title: Yuna Kim

text: In May 2011, Kim began to host a program called "Kim Yu-na's Kiss and Cry" in SBS's "Good Sunday". The program portrayed the challenging process of ten popular entertainers as they learned how to figure skate from professional skaters. The ten stars included comedian Kim Byung-man, singer U-Know of TVXQ, Krystal of f(x), IU, Son Dam-bi, actors Park Joon-geum, Seo Ji-seok, Lee Ah-hyun, Jin Ji-hee and speed skater Lee Kyou-hyuk. The winner of the show was Krystal and her partner Lee Dong-hoon. The runner up was Kim Byung-man and his partner Lee Soo-kyung. As a reward, Krystal and Lee Dong-hoon got to showcase their skating with Kim in the All That Skate exhibition that was held in August 2011.


title: Yuna Kim

text: Kim has received numerous accolades in recognition of her achievements and impact. She was honored in the sports category at the Republic of Korea National Assembly Awards in 2006, and later received an Achievement Award in 2011. She was awarded the Talent Medal of Korea in 2008.


title: Yuna Kim

text: In August 2010, in honor of Kim's visit, the city of Los Angeles designated August 7 as "Yu-Na Kim Day" and granted her honorary citizenship. She also received the Proud Korean Award from the Korean American Leadership Foundation. Kim received the Sportswoman of the Year Award from the Women's Sports Foundation later that year.


title: Yuna Kim

text: In 2012, Kim was awarded the Peony Medal ("Moran") in recognition of her contributions to the 2018 Pyeongchang bid. It is the second-highest grade in South Korea's Order of Civil Merit. She was later awarded the Blue Dragon Medal ("Cheongnyong") at the 54th Korea Sports Awards in October 2016. The medal is the highest decoration in the Order of Sports Merit. Kim was not originally eligible for the honor, having already received a different order less than seven years prior, but an exception was made in light of her achievements. She became the youngest and only winter sports athlete to be inducted into the Korean Sports Hall of Fame the subsequent month. Following the 2018 Winter Olympics, she received the Outstanding Performance Award at the ANOC Awards.


title: Yuna Kim

text: Kim will receive the Korea Image Cornerstone Award at the 19th Korea Image Awards alongside Lee Jung-jae and Hwang Sun-woo, scheduled for January 11, 2023.


title: Yuna Kim

text: Kim has been featured in various lists, including the "Time" 100 (2010) and "Forbes" 30 Under 30 (2016). She was the first person to top the "Forbes" Korea Power Celebrity 40, which she did in 2009 and 2010, and appeared in the top 10 on six other occasions (2011–2015, 2018).


title: Yuna Kim

text: Kim has donated more than 5 billion won to various charitable causes, as of February 2022. In July 2010, she was named an international UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, with a stated aim of helping vulnerable children around the world. In September 2010, she was invited to the United Nations' New York headquarters to mark the annual International Day of Peace celebration alongside high level UN officials, including UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, and Goodwill Ambassadors representing other branches of the United Nations. There, she advocated peace messages on behalf of UNICEF. Kim is a member of UNICEF's Honors Club, a group for major donors. She was named an ambassador for the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit alongside actress Han Hyo-joo and soccer player representative Park Ji-sung. First lady Kim Yoon-ok appointed her an ambassador for the 2010–2012 Visit Korea Year, promoting Korean tourism as part of a three year campaign.


title: Yuna Kim

text: Kim has funded multiple scholarships for aspiring figure skaters in South Korea, and donated the proceeds from her 2011 duet with IU, "Ice Flower", to the national figure skating team. She donated the prize money from the 2011 World Championships to children affected by the 2011 Japan earthquake; the competition had been scheduled to be held in Japan before being reassigned to Russia as a result of the disaster. She has also aided relief efforts in Nepal, Haiti and the Philippines. In 2014, she donated 100 million won to the families of the victims of the Sewol ferry disaster, in addition to the proceeds from her retirement medal. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she made several donations to help provide vaccines to developing countries and conduct treatment initiatives. On March 7, 2022, Kim donated 100 million won to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association to help the victims of the massive wildfire that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk and spread to Samcheok, Gangwon.


title: Yuna Kim

text: In September 2022, she participated in a "women roundtable" held at the residence of the US Ambassador in Seoul by Kamala Harris to discuss gender equality, and the stories of Korean women having achieved parity with male rivals in their respective fields. The participants included Naver CEO Choi Soo-yeon, Kim Sagwa, Youn Yuh-jung and the head of the Korean Medical Women's Association Baik Hyun-wook. In December 2022, she was appointed an honorary ambassador for the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between South Korea and Canada. Kim was selected for the role by the Canadian Embassy in Seoul due to her years spent training in Canada. She will participate in various activities throughout 2023 to promote the relationship between the two countries.


title: Yuna Kim

text: Kim became a Roman Catholic in 2007 after a devout Catholic doctor helped heal severe skating injuries incurred in 2006–2007. Her Confirmation name is Stella from "Stella Maris" in Latin, meaning Our Lady, Star of the Sea, an ancient title of The Blessed Virgin Mary. She often makes the Sign of the Cross and wears a rosary ring during competitions.


title: Yuna Kim

text: On July 25, 2022, it was confirmed that Kim would marry singer Ko Woo-rim of Forestella, with whom she had been in a relationship for three years. They married in a private ceremony on October 22, 2022, at Hotel Shilla in Seoul.


title: Yuna Kim

text: The correct transliteration of her name, , would be "Kim Yeon-a". However, when Kim applied for her passport, the official miswrote her name as "Yu-na", which is written as "" rather than "". From the 2010–2011 season, her name was registered as "Yuna Kim" at her International Skating Union profile, and she has requested media to be referred to in English using western name order as "Yuna Kim" instead of "Kim Yu-na".


title: Yuna Kim

text: "(Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at World, Four Continents, and World Junior Championships.)"


title: Tusk (album)

text: Tusk is the twelfth studio album by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, released as a double album on 12 October 1979 by Warner Bros. Records. It is considered more experimental than their previous albums, partly as a consequence of Lindsey Buckingham's sparser songwriting arrangements and the influence of post-punk. The production costs were initially estimated to be about $1 million but many years later were revealed to be about $1.4 million (equivalent to $ in ), making it the most expensive rock album recorded to that date.


title: Tusk (album)

text: The band embarked on a nine-month tour to promote "Tusk". They travelled extensively across the world, including the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, Japan, France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. In Germany, they shared the bill with Bob Marley. On this world tour, the band recorded music for the "Fleetwood Mac Live" album, released in 1980.


title: Tusk (album)

text: Compared to 1977's "Rumours", which sold ten million copies by February 1978, "Tusk" was regarded as a commercial failure by the label, selling four million copies. In 2013, "NME" ranked "Tusk" at number 445 in their list of "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". In 2000, it was voted number 853 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums".


title: Tusk (album)

text: Going into "Tusk", Lindsey Buckingham was adamant about creating an album that sounded nothing like "Rumours": "For me, being sort of the culprit behind that particular album, it was done in a way to undermine just sort of following the formula of doing "Rumours 2" and "Rumours 3", which is kind of the business model Warner Bros. would have liked us to follow." Mick Fleetwood decided early on that "Tusk" was to be a double album. After their label turned down Fleetwood's request to buy a new studio to make the record, the band used some of their royalties to construct their own Studio D.


title: Tusk (album)

text: Even with the custom studio, Warner Brothers still charged the band for the recording sessions. Production costs rose beyond a million dollars, far more than "Rumours". Regarding the album's production costs, guitarist Lindsey Buckingham stated: "During the making of "Tusk", we were in the studio for about 10 months and we got 20 songs out of it. "Rumours" took the same amount of time. It ["Rumours"] didn't cost so much because we were in a cheaper studio. There's no denying what it cost, but I think it's been taken out of context."


title: Tusk (album)

text: After the studio was built, Buckingham queried Fleetwood about recording some songs at his home studio. Fleetwood acquiesced, but told Buckingham that the other members needed to be integrated at some point. Most of Buckingham's demos were augmented with contributions from other members. Fleetwood overdubbed his drums over Buckingham's snare-drum track, which he sometimes played on a Kleenex box. Despite this, three tracks were recorded solely by Buckingham: "The Ledge", "Save Me a Place", and "That's Enough For Me". Producer Ken Caillat commented on Buckingham's obsessive nature in the studio: "He was a maniac. The first day, I set the studio up as usual. Then he said, 'Turn every knob 180 degrees from where it is now and see what happens.' He'd tape microphones to the studio floor and get into a sort of push-up position to sing. Early on, he came in and he'd freaked out in the shower and cut off all his hair with nail scissors. He was stressed."


title: Tusk (album)

text: Buckingham – infatuated with bands such as Talking Heads – was "desperate to make Mac relevant to a post-punk world", according to music journalist Bob Stanley, who commented that, compared to "Rumours", "Tusk" was "unleavened weirdness, as close to its predecessor as the Beach Boys' lo-fi "Smiley Smile" had been to "Pet Sounds". Much of it sounded clattery, half-formed, with strange rhythmic leaps and offbeat tics." Journalist Adam Webb described the "Tusk" recording sessions as a "cocaine blizzard" from which Christine McVie's then-boyfriend, Beach Boy drummer Dennis Wilson, "never really came out." Music historian Domenic Priore claimed that, for research purposes during the album's recording, Buckingham accessed the master tapes for the Beach Boys' unreleased album "Smile", and that the tracks "That's All For Everyone" and "Beautiful Child" most strongly exemplify its influence.


title: Tusk (album)

text: Bassist John McVie commented that the album "sounds like the work of three solo artists", while Fleetwood said it was his second favourite Fleetwood Mac studio album behind "Then Play On". "You got that sweetness [from Nicks and McVie] and me as the complete nutcase," Buckingham observed. "That's what makes us Fleetwood Mac."


title: Tusk (album)

text: "Tusk" peaked at number four on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States, but spent less than nine months on the chart. It was certified double platinum for shipping two million copies. It peaked at number one in the UK and achieved a platinum award for shipments in excess of 300,000 copies. The album gave the group two US top-10 hit singles, with the Buckingham-penned title track (US number eight/UK number six), and the Stevie Nicks composition "Sara" (US number seven/UK number 37).


