title: RCA

text: Upon its founding, RCA was the largest radio communications firm in the United States. Owen Young became the chairman of the board of the new company and former American Marconi vice president and general manager E. J. Nally become RCA's first president. Most of the former American Marconi staff continued to work for RCA. Nally was succeeded by Major General James G. Harbord, who served as RCA president from 1922 to 1930. Harbord replaced Owen Young as chairman of the board on January 3, 1930. David Sarnoff, who was RCA's founding general manager, became its third president on the same day. RCA worked closely with the federal government and felt it deserved to maintain its predominant role in U.S. radio communications. At the company's recommendation, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Rear Admiral Bullard "to attend the stockholders' and director's meetings... in order that he may present and discuss informally the Government's views and interests".


title: RCA

text: The radio industry had been making technical advances, particularly in the area of vacuum tube technology and GE needed access to additional patents before its new subsidiary could be fully competitive. During this time American Marconi had been steadily falling behind others in the industry. The two companies entered into negotiations which resulted in a series of mutually beneficial cross-licensing agreements between the themselves and various other companies in the industry. On July 1, 1920, an agreement was made with the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T), which purchased 500,000 shares of RCA, although it would divest these shares in early 1923. The United Fruit Company held a small portfolio of radio patents and signed two agreements in 1921. GE's traditional electric company rival, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Corporation, had also purchased rights to some critical patents, including one for heterodyne receiving originally issued to Reginald Fessenden, plus regenerative circuit and superheterodyne receiver patents issued to Edwin Armstrong. Westinghouse used this position to negotiate a cross-licensing agreement, effective July 1, 1921, that included a concession that 40% of RCA's equipment purchases would be from Westinghouse. Following these transactions, GE owned 30.1% of RCA's stock, Westinghouse 20.6%, AT&T 10.3%, and United Fruit 4.1%, with the remaining 34.9% owned by individual shareholders.


title: RCA

text: In 1930, RCA agreed to occupy the yet-to-be-constructed landmark skyscraper of the Rockefeler Center complex, 30 Rockefeler Plaza, which in 1933 became known as the RCA Building (renamed the GE Building in 1988 and currently known as the Comcast Building after Comcast bought NBC-TV). This lease was critical for enabling the massive project to proceed as a commercially viable venture—David Rockefeler cited RCA's action as being responsible for "the salvation of the project".


title: RCA

text: At the time RCA was founded in 1919 all radio and telegraphic communications between China and the US, including official communications, were run through either German radio or British cables. The U.S. Navy wanted RCA to seek a concession in China, however the company was reluctant to do so because their other concessions were already operating at a loss. With RCA's agreement the transmitter was completed in 1928, but when another American interest signed a similar agreement with China in 1932 RCA claimed breach of contract in "Radio Corporation of America v China".


title: RCA

text: RCA's primary business objectives at its founding were to provide equipment and services for seagoing vessels, and "worldwide wireless" communication in competition with the undersea cables. To provide the international service, the company soon undertook a massive project to build a "Radio Central" communications hub at Rocky Point, Long Island, New York, designed to achieve "the realization of the vision of communication engineers to transmit messages to all points of the world from a single centrally located source". Construction began in July 1920, and the site was dedicated on November 5, 1921, after two of the antenna spokes had been completed, and two of the 200-kilowatt alternators installed. The debut transmissions received replies from stations in 17 countries.


title: RCA

text: Although the initial installation would remain in operation, the additional antenna spokes and alternator installations would not be completed, due to a major discovery about radio signal propagation. While investigating transmitter "harmonics" – unwanted additional radio signals produced at higher frequencies than a station's normal transmission frequency – Westinghouse's Frank Conrad unexpectedly found that in some cases the harmonics could be heard farther than the primary signal, something previously thought impossible, as high-frequency shortwave signals, which had poor groundwave coverage, were thought to have a very limited transmission range. In 1924, Conrad demonstrated to Sarnoff that a low-powered shortwave station in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania could be readily received in London by a simple receiver using a curtain rod as an antenna, matching, at a small fraction of the cost, the performance of the massive alternator transmitters. In 1926 Dr. Harold H. Beverage further reported that a shortwave signal, transmitted on a 15-meter wavelength (approximately 20 MHz), was received in South America more readily during the daytime than the 200-kilowatt alternator transmissions.


title: RCA

text: The Alexanderson alternators, control of which had led to RCA's formation, were now considered obsolete, and international communication would be primarily conducted using vacuum tube transmitters operating on shortwave bands. RCA would continue to operate international telecommunications services for the remainder of its existence, through its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc., and later the RCA Global Communications Company.


title: RCA

text: International shortwave was in turn largely supplanted by communications satellites, especially for distributing network radio and television programming. In 1975, the company formed RCA American Communications, which operated its Satcom series of geostationary communications satellites.


title: RCA

text: The introduction of organized radio broadcasting in the early 1920s resulted in a dramatic reorientation and expansion of RCA's business activities. The development of vacuum tube radio transmitters made audio transmissions practical, in contrast with the earlier transmitters which were limited to sending the dits-and-dahs of Morse code. Since at least 1916, when he was still at American Marconi, David Sarnoff had proposed establishing broadcasting stations, but his memos to management promoting the idea for sales of a "Radio Music Box" had not been followed up at the time.


title: RCA

text: Starting around 1920 a small number of broadcasting stations began operating, and soon interest in the innovation was spreading nationwide. In the summer of 1921, a Madison Square Garden employee, Julius Hopp, devised a plan to raise charitable funds by broadcasting, from ringside, the July 2, 1921 Dempsey-Carpentier heavyweight championship fight to be held in Jersey City, New Jersey. Hopp recruited theaters and halls as listening locations that would charge admission fees to be used as charitable donations. He also contacted RCA's J. Andrew White, the acting president of the National Amateur Wireless Association (NAWA), an organization originally formed by American Marconi which had been inherited by RCA. White agreed to recruit the NAWA membership for volunteers to provide assistance at the listening sites, and also enlisted David Sarnoff for financial and technical support. RCA was authorized to set up a temporary longwave radio station, located in Hoboken a short distance from the match site, and operating under the call letters WJY. For the broadcast White and Sarnoff telephoned commentary from ringside, which was typed up and then read over the air by J. Owen Smith. The demonstration was a technical success, with a claimed audience of 300,000 listeners throughout the northeast.


title: RCA

text: RCA quickly moved to expand its broadcasting activities. In the fall of 1921, it set up its first full-time broadcasting station, WDY, at the Roselle Park, New Jersey company plant. By 1923 RCA was operating three stations—WJZ (now WABC) and WJY in New York City, and WRC (now WTEM) in Washington, D.C. A restriction imposed by AT&T's interpretation of the patent cross-licensing agreements required that the RCA stations remain commercial free, and they were financed by profits from radio equipment sales.


title: RCA

text: Beginning in 1922, AT&T became heavily involved in radio broadcasting, and soon became the new industry's most important participant. From the beginning, AT&T's policy was to finance stations by commercial sponsorship of the programs. The company also created the first radio network, centered on its New York City station WEAF (now WFAN), using its long-distance telephone lines to interconnect stations. This allowed them to economize by having multiple stations carry the same program.


title: RCA

text: RCA and its partners soon faced an economic crisis, as the costs of providing programming threatened to exceed the funds available from equipment profits. The problem was resolved in 1926 when AT&T unexpectedly decided to exit the radio broadcasting field. RCA purchased, for $1,000,000, AT&Ts two radio stations, WEAF and WCAP in Washington, D.C., as well as its network operations. These assets formed the basis for the creation of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), with ownership divided between RCA (50%), General Electric (30%), and Westinghouse (20%) until 1930, when RCA assumed 100% ownership. This purchase also included the right to begin commercial operations. NBC formed two radio networks that eventually expanded nationwide: the NBC-Red Network, with flagship station WEAF, and NBC-Blue, centered on WJZ. Although NBC was originally promoted as expecting to just break even economically, it soon became extremely profitable, which would be an important factor in helping RCA survive the economic pressures of the Great Depression that began in late 1929.


title: RCA

text: Concerned that NBC's control of two national radio networks gave it too much power over the industry, in 1941 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) promulgated a rule designed to force NBC to divest one of them. This order was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court, and on October 12, 1943, the NBC-Blue network was sold to candy magnate Edward J. Noble for $8,000,000, and renamed "The Blue Network, Inc." In 1946 the name was changed to the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The "Red" network retained the NBC name and remained under RCA ownership until 1986.


title: RCA

text: For two decades the NBC radio network's roster of stars provided ratings consistently surpassing those of its main competitor, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). But in 1948, as the transition from radio to television was beginning, NBC's leadership came under attack due to what became known as the "Paley raids", named after the president of CBS, William S. Paley. After World War II the tax rate for annual incomes above $70,000 was 77%, while capital gains were taxed at 25%. Paley worked out an accounting technique whereby individual performers could set up corporations that allowed their earnings to be taxed at the significantly lower rate. Instead of NBC responding with a similar package, Sarnoff decided that this accounting method was legally and ethically wrong. NBC's performers did not agree, and most of the top stars, including Amos and Andy, Jack Benny, Red Skelton, Edgar Bergen, Burns and Allen, Ed Wynn, Fred Waring, Al Jolson, Groucho Marx and Frank Sinatra moved from NBC to CBS. As a result, CBS boasted of having sixteen of the twenty top-rated programs in 1949. The consequences would carry over to television, where CBS maintained its newfound dominance for decades. Paley had personally worked to woo the performers, while Sarnoff professed his indifference to the defections, stating at an annual meeting that "Leadership built over the years on a foundation of solid service cannot be snatched overnight by buying a few high-priced comedians. Leadership is not a laughing matter."


