title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan was educated at two independent schools, Lochinver House School for boys in Potters Bar, and Haileybury and Imperial Service College (now co-educational), a boarding school in the village of Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire. He was in a school prog rock band called Aragon, who recorded an album called "The Wizard's Dream."


title: Stephen Mangan

text: After earning a Bachelor of Arts in law at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Mangan took a year out to care for his mother, Mary, who died of colon cancer at age 45. Weeks after her death, he auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and went on to study there for three years. His father, James, died of a brain tumour at age 63. Mangan backed the 2020 National Brain Appeal's a charity supporting research at the National Brain Hospital, with a unique online art gallery exhibition sale.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: After graduating from RADA in 1994, Mangan did not pursue lead roles on screen, preferring to take what he saw as the less limited opportunities on the stage. Between 1994 and 2000, he performed in plays throughout the UK and the West End before joining the theatre company Cheek by Jowl for an international tour of "Much Ado About Nothing", earning him a nomination for a National Theatre Ian Charleson Award. He worked again for director Declan Donnellan at the Royal Shakespeare Company in "School for Scandal", and at the Savoy Theatre in "Hay Fever".


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2008 he played the title role in "The Norman Conquests", directed by Matthew Warchus, at The Old Vic and then at the Circle in the Square on Broadway. The production was a huge critical success earning several Tony Award nominations, including one for Mangan himself and won the Tony Award for Best Revival.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2012 he appeared at the Royal Court in a Joe Penhall play, "Birthday", directed by Roger Michell, playing a pregnant man.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan starred as Bertie Wooster in "Jeeves and Wooster in Perfect Nonsense" at the Duke of York's Theatre alongside Matthew Macfadyen as Jeeves from October 2013 until they were replaced by Mark Heap and Robert Webb in April 2014. The production won the 2014 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan's breakthrough television performance was as Adrian Mole in the six-part BBC TV show series "" in 2001. That same year he appeared in "Sword of Honour" on Channel 4, alongside Daniel Craig.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2002, he appeared as Dan Moody in the "I'm Alan Partridge" episode "Bravealan". A scene where Alan repeatedly shouts "Dan!" at Dan from a distance in a car park, while Dan seems not to notice him, was named the second best moment from the series by "Metro", and in 2014 Mangan said that he has "Dan!" shouted at him by passers-by almost every day.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan played Guy Secretan in the BAFTA-winning British sitcom "Green Wing". In Channel 4's "The World's Greatest Comedy Characters", Guy was voted 34th. He starred as Keith in "Never Better", a British television sitcom on BBC Two. He plays a recovering alcoholic Keith Merchant and Kate Ashfield is his long-suffering wife Anita. The series was written by Fintan Ryan for World Productions.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2009, "Free Agents", a romantic black comedy starred Mangan, Sharon Horgan and Anthony Head. Originally a pilot for Channel 4 in November 2007, the series began on 13 February 2009. It spawned a short lived US remake, which was cancelled after just four episodes aired, although four more were later released on Hulu.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: He played the title role in "Dirk Gently", a British comedy detective drama TV series based on characters from the "Dirk Gently" novels by Douglas Adams. The series was created by Howard Overman and co-starred Darren Boyd as his sidekick Richard MacDuff. Recurring actors included Helen Baxendale as MacDuff's girlfriend Susan Harmison, Jason Watkins as Dirk's nemesis DI Gilks and Lisa Jackson as Dirk's receptionist Janice Pearce. Unlike most detective series "Dirk Gently" featured broadly comic touches and even some science fiction themes such as time travel and artificial intelligence. He has said that he was "bitterly upset" at the BBC's axing of the series after four episodes due to a freeze on the licence fee. The four episodes of Dirk Gently were later released on the BritBox streaming service.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: He played the title role in "The Hunt for Tony Blair", a one-off episode of "The Comic Strip Presents...", a British television comedy, which was first shown on Channel 4 on 14 October 2011. The 60-minute film was written by Peter Richardson and Pete Richens and presented in the style of a 1950s film noir. It stars Mangan as the former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who is wanted for murder and on the run as a fugitive. The film received its world premiere at the Edinburgh International Television Festival in August 2011. It first aired on Channel 4 on 14 October 2011; it received a mostly positive reaction from reviewers, and was nominated for a BAFTA award (Best Comedy Programme 2012) and the British Comedy Awards (Best Comedy Drama 2011).


title: Stephen Mangan

text: He appeared in "Episodes", a British/American television comedy series created by David Crane and Jeffrey Klarik and produced by Hat Trick Productions. It premiered on Showtime in the United States on 9 January 2011 at 9:30 pm and on BBC Two in the UK on 10 January 2011.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: The show is about a British husband-and-wife comedy writing team who travel to Hollywood to remake their successful British TV series, with disastrous results. Mangan based his performance as Lincoln on his favorite shows from his youth. On 11 December 2013, it was announced that Showtime had renewed "Episodes" for a fourth season. "Episodes" has received positive reviews by critics, with many singling out Mangan, Tamsin Greig, and Matt LeBlanc's performances.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2018, Mangan played the lead role in a black comedy TV series "Bliss", created by American comedian David Cross, which was aired on Sky One and released by the BritBox streaming service. "Bliss" stars Mangan as Andrew, a fraudulent travel writer, who is struggling to maintain long-term relationships with two partners, Kim (Heather Graham) and Denise (Jo Hartley), who are not aware of one another.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: He co-wrote and starred in "Hang Ups" for Channel 4. The show had an all-star cast, including David Tennant, Katherine Parkinson, Charles Dance and Richard E. Grant. It received rave reviews and was nominated for two major awards.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Also in 2018, Mangan starred in the BBC legal drama "The Split" opposite Nicola Walker. He reprised this role in the second series in 2020 and again in the third series in 2022.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2020 he co-hosted "BBC Children in Need" alongside Mel Giedroyc, Alex Scott and Chris Ramsey. He also served as the narrator of ITV's documentary series "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?: The Million Pound Question," which started airing in November 2020.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In May 2022 the BBC announced that Mangan would be one of the guest presenters to take over Richard Osman's role on Pointless.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan's first film part was as Doctor Crane in "Billy Elliot", which was released in 2000. In 2001 he appeared in the Miramax film "Birthday Girl", starring Nicole Kidman and Vincent Cassel; in the same year he appeared as French cabaret singer Pierre Dupont in the cult film "Chunky Monkey" alongside David Threlfall and Alison Steadman. In 2002, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in the short "New Year's Eve."


title: Stephen Mangan

text: He played the leading role in 2003's "SuperTex", a Dutch film directed by Jan Schütte and filmed in English. In 2005 he played a comedian in "Festival", a British black comedy film about a number of people at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, directed by Annie Griffin. The general shots of the festival were filmed during the 2004 event. Mangan was nominated for a Scottish BAFTA for his performance.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: "Confetti", a 2006 British mockumentary romantic comedy film, was released on 5 May 2006. It was conceived and directed by Debbie Isitt and stars many British comedians, including Jessica Stevenson, Jimmy Carr, Martin Freeman, Mark Heap, Julia Davis, Robert Webb, and Olivia Colman. It follows a bridal magazine competition for the most original wedding, the ultimate prize being a house, and the three couples who are chosen to compete. Mangan plays one of the grooms, a professional tennis player.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: He starred in "Beyond the Pole", a 2010 British mockumentary adapted from the cult BBC radio series of the same name. It received its UK cinema release in 2010. It was directed and produced by David L. Williams. The film was shot on floating sea ice off the coast of Greenland, and stars an acclaimed cast of actors and comedians including Mangan, Rhys Thomas, Mark Benton, Alexander Skarsgard and Helen Baxendale. "Variety" magazine described the film as a cross between "The Office" and "Touching the Void".


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2013 Mangan played Alastair Caldwell in "Rush", a British-German biographical sports drama film centered on the rivalry between race car drivers James Hunt and Niki Lauda during the 1976 Formula One motor-racing season. It was written by Peter Morgan, directed by Ron Howard and stars Chris Hemsworth as Hunt and Daniel Brühl as Lauda. The film premiered in London on 2 September 2013 and was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival before its UK and US theatrical releases on, respectively, 13 and 20 September 2013.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2014, Mangan voiced the title role in "", a British 3D computer-animated comedy film featuring Postman Pat, star of a long-running BBC children's series. It was originally due to be released on 24 May 2013, but was pushed back to a year later. Pat's singing voice was performed by Ronan Keating. Other voice actors in the film included Jim Broadbent, Rupert Grint, and David Tennant.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In 2020, it was announced Mangan is to write his first film, an adaptation of the children’s novel "Harry And The Wrinklies".


