title: Slum

text: Overcrowding is another characteristic of slums. Many dwellings are single room units, with high occupancy rates. Each dwelling may be cohabited by multiple families. Five and more persons may share a one-room unit; the room is used for cooking, sleeping and living. Overcrowding is also seen near sources of drinking water, cleaning, and sanitation where one toilet may serve dozens of families. In a slum of Kolkata, India, over 10 people sometimes share a 45 m room. In Kibera slum of Nairobi, Kenya, population density is estimated at 2,000 people per hectare — or about 500,000 people in one square mile.


title: Slum

text: However, the density and neighbourhood effects of slum populations may also offer an opportunity to target health interventions.


title: Slum

text: One of the identifying characteristics of slums is the lack of or inadequate public infrastructure. From safe drinking water to electricity, from basic health care to police services, from affordable public transport to fire/ambulance services, from sanitation sewer to paved roads, new slums usually lack all of these. Established, old slums sometimes garner official support and get some of these infrastructure such as paved roads and unreliable electricity or water supply. Slums usually lack street addresses, which creates further problems.


title: Slum

text: Slums often have very narrow alleys that do not allow vehicles (including emergency vehicles) to pass. The lack of services such as routine garbage collection allows rubbish to accumulate in huge quantities. The lack of infrastructure is caused by the informal nature of settlement and no planning for the poor by government officials. Fires are often a serious problem.


title: Slum

text: In many countries, local and national government often refuse to recognize slums, because the slum are on disputed land, or because of the fear that quick official recognition will encourage more slum formation and seizure of land illegally. Recognizing and notifying slums often triggers a creation of property rights, and requires that the government provide public services and infrastructure to the slum residents. With poverty and informal economy, slums do not generate tax revenues for the government and therefore tend to get minimal or slow attention. In other cases, the narrow and haphazard layout of slum streets, houses and substandard shacks, along with persistent threat of crime and violence against infrastructure workers, makes it difficult to layout reliable, safe, cost effective and efficient infrastructure. In yet others, the demand far exceeds the government bureaucracy's ability to deliver.


title: Slum

text: Low socioeconomic status of its residents is another common characteristic attributed to slum residents.


title: Slum

text: Slums are often placed among the places vulnerable to natural disasters such as landslides and floods. In cities located over mountainous terrain, slums begin on slopes difficult to reach or start at the bottom of flood-prone valleys, often hidden from plain view of city center but close to some natural water source. In cities located near lagoons, marshlands and rivers, they start at banks or on stilts above water or the dry river bed; in flat terrain, slums begin on lands unsuitable for agriculture, near city trash dumps, next to railway tracks, and other shunned, undesirable locations. These strategies shield slums from the risk of being noticed and removed when they are small and most vulnerable to local government officials. However, the ad hoc construction, lack of quality control on building materials used, poor maintenance, and uncoordinated spatial design make them prone to extensive damage during earthquakes as well from decay. These risks will be intensified by climate change.


title: Slum

text: Some slums risk man-made hazards such as toxic industries, traffic congestion and collapsing infrastructure. Fires are another major risk to slums and its inhabitants, with streets too narrow to allow proper and quick access to fire control trucks.


title: Slum

text: Due to lack of skills and education as well as competitive job markets, many slum dwellers face high rates of unemployment. The limit of job opportunities causes many of them to employ themselves in the informal economy, inside the slum or in developed urban areas near the slum. This can sometimes be licit informal economy or illicit informal economy without working contract or any social security. Some of them are seeking jobs at the same time and some of those will eventually find jobs in formal economies after gaining some professional skills in informal sectors.


title: Slum

text: Examples of licit informal economy include street vending, household enterprises, product assembly and packaging, making garlands and embroideries, domestic work, shoe polishing or repair, driving tuk-tuk or manual rickshaws, construction workers or manually driven logistics, and handicrafts production. In some slums, people sort and recycle trash of different kinds (from household garbage to electronics) for a living – selling either the odd usable goods or stripping broken goods for parts or raw materials. Typically these licit informal economies require the poor to regularly pay a bribe to local police and government officials.


title: Slum

text: Examples of illicit informal economy include illegal substance and weapons trafficking, drug or moonshine/changaa production, prostitution and gambling – all sources of risks to the individual, families and society. Recent reports reflecting illicit informal economies include drug trade and distribution in Brazil's "favelas", production of fake goods in the "colonías" of Tijuana, smuggling in "katchi abadis" and slums of Karachi, or production of synthetic drugs in the "townships" of Johannesburg.


title: Slum

text: The slum-dwellers in informal economies run many risks. The informal sector, by its very nature, means income insecurity and lack of social mobility. There is also absence of legal contracts, protection of labour rights, regulations and bargaining power in informal employments.


title: Slum

text: Some scholars suggest that crime is one of the main concerns in slums. Empirical data suggest crime rates are higher in some slums than in non-slums, with slum homicides alone reducing life expectancy of a resident in a Brazil slum by 7 years than for a resident in nearby non-slum. In some countries like Venezuela, officials have sent in the military to control slum criminal violence involved with drugs and weapons. Rape is another serious issue related to crime in slums. In Nairobi slums, for example, one fourth of all teenage girls are raped each year.


title: Slum

text: On the other hand, while UN-Habitat reports some slums are more exposed to crimes with higher crime rates (for instance, the traditional inner-city slums), crime is not the direct resultant of block layout in many slums. Rather crime is one of the symptoms of slum dwelling; thus slums consist of more victims than criminals. Consequently, slums in all do not have consistently high crime rates; slums have the worst crime rates in sectors maintaining influence of illicit economy – such as drug trafficking, brewing, prostitution and gambling –. Often in such circumstance, multiple gangs fight for control over revenue.


title: Slum

text: Slum crime rate correlates with insufficient law enforcement and inadequate public policing. In main cities of developing countries, law enforcement lags behind urban growth and slum expansion. Often police can not reduce crime because, due to ineffective city planning and governance, slums set inefficient crime prevention system. Such problems is not primarily due to community indifference. Leads and information intelligence from slums are rare, streets are narrow and a potential death traps to patrol, and many in the slum community have an inherent distrust of authorities from fear ranging from eviction to collection on unpaid utility bills to general law and order. Lack of formal recognition by the governments also leads to few formal policing and public justice institutions in slums.


title: Slum

text: Women in slums are at greater risk of physical and sexual violence. Factors such as unemployment that lead to insufficient resources in the household can increase marital stress and therefore exacerbate domestic violence.


title: Slum

text: Slums are often non-secured areas and women often risk sexual violence when they walk alone in slums late at night. Violence against women and women's security in slums emerge as recurrent issues.


title: Slum

text: Another prevalent form of violence in slums is armed violence (gun violence), mostly existing in African and Latin American slums. It leads to homicide and the emergence of criminal gangs. Typical victims are male slum residents. Violence often leads to retaliatory and vigilante violence within the slum. Gang and drug wars are endemic in some slums, predominantly between male residents of slums. The police sometimes participate in gender-based violence against men as well by picking up some men, beating them and putting them in jail. Domestic violence against men also exists in slums, including verbal abuses and even physical violence from households.


title: Slum

text: Cohen as well as Merton theorized that the cycle of slum violence does not mean slums are inevitably criminogenic, rather in some cases it is frustration against life in slum, and a consequence of denial of opportunity to slum residents to leave the slum. Further, crime rates are not uniformly high in world's slums; the highest crime rates in slums are seen where illicit economy – such as drug trafficking, brewing, prostitution and gambling – is strong and multiple gangs are fighting for control.


title: Slum

text: Slum dwellers usually experience a high rate of disease. Diseases that have been reported in slums include cholera, HIV/AIDS, measles, malaria, dengue, typhoid, drug resistant tuberculosis, and other epidemics. Studies focus on children's health in slums address that cholera and diarrhea are especially common among young children. Besides children's vulnerability to diseases, many scholars also focus on high HIV/AIDS prevalence in slums among women. Throughout slum areas in various parts of the world, infectious diseases are a significant contributor to high mortality rates. For example, according to a study in Nairobi's slums, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis attributed to about 50% of the mortality burden.


title: Slum

text: Factors that have been attributed to a higher rate of disease transmission in slums include high population densities, poor living conditions, low vaccination rates, insufficient health-related data and inadequate health service. Overcrowding leads to faster and wider spread of diseases due to the limited space in slum housing. Poor living conditions also make slum dwellers more vulnerable to certain diseases. Poor water quality, a manifest example, is a cause of many major illnesses including malaria, diarrhea and trachoma. Improving living conditions such as introduction of better sanitation and access to basic facilities can ameliorate the effects of diseases, such as cholera.


title: Slum

text: Slums have been historically linked to epidemics, and this trend has continued in modern times. For example, the slums of West African nations such as Liberia were crippled by as well as contributed to the outbreak and spread of Ebola in 2014. Slums are considered a major public health concern and potential breeding grounds of drug resistant diseases for the entire city, the nation, as well as the global community.


title: Slum

text: In Mumbai and New Delhi, 47% and 51% of slum children under the age of five are stunted and 35% and 36% of them are underweighted. These children all suffer from third-degree malnutrition, the most severe level, according to WHO standards. A study conducted by Tada et al. in Bangkok slums illustrates that in terms of weight-forage, 25.4% of the children who participated in the survey suffered from malnutrition, compared to around 8% national malnutrition prevalence in Thailand. In Ethiopia and the Niger, rates of child malnutrition in urban slums are around 40%.


title: Slum

text: The major nutritional problems in slums are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A deficiency (VAD), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Malnutrition can sometimes lead to death among children. Dr. Abhay Bang's report shows that malnutrition kills 56,000 children annually in urban slums in India.


