title: Saw 3D

text: Elizabeth Weitzman of the "New York Daily News" gave the film one out of five stars. She criticized the lack of Bell's screentime saying, "What the filmmakers of the last four "Saw" movies have somehow overlooked is that Tobin Bell's Jigsaw is the linchpin of these films. It's right there in the title, so you'd think they'd realize what they lost when they killed him off in "Saw III". But it's been downhill ever since, and we hit bottom today". She admitted that the performances have become "painfully stilted" and called the script "a jumble of nothing punctuated by barely-trying death traps". She went on to say, "It's also disappointing to watch a once-original franchise morph into a generic slasher series, in which random people are killed in banal ways just to up the body count" and closed her review with, "No matter how much money "The Final Chapter" makes over Halloween weekend, it's time to acknowledge that this game is over".


title: Saw 3D

text: Wesley Morris of "The Boston Globe" called the film the "most gruesome and least coherent of the seven movies". He felt that some of the film's "games" were just randomly forced into the film, saying that kind of "episodic approach" and 3D works for a "far more innovative series like "Jackass 3D"". Morris closed his review by saying "This alleged final edition trashes the perverse morality of [Jigsaw's] legacy to make him the Jerry Springer of gore". Jason Anderson of the "Toronto Star" gave the film two out of four stars. He praised "Saw 3D"s plot for not being as confusing as previous films, for which he described as having to "generally require an encyclopedic knowledge of the series' many plot strands" in order to understand them. He thought Greutert gave the film a "pulpy energy" and described the film's traps and gore as having an "unpretentious sensibility" to films by Herschell Gordon Lewis.


title: Saw 3D

text: Alan Jones of the "Radio Times" gave the film four out of five stars saying, "though the film initially borders on parody, once the ever-ingenious trapping begins – using fishhooks, superglue, ovens and dental equipment – the chills run on turbo drive right through to the greatest hits flashback finale". He implied that the "shock scenarios" were borrowed from sources such as, "A Man Called Horse" and the work of Lucio Fulci. Jones said the 3D did not add to the experience saying "the CGI blood splatter something of a distraction to the almost Shakespearean crescendo of anguish and carnage". The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for "Worst Eye-Gouging Misuse of 3D", but it lost to "The Last Airbender".


title: Saw 3D

text: Although "Saw 3D" was intended to be the finale for the film series, it was reported in February 2016 that an eighth film under the working title "Saw: Legacy" and would be written by Josh Stolberg and Pete Goldfinger. In June 2017, the film's title was officially announced as "Jigsaw". The film was released on October 27, 2017.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, Prince of Montfort (birth name: "Jean-Christophe Louis Ferdinand Albéric Napoléon"; born 11 July 1986, France) is the head of the former Imperial House of France, and heir of Napoleon Bonaparte, the First Emperor of the French.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: Prince Jean-Christophe was born in Saint-Raphaël, Var, France. He is the son of Prince Charles Napoléon and his first wife Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, daughter of the late Prince Ferdinand of Bourbon, Duke of Castro, a claimant to headship of the former Royal House of the Two Sicilies. His parents divorced on 2 May 1989, two months before Jean-Christophe's 3rd birthday.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: Jean-Christophe is the great-great-great-grand-nephew of Emperor Napoleon I (who has no legitimate direct descendants) through the emperor's youngest brother, Jérôme, King of Westphalia. Through his mother, he is a descendant of King Louis XIV of France and through his great-grandmother, Princess Clémentine of Belgium, he descends from Leopold II of Belgium, William IV, Prince of Orange, Charles III of Spain, Frederick William I of Prussia, George II of Great Britain and Louis Philippe I, King of the French, who was the last king to rule France, while his great-great-grandfather was Prince Napoléon Bonaparte, the cousin of the Emperor Napoleon III, France's most recent monarch.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: Jean-Christophe's grandfather, Louis, Prince Napoléon, died in 1997 and stipulated in his will that he wished his 11-year-old grandson Jean-Christophe to succeed him as Head of the Imperial House of France rather than the boy's father, Charles, who had embraced republican principles and decided to remarry without his father's consent. Despite the dynastic dispute, Jean-Christophe's father has stated that "there will never be conflict" between him and his son over the imperial succession.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: Jean-Christophe studied at "Lycée Saint Dominique" in Neuilly-sur-Seine from 2001 to 2004, obtaining a baccalauréat with honours in the sciences and mathematics. From 2004 to 2006, he studied economics and mathematics at the "Institut Privé de Préparation aux Études Supérieures" (IPESUP) in Paris. Jean-Christophe matriculated at the HEC School of Management in Paris, graduating in 2011 with an MSc in management.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: He completed an MBA at Harvard Business School in May 2017. He worked from 2017 until 2022 as a private equity associate in the London office of the Blackstone Group. In April 2022 he founded a private equity boutique Leon Capital LLP.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: He has lived and worked in New York City as an investment banking analyst for Morgan Stanley and in London as a private equity associate for Advent International. He is fluent in French, English and Spanish. He represents his dynasty's heritage at public events and ceremonies in France and elsewhere in Europe.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: On 17 October 2019, he contracted a civil marriage with Countess Olympia von und zu Arco-Zinneberg, by birth member of an ancient House of Arco at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. On 19 October 2019, the couple were married religiously by the Roman Catholic bishop Antoine de Romanet at the Cathedral of Saint-Louis des Invalides in Paris. The wedding ball took place at the Palace of Fontainebleau.


title: Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

text: Prince and Princess Napoléon have one son, Prince Louis Charles Riprand Victor Jérôme Marie Napoléon (b. 7 December 2022 in Paris), who is the current heir to the Bonaparte dynasty and legacy.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Queen is the debut studio album by the British rock band Queen. Released on 13 July 1973 by EMI Records in the UK and by Elektra Records in the US, it was recorded at Trident Studios and De Lane Lea Music Centre, London, with production by Roy Thomas Baker, John Anthony and the band members themselves.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: The album was influenced by heavy metal and progressive rock. The lyrics are based on a variety of topics, including folklore ("My Fairy King") and religion ("Jesus"). Lead singer Freddie Mercury wrote five of the ten tracks, lead guitarist Brian May wrote four songs (including "Doing All Right", which he co-wrote with Tim Staffell while in the band Smile), and drummer Roger Taylor both wrote and sang "Modern Times Rock and Roll". The final song on the album is a short instrumental version of "Seven Seas of Rhye", the full version of which would appear on the band's second album, "Queen II".


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Queen, which played their first gig in June 1970, had been playing the club and college circuit in and around London for almost two years when they were asked to test out the new recording facilities at De Lane Lea Studios. The band came away with a polished demo tape of five songs: "Keep Yourself Alive", "The Night Comes Down", "Great King Rat", "Jesus", and "Liar". The group sent their demo to various record labels, but only received one offer: a low bid from Charisma records, which they declined as, according to their friend Ken Testi, they feared they "would always play second fiddle to Genesis and those other bands".


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Producers John Anthony and Roy Thomas Baker visited De Lane Lea while the band were recording and were impressed by what they saw. They recommended Queen to Barry and Norman Sheffield, who owned Trident Studios. The Sheffield brothers arranged for Queen to record at Trident; however, because the studio was very popular, Queen mainly recorded during studio downtime but were given free use of everything after the paying artists had left, including the latest technologies and production team. Trident also agreed to oversee the group's management, recording and publishing interests while they sought a record deal. One day, while waiting to use the studio, Mercury was asked to record vocals by producer Robin Geoffrey Cable, who was working on a version of "I Can Hear Music" and "Goin' Back". Mercury enlisted May and Taylor on the tracks, which were released on a single under the name Larry Lurex, a parody of Gary Glitter.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: The process of recording only during studio downtime—late evenings or overnight—lasted from May to November 1972. Taylor recalled, "You could see the working girls at night through their laced curtains, so while we were mixing, we would have a little bit of diversion". The limitations of this arrangement led the band to focus on completing one track at a time, but problems arose almost immediately. The band had thought highly of their De Lane Lea demo tracks, but producer Roy Thomas Baker had them re-record the songs with better equipment. "Keep Yourself Alive" was the first song to be re-recorded, and Queen did not like the result. They recorded it again, but no mix met their standards. After seven or eight failed attempts, engineer Mike Stone stepped in, and his first try met with Queen's approval. Stone would stay on to engineer and eventually co-produce their next five albums. May later commented that "Between Roy [Thomas Baker] and I, we were fighting the whole time to find a place where we had the perfection but also the reality of performance and sound".


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Another track that proved problematic was "Mad the Swine", which was to be the fourth track on the album between "Great King Rat" and "My Fairy King". Baker and Queen disagreed over the drum sound and percussion, and it was left off the album. It re-surfaced in 1991, remixed by David Richards, as both the B-side to the "Headlong" CD single in the UK, and on the Hollywood Records re-release of the album.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Other recordings from this period, such as two Smile tracks ("Silver Salmon" and "Polar Bear"), "Rock and Roll Medley" (a live encore staple from the era), and the infamous track "Hangman" (whose existence was long denied officially, beyond live concert recordings), have surfaced in the form of a studio acetate disc.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: The music on "Queen" has been described as hard rock, progressive rock and heavy metal. The album showcased the influence of contemporary rock bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Jethro Tull, while the lyrics were reflective of "mystical sword 'n' sorcerers themes" with "medieval landscapes." Michael Gallucci of "Ultimate Classic Rock" noted how "mostly "Queen" is a product of its time, bringing together prog, metal and even a little bit of folk music" and felt that the album "did little to separate the group from others exploring similar territory in the early '70s." David Chiu of "Medium" opined that Mercury's songs were similar in style to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, whereas May's songs "were also baroque-sounding at times, albeit more introspective."


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Brian May wrote "Keep Yourself Alive" after the band had been formed but before John Deacon joined, as confirmed by former bass player Barry Mitchell (on an unofficial question and answer session held on an online forum). According to May in a radio special about their 1977 album, "News of the World", he had penned the lyrics thinking of them as ironic and tongue-in-cheek, but their sense was completely changed when Freddie Mercury sang them. Roger Taylor and May sing the vocal bridge of the song.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Former bassists and the band themselves recall that Mercury might have helped on the musical arrangements based on the fact that the band were in a more collaborative period in the pre-studio days, and he usually got his way with structural ideas. While it is highly possible that he contributed ideas to the song (the modulation types and the expanded form are closer to his style than to May's), even in that case Mercury would be more a co-arranger than a co-writer per se (like George Martin on The Beatles' songs).