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan was host of the Evening Standard British Film Awards for four years (2009–2013). On 27 April 2014, he returned to host the British Academy Television Craft Awards in London for a third time. Mangan recorded the role of Cloten in Shakespeare's "Cymbeline" for the Arkangel Shakespeare audiobook series, directed by Clive Brill. Mangan has been one of the hosts of "Artist of the Year" since 2018.


title: Stephen Mangan

text: Mangan is married to actress Louise Delamere. They have three sons: Harry (born October 2007), Frank (born 2010), and Jack (born March 2016)


title: Stephen Mangan

text: In August 2014, Mangan was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: The Duchess is a 2008 historical drama film directed by Saul Dibb. It is based on Amanda Foreman's biography of the late-18th century English aristocrat Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. She was an ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, where the quote ‘There were three people in her marriage’ in the promotional poster comes from. It was released in September 2008 in the United Kingdom. The film won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design, and was nominated for Best Art Direction.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: The young Georgiana is contracted in marriage to William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, with the expectation that she produce his male heir. Georgiana is quickly disillusioned by her husband, especially when Charlotte, an illegitimate child fathered by William whose mother has died, comes to live with them while Georgiana is pregnant. William expects Georgiana to tolerate the child's presence. He also suggests that she "practise mothering" on the young girl. When Georgiana gives birth to a girl, William is displeased. In his mind, he has fulfilled his obligations to her as her husband but, by failing to provide him with a legitimate male heir, she has failed in her obligations as his wife.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Georgiana socialises with the young Lady Bess Foster at Bath and invites her to live with them since Bess has nowhere else to go. William has an affair with Bess, causing Georgiana to feel robbed of her only friend and betrayed by Bess. Bess tells Georgiana that her motive is to regain her three sons (whom her husband has taken from her), so she continues to live with them.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Georgiana starts an affair with Charles Grey. William is outraged when Georgiana suggests that since he has Bess, she should be allowed Charles. William rapes Georgiana; a male child is the product. Bess encourages the affair between Georgiana and Charles after the birth of Georgiana's son. Soon, the whole of London society learns of Georgiana's affair. William threatens to end Charles's political career and forbid Georgiana from seeing her children again if she does not end the relationship. After initially refusing, Georgiana ends her relationship with Grey but tells William that she is pregnant with Charles' child. She is sent to the countryside where she gives birth to her daughter with Grey, Eliza Courtney, who is given to the Grey family to raise as Charles' niece.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Georgiana finds comfort in Bess's friendship during her time of giving birth to Eliza. Georgiana and William come to terms with one another and, along with Bess, continue their lives together.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: The after-credits reveal Georgiana secretly visits her daughter Eliza. Eliza goes on to name her own daughter Georgiana, after her mother. Charles later becomes Prime Minister under William IV. Before she dies, Georgiana permits William and Bess to marry.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: "The Duchess" was produced by British Qwerty Films and American Magnolia Mae Films, with financial support from BBC Films, French Pathé and Italian . The film was shot at Twickenham Film Studios and on location at Chatsworth, Bath, Holkham Hall, Clandon Park, Kedleston Hall, Somerset House, King's College London and the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Regarding lead actress Keira Knightley, director Saul Dibb said "The Duchess" was "a chance to take a character from late childhood – she's married at 17 – into full adulthood, 10 years later." It was also a chance for Knightley to work with Ralph Fiennes, whom she regarded as one of her most accomplished co-stars to date; Dibb said, "When I said, 'We've got Ralph interested in playing the Duke,' we both took a gulp and went, 'F---.' ... But I didn't for one second feel that she wasn't up to the task." Originally, the film was to be directed by Susanne Bier.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Studio executives wanted to use digitally altered images of Keira Knightley in promotional materials. The alterations were specifically aimed at enlarging her breasts. Knightley objected to the alterations, and they were not used. Although multiple media reports suggested that the use of parallels between the central character's life and that of Diana, Princess of Wales was being used as a marketing strategy for the project, Knightley denied any such connection.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: The BBFC has classified the film as a 12A, citing the scene of implied marital rape, which is "delivered through Georgiana's screams of protest, heard from outside the bedroom door." The BBFC's PG rating allows implied sex as long as it is discreet and infrequent; the board decided that the scene in "The Duchess" is more than "discreet" or "implied". The film had its world premiere on 3 September 2008, in Leicester Square and was released nationwide in the United Kingdom on 5 September.


title: The Duchess (film)

text: The film received mostly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 62% based on 170 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "While "The Duchess" treads the now-familiar terrain of the corset-ripper, the costumes look great and Keira Knightley's performance is stellar in this subtly feminist, period drama." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Most reviewers highly praised Knightley and Fiennes' performances. "Time Out London" wrote: "[Saul Dibb] is also helped enormously by a mature, restrained portrayal from Knightley, a masterclass in passive aggression from Fiennes and a performance of tender seduction from Atwell." Film Ireland writes "It is a slow movie, but it is well-acted with Knightley and Fiennes suited to their roles, especially Fiennes who gives a formidable and powerful performance." Cameron Bailey, the co-chair of the Toronto International Film Festival comments, "The Duchess Of Devonshire, with Keira Knightley, which is a beautiful film and she gives a really mature performance. You're seeing her really turn into something beyond the kind of pretty face that we've seen her do already so well. But she's actually a very serious actress, and she's turning into a great, great performer."


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" wrote that "Dibb's movie looks good" but complained the film was "exasperatingly bland and slow-moving at all times" handing out a 2 of 5-star rating. However, Paul Hurley gave the film 8/10 and called "The Duchess" "an excellent new film" and states that ""The Duchess" stands a good chance of taking home some very big prizes at the end of the year".


title: The Duchess (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, writing, "I deeply enjoyed the film, but then I am an Anglophile. I imagine the behavior of the characters will seem exceedingly odd to some viewers. Well, it is."


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The Ferrari 812 Superfast (Type F152M) is a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive grand tourer produced by Italian sports car manufacturer Ferrari that made its debut at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show. The 812 Superfast is the successor to the F12berlinetta.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The 812 Superfast has a F140 GA V12, an enlarged version of the 6.3-litre engine used in the F12berlinetta. It generates a power output of at 8,500 rpm and of torque at 7,000 rpm. According to Ferrari in 2018, the 812 Superfast's engine was, at the time, the most powerful naturally aspirated production car engine ever made. It does not feature turbocharging or hybrid technology. Cars built in 2019 or before were not fitted with petrol particulate filters, whereas cars built in 2020 or after are now fitted with the emissions device.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The transmission for the 812 Superfast is a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox manufactured for Ferrari by Getrag, based on the gearbox used in the 458.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The 812 Superfast has 20-inch wheels at the front and the rear. The tires are Pirelli P Zero with codes of 275/35 ZR 20 for the front tires and 315/35 ZR 20 for the rear. The brakes are carbon-ceramic Brembo Extreme Design disc brakes, which Ferrari claims have 5.8% improved braking performance from 100 km/h to 0 km/h as compared to the F12berlinetta. The brakes are borrowed from the LaFerrari, with a diameter of at the front and at the rear.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The car includes a mix of active and passive aerodynamics to improve drag coefficient values over the F12berlinetta. The front of the car is designed to increase downforce and includes intakes for front brake cooling, as well as ducts to increase underbody air flow. The bonnet of the car also has air bypasses to move air through to the side of the car for additional downforce and aero efficiency. The rear diffuser of the 812 Superfast has active flaps that can open up at high speeds to reduce drag.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: Ferrari claims that the 812 Superfast has a top speed of with a acceleration time of 2.9 seconds. The car has a power to weight ratio of per horsepower (PS). The 812 Superfast is the first Ferrari equipped with EPS (Electronic Power Steering). It also shares the rear-wheel-steering system (Virtual Short Wheelbase 2.0) borrowed from the limited edition F12 TDF. The weight distribution of the car is 47% front, 53% rear. The car has recorded a laptime of 1:21.50 around the Fiorano racetrack, 0.50 seconds behind the more track-focused F12tdf.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The design is based on the F12berlinetta, with some new styling cues like full LED headlamps, air vents on the bonnet, quad circular tail lights, and a body-colored rear diffuser. The two-box, high tail design of the car is intended to resemble that of the 365 GTB/4 Daytona, a Pininfarina design, though the car was designed at the Ferrari Styling Center.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The interior of the 812 Superfast takes inspiration from both the preceding F12berlinetta and the interior of the LaFerrari, especially the shape and position of the air vents and the contours of the dashboard.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: As part of the Ferrari's flagship model design, the 812 Superfast's center control stack continues to lack a central infotainment display featured in entry-level models such as the GTC4Lusso and Portofino, retaining only a small temperature display for the climate control system and splitting all vehicular status information displays among the driver's multifunction instrument cluster, as well as the passenger-side touchscreen stack display above the glove compartment area.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: As with certain previous models, the 812 Superfast can be ordered with specially-designed, model name-tagged, multi-piece luggage set which fit into the vehicle's rear trunk.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: Unveiled in September 2019, the Ferrari 812 GTS is the open top version of the 812 Superfast. This marks the first front-engine V12 series production convertible model offered by Ferrari in 50 years, as the convertible variants of the 550, the 575 and the 599 were limited edition models meant for special customers only.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The large rear buttresses present at the rear hold the folding hard top roof under a tonneau cover present between them when not in use. The electronically operated hard top takes 14 seconds for operation and is operable at speeds up to .