title: Slum

text: Widespread child malnutrition in slums is closely related to family income, mothers' food practice, mothers' educational level, and maternal employment or housewifery. Poverty may result in inadequate food intake when people cannot afford to buy and store enough food, which leads to malnutrition. Another common cause is mothers' faulty feeding practices, including inadequate breastfeeding and wrongly preparation of food for children. Tada et al.'s study in Bangkok slums shows that around 64% of the mothers sometimes fed their children instant food instead of a normal meal. And about 70% of the mothers did not provide their children three meals every day. Mothers' lack of education leads to their faulty feeding practices. Many mothers in slums don't have knowledge on food nutrition for children. Maternal employment also influences children's nutritional status. For the mothers who work outside, their children are prone to be malnourished. These children are likely to be neglected by their mothers or sometimes not carefully looked after by their female relatives.


title: Slum

text: A multitude of non-contagious diseases also impact health for slum residents. Examples of prevalent non-infectious diseases include: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, neurological disorders, and mental illness. In some slum areas of India, diarrhea is a significant health problem among children. Factors like poor sanitation, low literacy rates, and limited awareness make diarrhea and other dangerous diseases extremely prevalent and burdensome on the community.


title: Slum

text: Lack of reliable data also has a negative impact on slum dwellers' health. A number of slum families do not report cases or seek professional medical care, which results in insufficient data. This might prevent appropriate allocation of health care resources in slum areas since many countries base their health care plans on data from clinic, hospital, or national mortality registry. Moreover, health service is insufficient or inadequate in most of the world's slums. Emergency ambulance service and urgent care services are typically unavailable, as health service providers sometimes avoid servicing slums. A study shows that more than half of slum dwellers are prone to visit private practitioners or seek self-medication with medicines available in the home. Private practitioners in slums are usually those who are unlicensed or poorly trained and they run clinics and pharmacies mainly for the sake of money. The categorization of slum health by the government and census data also has an effect on the distribution and allocation of health resources in inner city areas. A significant portion of city populations face challenges with access to health care but do not live in locations that are described as within the "slum" area.


title: Slum

text: Overall, a complex network of physical, social, and environmental factors contribute to the health threats faced by slum residents.


title: Slum

text: Recent years have seen a dramatic growth in the number of slums as urban populations have increased in developing countries. Nearly a billion people worldwide live in slums, and some project the figure may grow to 2 billion by 2030 if governments and the global community ignore slums and continue current urban policies. United Nations Habitat group believes change is possible.


title: Slum

text: Some NGO's are focused at addressing local problems (i.e. sanitation issues, health, ...), through the mapping out of the slums and its health services, creation of latrines,


title: Slum

text: creation of local food production projects, and even microcredit projects. In one project (in Rio de Janeiro), the government even employed slum residents for the reforestation of a nearby location.


title: Slum

text: To achieve the goal of "cities without slums", the UN claims that governments must undertake vigorous urban planning, city management, infrastructure development, slum upgrading and poverty reduction.


title: Slum

text: Some city and state officials have simply sought to remove slums. This strategy for dealing with slums is rooted in the fact that slums typically start illegally on someone else's land property, and they are not recognized by the state. As the slum started by violating another's property rights, the residents have no legal claim to the land.


title: Slum

text: Critics argue that slum removal by force tend to ignore the social problems that cause slums. The poor children as well as working adults of a city's informal economy need a place to live. Slum clearance removes the slum, but it does not remove the causes that create and maintain the slum.


title: Slum

text: Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the slums and relocating the slum poor to free semi-rural peripheries of cities, sometimes in free housing. This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum life. The strategy sees slum as merely a place where the poor lives. In reality, slums are often integrated with every aspect of a slum resident's life, including sources of employment, distance from work, and social life. Slum relocation that displaces the poor from opportunities to earn a livelihood, generates economic insecurity in the poor. In some cases, the slum residents oppose relocation even if the replacement land and housing to the outskirts of cities is of better quality than their current house. Examples include Zone One Tondo Organization of Manila, Philippines, and Abahlali baseMjondolo of Durban, South Africa. In other cases, such as Ennakhil slum relocation project in Morocco, systematic social mediation has worked. The slum residents have been convinced that their current location is a health hazard, prone to natural disaster, or that the alternative location is well connected to employment opportunities.


title: Slum

text: Some governments have begun to approach slums as a possible opportunity to urban development by slum upgrading. This approach was inspired in part by the theoretical writings of John Turner in 1972. The approach seeks to upgrade the slum with basic infrastructure such as sanitation, safe drinking water, safe electricity distribution, paved roads, rain water drainage system, and bus/metro stops. The assumption behind this approach is that if slums are given basic services and tenure security – that is, the slum will not be destroyed and slum residents will not be evicted, then the residents will rebuild their own housing, engage their slum community to live better, and over time attract investment from government organizations and businesses. Turner argued not to demolish the housing, but to improve the environment: if governments can clear existing slums of unsanitary human waste, polluted water and litter, and from muddy unlit lanes, they do not have to worry about the shanty housing. "Squatters" have shown great organizational skills in terms of land management, and they will maintain the infrastructure that is provided.


title: Slum

text: In Mexico City for example, the government attempted to upgrade and urbanize settled slums in the periphery during the 1970s and 1980s by including basic amenities such as concrete roads, parks, illumination and sewage. Currently, most slums in Mexico City face basic characteristics of traditional slums, characterized to some extent in housing, population density, crime and poverty, however, the vast majority of its inhabitants have access to basic amenities and most areas are connected to major roads and completely urbanized. Nevertheless, smaller settlements lacking these can still be found in the periphery of the city and its inhabitants are known as "paracaidistas". A more recent example of slum-upgrading approach is PRIMED initiative in Medellin, Colombia, where streets, Metrocable transportation and other public infrastructure has been added. These slum infrastructure upgrades were combined with city infrastructure upgrade such as addition of metro, paved roads and highways to empower all city residents including the poor with reliable access throughout city.


title: Slum

text: Most slum upgrading projects, however, have produced mixed results. While initial evaluations were promising and success stories widely reported by media, evaluations done 5 to 10 years after a project completion have been disappointing. Herbert Werlin notes that the initial benefits of slum upgrading efforts have been ephemeral. The slum upgrading projects in "kampungs" of Jakarta Indonesia, for example, looked promising in first few years after upgrade, but thereafter returned to a condition worse than before, particularly in terms of sanitation, environmental problems and safety of drinking water. Communal toilets provided under slum upgrading effort were poorly maintained, and abandoned by slum residents of Jakarta. Similarly slum upgrading efforts in Philippines, India and Brazil have proven to be excessively more expensive than initially estimated, and the condition of the slums 10 years after completion of slum upgrading has been slum like. The anticipated benefits of slum upgrading, claims Werlin, have proven to be a myth. There is limited but consistent evidence that slums upgrading may prevent diarrhoeal diseases and water-related expenditure.


title: Slum

text: Slum upgrading is largely a government controlled, funded and run process, rather than a competitive market driven process. Krueckeberg and Paulsen note conflicting politics, government corruption and street violence in slum regularization process is part of the reality. Slum upgrading and tenure regularization also upgrade and regularize the slum bosses and political agendas, while threatening the influence and power of municipal officials and ministries. Slum upgrading does not address poverty, low paying jobs from informal economy, and other characteristics of slums. Recent research shows that the lack of these options make residents to undertake measures to assure their working needs. One example in the northeast of Brazil, Vila S. Pedro, was mischaracterized by informal self-constructions by residents to restore working opportunities originally employed in the informal settlement. It is unclear whether slum upgrading can lead to long-term sustainable improvement to slums.


title: Slum

text: Urban infrastructure such as reliable high speed mass transit system, motorways/interstates, and public housing projects have been cited as responsible for the disappearance of major slums in the United States and Europe from the 1960s through 1970s. Charles Pearson argued in UK Parliament that mass transit would enable London to reduce slums and relocate slum dwellers. His proposal was initially rejected for lack of land and other reasons; but Pearson and others persisted with creative proposals such as building the mass transit under the major roads already in use and owned by the city. London Underground was born, and its expansion has been credited to reducing slums in respective cities (and to an extent, the New York City Subway's smaller expansion).


title: Slum

text: As cities expanded and business parks scattered due to cost ineffectiveness, people moved to live in the suburbs; thus retail, logistics, house maintenance and other businesses followed demand patterns. City governments used infrastructure investments and urban planning to distribute work, housing, green areas, retail, schools and population densities. Affordable public mass transit in cities such as New York City, London and Paris allowed the poor to reach areas where they could earn a livelihood. Public and council housing projects cleared slums and provided more sanitary housing options than what existed before the 1950s.


title: Slum

text: Slum clearance became a priority policy in Europe between 1950–1970s, and one of the biggest state-led programs. In the UK, the slum clearance effort was bigger in scale than the formation of British Railways, the National Health Service and other state programs. UK Government data suggests the clearances that took place after 1955 demolished about 1.5 million slum properties, resettling about 15% of UK's population out of these properties. Similarly, after 1950, Denmark and others pursued parallel initiatives to clear slums and resettle the slum residents.


title: Slum

text: The US and European governments additionally created a procedure by which the poor could directly apply to the government for housing assistance, thus becoming a partner to identifying and meeting the housing needs of its citizens. One historically effective approach to reduce and prevent slums has been citywide infrastructure development combined with affordable, reliable public mass transport and public housing projects.


title: Slum

text: However, slum relocation in the name of urban development is criticized for uprooting communities without consultation or consideration of ongoing livelihood. For example, the Sabarmati Riverfront Project, a recreational development in Ahmedabad, India, forcefully relocated over 19,000 families from shacks along the river to 13 public housing complexes that were an average of 9 km away from the family's original dwelling.


title: Slum

text: Slums exist in many countries and have become a global phenomenon. A UN-Habitat report states that in 2006 there were nearly 1 billion people settling in slum settlements in most cities of Central America, Asia, South America and Africa, and a smaller number in the cities of Europe and North America.


