "Sanjay's Super Team" and "Coco", Shi thinks it important to draw upon various sources and background in order to create uniqueness in film.


title: Rachel

text: Rachel () was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel. Rachel's father was Laban. Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife. Her aunt Rebecca was Jacob's mother.


title: Rachel

text: Rachel is first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in when Jacob happens upon her as she is about to water her father's flock. She was the second daughter of Laban, Rebekah's brother, making Jacob her first cousin. Jacob had traveled a great distance to find Laban. Rebekah had sent him there to be safe from his angry twin brother, Esau.


title: Rachel

text: During Jacob's stay, he fell in love with Rachel and agreed to work seven years for Laban in return for her hand in marriage. On the night of the wedding, the bride was veiled and Jacob did not notice that Leah, Rachel's older sister, had been substituted for Rachel. Whereas "Rachel was lovely in form and beautiful", "Leah had tender eyes". Later Jacob confronted Laban, who excused his own deception by insisting that the older sister should marry first. He assured Jacob that after his wedding week was finished, he could take Rachel as a wife as well, and work another seven years as payment for her. When God "saw that Leah was unloved, he opened her womb" (Genesis 29:31), and she gave birth to four sons.


title: Rachel

text: Rachel, like Sarah and Rebekah, remained unable to conceive. According to biblical scholar Tikva Frymer-Kensky, "The infertility of the matriarchs has two effects: it heightens the drama of the birth of the eventual son, marking Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph as special; and it emphasizes that pregnancy is an act of God."


title: Rachel

text: Rachel became jealous of Leah and gave Jacob her maidservant, Bilhah, to be a surrogate mother for her. Bilhah gave birth to two sons that Rachel named and raised (Dan and Naphtali). Leah responded by offering her handmaid Zilpah to Jacob, and named and raised the two sons (Gad and Asher) that Zilpah bore. According to some commentaries, Bilhah and Zilpah were half-sisters of Leah and Rachel. After Leah conceived again, Rachel was finally blessed with a son, Joseph, who would become Jacob's favorite child.


title: Rachel

text: Rachel's son Joseph was destined to be the leader of Israel's tribes between exile and nationhood. This role is exemplified in the Biblical story of Joseph, who prepared the way in Egypt for his family's exile there.


title: Rachel

text: After Joseph's birth, Jacob decided to return to the land of Canaan with his family. Fearing that Laban would deter him, he fled with his two wives, Leah and Rachel, and twelve children without informing his father-in-law. Laban pursued him and accused him of stealing his idols. Indeed, Rachel had taken her father's idols, hidden them inside her camel's seat cushion, and sat upon them. Laban had neglected to give his daughters their inheritance ().


title: Rachel

text: Not knowing that the idols were in his wife's possession, Jacob pronounced a curse on whoever had them: "With whoever you will find your gods, he will not live" (). Laban proceeded to search the tents of Jacob and his wives, but when he came to Rachel's tent, she told her father, "Let not my lord be angered that I cannot rise up before you, for the way of women is upon me" (). Laban left her alone, and the idols were not discovered.


title: Rachel

text: Near Ephrath, Rachel went into a difficult labor with her second son, Benjamin. The midwife told her in the middle of the birth that her child was a boy. Before she died, Rachel named her son Ben Oni ("son of my mourning"), but Jacob called him Ben Yamin (Benjamin). Rashi explains that Ben Yamin either means "son of the right" (i.e., "south"), since Benjamin was the only one of Jacob's sons born in Canaan, which is to the south of Paddan Aram; or it could mean "son of my days", as Benjamin was born in Jacob's old age.


title: Rachel

text: Biblical scholarship distinguishes between two narratives for the site of Rachel's burial, a northern one suggesting a site north of Jerusalem near Ramah (modern Al-Ram), and a southern one placing it close to Bethlehem.


title: Rachel

text: Rachel was buried on the road to Ephrath, just outside Bethlehem, and not in the ancestral tomb at Machpelah (where her husband Jacob and her sister Leah were buried). Rachel's Tomb, located between Bethlehem and the Israeli settlement of Gilo, is visited by tens of thousands of visitors each year.