title: RCA

text: RCA acted as the sales agent for a small line of Westinghouse and GE branded receivers and parts used by home constructors, originally for a limited market of amateur radio enthusiasts. By 1922, the rise of broadcasting had dramatically increased the demand for radio equipment by the general public, and this development was reflected in the title of RCA's June 1, 1922, catalog, "Radio Enters the Home". RCA began selling receivers under the "Radiola" name, marketing equipment produced by GE and Westinghouse under the production agreement that allocated a 60%–40% ratio in output between the two companies. Although the patent cross-licensing agreements had been intended to give the participants domination of equipment sales, the tremendous growth of the market led to fierce competition, and in 1925 RCA fell behind Atwater Kent as the leader in receiver sales. RCA was particularly hamstrung by the need to coordinate its sales within the limits of the GE/Westinghouse production quotas, and often had difficulty keeping up with industry trends. However, it made a key advance in early 1924 when it began to sell the first superheterodyne receivers, whose high level of performance increased the brand's reputation and popularity. RCA was the exclusive manufacturer of superheterodyne radio sets until 1930. Until late 1927, all RCA receivers ran on batteries, but at that point plug-in AC sets were introduced, which provided another boost in sales.


title: RCA

text: RCA inherited American Marconi's status as a major producer of vacuum tubes, which were branded Radiotron in the United States. Especially after the rise of broadcasting, they were a major profit source for the company. RCA's strong patent position meant that the company effectively set the selling prices for vacuum tubes in the U.S., which were significantly higher than in Europe, where Lee de Forest had allowed a key patent issued to him to lapse. RCA was responsible for creating a series of innovative products, ranging from octal base metal tubes co-developed with General Electric before World War II, to miniaturized Nuvistor tubes used in the tuners of the New Vista series of television receivers. The Nuvistor tubes were a last major vacuum tube innovation, along with General Electric's Compactron, and were meant to compete with the newly introduced transistor. By 1975, RCA had completely switched from tubes to solid-state devices in their television sets, except for the cathode ray tube (CRT) picture tube itself.


title: RCA

text: The rapid rise of radio broadcasting during the early 1920s, which provided unlimited free entertainment in the home, had a detrimental effect on the American phonograph record industry. The Victor Talking Machine Company in Camden, New Jersey, was then the world's largest manufacturer of records and phonographs, including its popular showcase "Victrola" line. In January 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Company; this acquisition became known as the RCA Victor division of the Radio Corporation of America, and included ownership of Victor's Japanese subsidiary, the Victor Company of Japan (JVC), formed in 1927 and controlling interest in The Gramophone Company Ltd. (later EMI Records) in England.


title: RCA

text: RCA's acquisition of Victor included the western hemisphere rights to the famous Nipper/"His Master's Voice" trademark. RCA Victor popularized combined radio receiver-phonographs, and also created RCA Photophone, a movie sound-on-film system that competed with William Fox's sound-on-film Movietone and Warner Bros.' sound-on-disc Vitaphone. Although early announcements of the RCA and Victor merger stressed that the two firms were linking on equal terms to form a joint new company, RCA initially had little true interest in the phonograph record business. The management of RCA was interested essentially in Victor's superior sales capabilities through the record company's well-organized network of authorized distributors and dealers and extensive, efficient manufacturing facilities in Camden, New Jersey. Immediately following the purchase of Victor, RCA began planning the manufacture of radio sets and components on Victor's Camden assembly lines, while decreasing the production of Victrolas and records.


title: RCA

text: The entire phonograph record industry in America nearly foundered after the stock market crash of 1929 and subsequent Great Depression. During the nadir of the record business in the early 1930s, the manufacture of phonographs and records all but ceased; extant older phonographs were now obsolete and many had been relegated to the attic or basement. RCA Victor began selling the first all-electric Victrola in 1930 and in 1931 the company attempted to revitalize record sales with the introduction of 33 revolutions-per-minute (rpm) long play records, which were a commercial failure during the Great Depression, partly because the Victrolas with two speed turntables required to play them were exorbitantly expensive, and also because the audio performance of the new records was generally poor; the new format used the same groove size as existing 78 rpm records, and it would require the smaller-radius stylus of the later microgroove systems to achieve acceptable slower-speed performance. Additionally, the new long-play records were pressed in a pliable vinyl-based material called Victrolac, which wore out rapidly under the heavy tonearms then in use.


title: RCA

text: After the debacle of its long-play record, RCA Victor introduced in 1934 the Duo Jr., an inexpensive, small, basic electric turntable designed to be plugged into radio sets. The Duo Jr. was sold at cost, but was practically given away with the purchase of a certain number of Victor records. The Duo Jr.'s rock-bottom price helped to overcome the national apathy to phonographs, and record sales gradually began to recover. Around 1935, RCA began marketing the modernistic RCA Victor M Special, a polished aluminum portable record player designed by John Vassos that has become an icon of 1930s American industrial design. In 1949, RCA Victor released the first 45 rpm "single" records, as a response to Columbia Records successful introduction of its microgroove 33 rpm "LP" format in 1948. RCA Victor adopted Columbia's 33 rpm LP records in 1950, and in 1951, Columbia adopted RCA Victor's 45 rpm records.


title: RCA

text: RCA also made investments in the movie industry, but they performed poorly. In April 1928, RCA Photophone, Inc., was organized by a group of companies including RCA to develop sound-movie technology. In the fall of 1927, RCA had purchased stock in Film Booking Office (FBO), and on October 25, 1928, with the help of Joseph P. Kennedy, the Radio-Keith-Orpheum Corporation (RKO) studio was formed by merging FBO with Keith-Albee-Orpheum Corporation (KAO), a company whose holdings included motion picture theaters. The theaters in which RKO had an interest provided a potential market for the RCA Photophone sound systems. RCA ownership of RKO stock expanded from about one quarter in 1930 to about 61% in 1932. However, the RKO studio encountered severe financial problems, going into receivership from early 1933 to 1940. RCA sold its holdings to raise funds for its basic operations.


title: RCA

text: After years of industry complaints that the cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE, and Westinghouse had in effect created illegal monopolies, the U.S. Department of Justice brought antitrust charges against the three companies in May 1930. After much negotiation, in 1932 the Justice Department accepted a consent agreement that removed the restrictions established by the cross-licensing agreements, and also provided that RCA would become a fully independent company. As a result, GE and Westinghouse gave up their ownership interests in RCA, while RCA was allowed to keep its factories. To give RCA a chance to establish itself, GE and Westinghouse were required to refrain from competing in the radio business for the next two and one-half years.


title: RCA

text: RCA began television development in early 1929, after an overly optimistic Vladimir K. Zworykin convinced Sarnoff that a commercial version of his prototype system could be produced in a relatively short time for $100,000. Following what would actually be many years of additional research and millions of dollars, RCA demonstrated an all-electronic black-and-white television system at the 1939 New York World's Fair. RCA began regular experimental television broadcasting from the NBC studios to the New York metropolitan area on April 30, 1939, via station W2XBS, channel 1 (which evolved into WNBC channel 4) from the new Empire State Building transmitter on top of the structure. Around this time, RCA began selling its first television set models, including the TRK-5 and TRK-9, in various New York stores. However, the FCC had not approved the start of commercial television operations, because technical standards had not yet been finalized. Concerned that RCA's broadcasts were an attempt to flood the market with sets that would force it to adopt RCA's current technology, the FCC stepped in to limit its broadcasts.


title: RCA

text: Following the adoption of National Television System Committee (NTSC) recommended standards, the FCC authorized the start of commercial television broadcasts on July 1, 1941. The entry of the United States into World War II a few months later greatly slowed its deployment, but RCA resumed selling television receivers almost immediately after the war ended in 1945.


title: RCA

text: In 1950, the FCC adopted a standard for color television that had been promoted by CBS, but the effort soon failed, primarily because the color broadcasts could not be received by existing black-and-white sets. As the result of a major research push, RCA engineers developed a method of "compatible" color transmissions that, through the use of interlacing, simultaneously broadcast color and black-and-white images, which could be picked up by both color and existing black-and-white sets. In 1953, RCA's all-electronic color television technology was adopted as the standard for the United States. At that time, Sarnoff predicted annual color television sales would reach 1.78 million in 1956, but the receivers were expensive and difficult to adjust, and there was initially a lack of color programming, so sales lagged badly and the actual 1956 total would only be 120,000. RCA's ownership of NBC proved to be a major benefit, as that network was instructed to promote its color program offerings; even so, it was not until 1968 that color television sales in the United States surpassed those of black-and-white sets.


title: RCA

text: While lauding the technical prowess of his RCA engineers who had developed color television, David Sarnoff, in marked contrast to William Paley, president of CBS, did not disguise his dislike for popular television programs. His authorized biography even boasted that "no one has yet caught him in communion with one of the upper dozen or so top-rated programs" and "The popular programs, to put the matter bluntly, have very little appeal for him."


title: RCA

text: RCA professional video cameras and studio gear, particularly of the TK-40/41 series, became standard equipment at many American television network affiliates, as RCA CT-100 ("RCA Merrill" to dealers) television sets introduced color television to the public.


title: RCA

text: In 1941, shortly before the United States entered World War II, the cornerstone was laid for a research and development facility in Princeton, New Jersey called RCA Laboratories. Led for many years by Elmer Engstrom, it was used to develop many innovations, including color television, the electron microscope, CMOS-based technology, heterojunction physics, optoelectronic emitting devices, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), videocassette recorders, direct broadcast television, direct broadcast satellite systems and high-definition television.


title: RCA

text: RCA plants switched to war production shortly after the U.S. entered the war in December 1941. The company began work on a secret project for the U.S. Navy called Madame X. in September 1942. The Bloomington, Indiana, plant was one of the first of five RCA plants to produce Madame X. Madame X was a VT fuse, which is a proximity fuse used to electronically detonate a projectile's payload when it was in range of its target, as opposed to relying on a direct hit. James V. Forrestal, former secretary of the Navy said, "The proximity fuse had helped blaze the trail to Japan. Without the protection this ingenious device has given the surface ships of the fleet, our westward push could not have been so swift and the cost in men and ships would have been immeasurably greater." During World War II, RCA was involved in radar and radio development in support of the war effort, and ranked 43rd among United States corporations in the value of wartime military production contracts. During and after the war, RCA set up several new divisions for defense, space exploration and other activities. The RCA Service Corporation provided large numbers of staff for the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line. RCA units won five Army–Navy "E" Awards for Excellence in production. Due to the


title: RCA

text: wartime hostilities, The Victor Company of Japan severed ties with RCA Victor in the United States; JVC retained the 'Victor' and "His Master's Voice" trademarks for use in Japan only.