title: Slum

text: In 2012, according to UN-Habitat, about 863 million people in the developing world lived in slums. Of these, the urban slum population at mid-year was around 213 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 207 million in East Asia, 201 million in South Asia, 113 million in Latin America and Caribbean, 80 million in Southeast Asia, 36 million in West Asia, and 13 million in North Africa. Among individual countries, the proportion of urban residents living in slum areas in 2009 was highest in the Central African Republic (95.9%), Chad (89.3%), Niger (81.7%), and Mozambique (80.5%).


title: Slum

text: The distribution of slums within a city varies throughout the world. In most of the developed countries, it is easier to distinguish the slum-areas and non-slum areas. In the United States, slum dwellers are usually in city neighborhoods and inner suburbs, while in Europe, they are more common in high rise housing on the urban outskirts. In many developing countries, slums are prevalent as distributed pockets or as urban orbits of densely constructed informal settlements.


title: Slum

text: In some cities, especially in countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, slums are not just marginalized neighborhoods holding a small population; slums are widespread, and are home to a large part of urban population. These are sometimes called "slum cities".


title: Slum

text: The percentage of developing world's urban population living in slums has been dropping with economic development, even while total urban population has been increasing. In 1990, 46 percent of the urban population lived in slums; by 2000, the percentage had dropped to 39%; which further dropped to 32% by 2010.


title: Star-Lord

text: Star-Lord (Peter Jason Quill) is a fictional character and superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Steve Englehart and Steve Gan, first appeared in "Marvel Preview" #4 (January 1976). The son of human Meredith Quill and Spartoi J'son, Peter Quill assumes the mantle of Star-Lord, an interplanetary policeman.


title: Star-Lord

text: The character played prominent roles in the comic book storylines "Annihilation" (2006) and "" (2007), "War of Kings" (2008), and "The Thanos Imperative" (2009). He became the leader of the space-based superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy in the 2008 relaunch of the comic of the same name. He has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, toys and trading cards.


title: Star-Lord

text: Chris Pratt portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014), "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" (2017), "" (2018), "" (2019), "", and "Guardians of the Galaxy: Holiday Special" (both 2022). Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Peter Quill in the first two "Guardians of the Galaxy" films. Pratt will return to play the character in "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3" (2023). Quill also appeared in the Disney+ animated series "What If...?" (2021).


title: Star-Lord

text: The character first appeared in the black-and-white magazine publication "Marvel Preview" #4 (Jan 1976). Creator Steve Englehart had plans for the character that went unrealized. He later reflected on his website:


title: Star-Lord

text: Star-Lord continued to appear in "Marvel Preview", with writer Chris Claremont revamping the character and using science fiction adventure stories like the Heinlein juveniles for inspiration. Heinlein's lawyers threatened legal action over the cover to "Marvel Preview" #11, which featured a blurb that described the content as "a novel-length science fiction spectacular in the tradition of Robert A. Heinlein", leading to the issue being pulled and reprinted. The story in #11 was the first teaming of the celebrated "X-Men" creative trio of writer Chris Claremont, penciller John Byrne, and inker Terry Austin. Star-Lord made sporadic appearances over the next few years in the titles "Marvel Super Special", "Marvel Spotlight", and "Marvel Premiere". The "Marvel Spotlight" installments, which were Star-Lord's first appearance in a traditional comic book format, served to consolidate the separate but complementary origin stories from his two appearances in "Marvel Preview". In February 1982, a color reprint of the black-and-white Star-Lord story from "Marvel Preview" #11 was published with a new framing sequence by Claremont and artist Michael Golden.


title: Star-Lord

text: The character returned in "Thanos" #8–12 (May–Sept. 2004) and "Annihilation" #1-6 (2006). The following year, he received a four issue eponymous title ("Annihilation: ConquestStar-Lord") leading into the "" crossover storyline, in which he played a central role. Spinning out of "Annihilation: Conquest", a second volume of "Guardians of the Galaxy" featured a team of characters from the crossover who were led by Star-Lord for the duration of the title's 25-issue run. Plot lines from that series were concluded in "The Thanos Imperative" mini-series.


title: Star-Lord

text: Because of revisions to the character's origin, his early appearances have been officially designated as occurring in an alternate reality.


title: Star-Lord

text: Star-Lord returned, along with other members of the Guardians, in "Avengers Assemble" #4-8 (June–Oct. 2012). He stars in "Guardians of the Galaxy" vol. 3, a part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch.


title: Star-Lord

text: In July 2014, Star-Lord received his own ongoing series, "Legendary Star-Lord". The character was also given a new costume, matching that seen in the Marvel Studios film "Guardians of the Galaxy"


title: Star-Lord

text: His solo series and "Guardians of the Galaxy" vol. 3 ended as Marvel began its 2015 "Secret Wars" storyline. Star-Lord appeared as a main character in the core "Secret Wars" miniseries, and in a tie-in miniseries during the event, "Star-Lord and Kitty Pryde".


title: Star-Lord

text: During publication of "Secret Wars", Marvel premiered a new ongoing "Star-Lord" series, written by Sam Humphries, as part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel initiative, which focused on the character's revamped origins. This series also saw him leave the Guardians of the Galaxy, and replaced by his fiancée Kitty Pryde, who took over the identity of Star-Lord on the team's roster. The series lasted for eight issues. A subsequent "Star-Lord" ongoing series written by Chip Zdarsky began in December 2017 before being canceled after a six issues and one annual.


title: Star-Lord

text: In April 2019 Peter Quill was given a 12 issue miniseries set in the Old Man Logan Universe called "Old Man Quill", which was written by Ethan Sacks and drawn by Robert Gill.


title: Star-Lord

text: In November 2020, Peter Quill acquires the title and powers of Master of the Sun (which he had in his early original first appearance in the "Marvel Premiere" series of the 1970s and later retconned to be his Earth-791 counterpart) and it is revealed that the title was bestowed upon Peter by what and whom he believed to be a false memory from prior history, never truly lived. Being gifted entirely alien capabilities by said facsimile of his old mentor, Quill would gain incredible; albeit unexplored, new power which he can channel through his Element Gun. These as of yet unexplored faculties often manifest by the glow of his regrown left eye and the odd sun imprint tattooed to the palm of his right hand.


title: Star-Lord

text: When J'son's ship crash lands in Colorado, he is taken in by Meredith Quill. The two form a relationship while J'son makes repairs to his ship. Eventually, J'son is forced to leave to return home and fight in a war. He leaves, not knowing Meredith is pregnant with Peter Quill. Ten years later, Meredith is killed when she is attacked by two Badoon soldiers who have come to kill Peter and end J'son's blood line. Peter finds his father's gun by accident, kills them with a shotgun, and escapes his home before it is destroyed by the Badoon ship. The Badoon presume Peter has been killed and leave. Peter is placed in an orphanage and eventually joins NASA. It was eventually explained that he was raised by his mother's best friend Lisa Chang who was a commander at NASA.


title: Star-Lord

text: Later, when his ship malfunctions and he is stranded in space, Peter is found by the Ravagers, a group of space pirates led by Yondu. After the Ravagers save Peter, he tries to steal their ship. He outsmarts the Ravagers and even knocks out Yondu before capturing him. After Yondu awakens, he frees himself and attacks Peter, letting Peter choose to be released to space without more trouble or be killed. Peter instead asks Yondu if he could join Yondu's crew. Yondu eventually learns that the two share something in common: growing up as "kids without homes". Yondu lets Peter stay in the ship with the Ravagers as their cleaning boy. Peter decides to stay and try to learn everything he can while among the Ravagers.


title: Star-Lord

text: Peter encounters the Fallen One, a former Herald of Galactus, and is almost killed defeating the entity. In addition, his vessel, "Ship", is destroyed in the conflict. Peter and the Fallen One are subsequently imprisoned in the intergalactic prison called the Kyln. Peter is freed by the hero Nova during the Annihilation War and aids in the war against villain Annihilus. He later acts as military adviser to the Kree General Ronan the Accuser.


title: Star-Lord

text: When the Kree homeworld of Hala is , Star-Lord leads a band of rebels against the invaders until the war is over. In an effort to prevent another interstellar war, Star-Lord forms a new version of the "Guardians of the Galaxy". They are "proactive" and try to end emerging galactic threats early, but are unsuccessful at preventing a war between the Kree and Shi'ar. During a war with an invading universe, Star-Lord and Nova are prepared to sacrifice themselves to defeat Thanos but only Nova dies and Thanos escapes.


title: Star-Lord

text: Peter decides to remain inactive for a time until he discovers his father was planning to pass a law that forbade any interaction of extraterrestrial or space origin with Earth. Knowing this would be an open invitation for invasion, Peter decides to reform the Guardians with six members: Gamora, Rocket Raccoon, Groot, Drax the Destroyer, and Bug, along with himself, and start protecting Earth from any attack. Soon they aid the Avengers against the returned Thanos. After this, Star-Lord and his new team of Guardians engage in conflicts with the Badoon. He is soon captured by the army of Spartax but he escapes imprisonment and broadcasts a video showing the unfairness of his father's reign. During the war of the builders, he infiltrated the S.W.O.R.D. facilities and rescued Abigail Brand along with Rocket and new member Angela. He also declared war against the Shi'ar empire after intervening in one of their trials to rescue the kidnapped young Jean Grey along with the X-Men.


title: Star-Lord

text: During this mission Peter meets Kitty Pryde, and the two eventually have a romantic relationship. Afterwards, the Guardians are cornered and captured by the Spartax Army. Peter is sent to Spartax where he confronts his father again and escapes after exposing once again his father's tyrannical reign. A riot forms in the Empire and J'son is deposed as a consequence. Peter keeps a low profile and remains dedicated to his long-distance relationship with Kitty. Soon he discovers he is elected by the Spartax people to be their new emperor. Peter ignores the announcement and focuses on Kitty and his search for a gangster named Mr. Knife who had put a bounty on his head. After being captured by Knife, he realizes Knife is J'son, his father. He escapes thanks to Kitty, and they spend some time together. Peter convinces Kitty to stay in space with him. He decides to steal an important artifact from J'son as payback.