title: Rachel

text: Despite not being named in the Quran, Rachel (, Rāḥīl) is honored in Islam as the wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph, who are frequently mentioned by name in the Qur'an as "Yaʿqūb" () and "Yūsuf" (), respectively.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Ilyushin Il-96 () is a Russian quadjet long-haul wide-body airliner designed by Ilyushin in the former Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in Russia. It is powered by four high-bypass Aviadvigatel PS-90 two-shaft turbofan engines.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: In June 2005, the Volga-Dnepr Group signed a 15-year financial agreement with Ilyushin Finance Corporation (IFC) to take delivery of two new-build Il-96-400T aircraft, to be operated by Volga-Dnepr's subsidiary AirBridge Cargo. The first was due to have been delivered in late 2006.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Cuban Government newspaper "Granma" announced on 3 January 2006 the first official flight of the Cubana Il-96-300, from Havana to Buenos Aires, Argentina.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: On 11 August 2009 Russian Minister of Industry and Trade Viktor Khristenko announced that manufacturing of the Il-96-300 would cease. In particular, the Il-96-300 had been deemed inferior to counterparts from Boeing and Airbus, and the manufacturer could not arrange commercially viable mass production, making only one aircraft per year. The Il-96-400T cargo version was to remain in production.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: On 9 October 2015, it was announced that an updated version of the Il-96 may be produced. This decision was taken due to the current diplomatic situation between Russia and the West, and the dependency of the Russian aerospace industry on Airbus and Boeing. In September 2017, the Vice President of Russia's United Aircraft Corporation Aleksandr Tulyakov announced the start of development of the 250–280 seat, wide-body long-haul aircraft in partnership with Chinese builders. The aircraft is to be a development of the Russian-designed IL-96 and will be assembled in China. A new engineering center will be built in Russia to undertake technical and electronics production.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Ilyushin Il-96 is a shortened, long-range, and advanced technology development of the Soviet Union's first widebody airliner, the Ilyushin Il-86. It features supercritical wings fitted with winglets, a glass cockpit, and a fly-by-wire control system. The basic Il-96-300 is equipped with modern Russian avionics integrating six multi-function colour LCD displays, inertial and satellite navigation systems, and a Traffic Collision Avoidance System (including mode "S"). It allows the airplane to be operated with two crew members. The avionics correspond to modern requirements on international routes in Europe and North America (RNP-1) and allow navigation and landing under ICAO CAT III/A conditions. The Il-96 is offered in three main variants: the Il-96-300, Il-96M/T and Il-96-400.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Il-96-300 has a standard passenger capacity of 262 seats in a two-class configuration with 18 seats with a seat pitch of and 244 seats with a pitch of , of which typical seating is 3-3-3 (layout), but low density seating is possible with 2-4-2 (layout). Galleys are positioned on the upper deck, and the lower deck can accommodate 18 LD-3 containers and crew rest areas.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: There are two variants of the Il-96. The Il-96-300 was launched in 1985 with introduction into service in 1993. The Il-96M was launched in 1993 with introduction into service in 2000.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Il-96-300 is the initial variant and is fitted with Aviadvigatel (Soloviev) PS-90A turbofans with a thrust rating of 16,000 kgf (157 kN, 35,300 lbf). Development started in the mid-80s while the first prototype flew on 28 September 1988. The first Il-96 entered service with Aeroflot in 1993.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: Range with 262 passengers and fuel reserves (for holding 75 minutes at an altitude of 450 m) in a two-class configuration is about 11,000 km (5,940 nmi), allowing flights from Moscow to US west coast cities, a great improvement over the Ilyushin Il-86.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: A highly customized version of the Il-96-300, called the Il-96-300PU, is used as the primary aircraft in the Russian presidential aircraft fleet. Four were used by Russian president Vladimir Putin, and by Dmitry Medvedev as VIP planes. The VIP aircraft is operated by Russia State Transport Company. The Cuban leadership use the IL-96-300.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: There were plans to produce a variant dubbed Il-96-300V which would include two sets of airstairs in it.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Il-96M is a stretched variant of the Il-96-300. It features a 10 m (30 ft) fuselage stretch, is 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) heavier, is fitted with Western-style avionics, and is powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW2337 engines with a thrust rating of 165 kN (37,000 lbf). Range with 312 passengers in a three-class configuration or 92 tonne (203,000 lb) payload is about 10,400 km (5,600 nmi). This turned it into a true—but vastly more capable—Il-86 successor. Development on the M/T variant stalled when the US Export–Import Bank suspended talks on financing the engines and avionics, following pressure from Boeing. The dispute was later settled following an Aeroflot order for ten Boeing 737-400s—placed in April 1997 in a deal worth US$440 million that were granted a tax exemption by the Russian government. Nevertheless, the financing was blocked again when four Boeing 767-300ERs also ordered by Aeroflot were not included in the accorded exemption. The deal was never realised.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The Il-96-400 is similar to the Il-96M, but features Russian avionics and engines. It is powered by four Aviadvigatel PS-90A1 turbofans and can carry up to 436 passengers. Typical two-class configuration will have 386 passengers. Range with 315 passengers in a three-class configuration is about 10,000 km. A special version, dubbed Il-96-400VT, was reported on Friday 19 March 2010 by the Wall Street Journal to bid on the US$40 billion Air Force Tanker Program contract. In February 2013, Cubana signed a deal for the order of three 350-seater Ilyushin Il-96-400s.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: One modified Il-96-400, the Il-96-400VPU, nicknamed the "doomsday plane," is being converted to serve as an Airborne Command Post by the Russian Air Force as part of "Project Zveno-3S" calling for two such aircraft to enter service to replace the current Il-80-based planes.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: In February 2017, it was announced that Russia's United Aircraft Corporation had signed a contract with its subsidiary Ilyushin Aviation Complex for the development of a new version of Ilyushin Il-96-400 wide-body passenger airliner. Il-96-400M is the passenger version of the Il-96-400T cargo aircraft. Its fuselage is 9.65 m longer than the existing Il-96-300 passenger variant. The planned seating capacity is 390 passengers.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: In 2017, the Russian Government injected ₽3.6 billion ($3.6*51/3.2round1 million) into the Ilyushin Il-96-400M.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: By January 2020, the first test-flight airframe was in final assembly and the wing and fuselage were joined, to be finished at the end of 2020 before a first flight in 2021. In April 2021 it was announced that the aircraft will not enter mass production as expected because of "lack of interest from the airlines and the worldwide idling of the long-range fleet due to the pandemic".