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The GTS weighs more than the Superfast due to chassis reinforcing components but maintains equal performance. The mechanical components including the engine remain the same as the Superfast except for the transmission which has shorter gear ratios to improve the car's response to throttle inputs. The engine's high-pressure injection system reduces the number of particles that are emitted before the catalytic converter warms up. There is also a new gasoline particulate filter and a stop-start system to improve fuel economy. Other features shared with the Superfast include the Manettino dial, side-slip angle control and variable steering weight. The car has been aerodynamically refined in order to eliminate any turbulence arising from the loss of a fixed roof.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: On May 5, 2021, Ferrari presented a limited production, track focused version, called Competizione, of the 812 Superfast, this version being presented together with its drop-top variant, Competizione A (for "Aperta", Ferrari's moniker for limited open top models, translating to "open" in Italian). Both versions have a more powerful version of 6.5-litre V12, extensive aerodynamic upgrades and the introduction of an independent four-wheel steering system. The upgraded engine is rated at at 9,250 rpm and of torque at 7,000 rpm and capable of 9,500 rpm redline.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The 812 Competizione & Competizione A are the latest iterations of Ferrari's light weight limited edition front mid-engined V12 Berlinetta platform. They are the direct successors to the F12 TDF and 599 GTO. In total, only 999 Competizione and 599 Competizione A will be produced, and both are sold out. As with other strictly limited models from Ferrari, these cars are allocated only to customers that meet certain criteria.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The Ferrari Omologata was unveiled on 25 September 2020. It is a unique model produced for a wealthy European client of the manufacturer. The Omologata is the tenth “V12 engine in front position” project of the special “one-off” department since the 2009 Ferrari P 540 Superfast Aperta.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: At a private event held for customers and investors at the company's headquarters in Maranello, Italy in September 2018, Ferrari unveiled the first two models in its new Icona series of models. The cars called the Monza SP1 and SP2 (1 and 2 denoting the seating capacity) are inspired from open top race cars of the 1950s, such as the 750 Monza. The cars are based on the 812 Superfast and utilises its chassis, engine, transmission and interior components but the engine has been tuned to generate a maximum power output of . The Monza can accelerate from in 2.9 seconds, in 7.9 seconds and can attain a maximum speed of . The car uses a carbon fibre construction and features bespoke wheels, interior colour choices, small scissor doors and a full LED strip serving as the tail light of the car. The virtual windshield (present ahead of the driver only and a concept used previously in the Mercedes SLR McLaren Stirling Moss) disrupts airflow over the driver in order to maintain maximum driving comfort. Due to the use of lightweight materials, the Monza SP2 weighs while the SP1 weighs a further less due to the deletion of passenger seat.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The Mansory Stallone 812 is a car modified by the German car modification firm Mansory based on the original 812 Superfast.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The car has a new spoiler and lower bodywork painted in black (marble-like) and the engine has been tuned making it have better capabilities than the standard version.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The Interior has been handcrafted and leather based. Accessories made of carbon fibre are present inside.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: This car has another version called the Stallone GTS which is based on the Spyder (GTS) model of the Superfast. The car's Interior is leather based (blue colour based Interior).


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The engine of this car has been tuned making it produce of power and of torque. The car can accelerate from in 2.8 seconds and has a top speed of .


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: Novitec N-Largo is a car modified by the German car tuning company, Novitec group based on the Ferrari 812 Superfast and the 812 GTS.


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: The conversion consists of new front and rear quarter panels & bumpers, as well as a host of carbon accessories including side skirts, a fixed rear wing, bonnet inserts, mirror inserts and a front lip. Further options included lowering springs and Vossen x Novitec designed NF10 wheels (21" front / 22" rear).


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: Most cars were fitted with Novitec's exhaust system which consists of cat replacement pipes/sport cats, centre silencer delete X-pipe and rear silencers (either with or without valves, and made of steel or Inconel).


title: Ferrari 812 Superfast

text: Thanks to the new, high flow exhaust the V12 engine can now produce . It has a top speed of and has the capability to accelerate from in 2.8 seconds.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" is a song by American rock duo the White Stripes. It is the opening track on their fourth studio album, "Elephant" (2003). V2 Records released the song to American alternative radio on February 17, 2003, as the lead single from the album. Worldwide, the single was issued through XL Recordings. Written and produced by Jack White, the song consists of distorted vocals, a simple drumbeat, and a bass-like riff created by playing a guitar through a pitch shift effect.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song charted in multiple countries, and its success contributed to the popularity of the White Stripes and the garage rock revival movement. In addition to praising its riff and drumbeat, critics have ranked "Seven Nation Army" as one of the best songs of the 2000s decade. It won Best Rock Song at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, and a music video for the song directed by Alex and Martin won Best Editing in a Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" has become a sports anthem, commonly appearing in audience chants in which a series of "oh" sounds or the name of an athlete is sung to the tune of the song's riff. It has also served as a theme song for sports teams, personalities, and events, including the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The song has grown in popularity due to its usage in sports; its riff has been described as "ubiquitous", and the song has experienced increased commercial success, charting intermittently in multiple countries and receiving a gold certification from Germany's Federal Music Industry Association, a platinum certification from the Federation of the Italian Music Industry and a multi-platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song has appeared in various media and has been used in political events in the United Kingdom, particularly as a chant sung by audiences. Various artists have covered "Seven Nation Army", including Ben l'Oncle Soul and Marcus Collins, both of whose covers reached charts in multiple countries. Third Man Records issued re-releases of the song in 2014 and 2015.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" began with a guitar riff written by singer and guitarist Jack White at the Corner Hotel in Melbourne, while the White Stripes were on the Australian leg of their tour in January 2002. He showed the riff to Ben Swank, an executive with the White Stripes' record label Third Man, who felt White could "do better". White later recalled that Swank "didn't even think that rhythm was that great, either". Originally saving the riff for a potential James Bond theme, he decided to incorporate it into a White Stripes song after admitting how slim his chances were of ever being asked to create a Bond theme (Five years later, he would write and perform "Another Way to Die" with Alicia Keys as the theme for the 2008 Bond film "Quantum of Solace").