title: RCA

text: In 1955, RCA sold its Estate brand of large appliance operations to Whirlpool Corporation. As part of this transaction, Whirlpool was given the right to market "RCA Whirlpool" appliances through the mid-1960s.


title: RCA

text: RCA Graphic Systems Division (GSD) was an early supplier of electronics designed for the printing and publishing industries. It contracted with German company Rudolf Hell to market adaptations of the Digiset photocomposition system as the Videocomp, and a Laser Color Scanner. The Videocomp was supported by a Spectra computer that ran the Page-1 and, later the Page-II and FileComp composition systems. RCA later sold the Videocomp rights to Information International Inc.


title: RCA

text: RCA Victor became a major proponent of the 8-track tape cartridge, which it launched in 1965. Initially, the 8-track made a huge and profitable impact on consumers of recorded music. Sales of the 8-track tape format declined during the late 1970s when consumers increasingly favored the 4-track compact cassette tape format developed by Philips.


title: RCA

text: RCA Communication Systems is a brand of radio communications equipment, including two-way radios. The RCA brand is used under license.


title: RCA

text: RCA was one of a number of companies in the 1960s that entered the mainframe computer field in order to challenge the market leader International Business Machines (IBM). Although at this time computers were almost universally used for routine data processing and scientific research, in 1964 Sarnoff, who prided himself as a visionary, predicted that "The computer will become the hub of a vast network of remote data stations and information banks feeding into the machine at a transmission rate of a billion or more bits of information a second ... Eventually, a global communications network handling voice, data and facsimile will instantly link man to machine—or machine to machine—by land, air, underwater, and space circuits. [The computer] will affect man's ways of thinking, his means of education, his relationship to his physical and social environment, and it will alter his ways of living. ... [Before the end of this century, these forces] will coalesce into what unquestionably will become the greatest adventure of the human mind."


title: RCA

text: RCA marketed a Spectra 70 computer line that was hardware, but not software, compatible with IBM's System/360 series. It also produced the RCA Series, which competed against the IBM System/370. This technology was leased to the English Electric company, which used it for their System 4 series, which were essentially RCA Spectra 70 clones. RCA's TSOS operating system was the first mainframe, demand paging, virtual memory operating system on the market. By 1971, despite a significant investment, RCA had only a 4% market share, and it was estimated that it would cost around $500 million over the next five years to remain competitive with the IBM/370 series. On September 17, 1971, the RCA Board of Directors announced its decision to close its computer systems division (RCA-CSD), which would be written off as a $490 million company loss. Sperry Rand's UNIVAC division took over the RCA computer division in January 1972.


title: RCA

text: On January 1, 1965, Robert Sarnoff succeeded his father as RCA's president, although the elder Sarnoff remained in control as chairman of the board. The younger Sarnoff sought to modernize RCA's image with the introduction in 1968 of a new, futuristic-looking (at the time) logo (the letters 'RCA' in block, modernized form), replacing the original lightning bolt logo, and the virtual retirement of both the Victor and Nipper/His Master's Voice trademarks. The RCA Victor Division was now known as RCA Records; 'Victor' was now restricted to the labels and album covers of RCA's regular popular record releases, while the Nipper trademark was seen only on the album covers of Red Seal records.


title: RCA

text: In 1969, the company name was officially changed from Radio Corporation of America to the RCA Corporation, to reflect its broader range of corporate activities and expansion into other countries. At the end of that same year David Sarnoff, after being incapacitated by a long-term illness, was removed as the company's chairman of the board. He died in 1971.


title: RCA

text: RCA's exit from the mainframe computer market in 1971 marked a milestone in its transition from electronics and technology toward Robert Sarnoff's goal to diversify RCA as a multinational business conglomerate. During the late 1960s and 1970s, the company made a wide-ranging series of acquisitions, including Hertz (rental cars), Banquet (frozen foods and TV dinners), Coronet (carpeting), Random House (publishing) and Gibson (greeting cards). However, the company was slipping into financial disarray, with wags calling it "Rugs Chickens & Automobiles" (RCA), to poke fun at its new direction.


title: RCA

text: Robert Sarnoff's tenure as RCA president was unsuccessful, marked by falling profits, in addition to being disliked personally by many company executives. He was ousted in a 1975 "boardroom coup" led by Anthony Conrad, who became the new company president. Conrad resigned less than a year later after he admitted failing to file income tax returns for six years. His successor, Edgar H. Griffiths, proved to be unpopular and retired in early 1981. Thornton Bradshaw would be the next, and last, RCA president.


title: RCA

text: RCA maintained its high standards of engineering excellence in broadcast engineering and satellite communications equipment, but ventures such as the NBC radio and television networks declined.


title: RCA

text: Beginning in 1976, largely due to popular demand and attempting to reconnect RCA to its heritage, Griffiths revived the Nipper/His Master's Voice trademark. RCA Records reinstated Nipper to most record labels in countries where RCA held the rights to the trademark. Nipper was also once again widely used in RCA newspaper and magazine advertisements, as well as store displays and a multitude of promotional items such as T-shirts, caps, watches, key chains, coin banks, coffee mugs, coasters and stuffed toys. The trademark also returned to RCA stationery and shipping cartons, was painted on RCA delivery and service trucks and reappeared for a time on RCA television sets and CED Videodisc players. Several TV news reports and newspaper articles about Nipper's return appeared at the time.


title: RCA

text: Around 1980, RCA corporate strategy reported on moving manufacture of its television receivers to Mexico. RCA was still profitable in 1983, when it switched manufacturing of its VHS VCRs from Panasonic to Hitachi.


title: RCA

text: Projects attempting to establish new consumer electronics products during this era, failed and lost RCA much money and prestige. An RCA Studio II home video game console, introduced in 1977, was canceled just under two years later due to poor sales. RCA's capacitance electronic (CED) videodisc system, marketed under the SelectaVision name, was launched in early 1981 after several years of delays. Development of the videodisc began in 1964 and the system was practically obsolete by the time it finally did appear. RCA's videodisc system never reached the manufacturing volumes that even approached the numbers needed to substantially bring down its price and it was unable to compete against the newer, recordable and increasingly cheaper videotape technology. RCA abandoned the manufacture of CED players in 1984 and discs in 1986, after a loss of around 650 million dollars.


title: RCA

text: In 1981, Columbia Pictures sold its share in the home video division to RCA and outside of North America this division was renamed to "RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment)". The following year, within North America, it was renamed to "RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video". In 1983, the German media conglomerate Bertelsmann sold 50% of Arista Records to RCA Records; in 1985, RCA and Bertelsmann formed a joint venture, RCA/Ariola International, which took over management of RCA Records.


title: RCA

text: In 1984, RCA Broadcast Systems Division moved from the RCA Victor plant in Camden, New Jersey, to the site of the RCA antenna engineering facility in Gibbsboro, New Jersey. On October 3, 1985, RCA announced it was closing the Broadcast Systems Division. In the years that followed, the broadcast product lines developed in Camden were terminated or sold off, and most of the old RCA Victor buildings and factories in Camden were demolished, except for a few of the nearly century-old original Victor buildings that had been declared national historic buildings. For several years, RCA spinoff L-3 Communications Systems East was headquartered in the famous Nipper Building, but has since moved to an adjacent building built by the city for them. The Nipper Building was restored and now houses shops and luxury loft apartments.


title: RCA

text: In December 1985, it was announced that General Electric would reacquire its former subsidiary for $6.28 billion in cash, or $66.50 per share of stock. The sale was completed the next year, and despite initial assurances that RCA would continue to operate as a mostly autonomous unit, it was revealed that GE's main motivation in purchasing RCA was to acquire the NBC Television Network; GE proceeded to sell off most of the other RCA assets (after the 2011 sale of NBCUniversal to Comcast, the only RCA unit which GE retained was Government Services). GE disposed of its 50% interest in RCA Records to its partner Bertelsmann, and the company was renamed Bertelsmann Music Group. In 1987, RCA Global Communications Inc., a division with roots dating back to RCA's founding in 1919, was sold to the MCI Communications Corporation; the same year, the NBC Radio Network was sold to Westwood One.


title: RCA

text: In 1988, the rights to manufacture consumer electronics products under the RCA and GE brands was acquired by Thomson Consumer Electronics, in exchange for some of Thomson's medical businesses, which still manages the RCA trademarks today. Also in 1988, its semiconductor business (including the former RCA Solid State unit and Intersil) was bought by Harris Corporation. That same year, the iconic RCA Building, known as "30 Rock" at Rockefeller Center was renamed the GE Building.


title: RCA

text: In 1991, GE sold its share in RCA/Columbia to Sony Pictures which renamed the unit "Columbia TriStar Home Video" (later further renamed to Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment). This merger surpassed the Capital Cities/ABC merger that happened earlier in 1985 as the largest non-oil merger in business history.


title: RCA

text: Sarnoff Labs was put on a five-year plan whereby GE would fund all the labs' activities for the first year, then reduce its support to near zero after the fifth year. This required Sarnoff Labs to change its business model to become an industrial contract research facility. In 1988, it was transferred to SRI International (SRI) as the David Sarnoff Research Center, and subsequently renamed the Sarnoff Corporation. In January 2011,


title: RCA

text: In 2011, GE sold its controlling interest in the National Broadcasting Company, by this time part of the multimedia NBC Universal venture that included TV and cable, to Comcast, and in 2013, Comcast acquired the remaining interest.