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: "Doing All Right" was written by May and Tim Staffell while in Smile, however, it was never released on Smile, only on Queen. This is one of the few Queen songs to feature May on the piano. He also played his old Hallfredh acoustic guitar on this track and on later tracks such as "White Queen (As It Began)" and "Jealousy". The band played this song as early as 1970, and it was notable as the band's first song Mercury played live on the piano. Staffell sang it when it was a Smile song, and Mercury tried to sing in the same manner when it became a Queen song. This song is not played much at concerts, played at least once at Earls Court's in 1977.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: This song, written by Mercury, is an example of Queen's earliest sound, with lengthy, heavy compositions with long guitar solos and sudden tempo changes.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: "My Fairy King", written by Mercury, deals with Rhye, a fantasy world he created with his younger sister and which features in other Queen songs, most notably "Seven Seas of Rhye". Mercury borrowed some lines from Robert Browning's poem "The Pied Piper of Hamelin". The song was written while the band was in the studio, and contains many vocal overdubbed harmonies, which Mercury was fond of. Taylor also displays his high vocal range, hitting the highest notes in the composition. The vocal overdubs technique would later be used in many Queen songs, most notably "Bohemian Rhapsody".


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: May said that after the lyric "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" was written, Freddie claimed he was singing about his own mother. Subsequently, Freddie Bulsara took the stage name Freddie Mercury. This was another attempt to separate him from his stage persona. As Mercury once explained, "When I'm performing I'm an extrovert, yet inside I'm a completely different man."


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: "My Fairy King" is the first song on the album to feature Mercury's piano skills – as the piano on "Doing All Right" was played by May, who was quite impressed by Mercury's piano playing on the track. From this point on Mercury handled most of Queen's piano parts.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Originally titled "Lover," the rudiments of this song were written by Mercury and guitarist Mike Bersin from Mercury's earlier group, Ibex. Queen reworked it, and Mercury took full credit since he had written the lyrics. As mentioned on the transcription on EMI Music Publishing's "Off the Record" sheet music, this is one of the band's few 1970s tracks to feature a Hammond organ. "Liar" was a staple of early concerts, but its inclusion was intermittent in later years, before returning in a shortened form for The Works Tour. For the Magic Tour, it was shortened to just the opening guitar section as a segue into "Tear It Up".


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: May wrote this song shortly after the band's formation in 1970, following the break-up of Smile. It was first recorded at De Lane Lea Studios in December 1971, when the band were hired to test the studio's new equipment in exchange for being allowed to record proper demos for their attempt to find a label.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: In 1972, Trident Studios signed Queen to a recording contract, but limited them to work only during studio down-time. They began working with Roy Thomas Baker who, along with owners/management Norman and Barry Sheffield, insisted on re-recording the five De Lane Lea demos. A new version of "The Night Comes Down" was recorded, but the band were unsatisfied with the results and the original demo was used on the album. With the release of the original De Lane Lea demos as bonus tracks in 2011, the difference in the mix of "The Night Comes Down" is quite noticeable when compared to the original LP and digital remasters. The demo is roughly the same mix that appeared on the album except for a distinct difference in the drum sound.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: The song follows what would become trademark May themes such as coming-of-age, nostalgia over the loss of childhood, and the difficulties of adult life. There is also what could be an ambiguous reference to the Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", in the lyric: "When I was young it came to me; And I could see the sun breaking; Lucy was high and so was I; Dazzling, holding the world inside." May is a Beatles fan and has commented in numerous interviews on their impact on him.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Taylor wrote and sang the song, which was re-recorded on two occasions for the BBC. The first dates from December 1973 and was broadcast on John Peel's show. This version was eventually released on the 1989 Queen album "At The Beeb", and sounds similar to the album version. The second re-recording dates from April 1974 and was first broadcast on Bob Harris's show. The later version, only available on bootleg recordings prior to the release of "On Air", differs from the original album version in its slower tempo and additional vocals from Mercury.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: "Son and Daughter" was written by May and was the B-side for the single "Keep Yourself Alive". The song was played in the very first concert under the name of Queen in 1970. It was a regular feature in Queen's live set until well into 1976. The song originally housed his famous guitar solo, but the album version does not feature the solo. The solo would not be properly recorded until 1974, with "Brighton Rock" from "Sheer Heart Attack". Until this time, and occasionally afterward, the guitar solo would take over the middle of "Son and Daughter" during concerts, allowing the rest of the band a bit of a rest and costume change.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Unlike other songs from Queen's early period which crept back into circulation in the live set of their 1984–86 tours, such as "Liar", "Keep Yourself Alive", "Seven Seas of Rhye" and "In the Lap of the Gods...Revisited", "Son and Daughter" stayed off the setlists after Queen's hit singles began to dominate their live show. The song is indicative of their very earliest sound, influenced by blues rock and heavy metal.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: The lyrics tell part of the story of Jesus of Nazareth. Mercury, credited with writing the song, was a Parsi Zoroastrian. The track features a two-chord rhythm section during the verses with a long instrumental break toward the end of the song. Because of the effects created by May's Red Special guitar, among other things, many early followers of Queen viewed the band as something of a psychedelic rock band.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Mercury had only half-written "Seven Seas of Rhye" when they were recording the first album. They intended to use it as an outro here and start "Queen II" with the finished version. This idea was later abandoned, but the song would become Queen's first hit single.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Though the album was completed and fully mixed by November 1972, Trident Studios spent months trying to get a record company to release it. After eight months of failing that, they took the initiative and released it themselves in a license deal with EMI Records on 13 July 1973. During this time, Queen had begun writing material for their next album, but they were disheartened by the album's delay, feeling they had grown past that stage, even though the record-buying public was just getting wind of them. They recorded two BBC sessions during the interim. The first single, "Keep Yourself Alive" (the Mike Stone mix, now considered the standard album version), was released a week before the album (UK dates, 6 and 13 July respectively). The US single was issued in October. All countries had the B-side "Son and Daughter". The album was released in the US on 4 September.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Elektra Records released a single of "Liar" in a heavily edited form on 14 February 1974, with the B-side "Doing All Right". Elektra later reissued the edited version of "Keep Yourself Alive" in July 1975, this time with a double B-side of "Lily of the Valley" and "God Save the Queen". Both versions are different from the album versions.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Hollywood Records released a CD single featuring five versions of "Keep Yourself Alive" to promote the forthcoming "Crown Jewels" box set (1998). The versions on the CD are "Long Lost Re-take", "BBC Session No. 1 Version", "Live Killers Version", "Album Version (Unremastered)", and "Album Version (1998 Remastered Version)".


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: "Rolling Stone" wrote, "There's no doubt that this funky, energetic English quartet has all the tools they'll need to lay claim to the Zep's abdicated heavy-metal throne, and beyond that to become a truly influential force in the rock world. Their debut album is superb." The "Winnipeg Free Press" opined that "Queen" borrowed from other artists, but also compared the album favourably to Led Zeppelin, writing, "the band manages to inject such a fresh, energetic touch to most of it that I don't mind a bit... With its first album, Queen has produced a driving, high energy set which in time may be looked upon with the same reverence Led Zep 1 now receives." Illinois' "Daily Herald" also commended the record, writing "Good listening is guaranteed in songs like 'Keep Yourself Alive,' 'Great King Rat' and 'Doing All Right'."


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: In later years, AllMusic awarded the album three out of five stars, calling it a "patchy but promising debut from a classic rock group". In 1994, "Guitarist Magazine" ranked "Queen" the 19th most influential guitar album of all time. The album placed at number 54 in "NME"s "100 Greatest Albums You’ve Never Heard" in 2011. In 2008, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Keep Yourself Alive" number 31 in the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time", describing it as "an entire album's worth of riffs crammed into a single song". It has also been cited as heavy metal journalist Martin Popoff's favorite record of all time.


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: Writing for "Classic Rock" in 2016, Malcolm Dome ranked "Queen" as the band's second greatest album. He described it as a "glorious hard rock marathon unlike anything else around at the time", and commented on the "unmistakably unique sound of Brian May's home-made guitar", the "panoramic production of Roy Thomas Baker" and the "soaring voice of Freddie Mercury", adding "the record was just too powerful, too multi-dimensional and too stunning to sit happily and contentedly in the grooves. The performances were all virtuoso."


title: Queen (Queen album)