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" was produced by White and recorded at Toe Rag Studios in London's Hackney area. He wrote the song as a "little experiment", hoping to create a compelling song that did not include a chorus. The title "Seven Nation Army" was initially used as a placeholder for the track before its lyrics were written, but the name ultimately stuck.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" is characterised as an alternative rock, garage rock, blues rock and punk blues song with a length of three minutes and 52 seconds. According to sheet music published by Universal Music Publishing Group, it is composed in the key of E minor in common time with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. The title of the song comes from when Jack White, as a young child in Detroit, misheard "The Salvation Army" as "The Seven Nation Army".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song is driven by a riff that resembles the sound of a bass guitar. To create this sound, White connected a semi-acoustic guitar to a DigiTech Whammy pedal (a pitch shift effect), lowering the pitch by an octave. The riff uses five pitches and consists of seven notes; it begins with a held note followed by four syncopated notes, ending with two notes that appear frequently in laments. The 7-note riff of "Seven Nation Army" has been noted to be similar to the main theme (movements 1 and 4) of Bruckner's 5th symphony. The song also features distorted vocals and a "heartbeat drum", played by White Stripes drummer Meg White. AllMusic's Tom Maginnis noted that the song "manipulat[es] the power of tension and release": it creates a sense of "anticipatory energy", then transitions into what Maginnis described as a crush of what stands for the chorus", consisting of an electric guitar and a "bashing crash cymbal".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: John Mulvey of "NME" described "Seven Nation Army" as a "diatribe against fame". The song's lyrics were inspired by the growing attention received by the White Stripes. According to Jack White, the song tells the story of a person who, upon entering a town, hears its residents gossiping about him and proceeds to leave the town in response. Driven by a sense of loneliness, he ultimately returns. Regarding the song's meaning, White stated, "The song's about gossip. It's about me, Meg and the people we're dating." Maginnis described the lyrics as presenting an "obstinate attitude", citing the opening lines: "I'm gonna fight 'em off / A seven nation army couldn't hold me back / They're gonna rip it off / Taking their time right behind my back".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: In regards to the line "I'm going to Wichita / Far from this opera forevermore", White said he has never visited the city, but was using it as metaphor and getting himself into character for the song with the lyric.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: Jack White's idea of releasing "Seven Nation Army" as a single faced opposition from the White Stripes' record labels, who wanted to release the song "There's No Home for You Here" instead. Jack White ultimately succeeded in persuading the band's record labels to release "Seven Nation Army", and in 2003 the song was released as a promotional single alongside "Elephant" track "In the Cold, Cold Night". It was subsequently released as a 7-inch vinyl single and a CD single; the former included a cover of "Good to Me"—written by Brendan Benson and Jason Falkner—as its B-side, while the latter included both "Good to Me" and folk song "Black Jack Davey". The photograph used as the single's artwork was taken by Patrick Pantano; it includes an elephant painting made by Greg Siemasz.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: On January 3, 2014, Third Man Records announced a limited edition clear 7-inch vinyl reissue of "Seven Nation Army" as part of a package for subscribers to its Vault service. A black 7-inch vinyl reissue with updated artwork was released on February 27, 2015.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The video, directed by Alex and Martin, consists of one seemingly continuous shot through a kaleidoscopic tunnel of mirrored black, white and red triangles, touching on Jack's love of the number three. The triangle slides alternate between images of Jack or Meg playing, interspersed with marching skeletons and an elephant, referring to the name of the album "Seven Nation Army" appeared on. The speed at which the triangles move forward through the tunnel speeds up and slows down in unison with the dynamics of the song. During the video, when the song begins to intensify, the lights in surrounding the triangles flash and other effects build up as well.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The music video won Best Editing in a Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, and it was nominated for Best Group Video, Best Rock Video, and Best Special Effects.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" received widespread critical acclaim. The song won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in addition to being nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and in 2003, it was ranked number three on Pazz & Jop based on music critics' votes. Heather Phares of AllMusic described it as a "breathtaking opener" to the album "Elephant", and Bram Teltelman of "Billboard" suggested that "adventurous rock programmers might want to join the 'Army'". In particular, "Seven Nation Army"'s central riff has been the subject of praise since the song's release. A writer for "Rolling Stone" described it as the best riff of the 2000s decade, and Rebecca Schiller of "NME" wrote that the riff is "the most maddeningly compulsive bassline of the decade, and not even actually played on a bass guitar". Critics also praised Meg White's drumming—a "hypnotic thud" according to Tom Maginnis of AllMusic. Teltelman described the drumming as "simple but effective", and Phares said it was "explosively minimal".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: Critics distinguished the song from the White Stripes' other work. According to Teltelman, "Seven Nation Army" represented an effort to "defy categorization", especially the garage rock label that had been attributed to the band. He further wrote that it was "much more of a straightforward rock song" than the band's 2002 single "Fell in Love with a Girl". Phares found "Seven Nation Army", along with "The Hardest Button to Button", to "deliver some of the fiercest blues-punk" of any song by the White Stripes, and Alex Young of "Consequence of Sound" viewed it as the band's best song.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: Critics ranked the song among the best tracks of the 2000s decade; it appeared on "NME"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s, "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s, WFNX's, and "Pitchfork"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s retrospective lists, and it was placed at number one on "Consequence of Sound"'s "Top 50 Songs of the Decade". "Seven Nation Army" appeared on Triple J's greatest songs ranking based on audience votes, and listeners ranked the song number six on BBC Radio 6 Music<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Top 100 Greatest Hits" after being presented with an unranked best songs list that the station had created.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: In March 2005, "Q" magazine ranked "Seven Nation Army" at No. 8 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. It was also called the 75th greatest hard rock song by VH1. In May 2008, "Rolling Stone" placed the song at No. 21 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: On "Rolling Stone"'s updated version of its "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2010, "Seven Nation Army" was listed at No. 286, and was re-ranked at number 36 in the 2021 edition. "Rolling Stone" also polled artists, critics and industry insiders in 2018 to create a list of the 100 greatest song of the 21st century, and the song was placed at No. 3, with its riff described as the greatest of the 21st Century.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: On March 8, 2003, "Seven Nation Army" debuted at number 27 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock chart; on July 16, it peaked at number one, a position it maintained for three weeks. The song entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on May 24, peaking at 76 that week. It debuted at number 38 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream rock chart on July 12, and it reached its peak position of 12 on November 8. In Canada it peaked at number 61 on the Canadian Singles Chart in July 2007.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 3, 2003, at number seven, its peak position. It also reached the UK Indie Chart and Scottish Singles Chart the same week. The song debuted on the former at number one and remained at that position for another week, and it debuted and peaked at number six on the latter. On May 1, it debuted on the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 22. On June 22, the song debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at its peak position of number 17. It debuted on the Official German Charts at number 69 on June 27; it peaked at number four two weeks later.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" continued to chart intermittently years after its release. The song debuted at number four on the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) chart on July 27, 2006, and it peaked at number three a week later. On June 29, 2008, it debuted at number 18 on the Swiss Hitparade chart, where it ultimately peaked at number four; it reentered this chart several times afterward, most recently in 2013. The song debuted at number 23 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart on July 4, 2008, and it peaked at number 18 the next week; it later entered the Ö3 Austria Top 75 chart for one week on February 3, 2012. The song also entered the French Singles Chart on multiple occasions from 2013 to 2018, peaking at number 48 on February 23, 2013. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart on January 18, 2014, peaking at number 12 during its first week.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song was awarded several certifications in the 2010s. It was certified gold by Germany's Federal Music Industry Association in 2010, indicating over 150,000 sales of the single. In 2013, the British Phonographic Industry awarded "Seven Nation Army" a silver certification; after receiving a gold certification two years later, the song was certified double platinum in 2019 for sales and streams of over 1,200,000. The song was certified gold by the FIMI in 2014; three years later, it received a platinum certification, having sold over 50,000 copies.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" played a significant role in the White Stripes' popularity. A writer for "Rolling Stone" described it as a "career-changing hit", and "NME"'s Daniel Martin viewed the song as the White Stripes' "defining tune", having sparked the band's transition "from their garage rock beginnings to an entirely new level of acclaim". In addition, "Seven Nation Army" contributed to the garage rock revival movement, becoming the first song in the genre to reach number one on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Modern Rock chart. After its initial run on music charts, the song—especially its riff—grew in popularity as a result of its usage in sports. In 2012, "Deadspin"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Alan Siegel described the "riff-turned-anthem" as "ubiquitous", and according to "The New Yorker"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Alec Wilkinson, the riff "might be the second-best-known guitar phrase in popular music, after the one from 'Satisfaction'". Erik Adams of "The A.V. Club" attributed the song's popularity to its riff's "simplicity"—a characteristic that he remarked makes the song "instantly familiar" and "instantly memorized"—and Nate Sloan said that the four notes following the riff's first note create a feeling of "urgency that makes [the riff] much more memorable".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song has also appeared in various other media. On May 9, 2014, during the celebration of the 825th Hamburg Port Anniversary, "Seven Nation Army" was played using the horns of cruise ship as it entered the harbor. An instrumental cover of the song composed by Ramin Djawadi was included in a 2018 episode of HBO television series "Westworld". The song was performed during the final task of "The Amazing Race 31" at Hart Plaza in Detroit.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: According to Alan Siegel of "Deadspin", "Seven Nation Army"'s riff is "an organic part of sports culture". The riff is commonly used in sports audience's chants, in which each note is usually sung using the "oh" sound. This phenomenon has its roots in a UEFA Champions League football match in Italy in October 2003, during which fans of Belgium's Club Brugge KV began singing the riff in a game against Italy's A.C. Milan. They continued the chant after Club Brugge KV striker Andrés Mendoza scored a goal. Club Brugge KV won the game, and the song subsequently became the team's "unofficial sports anthem".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: After A.S. Roma won against Club Brugge KV in Belgium in 2006, fans of the former team began to use the riff as a chant, having learned it from the latter. Fans of the Italy national football team proceeded to chant the riff at games leading up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and "Seven Nation Army"—known as the "po po po po po" song among Italians—became the team's "unofficial theme". After Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final, the riff was sung in Rome's streets. Regarding the song's popularity in Italy, Jack White said:


title: Seven Nation Army

text: I am honored that the Italians have adopted this song as their own. Nothing is more beautiful in music than when people embrace a melody and allow it to enter the pantheon of folk music.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: Not long after Italy won the World Cup, broadcaster Rai capitalised on the song's newfound popularity by using the song as the theme tune to game show "Tutto per tutto". The song's usage has since expanded into various other sports settings. By 2007, audiences at the Penn State Nittany Lions' American football games had begun chanting the riff in support of the team; before that the Buffalo Bills had used it as their kickoff song, since then, other American football audiences have chanted the riff as well. Meanwhile, Arrangers' Publishing Company began publishing marching band arrangements of "Seven Nation Army", and the song has since been played by marching bands at various colleges, including Boston College and the University of Southern California. The song has been chanted by NFL fans and played by NBA and NHL teams, and it was once chanted by Formula One racing driver Nico Rosberg. Audiences often replace the "oh"s in the chant with the names of members of sports teams, as with Kevin De Bruyne and Stefan Ortega of Manchester City F.C., Maxi Moralez and Andrea Pirlo of New York City FC, Santi Cazorla, formerly of Arsenal FC, and Divock Origi of Liverpool F.C.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" has served as an official anthem at various sporting events; "NPR"'s Rick Karr remarked that the song is "arguably... the world's most popular sports anthem". It has been played at each UEFA European Football Championship since 2008, and it was played prior to the start of each game during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Karr estimated that the song has reached "hundreds of millions of television viewers around the world" as a result of its usage in the latter tournament. Multiple sports teams and personalities have also used "Seven Nation Army" as their official song or walkout music, including boxers Gennady Golovkin and Anthony Joshua, American football teams the Baltimore Ravens and the Detroit Lions, ice hockey team the New Jersey Devils, baseball team the Baltimore Orioles, and darts world champion Michael van Gerwen. The song is also played at the home games of A-League team Melbourne Victory following a team goal; coincidentally, the team plays at AAMI Park- located only from the Corner Hotel, where the riff was originally composed. Current WWE commentator Pat McAfee used the song as an entrance theme, including for his match against Austin Theory at WrestleMania 38.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: In 2016, the White Stripes stated via Facebook that they were "disgusted" by the song's appearance in a video supporting Donald Trump's campaign for the 2016 United States presidential election, and they said that they "[had] nothing whatsoever to do with [the] video". Matthew Strauss of "Pitchfork" was unable to ascertain which video had prompted the post, though he mentioned a fan-made video that "featur[ed] Trump imagery and audio of his speech at the Republican convention, set to 'Seven Nation Army'". This use of Donald Trump in music inspired British composer Ben Comeau to write, in the style of J. S. Bach, a four-part fugue on the riff of "Seven Nation Army" to the words "Donald Trump is a wanker."