title: Star-Lord

text: Peter and Kitty were successful in stealing the artifact called The Black Vortex, but found themselves outnumbered by J'son's killing squad so they decided to call the X-Men and the remaining Guardians for help. Knowing the artifact could give them the needed power to defeat J'son, Peter wanted everyone to submit to the Vortex to gain cosmic powers. Kitty stood against the idea but some of their friends submitted anyway. After failing to stop them, the submitted cosmic warriors attacked Hala and Peter went with a team to help the Kree in the battle. After some failed negotiations for the Vortex his team had to escape, but J'son found them and destroyed Hala in retaliation. Peter escaped on time. After finding Spartax had been completely covered in amber by Thane, including Kitty, Peter lamented not having heard her since the beginning and apologize to her. Kitty escaped thanks to her phasing powers and both had a reunion. Seeing no other way to defeat J'son and his cosmic empowered team, Peter tried to submit to the Vortex but after seeing the power would eventually make him push Kitty away, he refused. Kitty ended up submitting and saving Spartax. After the war ended, Peter had a romantic talk with Kitty where he proposes to Kitty Pryde, a proposal which she accepts.


title: Star-Lord

text: When the universe is facing its imminent end, Star-Lord and the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy come to the world's final battle against the Children of Tomorrow. During the battle, Groot and Rocket Raccoon are killed, and Star-Lord is teleported away by Reed Richards to his ship. In the end, he is one of the few survivors of the apocalypse aboard the Fantastic Four's "life raft". After the end of the universe, Doctor Doom somehow creates a new, patchwork world formed from the remains of dead universes. The life raft that Star-Lord was on remained in cryostasis for the next eight years, until they are awakened by Doctor Strange, a new Thor, and Miles Morales. Doom becomes aware of their location, and ambushes them. Knowing they are the only hope of reviving the old universe, Strange casts a spell to spread the survivors across the world using the wind, with Doom vowing to find them.


title: Star-Lord

text: Star-Lord ends up in the domain of Manhattan, where he gets a job singing in the popular club, "the Quiet Room", singing Disney songs, as Disney films never existed in Battleworld, using the alias of Steve Rogers to hide from Doom. It is here that he runs into an alternate universe version of Kitty Pryde (from the Age of Apocalypse universe), who is hunting down artifacts from before Battleworld's creation. Hoping to talk to who he believes is his fiancée, he accidentally foils a deal between Kitty and Gambit to obtain an ancient artifact. Gambit leaves, but Kitty uses a scanner to discover that Star-Lord is from before Battleworld's creation, and she plans to take him to Doom. However, they are ambushed by a group of robots connected to Gambit. The two decide to steal an artifact that Gambit has, but it is a trap, and the two are captured. Right before Gambit can kill them, a version of Drax appears. Drax hired Peter to work in the Quiet Room. Drax knocks out Gambit. The three leave with the artifact secured. When they are safe the next morning, Kitty shows it to the two, only to find out its Rocket Raccoon's tail. Star-Lord laments the death of his friend, and Kitty decides to allow him to keep it, as it is the one thing left of his old universe. Star-Lord thanks Kitty, who kisses him before heading back to her home of Doomguard. Realizing the two are out of a job for abandoning the Quiet Room in the middle of a show, Star-Lord and Drax decide to go back into Star-Lord's old career as a thief. He asks Drax if he knows a good geneticist, as he plans on using Rocket's tail to make a clone of his friend, possibly an army of them.


title: Star-Lord

text: During the final stand against God Doom, Peter not only piloted a ship to take the two Reed Richards' to the heart of Castle Doom, but also managed to keep Black Swan occupied by using the last twig of Groot, kept in his pocket ever since the Incursions to be planted at the crucial moment.


title: Star-Lord

text: Following the restoration of reality, Peter ascends to the throne of Spartax, with Rocket taking over leadership of the Guardians while Kitty (under the alias Star-Lady) and the Thing (following the disbanding of the Fantastic Four while the Richards' family worked to restore the multiverse) joins the team. After Kree accuser Hala and the ruthless Yotat the Destroyer cause mass destruction on Spartax while trying to eliminate Quill, he returns to the Guardians due to the accusations of his delegates about his responsibility for the resulting deaths.


title: Star-Lord

text: During the "Civil War II" storyline, Star-Lord and the Guardians of the Galaxy assist Captain Marvel as her surprise weapon in the fight against Iron Man. During the battle, the Guardians ship is destroyed which leaves them stranded on Earth. After Iron Man's faction leaves, Gamora overhears a conversation between Peter and Kitty in which she learns that Peter knew (without telling the rest of the team) that Thanos was on Earth the entire time they were there. After stopping Gamora from storming into the Triskelion and killing Thanos, Gamora and the other Guardians leave Peter due to the secrecy. Peter and Kitty then break off their engagement.


title: Star-Lord

text: Living alone in an apartment given to him by Abigail Brand, Peter calls Howard the Duck to try and have drinks with him, and Howard furiously hangs up. He then finds Kitty and Old Man Logan in an art gallery, where Kitty shouts at him for carrying his guns into an art gallery with children. Frustrated, Peter leaves. Logan then catches up to him and has drinks with him in a bar, where they fight hitmen, which attracts the attention of the police. Logan flees the scene and Peter is captured.


title: Star-Lord

text: Peter is prosecuted by Matt Murdock, who argues that unlike other superheroes, Star-Lord was reckless and endangered civilians while causing substantial property damage. The trial is interrupted by Brand, who gets the judge to reduce Peter's sentence to community service, to which Peter agrees. Brand and Alpha Flight then give him a new skin-tight costume, and he is assigned to senior citizen Edmund Allen, a retired super-criminal named Silver Bandit. After a day of bonding, Star-Lord is hired as a bartender at a bar for supervillains owned by Edmund's son.


title: Star-Lord

text: When the reborn Olympians began wreaking havoc throughout the universe Richard Rider interrupted the Guardians' party and asked them for help to deal with the mad gods. However, Gamora refused wanting their family to live a normal happy life. Despite this Peter was unable to rest while innocent people were being killed, that and he had been having recurring visions of the Master of the Sun asking him if his life felt lacking as of late. Burdened with need of activity, he and Rocket joined Nova and other members of the Guardians to fight the Olympians. While Nova and Captain Marvel distracted some of the gods, Star Lord, Rocket, Marvel Boy, and Moondragon sneaked inside the Olympians' interdimensional ship intending to explode it. Unfortunately, they were discovered. After Star Lord was captured by Hephaestus, he killed the Olympian, and remained behind in order to detonate the bomb and defeat the Olympians, while the Guardians evacuated. The bomb successfully detonated destroying New Olympus, with Star Lord perishing as well.


title: Star-Lord

text: It was later revealed that Quill had in fact not died and was transported to an entirely different universe after the Alt. continuum Kree Tech bomb exploded. He was taken in by a pair of travelers on this new world, Mors and Aradia, whom he eventually acquitted himself to both as friends as well as family and eventually lovers while spending more than one-hundred and eighty seven years running a gauntlet of escapades with them. He came to see that his Element Gun had changed significantly since when last he used it, initially the blaster had a finite charge on which elements he could churn out at which succession. But because he'd used it to siphon the divine energies of Olympus's pantheon. He found that use of the gun didn't seem to diminish its power supply. Whilst out camping with his new companions, Quill's fears, including an underlying suspicion as to why his personal keepsake never lost its juice were confirmed by the reappearance of the mad Olympians. Whom revealed the constant use of Peter's signature weapon that bound and drained their powers freed the petty gods from captivity with each usage of which and now they seek to reacquire their stolen might from him by any means necessary. Feeling responsible for bringing their wrath down upon their world, Quill opts to take a portal back to his universe in order to lead them away from his new home. In doing so he is met by the Master who states; having passed the test of his new life, he will make Quill into the one true Star Lord: The Master of the Sun. Arriving on Spartax in time to witness a symbiote dragon laying waste to his homeworld, Star Lord was caught up on all the events he'd missed and - with Nova's help - dove into the dragon and confronted the dark god of the symbiotes, Knull. Knull attempted to infect Star Lord and the other Guardians with living abyss to turn them into his soldiers, but Star Lord used the power he had obtained from the Olympians to kill the dragon and render its living abyss inert. Despite his new powers making him a powerful contender against Knull, Quill refused to return to Earth and face him - instead opting to prepare for the return of the Olympians.


title: Star-Lord

text: Star-Lord is a master strategist and problem solver who is an expert in close-quarter combat, various human and alien firearms, and battle techniques. He has extensive knowledge of various alien customs, societies, and cultures, and considerable knowledge about cosmic abstracts, such as Oblivion.


title: Star-Lord

text: As Star-Lord, Peter Quill wears a suit that grants augmented strength and durability and the ability to travel through space. He uses an "Element Gun", a special meta-pistol capable of projecting one of the four elements (air, earth, fire and water). Star-Lord shares a psychic link with his sentient space vessel, "Ship".


title: Star-Lord

text: "Ship" is a sentient energy form. She most often exists in the form of a starship but can alter her structure at will. She can travel through air, space and water. She possesses many of the conventional starship accessories, including shields, energy blasters, advanced sensors, replicators (able to form any kind of food, drink, etc.), and hologram projectors. She has proven capable of creating a human form, which she can then animate and use as a host. Even if completely destroyed, she is capable of restoring herself, since her true form is her consciousness. In addition, she takes on a number of feminine characteristics, such as a mothering instinct for those she is partnered with. She has felt deeper attachments, including love for her partners.


title: Star-Lord

text: "Ship" can create Widgets—small, mobile droids able to scout out situations, gather information, and then return to her. The full extent of "Ship's" abilities are unknown. During Star-Lord's battle with The Fallen One, his element gun, suit and "Ship" were destroyed. Due to severe injury, he was grafted with cybernetic implants by doctors on the Kyln, where he was sentenced. The eye implant allows him to see all energy spectra and the memory chip in his brain gives him 100% total recall.