text: All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted. The band included the comment "and nobody played synthesiser" on the album sleeve, a purist principle of May's, as some listeners had mistaken their elaborate multi-tracking and effects, produced by guitar and vocals, as synthesisers. John Deacon was credited as "Deacon John", but after the release of the album, he asked to be referred to by his real name. Roger Taylor was credited as Roger Meddows-Taylor, his full name, but that was discontinued after the next album.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: 1. Fußball-Club Köln 01/07 e. V., commonly known as simply FC Köln () or FC Cologne in English, is a German professional football club based in Cologne in North Rhine-Westphalia. It was formed in 1948 as a merger of the clubs "Kölner Ballspiel-Club 1901" and "SpVgg Sülz 07". Köln competes in the Bundesliga after promotion in 2018–19 following relegation to 2. Bundesliga the previous season. The team are two-time top-flight champions, winning the Bundesliga in 1964 and 1978. The team plays its home matches at RheinEnergieStadion.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: The club's nickname "Die Geißböcke" (The Billy Goats) refers to the club's mascot, a male goat named "Hennes" after the veteran FC player and later manager Hennes Weisweiler. The first "Hennes" was donated by a circus entrepreneur as a Cologne carnival joke. The current mascot is "Hennes" IX as of 1 August 2019 after Hennes VIII was retired by the club due to old age. Another nickname for the club, more common locally due to its ambiguity, is "FC" (often written as "Effzeh"), a common German abbreviation for football clubs. Characteristic for the dialect spoken around Cologne, this is pronounced "EF-tsay", in contrast to the Standard German pronunciation of the abbreviation where the second syllable is emphasized (). Köln play at home in white and red, both colours having been used as the main shirt colour throughout its history. The club has long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach, Fortuna Düsseldorf, and Bayer Leverkusen.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: Like many of Germany's other professional football clubs, 1. FC Köln is part of a larger sports club with teams in other sports like handball, table tennis and gymnastics. 1. FC Köln has over 100,000 members, making it the fourth largest club in Germany.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: Kölner BC was formed on 6 June 1901 by a group of young men who were unhappy as part of the gymnastics club FC Borussia Köln and far more interested in football. BC was a competitive side in the Zehnerliga West in the years before World War I who took the Westdeutsche championship in 1912 and advanced to the preliminary rounds of the national finals. Their next best result was a losing appearance in the 1920 league final, where they lost 1–3 to Borussia Mönchengladbach.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: Spielvereinigung 1907 Köln-Sülz was established in 1907 as Sülzer Sportverein and on 1 January 1919 merged with Fußball Club 1908 Hertha Sülz to form SpVgg. They won the Westdeutscher title in 1928 and they too went out in the early rounds of the national finals in their turn on that stage. They went on to play as a top flight club in the Gauliga Mittelrhein, one of sixteen premier level divisions established in 1933 in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. The side earned generally good results through the 1930s – including a divisional championship in 1939 – but then faltered in the early 1940s. After the 1941 season the Gauliga Mittlerhein was split into two new divisions: the Gauliga Köln-Aachen and the Gauliga Moselland, which included clubs from occupied Luxembourg. Sülz struggled until they were united with VfL Köln 1899 for the 1943–44 season to form the combined wartime side Kriegspielgemeinschaft VfL 99/Sülz 07 which promptly won the Gauliga Köln-Aachen title by a single point over SG Düren 99 in a close race. The club did not play the next campaign as war overtook the region.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: After the union of these two predecessor sides (1948), 1. FC Köln began play in the tough Oberliga West in the 1949–50 season and by 1954 had won their first divisional championship. That same year they lost the DFB-Pokal final 1–0 to VfB Stuttgart. "Die Geißböcke" won their second divisional championship in 1960 and appeared in the national final against Hamburger SV, where they lost 2–3. They went on to finish first in the Oberliga West in each of the next three seasons and again played their way to the national final in 1962 and 1963. They won the 1962 match 4–0 over 1. FC Nürnberg resulting in entry to the 1962–63 European Cup where they were one of the favourites to win the trophy. In the first round Köln visited Dundee F.C. of Scotland and lost 1–8, and despite winning the second leg back in Germany by 4–0 they were out of the tournament. In the following year's national final they lost 1–3 to Borussia Dortmund.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In 1963, FC Köln was selected as one of the original 16 teams to play in the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league. Köln continued their winning ways by becoming the first ever Bundesliga champion in the league's inaugural 1963–64 season. As German champions, Köln entered the 1964–65 European Cup where it met England's Liverpool at the quarter-final stage. After two 0–0 draws, a third game was played which was also a stalemate, this time 2–2. As the penalty shootout had not yet been introduced as the means of deciding a tie, Köln went out of the competition on the toss of a coin. Ironically enough, there was the need for a second coin toss because the first time the coin stuck vertically in the ground. The club also became the first Bundesliga side to field a Brazilian player when it signed Zézé for a then club record fee of DM 150,000. Domestically, Köln recorded a second-place finish in the 1964–65 Bundesliga season and won its first DFB-Pokal in 1967–68.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: At the start of the 1970s, Köln reached three DFB-Pokal finals in four seasons, losing all three; to Kickers Offenbach in 1970, Bayern Munich in 1971 and Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1973. The team also achieved another second place Bundesliga finish in 1973 before reaching another DFB-Pokal final in 1977, beating Hertha BSC over two legs to win the trophy for the second time.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In 1977–78, FC Köln enjoyed its most successful season, winning the Bundesliga title, its third national title overall, and retaining the DFB-Pokal. This makes Köln one of only four clubs to have won the double in the Bundesliga era.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: Köln had another losing DFB-Pokal final appearance in 1980, before winning the competition for a fourth time in 1983. In 1986, the club appeared in its first European final, losing 5–3 on aggregate to Real Madrid in the UEFA Cup Final. Two second place Bundesliga finishes, in 1988–89 and 1989–90, and another DFB-Pokal final loss in 1991, marked the end of a glorious thirty-year period for FC Köln.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In recent years, the club's performance has been mixed. The FC holds the dubious distinction of the worst goal drought in Bundesliga history: in 2002, the supporters had to wait 1034 excruciating minutes (equivalent to 11-and-a-half games) until Thomas Cichon found the back of the net again.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In the early years of the Bundesliga, 1. FC Köln was the most successful club in West Germany in terms of total points won. Beginning in the early 1990s, however, the club's performance fell, and in 1998 it was relegated for the first time. Since about 2000, the side has been a "yo-yo team", moving between the first and second divisions. It has returned to the Bundesliga at the end of the 2004–05 season as 2. Bundesliga champions after having been relegated the season before. There was little optimism about their return to the top flight as they were picked by German football magazine "kicker" as one of the clubs most likely to be relegated.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: This prediction came true when Köln lost to Hamburger SV 1–0 in the third-to-last match of the season. The club finished the season in second-last place and was relegated after conceding a league-worst 71 goals. The team's most prolific goal scorer was Lukas Podolski with a total of 12 goals, who transferred to Bayern Munich after the end of the season. He also appeared with the Germany national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In late 2006, former coach Christoph Daum was convinced to once again take the helm of the 2. Bundesliga club and succeeded in leading the club back to the Bundesliga in 2008. After a successful Bundesliga campaign in 2008–09, Daum left Köln for his former club Fenerbahçe. Köln's former star-striker Lukas Podolski returned for the 2009–10 season.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: After a poor run of form in the 2010–11 season, recording only one win from its opening nine Bundesliga fixtures, Köln replaced coach Zvonimir Soldo with Frank Schaefer. Schaefer, who was originally in charge of the under-23 team of Köln, decided after the season that he would rather spend more time with his family than be a coach in the Bundesliga. Former Norwegian international and recent Copenhagen coach Ståle Solbakken replaced him. After earning just eight points in the first 13 matches of the second half of the season, Schaefer and former Köln player Dirk Lottner replaced Solbakken. The club, however, was relegated at the end of the season, finishing in 17th place, having accumulated €33m debt, and €11m negative equity.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In April 2012 the club members elected a new board of directors, Werner Spinner as president, Markus Ritterbach for marketing, and Toni Schumacher for sport. In the 2012–13 season, under new trainer Holger Stanislawski, Köln finished in fifth place in the 2. Bundesliga, missing out on promotion back to the top division.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: In 2012 the board hired Jörg Jakobs as director of football who then got promoted in 2014 to sporting director, chief scout and director of the academy. In January 2013 Alexander Wehrle joined as managing director of FC Köln ltd. Wehrle was working as assistant for VfB Stuttgart president Erwin Staudt, especially for rebuilding the stadium. In summer 2013 Peter Stöger and Manfred Schmid were hired as coaching team, and Jörg Schmadtke as general manager. 2013–14 Köln finished first in the 2. Bundesliga and earned promotion to the top division. It was followed by a 12th place 2014–15, ninth in 2015–16, and fifth place in 2016–17. 25 years after the club's last appearance in international football to date they qualified for the Europa League. After restructuring and repaying debt, equity turned from €11m negative to €20m positive. The turnover increased from €56m in 2012/13 to more than €120m in 2016/17.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: After the club's return the European stage, fortunes quickly changed. The team experienced an unsuccessful start to the 2017–18 Bundesliga season gaining only three points from its first sixteen matches. At the same time, the club's Europa League campaign ended after the group stage. This downtrend led to the resignation of Jörg Schmadtke and Stöger's dismissal in December 2017; he was replaced by Stefan Ruthenbeck who was appointed as caretaker manager. In spite of an improved record in the second half of the season, the team finished last and were relegated to 2. Bundesliga at the end of the year.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: Ahead of the 2018–19 season, Markus Anfang was appointed manager with a mandate to achieve an immediate return to the top flight. While the club occupied the league's top spot for much of the season, Anfang was let go after a winless streak in April 2019. Just a week later, with André Pawlak at the helm, the team achieved promotion with a 0–4 victory over Greuther Fürth. On 13 May 2019, the club announced that Jahn Regensburg manager Achim Beierlorzer would assume its vacant head coaching position from the upcoming season. He was signed to a contract until 2021. Following an unsuccessful start to the 2019–20 season, which included a 3–2 cup defeat against 1. FC Saarbrücken, the club decided to terminate Beierlorzer's contract on 9 November 2019. Sporting director Armin Veh, who weeks earlier had announced that he would not extend his contract with the club, was also dismissed from his position. On 18 November, former HSV manager Markus Gisdol was appointed to the club's head coaching position, while Horst Heldt was made sporting director. Both signed contracts until 2021. After avoiding relegation at the end of the season, Gisdol's contract was extended until 2023.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: The club found itself in a renewed relegation during the 2020–21 season. On 11 April 2021, after losing to relegation rival Mainz 05, Gisdol was dismissed from his position as head coach. The next day, it was announced that Friedhelm Funkel would take over head coaching duties until the end of the season. On 11 May, it was reported that SC Paderborn manager Steffen Baumgart would succeed Funkel as head coach at the beginning of the 2021–22 season. Funkel's side faced Holstein Kiel in the relegation playoffs. After losing 0–1 at home, his team recorded a 1–5 away win, enabling the club to retain its position in the Bundesliga.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: The team plays its home matches in the Müngersdorfer Stadion, also known as the RheinEnergie Stadion for sponsorship purposes. It has a seating capacity of 50,000 and the average attendance in the 2015–16 season was 48,676. The stadium sponsorship comes from a contract with the local power supplier RheinEnergie AG. However, most fans still call the stadium "Müngersdorfer Stadion", named after the suburb of Müngersdorf, where it is located.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: The club owns the "Geißbockheim" training centre, currently known as "RheinEnergieSportpark" for sponsorship, located in Sülz which is a municipal part of Köln in the southwest of the city. The centre is home to the "Franz-Kremer-Stadion" the home of 1. FC Köln II.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: The club's main rivals are Borussia Mönchengladbach, Bayer Leverkusen, and Fortuna Düsseldorf – all clubs from the same Rhine-Ruhr region, near the river Rhine.