title: Tusk (album)

text: In his review for "Rolling Stone", Stephen Holden emphasized the experimental nature of the album, comparing it to the Beatles' "White Album" in that ""Tusk" is less a collection of finished songs than a mosaic of pop-rock fragments by individual performers." Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" was more ambivalent, lauding Buckingham's production and experimentation, while dismissing Christine McVie's and Stevie Nicks's contributions. Retrospectively, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine found the album to be timeless, calling it "a peerless piece of pop art" that rivals the more accessible "Rumours" album in terms of quality. Amanda Petrusich of "Pitchfork" found the album "self indulgent" and "terrifically strange". Contemporary and retrospective reviewers alike have noted the stark contrast between the album's lush opening track, "Over and Over", and jarring production of the following track, "The Ledge".


title: Tusk (album)

text: Though the album sold four million copies worldwide, and earned a Grammy nomination in 1981 for its art design in the category "Best Album Package", the band's record label deemed the project a failure, laying the blame squarely with Buckingham (considering the comparatively huge sales of "Rumours" and the album's unprecedented recording expense). Fleetwood, however, blames the album's relative failure on the RKO radio chain playing the album in its entirety prior to release, thus allowing mass home recording. In addition, "Tusk" was a double album, with a high list price of US$16.00, or $56.00 in 2019 terms.


title: Tusk (album)

text: Further releases from the album "Not That Funny" (UK-only single release), "Think About Me", and "Sisters of the Moon" were slightly remixed for radio, and were less successful. The latter two appear in their 'single versions' on the 2002 compilation "The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac", while "Sara", which was cut to 4 minutes for both the single and the first CD release of the album, appears in its unedited form on the 1988 "Greatest Hits" compilation, the 2002 release "The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac", and the 2004 reissue of "Tusk".


title: Kader Khan

text: Kader Khan (22 October 1937 – 31 December 2018) was an Indian actor, screenwriter and film director. As an actor, he appeared in over 300 Bollywood films after his debut film in the 1973 film "", starring Rajesh Khanna, in which he acted as a prosecuting attorney. He was a prolific actor and screenwriter in Hindi cinema in the period late 1970s to 90s and wrote dialogues for 200 films. Khan graduated from Ismail Yusuf College affiliated to Bombay University. Before entering the film industry in the early 1970s, he taught at M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, Mumbai, as a professor of civil engineering.


title: Kader Khan

text: Khan was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, on 22 October 1937. His father was Abdul Rahman Khan from Kandahar, Afghanistan while his mother was Iqbal Begum from Pishin, British India (now in Balochistan, Pakistan). Khan had three brothers, Shams ur Rehman, Fazal Rehman and Habib ur Rehman. He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Kakar tribe. Khan was raised in the Kamathipura neighbourhood of Mumbai after his family moved there from Kabul. He enrolled in a local municipal school and later in the Ismail Yusuf College after which he graduated in Engineering specializing in Civil engineering. Between 1970 and 1975, he taught at M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering in Byculla as a professor of civil engineering.


title: Kader Khan

text: While performing in a play named "Taash Ke Patey", he was noted by comedian Agha who then suggested actor Dilip Kumar to see the play. Dilip Kumar was impressed and signed him up for his next films, "Sagina" and "Bairaag". During an interview to Rediff, Khan recalled this as the incident that started his film career. He used to write plays for theatres and was subsequently offered to write the script of "Jawani Diwani", which started his career as a script writer.


title: Kader Khan

text: His career as a Hindi film writer began when Narinder Bedi saw the theatre play Khan had written and asked him to co-write the script for "Jawani Diwani" with Inder Raj Anand, for which Khan received 1500 rupees.


title: Kader Khan

text: Khan acted in over 300 films in Hindi and Urdu and wrote dialogue for over 250 Indian films, from the 1970s up to the turn of the 21st century. At the insistence of Rajesh Khanna, Manmohan Desai paid him the high amount of one lakh twenty-one thousand () for writing dialogue for the film "Roti" (1974), which was produced by Khanna himself.


title: Kader Khan

text: He was most popularly recognized for working with actors Amitabh Bachchan, Rajesh Khanna, Jeetendra, Feroz Khan, Mithun Chakraborty, Anil Kapoor, Govinda and in films directed by T. Rama Rao, K. Raghavendra Rao, K. Bapaiah, Narayana Rao Dasari, David Dhawan. He has worked side by side with other comedians like Asrani, Shakti Kapoor and Johnny Lever. He has co-starred with Amrish Puri, Prem Chopra, Amjad Khan and Anupam Kher in many films. He has played a large variety of parts in different genre of films like comedy, action, romance, family, social and political.


title: Kader Khan

text: Khan made his debut with "Daag", starring Rajesh Khanna in the main lead role, wherein Khan played the supporting role as an advocate. He subsequently starred as supporting artist with roles in "Dil Diwana", "Muqaddar Ka Sikandar" and "Mr. Natwarlal".


title: Kader Khan

text: He also started getting lengthy roles as supporting actor after 1984, with films like "Masterji", "Dharm Adhikari", "Nasihat", "Dosti Dushmani", "Ghar Sansar", "Loha", "Insaniyat Ke Dushman", "Insaf Ki Pukar", "Khudgarz", "Sherni", "Khoon Bhari Maang", "Sone Pe Suhaaga" and "Vardi". From 1988, there were films written with him in main lead, like Karz Chukana Hai, "Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii", "Biwi Ho To Aisi", "Ghar Ho To Aisa", "Hum Hain Kamaal Ke" and "Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri".


title: Kader Khan

text: His first attempt at comedy was with "Himmatwala" and "Aaj Ka Daur". He started doing main comedy roles from 1989 onwards, with films like "Kishen Kanhaiya", "Hum", "Ghar Parivar", "Bol Radha Bol" and continued through the nineties with comedy roles in "Aankhen", "Taqdeerwala", "Main Khiladi Tu Anari", "Dulhe Raja", "Coolie No. 1", "Saajan Chale Sasural", "Sooryavansham", "Judaai", "Aunty No. 1", "Bade Miyan Chote Miyan", "Raja Babu", "Khuddar", "Chhote Sarkar", "Gharwali Baharwali", "Hero Hindustani", "Sirf Tum" and "Anari No. 1". Even in early 2000s, he attempted versatile roles with films like "Akhiyon Se Goli Maare", "Chalo Ishq Ladaaye", "Suno Sasurjee", "Yeh Hai Jalwa" and "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi". His work as a comedian was notable in "Himmatwala", "Aankhen" and "Coolie No. 1".


title: Kader Khan

text: He starred in his own comedy television series titled "Hasna Mat" (literally: "Don't laugh"), which aired on Star Plus in 2001. He made a comeback on Indian television with a comedy series "Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?" on Sahara One.


title: Kader Khan

text: This was Rajesh Khanna who gave him the break as dialogue writer in his film "Roti" and thereafter he wrote dialogues for films with Rajesh Khanna in the lead like "Maha Chor", "Chhailla Babu", "Dharam Kanta", "Fiffty Fiffty", "Naya Kadam", "Masterji", and "Nasihat", all of which were hit films at the box office. Other successful films for which he has written or assisted in dialogues include films starring Jeetendra like "Himmatwala", "Jaani Dost", "Sarfarosh", "Justice Chaudhury", "Farz Aur Kanoon", "Jeeo Aur Jeene Do", "Tohfa", "Qaidi" and "Haisiyat".


title: Kader Khan

text: As a screenwriter, Kader Khan has worked with Manmohan Desai and Prakash Mehra for their films starring Amitabh Bachchan. Besides Amitabh, he was the only one to work in the rival camps of Mehra and Desai. His films with Desai include "Dharam Veer", "Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati", "Coolie", "Desh Premee", "Suhaag", "Parvarish" and "Amar Akbar Anthony" and films with Prakash Mehra include "Jwalamukhi", "Sharaabi", "Lawaaris" and "Muqaddar Ka Sikandar".


title: Kader Khan

text: Some of Amitabh Bachchan's films with popular dialogues and script were written by Khan. Some notable examples of these movies are "Mr. Natwarlal", "Khoon Pasina", "Do Aur Do Paanch", "Satte Pe Satta", "Inquilab", "Giraftaar", "Hum" and "Agneepath". For the film "Agneepath" for Bachchan, had received the National Film Awards.


title: Kader Khan

text: Khan was in demand by the South Indian film production houses such as Padmalaya. Major filmmakers of southern cinema such as Narayana Rao Dasari, K. Bapayya, K. Raghavendra Rao, T. Rama Rao, Dasari Narayan Rao, D. Rama Naidu consulted Khan for doing the script and dialogue of the Hindi remakes of their southern language films. Some of these films included "Himmatwala" (1983), "Justice Chaudhury" (1983), "Haisiyat" (1984) and "Singhasan" (1986). As reported in "The Hindu", "He didn't just translate the original films into Hindi but transposed them into a new North setting, culture, context and language."


title: Kader Khan

text: He was preferred dialogue writer for the Hindi films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao, Narayana Dasari Rao, K. Bapaiah and for films produced by D. Rama Naidu and K. C. Bokadia. He also wrote dialogues in other successful films in the late '80s to the late '90s like "Meri Aawaz Suno", "Angaar", "Jail Yatra", "Satte Pe Satta", "Katilon Ke Kaatil", "Waqt Ki Awaz", "Coolie No. 1", "Main Khiladi Tu Anari", "Kanoon Apna Apna", "Karma", "Sultanat", "Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri", "Humshakal", "Saajan Chale Sasural", "Hero Hindustani", "Aunty No. 1", and "Rajaji". He also wrote dialogues for films of Rakesh Roshan like "Khoon Bhari Maang", "Kala Bazaar" and "Khudgarz".


title: Kader Khan

text: Khan lived in Mumbai, until moving to Toronto due to health reasons. He had three sons: Sarfaraz Khan, Shahnawaz Khan, and a third son Quddus who lived in Canada, died in 2021. His son Sarfaraz Khan has also acted in several films. It was reported that Khan took the citizenship of Canada. In 2014, Khan visited Mecca to perform Hajj.