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: On 15 August 2022, it was announced that the first flight of the variant is planned before the end of 2022.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: In January 2015, a new tanker variant of the Il-96, designated the Il-96-400TZ (Russian: "ТЗ" for "топливозаправщик" - fuel replenisher), was proposed, with an initial order for two aircraft placed by the Russian Ministry of Defense. The new tanker would have been able to transfer more than 65 tons (IL-78M 40 tons) of fuel at a distance of up to 3500 km (Il-78M 3000 km). Universal aviation refueling systems ORM-1, proven on existing combat aircraft tankers Il-78/78М, would have been installed on the aircraft. According to Alexei Krivoruchko, Russian Deputy Minister of Defense, factory trials of the Il-96-400TZ are expected to be completed in May, 2020. However this is previously cancelled due to differences between Russian MoD and Ilyushin, and in favor of much proven Il-76MD-90A platform, which is the Il-78M-90A.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: Projected double-deck version of Il-96 for 550-600 passengers and powered by Kuznetsov NK-93 propfan engines. Following flight tests in 2007 the engines were removed and the aircraft was not developed further.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: To reduce fuel consumption and maintenance costs, Ilyushin is studying a variant powered by two Aviadvigatel PD-35s rated at , developed by 2025 from the PD-14, or powered by foreign powerplants.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: In March 2022, after International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, the CEO of Rostec Sergey Chemezov announced a big production relaunch of Il-96.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: In the entire history of operation with the Il-96, there have been no accidents causing the deaths of passengers or crew.


title: Ilyushin Il-96

text: The airplane has the following systems installed, providing compliance with ICAO recommendations and Eurocontrol requirements:


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The Carol Burnett Show is an American variety/sketch comedy television show that originally ran on CBS from September 11, 1967, to March 29, 1978, for 279 episodes, and again with nine episodes in fall 1991. It starred Carol Burnett, Harvey Korman, Vicki Lawrence, and Lyle Waggoner. In 1975, frequent guest star Tim Conway became a regular after Waggoner left the series. In 1977, Dick Van Dyke replaced Korman but it was agreed that he was not a match and he left after 10 episodes.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The series originated in CBS Television City's Studio 33, and won 25 primetime Emmy Awards. In 2013, "TV Guide" ranked "The Carol Burnett Show" number 17 on its list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time, and in 2007 it was included on the list of "Time"s 100 Best TV Shows of All Time.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: After the original run ended, material from 1972 to 1977 (seasons 6–10) was repackaged as a half-hour series known as Carol Burnett and Friends, which has aired in various syndicated outlets more-or-less continuously since the original series ended. Because of this format, material from the first five seasons did not air, outside of their original run, until 2019 when MeTV acquired the rights to these earlier seasons and began airing them. The cast has periodically reunited for various one-off specials and short appearances, and several members of the cast went on to star in "Mama's Family" (1983–1990), a half-hour situation comedy based on "The Family" sketch series from "The Carol Burnett Show".


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: By 1967, Carol Burnett had been a popular veteran of television for 12 years, having made her first appearances in 1955 on "The Paul Winchell Show" and the sitcom "Stanley" starring the comedian Buddy Hackett. In 1959, she became a regular supporting cast member on the CBS-TV variety series "The Garry Moore Show". Departing the series in the spring of 1962, she pursued other projects in film, Broadway productions, and headlining her own television specials. Burnett signed a contract with CBS for 10 years which required her to do two guest appearances and a special a year. Within the first five years of this contract, she had the option to "push the button", a phrase the programming executives used, and be put on the air in 30 one-hour, pay-or-play variety shows.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: After discussion with her husband Joe Hamilton, in the last week of the fifth year of the contract, Burnett decided to call the head of CBS Michael Dann and exercise the clause. Dann, explaining that variety is a "man's genre", offered Burnett a sitcom called "Here's Agnes". Burnett had no interest in doing a sitcom, and because of the contract, CBS was obliged to give Burnett her own variety show.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The popular and long-running variety show that resulted not only established Burnett as a television superstar, but it also made her regular supporting cast household names. It was frequently nominated for Emmys for best variety series and won three times.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Comedic actor Harvey Korman had done many guest shots in TV sitcoms. From 1963 to 1967, he had been a semi-regular on the CBS variety series "The Danny Kaye Show". Burnett already had become an admirer of Korman's talent as a sketch comedian on that series. When Kaye's program ended in the spring of 1967, Burnett insisted that he be signed for her series and Korman immediately joined "The Carol Burnett Show" as a regular.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Actor Lyle Waggoner had recently auditioned for the title role in the ABC series "Batman" but was passed over in favor of Adam West. Shortly after, Waggoner auditioned for the Burnett show and was immediately hired. He would often play a handsome man for Burnett to fawn over. His participation on the series was somewhat modeled on Durward Kirby of "The Garry Moore Show", as Waggoner was also the show's announcer in addition to playing in sketches.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Vicki Lawrence, a young singer from The Young Americans wrote a letter to Burnett when she was 17, remarking on their physical resemblance. This led to her audition and getting hired to play Burnett's kid sister in numerous "Carol and Sis" sketches.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Bob Mackie created all of the costumes, including evening gowns, character outfits and dance clothing for guests during the run of the show, including the iconic curtain dress from the "Went with the Wind!" sketch, which is now housed in the Smithsonian Institution. Burnett credited him with coming up with comedic touches for various characters, such as the tight-legged skirt for Mr. Tudball's secretary, Mrs. Wiggins. She told Mackie the skirt was too baggy in the back for her physique, but he told her to stick her bottom out to fill it, resulting in the character's distinctive posture and walk. In a 2003 interview with Terry Gross, she said Mackie would put rice in the “older woman” undergarments, where typically cotton would’ve been used, to make the saggy breasts have weight and movement as the characters walked or danced, such as when Burnett portrayed Norma Desmond or Charo's mother. Burnett estimated that Mackie had created 17,000 outfits for the show, and said his costume work added more humor to some of the skits Burnett felt were weaker than others.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Jim Nabors was the guest star on every season premiere of the show. Burnett considered Nabors to be her annual good luck charm.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Other guests include Dick Van Dyke, Maggie Smith, Joan Rivers, Lucille Ball, Phyllis Diller, Eddie Albert, Sid Caesar, Jonathan Winters, and Liza Minnelli.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In addition, several notable character actors were used in the comedy sketches in featured roles, especially in the earlier seasons. Such actors include William Schallert, Isabel Sanford, Vivian Bonnell, Brad Trumbull, Bob Duggan, Dick Patterson, Inga Neilsen, and Reta Shaw.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: A favorite feature consisted of an unrehearsed question-and-answer segment with the audience in CBS Studio 33 lasting about three to four minutes at the start of most shows. Burnett stated that she borrowed the concept from Garry Moore, who did the same on his variety show, but never taped it. Burnett asked for the lights to be turned up ("let's bump up the lights") and then randomly picked audience members who raised their hands. Burnett often ad-libbed funny answers, but occasionally ended up as the straight (wo)man. For example:


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The show was rehearsed each day until its two Friday tapings. Differently colored cue cards (black, blue, green, and red) were used for each major performer ("Carol Burnett: Bump-Up the Lights"). The second taping was fairly routine until Tim Conway came aboard as a guest star.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: As a recurring guest star from the show's launch and later a regular cast member, Conway inserted unrehearsed bits into sketches that became known to the staff as "Conway's Capers". Conway would play the first taping straight, but (if the sketch had played well in the first taping, and could be used) would ad-lib bizarre scenarios during the second. Some notable clips included Conway as a Nazi interrogator berating an American captive (Lyle Waggoner). Using a Hitler puppet and a pencil as a "club", Conway sang three verses of "I've Been Working on the Railroad" as Waggoner tried in vain to ignore him. Some, like the Hitler puppet, made it into the final broadcast; others, like a notably convoluted story about Siamese elephants joined at the trunk (ad-libbed during a 1977 "Mama's Family" sketch), were edited, the uncensored version only appearing years later on CBS specials. Conway's favorite victim was Harvey Korman, who often broke character reacting to Conway's zaniness, such as when Conway played a dentist misusing Novocain or the recurring role of "The Oldest Man" – an elderly, shuffling, senile man who slowly rolled down stairs and fell prey to various mechanical mishaps (including an electric wheelchair and an automated dry-cleaning rack).


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The show also became known for its closing theme song, written by Burnett's husband, Joe Hamilton, with these lyrics:


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: At the close of each episode, Burnett tugged her ear. This silent message was meant for her grandmother, who raised her, and meant she was thinking of her at that moment. After her grandmother's death, Burnett continued the tradition.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: When "The Carol Burnett Show" made its network debut on CBS-TV on September 11, 1967, it was scheduled on Mondays at 10:00 pm (EST) opposite NBC's "I Spy" and ABC's "The Big Valley". At the end of its first season and through the spring of 1971, it consistently ranked among the top-30 programs. (For the 1969–70 season, it posted its highest rating ever, ranking at number 13.) For season five, CBS moved the show to Wednesdays at 8:00 pm (EST), where its chief competition was NBC's "Adam-12" and the ABC sitcoms "Bewitched" and "The Courtship of Eddie's Father". Despite the schedule change, the show continued to do well until the fall of 1972, when the ratings slipped. In December 1972, CBS again moved "The Carol Burnett Show" to Saturdays at 10:00 pm (EST) where, for the next four years, it not only received solid ratings, but was also part of a powerhouse Saturday-night lineup of primetime shows that included "All in the Family", "M*A*S*H", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", and "The Bob Newhart Show".