title: 1. FC Köln

text: The women's team was promoted to the Bundesliga in 2015. They were directly relegated back to the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga after the 2016–17 season ended, but managed to regain promotion in May 2017 to the Bundesliga.


title: Financial Times

text: The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs. Based in London, England, the paper is owned by a Japanese holding company, Nikkei, with core editorial offices across Britain, the United States and continental Europe. In July 2015, Pearson sold the publication to Nikkei for £844 million (US$1.32 billion) after owning it since 1957. In 2019, it reported one million paying subscriptions, three-quarters of which were digital subscriptions. The newspaper has a prominent focus on financial journalism and economic analysis over generalist reporting, drawing both criticism and acclaim. The daily sponsors an annual book award and publishes a "Person of the Year" feature.


title: Financial Times

text: The paper was founded in January 1888 as the London Financial Guide before rebranding a month later as the "Financial Times". It was first circulated around metropolitan London by James Sheridan, who, along with his brother and Horatio Bottomley, sought to report on city business opposite the "Financial News". The succeeding half-century of competition between the two papers eventually culminated in a 1945 merger, led by Brendan Bracken, which established it as one of the largest business newspapers in the world. Globalisation from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries facilitated editorial expansion for the "FT", with the paper adding opinion columns, special reports, political cartoons, readers' letters, book reviews, technology articles and global politics features. The paper is often characterised by its light-pink (salmon) newsprint. It is supplemented by its lifestyle magazine ("FT Magazine)", weekend edition ("FT Weekend") and some industry publications.


title: Financial Times

text: The editorial stance of the "Financial Times" centres on economic liberalism, particularly free trade and free markets. Since its founding it has supported liberal democracy, favouring classically liberal politics and policies from international governments; its newsroom is independent from its editorial board, and it is considered a newspaper of record. Due to its history of economic commentary, the "FT" publishes a variety of financial indices, primarily the FTSE All-Share Index. Since the late 20th century, its typical depth of coverage has linked the paper with a white-collar, educated, and financially literate readership. Because of this tendency, the "FT" has traditionally been regarded as a centre to centre-right liberal, neoliberal, and conservative-liberal newspaper. The "Financial Times" is headquartered in Bracken House at 1 Friday Street, near the city's financial centre, where it maintains its publishing house, corporate centre, and main editorial office.


title: Financial Times

text: The "FT" was launched as the "London Financial Guide" on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the "Financial Times" on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of "The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, and the Legitimate Speculator", it was a four-page journal. The readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the more daring and slightly older (founded in 1884) "Financial News". On 2 January 1893 the "FT" began printing on light pink paper to distinguish it from the similarly named "Financial News": at the time it was also cheaper to print on unbleached paper (several other more general newspapers, such as "The Sporting Times", had the same policy), but nowadays it is more expensive as the paper has to be dyed specially.


title: Financial Times

text: After 57 years of rivalry the "Financial Times" and the "Financial News" were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper. The "Financial Times" brought a higher circulation while the "Financial News" provided much of the editorial talent. The "Lex" column was also introduced from "Financial News".


title: Financial Times

text: Gordon Newton, a Cambridge graduate, took over as Editor in 1949, and immediately introduced a policy (then most unusual in Fleet Street) of direct recruitment of new university graduates, mainly from Oxbridge, as its trainee journalists. Many of them proceeded to have distinguished careers elsewhere in journalism and British public life, and became the mainstay of the paper's own editorial strengths until the 1990s. The first such 'direct recruit' was (the future leading British economist) Andrew Shonfield; the second was (later Sir) William Rees-Mogg who went on, via "The Sunday Times", to edit "The Times" in 1967 following its acquisition by Roy Thomson. Other FT Oxbridge recruits included the future Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson. The FT's distinctive recruitment policy for Fleet Street journalists was never popular with the National Union of Journalists and ceased in 1966 following the recruitment of Richard Lambert from Oxford, himself a future Editor of the FT. Meanwhile, Pearson had bought the paper in 1957. Over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting a renewed impetus in the world economy towards globalisation. As cross-border trade and capital flows increased during the 1970s, the "FT" began international expansion, facilitated by developments in technology and the growing acceptance of English as the international language of business. On 1 January 1979 the first "FT" (Continental Europe edition) was printed outside the UK, in Frankfurt; printing in the U.S. began in July 1985. Since then, with increased international coverage, the "FT" has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U.S., Asia and the Middle East.


title: Financial Times

text: The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa. It is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe, reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 "FT" launched a luxury lifestyle magazine, "How To Spend It". In 2009 it launched a standalone website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the "Financial Times" group made its first foray into the online world with the launch of FT.com. This provided a summary of news from around the globe, which was supplemented in February 1996 with stock price coverage. The second-generation site was launched in spring 1996. The site was funded by advertising and contributed to the online advertising market in the UK in the late 1990s. Between 1997 and 2000 the site underwent several revamps and changes of strategy, as the FT Group and Pearson reacted to changes online. "FT" introduced subscription services in 2002. FT.com is one of the few UK news sites successfully funded by individual subscription.


title: Financial Times

text: In 1997 the "FT" launched a U.S. edition, printed in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Atlanta, Orlando and Washington, D.C., although the newspaper was first printed outside New York City in 1985. In September 1998 the "FT" became the first UK-based newspaper to sell more copies internationally than within the UK. In 2000 the "Financial Times" started publishing a German-language edition, "Financial Times Deutschland", with a news and editorial team based in Hamburg. Its initial circulation in 2003 was 90,000. It was originally a joint venture with a German publishing firm, Gruner + Jahr. In January 2008 the "FT" sold its 50% stake to its German partner. "FT Deutschland" never made a profit and is said to have accumulated losses of €250 million over 12 years. It closed on 7 December 2012. The "Financial Times" launched a new weekly supplement for the fund management industry on 4 February 2002. "FT fund management" (FTfm) was and still is distributed with the paper every Monday. FTfm is the world's largest-circulation fund management title. Since 2005 the "FT" has sponsored the annual <nowiki>"Financial Times"</nowiki> and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award.


title: Financial Times

text: On 23 April 2007 the "FT" unveiled a "refreshed" version of the newspaper and introduced a new slogan, "We Live in Financial Times". In 2007 the "FT" pioneered a metered paywall, which let visitors to its website read a limited number of free articles during any one month before asking them to pay. Four years later the "FT" launched its HTML5 mobile internet app. Smartphones and tablets now drive 12% of subscriptions and 19% of traffic to FT.com. In 2012 the number of digital subscribers surpassed the circulation of the newspaper for the first time and the "FT" drew almost half of its revenue from subscriptions rather than advertising.


title: Financial Times

text: The "FT" has been available on Bloomberg Terminal since 2010 and on the Wisers platform since 2013. From 2015, instead of the metered paywall on the website, visitors were given unlimited free access for one month, after which they needed to subscribe. Pearson sold the Financial Times Group to Nikkei, Inc. for £844 million (US$1.32 billion) in July 2015. In 2016, the "Financial Times" acquired a controlling stake in Alpha Grid, a London-based media company specialising in the development and production of quality branded content across a range of channels, including broadcast, video, digital, social and events. In 2018, the "Financial Times" acquired a controlling stake in Longitude, a specialist provider of thought leadership and research services to a multinational corporate and institutional client base. This investment built on the "Financial Times" recent growth in several business areas, including branded content via the acquisition of Alpha Grid, and conferences and events through "Financial Times Live" and extends the "FT" traditional commercial offering into a wider set of integrated services. In 2020, reporter Mark Di Stefano resigned from the "Financial Times" after hacking into Zoom calls at other media organisations including "The Independent" and the "Evening Standard".


title: Financial Times

text: In 2020, the retraction of an opinion piece by a reporter for the "Financial Times" generated a controversy about the editorial independence of the paper from outside political pressure. The controversy followed the withdrawal by the newspaper's editor of an opinion piece by "FT" Brussels correspondent Mehreen Khan that was critical of French President Emmanuel Macron's policy towards Muslim minorities in France. The piece was withdrawn from the "FT" website on the same day as its publication. President Macron subsequently published a letter in the "FT" directly responding to the arguments of the original opinion piece, even if it the original opinion piece was no longer available on the website of the newspaper.


title: Financial Times

text: The editor of the "FT" Roula Khalaf who took the decision to withdraw the initial article, acknowledged having been contacted by the Élysée regarding the article and defended her decision on the basis purely of several factual errors in the original piece by Mehreen Khan.


title: Financial Times

text: In January 2019, the "FT" began a series of investigative articles detailing fraud suspicions at German payments group Wirecard. When the Wirecard share price plunged, German news media speculated that market manipulation was behind this attack on a German corporate, focusing on the lead author of the "FT" series, Dan McCrum. The Public prosecutor's office in Munich subsequently launched an investigation. After the formal complaint of an investor, Wirecard and the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), the responsible state's attorney announced investigations into several "FT" journalists.


title: Financial Times

text: On 22 June 2020 and after 18 months of investigations and an external audit, Wirecard announced that €1.9 billion worth of cash reported in its accounts "may not exist". The company subsequently filed for insolvency. BaFin itself became subject of a European Securities and Markets Authority investigation for its response to the scandal.


title: Financial Times

text: According to the Global Capital Markets Survey, which measures readership habits amongst most senior financial decision makers in the world's largest financial institutions, the "Financial Times" is considered the most important business read, reaching 36% of the sample population, 11% more than "The Wall Street Journal" ("WSJ"), its main rival. "The Economist", which was once 50% owned by "FT", reaches 32%. "FT" "The Banker" also proved vital reading, reaching 24%. In addition "FT" was regarded as the most credible publication in reporting financial and economic issues among the Worldwide Professional Investment Community audience. "The Economist" was also rated the third most credible title by most influential professional investors, while the "WSJ" was second.