title: Star-Lord

text: On the Kree world of Aladon Prime, Star-Lord's cybernetic implants were removed. Star-Lord was outfitted with a Kree-issued heat-dampening espionage battle-suit, which became the hallmark look for the Guardians of the Galaxy, a battle helmet, and a universal translator, all of which he still uses. His battle helmet can analyze strategy data, improve vision, and regulate oxygen in space. Star-Lord's chosen weapons are two Kree sub-machine guns with various types of ammunition, including explosives. After escaping the Cancerverse, Peter acquires a new element gun(s), but he discards his armor.


title: Star-Lord

text: As Master of the Sun - while meditating on his new lease on life, Quill showed he could antigravitate off the ground in a sitting position while trying to focus his powers for the upcoming battle. Often when Quill finds his center of being and/or is utilizing his power through the magitek sidearm. Quill's body glows a bright voluminous radiance that causes Star-Lord's entire bodily coloration to glow bright golden, the light emitted is so powerful he can blow apart a Symbiote Dragon by channeling said force through the blaster. Star-Lord's transformation has seemingly rendered him immune to psionic intrusion. as Moondragon could not penetrate the luminal defenses his mind seemed to subconsciously throw up whenever she drifted towards him. The Element Blaster initially held a finite charge limit to its ability to channel and redistribute energy towards manipulating natural materials, but after having gained total control over various metaphysical dynamics pertaining to the universe, Quill now acts as his own dynamo to power said weapon of choice. Quill has recently picked up new tricks, such as having a recall ability which guides his pistol back to his hand once he calls for it.


title: Star-Lord

text: A three-issue limited series, "Starlord", features a man Sinjin Quarrel who adopts the identity 12 years after the disappearance of the original Star-Lord (Peter Jason Quill). The series was published from December 1996 to February 1997. It was written by Timothy Zahn, with art by Dan Lawlis.


title: Star-Lord

text: Star-Lord's adventures in "Marvel Preview" #4 and #11 have been officially designated as occurring in an alternate past. In these issues, Peter Quill is born during an unusual astronomical phenomenon when many of the planets align. Seeing no resemblance, the man who believed he was Quill's father accuses his wife Meredith of infidelity and attempts to kill the infant, but dies of a sudden heart attack. Peter is raised by his single mother until she is killed by Ariguans when he is eleven. Quill is placed in an orphanage but escapes and eventually becomes a trainee NASA astronaut.


title: Star-Lord

text: An alien entity called the Master of the Sun later visits the space station that Quill and other astronauts are inhabiting and offers the mantle of Star-Lord (an interplanetary policeman) to a worthy candidate. Quill volunteers, but he is rejected in favor of a colleague he once treated badly. Quill is outraged, and NASA orders his return to Earth and discharge for his conduct. Instead, he steals a scout ship, returns to the space station, and takes his colleague's place. Quill becomes Star-Lord, with the Master of the Sun first creating an illusion in which the character is able to find and kill the aliens that murdered his mother to free him of his past. Equipped with a sentient vessel called "Ship", Quill commences his role as Star-Lord.


title: Star-Lord

text: Years later, Star-Lord becomes involved in stopping a group of slavers who are destroying worlds. His efforts led him to discover a conspiracy to replace the emperor of the Spartoi Empire. In order to thwart the takeover, Star-Lord travels to the imperial throneworld Sparta where he encounters and kills the alien who killed his mother. Star-Lord then meets Emperor Jason who reveals that he is Peter's father. Jason explains that he had crashed on Earth decades earlier and been rescued by Meredith Quill. During the year that he had spent repairing his ship, Jason and Meredith fell in love. When it came time to leave, Jason, for Meredith's safety, had placed a mindlock on her memories of him, causing her to remember their year together as only a dream.


title: Star-Lord

text: During the 2013 "Age of Ultron" storyline, Wolverine and Susan Storm accidentally create an alternate timeline after traveling back in time and assassinating Hank Pym before he can create Ultron. In the new reality, Star-Lord is seen as a member of the Defenders, who have replaced the defunct Avengers as the world's premier superhero team.


title: Star-Lord

text: Lord Starkill debuted in "Captain Marvel" #126 in 2018. He is an evil version of Star-Lord from an alternate universe. He possesses the Reality Stone and is allied with Thanos.


title: Star-Lord

text: Based in the Old Man Logan universe, Peter Quill eventually becomes the emperor of Spartax. He leaves the Guardians of the Galaxy and Gamora to marry L'ssa and fathers two kids; however, the Universal Church of Truth draws him out in a firefight, which leaves his homeworld vulnerable to attack the Church destroys everything and everyone he loves.


title: Star-Lord

text: A devastated Quill is found by an aged version of the Guardians recruiting him for one more adventure back on Earth that will give him revenge on the Church.


title: Star-Lord

text: Chris Pratt portrays Peter Quill / Star-Lord in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He first appears in the live-action film "Guardians of the Galaxy", before making subsequent appearances in the live-action films "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", "", "", and "". Additionally, he also appears in "The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special" while an alternate timeline version appears in the Disney+ animated series "What If...?", voiced by Brian T. Delaney.


title: Ronit Roy

text: Ronit Bose Roy (born 11 October 1965) is an Indian actor, known for his works primarily in Hindi television and films alongside Tamil and Telugu cinema. Roy has earned numerous accolades in his career including a Filmfare Award, two Screen Awards, five ITA Awards and six Indian Telly Awards.


title: Ronit Roy

text: Roy was born on 11 October 1965 in Nagpur in a Bengali family. He is the eldest son of businessman, Brotin Bose Roy and Dolly Roy. His younger brother, Rohit Roy is also a TV actor. Ronit Roy spent his childhood in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This is where he did his schooling with the father of Ayush Sarkar, teenage actor. He received primary education from Ankur School, Ahmedabad. After his schooling, Roy pursued hotel management.


title: Ronit Roy

text: After completion of his studies, he moved to Mumbai and stayed at the residence of filmmaker Subhash Ghai. While Roy was keen to work in the film industry, Subhash Ghai persuaded him, not to pursue it due to the difficulties associated with it. Ronit worked as a management trainee at Mumbai's Sea Rock Hotel. To have experience at all different levels, Ronit's work ranged from dish-washing and cleaning to serving tables and bar-tending.


title: Ronit Roy

text: Roy received a call from Balaji Telefilms to offer him a part in the television serial "Kammal". Due to the lack of any appealing film offers, he accepted the offer. Before "Kammal" got started, Balaji Telefilms also offered Ronit for "Kasautii Zindagii Kay" as Rishabh Bajaj, a middle aged business tycoon. That also landed him in Balaji Telefilms' "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi" as Mihir Virani, replacing Amar Upadhyay and Inder Kumar.


title: Ronit Roy

text: From 2009 to 2011, he played the role of Dharamraj in NDTV Imagine's "Bandini", which won him accolades for his astonishing portrayal of a crude and ruthless diamond merchant who is never defeated.


title: Ronit Roy

text: He has also participated in "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa", a dance reality show in 2007, and another show, "Yeh Hai Jalwa" in 2008 as a contestant. He hosted the "Kitchen Champions" in 2010 which was on Colors TV.


title: Ronit Roy

text: In 2010, he starred in Sony TV's popular courtroom drama show "Adaalat" as K.D. Pathak, a sharp unique lawyer who only fights for the truth.


title: Ronit Roy

text: He returned to the drama genre in 2014 with Balaji Telefilms's "Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyar" as Dr. Nachiket Khanna, alias Neil K opposite Pallavi Kulkarni.


title: Ronit Roy

text: Roy made his debut in Hindi film industry with "Jaan Tere Naam" (1992) which was a commercial success. He starred with Aditya Pancholi and Kishori Shahane in "Bomb Blast" (1993). which was also a commercial success.


title: Ronit Roy

text: After his success on TV, Roy featured in more Hindi films in supporting roles. In 2010, he starred in the critically acclaimed film "Udaan"; his work was much praised and won him many accolades. Roy's performance was ranked among "100 greatest performances of the decade" list by Film Companion.


title: Ronit Roy

text: "Udaan" brought Roy back to the film scene. He next starred in films such as Anurag Kashyap's "That Girl in Yellow Boots", Karan Johar's "Student of the Year", Deepa Mehta's "Midnight's Children", Sanjay Gupta's "Shootout at Wadala" (produced by Ekta Kapoor), and Anurag Kashyap's "Ugly".


title: Ronit Roy

text: In 2013, he played main antagonist in the Akshay Kumar starrer "BOSS" and in 2014 he appeared in "2 States" in which his performance received much appreciation.


title: Ronit Roy

text: In 2017, he has also shared screen with Hrithik Roshan playing the role of an antagonist in the thriller film "Kaabil". In the same year he made his debut in Telugu with N.T.R Jr. starrer "Jai Lava Kusa", where he played the role of main antagonist "Sarkar." He has also appeared in films like "Machine" (2017), "Lucknow Central" (2017) and "Loveyatri" (2018).


title: Ronit Roy

text: Roy was seen next in Puri Jagannadh directed romantic sports film "Liger". It will also feature Vijay Deverakonda, Ananya Panday, Ramya Krishnan and Makarand Deshpande.


title: Ronit Roy

text: In 2018, Roy made his digital debut in an ALTBalaji's web series "Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain" along with Mona Singh and Gurdeep Kohli.


title: Ronit Roy

text: Roy owns Ace Security and Protection agency (AceSquad Security Services LLP). It currently caters to Bollywood actors such as Salman Khan, Amitabh Bacchan, Mithun Chakraborty, Shahrukh Khan and Aamir Khan; also to Indian Premier League ex-Chairman and ex-Commissioner Lalit Modi and his son Ruchir Modi. Some of the film projects that Ace Security and Protection have also lent their services to are "Lagaan", "Dil Chahta Hai", "Yaadein", "Na Tum Jano Na Hum", "Saathiya", and "Armaan".