title: RCA

text: RCA antique radios, and early color television receivers such as the RCA Merrill/CT-100, are among the more sought-after collectible radios and televisions, due to their popularity during the golden age of radio and the historic significance of the RCA name, as well as their styling, manufacturing quality and engineering innovations. Most collectable are the pre-war television sets manufactured by RCA beginning in 1939, including the TRK-5, TRK-9 and TRK-12 models.


title: RCA

text: The historic RCA Victor Building 17, the "Nipper Building", in Camden, New Jersey, was converted to luxury apartments in 2003.


title: RCA

text: To this day, a variety of consumer electronics including 2-in-1 tablets, televisions and telephones, home appliances and more are sold under the RCA brand name.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Georgia Bright Engel (July 28, 1948 – April 12, 2019) was an American actress. She is best known for having played Georgette Franklin Baxter in the sitcom "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" from 1972 to 1977, Pat MacDougall on "Everybody Loves Raymond" from 2003 to 2005 and Mamie Sue on Hot in Cleveland from 2012 to 2015 She was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Georgia Engel was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Ruth Caroline (née Hendron) and Benjamin Franklin Engel, who was a Vice Admiral in the United States Coast Guard. Engel attended the Kodiak Island Borough School District, Walter Johnson High School, and the Academy of the Washington Ballet from which she graduated. She earned her theater degree from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.


title: Georgia Engel

text: After college, Engel appeared in musical productions with Washington's American Light Opera Company. She moved to New York City in 1969, appearing off-Broadway in "Lend an Ear", and for a year as Minnie Fay in the Broadway production of "Hello, Dolly!", starting in December 1969. A 1971 off-Broadway production of "The House of Blue Leaves" eventually played in Los Angeles, where Engel was seen by Mary Tyler Moore and her husband, producer Grant Tinker, her soon-to-be employers.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel portrayed the character Georgette on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" from 1972 until the sitcom ended in 1977. The role won her two Emmy nominations. After that sitcom ended, she teamed up with former "Mary Tyler Moore Show" co-star Betty White for "The Betty White Show" during its only (1977–78) season. She later co-starred on two short-lived 1980s sitcoms, "Goodtime Girls" as Loretta Smoot, and in "Jennifer Slept Here" featuring Ann Jillian.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel had a recurring role on "Coach" as Shirley Burleigh and starred as the voice of Love-a-Lot Bear in "The Care Bears Movie" (1985). She played a good witch in a 2007 recurring role of Esmeralda on the now-defunct NBC soap opera "Passions". Engel received consecutive Emmy Award nominations as outstanding guest actress in a comedy series in 2003, 2004, and 2005 for her role on "Everybody Loves Raymond" as Robert Barone's mother-in-law, Pat MacDougall. She also played Cassie Wilson on two episodes of "Neighbours".


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel made her "big screen" debut in Miloš Forman's first English-language movie "Taking Off" (1971), playing "Margot", a performance that earned her a BAFTA nomination for best supporting actress. Her other film appearances include "The Outside Man" (1973), "Papa Was a Preacher" (1987), "Signs of Life" (1989),"The Sweetest Thing" (2002), and the made-for-TV movies "The Day the Women Got Even" (1980) and "A Love Affair: The Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Story" (1978).


title: Georgia Engel

text: She lent her distinctive voice to the animated films "Open Season" (2006), "Open Season 2" (2008), "Open Season 3" (2010) and "Dr. Dolittle 2" (2001).


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel returned to her stage roots in 2006, appearing on Broadway in the musical "The Drowsy Chaperone", with Sutton Foster and Edward Hibbert. She created the role of Mrs. Tottendale, which she continued to perform, leaving the Broadway production as of April 1, 2007. She was featured in the North American tour, performing in Toronto in September 2007, through engagements at the Orpheum Theater in San Francisco, in August 2008, and at the Denver Performing Arts Complex in October 2008.


title: Georgia Engel

text: For the summers of 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010, Engel appeared in various productions at The Muny Theater in Forest Park in St. Louis, Missouri. She also appeared in "Show Boat" in August 2010 as Parthy. In July 2005, she appeared in "Mame" as Agnes Gooch, in June 2007, she appeared in "Oklahoma!" as Aunt Eller, and in July 2009, she appeared as Mrs. Paroo in "The Music Man".


title: Georgia Engel

text: In June 2010, Engel appeared at the Ogunquit Playhouse in Ogunquit, Maine, production of "The Drowsy Chaperone" as Mrs. Tottendale. In October through December 2010, Engel was featured in the Vineyard Theatre's off-Broadway production of "Middletown", written by Will Eno.


title: Georgia Engel

text: In 2012, she appeared in episodes of "The Office" as Irene, an older lady being helped by Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper). She also appeared in two episodes of "Two and a Half Men" as the mother of Lyndsey McElroy, Alan's girlfriend. The character would also become a lesbian lover of Alan's mom, Evelyn. In March 2012, 35 years after the close of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", Engel was reunited with Betty White in the third season of "Hot in Cleveland" as Mamie Sue Johnson, best friend of White's character Elka, in a recurring role.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel appeared in the new Annie Baker play "John", which opened off-Broadway at the Signature Theatre on July 22, 2015 (previews), directed by Sam Gold. The play ran to September 6, 2015. The cast also featured Lois Smith. Engel won a 2016 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress and was nominated for the 2016 Lucille Lortel Award, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Play for her role in this play.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel starred in the musical "Gotta Dance", which premiered at the Bank of America Theatre, Chicago on December 13, 2015, and ran until January 17, 2016. The cast also featured Stefanie Powers, Lillias White, and André De Shields. The musical was directed and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, with a book by Chad Beguelin and Bob Martin, and the score by Matthew Sklar and Nell Benjamin. The musical, under the new title of "Half Time", played a limited engagement at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey. The production opened on May 31, 2018, and was scheduled to run to July 1, 2018.


title: Georgia Engel

text: Engel was an adherent of Christian Science. She died on April 12, 2019, at the age of 70 in Princeton, New Jersey. Her friend John Quilty told "The New York Times" that the cause was unknown, as Engel did not consult doctors due to her religious beliefs. She was buried at Cape Charles Cemetery, in Cape Charles, Virginia.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Robert A. Kotick (born 1963) is an American businessman who serves as the chief executive officer (CEO) of Activision Blizzard. He became CEO of Activision in 1991 after purchasing a company stake the previous year. Kotick engineered a merger between Activision and Vivendi Games during the late 2000s, which led to the creation of Activision Blizzard in 2008 and him being named the company's inaugural CEO. He has also served on several boards, including The Coca-Cola Company from 2012 to 2022, Yahoo from 2003 to 2008, and the Call of Duty Endowment (CODE), which he co-founded in 2009 and continues to retain his position on.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Robert A. Kotick was born in 1963 in the US, and grew up in New York. His interest in business began at an early age. In junior high school, Kotick had his own business cards, and in high school, he ran a business renting out Manhattan clubs on off nights. He studied art history at the University of Michigan in the early 1980s.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: While Kotick was still a student in 1983 at the University of Michigan, he started a technology company called Arktronics with friend Howard Marks in their dorm room. The two developed software for the Apple II. During his sophomore year, Kotick met and pitched Steve Wynn to invest in Arktronics. Wynn later invested $300,000 in the company. Steve Jobs heard about Arktronics' software. He met with Kotick and Marks in Ann Arbor and advised them to drop out of college to focus on the software business. Kotick took the advice and left the University of Michigan to focus all of his time on his company.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In 1987, Kotick tried to acquire Commodore International. He planned to remove the keyboard and disk drive from the Amiga 500 and turn it into a video game system. He was unsuccessful in persuading Commodore's then-Chairman Irving Gould to sell control of the company. He subsequently purchased a controlling stake in Leisure Concepts, Nintendo's licensing agent, which was renamed 4Kids Entertainment.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In December 1990, Kotick and his partner Brian Kelly bought a 25% stake in the almost-bankrupt Activision, then known as Mediagenic. He changed the name back to Activision, performed a full restructuring of the company, and refocused the company on video games. Kotick became CEO of Activision in February 1991. From 1997 to 2003, Activision acquired nine development studios and released its first hit game in 1995.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: At Activision, Kotick set out to build "an institutional quality, well-managed company with a focus on the independent developer." In a June 14, 2010, interview with gaming blog Kotaku, Kotick stated, "…[P]art of the whole philosophy of Activision was whether you're owned outright or not, if you're a studio you have control of your destiny, you could make decisions about who to hire, flexibility on what products to make, how to make them, schedules appropriate to make them, budgets."


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Kotick also served as a founder of International Consumer Technologies and was president from 1986 to January 1995. In 1995, International Consumer Technologies became a wholly owned subsidiary of Activision.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In November 2006, Kotick started discussing a merger with the games division of Vivendi, a French entertainment conglomerate, which included Blizzard Entertainment and Sierra Entertainment. Kotick engineered the Activision Blizzard merger, which created a new company, Activision Blizzard. Shareholders of Activision Blizzard approved Kotick as CEO of the combined company on July 9, 2008. Kotick said he aimed to build on Blizzard's successes in the Asian market to introduce Activision's games there.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Kotick has used Activision Blizzard's industry position to push partners for changes that he maintains would benefit the gaming community. In July 2009, Kotick threatened to stop making games for the PlayStation 3 platform if Sony did not cut the price of the console. Kotick also urged the British government to reward Activision for continuing to invest in the country's pool of game developers by providing Activision with the same kinds of tax incentives provided by Canada, Singapore, and eastern bloc countries. Kotick has launched an Independent Games Competition with $500,000 in total available prize money for small developers working with new platforms and has stated that "keeping passion in game development is something that's important to him."