title: Financial Times

text: The "FT" is split into two sections. The first section covers domestic and international news, editorial commentary on politics and economics from "FT" journalists such as Martin Wolf, Gillian Tett and Edward Luce, and opinion pieces from globally renowned leaders, policymakers, academics and commentators. The second section consists of financial data and news about companies and markets. Despite being generally regarded as primarily a financial newspaper, it does also contain TV listings, weather and other more informal articles. In 2021 and 2022, the outlet began focusing more on the cryptocurrency industry, launching a Digital Assets Dashboard, publishing multi-asset crypto indexes, starting a Cryptofinance newsletter dedicated to digital assets, and recruiting more journalists to cover the sector. About 110 of its 475 journalists are outside the United Kingdom.


title: Financial Times

text: The "Lex" column is a daily feature on the back page of the first section. It features analyses and opinions covering global economics and finance. The "FT" calls "Lex" its agenda-setting column. The column first appeared on Monday, 1 October 1945. The name may originally have stood for "Lex Mercatoria", a Latin expression meaning literally "merchant law". It was conceived by Hargreaves Parkinson for the "Financial News" in the 1930s and moved to the "Financial Times" when the two merged.


title: Financial Times

text: "Lex" boasts some distinguished alumni who have gone on to make careers in business and government—including Nigel Lawson (former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer), Richard Lambert (CBI director and former member of the Bank of England's monetary policy committee), Martin Taylor (former chief executive of Barclays), John Makinson (chairman and chief executive of Penguin), John Gardiner (former chairman of Tesco), David Freud (former UBS banker and Labour adviser, now a Conservative peer), John Kingman (former head of UKFI and a banker at Rothschild's), George Graham (RBS banker), Andrew Balls (head of European portfolio management at PIMCO) and Jo Johnson (former Conservative Member of Parliament for Orpington).


title: Financial Times

text: The "FT" publishes a Saturday edition of the newspaper called the "Financial Times Weekend". It consists of international economic and political news, "Companies & Markets", "Life & Arts", "House & Home" and "FT Magazine".


title: Financial Times

text: "How to Spend It" ("HTSI") is a weekly magazine published with "FT Weekend". Founded and launched by Julia Carrick with Lucia van der Post as founding editor, its articles concern luxury goods such as yachts, mansions, apartments, horlogerie, haute couture and automobiles, as well as fashion and columns by individuals in the arts, gardening, food, and hotel and travel industries. "How to Spend It" started in 1967 as a one-page consumer goods feature in the newspaper, which was edited by Sheila Black, a former actor and "FT" first female journalist. To celebrate its 15th anniversary, "FT" launched the online version of this publication on 3 October 2009.


title: Financial Times

text: Some media commentators were taken aback by the online launch of a website supporting conspicuous consumption during the financial austerity of the late-2000s recession. The magazine has been derided in rival publishers' blogs, as "repellent" in the "Telegraph" and "a latter-day "Ab Fab" manual" in the "Guardian". A 'well-thumbed' copy of the supplement was found when rebel forces broke into Colonel Gaddafi's Tripoli compound during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.


title: Financial Times

text: In September 2021 Arabic version of "HTSI" was launched by Othman Al Omeir, founder of "Elaph" online newspaper. "HTSI Arabic" is published in London.


title: Financial Times

text: The "FT" advocates free markets and is in favour of globalisation. During the 1980s, it supported Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan's monetarist policies. It has supported the UK Labour Party in the past, including at the general election in 1992 when Neil Kinnock was Labour leader. The "FT" editorials tend to be pro-European. The "FT" was firmly opposed to the Iraq War.


title: Financial Times

text: In the 2010 United Kingdom general election, the "FT" was receptive to the Liberal Democrats' positions on civil liberties and political reform, and praised the then Labour Party leader Gordon Brown for his response to the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, but on balance it backed the Conservatives, while questioning their tendency to Euroscepticism. In the 2015 United Kingdom general election, the "FT" called for the continuation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition that had governed for the previous five years. In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, a "Financial Times" editorial reluctantly backed Conservative Theresa May over Labour Jeremy Corbyn, while warning about her stance on immigration and the Eurosceptic elements in her party.


title: Financial Times

text: The modern "FT" is a product of a merger of two smaller newspapers in 1945; since that time, the paper had backed the Conservatives fairly consistently, but Labour's tacking to the centre, combined with the Conservatives' embracement of Euroscepticism, led the "FT" to reverse course and back Labour from 1992 until 2010, when the "FT" returned to the Conservative party. Euroscepticism further drove a wedge between the "FT" and the Conservatives in 2019, when the paper refused to make an endorsement, appalled at Labour's socialist economic policies (for wanting to "reverse, not revise, the Thatcherite revolution of the 1980s") and the Conservatives commitment to a hard Brexit.


title: Financial Times

text: In the 2008 United States presidential election, the "Financial Times" endorsed Barack Obama. While it raised concerns over hints of protectionism, it praised his ability to "engage the country's attention", his calls for a bipartisan politics, and his plans for "comprehensive health-care reform". The "FT" favoured Obama again in the 2012 United States presidential election. The "FT" endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 United States presidential election and Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election.


title: Financial Times

text: On 23 July 2015, Nikkei, Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times Group, a division of Pearson plc since 1957, for £844m (US$1.32 billion) and the acquisition was completed on 30 November 2015. Under the transaction agreement, Pearson retained the publishing rights to FT Press and licensed the trademark from Nikkei. Until August 2015 the FT group had a 50% shareholding in "The Economist", which was sold to the Agnelli family for £469 million. Related publications include the "Financial Times", FT.com, FT Search Inc., the publishing imprint FT Press and numerous joint ventures. In November 2013 it agreed to sell Mergermarket, an online intelligence reporting business, to the London private equity investor BC Partners. In addition, the FT Group has a unit called FT Specialist, which is a provider of specialist information on retail, personal and institutional finance segments. It publishes "The Banker", "Money Management" and "Financial Adviser" (a publication targeted at professional advisers), "fDi Intelligence" and "Professional Wealth Management" (PWM).


title: Financial Times

text: The Financial Times Group announced the beta launch of newssift, part of FT Search, in March 2009. Newssift.com is a next-generation search tool for business professionals that indexes millions of articles from thousands of global business news sources, not just the FT. The Financial Times Group acquired Money Media (an online news and commentary site for the industry) and Exec-Appointments (an online recruitment specialist site for the executive jobs market). The FT Group once had a 13.85% stake in Business Standard Ltd of India, the publisher of the "Business Standard". It sold this stake in April 2008 and has entered into an agreement with Network 18 to launch the "Financial Times" in India, though it is speculated that they may find it difficult to do so, as the brand 'Financial Times' in India is owned by The Times Group, the publisher of "The Times of India" and "The Economic Times". The group also publishes America's Intelligence Wire, a daily general newswire service.


title: Financial Times

text: The "Financial Times"' Financial Publishing division (formerly FT Business) provides print and online content for retail, personal and institutional finance audiences. Examples of publications and services include: "Investors Chronicle", a personal finance magazine and website; "FT Money", a weekly personal finance supplement in "FT Weekend"; "FT Wealth", a magazine for the global high-net-worth community and FTfm, a weekly review of the global fund management industry, "Money Management" and "Financial Adviser" (a publication targeted at professional advisers). The institutional segment includes: "The Banker", "This Is Africa", "fDi" "Intelligence" and "Professional Wealth Management" (PWM). Money-Media, a separate arm of Financial Publishing, delivers a range of digital information services for fund management professionals around the globe, including: Ignites, Ignites Europe, Ignites Asia, FundFire and BoardIQ. Financial Publishing includes publications ("Pensions Expert" and "Deutsche Pensions & Investmentnachrichten") and events ("Investment Expert") for the European pensions industry. The group also publishes MandateWire, a financial information company that provides sales and market intelligence for investment professionals in North America, Europe and Asia.


title: Financial Times

text: FT Knowledge is an associated company which offers educational products and services. FT Knowledge has offered the "Introducing the City" course (which is a series of Wednesday night lectures and seminars, as well as weekend events) during each autumn and spring since 2000. FT Predict is a prediction market contest hosted by the "Financial Times" that allows users to buy and sell contracts based on future financial, political and news-driven events by spending fictional Financial Times Dollars (FT$). Based on the assumptions displayed in James Surowiecki's "The Wisdom of Crowds", this contest allows people to use prediction markets to observe future occurrences while competing for weekly and monthly prizes.


title: Financial Times

text: The "Financial Times" also ran a business-related game called "In the Pink" (a phrase meaning "in good health", also a reference to the colour of the newspaper and to the phrase "in the red" meaning to be making a loss). Each player was put in the virtual role of Chief Executive and the goal was to have the highest profit when the game closes. The winner of the game (the player who makes the highest profit) was to receive a real monetary prize of £10,000. The game ran from 1 May to 28 June 2006.


title: Financial Times

text: The "Financial Times" collates and publishes a number of financial market indices, which reflect the changing value of their constituent parts. The longest-running of these was the former "Financial News Index", started on 1 July 1935 by the "Financial News". The "FT" published a similar index; this was replaced by the "Financial News Index"—which was then renamed the "Financial Times (FT) Index"—on 1 January 1947. The index started as an index of industrial shares, and companies with dominant overseas interests were excluded, such as the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later BP), British-American Tobacco, Lever Brothers (later Unilever) and Shell. The oil and financial sectors were included decades later.


title: Financial Times

text: The FTSE All-Share Index, the first of the FTSE series of indices, was created in 1962, comprising the largest 594 UK companies by market capitalisation. The letters F-T-S-E represented that FTSE was a joint venture between the "Financial Times" (F-T) and the London Stock Exchange (S-E). On 13 February 1984 the FTSE 100 was introduced, representing about eighty per cent of the London Stock Exchange's value. In 1995 FTSE Group was made an independent company. The first of several overseas offices was opened in New York City in 1999; Paris followed in early 2000, Hong Kong, Frankfurt and San Francisco in 2001, Madrid in 2002 and Tokyo in 2003.


title: Financial Times

text: Other well-known FTSE indices include the FTSE 350 Index, the FTSE SmallCap Index, the FTSE AIM UK 50 Index and FTSE AIM 100 Index as well as the FTSE AIM All-Share Index for stocks, and the FTSE UK Gilt Indices for government bonds.