title: Ronit Roy

text: On 25 December 2003, he married actress and model Neelam Singh, with whom he has a daughter Aador (born May 2005) and son Agastya (born October 2007).


title: Ronit Roy

text: On 27 October 2011, Ronit Roy was arrested by Mumbai police for rash and negligent driving, after he was involved in a road accident in the Amboli suburb of Mumbai. He was returning from a Diwali party when his high speeding Mercedes car hit a Wagon-R injuring people, one of whom was seriously hurt.


title: Ronit Roy

text: However, he got bail within few hours and was released. The initial medical report didn't find any sign of drugs in Ronit Roy's stomach.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Blood Red Sky (also known as Transatlantic 473) is a 2021 German action horror thriller film directed by Peter Thorwarth, who co-wrote the screenplay with Stefan Holtz. The film stars Peri Baumeister, Roland Møller, Chidi Ajufo, and Alexander Scheer. It was released on 23 July 2021 by Netflix.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: A German widow, Nadja, and her son Elias prepare to board a plane to New York; Nadja, who appears to suffer from leukemia, plans to visit a doctor for treatment. At the airport, Elias befriends a man named Farid, while his mother takes medicine that causes her severe discomfort.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: As the passengers settle down for the evening, a group of men, including the co-pilot Bastian, murder the air marshals and sabotage the black box, preventing the plane from being tracked on radar. Their leader, Berg, announces that he and his men are now in control and expect everyone to stay put until a ransom is paid. Elias tries to hide, and Nadja follows him. A sociopathic hijacker named Eightball sees them and shoots Nadja. Assuming she is dead, the hijackers force Farid to record a statement that makes it appear the plane has been seized by terrorists for a suicide attack, knowing it will be shot down.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: As Nadja regains consciousness, she relives the day her husband, Nikolai, died. He had gone to a local farmhouse for help after their car broke down. When he failed to return, Nadja went looking for him and was bitten by his murderer, a vampire who immolates during sunrise. Nadja, now a vampire, returned to the farmhouse looking for answers. An elderly vampire attacked her for killing his son, but she beat him to death and escaped with vials of vampire suppressant.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Nadja accesses the cargo hold, removes the contacts and dentures that conceal her mutated eyes and fangs, and feeds on a dog. Jurij, one of the hijackers, catches her in the act, and she kills him and drinks his blood. This leads to her being fully transformed into a vampire. Nadja checks the cockpit, only to find out that the pilot was murdered by the hijackers. She returns to the main cabin with the other passengers, who theorize that the hijackers are attempting to exploit the stock market, making billions from shorting due to the impact of a 9/11 style attack. Nadja, Farid, and an aerospace engineering student named Mohammed retake control of the cockpit as the hijackers are about to parachute out. Mohammed returns them to their original flightplan. When Berg tries to take back control of the cockpit, threatening to murder passengers until they agree to his demands, a fully vampiric Nadja surprises and mauls him. She chases the hijackers into the lower areas of the plane. Noticing Berg beginning to mutate into a vampire, she stabs him to death with a knife before he can fully transform.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Eightball takes Najda's bag, discovering a timetable with sunrises and sunsets as well as a bottle of blood. He realizes that she is a vampire, and proposes using ultraviolet light to subdue her. Karl, another of the hijackers, is skeptical, but the rest of the team accepts his idea. He subdues her with UV light and extracts her blood, but as he is about to stake her, Elias accidentally depressurizes the plane with Berg's gun. When Mohammed asphyxiates, the hijackers take back the cockpit and restore the pressure. Eightball flees into the cargo hold and injects himself with Nadja's blood; he takes cover in a car with bulletproof glass. Nadja lights the car on fire, but Bastian activates the fire suppression system, which saves him. The hijackers venture down to the hold, where they discover a now vampiric Eightball. He ambushes and kills Curtiz and Karl, while Bastian flees in panic. The rest of the passengers arm themselves. Nadja convinces them that she wants to help, and they lock Eightball in the hold and secure the plane.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Bastian informs Nadja that the plane does not have enough fuel to reach New York, and they must land soon. A dying passenger releases Eightball in the hopes of being bitten; instead, Eightball kills him and proceeds to turn most of the other passengers into vampires. Nadja, knowing that they will escape if the plane lands, decides to sacrifice herself by using the hijackers' explosives to kill them. Elias stops her and goes himself, but he is surrounded by vampires after grabbing the detonator. Nadja makes Farid promise to look after Elias, then kills and feeds on Bastian. She tries to save her son, but Eightball attacks her and drains her blood. As he goes for Elias, Farid steers the plane into the path of the morning sun, causing Eightball to burn and fall to his death.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Elias uses his blood to save Nadja's life, but she rejects him and flees, knowing that her taste for his blood puts him in danger. The plane lands at an RAF base in Scotland, but the authorities ignore Elias and Farid's pleas and board the plane looking for survivors, resulting in a massacre. The British command team watches in horror as the soldiers' helmet cameras capture extensive footage of the attacking vampires. Elias escapes from an ambulance and runs back to the plane, seeing his mother feeding on a soldier. Knowing that she is too far gone, he activates the detonator he hid in his teddy bear, killing her and the other vampires in a massive explosion. Farid is released from custody and hugs Elias as the film ends.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: On 11 September 2020, it was announced that filming in Prague for the film, then known as "Transatlantic 473", was temporarily closed after an extra tested positive for COVID-19.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: "Blood Red Sky" was released on 23 July 2021 by Netflix. It is one of the 71 original films that Netflix would release in 2021, being part of a strategy that intends to release at least one new film every week.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Blood Red Sky" makes the most of its high-concept vampire story, delivering a fast-paced treat for genre enthusiasts." Conversely, the audience consensus reads, "Blood Red Sky has a great idea for a horror movie, even if it's quite a bit slower than its cool setup might suggest." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Netflix reported the film was watched by 50 million members over its first four weeks of release, making it the most successful German original title to date.


title: Blood Red Sky

text: Due to the success of "Blood Red Sky", a sequel reportedly began development by Netflix a few months after the first film was released. Thorwath declined the offer to direct the sequel, stating "I’m [...] looking for the next challenge." Further details such as the plot and casting are yet to be confirmed.


title: Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk

text: Norfolk is the son of Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk, and his wife Anne Mary Teresa Constable-Maxwell. He was educated at Ampleforth College, a Roman Catholic independent school, before going up to Lincoln College, Oxford.


text: He has a brother, Lord Gerald Fitzalan-Howard, and three sisters, including the actress Marsha Fitzalan.


text: Norfolk worked with various companies, and from 2000 to 2002 was Deputy Earl Marshal. Upon the death of his father in 2002, he inherited the late Duke of Norfolk's peerages and the position of Earl Marshal. He was a Cub Scout whilst at school at Ampleforth College and currently holds two appointments in the Scout Movement. He was until 2010 the President of 1st Arundel (Earl of Arundel's Own) Scout Group, and still serves as President of the Arundel & Littlehampton District Scouts. He is also Patron of West Sussex County Scouts. In June 2003 he was awarded the Medal of Merit for Services to the Scout Movement. He is an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.


text: Norfolk was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in the 2022 Birthday Honours.


text: As hereditary Earl Marshal he had responsibility for arranging the 19 September 2022 state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II and the accession and coronation of King Charles III. He used that official role as the grounds for his successful application to have the public and the press excluded from some of the hearing before he was sentenced for a driving offence. He had driven through a red light, while using a mobile phone in his car. This led to a six months driving ban, and various fines and orders for costs.


text: He was disqualified from driving for a period of six months in September 2022, as a result of a driving offence in April 2022. Added to previous motoring convictions, he incurred an excess of penalty points, resulting in the ban. His barrister argued in mitigation that he needed the ability to drive to organise the forthcoming coronation of King Charles III.


text: A Roman Catholic, the Duke of Norfolk is recognised by the Vatican as England's senior representative of the Faith. The Duke, then Earl of Arundel, married Georgina Susan Gore on 27 June 1987 at Arundel Cathedral. Together, they have three sons and two daughters:


text: The Duke and Duchess separated in 2011, but were reconciled by 2016, only to split up again; their divorce became final in 2022.


text: On 12 November 2022, the Duke married Francesca Herbert (née Bevan), former wife of The Hon. Henry Herbert, second son of the 7th Earl of Carnarvon.


text: In 2002, he inherited the Dukedom of Norfolk, as well as a number of earldoms, baronies, hereditary offices, and titles attached to the Dukedom, from his father. His office of Earl Marshal, one of the Great Officers of State, makes him responsible for State occasions, such as coronations and the State Opening of Parliament. He is also, by virtue of this office, one of the hereditary judges of the Court of Chivalry and head of the College of Arms, responsible for heraldry in England and Wales as well as other parts of the Commonwealth of Nations.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Anthony Paul Ramos Martinez (born November 1, 1991) is an American actor and singer. In 2015, he originated the dual roles of John Laurens and Philip Hamilton in the Broadway musical "Hamilton". Ramos also appeared in the 2021 film version of "In the Heights" as Usnavi and in the 2018 film "A Star Is Born" as Ramon. In 2021, he received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance in the Disney+ live stage recording of "Hamilton" which was released in 2020. He is scheduled to star in "" in 2023.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Ramos was born Anthony Paul Ramos Martinez in New York City, and is of Puerto Rican descent. He grew up in the Bushwick, Brooklyn neighborhood where he lived with his mother, older brother, and younger sister.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Ramos attended Halsey Junior High School, where he sang Motown songs at school assemblies in a student group called the Halsey Trio. He is a 2009 graduate of New Utrecht High School. His ambitions at the time centered around baseball, including plans to play NCAA Division III college baseball, followed by a coaching career.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: After high school, Ramos attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy, a conservatory for the performing arts, on a full scholarship. He graduated from its musical theatre program in 2011.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Starting in 2011, Ramos earned roles in a variety of regional and touring musical productions, including Usnavi de la Vega in a 2012 production of "In the Heights".