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Kotick and Andrew Gordon, the head of Goldman Sachs's Los Angeles division, formed Cove Management to operate a private Gulfstream III jet they jointly owned. They hired pilot Phil Berg and former actress Cynthia Madvig as a flight attendant. Berg began sexually harassing Madvig shortly after their hiring, but Gordon did nothing after Madvig reported this to him. Kotick fired her shortly after she talked to Gordon. Madvig filed a sexual harassment and wrongful termination suit against Cove Management and Berg. During the litigation, Kotick brought the firm Christensen, Glaser, Fink, Jacobs, Weil & Shapiro to defend them, but Patricia Glaser advised them to settle with Madvig for $200,000. Kotick refused, alleged by the arbitrator that "[he] would not be extorted and that [he] would ruin the Plaintiff and her attorney and see to it that Ms. Madvig would never work again." After hiring a new firm, Cove eventually settled with Madvig for $200,000 and an additional $475,000 for her legal fees. Kotick then became involved in further litigation with Glaser's firm as he only paid them $200,000 for their legal services when Glaser stated the full amount was for more than $1 million. By February 2009, the case was decided in Glaser's favor, awarding them over $1.42 million including legal fees from Kotick. This ruling was upheld on appeals.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In October 2016, Kotick announced the creation of Activision Blizzard's Overwatch League. Earlier that same year, Activision had acquired companies such as King and Major League Gaming. In June 2017, "Fortune" reported that Kotick had become "the longest-serving head of any publicly traded tech company." Under him, the company has approved the development of films based on its video games and had developed new esports projects.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In July 2021, the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing announced it had filed a lawsuit against Activision Blizzard due to workplace misconduct and discrimination by several employees. Kotick was not named in the initial suit. Kotick stated that the company would begin a series of reforms, including an internal investigation of the reports and adapting a zero tolerance policy related to workplace misconduct. Kotick also stated he would have the board reduce his salary to the minimum allowed by California law and forgo other benefits until the situation was resolved.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: An investigative report from "The Wall Street Journal" in November 2021 identified that despite his earlier claim, Kotick had been well aware of the past allegations mentioned in the California lawsuit but did nothing to change corporate policy, and had protected an employee who sexually harassed from being fired. Further, the report asserted that Kotick himself had threatened to kill an assistant on their voice mail. Activision Blizzard's board issued a statement that supported Kotick's efforts to lead the company, while employees, shareholders, and other voices from the industry urged Kotick to resign or to be replaced in light of these allegations.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Kotick is a non-executive director for The Coca-Cola Company and a board member at the Center for Early Education and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. He previously served as a Yahoo! board member from March 2003 to August 2008 and as a board member for the Tony Hawk Foundation.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: During the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, Activision Blizzard and other gaming companies partnered with the World Health Organization on the #PlayApartTogether campaign to encourage online social events and promote physical distancing. Kotick said, "It's never been more critical to ensure people stay safely connected to one another. Games are the perfect platform because they connect people through the lens of joy, purpose and meaning. We are proud to participate in such a worthwhile and necessary initiative."


title: Bobby Kotick

text: On June 11, 2020, Kotick pledged to donate $1 million and match an additional $1 million in Activision Blizzard employee donations to support the United Negro College Fund, the Equal Justice Initiative, and Management Leadership for Tomorrow.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In October 2009, Kotick co-founded the Call of Duty Endowment (CODE), a non-profit benefit corporation, after speaking with former Veteran's Administration Secretary Jim Nicholson about how best to serve veterans. The endowment helps soldiers transition to civilian careers after their military service by funding nonprofit organizations and raising awareness of the value veterans bring to the workplace.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: During the COVID-19 crisis, CODE has advocated for employing veteran medics and hospital corpsman as emergency medical technicians and paramedics. Medics are among the most unemployed category of Army veterans.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In 2019, Kotick's total compensation at Activision Blizzard fell to $30.1 million, down from his 2018 package of $31 million in salary, bonus, perks, stock and options. 85% of his 2018 compensation came from stock and options. He was the 21st most highly compensated CEO in the United States that year. He also earned 319 times more than the average Activision Blizzard employee's salary of $97,000 in that year, putting him in 75th place among U.S. CEOs. He is working under a deal inked in November 2016 with Activision Blizzard under which he earns bonuses if Activision Blizzard meets certain financial targets related to mergers and acquisitions. The contract locks him in until 2021. In February 2019, the non-profit organization As You Sow ranked Kotick 45th in a list of the 100 most over-paid chief executive officers of the United States. A 180% increase in Activision Blizzard's share price since March 2016 triggered an incentive bonus in Kotick's 2016 contract. Kotick was expected to receive a bonus at $200 million, which has been reduced to a bonus package of $155 million following criticism.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Some statements Kotick has made about his business strategy have led to controversy. He has focused on developing intellectual property which can be, in his words, "exploited" over a long period, to the exclusion of new titles which cannot guarantee sequels. Kotick described this business strategy as "narrow and deep" or "annualizable" and cited it as key to attracting development talent who may not be drawn to "speculative franchises."


title: Bobby Kotick

text: During Activision Blizzard's Q2 2009 financial results conference, Kotick was asked about his "comfort level" regarding pricing of some of his new games. After Activision Publishing CEO Mike Griffith answered that there was "strong retailer acceptance and support" for the pricing plan, Kotick joked that "if it was left to me, I would raise the prices even further." Although Phil Elliot of Gamesindustry.biz understood the comment as a joke, he added that the comment could be seen as "insensitive at a time when consumers are likely to be feeling the economic pinch."


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In another incident, Kotick has stated during the 2009 Deutsche Bank Securities Technology Conference that "The goal that I had in bringing a lot of the packaged goods folks into Activision about 10 years ago was to take all the fun out of making video games." Kotick continued to say that they "have been able to instill the culture, the skepticism and pessimism and fear that you should have in an economy like we are in today. And so, while generally people talk about the recession, we are pretty good at keeping people focused on the deep depression." Following the backlash on the statement, Kotick has commented that "Sometimes that commitment to excellence, well, you can come across as being like a dick. And when I say things like 'taking the fun out of making video games', it was a line that has been often-quoted lately, but it was a line I used for investors."


title: Bobby Kotick

text: A native of Long Island, New York, Kotick resides in California with his family. He and his wife divorced in late 2012. Kotick dated Sheryl Sandberg from 2016 to 2019. His home in Beverly Hills is filled with Abstract Expressionist art. Kotick has donated to University of Michigan sports.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: Kotick identifies as a libertarian and donated to the National Republican Senatorial Committee in 2007 and 2008. He endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election.