title: Kader Khan

text: Khan had supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease. He was hospitalized on 28 December 2018 complaining of "breathlessness" in Canada, where he stayed with his son and daughter-in-law while seeking treatment. On 31 December 2018 (EST), Khan's son, Sarfaraz Khan, confirmed that Khan had died. His funeral ceremony was held at ISNA mosque in Mississauga, and he was buried in Brampton's Meadowvale Cemetery.


title: Diuretic

text: A diuretic () is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys. There exist several classes of diuretic, and each works in a distinct way. Alternatively, an antidiuretic, such as vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine.


title: Diuretic

text: In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make the urine more alkaline, and are helpful in increasing excretion of substances such as aspirin in cases of overdose or poisoning. Diuretics are sometimes abused by people with an eating disorder, especially people with bulimia nervosa, with the goal of losing weight.


title: Diuretic

text: The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazides and loop diuretics in particular) are independent of their diuretic effect. That is, the reduction in blood pressure is not due to decreased blood volume resulting from increased urine production, but occurs through other mechanisms and at lower doses than that required to produce diuresis. Indapamide was specifically designed with this in mind, and has a larger therapeutic window for hypertension (without pronounced diuresis) than most other diuretics.


title: Diuretic

text: High-ceiling diuretics may cause a substantial diuresis – up to 20% of the filtered load of NaCl (salt) and water. This is large in comparison to normal renal sodium reabsorption which leaves only about 0.4% of filtered sodium in the urine. Loop diuretics have this ability, and are therefore often synonymous with high-ceiling diuretics. Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, inhibit the body's ability to reabsorb sodium at the ascending loop in the nephron, which leads to an excretion of water in the urine, whereas water normally follows sodium back into the extracellular fluid. Other examples of high-ceiling loop diuretics include ethacrynic acid and torasemide.


title: Diuretic

text: Thiazide-type diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide act on the distal convoluted tubule and inhibit the sodium-chloride symporter leading to a retention of water in the urine, as water normally follows penetrating solutes. Frequent urination is due to the increased loss of water that has not been retained from the body as a result of a concomitant relationship with sodium loss from the convoluted tubule.


title: Diuretic

text: The short-term anti-hypertensive action is based on the fact that thiazides decrease preload, decreasing blood pressure. On the other hand, the long-term effect is due to an unknown vasodilator effect that decreases blood pressure by decreasing resistance.


title: Diuretic

text: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which is found in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in several effects including bicarbonate accumulation in the urine and decreased sodium absorption. Drugs in this class include acetazolamide and methazolamide.


title: Diuretic

text: These are diuretics which do not promote the secretion of potassium into the urine; thus, potassium is retained and not lost as much as with other diuretics. The term "potassium-sparing" refers to an effect rather than a mechanism or location; nonetheless, the term almost always refers to two specific classes that have their effect at similar locations:


title: Diuretic

text: The term "calcium-sparing diuretic" is sometimes used to identify agents that result in a relatively low rate of excretion of calcium.


title: Diuretic

text: The reduced concentration of calcium in the urine can lead to an increased rate of calcium in serum. The sparing effect on calcium can be beneficial in hypocalcemia, or unwanted in hypercalcemia.


title: Diuretic

text: By contrast, loop diuretics promote a significant increase in calcium excretion. This can increase risk of reduced bone density.


title: Diuretic

text: Osmotic diuretics (e. g., mannitol) are substances that increase osmolarity, but have limited tubular epithelial cell permeability. They work primarily by expanding extracellular fluid and plasma volume, therefore increasing blood flow to the kidney, particularly the peritubular capillaries. This reduces medullary osmolality and thus impairs the concentration of urine in the loop of Henle (which usually uses the high osmotic and solute gradient to transport solutes and water). Further, the limited tubular epithelial cell permeability increases osmolality and thus water retention in the filtrate.


title: Diuretic

text: It was previously believed that the primary mechanism of osmotic diuretics such as mannitol is that they are filtered in the glomerulus, but cannot be reabsorbed. Thus their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate and to maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine.


title: Diuretic

text: Glucose, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. Unlike mannitol, glucose is commonly found in the blood. However, in certain conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) exceeds the maximum reabsorption capacity of the kidney. When this happens, glucose remains in the filtrate, leading to the osmotic retention of water in the urine. Glucosuria causes a loss of hypotonic water and Na, leading to a hypertonic state with signs of volume depletion, such as dry mucosa, hypotension, tachycardia, and decreased turgor of the skin. Use of some drugs, especially stimulants, may also increase blood glucose and thus increase urination..


title: Diuretic

text: The term "low-ceiling diuretic" is used to indicate a diuretic has a rapidly flattening dose effect curve (in contrast to "high-ceiling", where the relationship is close to linear). Certain classes of diuretic are in this category, such as the thiazides.


title: Diuretic

text: Diuretics are tools of considerable therapeutic importance. First, they effectively reduce blood pressure. Loop and thiazide diuretics are secreted from the proximal tubule via the organic anion transporter-1 and exert their diuretic action by binding to the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transporter type 2 in the thick ascending limb and the Na(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, respectively.


title: Diuretic

text: Caffeine when initially consumed in large quantities is both a diuretic and a natriuretic, but this effect disappears with chronic consumption.


title: Diuretic

text: The main adverse effects of diuretics are hypovolemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperuricemia.


title: Diuretic

text: A common application of diuretics is for the purposes of invalidating drug tests. Diuretics increase the urine volume and dilute doping agents and their metabolites. Another use is to rapidly lose weight to meet a weight category in sports like boxing and wrestling.


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: Ruth Katrin Gemmell (born October 1967) is an English actress. She starred in the film "Fever Pitch" in 1997 which was followed by supporting roles in television series "EastEnders", "Casualty", "Home Fires" and "Penny Dreadful." She has played Carly Beaker, the mother of title character in the "Tracy Beaker" franchise since 2004. In 2020, she began playing Lady Violet Bridgerton in the Netflix series "Bridgerton".


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: Ruth Katrin Gemmell was born in October 1967 in Bristol and grew up in County Durham, first in Barnard Castle before moving to Darlington with her mother upon her parents' divorce. She has three brothers. She attended Polam Hall School. Gemmell later moved to London, where her father lived, to pursue acting. She trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art.


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: Gemmell has played roles in both theatre and TV dramas. She played the leading female role "Fever Pitch", based on Nick Hornby's novel of the same name, starring opposite Colin Firth and had another leading role in the comedy/drama "2 January" (2006). She played the recurring character of Detective Constable Kerry Cox in the first series of the BBC police procedural "Silent Witness", which premiered in 1996. She returned to the series as different characters in 2006 and 2014.


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: In 2004 she starred in "Tracy Beaker's Movie of Me" as the mother of the title character, who abandoned her when she was a baby, leading her to spend life in a children's home. From January 2009 she became a recurring character in "EastEnders" as Debra Dean, the mother of a teenage girl who, identically to her role in "Tracy Beaker's Movie of Me", abandoned her daughter when she was an infant. In August 2009, she starred as Rebecca Sands in two episodes of "The Bill".


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: Gemmell has appeared three times in the BBC's police drama "Waking the Dead", playing two different characters. Her first appearance was in 2002 in the episode Special Relationships as DI Jess Worral, a former lover of DSI Boyd. She next appeared in the episode Sins of seventh season in 2008 as Linda Cummings, an exceptionally intelligent serial killer. Gemmell reprised the role of Cummings in Endgame, the fourth episode of the eighth season of the show. The storyline had Cummings manipulating Boyd and revealed that Cummings' accomplice was responsible for the drugs overdose that killed Boyd's son Luke. The role reprisal of Cummings is a first in the show's history. Gemmell starred in Episode 8 of Jimmy McGovern's BBC drama Moving On playing the role of Joanne, in November 2010. In November 2011, Gemmell played Lady Shonagon in the adaptation for BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour of "The Pillow Book", by Robert Forrest. She appeared as Jen, the wife of an adulterous civil servant, in Channel 4 drama Utopia, in early 2013.


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: In 2015, Gemmell appeared in five episodes of the television series "Penny Dreadful" as Octavia Putney. In 2020, she began playing Lady Violet Bridgerton in the Netflix series "Bridgerton".


title: Ruth Gemmell

text: Gemmell was married in Westminster, London, in 1997 to actor Ray Stevenson, whom she met in 1995 during the filming of TV drama "Band of Gold". The couple divorced in 2005.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: In political science and popular discourse, the horseshoe theory asserts that the extreme left and the extreme right, rather than being at opposite and opposing ends of a linear political continuum, closely resemble each other, analogous to the way that the opposite ends of a horseshoe are close together.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: The theory is attributed to the French philosopher and writer Jean-Pierre Faye. Proponents point to a number of perceived similarities between extremes and allege that both have a tendency to support authoritarianism or totalitarianism. Several political scientists have criticized the theory.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: The horseshoe metaphor was used as early as during the Weimar Republic to describe the ideology of the Black Front.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: The later use of the term in political theory was seen in Jean-Pierre Faye's 2002 book "Le Siècle des idéologies" (The Century of Ideology). Faye's book discussed the use of ideologies (he points out that "ideology" is a pair of Greek words that were joined in French) rooted in philosophy by totalitarian regimes with specific reference to Hitler, Nietzsche, Stalin, and Marx.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: Others have attributed the theory as having come from the American sociologists Seymour Martin Lipset and Daniel Bell, as well as the Pluralist school. Because the theory is also popular in Germany, a co-contributor to the theory is said to be the German political scientist Eckhard Jesse.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: In a 2006 book, the American political scientist Jeff Taylor wrote: "It may be more useful to think of the Left and the Right as two components of populism, with elitism residing in the Center. The political spectrum may be linear, but it is not a straight line. It is shaped like a horseshoe." In the same year, the term was used in discussing a resurgent hostility towards Jews and a new anti-Semitism from both the extreme left and the extreme right.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: In a 2008 essay, Josef Joffe, a visiting fellow at the conservative think tank the Hoover Institution, wrote:


title: Horseshoe theory

text: Will globalization survive the gloom? The creeping revolt against globalization actually preceded the Crash of '08. Everywhere in the West, populism began to show its angry face at mid-decade. The two most dramatic instances were Germany and Austria, where populist parties scored big with a message of isolationism, protectionism and redistribution. In Germany, it was left-wing populism ("Die Linke"); in Austria it was a bunch of right-wing parties that garnered almost 30% in the 2008 election. Left and right together illustrated once more the "horseshoe" theory of modern politics: As the iron is bent backward, the two extremes almost touch.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: In 2015, the reformist Muslim Maajid Nawaz invoked the horseshoe theory on lamenting a common tendency on both extremes towards the compiling and publishing of "lists of political foes;" he added:


title: Horseshoe theory

text: As the political horseshoe theory attributed to Jean-Pierre Faye highlights, if we travel far-left enough, we find the very same sneering, nasty and reckless bully-boy tactics used by the far-right. The two extremes of the political spectrum end up meeting like a horseshoe, at the top, which to my mind symbolizes totalitarian control from above. In their quest for ideological purity, Stalin and Hitler had more in common than modern neo-Nazis and far-left agitators would care to admit.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: In a 2018 article for "Eurozine", "How Right Is the Left?", Kyrylo Tkachenko wrote about the common cause found recently between both extremes in Ukraine:


title: Horseshoe theory

text: The theory has also been quoted when referring to American far-right and far-left organisations both supporting Putin in the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: Horseshoe theory does not enjoy support within academic circles; peer-reviewed research by political scientists on the subject is scarce and existing studies have generally contradicted its central premises.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: Chip Berlet has characterized the theory as an oversimplification of political ideologies, ignoring fundamental differences between them.


title: Horseshoe theory

text: Simon Choat, a senior lecturer in political theory at Kingston University, criticizes horseshoe theory from a leftist perspective. He argues that far-left and far-right ideologies only share similarities in the vaguest sense in that they both oppose the liberal democratic "status quo"; however, the two sides both have very different reasons and very different aims for doing so. Choat uses the issue of globalization as an example; both the far-left and the far-right attack neoliberal globalization and its elites, but have conflicting views on who those elites are and conflicting reasons for attacking them:


title: Horseshoe theory

text: Choat also argues that although proponents of the horseshoe theory may cite examples of alleged history of collusion between fascists and communists, those on the far-left usually oppose the rise of far-right or fascist regimes in their countries. Instead, he argues that it has been centrists who have supported far-right and fascist regimes that they prefer in power over socialist ones.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Though the original "Sonic the Hedgehog" greatly increased the popularity of the Genesis in North America, Sega was slow to approve a sequel before directing STI founder Mark Cerny to start "Sonic 2" in November 1991. Members of the original development team—including programmer Yuji Naka and designer Hirokazu Yasuhara—moved from Japan to California to join the project. "Sonic 2" was intended to be faster and more ambitious than the first game. The development suffered setbacks, including language and cultural differences between the Japanese and American staff, and numerous levels were cut due to time constraints and quality concerns. As with the first game, Dreams Come True member Masato Nakamura composed the soundtrack.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" was widely anticipated, and Sega backed it with a marketing campaign. It was released in November 1992 to acclaim and received numerous year-end accolades. Critics considered "Sonic 2" an improvement over the first game and praised the visuals, level design, gameplay, and music. The implementation of Tails and the multiplayer mode received criticism, while the special stages divided opinion. "Sonic 2" broke video game sales records and grossed over in 1992. With six million copies sold worldwide, it is the second-bestselling Genesis game behind the original "Sonic the Hedgehog".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" played a major role in keeping Sega competitive during the console wars of the fourth generation of video game consoles in the early 1990s. It continues to receive acclaim, often cited as one of the greatest video games of all time and one of the best "Sonic" games. "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" and "Sonic & Knuckles" followed in 1994. "Sonic 2" has been rereleased on various platforms via compilations and emulation, and a remake for iOS and Android devices, developed using the Retro Engine, and made by Christian Whitehead and was released in December 2013. A number of "Sonic 2" prototypes have leaked since the release.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" is a side-scrolling platform game. It features a story similar to the first "Sonic the Hedgehog" (1991): Doctor Robotnik, a mad scientist, seeks the Chaos Emeralds to power his space station, the Death Egg, and traps the animal inhabitants of West Island in aggressive robots. As Sonic the Hedgehog, the player embarks on a journey to collect the Chaos Emeralds and stop Robotnik. The player character can run, jump, crouch, and attack by curling into a ball. "Sonic 2" introduces the spin dash, which allows the player to curl while stationary for a speed boost, and Miles "Tails" Prower, a fox with two tails who acts as Sonic's sidekick. By default, the single-player controls both Sonic and Tails simultaneously; a second player can join in at any time and control Tails separately. The player can also choose to play as Sonic or Tails individually.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: The game takes place across 11 zones with 20 levels ("acts"). The acts are larger than the first game's, and the player navigates them at high speeds while jumping between platforms, defeating robot enemies, and avoiding obstacles. Springs, slopes, bottomless pits, and vertical loops populate acts, as do hazards like water and spikes. The player passes checkpoints to save progress. The last act of each zone ends with a boss battle against Robotnik. The player collects rings as a form of health: if they have at least one ring when they collide with an enemy or obstacle, they will survive, but their rings will scatter and blink before disappearing. The player starts with three lives, which they lose if they are hit without a ring, fall down a pit, get crushed, drown, or reach the 10-minute time limit; they receive a game over if they run out. Power-ups like shields and invincibility provide additional layers of protection, and lives are replenished by collecting 100 rings or a 1-up.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: If the player passes a checkpoint with 50 or more rings, they can warp to a special stage for an opportunity to collect one of the seven Chaos Emeralds. The player runs through a half-pipe course, collecting rings and dodging bombs. A set amount of rings must be collected to obtain the emerald. If the player collides with a bomb, they lose ten rings and are immobilized momentarily. The stages rise in difficulty and the player cannot enter any stage without passing the previous one. After finishing, the player is transported back to the star post they used to enter, with their ring count reset. When all the Chaos Emeralds have been collected, Sonic can transform into Super Sonic by collecting 50 rings. Super Sonic is nearly invincible, runs faster, and jumps farther, but loses one ring per second and reverts to normal when his rings are depleted.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" introduces a multiplayer game mode where two players compete against each other in a split-screen race across three levels. After one player finishes a level, the other player must finish within a minute. Players are ranked in five areas (score, time, rings held at the end of the level, total rings collected, and the number of item boxes broken). The player who excels in the most categories wins. Players can also compete to obtain the most rings in the special stages.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic & Knuckles" was released in 1994, two years after "Sonic 2". The "Sonic & Knuckles" game cartridge features a "lock-on" adapter that allows players to insert other Sega Genesis cartridges. Attaching "Sonic 2" unlocks "Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic the Hedgehog 2", a variation of "Sonic 2" in which the player controls the "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" (1994) character Knuckles the Echidna. The level design is identical, but Knuckles can glide and climb walls, allowing him access to areas inaccessible to Sonic or Tails. However, he cannot jump as high, making some areas, such as certain boss fights, more difficult.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: The original "Sonic the Hedgehog" was developed by Sonic Team in Japan and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in June 1991. The game greatly increased the popularity of the Sega Genesis in North America and is credited with helping Sega gain 65% of the market share against then-industry leader Nintendo, making Sega a formidable competitor. The success meant that a sequel was inevitable, but shortly after the release, programmer Yuji Naka quit Sega due to disagreements over his salary, dissatisfaction over the time and effort it had taken to finish "Sonic", and a lack of support from management.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: During the development of "Sonic the Hedgehog", Mark Cerny established Sega Technical Institute (STI) in California. Sega wanted to develop more games in America, and Cerny's aim was to establish an elite studio that would combine the design philosophies of American and Japanese developers. During a trip to Japan, Cerny visited Naka's apartment, listened to the reasons why he left, and convinced him to join STI in America to fix the problems he had had with Sega in Japan. Designer Hirokazu Yasuhara and other members of the "Sonic" development team joined Naka, but artist Naoto Ohshima stayed in Japan because he was working on "Sonic CD" (1993).