title: Financial Times

text: In 2021, the "Financial Times" started publishing three multi-asset indexes with Wilshire Associates covering combinations of the top five cryptocurrencies.


title: Financial Times

text: In July 2006, the "FT" announced a "New Newsroom" project to integrate the newspaper more closely with FT.com. At the same time it announced plans to cut the editorial staff from 525 to 475. In August 2006 it announced that all the required job cuts had been achieved through voluntary layoffs. A number of former "FT" journalists have gone on to high-profile jobs in journalism, politics and business. Robert Thomson, previously the paper's US managing editor, was the editor of "The Times" and is now the chief executive of News Corporation. Will Lewis, a former New York correspondent and News Editor for the "FT", edited the "Daily Telegraph" and the "Wall Street Journal". Dominic Lawson went on to become editor of the "Sunday Telegraph" until he was sacked in 2005. Andrew Adonis, a former education correspondent, became an adviser on education to the then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, and was given a job as an education minister and a seat in the House of Lords after the 2005 election. Ed Balls became chief economic adviser to the Treasury, working closely with Gordon Brown, the chancellor of the exchequer (or finance minister), before being elected a Member of Parliament in 2005, and became Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families in July 2007. Bernard Gray, a former defence correspondent and Lex columnist, was chief executive of the publishing company CMP before becoming chief executive of TSL Education, publisher of the "Times Educational Supplement". David Jones, at one time the FT Night Editor, then became Head of IT. He was a key figure in the newspaper's transformation from hot metal to electronic composition and then onto full-page pagination in the 1990s. He went on to become Head of Technology for the Trinity Mirror Group.


title: Financial Times

text: Sir Geoffrey Owen was the editor of the "Financial Times" from 1981 to 1990. He joined the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) at the London School of Economics as Director of Business Policy in 1991 and was appointed Senior Fellow, Institute of Management, in 1997. He continues his work there. During his tenure at the FT he had to deal with rapid technological change and issues related to it, for example repetitive strain injury (RSI), which affected dozens of FT journalists, reporters and staff in the late 1980s.


title: Pancetta

text: Pancetta () is a salt-cured pork belly meat product in a category known as salume. In Italy, it is often used to add depth to soups and pastas.


title: Pancetta

text: For cooking, it is often cut into cubes ("cubetti di pancetta"). In Italy, pancetta is commonly served as a sliced meat, sliced thin and eaten raw. It can also be used in carbonara pasta (although guanciale is generally regarded as more traditional).


title: Pancetta

text: The two basic types of pancetta are the "arrotolata" (rolled) and "stesa" (flat). The "arrotolata", salted, is mainly cut in thin slices and eaten raw as part of antipasti or simply as a component of a sandwich; the "stesa" is often used chopped as an ingredient in many recipes, or cut in thick strips, that are usually eaten grilled. There is also a version of "arrotolata", to which capicola is added in the center of the roll ("pancetta coppata").


title: Pancetta

text: The rolled type is typical of northern Italy, while the flattened type is typical of central and southern Italy.


title: Pancetta

text: While most pancetta is salt-cured and dried, "pancetta affumicata" is salt-cured and smoked, similar to bacon.


title: Pancetta

text: Most pancetta products are made using pork belly brined in a mixture of salt, dextrose, spices and spice extracts, sodium erythorbate, garlic, sugar, sodium nitrate, and/or sodium nitrite.


title: Pancetta

text: The pork belly skin is removed before the pork is salted and held in a tub of brine for 10–14 days in a low temperature and high humidity environment. The brine is usually composed of salt, nitrite, ascorbate, spices such as black pepper, chilli, garlic, juniper, and rosemary, and sometimes nitrate.


title: Pancetta

text: After salting and brining, the pork is rolled, with layers of fat on the outside surrounding a meaty core. The rolled pork is then tightly packed into nettings or other fibrous casings. Rolling produces pancetta's distinctive shape, while the casing prevents case hardening in the latter stages of the production process.


title: Pancetta

text: Following rolling and packing, the pork undergoes enzymatic reactions facilitated by exposure to a warm environment of 22–24 °C for 24 to 36 hours. It is simultaneously exposed to cold smokes for desirable colours and flavours and to prevent moulding.


title: Pancetta

text: Finally, the smoked pork is held at 12–14 °C and 72–75% relative humidity for 3–4 weeks for drying. The resulting pancetta retains approximately 70% of its original weight.


title: Pancetta

text: Pancetta is preserved by curing. Curing is done using a spice and salt mixture containing nitrates or nitrites, which act to extend the shelf life of cured meats. Nitrates help remove excess moisture from the pork, decreasing water activity and limiting available free water for the growth of spoilage-causing and pathogenic microorganisms. Sodium nitrites are used to prevent the growth of botulism-causing bacteria and listeria monocytogenes, as well as imparting desirable flavour and colour.  Nitrates are said to act like time-released nitrites, and are used in pancetta products that require longer periods of curing and drying.


title: Pancetta

text: Other constituents of the spice mixture also act to preserve the shelf life of pancetta—black pepper acts as an antibiotic, and sodium erythorbate is used as an antioxidant.


title: Pancetta

text: Pancetta kept in its original packaging can be stored for up to 12 months. After opening, it has a shelf life of around 2–3 weeks in the refrigerator and up to 3 months in the freezer.


title: Pancetta

text: One 30-g serving of pancetta contains around 5.0 g of protein, 11.0 g of fat, and 20–25 mg of cholesterol. One serving comprises between 15 and 22 percent of the accepted daily value of fats. Despite its high portion of daily fat value, pancetta has a lower fat content than other bacon products.


title: Pancetta

text: A single serving of pancetta contains around 540 mg of sodium. Consumption of processed meats is reported to be the second largest source of dietary sodium consumption, with bacon products leading processed pork products in sodium content.


title: Pancetta

text: Pancetta contains trace amounts of carbohydrates and no dietary fibre. These values can vary depending on processing, curing, and cooking methods.


title: Pancetta

text: Associated cancer risk is likely related to the presence of nitrosamines in processed meat products like pancetta. Nitrosamines are carcinogenic compounds formed by the reaction of nitrites and amines. Nitrites are added during processing to act as preservatives and as antibacterial agents against clostridium botulinum, the toxin that causes botulism. Amines are naturally-occurring compounds found in meats. Nitrosamines are often formed in high temperatures, like those required to produce bacon, one processed meat in which nitrosamines have been consistently found.


title: Pancetta

text: Nitrosamines have also been shown to play a part in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes.


title: Pancetta

text: Under Canadian regulations (C.R.C., Annex C.2), a cured meat product like pancetta is defined as an edible meat product that is prepared with salt with at least 100ppm of sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate.


title: Pancetta

text: In the United States, under the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA, hormones are not allowed in hogs or poultry raised for food. Pork or poultry sold in the U.S. must be labelled as hormone-free and include a statement saying that federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones.


title: Pancetta

text: In the European Union, the labelling of pancetta is regulated under the protected designation of origin regime. Only pancetta produced in the Italian region of Calabria may be labelled as "pancetta di Calabria."


title: William Conrad

text: William Conrad (born John William Cann Jr., September 27, 1920 – February 11, 1994) was an American actor, producer, and director whose entertainment career spanned five decades in radio, film, and television, peaking in popularity when he starred in the detective series "Cannon".


title: William Conrad

text: A radio writer and actor, he moved to Hollywood after serving in World War II as a fighter pilot, and played a series of character roles in films, beginning with the film noir "The Killers" (1946). He created the role of Marshal Matt Dillon for the radio series "Gunsmoke" (1952–1961) and narrated the television adventures of "Rocky and Bullwinkle" (1959–1964) and "The Fugitive" (1963–1967).


title: William Conrad

text: Finding fewer onscreen roles in the 1950s, he changed from actor to producer-director with television work, narration, and a series of Warner Bros. films in the 1960s. Conrad found stardom as a detective in the TV series "Cannon" (1971–1976) and "Nero Wolfe" (1981), and as district attorney Jason Lochinvar "J.L., Fatman" McCabe in the legal drama "Jake and the Fatman" (1987–1992).


title: William Conrad

text: William Conrad (also known as John William Conrad) was born John William Cann Jr., on September 27, 1920, in Louisville, Kentucky. His parents, John William Cann and Ida Mae Upchurch Cann, owned a movie theatre, and Conrad grew up watching movies. The family moved to Southern California when Conrad was in high school. He majored in drama and literature at Fullerton College, in Orange County, California, and began his career as an announcer, writer, and director for Los Angeles radio station KMPC.


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad served as a fighter pilot in World War II. On the day he was commissioned in 1943 at Luke Field, he married June Nelson (1920–1977) of Los Angeles. He left the United States Army Air Forces with the rank of captain and as a producer-director of the Armed Forces Radio Service.


title: William Conrad

text: William Conrad estimated that he played more than 7,500 roles during his radio career. At KMPC, the 22-year-old Conrad produced and acted in "The Hermit's Cave" ("circa" 1940–44), the Los Angeles incarnation of a popular syndicated horror anthology series created at WJR Detroit.


title: William Conrad

text: He was among the supporting cast for the espionage drama "The Man Called X" (1944–48); the syndicated dramatic anthology "Favorite Story" (1946–49); the adventure dramas "The Count of Monte Cristo" (Mutual 1947–48), "The Voyage of the Scarlet Queen" (Mutual 1947–48), "The Green Lama" (CBS 1949), and "Night Beat" (NBC 1950–52); "Romance" (1950); "Hollywood Star Playhouse" (1950–53); Errol Flynn's "The Modern Adventures of Casanova" (Mutual 1952); and Cathy and Elliott Lewis's "On Stage" (CBS 1953–54).