title: Bobby Kotick

text: In 2011, Kotick had a cameo appearance in the film "Moneyball" as Oakland Athletics co-owner Stephen Schott.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: ATK Mohun Bagan FC () is an Indian professional football club based in Kolkata, West Bengal. The club competes in Indian Super League, the top flight of Indian football. The club, which was formed as a merger between the football section of multi-sport club Mohun Bagan AC and the ATK FC, began to play from the 2020–21 season as ATK Mohun Bagan FC. The entity continues with the existing registration of Mohun Bagan AC with AIFF and IFA (W.B.), and its history and tradition.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The principal owner of ATK Mohun Bagan is Sanjiv Goenka led consortium called Kolkata Games & Sports with Mohun Bagan AC serving as the co-owner. ATK Mohun Bagan continues to share a fierce rivalry, known as the "Boro Match", with Mohun Bagan's long-time city rival East Bengal. The first derby match was played on 8 August 1921. The Mariners also have a considerate rivalry with the big clubs from Kerala; namely Gokulam Kerala and Kerala Blasters.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: On 15 August 1889 Mohun Bagan Athletic Club was founded as Mohun Bagan Sporting Club under the patronage of the three famous aristrocratic Bengali families of North Kolkata – Mitra family, Basu family and Sen family. The club's first notable achievement came on 29 July 1911 when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the final of IFA Shield, which was then the most prestigious football tournament in India. With Mohun Bagan's victory it became the first native team to win the Shield and also a symbol of nationalism during the Indian independence movement, making the headlines in numerous newspapers in India as well as in the UK. The club continued to make immense contributions in Indian football throughout the history, thereby earning the title of ""National Club of India"" from the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in his speech at the centenary year event, and was honoured by a postage stamp from the Government of India.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: In 1996 the club was one of the founding members of India's first domestic league, National Football League (NFL), which later got rebranded as I-League in 2007.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: In 2014 All India Football Federation (AIFF), along with IMG–Reliance and Star Sports, launched a franchise football league, Indian Super League (ISL). A consortium, named Kolkata Games and Sports Pvt. Ltd., of former Indian cricketer Sourav Ganguly, along with businessmen like Harshavardhan Neotia, Sanjiv Goenka and Utsav Parekh, and La Liga side Atlético Madrid, won the bid for the Kolkata franchise to play in ISL. The franchise became the first team to officially launch, as Atlético de Kolkata on 7 May 2014, and went on to win the first ISL. This year also marked the 125 years of Mohun Bagan, which was celebrated the following year with much vigor as they won their first I-League title in 2015. In 2017 Atlético Madrid ended their partnership with Atlético de Kolkata selling their ownership stake to Goenka and the franchise was then rebranded as "ATK FC". The same year Mohun Bagan ended its partnership with United Breweries after a long period of internal disputes and court proceedings.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: A roadmap, jointly planned out by AIFF, FSDL and the clubs of I-League and ISL, to gradually recognise ISL as the only top-tier league of India by 2023, was agreed upon in 2019, and it also included an option to allow two I-League clubs to join ISL by 2022, henceforth Mohun Bagan and East Bengal were decided to be the ones to be included. During the 130th anniversary that year, Mohun Bagan was inducted into the Club of Pioneers, a network of the oldest existing football clubs around the world, on Mohun Bagan Day (29 July). Year 2020 became a significant year for both teams as Mohun Bagan won its fifth league title to become the joint most successful club in the league's history and ATK won its third ISL final. After the combined efforts by ISL organisers to include Mohun Bagan, the ownership group of ATK decided to disband the team and buy majority stake in Mohun Bagan's football division to form a merged entity named "ATK Mohun Bagan Private Limited". The team was rebranded and launched as "ATK Mohun Bagan FC" on 10 July 2020, after a month of delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: Most of players in the newly formed team for the ISL continued from the last ATK squad, including the five foreigners – Roy Krishna, David Williams, Edu García, Carl McHugh and Tiri, and the coaching staff led by Antonio López Habas. The biggest signing of the club in its debut ISL season was the veteran Indian defender Sandesh Jhingan. The team was led by five different captains – Pritam Kotal, Roy Krishna, Sandesh Jhingan, Arindam Bhattacharya and Edu Garcia, as decided by Habas. The club narrowly lost the ISL Premiership on the last matchday as well as the ISL Championship in the final, both to Mumbai City but ATK Mohun Bagan became joint most points earner in a single season. Roy Krishna was declared the joint top scorer of the season with 14 goals in 23 matches and Arindam Bhattacharya won the Golden Glove of the season with 10 cleansheets in 23 matches. At the continental stage, ATK Mohun Bagan dominated the AFC Cup group stage, but eventually lost the inter-zone play-off semi-final to Nasaf Qarshi.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: In the 2021–22 season, the club withdrew from the Calcutta Premier Division and also refused to participate in the Durand Cup due to unavailability of first team players and lack of a reserve team. Prior to the start of 2021–22 season, Sourav Ganguly, one of the co-owners of ATK Mohun Bagan Pvt. Ltd. decided to step away from his role in the club in order to avoid conflict of interests with the club's principal owner and chairman, Sanjiv Goenka. The club made some of the big transfers of 2021 in Indian football that included, Liston Colaco for around $161K and Hugo Boumous for more than $250K. ATK Mohun Bagan also signed a Finnish midfielder Joni Kauko, who had recently played in UEFA Euro 2020. On 18 December, Habas announced his decision to resign from his duty as the head coach of the team after a winless run of 4 matches including their biggest loss in the league till then. On 19 December, Goa president announced that ATK Mohun Bagan signed their head coach Juan Ferrando, through a buyout clause that possibly made him highest paid coach in ISL. ATK Mohun Bagan matched Goa's 15 matches unbeaten streak until they lost against Jameshedpur and finished 3rd in the league table. In the ISL play-offs, they lost against Hyderabad on aggregate score in the semifinals. The club easily managed to qualify for the AFC Cup group stage through the qualifying play-offs, and eventually booked a spot in the inter-zone play-off semi-finals.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The "Sailing Boat of Mohun Bagan" and its iconic green-maroon colours were retained in the club's logo by the newly merged consortium. The sailboat signifies Mohun Bagan's place of establishment: North Calcutta, on the banks of the Ganges. In fact Calcutta was the capital during the later 19th century and a prime trade center of British India, where the primary mode of transportation was through the waterways. The colours of the crest has its connection to the representation of the Sundarbans in the earliest crest design of Mohun Bagan.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: At the club's first board of directors meeting after the merger on 10 July 2020, it was announced that the club would retain the traditional colours of Mohun Bagan – green and maroon – as their official club colours.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: On 12 November at the official unveiling of the kits for the 2020–21 season, the released kits followed the traditional colour schemes of Mohun Bagan, green and maroon home kit and a white dominant away kit, with a ""Champions"" tag below the club crest in honour of the successful preceding season for both Mohun Bagan and ATK in their respective leagues. The home kit design followed the traditional striped shirt of green maroon and maroon shorts, and the away kit was a white shirt of four green and maroon narrow bands through the middle and white shorts. The kit designs were continued for the next season as well.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The third kit of the team wasn't released until 29 December 2020 when the club fielded the team against Chennaiyin FC donning a black and grey striped jersey. The third kit was a resemblance of ATK's 2019–20 away colours, which was discontinued in the next season due to controversies and backlash from the supporters.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The club is owned by ATK Mohun Bagan Pvt. Ltd., which was formed as a merger of a consortium of Sanjiv Goenka, Utsav Parekh and Sourav Ganguly owned Kolkata Games & Sports Pvt. Ltd. and Mohun Bagan Football Club Pvt. Ltd.. While Kolkata Games & Sports holds 80% of stakes in ATK Mohun Bagan, Mohun Bagan serves as minority stakeholders with 20% of stakes ATK Mohun Bagan FC continues with the existing registration of Mohun Bagan AC in the All India Football Federation and the Indian Football Association.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: Since the establishment of Mohun Bagan in 1889, the club had been distinctly supported by dedicated and loyal fans, known as '"Mariners"', across the nation, which also includes various high-profile personalities. The principal owner and chairman of the club, Dr. Sanjiv Goenka, was himself an ardent follower of the club, belonging to a family of Mohun Bagan supporters. In his first interview after the merger he said, ""When I grew up, Green and Maroon was very much part of my being."" The co-owner of the club, Sourav Ganguly had even played for the club's cricket team for many years in the past.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: Historically, Mohun Bagan had had record average home attendances in a number of I-League seasons. In the 2014-15 I-League season, their vocal support in away matches in Pune, Mumbai and Bengaluru was arguably unseen in Indian football until then. In 2015 an all-female supporters' group, called "Lady Mariners," was established. The group became India's first all-female football supporter's club. Around 2016, ultras of Mariners, called "Mariners' Base Camp", was formed with its various wings spread all around India, to revolutionize the Indian football fan movement through tifos, chants, slogans and pyrotechnics. In March 2020, a digital fanbase called "Mariners' Arena" became the first fan club in West Bengal to launch their official fan merchandise.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The merger of ATK with Mohun Bagan was met with harshly negative reception among the Mariners, followed by numerous protests around the city, digitally as well as on streets. The fans feared that the merger would become a mark of their 'mother club' and its century-old legacy's conclusion. Gradually as the air of doubts were cleared, the resentment was calmed, though few ultras continued to voice their demands with hard statements. Regardless, the club received considerable support with members of numerous fan clubs actively participating in ISL Fan Wall during ATK Mohun Bagan's matches in its debut season. During the club's 2022 AFC Cup group stage matches, an average of 33,371 fans attended the matches under a limited crowd capacity due to COVID-19 pandemic in India.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: ATK Mohun Bagan plays its home matches at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, commonly called Salt Lake Stadium, located in the suburb of Bidhannagar in Kolkata. A multi-purpose stadium owned by the Government of West Bengal under Youth Affairs and Sports Department, the VYKB primarily hosts football matches, apart from occasional track and field events. The stadium was built in 1984, predominately for matches like Kolkata Derby that featured attendance too huge for the grounds in Maidan to accommodate. Before its renovation in 2011, it was the largest football stadium in the world by capacity of 120,000. Prior to the construction and opening of Rungrado 1st of May Stadium in 1989, it was the largest football stadium in the world. It is currently the fourth largest sports stadium in Asia by capacity. The gigantic stadium features three tiers of concrete galleries with nine entry gates, including a VIP gate, and 30 ramps for the spectators to reach the viewing blocks. 2022 AFC Cup preliminary round 2 was the first match that the team played at VYBK, since the merger happened during the restrictive situation due to COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The Mohun Bagan Ground, located in the urban park of Maidan near Mohun Bagan's club tent and opposite to the Eden Gardens, is operated by Mohun Bagan's football division. Historically, the ground was regularly used by the club to play major tournaments and numerous significant matches until it was merely used as a training field and mostly play minor tournaments. By installing floodlights at the ground in 1977, Mohun Bagan had become the first club in Maidan to do so, and they were first operated during an exhibition match against Pakhtakor Tashkent on 10 February 1977. The ground facilities were also used for training by Atlético de Kolkata during 2015 Indian Super League, and since 2017–18 season the ground had been used for Mohun Bagan's I-League home matches after an upgrade of the stadium. The stadium has galleries on three sides and a rampart on the fourth side. The north side, a contemporary gallery of the stadium, having bucket seats installed, is for the members of the club. In 2022 Mohun Bagan renovated the stadium in the lines of VYBK with artificial turf and upgraded amenities so that it can be used for their home matches in Indian Super League and other big tournaments when required. Since the merger in 2020, the first match that the team played was a friendly fixture against Chennaiyin in August 2022.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: Kolkata Derby or the "Boro Match" is a football match between ATK Mohun Bagan FC (previously Mohun Bagan AC) and its city rival East Bengal Club. The rivalry was born out of a social tension between the two cultural groups of Bengalis in Kolkata: the "Ghotis" (nativists) and the "Bangals" (migrants), that eventually led to the formation of East Bengal Club as a representation of the Bangals, and hence the Derby. The first match between the two sides was played on 8 August 1921 in the Coochbehar Cup semifinal that ended in a goalless draw. Mohun Bagan won the replayed semifinal by 3–0 score. The goals in the first ever derby were scored by Rabi Ganguly, Poltu Dasgupta and Abhilash Ghosh.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: Till 28 August 2022, 382 matches have been played between the two teams out of which ATK Mohun Bagan has won 125 matches and East Bengal won 132 matches, the rest ended with a draw.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: After the merger, the first encounter was in the 2nd match-week of ISL on 27 November 2020 at Tilak Maidan in Goa, where ATK Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal by a margin of 2–0. Roy Krishna and Manvir Singh were the goal-scorers for ATK Mohun Bagan.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The two clubs currently meet at least twice a year in Indian Super League and once a year in Calcutta Football League.


title: ATK Mohun Bagan FC

text: The organizers of ISL introduced eISL, a FIFA video game tournament, for the ISL playing clubs, each represented by two players. ATK Mohun Bagan hosted a series of qualifying games for all the participants wanting to represent the club in eISL. On 20 November the club announced the signing of the two players.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: Red Dragon is a psychological horror novel by American author Thomas Harris, first published in 1981. The plot follows former FBI profiler Will Graham, who comes out of retirement to find and apprehend an enigmatic serial killer nicknamed "the Tooth Fairy". The novel introduced the character Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer whom Graham reluctantly turns to for advice and with whom he has a dark past. The title refers to the figure from William Blake's painting "The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun".