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: In September 1991, Cerny pitched "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" as STI's project for the 1992 Christmas and holiday shopping season—giving the team 11 months of development—but Sega management considered it too soon for a sequel. Cerny was not surprised, as marketing executives controlled what games developers created and did not understand game development. Further, Sega of America was hesitant due to its lack of confidence in the Sonic character. STI explored other concepts, but in November, Sega reversed course and told Cerny that it needed "Sonic 2" for the 1992 holiday season. Cerny said that this did not create "much of a creative loss", as STI had yet to come up with a game idea on par with "Sonic", but lost two months of development.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Now with a nine-month schedule, full-scale development started in early 1992. "Sonic 2" development team was much larger than the first game's and consisted of both American and Japanese developers, although the majority of the team was Japanese. Cerny's idea was to have around a dozen of the original game's staff move to STI. Development began with only Americans because the Japanese faced visa problems. According to Cerny, Sega had applied for O-1 expert visas, for "nationally or internationally recognized" people with "a record of extraordinary achievement", unaware that the Japanese developers did not qualify.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Sega of America marketing director Al Nilsen said that STI wanted "to go all out" to ensure "Sonic 2" would be as successful as the original "Sonic", since sequels were generally not well regarded. STI brainstormed various ideas to improve the first game's formula, beginning with making Sonic faster. In the first game, Sonic was restricted by a speed cap well below his maximum possible speed; STI lifted the cap for "Sonic 2". Naka conceived the spin dash to remove the need to backtrack for momentum, which he observed was a common criticism of the first game. Early in development, STI implemented a routine whereby Sonic was hurt if he ran into a wall at full speed, but removed it in later builds.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: STI's first step was to create a game outline for the developers to flesh out with "a book-length report" detailing the characters, story, and levels. Yasuhara had ambitious plans for "Sonic 2" and designed it with "'blue sky' ideas". Assuming STI had two years of development, he conceived a plot in which Robotnik took over the world and Sonic used time travel to stop him. "Sonic CD" time travel feature was coincidental, and differed from "Sonic 2" as it implemented it as a game mechanic rather than merely a story feature. The plot was scrapped, but many of "Sonic 2" levels were taken from it; for example, Hill Top Zone (which features dinosaur enemies) was intended to be a past version of Green Hill Zone, while Chemical Plant and Casino Night came from the Robotnik-ruled future.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Yasuhara designed the stages thinking in the context of a 3D world to work out elements such as corkscrew loops and pipes. He was inspired to design Casino Night because he found "Sonic" springs similar to the gimmicks of pinball tables, while Sky Chase—which features Sonic riding a biplane as he attempts to reach Robotnik's base—was inspired by Hayao Miyazaki's anime "Future Boy Conan" (1978). "Sonic 2" features twice as many unique level tropes compared to the first game, and most levels end after two acts rather than three. The first game demo was playable around six or seven months after the initial outline's creation and featured a few levels without sound effects or significant detail. STI assembled focus groups to play the demo for feedback and created the alpha build afterward; by this point, 80% of programming had been finished.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Yasuhara wanted to add a second playable character so siblings could play together. Naka suggested the second character be endearing, similar to the "kitsune" from "Urusei Yatsura", and beginner-oriented rather than Sonic's rival. An internal contest was held to determine the new character, and the winning design was lead artist Yasushi Yamaguchi's fox, which he named Miles Prower (a pun on "miles per hour"). STI wanted the character to appeal to Japanese audiences, and Yamaguchi gave him two tails—inspired by the "Phantasy Star" character Myau—to make the design more "impactful". Sega of America objected to the name "Miles Prower", so he was given the nickname Tails as a compromise.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Tails was implemented using an artificial intelligence routine that allowed him to mimic Sonic's movements, becoming playable with a second controller. Tails was also used in the multiplayer mode, something that Naka had attempted to implement late in development of the original "Sonic". The multiplayer mode was one of Naka's primary motivations to develop "Sonic 2", since he felt multiplayer games were more fun. Naka used the Genesis' rarely-used interlaced mode to create split-screen gameplay, since he found the standard display mode made it difficult to see the player character. Developing the multiplayer mode took six months.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: In addition to overseeing the level design and gameplay, Cerny acted as an art director. The initial level maps were drawn at Sega's headquarters in Tokyo. STI artists then received the paper map with ideas regarding the level theme. Once the design was settled, the artist would draw the art pixel by pixel and then input the graphics in the game itself. The graphics and animations were implemented using the Digitizer, Sega's proprietary graphics system for the Genesis. The artists had to deal with palette limitations, as only 64 colors could be displayed on-screen. Rieko Kodama, who worked on the first game as an artist, helped design the levels.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Yasuhara said meshing the Americans' art with art by Yamaguchi was the development's largest hurdle. Yamaguchi had to check the teams' enemy and stage designs while producing his own. While Yamaguchi was assisted by Jina Ishiwatari, he worked mostly alone. Level artist Craig Stitt called Yamaguchi "a machine" who worked long hours and reworked other artists' levels repeatedly to ensure quality. For example, Stitt felt disappointed when Yamaguchi redid his background art for the Oil Ocean level, but did not argue because he was not satisfied with the original background and Yamaguchi's was much better. Naka and Yasuhara also occasionally checked the art, with artist Tim Skelly noting Naka was quite particular. The title screen and Casino Night level art were both completely reworked shortly before release.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Skelly designed the appearance of the pseudo-3D special stages, based on a tech demo created by Naka. The special stages were created from pre-rendered 3D polygons, video of which was compressed and halved vertically and horizontally to fit in the game cartridge. According to Cerny, the 3D look came from the sentiment that the stages needed to look "flashy". Skelly said that the idea came from STI programmer Steve Woita, who "recalled an interesting scheme that allowed us to do bit-map graphics with a character-stamp based system". Graphics for rings, bombs, and characters were provided by Yamaguchi, while the stages were designed by "Shinobi" (1987) director Yutaka Sugano. In retrospect, Cerny felt the stages, while visually impressive, did not have as much gameplay depth as the special stages of the original "Sonic", which featured Sonic navigating a rotating maze.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: As with the first game, "Sonic 2" soundtrack was composed by Masato Nakamura, a member of the J-pop band Dreams Come True. Nakamura became famous in Japan after the release of "Sonic the Hedgehog" and increased his asking price considerably. According to Yamaguchi, Sega of America wanted to use music composed in-house instead. After the team rejected it as "awful", Sega rehired Nakamura. Nakamura began composing early in development with only concept art for reference. He treated "Sonic 2" like a film and attempted to reflect the atmosphere he felt in the concept art. Nakamura composed "Sonic 2" simultaneously with the 1992 Dreams Come True album "The Swinging Star". As a gift to the developers, he produced an alternate version of the "Sonic 2" ending theme, "Sweet Sweet Sweet", for the album.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Since "Sonic 2" was more technically advanced than its predecessor, Nakamura "wanted to create music that showed progress... It was like the "Indiana Jones" sequels. Same concept, but with more fun and excitement." Nakamura felt considerable pressure, as he understood that expectations were high due to the first game's success. STI let Nakamura work freely, which he felt allowed him to create melodic tunes and "unusual rhythm patterns". He composed using a Roland MC-4 Microcomposer; composing was challenging due to the Genesis' limited sound capabilities, but they encouraged him to be more inventive. Five or six people worked to convert Nakamura's music to the Genesis format.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: The development was complicated by the cultural and language barriers between the Japanese and American developers. The Japanese were used to crunch conditions, with Cerny noting they often worked through the night and slept in their cubicles. In contrast, the Americans locked the STI offices at night. Cerny had envisioned the Japanese acting as mentors to the Americans, but cooperation was difficult since the Americans could not speak Japanese. Stitt recalled Yasuhara as easy to work with, but Naka as "an arrogant pain in the ass" not interested in working with Americans. Skelly said that Naka would have been happier working with an all-Japanese team.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: During the development, Cerny left STI; he said that he left as development concluded, though Sega executive Masaharu Yoshii recalled that he departed around halfway through. Cerny left partly because of the rising tensions between the Japanese and American developers, feeling the Americans were not treated respectfully. Further complicating this was STI's involvement with the "Sonic" franchise and Naka's desire to oversee development personally, as well as Sega of America's initial hesitation to assist given their lack of confidence in the Sonic character. Yoshii was installed as the temporary head of STI and was credited as "Sonic 2" director. He said that the situation was severe because Sega of America was "betting everything" on "Sonic 2", but the STI staff did not display any stress and remained optimistic that the project would be finished.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: A large amount of content was cut. Nilsen said "Sonic 2" "probably could have been three times the size if we left in everything that was there. Naka and team really did a phenomenal job of editing what was going to be in the game, and weren't afraid to say, 'I've been working on this for four months, it's not working. Let's take it out.'" One scrapped stage, Hidden Palace Zone, featured extensively in prerelease advertisements. It was planned as a secret stage accessed by collecting Chaos Emeralds; according to Naka, it would explain the origin of the Chaos Emeralds and grant Sonic his Super Sonic powers. Though Hidden Palace was one of the first levels implemented, work on it stopped in mid-1992, and it was removed shortly before completion for a lack of time and cartridge space. Stitt, who created the Hidden Palace art and considered its foreground among his favorite work, was angry when he learned it was cut.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Other cut levels included a forest level, which was implemented but hardly worked on, and a desert level. One scrapped level, Genocide City, was renamed Cyber City because the Japanese developers had not understood the negative connotations of the word "genocide". Its level layout was used in the Metropolis Zone level. Sega of America CEO Tom Kalinske, product manager Madeline Schroeder, and Nilsen worked closely with STI; Nilsen said the feedback loop helped the team determine what needed to be cut. Most cuts were made to the Americans' designs, and many Americans were furious when they learned their work had been cut. Stitt said that he may have been the only American whose art was used in the final game. According to Yasuhara, most level cuts were due to time constraints. In 2017, he said he wanted to remake "Sonic 2" with the cut content restored.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" did not become playable from start to finish until the last 48 hours of development, in September 1992. The team planned to use a 4MiB cartridge, the same cartridge size as the first game, but STI ran out of space towards the end of development. To make sure the game would be finished in time for Thanksgiving, Yoshii went to the Japanese side of Sega for help. Managing director Daizaburou Sakurai contacted Sega Enterprises president Hayao Nakayama, who allowed the team to double the ROM size to avoid a delay. In total, over 100 people worked on "Sonic 2" and the main team comprised 20 developers. The development schedule was shorter than the first game's, and Yasuhara said STI worked under a lot of pressure due to Sega's competition with Nintendo.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Yoshii said that "Sonic 2" would not have been ready for release without Sega of America's bug-checking process. STI videotaped testers' gameplay so the developers could easily locate bugs. Around 50 developers worked as bug checkers, and the process took two to three weeks. Yoshii felt that despite the staff conflicts, the bug-checking made developing "Sonic 2" in the US worth it, as Sega of America's process was much more thorough than the one in Japan. When "Sonic 2" was shipped to Japan for production, copies of the source code were sent on separate planes to ensure that the game would arrive in case of an accident. On the day the code shipped, the STI staff gathered in the warehouse and celebrated with a Sonic-themed cake.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Sega aggressively promoted "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", spending approximately $10 million on advertising. Promotion began in early 1992, when Sega sent mockup screenshots to magazines. Sega then sent an early build to Nickelodeon for demonstration on the "Nick Arcade" (1992) game show; the build was featured several times, notably in a competition between "Clarissa Explains It All" (1991–1994) stars Melissa Joan Hart and Jason Zimbler. Hart "memorably" struggled to play it since she was unaware of the spin dash.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: As "Sonic 2" was Sega's biggest game of the year, the marketing team, as "Game Informer" wrote, sought to make the release "as much a celebration as it was a product launch". Sega gave away T-shirts as preorder gifts and sent stores dry-erase boards to count down the days to release. Teaser posters bore the slogan "Are You Up 2 It?". Sega of America collaborated with Emery Worldwide to produce stickers celebrating "The Great "Sonic 2" Shipment", and 50 people dressed as Sonic greeted the three planes carrying copies of "Sonic 2" at Heathrow Airport. Sega considered shipping the cartridges with holographic labels, but decided it was too expensive.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: At the last minute, Sega canceled a tour of shopping malls across the US, deciding it would be inadequate. Instead, it made "Sonic 2" available in the West in all stores on the same day. This was an unusual practice at the time; generally, international game release dates depended on the region. Sega reconfigured its distribution system to ensure that games were available in all major stores. The North American and European release date, Tuesday, November 24, 1992, was marketed as "Sonic 2sday". In Japan, the game was released three days earlier, on November 21. Initial copies of "Sonic 2" had several bugs; later copies used a patch developed a few days after completing the game. The cover art, featuring Robotnik "leering over a checkered '2'" behind Sonic and Tails, was illustrated by Greg Martin.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: An alternate version of "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" was developed by Aspect Co. for Sega's 8-bit consoles, the Master System and the handheld Game Gear. The 8-bit version features different levels and music, as well as a different plot in which Sonic must rescue a kidnapped Tails. It was later included in "Sonic" compilations, such as "Sonic Adventure DX" (2003) for the GameCube and Windows and "Sonic Gems Collection" (2005) for the GameCube and PlayStation 2. Sega also released an arcade cabinet version of "Sonic 2" using its Sega Mega Play arcade system board in 1993, while another version planned for the Genesis's Sega CD accessory became a new game, "Sonic CD".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Retailers preordered copies of "Sonic 2" by October 1992, and it set a preorder record in Europe with game cartridges ordered in five countries, including 750,000 in the UK. Upon release, "Sonic 2" broke video game sales records. In the US, it sold 600,000 copies within a day in addition to 400,000 preorders. It became the fastest-selling game in UK history with 750,000 copies sold within a day, grossing or and accounting for 48% of all UK software sales that week. It was the top-seller on Gallup's Sega charts for the UK, Japan, and US for two months, and the bestselling video game of 1992 in North America and Europe. The initial worldwide batch of cartridges sold out within two weeks.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" grossed in 1992 ( adjusted for inflation), which Kalinske said was "more than any hit movie, more than any other entertainment property." The release-day revenue exceeded the total revenue that the bestselling rock music CD of 1992, Simply Red's "Stars", had earned throughout the year. "Sonic 2" appeared on UK sales charts well into 1993 and was the UK's second bestselling video game of 1993. By November 1993, it was the bestselling 16-bit video game at the time. "Sonic 2" sold six million copies worldwide by August 2006, making it the second-bestselling Genesis game behind the original "Sonic the Hedgehog".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" received widespread critical acclaim, with scores above 90% from most video game magazines at the time. The improvements to the gameplay were praised. "GamePro" gave it 4.5 out of 5 for sound and 5 in every other category (graphics, control, and fun factor).