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In the 1973–74 season, the "Family" sketches (with Burnett as Eunice, Korman as her husband Ed, and Lawrence as Eunice's mother) were introduced and the "Carol and Sis" segments were phased out. At the end of that season (the series' seventh), after having been with "The Carol Burnett Show" from the beginning, Lyle Waggoner left the series to pursue other acting opportunities. The following season, Waggoner's spot as a supporting regular remained vacant. Don Crichton, the lead male dancer on the show, began to inherit some of Waggoner's duties. Then in season nine, because of his many popular guest appearances on the series, Tim Conway was signed as a full-time regular, joining Korman and Lawrence.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In November 1976, the series' tenth year, "The Carol Burnett Show" presented what would become one of its best-known and most well-regarded sketches: "Went with the Wind!," a parody of the 1939 film "Gone with the Wind", which had its television debut on NBC the week before. After the 1976–77 season ended, Harvey Korman decided to leave the series. After a decade of working with Burnett and winning several Emmy Awards, Korman had been offered a contract by ABC to headline his own series. Also, the ratings had begun to decline with the series ending its 10th season in 44th place as opposed to the previous year's Nielsen rating at No. 29. Nevertheless, CBS renewed Burnett's show for an 11th season.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Dick Van Dyke, fresh from headlining his own short-lived Emmy-winning variety series, "Van Dyke & Company", was brought in to replace Korman. However, his presence did not help stem the sagging ratings, as the show faced new competition in ABC's "The Love Boat". After three months, Van Dyke departed the show, and CBS, in a desperate attempt to save the series, moved "The Carol Burnett Show" from Saturdays at 10:00 pm (EST) to Sundays at the same hour, beginning in December 1977. Regular guest stars Steve Lawrence and Ken Berry were brought in to fill the void left by Korman and Van Dyke. The ratings improved considerably.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: CBS wanted to renew the show for another year, but by this time, Burnett had grown tired of the weekly grind and wanted to explore acting roles outside of the comedy genre, despite her success in it. With the changes in cast along with the mediocre ratings, she felt that television was undergoing a transition and that the variety series format was on its way out. Therefore, Burnett decided to end the series on her own rather than be canceled later. Thus, on March 29, 1978, in a special two-hour finale entitled "A Special Evening with Carol Burnett", "The Carol Burnett Show" left primetime television after 11 years, finishing its last season in 66th place. Reruns were aired during the summer of 1978.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In the fall of 1977, while the series was still running in prime time, the comedy sketches of the show were re-edited into freestanding programs; the resulting show enjoyed success for many years in syndicated reruns as "Carol Burnett and Friends", a half-hour edition of selected 1972–77 material.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In the spring of 1979, a year after "The Carol Burnett Show" left the air, Burnett and her husband Joe Hamilton were dining in a restaurant with friends, including Tim Conway. At that gathering, Burnett got wistful and started reminiscing about the show and making suggestions to Conway concerning sketches that she wished they could be creating if the show were still running. Hamilton suggested to Burnett that she do a summer series. Taking that idea, Burnett and Hamilton approached CBS about doing a four-week program in the summer of 1979. CBS already had its schedule filled for the summer months and rejected the idea. However, ABC was interested, and as a result, four postscript episodes of "The Carol Burnett Show" were produced. Under the title "Carol Burnett & Company", the show premiered on Saturday, August 18, 1979, and included many favorite sketches such as "Mr. Tudball and Mrs. Wiggins", "The Family", "As The Stomach Turns", and Burnett doing her impersonation of Queen Elizabeth II. Its format was very much similar to Burnett's series, with two exceptions. Due to the unavailability of Harvey Korman (who, ironically, had been under contract to ABC since he had left Burnett's show in 1977), comic actors Kenneth Mars and Craig Richard Nelson were added to the supporting cast, joining Lawrence and Conway. Ernie Flatt, who had been the choreographer on Burnett's show for its entire 11-year run, was replaced by the show's lead dancer Don Crichton. The guest stars in that four-week period were (chronologically) Cheryl Ladd, Alan Arkin, Penny Marshall, and Sally Field. The reviews of the series were very favorable, with several critics heartily welcoming Burnett back to weekly television, albeit on a limited basis. The ratings also were respectable and plans were announced for the program to become a yearly summer event, but it never happened.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In 1980, Joe Hamilton produced "The Tim Conway Show", a variety series in the same vein with Conway as host and much of the staff of "Carol Burnett & Company" carrying over. Harvey Korman would join Conway as a co-host later in the show's short run; it ended in 1981.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The "Family" sketches led to a 1982 CBS made-for-television film called "Eunice" starring Burnett, Korman, Lawrence, Betty White, and Ken Berry. The success of this program spawned a spin-off sitcom titled "Mama's Family", starring Vicki Lawrence and Ken Berry, which ran from 1983 to 1990. It occasionally featured Burnett and Korman guest-starring as Eunice and Ed Higgins; Burnett's involvement in "Mama's Family" was limited due to her divorce from producer Joe Hamilton. In the first year and a half of the show's run, Korman also appeared as narrator Alastair Quince, introducing each episode (a parody of Alastair Cooke hosting "Masterpiece Theatre") and he also directed 31 episodes of the series.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: NBC aired a comedy half-hour repertory series called "Carol & Company" that premiered in March 1990. It proved to be moderately successful in the ratings and was renewed for a second season. The regulars on the show included Peter Krause, Jeremy Piven, Terry Kiser, Meagen Fay, Anita Barone, and Richard Kind (and occasional guest stars, including Betty White and Burt Reynolds); each week's show was a different half-hour comedy play. This program lasted until July 1991.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: CBS brought back "The Carol Burnett Show" for another run in the fall of 1991; new regulars included Meagen Fay and Richard Kind (brought over from the NBC show), and Chris Barnes, Roger Kabler, and Jessica Lundy. However, the times had changed and Burnett's humor was tame compared to the edgier comedy popular in the 1990s. The series failed to catch on with the public and only six episodes of this revival were aired.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In 1996, reruns of the syndicated "Carol Burnett and Friends" package aired on The Family Channel. It also aired on TV Land from 2004 to 2005. Beginning in January 2015, the show airs on MeTV at 11:00 PM ET.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: The episodes of "The Carol Burnett Show" from 1967 to 1972 had never been released in syndication until 2019, when MeTV added the episodes to its library on April 14, 2019.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: Considering her large body of work, and due in great part to this TV show, Burnett received Kennedy Center Honors in 2003, and was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in October 2013.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: On September 13, 2016, Burnett released her memoir about the show titled "In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox". The book, full of anecdotes about the 1967–1978 variety series, covers the history of how Burnett created the show, how she cast her co-stars, the co-star she once fired (and quickly rehired), and all of the show's memorable characters. The audio format of the book, which she narrated, won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In the early 2000s, certain full-length episodes of "The Carol Burnett Show" were released on VHS and DVD by Columbia House on a subscription basis (now discontinued). Guthy-Renker released another DVD collection, "The Carol Burnett Show Collector's Edition".