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: The novel was adapted as a film, "Manhunter", in 1986, which featured Brian Cox as Lecter (spelled "Lecktor" within the film). Directed by Michael Mann, the film received mixed reviews and fared poorly at the box office. It has since developed a cult following.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: After Harris wrote a sequel to the novel, "The Silence of the Lambs" (1988), itself turned into a highly successful film in 1991, "Red Dragon" found a new readership. A second sequel, "Hannibal", was published in 1999 and adapted into a film in 2001. Both film sequels featured Anthony Hopkins in the role of Hannibal Lecter, for which he won an Oscar for Best Actor in 1991. Due to the success of the second and third films, "Red Dragon" was remade as a film directed by Brett Ratner in 2002, this time bearing the title of the original novel and with Hopkins playing Lecter. Elements of the novel also influenced the NBC television series "Hannibal", while the plot was adapted as the second half of the series' third season.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: In 1975, Will Graham, a brilliant profiler of the FBI, captured the serial killer Hannibal Lecter. However, Graham suffered serious injuries from the encounter and retired afterward. 5 years later, in 1980, a serial killer nicknamed "The Tooth Fairy" stalks and murders seemingly random families during sequential full moons. He first kills the Jacobi family in Birmingham, Alabama, then the Leeds family in Atlanta, Georgia. Two days after the Leeds murders, agent Jack Crawford, Graham's mentor, goes to Graham's Marathon, Florida residence and pleads for his assistance; Graham reluctantly agrees. After looking over the crime scenes with only minimal insight, Graham realizes he must visit Lecter and seek his help to capture "the Tooth Fairy."


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: "The Tooth Fairy" is revealed (to the readers) to be the production chief of a St. Louis film processing firm named Francis Dolarhyde. He is a disturbed individual who is obsessed with the William Blake painting "The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun" (which the book identifies as "The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun"). Dolarhyde is unable to control his violent, sexual urges, and believes that murdering people—or "changing" them, as he calls it—allows him to more fully "become" an alternate personality he calls the "Great Red Dragon", after the dominant character in Blake's painting. Flashbacks reveal that his sociopathy is born from the systematic abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of both his sadistic grandmother and his family.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: As Graham investigates the case, he is hounded by Freddy Lounds, a sleazy tabloid reporter. Meanwhile, Lecter's "de facto" jailer, Frederick Chilton, discovers Lecter's secret correspondence, with which Lecter gives Graham's address to Dolarhyde. Graham's wife, Molly, and his stepson are evacuated. Graham tries to intercept the secret communication without Lecter's knowledge but instead attracts the attention of Lounds.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: Lounds becomes aware of the correspondence and tries to trick Graham into revealing details of the investigation by posing as the Red Dragon but is found out. Hoping to lure the Red Dragon into a trap, Graham gives Lounds an interview in which he deliberately mischaracterizes the killer as an impotent homosexual. This infuriates Dolarhyde, who kidnaps Lounds, forces him to recant the allegations, bites off his lips and sets him on fire, leaving his maimed body outside his newspaper's offices. Lounds is taken to the hospital but dies from his injuries soon afterward.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: At about the same time, Dolarhyde falls in love with a blind co-worker named Reba McClane, which conflicts with his homicidal urges. In beginning a relationship with McClane, Dolarhyde resists the Dragon's "possession" of him; he goes to the Brooklyn Museum, beats a museum secretary unconscious, and eats the original Blake watercolor of "The Red Dragon".


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: Graham eventually realizes that the killer knew the layout of his victims' houses from their home movies, which were developed at the same film processing lab. Dolarhyde's job gives him access to all home movies that pass through the company. When he sees Graham interviewing his boss, Dolarhyde realizes that they are on to him and goes to see McClane one last time. He finds her breaking up with her previous boyfriend, Ralph Mandy, to be with Dolarhyde; McClane grants Mandy's request for a final kiss goodbye. Enraged with jealousy, Dolarhyde kills Mandy. He kidnaps McClane and, having taken her to his house, sets the place on fire. He says he intends to kill her and then himself, but finds himself unable to shoot her. The shotgun fires, and a body hits the floor. McClane escapes just before the house explodes. Graham later comforts her, telling her that there is nothing wrong with her and that the kindness and affection she showed Dolarhyde probably saved lives.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: Believing Dolarhyde is dead, Graham's family moves back to the Florida home. However, Dolarhyde shows up at the house and after a violent struggle, stabs Graham in the face, leaving him with permanent facial scars, before being fatally shot by Molly. As Graham recovers, Crawford explains what happened. The dead man in Dolarhyde's house was a gas station attendant he'd had an altercation with; Dolarhyde had brought the man's body to his house to stage his own death, using McClane as a witness. Crawford intercepts a letter to Graham from Lecter, which bids him well and hopes that he isn't too disfigured, and destroys it in an incinerator.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: During his recovery, Graham has a flashback to a visit he made to Shiloh, the site of a major battle in the American Civil War, shortly after apprehending (and in the process, killing) Garrett Hobbs, a serial killer he investigated before Hannibal Lecter. Graham has an epiphany about the indifference of nature and decides that it is not nature that is haunted by events, as he had thought when visiting Shiloh before, but men who are haunted.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: "Red Dragon" is Thomas Harris's second novel, after "Black Sunday". As part of his research for the book he attended classes and talked to agents at the FBI Behavioral Science Unit in Quantico, Virginia, during the late 1970s. He learned about serial killers, offender profiling and the role of the FBI in serial killer investigations. After his father became terminally ill, Harris stayed for 18 months at an isolated shotgun-style house where he worked on the book. The rural setting helped him visualize both the character of Hannibal Lecter and the Leeds murder house depicted in the story. The book is dedicated to his father.


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: Thomas Fleming in "The New York Times" gave the book a generally favorable review. He compared the development of the story to the gradual acceleration of a powerful car, but complained that the explanation for Dolarhyde's behavior, trauma in his youth, was too mechanistic. James Ellroy has described "Red Dragon" as 'the best pure thriller I've ever read' and cited it as an influence on his own novel "Killer on the Road". In a 1981 article for the Washington Post, horror author Stephen King praised it as "probably the best popular novel to be published in America since "The Godfather"."


title: Red Dragon (novel)

text: Dave Pringle reviewed "Red Dragon" for "Imagine" magazine, and stated that "an excellent thriller about a man who murders whole families with the aid of his grandmother's false teeth (I kid not)."


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: Shadow in the Cloud is a 2020 World War II action horror film directed by Roseanne Liang, from a screenplay by Liang and Max Landis from a story by Landis, starring Chloë Grace Moretz, Beulah Koale, Taylor John Smith, Callan Mulvey and Nick Robinson. It follows a female flight officer on a top-secret mission in the Pacific during the Second World War, who after boarding a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, encounters an evil gremlin during the flight.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: The film premiered on September 12, 2020, at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival, where it won the . It was released on January 1, 2021, by Vertical Entertainment and Redbox Entertainment.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: In August 1943, RAF Pilot Officer Maude Garrett is assigned to travel with a top secret package from Auckland, New Zealand, to Samoa. When she arrives at the airbase at night, she wanders the tarmac before suddenly finding herself standing right in front of her transport, an American B-17 bomber named "The Fool's Errand". The mixed-nationality Allied crew gives her a mostly derisive welcome, and she is quartered in the empty Sperry ball turret for the takeoff. With no room left for her document valise, she reluctantly allows the only friendly crew member, USAAF dorsal gunner Walter Quaid, to store it. During takeoff, Maude sees another aircraft in the clouds, confirmed by navigator Finch. Pilot Reeves and RNZAF co-pilot Williams question her ability to identify aircraft.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: Still riding in the ball turret, Maude sees some sort of winged creature clinging to the underside of the bomber's wing. She reports it, but most of the crew, except tail gunner Beckell, who also sees it, derides her claim. When she is allowed to leave the turret, the hatch malfunctions, trapping her inside. When she reacts indignantly to the crew's comments about her situation, they abandon their attempt to open the stuck hatch and switch off her intercom. After seeing a Japanese aircraft appearing and disappearing in the clouds close to the bomber, she is abruptly attacked by the creature, a gremlin. She fights it off but ends up being injured. When the crew contacts her again to ask what happened, RAF Scottish radio operator Taggart cuts in telling them that "Maude Garrett" does not exist and is not registered for their flight. When they begin to remove her for questioning, Maude deliberately jams the turret's gears and prepares to defend herself. Suddenly, the Japanese aircraft reappears and opens fire. In the excitement, Maude switches to an American accent as she takes control of the gun turret, shooting down the fighter and winning the crew's grudging respect.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: Maude confirms that she truly is a WASP, but admits she is actually married and boarded the B-17 under her maiden name. She refuses to reveal her mission, citing its secrecy. She again sees the gremlin continuing to sabotage the bomber. Eventually, waist gunner Dorn sights it too, but the others disregard his observation. Suspecting Maude's assignment is the cause of their misfortunes, Reeves gives the order to open the bag, which contains an infant, Maude's and Sgt. Quaid's extramarital child. Forced to confess, Maude explains that she was severely mistreated by her husband. She had an affair with Quaid and became pregnant. Deciding not to inform Quaid, Maude faked her assignment to the bomber in order to escape her husband, who is following her and will kill her in his rage over the affair.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: Just as Captain Reeves turns back to the airbase, three Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters attack and the gremlin boards the bomber, injures Quaid, and kidnaps the infant. When the gremlin appears outside the turret with her baby in the bag, Maude exits the turret and fires her handgun at it, driving it off. The bag is now hanging precariously from the closest engine nacelle. Risking a perilous climb under the wing, Maude is able to retrieve her child and reboard the bomber through the now shot away ball turret opening. The gremlin attacks again, throwing Taggart out of the bomber before Maude can eject it. When Reeves, Finch, and Dorn are killed by additional Japanese machine gun fire, Maude takes command and brings down the heavily damaged bomber roughly but safely in a controlled crash landing on land. The gremlin reappears on the ground and tries to snatch the baby once again, but Maude is finally able to kill the creature, ending the threat. She and the remaining survivors watch as "The Fool's Errand" burns and explodes.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: In January 2019, it was announced that Chloë Grace Moretz had joined the cast, with Roseanne Liang directing from a screenplay by Max Landis. Brian Kavanaugh-Jones, Fred Berger, Kelly McCormick and Tom Hern would serve as producers under their Automatik Entertainment and Four Knights Film banner, respectively. In April 2019, Moretz announced the script had been rewritten several times following Landis's sexual assault allegations. Landis was also removed as a producer, with Liang rewriting the film. Due to Writers Guild of America rules, Landis receives credit for the script. That month, Nick Robinson joined the cast.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: During development, for inspiration, Liang turned to "Locke" (2013), a film with one character set in one location, and "Aliens" (1986).