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Critics praised the level design and graphics. "GamePro" assessed that the "graphics are actually better than the original's. The rich variety of scenery, slightly larger sprites, and extra-added attitude help the spunky hedgehog paint video game magic." Despite the reduction in the number of acts per level to two from the first game's three, the levels themselves were said to be larger and more memorable.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "GamePro" described Tails as "about the cutest companion that any Sonic fan could ask for" and said the game's biggest problem is that it is too easy, to the point where even unskilled players would quickly breeze through it. However, the reviewer noted that finding each stage's secrets provides the game with challenge and longevity.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Reviewers spoke positively of the special stages and approved of the visual effects. "GamePro" wrote: "Theoretically, the Genesis isn't capable of scaling, but "Sonic"'s Bonus Rounds are gonna make you wonder!"


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly" awarded it for being the best Genesis game of 1992. The Electronic Gaming Awards from "Electronic Games" magazine nominated "Sonic 2" for its 1992 Video Game of the Year award, which it lost to "Street Fighter II", but "Sonic 2" won the award for Best Electronic Game Graphics. "Chicago Tribune" selected it as runner-up for Best Game of the Year, below "Street Fighter II" and "". At the Golden Joystick Awards, "Sonic 2" won the awards for Best Original Console Game and Promotional Campaign of the Year. The "Mega" Reader Awards voted it the best platform game and best Mega Drive game of 1992, and "Mega" ranked it the second best Mega Drive game of all time in 1993. They named it the 36th best Mega Drive game in 1994. At the European Computer Trade Show awards, it won the Going Live Readers Award.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Naka refused to develop another "Sonic" game if he had to work with the Americans again. When Atari veteran Roger Hector became the division's head, STI split into two teams: the Japanese developers led by Naka, and the American developers. The Japanese team started working "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" in January 1993; it was conceived as an isometric game that used the Sega Virtua Processor chip, but was retooled to reuse the "Sonic 2" engine after it became apparent that the chip would not be finished in time. Many of "Sonic 2" unused concepts were incorporated into "Sonic 3" and the next game, "Sonic & Knuckles", including the Hidden Palace level. Like their predecessors, "Sonic 3" and "Sonic & Knuckles" were critical and commercial successes when they were released in 1994.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: While the Japanese worked on "Sonic 3", the American team developed the spin-off "Sonic Spinball" (1993), a pinball game commissioned after Sega's research determined that Casino Night Zone was one of the most popular levels in "Sonic 2". Following the completion of "Sonic & Knuckles", Yasuhara quit, citing differences with Naka, and went on to develop games for Sega of America. Naka returned to Japan with developer Takashi Iizuka to work with Sonic Team, and was reunited with Ohshima. A concept developed during "Sonic 2" production formed the basis of the Sonic Team game "Nights into Dreams", released for the Sega Saturn in 1996. The American team developed "Comix Zone" (1995), "The Ooze" (1995), "Die Hard Arcade" (1996) with Sega AM1, and "Sonic X-treme", which was canceled in 1996. STI was disbanded in late 1996 as a result of changes in management at Sega of America. Meanwhile, Cerny worked with Sony Interactive Entertainment and helped create the PlayStation franchises "Crash Bandicoot" and "Spyro the Dragon". Cerny and Yasuhara remained friends and reunited to work with Naughty Dog on the "Jak and Daxter" series in the 2000s.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" has been ported to multiple platforms. A Sega Saturn port included in the compilation "Sonic Jam" (1997) introduces an alternate difficulty mode that alters stage layouts and removes some levels for an easier experience. Other compilations featuring the game include "Sonic Classics 3 in 1" (1995) for the Genesis; "Sonic Mega Collection" (2002) for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox; "Sega Genesis Collection" (2006) for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable; "Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection" (2009) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3; "Sonic Classic Collection" (2010) for the Nintendo DS; and "Sega Genesis Classics" (2018) for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. "Jam", "Mega Collection", and "Classic Collection" include "Knuckles in Sonic 2" as a bonus.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: A remake of "Sonic 2" was released for Android and iOS devices on December 12, 2013, and for Apple TV on March 24, 2016. The remake was developed from scratch by Christian "Taxman" Whitehead and Simon "Stealth" Thomley using the Retro Engine, previously used in Whitehead's 2011 "Sonic CD" remake. The remake adds enhancements such as support for widescreen displays, Knuckles as a playable character, time and boss attack modes, online multiplayer, additional multiplayer stages, and Tails's flying and swimming abilities from "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" (1994). It also restores Hidden Palace Zone as an optional, secret level. Whitehead redesigned Hidden Palace with input from Sonic Team, which informed him that STI had been dissatisfied with the original level design. The Android version sold more than 100,000 paid downloads on the Google Play Store by 2017, and received more than 10million downloads by 2019 after it was made free-to-play. The remake was included in the 2022 compilation "Sonic Origins".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: A Nintendo 3DS port was developed by M2 and released as part of Sega's "3D Classics" line in Japan on July 22, 2015, and elsewhere on October 8. The port features stereoscopic 3D visuals, the option to switch between the game's regional variants, alternate sound and visual modes, and cheats. M2 was originally hesitant to port the game, and it took the most effort of the "3D Classics" line due to its large size and elaborate levels. Several technical tricks, such as the interlacing in the multiplayer mode and the pre-rendering in the special stages, had to be reprogrammed so they could be retained. M2 also developed a Nintendo Switch port for the Sega Ages line, released in February 2020. It includes most of the additions from the 3DS version, as well as the option to use Sonic's Drop Dash ability from "Sonic Mania" (2017), a time attack mode, and "Knuckles in Sonic 2".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" has also been rereleased on digital distribution platforms. It was made available for download on the Wii's Virtual Console on June 11, 2007, the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade on September 12, 2007, the PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network on April 19, 2011, Steam on January 26, 2011, and for Nintendo Switch Online's "Expansion Pack" subscribers on October 25, 2021. These versions run via Genesis emulation, and the Wii and Xbox 360 versions allow users to play "Knuckles in Sonic 2" if they also own "Sonic & Knuckles". The Xbox 360 version sold 509,805 copies . An emulated version for iOS was released in April 2010, but was replaced by the remake in 2013; those who purchased the original version were offered the remake free. The Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Steam versions were delisted in 2022 ahead of the release of "Sonic Origins", a move that received criticism on video game preservation and consumer protection grounds.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" was a major factor in keeping Sega competitive during the console wars of the fourth generation of video game consoles in the early 1990s, and "GameSpot" described it as the game that solidified "Sonic" as a major franchise. It boosted Genesis sales enough to nearly equalize Sega with Nintendo and cemented Sonic as a video game mascot on par with Nintendo's Mario. Further, the Sonic 2sday promotion has been credited for originating the concept of a concrete and unified worldwide release date for video games. The practice was uncommon before "Sonic 2" release and became a widespread industry trend in the following years.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" introduced many elements that defined the "Sonic" franchise. "Game Informer" wrote that it "expanded the formula in myriad ways, giving Sonic new moves like the spin-dash, bigger stages to explore with more branching paths, and more inventive boss battles." "USGamer" said that much of the series' most-loved elements originated in "Sonic 2" with the introduction of Tails, Super Sonic, and casino levels. Tails became one of the most popular "Sonic" characters; according to Nilsen, Sega found that Tails was as popular as Sonic because he received nothing but praise through its 800 number line. Tails starred in two spin-offs, "Tails Adventure" and "Tails' Skypatrol", for the Game Gear in 1995.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" continues to receive acclaim. Critics consider it an improvement over the first "Sonic the Hedgehog", saying it features greater level diversity and design, better graphics, and quality-of-life improvements. "GameSpot" said that "Sonic 2" "does everything a sequel is supposed to do. It resolves many of the first game's shortcomings and incorporates a slew of minor upgrades that cumulatively amount to a fresh experience." "IGN" felt the emulated Wii rerelease was easy to recommend. "TeamXbox", "Eurogamer", and "Hardcore Gamer" said the level design, music, and fast gameplay still hold up exceptionally well, and "GamesRadar+" called it "the most user-friendly of all the "Sonic" games, beautifully presented and still a challenge if you want to complete it properly."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: Retrospective objects of criticism include the multiplayer mode and the implementation of Tails. Reviewers disliked the image distortion brought about by the multiplayer mode's squeezed and flickering graphics, while they considered Tails a burden due to his interference in boss battles. Additionally, "Eurogamer" described the visuals of the special stages as "dreadfully blocky", and "IGN" felt that the inclusion of Tails in the stages was "detrimental at best" since he constantly hits bombs and makes the player lose progress. Some critics wrote that the late-game stages were difficult and complex, while "GamesRadar+" said that "[the game] could be criticized for 'playing itself'" during sequences when Sonic careens at high speeds.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: The 2010 iOS and DS versions received middling reviews, with criticism for their quality and lack of multiplayer, but the 2013 remake was considered the definitive version. "TouchArcade" called it a "beautiful remaster" that would appeal to old and new fans and found it surreal to finally play the once-removed Hidden Palace in an official capacity. Critics praised the 3DS version for its implementation of the system's stereoscopic 3D and the added bonus features, with "Nintendo World Report" writing that the addition of cheats made difficult moments less frustrating. "Nintendo Life" was disappointed that the Switch version did not include the 2013 remake's features and felt that M2 should have chosen a lesser-known game to port, given the copious number of "Sonic 2" rereleases. Nonetheless, "Nintendo Life" felt it was an excellent port and a "must-have" for first-time players.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: "Sonic 2" is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. Listing the game at number 71 in its Top 100 Games of All Time list in 2001, "Game Informer" wrote that "Sonic 2" was "the most challenging and finely polished "Sonic the Hedgehog" title." "Sonic 2" took first place in a survey conducted by "Official Nintendo Magazine" to determine the fan-favorite "Sonic" game in 2010, and "GameZone" named it the second-best "Sonic" game (behind "Sonic 3") in 2011. "GamesRadar+" named "Sonic 2" the best "Sonic" game and the second-best Genesis game of all time (behind "Streets of Rage 2" (1992)) in 2017. In November 2017, Sonic Team head Takashi Iizuka said that he felt "Sonic 2" "really is the best of the classic "Sonic" series. The level design is just really, really solid... All of the [Sega] staff would say it was a great game for Japanese tastes but also a great game for American tastes. "Sonic 2" really captured that global sense of game design and level design."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: For "Sonic" 20th anniversary in 2011, Sega released "Sonic Generations", which features reimagined versions of stages from across the series' history. The PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows versions contain remakes of "Sonic 2" Chemical Plant Zone and the Death Egg Robot boss fight, while the Nintendo 3DS version contains a remake of Casino Night. Additionally, a Casino Night-themed pinball minigame was released as downloadable content. "Sonic Mania" features reimagined versions of Chemical Plant and Oil Ocean, while "Sonic Forces" (2017) features a reimagined version of Chemical Plant. Some design elements from "Sonic 2" feature in Studio Pierrot's "Sonic the Hedgehog" (1996) original video animation. The feature film "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" (2022) draws inspiration from "Sonic 2", though it is not a direct adaptation. The Death Egg Robot and Super Sonic appear in the film, while one of its posters recreates Martin's "Sonic 2" box art illustration.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: In the years since "Sonic 2" release, a number of prototypes have been leaked online. In 1999, a "Sonic" fan, Simon Wai, discovered an early prototype containing the scrapped Hidden Palace, Wood, and Genocide City levels on a Chinese website and shared it with the Western "Sonic" fandom. The discovery played a significant role in the development of the archaeogaming scene, as it encouraged players to datamine games and document prototype ROM images so they could understand how popular games were developed. Journalist Heidi Kemps presented the prototype to Naka during a 2005 "GameSpy" interview and he identified it as originating from a preview cartridge that had been stolen from a 1992 New York City toy show. A "Sonic" fan discovered the "Sonic 2" prototype featured on "Nick Arcade" in 2006 and raised over 1,500 to buy the cartridge and release the ROM image online. The "Nick Arcade" prototype, while primitive and unpolished, showed fans how STI built the game atop the original "Sonic the Hedgehog".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog 2