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In August 2012, Time–Life released "The Carol Burnett Show - The Ultimate Collection" on DVD in Region 1. This 22-disc set features 50 episodes from the series, selected by Burnett. It also contains bonus features, including interviews with the cast, featurettes, sketches that were never aired, and a 24-page commemorative booklet.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: In August 2015, Time–Life released "The Carol Burnett Show - The Lost Episodes" on DVD in Region 1. This 22-disc set features 45 episodes from the series' first five years (1967–72), selected by Burnett. It also contains bonus features, including interviews with the cast, featurettes, and a 24-page commemorative booklet. Previously, due to an ongoing legal battle with the production company Bob Banner Associates, the episodes from those seasons had never appeared in syndication nor been released on home media.


title: The Carol Burnett Show

text: On April 27, 2020, Shout! Factory announced that all 11 seasons of "The Carol Burnett Show" would be available for viewing through their streaming channel beginning June 1, 2020, kicked off by a two-day marathon of episodes hand-picked by Burnett. The marathon would be available on Shout! Factory's website, streaming device channel, Twitch channel, and YouTube channel on May 30 and 31, 2020. This is the first time the complete series will be available on a streaming platform, although the episodes themselves are all edited down to 22 minutes, resulting in 30 minutes removed from each episode. These same episodes, edited-down from the original broadcast 52 minutes to 22 minutes, were subsequently carried by Amazon Prime Video.


title: Robert Kirkman

text: Robert Kirkman (; born November 30, 1978) is an American comic book writer, screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for co-creating "The Walking Dead", "Fear the Walking Dead", "Invincible", "Tech Jacket", "Outcast", "Oblivion Song" and "Fire Power" for Image Comics, in addition to writing "Ultimate X-Men", "Irredeemable Ant-Man" and "Marvel Zombies" for Marvel Comics. He has also collaborated with Image Comics co-founder Todd McFarlane on the series "Haunt". He is one of the five partners of Image Comics, and the only one of the five who was not one of its co-founders.


title: Robert Kirkman

text: Kirkman is also known for creating and producing the television series "Outcast" and "Invincible", both adaptations of his own comic book series. He has also written a number of episodes for "The Walking Dead" and "Fear the Walking Dead".


title: Robert Kirkman

text: Kirkman was a fan of zombie films such as the "Night of the Living Dead" series and "Zombi 2" as well as zombie video games such as "Resident Evil".