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad was the voice of "Escape" (1947–54), a high-adventure radio series. He played Warchek, a menacing policeman, in "Johnny Modero: Pier 23" (Mutual 1947), a detective series starring Jack Webb, and was in the cast of Webb's crime drama "Pete Kelly's Blues" (NBC 1951). He played newspaper editor Walter Burns opposite Dick Powell's reporter Hildy Johnson in the ABC radio drama "The Front Page" (1948). He was Dave the Dude in the syndicated drama anthology series "The Damon Runyon Theater" (1948); Lt. Dundy in the NBC radio series "The Adventures of Sam Spade" (1949–50); boss to government special agent Douglas Fairbanks Jr. in "The Silent Men" (NBC 1951); and a New Orleans bartender in the NBC adventure drama "Jason and the Golden Fleece" (1952–53).


title: William Conrad

text: Most prominently, Conrad's deep, resonant voice was heard in the role of Marshal Matt Dillon on CBS Radio's gritty Western series "Gunsmoke" (1952–1961). The producers originally rejected him for the part because of his ubiquitous presence on so many radio dramas and the familiarity of his voice, but his impressive audition could not be dismissed, and he became the obvious choice for the role. Conrad voiced Dillon for the show's nine-year run, and he wrote the June 1953 episode "Sundown". When "Gunsmoke" was adapted for television in 1955, executives at CBS did not cast Conrad or his radio costars despite a campaign to get them to change their minds.


title: William Conrad

text: His other credits include "Suspense", "Lux Radio Theater", and "Fibber McGee and Molly". In "The Wax Works", a 1956 episode of "Suspense", Conrad performed every part. Because of his CBS Radio contract, he sometimes appeared on shows on other networks under the pseudonym "Julius Krelboyne".


title: William Conrad

text: In January 1956, Conrad was the announcer on the debut broadcast of "The CBS Radio Workshop", a two-part adaptation of Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World", which Huxley himself narrated. "On the air, "The CBS Radio Workshop" was a lightning rod for ideas," wrote radio historian John Dunning, who cites Conrad's "tour de force" performances in the subsequent broadcasts "The Legend of Jimmy Blue Eyes" (March 23, 1956) and "A Matter of Logic" (June 1, 1956). Conrad directed and narrated the 1957 episode "Epitaphs", an adaptation of Edgar Lee Masters's poetry volume "Spoon River Anthology".


title: William Conrad

text: "And '1489 Words' (Feb. 10, 1957) remains a favorite of many, a powerful Conrad performance proving that one picture is not necessarily worth a thousand words," Dunning concluded. "A lovely way to end a day, a decade, or an era."


title: William Conrad

text: As an actor in feature films, Conrad was often cast as a threatening figure. His most notable role may be the first for which he was credited, as one of the gunmen sent to eliminate Burt Lancaster in "The Killers" (1946). Conrad also appeared in "Body and Soul" (1947), "Sorry, Wrong Number" (1948), "Joan of Arc" (1948), and "The Naked Jungle" (1954).


title: William Conrad

text: In 1961, Conrad moved to the production side of the film business, producing and directing for Warner Bros. film studio. In 1965 he produced and directed "Two on a Guillotine", "My Blood Runs Cold" and "Brainstorm" as well as narrating the opening of "Battle of the Bulge". "Brainstorm" was a latter-day "film noir" that has come to be regarded as "a minor masterpiece of the 1960s" and "the final, essential entry in that long line of "films noir" that begins at the end of the Second World War."


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad was the executive producer of "Countdown" (1968), a science-fiction thriller starring James Caan and Robert Duvall that was the major studio feature début of director Robert Altman.


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad narrated the documentary "Design For Disaster", produced by the Los Angeles City Fire Department, about the November 1961 Bel Air wildfire that gutted several neighborhoods, at the time the worst conflagration in Los Angeles history.


title: William Conrad

text: As a token of appreciation from Jack L. Warner, head of Warner Bros., Conrad received one of the two original lead-metal falcon statues used in the classic film "The Maltese Falcon" (1941). The falcon sat on a bookshelf in Conrad's house from the 1960s. Standing 11.5 in (29.2 cm) high and weighing 45 lb (20.4 kg), the figurine had been slashed during the making of the film by Sydney Greenstreet's character Kasper Gutman, leaving deep cuts in its bronze patina. After Conrad's death, the statue was consigned by his widow Tippy Conrad to Christie's, which estimated it would bring $30,000 to $50,000 at auction. In December 1994, Christie's sold the falcon for $398,500. In 1996, Winston resold the prop to an unknown European collector "at an enormous profit"for as much as $1 million.


title: William Conrad

text: Late in life, Conrad narrated the opening and closing scenes of the 1991 Bruce Willis feature film "Hudson Hawk".


title: William Conrad

text: As "Bill Conrad", he narrated the animated "Rocky and Bullwinkle" series from 1959 to 1964. He narrated "This Man Dawson", a 33-episode syndicated crime drama starring Keith Andes in the 1959–1960 television season, and then became the familiar voice narrating "The Fugitive", starring David Janssen, on ABC television from 1963 to 1967. He could also be heard introducing Count Basie's Orchestra and Frank Sinatra on Sinatra's 1966 "Live at the Sands" album.


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad intoned a rhyming narration heard over the credits of the 1970 John Wayne film Western "Chisum". His voice is heard in the Clio Award-winning 1971 public-service announcement about pollution featuring Iron Eyes Cody, created for Earth Day by Keep America Beautiful and the Ad Council. From 1973 to 1978, Conrad narrated the TV nature program, "Wild, Wild World of Animals". Also during the 1970s, he appeared in and narrated a number of episodes for ABC's "American Sportsman", and in the CBS documentary "The Lost Treasure of the Concepcion". He later narrated "The Making of Star Wars" (1977), the disaster documentary "Catastrophe!" (1977), the 1978 World Series U.S.-baseball highlight film, "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" (1979), and "The Rebels" (1979). He performed the role of Denethor in the 1980 animated TV version of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Return of the King". His other voice work included narration for "The Highwayman" and the High Flight sign-off featuring an F-15.


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad directed episodes of NBC's "Klondike" in the 1960–1961 season. His other credits as a director include episodes of "The Rifleman", "Bat Masterson", "Route 66", "Have Gun – Will Travel", "77 Sunset Strip", "Temple Houston"and "Ripcord", as well as ABC's crime drama "".


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad guest-starred in NBC's science-fiction series "The Man and the Challenge" and in the syndicated skydiving adventure series "Ripcord", with Larry Pennell and Ken Curtis. In 1962, he starred in an episode of "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" and guest-starred in episodes of ABC's crime drama "".


title: William Conrad

text: From 1971 to 1976, he starred in television detective series "Cannon", which was broadcast on CBS. While starring in the show, he weighed , and ballooned to or more.


title: William Conrad

text: "I heard that Weight Watchers had banned its members from watching the show, but it turned out to be a gag," Conrad said in 1973. "The publicist for Weight Watchers did call and suggest that I have lunch with their president. I said sure – if I could pick the restaurant."


title: William Conrad

text: From the early 1980s to the early 1990s, he starred in two other TV series, each with a crime detection/courtroom drama theme – "Nero Wolfe" (1981) and "Jake and the Fatman" (1987–92) with Joe Penny.


title: William Conrad

text: Throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, Conrad served as the armchair-and-fireside host of the "CBS All American Thanksgiving Day Parade" morning broadcasts in which he anchored the network's annual holiday telecast of parades from around the U.S. and Canada, including parades from Detroit, Hawaii, New York City, Philadelphia, and Toronto.


title: William Conrad

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, Conrad appeared in a few Pittway First Alert Smoke Alarm commercials as the host, explaining the need for the alarms.


title: William Conrad

text: In 1957, Conrad was married to former fashion model Susan Randall (1940–1979), and the couple had one son, Christopher. In 1980, Conrad married Tipton "Tippy" Stringer (1930–2010), a TV pioneer and the widow of NBC newscaster Chet Huntley. She helped manage his career during their 14-year marriage.


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad was an avid outdoorsman and accomplished fisherman. Having been known for his prowess using light tackle, as documented in the magazine "Field & Stream", on May 23, 1972, in the Yucatan Channel of Mexico, Conrad caught a 62 lb, 4 oz sailfish on thread-like 6-lb-test line.


title: William Conrad

text: William Conrad died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on February 11, 1994. He was buried in the Lincoln Terrace section of Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery, California.


title: William Conrad

text: Conrad was posthumously elected to the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1997, and also to the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame.


title: Chvrches

text: Chvrches (stylised CHVRCHΞS and pronounced "Churches") are a Scottish pop band from Glasgow, formed in September 2011. The band consists of Lauren Mayberry, Iain Cook, Martin Doherty and, unofficially since 2018, Jonny Scott. Mostly deriving from the synth-pop genre, Chvrches also incorporate indietronica, indie pop, and electronic dance into their sound.


title: Chvrches

text: Two years after their formation, Chvrches released "Recover EP" in March 2013, which included hits "The Mother We Share" and "Recover". Their debut studio album, "The Bones of What You Believe", was released on 20 September 2013, while the band was ranked fifth on the Sound of 2013 list by the BBC. Two years later, on 25 September 2015, the group released their second album, "Every Open Eye". Their third album, "Love Is Dead", was released on 25 May 2018. Their fourth album, "Screen Violence", was released on 27 August 2021.


title: Chvrches

text: In 2003, musicians Iain Cook and Martin Doherty met as students at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. Doherty was a member of the rock band Julia Thirteen, and asked Cook to produce some of the band's music. Although Julia Thirteen never recorded any further material, the experience proved vital, as Cook and Doherty formed a mutual partnership through music. A few years later, Doherty joined Cook as a member of the alternative rock band Aereogramme, but the two quit in 2007 when they became frustrated with the band's sound and lack of exposure. Doherty was then offered a role as a touring member of The Twilight Sad, but quit in 2012 after growing tired of playing someone else's music. The two had become jaded with alternative rock, and decided to start their own music project.


title: Chvrches

text: A few years after Cook left Aereogramme, he began listening to the American electronic music band Emeralds. Inspired, Cook bought a Minimoog Voyager and began "playing around with soundscapes and stuff like that...kind of with a view of doing stuff from the '80s". In September 2011, he produced an extended play for the band Blue Sky Archives, and asked vocalist and drummer Lauren Mayberry if she would be interested in singing backing vocals for an electronic music project he and Doherty were working on. Mayberry was intrigued by the offer, as neither of them had any background in electronic music. "For me it was nice to write over different instruments and not have to try to sing and scream over live drums and a Marshall bass stack," said Mayberry.