text: A high-definition (HD) fangame remake, "Sonic 2 HD", entered development for Windows and macOS in 2008. The project was canceled in 2012 after the release of a game demo that "Retro Gamer" described as "blighted by programming incompetence", due to high system requirements and digital rights management that inadvertently triggered antivirus software. However, the project was restarted by a new team in 2014. It is planned to feature additional levels, multiplayer modes, and the option to play as Knuckles. "Sonic 2" has also been noted for its active modding scene that releases ROM hacks featuring new game mechanics and playable characters. Modders decompiled the source code of the 2013 "Sonic 2" remake in 2021, allowing it to be unofficially ported to any platform.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "Jackass: The Movie (stylized as jackass the movie)" is a 2002 American reality slapstick comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine. It is a continuation of the MTV television series "Jackass", which had completed its run. It was produced by Lynch Siderow Productions and Dickhouse Productions. The film features most of the original "Jackass" cast, including leader Johnny Knoxville, Steve-O, Bam Margera, Ryan Dunn, Chris Pontius, Ehren McGhehey, Wee Man, Preston Lacy, and Dave England. MTV Films and Paramount Pictures released the film to theaters on October 25, 2002. It grossed over $79 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics. It was followed by a sequel, "Jackass Number Two" (2006).


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "Jackass: The Movie" is a compilation of stunts, skits, and pranks, intercut with on-set talking heads with its cast. The movie begins with the entire main cast riding a giant shopping cart downhill. At the bottom, the guys crash into a fruit stand which sends them flying into the fruit.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The most notable stunts and pranks include Johnny Knoxville getting flipped over in a golf cart, Steve-O snorting wasabi, Bam Margera pranking his mother April by planting a live alligator in her kitchen, Chris Pontius dancing in public while wearing nothing but a thong, Ryan Dunn fighting against a female kickboxing champion, Wee Man menacing around Japan in a giant traffic cone, Ehren McGhehey eating a snow cone made of his own urine, Preston Lacy sitting on a bench which is rigged to collapse in front of unsuspecting bystanders, and Dave England defecating in a display toilet at a hardware store after having an accident in a car where he proceeds to uncontrollably defecate in his pants.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The final stunt involves a toy car being inserted into a cast member's anus in order to get it shown in an x-ray. Steve-O was set to do the stunt, but after being told by his father that he would be disowned if he had done it, Ryan Dunn volunteers and ends up doing the stunt. The end result is successful, as it appears once the x-ray has been taken. The toy car is later seen being defecated out in the end credits. This is followed by Johnny Knoxville being launched into a lake via catapult, where comedian Rip Taylor closes the film.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: After the success of the "Jackass" TV series, Johnny Knoxville was approached by the producers to make it into a feature film. Initially, he rejected the idea as he did not understand the concept; thinking they will get Hollywood actors to portray the cast. He later agreed when both Jeff Tremaine and Spike Jonze explained it will be a "naughtier version" of the TV series.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: Bits that were filmed, but got cut out of the theatrical and home media releases include Gene LeBell choking the cast out one by one, Ryan Dunn getting sprayed by bear mace in the face by Bam Margera, Wee Man skating while being dressed as a penis, Preston Lacy getting "fat fuck" trimmed in his hair by cinematographer Dimitry Elyashkevich with hair clippers, Dave England posing as a caricature sketch artist to draw inappropriate drawings, Steve-O pouring beer in his anus with a garden hose (which was later redone in "Jackass Number Two"), Chris Pontius and Dave England putting a bicycle lock around a crew member's neck, and Ehren McGhehey, Ryan Dunn, Chris Pontius, and Mat Hoffman wakeboarding with BMXs attached to the wakeboards. Some of these deleted bits are briefly shown in the credits and/or the making of "Jackass: The Movie". Dave England uploaded the caricature sketch artist bit on his YouTube channel, but it got removed for violating the guidelines. He then re-posted it on his website.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The original plan for the "Butt X-Ray" was for someone to insert a cellphone up their anus and then getting a call, but it later got changed to a toy car. A scene that was planned but never got filmed due to financial reasons was for Chris Pontius to be dressed up as the devil and going to a Pentecostal church where they handle live snakes.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The original ending for the film was supposed to be a Rube Goldberg-type contraption, with each of the cast members performing a stunt that either has something to do with what they did on the show (for example, the first stunt would have Preston Lacy as "The Human Wrecking Ball", knocking him into a Port-A-Potty), or simply for a sight gag (such as Ehren McGhehey being knocked over in the Port-A-Potty and landing on a bed of toilet paper rolls), ending with Johnny being launched off the catapult next to Rip Taylor.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: However, as the entire contraption didn't work together the way they wanted it to, the producers of the film decided to try filming an alternate ending, which is how they came to film the "Son of Jackass" skit. The "Son of Jackass" skit (according to the beginning, set in the year 2063) starts almost immediately after Knoxville and Taylor return to the edge of the lake, as Taylor whispers the suggestion into Knoxville's ear, and involves all of the performers in "old man" costumes running around in exploding buildings and sheds, with only Steve-O surviving to proclaim "Yeah, dude." In the cast commentary, it is said that this is ironic as Steve-O is the least likely to even reach old age. Some bits of the failed ending were incorporated into the end credits montage, like Dave England dressed in a penis costume and Wee Man going down the giant Plinko contraption.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The film was released on DVD on March 25, 2003. The DVD includes 27 minutes of additional footage, outtakes and MTV's "Making of Jackass: The Movie. An unrated version of the film was released in 2006, with a runtime of 87 minutes.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The film had a budget of $5 million and was the number one film at the United States box office when it opened, grossing $22.8 million, revenue from 2,509 theaters, for an average of $9,073 per venue. The film fell to fourth place in its second weekend and dropped 44 percent to $12.7 million, expanding to 2,530 theaters and averaging $5,032 per theater. The ten day gross was $42.1 million. The film went on to gross $64.3 million in the United States alone, of which the opening weekend made up 35.43 percent of its final gross. It made $15.2 million in other countries, bringing the worldwide gross to $79.5 million.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports 49% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 96 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "There's a good chance you'll be laughing hysterically at one stunt, but getting grossed out by the next one in this big screen version of the controversial MTV show." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 42 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: Talking on "Ebert & Roeper", Richard Roeper called it the "feel-sick movie of the year" and said the film is "a disgusting, repulsive, grotesque spectacle, but it's also hilarious and provocative. God help me, thumbs up." Roger Ebert gave the film a low rating, but only barely, explaining his rating comes "somewhere between a thumbs down and a sort of 'waving over' recommendation". "The Austin Chronicle"s Kimberly Jones gave the film 3 stars and said it is the "feature-length rendering of jackass the MTV show, meaning no plot, no script, just wall-to-wall idiocy." Jones said "It's silly, often stomach-churning, but also awfully addictive, inspiring the same kind of vicarious adrenaline rush as "Fight Club", with its 'I bleed, therefore I am'; he-man mentality." Jones also remarked, "Consisting of a steady clip of barely minutes-long gags...this piece of outré performance art defies typical movie conventions..." "Chicago Tribune" film reporter Mark Caro gave the film 1 star out of 4 and called it "willful idiocy for idiocy's sake." Caro also said "there's one stunt that I bet none of these moronic daredevils would tackle: trying to say something intelligent about "Jackass: The Movie.""