title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" made multiple appearances at events leading up to the 2017 United Kingdom general election. Following a May 2017 speech by then-Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn at the Wirral Live music festival at Prenton Park in Birkenhead, Merseyside, supporters in the audience began to chant "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" to the tune of the song's riff. This chant was repeated on several occasions in the run-up to the election and afterwards at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, where Corbyn appeared on the Pyramid stage to introduce Run the Jewels. As a result of the chant's appearance at the Glastonbury Festival, "Seven Nation Army" saw a 16,893% increase in streams, according to music streaming website Deezer.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: Names of other politicians, including Labour politician Rebecca Long-Bailey and Conservative politician David Davis, were also chanted to the tune of the song's riff during conferences held for the election. At a People's Assembly protest on July 1, 2017, rock band Wolf Alice performed a cover of the song. Corbyn's name was again widely chanted throughout football games and public gatherings in the run-up to the 2019 general election.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song has been covered by blues musician C. W. Stoneking as well as the country group The Oak Ridge Boys (with bass singer Richard Sterban singing the original guitar riffs), funk metal band Living Colour, rock supergroup Audioslave, indie band Hard-Fi, alternative rock band The Flaming Lips, English indie singer Kate Nash, British soul singer Alice Russell, American singer and television personality Kelly Clarkson, hard rock band The Pretty Reckless, heavy metal band Metallica, Argentine electrotango band Tanghetto, and reggae band The Dynamics. It has also been covered by German artist Mickie Krause, credited as Krausetto. In 2015, it was covered by Haley Reinhart for Scott Bradlee's Postmodern Jukebox in a style reminiscent of a "New Orleans funeral march". French neofolk group SKÁLD covered the song in 2019 for the "Alfar Fagrahvél" edition of their album "Vikings Chant", with minor changes to the lyrics, with the city of "Wichita" changed to "Uppsala".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song was covered during Maroon 5's Overexposed Tour in 2012, with lead guitarist James Valentine providing guitar and vocals and lead vocalist Adam Levine providing drums. The song was also covered by KT Tunstall (as a medley with her own "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree") on her 2013 Invisible Empire/Crescent Moon tour. European fans of the English pop star Robbie Williams frequently chant the song's riff both before and during a concert; renowned for his call and response relationship with his audience, Williams often improvises lyrics relating to the city in which he is performing, backed by the audience's riff. Thrash metal band Sepultura used the main riff as an outro on Zombie Ritual, a cover by Death. Ramin Djawadi made a cover version of the song with Sitar for Westworld season 2.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song is also included in the "Backstage Romance" number of "Moulin Rouge!" (musical), where it is in a medley with Bad Romance, Tainted Love, Toxic, and Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This). During The Bandito Tour, musical duo Twenty One Pilots would sometimes perform the song as a mashup with one of their own songs, Morph.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The song has been remixed by The Glitch Mob as well, which was used in the first trailer for the 2016 video game "Battlefield 1".


title: Seven Nation Army

text: The Glitch Mob remix of the song was used in a trailer for the 2013 film "". It appears as a playable track in "" as well as in "Guitar Hero Live"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s online GHTV mode. In 2016, video game company EA used the Glitch Mob remix of the song in a trailer advertising "Battlefield 1". A surge in streams and digital sales of the White Stripes' version of "Seven Nation Army" followed the release of the trailer: within two weeks, the total number of streams and digital purchases of the song increased by 146 percent and 332 percent, respectively.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: French soul singer Ben l'Oncle Soul covered the song on his self-titled album. Released as the album's debut single, "Seven Nation Army" was a commercial success in multiple countries, peaking at number 16 on the Belgium Ultratop Charts for Wallonia and charting in Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The version was also included in a number of compilation albums, including "NRJ Hits 2010 Vol. 2" on Warner Records and "Les hits de l'été 2010" on Universal Music Group label.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: British singer and "The X Factor" runner-up Marcus Collins performed a cover of "Seven Nation Army" based on Ben l'Oncle Soul's cover. A music video for the cover was uploaded to YouTube on February 16, 2012. The song was released as his debut single on March 4, 2012.


title: Seven Nation Army

text: Critically, Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted the "distinctive soul-pop" vocals showcased by Collins and wrote that, "Truth be told, we wish he'd fought a little harder to get one those eight original compositions he has on his forthcoming record out first." Priya Elan of "NME" concluded that although the cover may have seemed "disturbing in theory", it was ultimately "disposable and forgettable as a McChicken sandwich [...] but not bad". Collins said that he received "a lot of abuse" from White Stripes fans in response to his cover, and he asserted that people should "listen to the original if you don't like my singing".


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through this vowel shift, the pronunciation of all Middle English long vowels was changed. Some consonant sounds changed as well, particularly those that became silent; the term "Great Vowel Shift" is sometimes used to include these consonantal changes.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The standardization of English spelling began in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Great Vowel Shift is the major reason English spellings now often deviate considerably from how they represent pronunciations. The Great Vowel Shift was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The causes of the Great Vowel Shift are unknown and have been a source of intense scholarly debate; as yet, there is no firm consensus. The greatest changes occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries, and its origins are at least partly phonetic.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English in the year 1400 and Modern English (Received Pronunciation) is in the value of the long vowels.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: Long vowels in Middle English had "continental" values, much like those in Italian and Standard German; in standard Modern English, they have entirely different pronunciations. The differing pronunciations of English vowel letters do not stem from the Great Shift as such but rather because English spelling did not adapt to the changes.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: German had undergone vowel changes quite similar to the Great Shift in a slightly earlier period but the spelling was changed accordingly (e.g. Middle High German → modern German "to bite").


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: This timeline shows the main vowel changes that occurred between late Middle English in the year 1400 and Received Pronunciation in the mid-20th century by using representative words. The Great Vowel Shift occurred in the lower half of the table, between 1400 and 1600–1700.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The changes that happened after 1700 are not considered part of the Great Vowel Shift. Pronunciation is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet:


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: Before the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English in Southern England had seven long vowels, . The vowels occurred in, for example, the words "bite", "meet", "meat", "mate", "boat", "boot", and "out", respectively.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The words had very different pronunciations in Middle English from their pronunciations in Modern English.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: They occurred over several centuries and can be divided into two phases. The first phase affected the close vowels and the close-mid vowels : were raised to , and became the diphthongs or . The second phase affected the open vowel and the open-mid vowels : were raised, in most cases changing to .


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The Great Vowel Shift changed vowels without merger so Middle English before the vowel shift had the same number of vowel phonemes as Early Modern English after the vowel shift.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: After the Great Vowel Shift, some vowel phonemes began merging. Immediately after the Great Vowel Shift, the vowels of "meet" and "meat" were different, but they are merged in Modern English, and both words are pronounced as .


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: However, during the 16th and the 17th centuries, there were many different mergers, and some mergers can be seen in individual Modern English words like "great", which is pronounced with the vowel as in "mate" rather than the vowel as in "meat".


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: This is a simplified picture of the changes that happened between late Middle English (late ME), Early Modern English (EModE), and today's English (ModE). Pronunciations in 1400, 1500, 1600, and 1900 are shown. To hear recordings of the sounds, click the phonetic symbols.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: Before labial consonants and also after , did not shift, and remains as in "soup" and "room" (its Middle English spelling was "roum").


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The first phase of the Great Vowel Shift affected the Middle English close-mid vowels , as in "beet" and "boot", and the close vowels , as in "bite" and "out". The close-mid vowels became close , and the close vowels became diphthongs. The first phase was complete in 1500, meaning that by that time, words like "beet" and "boot" had lost their Middle English pronunciation, and were pronounced with the same vowels as in Modern English. The words "bite" and "out" were pronounced with diphthongs, but not the same diphthongs as in Modern English.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: Scholars agree that the Middle English close vowels became diphthongs around the year 1500, but disagree about what diphthongs they changed to. According to Lass, the words "bite" and "out" after diphthongisation were pronounced as and , similar to American English "bait" and "oat" . Later, the diphthongs shifted to , then , and finally to Modern English . This sequence of events is supported by the testimony of orthoepists before Hodges in 1644.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: However, many scholars such as , , and argue for theoretical reasons that, contrary to what 16th-century witnesses report, the vowels were actually immediately centralised and lowered to .


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: Evidence from northern English and Scots (see below) suggests that the close-mid vowels were the first to shift. As the Middle English vowels were raised towards , they forced the original Middle English out of place and caused them to become diphthongs . This type of sound change, in which one vowel's pronunciation shifts so that it is pronounced like a second vowel, and the second vowel is forced to change its pronunciation, is called a push chain.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: However, according to professor Jürgen Handke, for some time, there was a phonetic split between words with the vowel and the diphthong , in words where the Middle English shifted to the Modern English . For an example, "high" was pronounced with the vowel , and "like" and "my" were pronounced with the diphthong . Therefore, for logical reasons, the close vowels could have diphthongised before the close-mid vowels raised. Otherwise, "high" would probably rhyme with "thee" rather than "my". This type of chain is called a drag chain.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The second phase of the Great Vowel Shift affected the Middle English open vowel , as in "mate", and the Middle English open-mid vowels , as in "meat" and "boat". Around 1550, Middle English was raised to . Then, after 1600, the new was raised to , with the Middle English open-mid vowels raised to close-mid .


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: During the first and the second phases of the Great Vowel Shift, long vowels were shifted without merging with other vowels, but after the second phase, several vowels merged. The later changes also involved the Middle English diphthong , as in "day", which had monophthongised to , and merged with Middle English as in "mate" or as in "meat".


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: During the 16th and 17th centuries, several different pronunciation variants existed among different parts of the population for words like "meet", "meat", "mate", and "day". In each pronunciation variant, different pairs or trios of words were merged in pronunciation. Four different pronunciation variants are shown in the table below. The fourth pronunciation variant gave rise to Modern English pronunciation. In Modern English, "meet" and "meat" are merged in pronunciation and both have the vowel , and "mate" and "day" are merged with the diphthong , which developed from the 16th-century long vowel .