title: Chvrches

text: The three musicians quickly bonded, and spent the next few months writing and recording songs in a basement studio. During these sessions, Mayberry wrote the lyrics and hooks, Doherty provided melodic ideas, and Cook produced the songs. Once the sessions had concluded, the three decided that they worked well enough together to try and perform the songs as a band. The initial plan was to have Doherty sing lead vocals, while Mayberry would sing backing vocals. Mayberry was eventually promoted to lead vocalist after Cook and Doherty heard her singing abilities. In addition to her new role, Mayberry became the band's frontwoman, and gave the other members a reading list about the inner workings of the music industry.


title: Chvrches

text: The band members settled on the name Chvrches (stylised as CHVRCHΞS), which uses the Roman letter "v" instead of a "u". This spelling was chosen to differentiate themselves from actual churches in online search results. There was no conscious decision to have a name with religious connotations; instead, the band members felt that the name gave "a strong vibe that could be interpreted in many different ways". Mayberry also noted that the v is a subtle nod to band names from the influential witch house genre of music, including bands such as SALEM and Ritualz. "We did consider putting upside down crosses at either side of our name, but that would have dated us, I think" said Mayberry.


title: Chvrches

text: Doherty noted how Chvrches began as a studio only project, saying: "There wasn't really any goal other than to put a song out on the internet and see what kind of response we got". In May 2012, Chvrches posted its debut song "Lies" on the Neon Gold Records blog. Instead of a picture of the band members, the song was accompanied by a picture of nuns in masks, which added to the perceived religiosity of the Chvrches name. The response was almost immediate; "Lies" reached number one on the MP3 aggregate blog The Hype Machine, and similarly received constant airplay on SoundCloud and BBC Radio 1. The band members were amazed by the reaction to "Lies". "It was unbelievable, way beyond what we expected," said Doherty.


title: Chvrches

text: Despite the popularity of "Lies", Chvrches had yet to perform a live show. There was a growing expectation that the band would eventually perform live, although the band members were anxious at the prospect. To curtail this fear, Chvrches played its first two live shows under the name Shark Week, before making its official debut at the Glasgow School of Art in July. When Chvrches began to attract A&R representatives, Mayberry was dismayed that most of them wanted to make her the central figure of the band; one representative called her the next Pixie Lott. From the beginning, the band's goal was to give equal treatment to all three members, and to not have any one person become the focal point. As Doherty stated: "We could have sold 200,000 more albums if we'd hidden Iain and I from view and put Lauren on the cover of every magazine. We ended up doing it in an indie band style. We broke through via word of mouth. It was about doing it in an honest, right way." This mentality meant that the band had to decline early offers for photo shoots and interviews that excluded Cook and Doherty.


title: Chvrches

text: Chvrches had already recorded eight other songs by the time "Lies" was released, in case listeners wanted to hear more music. One of these songs, "The Mother We Share", was released on 5 November 2012 as the band's debut single. "The Mother We Share" was similarly well received by listeners, and was downloaded more than 32,000 times by September 2013. Around this time, Chvrches co-manager Campbell McNeil attempted to contact Glassnote Records founder Daniel Glass, and gave Glass copies of "Lies" and another song called "Recover". After travelling to the UK to see Chvrches live, Glass signed the band to a recording contract in January 2013. To promote Chvrches, managers McNeil and Danny Rogers launched a nonstop touring schedule which included several international performances. Two months after signing with Glassnote, Chvrches made its North American debut at the South by Southwest festival in Austin, where the band won a Grulke Prize for best non-American act.


title: Chvrches

text: On 6 February 2013, Chvrches premiered the second single "Recover". It was followed by "Recover EP", out on 25 March 2013 in the UK via Goodbye/Virgin and 26 March 2013 in the US via Glassnote. In March 2013 Chvrches performed at SXSW. They also won the Inaugural Grulke Prize (for Developing Non-US Act) at SXSW.


title: Chvrches

text: On 19 June 2013, Chvrches made their US TV debut performing "The Mother We Share" on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon". On 15 July 2013, they released the single "Gun". In July 2013 Chvrches supported Depeche Mode on four shows from "The Delta Machine Tour" 2013. In September 2013, they also performed "The Mother We Share" on "Later... with Jools Holland".


title: Chvrches

text: On 23 September 2013, the band released their debut studio album "The Bones of What You Believe" on Virgin and Goodbye Records. On the critical aggregator website Metacritic, the album received a score of 80, based on 39 reviews.


title: Chvrches

text: On 30 September 2013, Mayberry penned an op-ed piece in "The Guardian" on what she perceived as sexist remarks directed towards her through the band's social media sites.


title: Chvrches

text: Chvrches covered Bauhaus' song "'Bela Lugosi's Dead" for the ending credits of the film "Vampire Academy". "The Mother We Share" was featured in the opening video for the 2014 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Glasgow, Scotland, on 23 July 2014.


title: Chvrches

text: On 30 October 2014, BBC host Zane Lowe premiered "Get Away" as the first song from the re-scored soundtrack of the 2011 Nicolas Winding Refn's film, Drive.


title: Chvrches

text: The band started recording their second album in January 2015, and on 5 June 2015 announced they had completed work on it. Recording was conducted in the same Glasgow facility used for "The Bones", which received a major upgrade to recording gear and an increase in the instrumental variety for the second album. If "The Bones of What You Believe" was recorded with the only three synths they had at that time (Minimoog Voyager, Prophet '08, Roland Juno-106), the success of the debut album allowed the band to follow their passion for synths by adding a lot more to play with on "Every Open Eye": Korg MS-20 mini, Korg Polysix, Roland Jupiter-8, Moog Sonic Six, Oberheim OB-Xa and DSI Prophet 12.


title: Chvrches

text: On 16 July 2015, the band revealed the release date, cover art, and track listing for the new album, entitled "Every Open Eye". The following day they released the album's first single, "Leave a Trace". The album was released on 25 September 2015.


title: Chvrches

text: On 12 August 2015, the second single, "Never Ending Circles", was released, and on 10 September 2015 the third single, "Clearest Blue", was also released. On 19 October 2015, the fourth single, "Empty Threat", was released. The music video was revealed on 20 November 2015.


title: Chvrches

text: On 31 March 2016, Chvrches made their debut at Royal Albert Hall as part of the Albert Sessions in an over two hours concert. The setlist included 17 songs from their first album and their follow-up: Every Open Eye.


title: Chvrches

text: Chvrches and Solar Fields penned the original song "Warning Call" for the 2016 video game "Mirror's Edge Catalyst". The theme song was released on 13 May 2016.


title: Chvrches

text: In June 2016, a new version of "Bury It" featuring Hayley Williams was released the fifth and final single from "Every Open Eye". The music video for the song was illustrated by Jamie McKelvie, featuring the band and Williams demonstrating telekinetic powers.


title: Chvrches

text: Chvrches began work on their third album in February 2017. The album was recorded in Los Angeles, New York City, and London. On 24 February 2017, Dave Stewart of Eurythmics revealed that he was in the studio working with the band. On 12 December, it was announced that Greg Kurstin had produced the album, and that work on the project was nearing completion Speaking about the album in an interview, Mayberry said "It's a typically Glaswegian thing to do, to feel the most misanthropic and macabre when you're in the sunniest place on earth."


title: Chvrches

text: To promote the upcoming album, the band wiped all of their social media pages, before posting a short video containing new music captioned "GET IN". The post was accompanied by a link to a Facebook Messenger page with the band. On 31 January 2018, BBC Radio 1's Annie Mac announced "Get Out" to be her Hottest Record in the World, giving the single its world premiere. The album also includes a song titled "My Enemy" featuring Matt Berninger of The National, released 28 February 2018. The track list was unveiled on 26 February 2018. On 29 March 2018, the band released "Never Say Die" as the third single from the album. On 10 April 2018, the band released "Miracle" as the fourth single from the album. "Love Is Dead" was released on 25 May 2018. On 9 October 2018, the band released "Graffiti" as the fifth single from the album.


title: Chvrches

text: In February 2019, the band was featured in a collaboration with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra for the launch of the new BBC Scotland television channel. The channel's official launch on 24 February featured an orchestral performance of "Miracle".


title: Chvrches

text: In October 2019, the band released the original song "Death Stranding" as the lead single of the album "" for the 2019 video game of the same title. Chvrches played the song with Game Awards Orchestra at the opening of The Game Awards 2019 ceremony.


title: Chvrches

text: Chvrches started working on their fourth album in February 2020. Martin Doherty and Lauren Mayberry worked on the album from Los Angeles while Iain Cook worked on the album from Glasgow. Chvrches started teasing the lead single for their fourth album, given the working title "CHV4", on 9 April 2021. On 18 April 2021, Chvrches announced "He Said She Said" as the lead single for the album and it premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 19 April 2021. A second single, "How Not to Drown", featuring Robert Smith of the Cure, was released on 2 June 2021. The same day, the band announced their fourth album, "Screen Violence", which was released on 27 August 2021. On 12 July 2021 they released the album's third and final single, "Good Girls". On 25 August 2021, the band performed "Good Girls" from the album "Screen Violence" on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".


title: Chvrches

text: Known for their clean sound, Chvrches' music style is usually tagged as synth-pop, electropop, pop, indie pop, indietronica, electronic rock, indie rock, alternative pop, electronica, and electronic. Neon Gold described their sound as "a godless hurricane of kinetic pop energy". Kitty Empire of "The Observer" wrote they "make accessible electro-pop that's only just short of truly brilliant". "Wired" noted following "Every Open Eye"'s release that the album "cements the group as today's heir apparent to Depeche Mode, New Order, and other titans of British electronic music."


title: Chvrches

text: The band stated that their heroes were David Bowie, Depeche Mode, Iggy Pop, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Tangerine Dream, and Nick Cave. They have also been influenced by acts such as the Cure, Brian Eno, Madonna, Eurythmics, the National, Throbbing Gristle, Prince, Tubeway Army, Robyn, Lil Wayne, Laurie Anderson, Kate Bush, The Knife, Florence and the Machine, Cocteau Twins, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, Deftones, Cyndi Lauper, Whitney Houston, My Bloody Valentine, Cyndi Lauper, Elliott Smith, and the Prodigy.