title: Anthony Ramos

text: In 2014, Ramos performed in "Heart and Lights" at Radio City Music Hall, a dance show with the Rockettes which was canceled during previews. During rehearsals for "Heart and Lights", Ramos auditioned for the off-Broadway production of "Hamilton" at The Public Theater.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: After being cast in "Hamilton", Ramos played Justin Laboy in Lin-Manuel Miranda's short musical "21 Chump Street", a 14-minute, one-time performance on June 7, 2014, that was recorded for "This American Life".


title: Anthony Ramos

text: "Hamilton" opened off-Broadway in early 2015, with Ramos originating the dual roles of John Laurens and Alexander Hamilton's eldest son Philip Hamilton. The musical moved to Broadway on July 13, 2015, in previews, and opened on August 6, 2015. Ramos left the production on November 20, 2016.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: In September 2016, it was announced that Ramos had been cast in director Spike Lee's Netflix comedy-drama series "She's Gotta Have It", in the role of Mars Blackmon.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Ramos played the role of Ramon in the 2018 remake of "A Star Is Born", starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, and directed by Cooper.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: In 2018, "Variety" reported that Ramos had been cast as Usnavi de la Vega in the film adaptation of "In the Heights." The movie was released in 2021 to significant acclaim, but failed at the box office.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: In April 2021, Ramos was cast in the lead role in the next installment of the "Transformers" film franchise, "". The film is currently scheduled to be released in 2023.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: In February 2022, Ramos was cast in a key role in the upcoming superhero streaming series "Ironheart", set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Ramos appeared on the original Broadway cast recording of "Hamilton" in 2015, in the dual roles of John Laurens and Philip Hamilton.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: He reunited with Lin-Manuel Miranda in October 2017 as one of the vocalists on Miranda's song "Almost Like Praying", a release to benefit Hurricane Maria victims.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: On November 8, 2017, Ramos released two tracks, "Freedom" and "Common Ground", from solo EP, titled "The Freedom EP". The release was produced by Will Wells, who had previously worked with Logic and Pentatonix. Inspired by the 2016 election, "The Freedom EP" was released on the first anniversary of President Donald Trump's inauguration, January 20, 2018. In addition to the previously released singles "Freedom", "Common Ground", and "Alright", the EP included two new songs, "When The Bell Tolls" and "PRayer" .


title: Anthony Ramos

text: On June 13, 2019, it was announced that Ramos had signed to Republic Records. The signing was documented on his YouTube series, "It Takes A Village", where he revealed that new music would be released that summer. His debut album, "The Good & The Bad", was released on October 25, 2019. It debuted at number 21 on the US "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart.


title: Anthony Ramos

text: Starting in 2014, Ramos began a relationship with actress Jasmine Cephas Jones, whom he met during rehearsals for the Off-Broadway production of "Hamilton". On Christmas Eve 2018, the couple became engaged. In November 2021, it was reported that the couple ended their engagement.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: John Marvin Perkins (born September 11, 1959), known professionally as John Hawkes, is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including two Independent Spirit Awards, and has been nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: Hawkes is known for his roles in the films "Winter's Bone" (2010) and "The Sessions" (2012), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, respectively. Some of his other film credits include "From Dusk till Dawn" (1996), "The Perfect Storm" (2000), "Me and You and Everyone We Know" (2005), "American Gangster" (2007), "Martha Marcy May Marlene" (2011), "Lincoln" (2012) and "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" (2017). He has also appeared in many television series, notably "Deadwood" (2004–2006) and "Eastbound & Down" (2009–2013).


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: Hawkes was born John Marvin Perkins in Alexandria, Minnesota, the son of Patricia Jeanne (née Olson) and Peter John "Pete" Perkins, a farmer of wheat, corn, hogs and cattle. He was raised in a "pastoral, small city... a midwest Scandinavian community." Hawkes graduated from Jefferson High School and moved to Austin, Texas, where he was a member of the bands Meat Joy, with Gretchen Phillips, and King Straggler, with fellow actors Rodney Eastman and Brentley Gore.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: His first film role was in "Future-Kill" (1985), credited as John Perkins. He changed his stage name to John Hawkes because there was another actor named John Perkins.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: Hawkes played the role of Greg Penticoff in season 1 of "24". From 2004 to 2006, Hawkes played merchant Sol Star on the HBO series "Deadwood". He portrayed Dustin Powers, brother of protagonist Kenny Powers, on all four seasons of the HBO series "Eastbound & Down", and played Lennon on ABC's "Lost".


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: His other film roles include "Me and You and Everyone We Know", "The Perfect Storm", "American Gangster", "", "Martha Marcy May Marlene", and "Lincoln".


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: In 2011, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "Winter's Bone", as well as for a number of other awards, including the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role. He won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male. Also in 2011, Hawkes was honored with a Rising Star Award by the Texas Film Hall of Fame. Hawkes was offered the role of The Governor in AMC’s horror-drama series The Walking Dead. He turned it down feeling he wasn’t the right fit for the role. The role eventually went to David Morrissey.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: In 2012, the film "The Sessions" was considered one of the Sundance breakout hits of that year. Hawkes received two prolonged standing ovations at the film's screening. It was praised by critics at the festival as "accessible, enjoyable, and light-hearted".


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: In 2016, it was announced that Hawkes would star in the Amazon pilot "The Legend of Master Legend", which is based on the popular real-life superhero Master Legend.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: Along with cast members, Hawkes expressed interest in reprising his role as Sol Star in a proposed . "Deadwood: The Movie" began production in October 2018, and premiered on May 31, 2019. Hawkes, along with virtually the entire series cast, took part in it.


title: John Hawkes (actor)

text: John Hawkes had a small role as a robber in the music video for the cover version of the song "Crying in the Rain" by A-ha in 1990


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: Ahn Jae-hyun (; born July 1, 1987) is a South Korean model and actor. He is best known for his roles in television dramas such as "You're All Surrounded" (2014), "Blood" (2015), "Cinderella with Four Knights" (2016), "Reunited Worlds" (2017), "The Beauty Inside" (2018), and "Love with Flaws" (2019).


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: Ahn Jae-hyun began his entertainment career as a fashion model in 2009, appearing in runway shows, magazine editorials and commercials. He gained recognition in 2011 while playing a delivery man in the cable variety show "Lee Soo-geun and Kim Byung-man's High Society". He also appeared in several music videos, including "Sad Song" by Baek A-yeon, "Please Don't" by K.Will, and "Gone Not Around Any Longer" by Sistar19.


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In 2013, Ahn's popularity rose while playing actress Jun Ji-hyun's younger brother in the hit drama "My Love from Another Star". This led to more acting offers in 2014, including a role in police comedy "You're All Surrounded" and the webtoon film adaptation "Fashion King". The same year, he was appointed to be MC for Mnet's weekly music program "M Countdown".


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In 2015, Ahn played his first leading role as a vampire doctor in "Blood", and appeared in the two-episode fantasy drama "Snow Lotus Flower" alongside Lee Ji-ah.


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In 2016, Ahn starred in tvN's romantic comedy series "Cinderella with Four Knights", playing a chaebol and playboy vying for the main female lead's heart. He won the Top Excellence Award at the 9th Korea Drama Awards for his performance. He also joined the cast of travel reality show "New Journey to the West", replacing Lee Seung-gi who enlisted in the army. The same year, he starred in the Chinese romance film "Perfect Imperfection" alongside Taiwanese actress Ady An.


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In 2017, Ahn was cast as the second lead in SBS's fantasy romance drama "Reunited Worlds". In 2018, Ahn was cast in the romance melodrama "The Beauty Inside".


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In 2019, Ahn returned to the small screen with a lead role in the romantic comedy drama "Love with Flaws" starring opposite Oh Yeon-seo.


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In 2022, An will publish his first photo essay "List of Things to Remember", which will go on sale June 8, 2022 at offline bookstores nationwide.


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: On March 11, 2016, Ahn was confirmed to be dating his "Blood" co-star Ku Hye-sun since April 2015. The couple officially registered their marriage at the Gangnam district office on May 20, 2016, and married on May 21, 2016 They announced that instead of holding a wedding party, they would donate money to the pediatric ward of Severance Hospital, one of the oldest and biggest hospitals in Korea. The pair later appeared in the reality show "Newlywed Diary" produced by Na Young-seok, showcasing their married life.


title: Ahn Jae-hyun

text: In August 2019, it was reported Ahn requested a divorce from his wife. Ahn submitted an application to the Seoul Family Court on September 9, 2019 for divorce against Ku, and it was delivered to Ku on September 18, 2019. On October 21, 2019, he deleted all the photos on his Instagram account, which was speculated by the media to be an attempt to prevent further unnecessary issues and controversy about the divorce ahead of his upcoming TV series "Love with Flaws".