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: In a prologue to "Shadow in the Cloud", an animated training film from the United States Army Air Forces depicts the havoc a gremlin can produce for the unwary or complacent airman during wartime. When the film continues, the gremlin—a metaphor for problems caused by inattention and/or negligence—is depicted as a living, malevolent creature. During the end credits, archival footage is shown of women serving in the British and American air forces in the Second World War.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: "Shadow in the Cloud" had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2020. Shortly after, Vertical Entertainment and Redbox Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film. "Shadow in the Cloud" was released in the United States on January 1, 2021, although the release was limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, of critics gave "Shadow in the Cloud" a positive review, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads: "Part creature feature, part war movie, and part social commentary, "Shadow in the Cloud" doesn't always blend its ingredients evenly—but it's frequently pulpy fun". According to Metacritic, which assigned "Shadow in the Cloud" a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 19 critics, having received "generally favorable reviews".


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: Nick Allen of "RogerEbert.com" wrote that "Shadow in the Cloud" was "a sincere but silly mash-up of WWII dogfights, gremlin chaos, and feminism in action", and gave it 2.5 out of 4 stars.


title: Shadow in the Cloud

text: "Shadow in the Cloud" received a for Director Roseanne Liang in the "Midnight Madness" session in the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival. Liang also won the "Director to Watch" award at the 2021 Palm Springs International Film Festival.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language romance-drama comedy film directed by Ratnaa Sinha. The film features Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Kharbanda in lead roles, while K. K. Raina, Alka Amin, Vipin Sharma, Govind Namdev, Navni Parihar, Nayani Dixit, Manoj Pahwa featured in supporting roles. The story revolves around two individuals viz. Satyendra Mishra IAS and Aarti Shukla and relates their journey from how they are brought together by a marriage proposal and fall in love with each other but on the night of their marriage, destiny, and individual decisions, takes the two of them in two different directions.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Made on a budget of , the film earned in its first week eventually collecting a lifetime worldwide gross of . It had a worldwide release on 10 November 2017 with a mixed response from the critics. Its music was composed by Anand Raj Anand, JAM8, and Arko with lyrics written by Kumaar.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Aarti Shukla, an emotionally unstable but otherwise intelligent girl, meets Satyendra Mishra, a clerk in the Excise Department, on her parents' persistence who are trying to fix an arranged marriage for her. Aarti finds Satyendra's off-traditional views convenient, while Satyendra is mesmerized by Aarti's beauty & intelligence and as a consequence both of them fall in love with each other and agree to get married. On the night of marriage, Aarti comes to know that she has cleared the PCS Exam from her sister Abha, who also informs her that if she gets married now her in-laws will not let her pursue the dreams that she has. On her sister's and maternal uncle's provocation Aarti decides to run-away from her house without informing Satyendra or his family, who is shocked to know about the incident and is left heartbroken. Later her uncle manipulates Satyendra's family to return dowry money some of which they had spent on marriage already and saved remaining for Satyendra's sister's wedding. Due to this, his family goes through a painful time in society. Five years later, Aarti who is now a PCS Officer is accused of taking a bribe and suspended till her case is resolved. During the investigation Aarti comes to know that the officer in charge of her case is Satyendra, who has now become an IAS Officer. What comes as a shock to Aarti is the indifferent behaviour displayed by him who has no sympathy for her.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Aarti approaches Satyendra for assistance but is shunned away by him. The investigation is completed and Aarti is proven innocent. It is later revealed that it was actually Satyendra who helped in the investigation to prove Aarti's innocence.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Aarti later tries her best to make amends with Satyendra but to no avail. A few months later, Aarti is shown to be getting married to someone and Satyendra's family is also invited. On the day of the wedding, Satyendra realizes his love for Aarti and gate-crashes into her wedding, holding her fiance, Sharad, at gunpoint. It is revealed that the wedding was only a drama planned by both the families to make Satyendra realize his true feelings. The movie ends with Aarti and Satyendra getting married.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: In February 2017, producer Vinod Bachchan made the official announcement about his film "Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana" with Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Kharbanda in lead roles. For the role of Aarti Shukla, the first choice of filmmaker Ratna Sinha was Taapsee Pannu who had reportedly came on board to do the film but later on decided against doing so citing lack of dates. She was replaced by Kriti Kharbanda.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: The principal photography of "Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana" began in March 2017 in Allahabad. The scenes that were included in the movie was that of Hanuman Mandir in Civil Lines, Allahabad, the Lord Curzon Bridge near Naini and beautiful sights of the Triveni Sangam side. Following which there was a 30-day schedule in Lucknow while the final schedule of the film took place in Kanpur. Some famous scenes of Lucknow include the Ambedkar Memorial Park. A set worth 20 million was created in Lucknow by art director Arup Adhikari, set designer Shabiul Haasan and their team to film a wedding sequence that formed the climax of the film.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: The soundtrack album of "Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana" comprises eleven songs composed by Arko Pravo Mukherjee, Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) For JAM8, Zain-Sam-Raees, Anand Raaj Anand and Rashid Khan while the lyrics were written by Kumaar, Shakeel Azmi, Gaurav Krishna Bansal, Arko and Kunal Verma. Vocals on the album's eight tracks were performed by several singers mainly Yasser Desai, Arijit Singh, and Shafqat Amanat Ali. It was produced under the Zee Music label.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Bollywood Hungama gave 3 out of 5 stars and noted in its music review that, "What works for the music of Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana is the fact that there is a constant 'sur' right through its playing time which doesn't cause a distraction. The sound is uniform and helps the album to play on well through its duration." Vipin Nair of "The Hindu" in his review said that the soundtrack is "entirely missable" and gave it a rating of 2.5/5.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Namrata Joshi of The Hindu was impressed with the acting performances of all actors but criticized the implausible revenge story that the film becomes in its second half. Urvi Parikh of Rediff was critical of the weak storyline of the film and its slow pacing. The critic gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5. Bollywood Hungama praised the concept of the film but criticized its uninspired execution and gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5. The website appreciated the acting performance of Rajkummar Rao but was critical of the writers for their confused presentation of his character.


title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Kriti Tulsiani of News18 praised the acting performances of all actors but criticized the poorly written script which she felt was not just unreasonable but also out-dated. Kriti gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5. Rachit Gupta of Filmfare applauded the makers for taking up issues that are very relevant to our society but was critical of the way they were handled. Rachit felt that the film suffers a lot from the usage of outdated clichés and too much melodrama and gave it a rating of 2.5 out of 5. Meena Iyer of DNA India praised the acting performance of Rajkummar Rao but felt that the film lacked conviction and could not tap its entire potential. Meena gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5.


title: Let's Dance (David Bowie album)

text: Let's Dance is the 15th studio album by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, released on 14 April 1983 through EMI America Records. After the release of "Scary Monsters" (1980), Bowie began a period of numerous musical collaborations and film appearances. By 1982, he left RCA Records out of dissatisfaction and signed with EMI America. Wanting a fresh start, he chose Nile Rodgers of the band Chic to co-produce his next record.


title: Let's Dance (David Bowie album)

text: The album was recorded in December 1982 at the Power Station in New York City. The sessions featured entirely new players, including then-unknown Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan on lead guitar. For the first time ever, Bowie only sang and played no instruments. Musically, "Let's Dance" has been described as a post-disco record, with elements of dance-rock, dance-pop and new wave. It contains three cover songs: Iggy Pop's "China Girl", which Bowie and Pop had recorded together for the latter's "The Idiot" (1977); Metro's "Criminal World"; and a reworking of "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)", originally recorded by Bowie and Giorgio Moroder in 1982 for the film of the same name.


title: Let's Dance (David Bowie album)

text: "Let's Dance" was released to massive commercial success, reaching number one in numerous countries, and turned Bowie into a major superstar; it remains Bowie's best-selling album. The record's four singles, including the title track, were all commercially successful as well. However, the album received mixed reviews from music critics whose opinions on the artistic content varied. "Let's Dance" and "China Girl" were supported by music videos that received heavy airplay on MTV. It was supported by the successful Serious Moonlight Tour throughout 1983.


title: Let's Dance (David Bowie album)

text: Despite the album's success, "Let's Dance" began a period of low creativity for Bowie. He felt that he had to pander his music to his newly acquired audience, which led to his follow-up albums, "Tonight" (1984) and "Never Let Me Down" (1987), being critically dismissed. He later reflected poorly on the period, referring to it as his "Phil Collins years". Bowie's biographers have also given mixed assessments on the record. The album was remastered in 2018 and included in the box set "Loving the Alien (1983–1988)".


title: Let's Dance (David Bowie album)

text: David Bowie released his 14th studio album "Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)" in 1980. With the record, Bowie achieved what biographer David Buckley calls "the perfect balance" of creativity and mainstream success. Following the sessions, Bowie portrayed the lead role of Joseph "John" Merrick in the Broadway play "The Elephant Man" between late July 1980 and early January 1981. During this time, he also filmed an appearance in the Uli Edel film "Christiane F." (1981).