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: Modern English typically has the "meet"–"meat" merger: both "meet" and "meat" are pronounced with the vowel . Words like "great" and "steak", however, have merged with "mate" and are pronounced with the vowel , which developed from the shown in the table above.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The Great Vowel Shift affected other dialects as well as the standard English of southern England but in different ways. In Northern England, the shift did not operate on the long back vowels because they had undergone an earlier shift. Similarly, the Scots language in Scotland had a different vowel system before the Great Vowel Shift, as had shifted to in Early Scots. In the Scots equivalent of the Great Vowel Shift, the long vowels , and shifted to , and by the Middle Scots period and remained unaffected.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The first step in the Great Vowel Shift in Northern and Southern English is shown in the table below. The Northern English developments of Middle English and were different from Southern English. In particular, the Northern English vowels in "bite", in "feet", and in "boot" shifted, while the vowel in "house" did not. These developments below fall under the label "older" to refer to Scots and a more conservative and increasingly rural Northern sound, while "younger" refers to a more mainstream Northern sound largely emerging just since the twentieth century.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: The vowel systems of Northern and Southern Middle English immediately before the Great Vowel Shift were different in one way. In Northern Middle English, the back close-mid vowel in "boot" had already shifted to front (a sound change known as fronting), like the long "" in German "hear". Thus, Southern English had a back close-mid vowel , but Northern English did not:


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: In both Northern and Southern English, the first step of the Great Vowel Shift raised the close-mid vowels to become close. Northern Middle English had two close-mid vowels – in "feet" and in "boot" – which were raised to and . Later on, Northern English changed to in many dialects (though not in all, see ), so that "boot" has the same vowel as "feet". Southern Middle English had two close-mid vowels – in "feet" and in "boot" – which were raised to and .


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: In Southern English, the close vowels in "bite" and in "house" shifted to become diphthongs, but in Northern English, in "bite" shifted but in "house" did not.


title: Great Vowel Shift

text: If the difference between the Northern and Southern vowel shifts is caused by the vowel systems at the time of the Great Vowel Shift, did not shift because there was no back mid vowel in Northern English. In Southern English, shifting of to could have caused diphthongisation of original , but because Northern English had no back close-mid vowel to shift, the back close vowel did not diphthongise.


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: Go Kyung-pyo (; born June 11, 1990) is a South Korean actor and comedian. He gained recognition for his role in the television series "Reply 1988" (2015–16) and has since starred in "Don't Dare to Dream" (2016) and "Chicago Typewriter" (2017). Go starred in his first leading role in KBS2's "Strongest Deliveryman" in August 2017.


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: Go made his acting debut in 2010, and became a cast member of live sketch comedy show "Saturday Night Live Korea" for its first three seasons. Since then, he has featured in the sitcom "Standby" (2012) and dramas "My Cute Guys" (2013) and "Naeil's Cantabile" (2014).


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: Go gained wider recognition with his roles in "Reply 1988" (2015) and "Don't Dare to Dream" (2016). He received the "New Star Award" at the 2016 SBS Drama Awards for his role in the latter.


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: In 2017, Go starred in tvN's fantasy-romance drama "Chicago Typewriter" alongside Yoo Ah-in and Im Soo-jung. The same year, he was cast in his first leading role in KBS's drama "Strongest Deliveryman" alongside Chae Soo-bin. He then starred in medical thriller drama "Cross" which premiered in January 2018.


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: After a two-year hiatus, Go made his comeback in the 2020 JTBC drama "Private Lives" as an imposter. In 2021, Go made cameo appearances in the tvN Drama "My Roommate Is a Gumiho" and Netflix series "D.P."


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: In 2022, Go appeared in Park Chan-wook's mystery film "Decision to Leave" and is set to star in the comedy film "6/45" and Netflix film "Seoul Vibe".


title: Go Kyung-pyo

text: Go enlisted for his mandatory military service on May 21, 2018. He was discharged on January 15, 2020.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: In multitasking computer operating systems, a daemon ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user. Traditionally, the process names of a daemon end with the letter "d", for clarification that the process is in fact a daemon, and for differentiation between a daemon and a normal computer program. For example, is a daemon that implements system logging facility, and is a daemon that serves incoming SSH connections.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: In a Unix environment, the parent process of a daemon is often, but not always, the init process. A daemon is usually created either by a process forking a child process and then immediately exiting, thus causing init to adopt the child process, or by the init process directly launching the daemon. In addition, a daemon launched by forking and exiting typically must perform other operations, such as dissociating the process from any controlling terminal (tty). Such procedures are often implemented in various convenience routines such as "daemon(3)" in Unix.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: Systems often start daemons at boot time that will respond to network requests, hardware activity, or other programs by performing some task. Daemons such as cron may also perform defined tasks at scheduled times.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: The term was coined by the programmers at MIT's Project MAC. According to Fernando J. Corbató, who worked on Project MAC in 1963, his team was the first to use the term daemon, inspired by Maxwell's demon, an imaginary agent in physics and thermodynamics that helped to sort molecules, stating, "We fancifully began to use the word daemon to describe background processes that worked tirelessly to perform system chores". Unix systems inherited this terminology. Maxwell's demon is consistent with Greek mythology's interpretation of a daemon as a supernatural being working in the background.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: In the general sense, daemon is an older form of the word "demon", from the Greek δαίμων. In the "Unix System Administration Handbook" Evi Nemeth states the following about daemons:


title: Daemon (computing)

text: A further characterization of the mythological symbolism is that a daemon is something that is not visible yet is always present and working its will. In the "Theages", attributed to Plato, Socrates describes his own personal daemon to be something like the modern concept of a moral conscience: "The favour of the gods has given me a marvelous gift, which has never left me since my childhood. It is a voice that, when it makes itself heard, deters me from what I am about to do and never urges me on".


title: Daemon (computing)

text: In modern usage, the word "daemon" is pronounced . In the context of computer software, the original pronunciation has drifted to for some speakers.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: Alternative terms for "daemon" are "service" (used in Windows, from Windows NT onwards, and later also in Linux), "started task" (IBM z/OS), and "ghost job" (XDS UTS).


title: Daemon (computing)

text: After the term was adopted for computer use, it was rationalized as a backronym for Disk And Execution MONitor.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: In a strictly technical sense, a Unix-like system process is a daemon when its parent process terminates and the daemon is assigned the init process (process number 1) as its parent process and has no controlling terminal. However, more generally, a daemon may be any background process, whether a child of the init process or not.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: On a Unix-like system, the common method for a process to become a daemon, when the process is started from the command line or from a startup script such as an init script or a SystemStarter script, involves:


title: Daemon (computing)

text: If the process is started by a super-server daemon, such as , , or , the super-server daemon will perform those functions for the process, except for old-style daemons not converted to run under and specified as and "multi-threaded" datagram servers under .


title: Daemon (computing)

text: In the Microsoft DOS environment, daemon-like programs were implemented as terminate-and-stay-resident programs (TSR).


title: Daemon (computing)

text: On Microsoft Windows NT systems, programs called Windows services perform the functions of daemons. They run as processes, usually do not interact with the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, and may be launched by the operating system at boot time. In Windows 2000 and later versions, Windows services are configured and manually started and stopped using the Control Panel, a dedicated control/configuration program, the Service Controller component of the Service Control Manager ( command), the and commands or the PowerShell scripting system.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: However, any Windows application can perform the role of a daemon, not just a service, and some Windows daemons have the option of running as a normal process.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: On the classic Mac OS, optional features and services were provided by files loaded at startup time that patched the operating system; these were known as system extensions and control panels. Later versions of classic Mac OS augmented these with fully fledged faceless background applications: regular applications that ran in the background. To the user, these were still described as regular system extensions.


title: Daemon (computing)

text: macOS, which is a Unix system, uses daemons but uses the term "services" to designate software that performs functions selected from the Services menu, rather than using that term for daemons, as Windows does.


title: Edward Albert

text: Edward Laurence Albert (February 20, 1951 – September 22, 2006) was an American actor. The son of actor Eddie Albert and Mexican actress Margo, he starred opposite Goldie Hawn in "Butterflies Are Free" (1972), a role for which he won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year. He was nominated for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy. Albert starred in more than 130 films and television series, including "Midway", "The Greek Tycoon", "Galaxy of Terror", "The House Where Evil Dwells", "The Yellow Rose", "Falcon Crest" and "Power Rangers Time Force".


title: Edward Albert

text: Edward Laurence Albert was born in Los Angeles, California, to actor Eddie Albert (1906–2005), and Mexican actress María Marguerita Guadalupe Teresa Estela Bolado Castilla y O'Donnell, who went by the name Margo (1917–1985).


title: Edward Albert

text: Albert attended Oxford University and studied psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles.


title: Edward Albert

text: Albert made his motion picture debut in the 1965 drama "The Fool Killer", as a runaway orphan who crossed paths with a disturbed Civil War veteran, played by Anthony Perkins. He played opposite Goldie Hawn as a blind man in the film "Butterflies Are Free" (1972), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year and was nominated for the Golden Globe's Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.


title: Edward Albert

text: In 1973, Albert starred with Liv Ullmann in the film adaptation of the play "40 Carats". He played a U.S. Navy fighter pilot in the 1976 film "Midway", portraying the son of a naval captain, played by Charlton Heston.


title: Edward Albert

text: Albert made a guest appearance in a 1976 episode of the NBC dramatic series "Gibbsville". He also was featured in the Gene Hackman suspense film "The Domino Principle" (1977) and the drama "The Greek Tycoon" (1978) with Anthony Quinn and Jacqueline Bisset. In 1981, Albert starred with Ray Walston and Erin Moran in Roger Corman's horror film "Galaxy of Terror".


title: Edward Albert

text: During the 1983–1984 television season, Albert starred as Quisto Champion on the NBC series "The Yellow Rose" with Sam Elliott, Cybill Shepherd and David Soul. He had a recurring role in the 1980s television series "Beauty and the Beast," in which he played Elliot Burch, a New York developer who loves series heroine, Catherine Chandler, played by Linda Hamilton.


title: Edward Albert

text: Albert played Mr. Collins, father to Wesley Collins, the Red Ranger in "Power Rangers Time Force". He appeared in the 1987 film "The Underachievers" and voiced the superhero Daredevil in two episodes of "Spider-Man: The Animated Series" in the 1990s.