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the aircraft captain who flew the B-29 Superfortress known as the "Enola Gay" (named after his mother) when it dropped a Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic. In February 1942, he became the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, which was equipped with the Boeing B-17. In July 1942, the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group to be deployed as part of the Eighth Air Force, and Tibbets became deputy group commander. He flew the lead plane in the first American daylight heavy bomber mission against Occupied Europe on 17 August 1942, and the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe on 9 October 1942. Tibbets was chosen to fly Major General Mark W. Clark and Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower to Gibraltar. After flying 43 combat missions, he became the assistant for bomber operations on the staff of the Twelfth Air Force.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943 to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. In September 1944, he was appointed the commander of the 509th Composite Group, which would conduct the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946, and was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet in the early 1950s. He commanded the 308th Bombardment Wing and 6th Air Division in the late 1950s, and was military attaché in India from 1964 to 1966. After leaving the Air Force in 1966, he worked for Executive Jet Aviation, serving on the founding board and as its president from 1976 until his retirement in 1987.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. When he was five years old, the family moved to Davenport, Iowa, and then to Iowa's capital, Des Moines, where he was raised, and where his father became a confections wholesaler. When he was eight, his family moved to Hialeah, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. As a boy, he was very interested in flying. One day, his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. In 1927, when he was 12 years old, he flew in a plane piloted by barnstormer Doug Davis, dropping candy bars with tiny parachutes to the crowd of people attending the races at the Hialeah Park Race Track.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: In the late 1920s, business issues forced Tibbets's family to return to Alton, Illinois, where he graduated from Western Military Academy in 1933. He then attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, and became an initiated member of the Epsilon Zeta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity in 1934. During that time, Tibbets took private flying lessons at Miami's Opa-locka Airport with Rusty Heard, who later became a captain at Eastern Airlines. After his undergraduate work, Tibbets had planned on becoming an abdominal surgeon. He transferred to the University of Cincinnati after his second year to complete his pre-med studies there, because the University of Florida had no medical school at the time. However, he attended for only a year and a half as he changed his mind about wanting to become a doctor. Instead, he decided to enlist in the United States Army and become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Because he went to a military school, attended some college, and had some flight experience, Tibbets qualified for the Aviation Cadet Training Program. On 25 February 1937, he enlisted in the army at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and was sent to Randolph Field in San Antonio, Texas, for primary and basic flight instruction. During his training, he showed himself to be an above-average pilot. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and received his pilot rating in 1938 at Kelly Field in San Antonio.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: After graduation, Tibbets was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron, which was based at Lawson Field, Georgia, with a flight supporting the Infantry School at nearby Fort Benning. It was at Fort Benning that Tibbets met Lucy Frances Wingate, then a clerk at a department store in Columbus, Georgia. The two quietly married in a Roman Catholic seminary in Holy Trinity, Alabama, on 19 June 1938 even though Tibbets was a Protestant. Tibbets did not inform his family or his commanding officer, and the couple arranged for the notice to be kept out of the local newspaper. They had two sons. Paul III was born in 1940, in Columbus, Georgia, and graduated from Huntingdon College and Auburn University. He was a colonel in the United States Army Reserve and worked as a hospital pharmacist. He died in West Monroe, Louisiana, in 2016. The younger son, Gene Wingate Tibbets, was born in 1944, and was at the time of his death in 2012 residing in Georgiana in Butler County in southern Alabama.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: While Tibbets was stationed at Fort Benning, he was promoted to first lieutenant and served as a personal pilot for Brigadier General George S. Patton, Jr., in 1940 and 1941. In June 1941, Tibbets transferred to the 9th Bombardment Squadron of the 3d Bombardment Group at Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia, as the engineering officer, and flew the A-20 Havoc. While there he was promoted to captain. In December 1941, he received orders to join the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida, for training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On 7 December 1941, Tibbets heard about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor while listening to the radio during a routine flight. Due to fears that German U-boats might enter Tampa Bay and bombard MacDill Field, the 29th Bombardment Group moved to Savannah. Tibbets remained on temporary duty with the 3d Bombardment Group, forming an anti-submarine patrol at Pope Army Airfield, North Carolina, with 21 B-18 Bolo medium bombers. The B-18s were used as an intermediate trainer, which pilots flew after basic flight training in a Cessna UC-78 and before qualifying in the B-17.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: In February 1942, Tibbets reported for duty with the 29th Bombardment Group as its engineering officer. Three weeks later he was named the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, equipped with the B-17D. It was initially based at MacDill, and then Sarasota Army Airfield, Florida, before moving to Godfrey Army Airfield in Bangor, Maine.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group of the Eighth Air Force to be deployed to England, where it was based at RAF Polebrook. It had been hastily assembled to meet demands for an early deployment, and arrived without any training in the basics of high altitude daylight bombing. In the first weeks of August 1942, under the tutelage of Royal Air Force veterans, the group received intensive training for its first mission. The group commander, Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland, was replaced by Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr., who appointed Tibbets as his deputy.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Tibbets flew the lead bomber "Butcher Shop" for the first American daylight heavy bomber mission on 17 August 1942, a shallow-penetration raid against a marshalling yard in Rouen in Occupied France, with Armstrong as his co-pilot. This was not Tibbets's regular aircraft, "Red Gremlin", nor his regular crew, which included bombardier Thomas Ferebee and navigator Theodore Van Kirk, who later flew with him in "Enola Gay". On 9 October 1942, Tibbets led the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe, attacking industrial targets in the French city of Lille. Poor bombing accuracy resulted in numerous civilian casualties and less damage to the rail installations than hoped, but the mission was hailed an overall success because it reached its target against heavy and constant fighter attack. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: On that first mission, Tibbets saw in real time that his bombs were falling on innocent civilians. At the time, he thought to himself, "People are getting killed down there that don't have any business getting killed. Those are not soldiers." But then he thought back to a lesson he had learned during his time at medical school from his roommate who was a doctor. This doctor explained to him about his former classmates who failed the program and ended up in drug sales. The reason why they had failed the program was because "they had too much sympathy for their patients", which "destroyed their ability to render the medical necessities". It dawned on Tibbets that:


title: Paul Tibbets

text: In the leadup to Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, the commander of the Eighth Air Force, Major General Carl Spaatz was ordered to provide his best two pilots for a secret mission. He chose Tibbets and Major Wayne Connors. Tibbets flew Major General Mark W. Clark from Polebrook to Gibraltar while Connors flew Clark's chief of staff, Brigadier General Lyman Lemnitzer. A few weeks later Tibbets flew the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, there. "By reputation", historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Tibbets was "the best flier in the Army Air Force."


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Tibbets had flown 25 combat missions against targets in France when the 97th Bomb Group was transferred to North Africa as part of Major General Jimmy Doolittle's Twelfth Air Force. For Tibbets, the war in North Africa introduced him to the realities of aerial warfare. He said that he saw the real effects of bombing civilians and the trauma of losing his brothers in arms. In January 1943, Tibbets, who had now flown 43 combat missions, was assigned as the assistant for bomber operations to Colonel Lauris Norstad, Assistant Chief of Staff of Operations (A-3) of the Twelfth Air Force. Tibbets had recently been given a battlefield promotion to colonel, but did not receive it, as such promotions had to be confirmed by a panel of officers. He was told that Norstad had vetoed the promotion, saying "there's only going to be one colonel in operations."


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Tibbets did not get along well with Norstad, or with Doolittle's chief of staff, Brigadier General Hoyt Vandenberg. In one planning meeting, Norstad wanted an all-out raid on Bizerte to be flown at . Tibbets protested that flak would be most effective at that altitude. When challenged by Norstad, Tibbets said he would lead the mission himself at 6,000 feet if Norstad would fly as his co-pilot. Norstad backed down, and the mission was successfully flown at .


title: Paul Tibbets

text: When General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, the Chief of United States Army Air Forces, requested an experienced bombardment pilot to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, Doolittle recommended Tibbets. Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943. At the time, the B-29 program was beset by a host of technical problems, and the chief test pilot, Edmund T. Allen, had been killed in a crash of the prototype aircraft.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Working with the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, Tibbets test-flew the B-29 and soon accumulated more flight time in it than any other pilot. He found that without defensive armament and armor plating, the aircraft was lighter, and its performance was much improved. In simulated combat engagements against a P-47 fighter at the B-29's cruising altitude of , he discovered that the B-29 had a smaller turning radius than the P-47, and could avoid it by turning away.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: After a year of developmental testing of the B-29, Tibbets was assigned in March 1944 as director of operations of the 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing (Very Heavy), a B-29 training unit based at Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, and commanded by Armstrong. Its role was to transition pilots to the B-29. Crews were reluctant to embrace the troublesome B-29, and to overcome crew anxiety, Tibbets taught and certified two Women Airforce Service Pilots, Dora Dougherty and Dorothea (Didi) Moorman, to fly the B-29 as demonstration pilots, and the crews' attitude changed.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: On 1 September 1944, Tibbets reported to Colorado Springs Army Airfield, the headquarters of the Second Air Force, where he met with its commander, Major General Uzal Ent, and three representatives of the Manhattan Project, Lieutenant Colonel John Lansdale Jr., Captain William S. Parsons, and Norman F. Ramsey Jr., who briefed him on the project. Tibbets was told that he would be in charge of the 509th Composite Group, a fully self-contained organization of about 1,800 men, which would have 15 B-29s and a high priority for all kinds of military stores. Ent gave Tibbets a choice of three possible bases: Great Bend Army Airfield, Kansas; Mountain Home Army Airfield, Idaho; or Wendover Army Air Field, Utah. Tibbets selected Wendover for its remoteness.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: When the operation was still in its development stages, Armstrong and Colonel Roscoe C. Wilson were the leading candidates to command the group who was designated to drop the atomic bomb. Wilson was the Army Air Force project officer who provided liaison support to the Manhattan Project. Armstrong was an experienced combat veteran against German targets, but he was in his forties and had been severely injured in a fire in the summer of 1943. Wilson had no combat experience and was qualified primarily because of his engineering background and association with the project. Tibbets was considerably younger than both men and had experience in both staff and command duties in heavy bomber combat operations. He was already an experienced B-29 pilot, which made him an ideal candidate for the top-secret project. Tibbets indicated that the decision on what aircraft to use to deliver the bomb was left to him.


title: Paul Tibbets

text: Tibbets was promoted to colonel in January 1945 and brought his wife and family along with him to Wendover. He felt that allowing married men in the group to bring their families would improve morale, although it put a strain on his own marriage. In order to disguise all the civilian engineers on base who were working on the Manhattan Project, Tibbets was forced to lie to his wife; he told her that the engineers were "sanitary workers". At one point, Tibbets found that Lucy had co-opted a scientist to unplug a drain. During a meeting with these "sanitary engineers", Tibbets was told by Robert Oppenheimer that his aircraft might not survive the shock waves from an atomic bomb explosion.