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "Deseret Morning News"s Jeff Vice gave the film 1½ stars and said the 80-minute run time was too much. Vice described the film as "possibly the most irresponsible picture ever released by a major film studio." Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B" and said the film "provokes a suspense halfway between comedy and horror. I'm not sure if I enjoyed myself, exactly, but I could hardly wait to see what I'd be appalled by next." Gleiberman also said "In the movie version of the show that might just as well have been called "America's Funniest Frat-House Hazing Rituals", the boys engage in infantile "Candid Camera" grossouts..." "Film Journal International"s Ethan Alter, who admitted to having never seen an episode of the TV show, said "it would be easy for me to hold "Jackass: The Movie" up as a leading example of the decline of Western civilization." Alter said he was disturbed by "the film's, and by extension the audience's, cavalier attitude towards pain."


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "LA Weekly" critic Paul Malcolm listed "Jackass: The Movie" as one of the 10 best films of 2002 and also called it the most underrated film of the year. "Film Threat"s Pete Vonder Haar said the results of "essentially transplanting the show to the big screen" are "incredibly funny and often too disgusting for words."


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "The Miami Herald"s Rene Rodriguez gave the film 2½ stars out of 4 and said "Johnny Knoxville and his merry band of anarchists ran around performing the sort of suicidal stunts parental warnings were invented for" and "the gang also likes to train their sights on the unsuspecting public, "Candid Camera" style." "New York Post" film critic Lou Lumenick said "[this] plotless collection of moronic stunts is by far the worst movie of the year." Reviewing the film for "The New York Times", A.O. Scott said it "is essentially an extended episode of the popular "Jackass" MTV series" and that "some of the undertakings, amateurishly recorded on video, are like demented science experiments." Scott said ""Jackass the Movie" is like a documentary version of "Fight Club", shorn of social insight, intellectual pretension and cinematic interest".


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "The Village Voice"s Ed Halter said "their feature debut plays like a longer episode of the show" and said "it's funny, as the old saying goes, because it's true." Halter wrote "the structure is ruthlessly efficient: no plot, no characters, no sets, and no downtime—just one sight-gag right after another." Scott Foundas of "Variety" referred to "Jackass: The Movie" as the first reality film when reviewing "The Real Cancun" in April 2003.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: In a film critic roundup of 2002 films in "The Village Voice", film critic Armond White said "Best Documentary: Jackass, far and away." Ed Halter of "The Village Voice" wrote, "MTV would surely love to claim "Jackass" as a mutant by-product of its "Real World" franchise, but its roots lie elsewhere", saying "their self-destructive brand of docu-comedy emerged as a bizarrely elaborate version of a skateboard-video mainstay: slam sections..." Jennie Punter of "The Globe and Mail" said the film "belongs in the too-hot-for-TV direct-to-video/DVD category".


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: The soundtrack was released on October 25, 2002, by American Recordings. The soundtrack features songs that were featured in the movie, and various audio clips from the movie.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: "Jackass: The Movie" was filmed with a modest budget of approximately $5 million, but earned more than $22 million during its opening weekend, effectively managing to secure the top spot at the box office for its debut and immediately making back its budget at least 4 times over. It eventually grossed more than $64 million in North America alone.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: Initially meant as the "grand finale" for the series as several cast members, most notably Bam Margera and Steve-O, focused on new shows outside the "Jackass" brand, the crew ultimately decided to reunite for another film as Steve-O in particular realized part of the reason he did "Jackass"-style stunts on his programs was because of how much he enjoyed working with the crew.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: On September 22, 2006, Paramount Pictures released "Jackass Number Two". A feature titled "Jackass 2.5" was compiled from outtakes shot during the making of the second film and released direct-to-DVD on December 26, 2007.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: In December 2009, Paramount Pictures and MTV Films issued a press release that a second sequel titled "Jackass 3D" would be made. It was released on October 15, 2010. The movie was filmed in 3D starting in January 2010. "Jackass 3.5" was compiled from outtakes shot during the making of the third film. The film was released in weekly installments on Joost from April 1 through June 13, 2011. The entire film was then released direct-to-DVD on June 14, 2011.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: In July 2013, a spin-off movie titled "" was announced. It was released on October 25, 2013, exactly 11 years after "Jackass: The Movie" came out. Unlike the other "Jackass" movies, this one has a story and features just Johnny Knoxville dressed as his grandpa character, Irving Zisman. A separate movie titled "Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa.5" was made out of unused footage, outtakes, and interviews with the cast and crew members during the making of "Bad Grandpa". This film premiered on MTV on June 15, 2014.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: In December 2019, a third sequel, "Jackass Forever", was announced and scheduled to be released on March 5, 2021, but was eventually delayed for July 2, 2021, and again to September 3, 2021. In April 2021 the movie was delayed again to October 22, 2021. In September 2021, the movie was delayed once more to February 4, 2022. "Jackass 4.5" is compiled of outtakes shot during the filming of the fourth movie and was released on Netflix on May 20, 2022.


title: Jackass: The Movie

text: Japanese game developer Goichi Suda (aka SUDA 51) is a fan of "Jackass: The Movie". The main character of the 2007 "No More Heroes" video game, Travis Touchdown, was inspired by Johnny Knoxville.


title: William Hague

text: William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond, (born 26 March 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician and life peer who served as Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1997 to 2001. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond (Yorks) in North Yorkshire from 1989 to 2015. He served in the Cameron government as First Secretary of State from 2010 to 2015, Foreign Secretary from 2010 to 2014, and Leader of the House of Commons from 2014 to 2015.


title: William Hague

text: Hague was educated at Wath Comprehensive School, the University of Oxford and INSEAD, subsequently being elected to the House of Commons at a by-election in 1989. Hague quickly rose through the ranks of the government of John Major and was appointed to Cabinet in 1995 as Secretary of State for Wales. Following the Conservatives' defeat at the 1997 general election by the Labour Party, he was elected Leader of the Conservative Party at the age of 36.


title: William Hague

text: Hague resigned as Conservative leader after the 2001 general election following his party's second defeat, at which the Conservatives made a net gain of just one seat. He returned to the backbenches, pursuing a career as an author, writing biographies of William Pitt the Younger and William Wilberforce. He also held several directorships, and worked as a consultant and public speaker.


title: William Hague

text: After David Cameron was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 2005, Hague was reappointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Foreign Secretary. He also assumed the role of Senior Member of the Shadow Cabinet, serving as Cameron's deputy. Following the formation of the coalition government in 2010, Hague was appointed First Secretary of State and Foreign Secretary. Cameron described him as his ""de facto" political deputy". On 14 July 2014, Hague stood down as Foreign Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons. He did not stand for re-election at the 2015 general election and was succeeded by Rishi Sunak. He was awarded a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours List on 9 October 2015.


title: William Hague

text: Hague was born on 26 March 1961 in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England. He initially boarded at Ripon Grammar School and then attended Wath Comprehensive School, a state secondary school near Rotherham. His parents, Nigel and Stella Hague, ran a soft drinks manufacturing business where he worked during school holidays.


title: William Hague

text: He first made the national news at the age of 16 by addressing the Conservatives at their 1977 Annual National Conference. In his speech he told the delegates: "half of you won't be here in 30 or 40 years' time..., but that others would have to live with consequences of a Labour Government if it stayed in power". Writing in his diary at the time Kenneth Rose noted that Peter Carrington told him that "he and several other frontbench Tories were nauseated by the much-heralded speech of a sixteen-year-old schoolboy called William Hague. Peter said to Norman St John-Stevas: 'If he is as priggish and self-assured as that at sixteen, what will he be like in thirty years' time? Norman replied: 'Like Michael Heseltine'".


title: William Hague

text: Hague read Philosophy, politics and economics at Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating with first-class honours. He was President of the Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA), but was "convicted of electoral malpractice" in the election process of his successor. OUCA's official historian, David Blair, notes that Hague was actually elected on a platform pledging to clean up OUCA, but that this was "tarnished by accusations that he misused his position as Returning Officer to help the Magdalen candidate for the presidency, Peter Havey. Hague was playing the classic game of using his powers as President to keep his faction in power, and Havey was duly elected... There were accusations of blatant ballot box stuffing".


title: William Hague

text: He also served as President of the Oxford Union, an established route into politics. After Oxford, Hague went on to study for a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree at INSEAD. He then worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, where Archie Norman was his mentor.