title: Edward Albert

text: In 1992's "The Ice Runner," Albert played an agent arrested in Russia who tries to escape from prison. In 1993, he made a guest appearance in the television show "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" as Dr. William Burke. In "Guarding Tess" (1994), Albert played the son of former First Lady Tess Carlisle (Shirley MacLaine).


title: Edward Albert

text: Albert was an advocate of the environment and the rights of Native Americans, especially the Chumash tribe. He served on the California Coastal Commission and the California Native American Heritage Commission. The Escondido Canyon was renamed in his honor as the Edward Albert Escondido Trail and Waterfalls.


title: Edward Albert

text: In the 1970s, Albert was engaged to actress Kate Jackson. In 1978, Albert married actress Katherine Woodville. The couple had a daughter, Thaïs Carmen Albert.


title: Edward Albert

text: In the 2000s, Albert cared for his father, Eddie Albert, who suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died on May 26, 2005 at the age of 99. The younger Albert was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2005 and died at age 55 on September 22, 2006.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Michael Lynn Evans III (born August 21, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). Evans played college football at Texas A&M, where he earned consensus first-team All-American honors after recording a school record of 1,394 receiving yards on 69 receptions, and was drafted by the Buccaneers in the first round with the seventh overall pick in the 2014 NFL Draft. He has been selected to the Pro Bowl four times and was a Second-team All-Pro in 2016. Evans holds nearly every major Buccaneers franchise receiving record including, career receptions, yards and touchdowns. Evans is the only player in NFL history to start his career with eight consecutive seasons with at least 1,000 receiving yards. He won his first Super Bowl championship on February 7, 2021, in a victory over the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans attended Ball High School in Galveston, Texas, where he played basketball, football, and ran track for the Tors athletic teams. In basketball, he averaged 18.3 points, 8.4 rebounds, and 5.2 assists as a senior. He only played football during his senior year, and was thus not heavily recruited by college football programs. As a senior, he earned second-team District 24-4A honors after making 25 receptions for 648 yards and seven touchdowns.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In track & field, Evans competed in the jumping events. He got personal-best leaps of 14.11 meters in the triple jump and 6.28 meters in the long jump. He also posted a 4.54 time in the 40-yard dash at football camp and was a member of the 4 × 100m and 4 × 200m relay squads.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: While attending Texas A&M University, Evans played for the Texas A&M Aggies football team from 2011 to 2013. After being redshirted as a freshman in 2011, he had 82 receptions for 1,105 yards and five touchdowns in 2012. On the year, he recorded three games with at least 100 receiving yards. He received freshman All-SEC honors from the league's coaches.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In the 2013 game against #1 Alabama, Evans caught seven passes for a school-record 279 yards in the 49–42 loss. During the game against #24 Auburn, he broke his own record after he compiled 11 receptions for 287 yards and four touchdowns. As a sophomore in 2013, Evans was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. On December 17, 2013, it was announced that Evans was selected to the 2013 AP All-America Team, First-team. Evans finished the 2013 season with 69 receptions for 1,394 yards and twelve touchdowns.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: On January 2, 2014, Evans announced that he would forgo his final two seasons of his collegiate eligibility and enter the 2014 NFL Draft. The majority of analysts and scouts projected him to be a consensus top 10 pick and a first round draft selection. He was ranked the top wide receiver in the draft by "Sports Illustrated" and the second best wide receiver by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Evans with the seventh overall pick in the 2014 NFL Draft, one pick after his college teammate Jake Matthews. It was the first time Texas A&M had two Top 7 draft picks in the same draft since John Kimbrough and Jim Thomason in 1941. He was the second wide receiver taken after Sammy Watkins was picked by the Buffalo Bills with the fourth overall pick. On June 12, 2014, Evans signed a four-year rookie contract worth $14.6 million, with an $8.96 million signing bonus.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans made his professional regular season debut on September 7, 2014, in the Buccaneers' season-opener against the Carolina Panthers, logging five receptions for 37-yards. On September 28, 2014, Evans caught four passes for 65 receiving yards, including his first career touchdown on a 7-yard pass from Mike Glennon in a 27–24 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers. In Week 9 against the Cleveland Browns, Evans caught seven passes for 124 receiving yards and two touchdowns in a 22–17 loss. The following week, he had seven catches for 125 receiving yards and a touchdown in a 27–17 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. On November 16, 2014, in a 27–7 victory over the Washington Redskins, Evans caught seven passes for 209 receiving yards and two touchdowns. He became the first rookie receiver to have three consecutive games of 100 yards and at least one touchdown since Randy Moss in 1998. He also became the youngest player in NFL history to catch for 200 or more yards in one game. Evans was also the fifth rookie of the Super Bowl era to record 200 receiving yards and two touchdowns in a game, the first player to accomplish that feat since Anquan Boldin in 2003. He received NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for his performance.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans finished his rookie season with 68 receptions for 1,051 yards and 12 touchdowns, setting franchise records and becoming a part of the first pair of Buccaneers receivers (alongside veteran Vincent Jackson) to receive 1,000 yards in a single season together. Evans was ranked tied for fourth in the NFL in receiving touchdowns. He was ranked 75th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: On September 20, 2015, Evans appeared in his first game of the season against the New Orleans Saints after missing the season-opener with a hamstring injury. The next week, Evans caught seven passes for 101 receiving yards in a 19–9 loss to the Houston Texans. During Week 7 against the Washington Redskins, Evans caught eight passes for a season-high 164 yards and a touchdown in a 31–30 loss. On November 8, 2015, Evans caught eight passes for 150 receiving yards in a 32–18 loss to the New York Giants. The following game, he finished with another eight receptions for 126 yards during a 10–6 victory over the Dallas Cowboys. On December 17, 2015, he made a season-high nine receptions for 157 yards against the St. Louis Rams.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Through 15 games, Evans racked up 1,206 yards and three touchdowns, with an average of 16.3 yards per catch.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans started the Buccaneers' 2016 season opener, making five receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown in a 31–24 defeat of the Atlanta Falcons. On September 25, 2016, Evans caught 10 passes for 132 receiving yards and a touchdown in a 37–32 loss to the Los Angeles Rams. Evans became the first player in the Buccaneers' history to catch a touchdown pass in three consecutive games to start a season. During a Week 7 victory over the San Francisco 49ers, Evans caught eight passes for 96-yards and two touchdowns. On November 3, 2016, he caught a season-high 11 passes for 150 receiving yards and two touchdowns in a 43–28 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. He caught a pass on the sidelines which was debated as the "catch of the year" at NFL.com and suffered a helmet-to-helmet hit on the play and was placed on concussion protocol. On November 27, 2016, he caught eight passes for 104 receiving yards and two touchdowns in a 14–5 victory over the Seattle Seahawks, becoming the fourth player in NFL history to begin his career with three consecutive seasons of 1,000 yards receiving. He was also the first receiver in franchise history with two receiving touchdowns in the first quarter of a game. On December 20, 2016, Evans was selected to the Pro Bowl, the first of his career. His selection made him the first Buccaneers receiver since Vincent Jackson in 2012 to be picked, and the first receiver drafted by the Buccaneers to be selected for the Pro Bowl since Mark Carrier in 1989. On January 1, 2017, Evans caught 5 passes for 65 yards and 1 touchdown in a 17–16 win against the Carolina Panthers tying his franchise record of 12 receiving touchdowns in a single season.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans finished his third season off with 96 receptions for 1,321 receiving yards and 12 touchdowns in 16 starts. He was ranked 29th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Due to Hurricane Irma, Evans and the Buccaneers had to move their Week 1 game to later in the season. On September 17, 2017, in his season debut in Week 2, Evans recorded seven receptions for 93 yards and a touchdown in the 29–7 victory over the Chicago Bears. Over the next three games, Evans had one touchdown and averaged 61 yards, before a 95-yard performance with a touchdown in the Week 6 loss to Arizona, followed by 88 yards and a touchdown in the loss to the Buffalo Bills. In Week 8, Evans was held to 60 yards before a disastrous Week 9 against the New Orleans Saints. Not only was Evans held to 13 yards, he involved himself in a fight between Saints rookie Marshon Lattimore and injured teammate Jameis Winston. Evans was not ejected, but flagged for a personal foul, and later suspended one game despite an appeal. He returned with 92- and 78-yard efforts, before two more poor weeks of 25 and 33 yards. In Week 15, Evans had his first touchdown in eight weeks, en route to 79 yards in the loss to the Atlanta Falcons. Week 16 was Evans' only 100+ yard game of the season, 107 yards on six receptions in another loss to the Carolina Panthers. In Week 17's 31–24 win over the New Orleans Saints, Evans became the third receiver in NFL history to begin his career with four consecutive years of 1,000 yards receiving after catching five passes for 55 yards. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with a team-leading 71 receptions for 1,001 receiving yards, but only five receiving touchdowns for the 5–11 Buccaneers.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: On March 9, 2018, Evans signed a five-year, $82.5 million contract extension with the Buccaneers with $55 million guaranteed.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: On September 8, Evans caught seven passes for 147 yards and a touchdown in a season-opening 48–40 win over defending the NFC South champion New Orleans Saints. The next week, Evans caught ten passes for 83 yards and a touchdown in a 27–21 win over the defending Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles. In a 30–27 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers on "Monday Night Football" in Week 3, Evans caught 6 passes for 137 yards and a touchdown, breaking the Buccaneers franchise record for touchdown receptions in a career with his 35th. He eclipsed 5,000 career yards with 59 yards in Week 4 (at 25 years 40 days, the second youngest player to this mark by 113 days to Randy Moss) and after a bye week, Evans caught four passes for 58 yards in a 34–29 loss to the Atlanta Falcons, breaking Mark Carrier's Buccaneers franchise record for receiving yards in a career. The following week, Evans caught 7 passes for 107 yards in a 26–23 win over the Cleveland Browns, his 16th game with 100+ receiving yards, again breaking a Mark Carrier franchise record. Evans then led all NFL receivers in Week 8 with 179 yards (a career second-best) on six receptions in a 37–34 loss to Cincinnati, which included a career-long 72 yard reception for a touchdown in the fourth quarter. The next two weeks were far less successful: In Week 9, Evans had just one reception for 16 yards on 10 targets against the Carolina Panthers, and three receptions for 51 yards in Week 10. He rebounded in Week 11's 38–35 loss to the New York Giants with six catches for 120 yards and a touchdown and recovered a fumble by quarterback Jameis Winston in the end zone for another touchdown. In Week 12, he again broke the century mark with 116 yards on six receptions in the 27–9 win over the San Francisco 49ers. In the game, he passed 1,000 receiving yards on the season, joining Randy Moss and A. J. Green as the only receivers in NFL history to begin their careers with five consecutive 1,000+ yard seasons. In Week 17, during a 34–32 loss to the Atlanta Falcons, Evans caught six passes for 106 yards and two touchdowns; with that performance Evans broke the Buccaneers franchise record for receiving yards in a single season and became the youngest receiver in league history to reach 6,000 yards receiving in a career.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans finished his fifth season with 86 receptions for a career-high 1,524 yards and nine total touchdowns. On January 7, 2019, Evans was selected to his second Pro Bowl as an injury replacement for Julio Jones. As a result, Evans became the first Buccaneers wide receiver in franchise history to be selected to multiple Pro Bowls. He was ranked 53rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Following a lackluster start to the 2019 season, in which he was recovering from the flu and failed to reach 100 combined yards in the first two weeks, Evans broke out during Week 3 in a 32–31 loss to the New York Giants, where he caught eight passes for 190 yards and a career-best three touchdown receptions. The following week, Evans caught four passes for 89 yards and a 67-yard touchdown in a 55–40 win over the Los Angeles Rams. After being held without a catch in Week 5 against the New Orleans Saints, Evans had 96 yards and a two-point conversion in the 37–26 loss to Carolina. During Week 8 against the Titans, Evans finished with 198 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 27–23 loss, joining Roger Carr (1976) as the only players with two 190-yard receiving games in the first eight weeks of a season since the merger as well as breaking the Buccaneers' franchise record for receptions in a career previously held by James Wilder. During Week 9 against the Seahawks, Evans finished with 180 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Buccaneers lost 40–34 in overtime. The following week, in a 30–27 win over the Arizona Cardinals, Evans caught four passes for 82 yards. In the process, Evans became the youngest player in NFL history to reach 7,000 career receiving yards. In Week 12, during a 35–22 win over the Atlanta Falcons, Evans caught four passes for 50 yards. In the process, Evans joined Randy Moss as the only players in NFL history to begin their careers with six consecutive seasons of at least 1,000 yards receiving. In Week 14, during a 38–35 win over the Indianapolis Colts, Evans caught one pass for 61 yards and a touchdown but injured his hamstring during the play and left the game. On December 17, 2019, Evans was selected to the 2020 Pro Bowl, the third of his career. On December 18, 2019, Evans was placed on injured reserve after suffering a hamstring injury in Week 14.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans finished his sixth season with 67 receptions for 1,157 yards and eight touchdowns. He was ranked 30th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In Week 1, during a 34–23 loss to the New Orleans Saints, Evans only caught one pass for two yards and a touchdown while recovering from a hamstring injury, his first from new Buccaneers quarterback Tom Brady. The following week, Evans bounced back with seven receptions for 104 yards and a touchdown during a 31–17 win against the Carolina Panthers. In Week 3, Evans posted a rare statistical line of two receptions for two receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 28–10 victory over the Denver Broncos.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In Week 4 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Evans recorded seven catches for 122 yards and a touchdown during the 38–31 win. In Week 12, against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had three receptions for 50 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 27–24 loss. In Week 15, during a 31–27 win over the Atlanta Falcons, Evans recorded over 100 yards receiving for the first time since Week 4, finishing with six receptions for 110 yards and a touchdown en route to helping the Buccaneers achieve their first winning record in a season since 2016 with their ninth win of the year.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In Week 16, during a 47–7 win against the Detroit Lions, Evans recorded a season-best 10 receptions for 181 yards and two touchdowns. In the process, Evans broke the Buccaneers's single season receiving touchdown record he had set twice at 12 with his 13th as well as helped the Buccaneers achieve their tenth win of the season and clinch a playoff spot for the first time since 2007. In Week 17, Evans set an NFL record against the Falcons as the first wide receiver to record 1,000 yards consecutively in each season of his seven-year professional career. Evans injured his knee later in the game.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans finished the 2020 regular season with 70 receptions for 1,006 yards and 13 touchdowns. He broke Randy Moss's record with seven consecutive seasons with 1,000 receiving yards.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In the of the 2020–21 NFL playoffs, Evans broke the franchise record for receiving yards in a playoff game, finishing with six receptions for 119 yards in a 31–23 win over the Washington Football Team. This was Tampa Bay's first playoff win since Super Bowl XXXVII.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In the against the New Orleans Saints, Evans recorded one catch for a three-yard touchdown during the 30–20 win. This was Evans' first playoff touchdown.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In the against the Green Bay Packers, Evans recorded three catches for 51 yards and a touchdown during the 31–26 win.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In Super Bowl LV, Evans caught one pass on one target for a 31-yard gain during the 31–9 win over the Kansas City Chiefs, as well as drawing four penalties. This earned Evans his first championship as an NFL player. He was ranked 48th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: After a slow start in Week 1, Evans caught five passes for 75 yards and two touchdowns the following week in a 48–25 win against the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 3, during a 34–24 loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Evans recorded eight catches for 106 yards. In Week 5, Evans caught six passes for 113 yards and two touchdowns in a 45–17 rout of the Miami Dolphins. In Week 7, Evans recorded six catches for 76 yards to go along with three touchdowns, including the milestone 600th touchdown pass from Tom Brady late in the first quarter, in a 38–3 win over the Chicago Bears. In Week 11, during a 30–10 win over the New York Giants, Evans recorded his first career carry for 10 yards as well as six catches for 73 yards and one touchdown. With that score, Evans set the Buccaneer franchise record for touchdowns scored in a career with his 72nd, breaking the previous record of 71 held by Mike Alstott. In Week 15, during a 9–0 loss to New Orleans, Evans left the game with a hamstring injury which forced him to miss the next game. In the newly expanded Week 18, during a 41–17 rout of the Carolina Panthers, Evans recorded seven receptions for 89 yards and two touchdowns. As a result of that game, Evans not only broke the Buccaneers franchise record for touchdown receptions in a season once again with his 14th but also eclipsed 1,000 yards receiving, extending his own NFL record for consecutive seasons of at least 1,000 receiving yards to begin a career with eight.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans finished the 2021 regular season with 74 receptions for 1,035 yards and 14 touchdowns. In the against the Philadelphia Eagles, Evans had nine receptions for 117 yards and a touchdown in the 31–15 victory. In the against the Los Angeles Rams, Evans had eight receptions for 119 yards and a touchdown in the 30–27 loss. On January 26, 2022, Evans was named to his fourth career Pro Bowl as an injury replacement for Green Bay Packers wide receiver Davante Adams. He was ranked 53rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: In Week 2 against the New Orleans Saints, Evans was ejected after getting into a fight with Marshon Lattimore in the fourth quarter in the 20-10 win. Evans shoved Lattimore to the turf after Leonard Fournette shoved Lattimore after he exchanged words with Tom Brady. The next day, Evans was suspended one game for his actions.


title: Mike Evans (wide receiver)

text: Evans had a rough childhood. His mother, Heather Kilgore, gave birth to him when she was 14 years old. She was physically abused by his father, Mickey. Evans' maternal uncle, enraged by the abuse his sister endured, murdered Mickey when Evans was 9 years old. Having experienced domestic violence during his childhood, Evans and his wife Ashli founded the Mike Evans Family Foundation in December 2017 to help victims of domestic violence. His foundation has also hosted free football camps for children in his hometown of Galveston.


title: Raghuram Rajan

text: Raghuram Govind Rajan (born 3 February 1963) is an Indian economist and the Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Between 2003 and 2006 he was Chief Economist and director of research at the International Monetary Fund. From September 2013 through September 2016 he was the 23rd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India; in 2015, during his tenure at the RBI, he became the Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements.


title: Raghuram Rajan

text: At the Federal Reserve annual Jackson Hole conference in 2005, Rajan warned about the growing risks in the financial system and proposed policies that would reduce such risks. Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers called the warnings "misguided" and Rajan himself a "luddite". However, following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Rajan's views came to be seen as prescient and he was extensively interviewed for the Academy Awards-winning documentary "Inside Job" (2010).


title: Raghuram Rajan

text: In 2003, Rajan received the inaugural Fischer Black Prize, given every two years by the American Finance Association to the financial economist younger than 40 who has made the most significant contribution to the theory and practice of finance. His book, "", won the Financial Times/Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year award in 2010. In 2016, he was named by "Time" in its list of the '100 Most Influential People in the World'.