title: Tantric sex

text: In Tibetan Buddhism, as usual in tantra, semen must be retained in order to attain enlightenment. This is accomplished either through mental discipline or by pressuring the perineum at the point of orgasm, through which the spermatic duct is blocked. If the practitioner nonetheless ejaculates, he must retrieve the semen and drink it. Emission of semen is reserved only to those who are already enlightened, who can perform ejaculation as long as they don't lose awareness.


title: Tantric sex

text: As in Indian alchemy, menstrual blood is also utilized as a ritual substance, as it is part of the mix of male and female sexual fluids ("sukra") the yogi must consume. He can obtain the woman's fluid during intercourse, by absorbing it into his own body with vajroli mudra after ejaculation, or even without ejaculation if he is skilled enough. It is also possible to recover the "sukra" out of her body in a vase or human skull ("kapala") in order to consume it. The "Candamaharosana Tantra" even recommends not to drink it, but to suck it up with a tube through the nose. Several women can be employed one after another.


title: Tantric sex

text: Female practitioners or yogini can also perform a reverse of this technique by obtaining their partners' semen. The dakinis are described to entertain themselves by stealing the male sperm both in waking and in dream.


title: Tantric sex

text: Kalachakra Tantra, an 11th-century Tibetan Buddhist tradition, is divided in fifteen stages. Seven are public and ceremonial, while the remaining eight contain practices of sexual yoga and are kept secret, being reserved for a handful of initiates. The master officiant becomes symbolically an androgynous being who is both Kalachakra and Vishvamata, male and female.


title: Tantric sex

text: Among the eight higher stages, for the first four the apprentice must bring the lama a young woman of ten, twelve, sixteen, or twenty years of age as karmamudrā.


title: Tantric sex

text: The remaining stages take place in a ganachakra, where ten young women of between twelve and twenty form a circle. They adopt the names and roles of the apprentice's female relatives, with one of them becoming symbolically his wife, and other being chosen by the master as his own wife ("shabdavajra"). The women perform naked and with their hair loose, and hold "kapala" with taboo substances. They are considered sacrifices, who die to be reborn as dakinis. After the ceremony, they are given presents.


title: Tantric sex

text: 12th century Japanese school Tachikawa-ryu didn't discourage ejaculation in itself, considering it a "shower of love that contained thousands of potential Buddhas". They employed emission of sexual fluids in combination with worshipping of human skulls, which would be coated in the resultant mix in order to create honzon. However, those practices were considered heretic, leading to the sect's suppression.


title: Daniel Johns

text: Sandy Johnson (born 22 April 1979) is an Australian musician, singer, and songwriter best known as the former frontman, guitarist, and main songwriter of the rock band Silverchair. Johns is also one half of The Dissociatives with Paul Mac and one half of Dreams with Luke Steele. He released his first solo album, "Talk", in 2015. Johns' second solo album, "FutureNever", was released on 22 April 2022. In 2007, Johns was ranked at number 18 on "Rolling Stone"s list of The 25 Most Underrated Guitarists. Johns has won 21 ARIA Awards from 49 nominations as a member of Silverchair, and has earned four other nominations as a solo artist.


title: Daniel Johns

text: Johns was born to Greg and Julie Johns. His father owned a fruit shop in Newcastle, and his mother was a housewife. He grew up in Merewether, New South Wales, Australia, with two younger siblings. Johns attended Newcastle High School, from which he graduated in 1997.


title: Daniel Johns

text: At the age of 12, Johns and school friends Ben Gillies and Chris Joannou formed a band, originally named "The Innocent Criminals", and practiced daily after school for periods of four hours or more.


title: Daniel Johns

text: The band's career began when the three members were 15 years old when a demo recording of their song "Tomorrow" won a competition that was run by the SBS TV programme "Nomad". The group, now named Silverchair, subsequently accepted a three-album deal from Sony Music in 1994, and the label hurriedly released their first album "Frogstomp" in 1995 after "Tomorrow" remained in the No. 1 position on the Australian singles chart for six weeks.


title: Daniel Johns

text: The band released "Freak Show" in 1997, followed by "Neon Ballroom" in 1999, and then "Diorama" in 2002. Following "Diorama", Silverchair embarked on a lengthy hiatus before the release of the next album.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In late 2005, Johns and Silverchair reunited and announced the production of a new album entitled "Young Modern", whose title comes from a nickname given to Johns by composer Van Dyke Parks. The new album was released on 31 March 2007 and was followed by the Across the Great Divide tour with fellow Australian band Powderfinger.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In May 2011, Silverchair announced on their website that the band was going into "indefinite hibernation" and explained that "it's become increasingly clear that the spark simply isn't there between the three of us at the moment". Later that month, Johns and filmmaker Josh Wakely presented a talk at TEDx Sydney in which they discussed a film that they were working on that was tentatively titled "My Mind's Own Melody". A video of the talk was uploaded to YouTube in June 2011, and a trailer for the completed film was released in mid-2012.


title: Daniel Johns

text: During the post-"Diorama" hiatus, Johns worked on several side projects, the most notable being The Dissociatives with dance musician/producer Paul Mac. Johns and Mac worked together since Mac's 1997 remix of "Freak" and his contribution to "Neon Ballroom". In 2000, they recorded a five-track EP "I Can't Believe It's Not Rock". Their debut album "The Dissociatives" (2004) was initially recorded in London, United Kingdom, and a few months later, the two regrouped in Sydney and Newcastle to finish off the project. The Dissociatives toured with musicians Kim Moyes on drums, Julian Hamilton on keys, and James Haselwood on bass.


title: Daniel Johns

text: On 13 June 2008, it was reported on Silverchair's website that Johns was working on a new side project with Luke Steele (The Sleepy Jackson, Empire of the Sun), but a release date was not confirmed for the collaboration. In 2008, the name of the project was "Hathaway and Palmer," according to a radio interview that Steele conducted, but this has not been confirmed since.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In 2012, Johns collaborated with the Australian Chamber Orchestra to create the soundtrack "Atlas" for a Qantas Airlines commercial that began airing a week before the 2012 Olympics. Johns explained:


title: Daniel Johns

text: When Qantas first approached me, I agreed to the project as I was really into the idea of creating a piece of music that represented Australia. I wanted it to sound big, something special. It was a conscious effort to create a good piece of music and not just a jingle. I've also wanted to work with the Australian Chamber Orchestra for a long time now, so it was great to finally be able to do that.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In May 2012, Johns wrote and recorded music with pop duo The Veronicas for the latter's third album. The writing process began in November 2011, and the twin sisters stated that working with Johns "was one of our greatest experiences."


title: Daniel Johns

text: As of January 2013, Johns was scheduled to appear in a live performance with Van Dyke Parks as part of Australia's Adelaide Festival on 8 March 2013 and was also rumoured to be working on a debut solo album. In May 2013, Steele revealed that he and Johns were completing the project that they had started in 2008.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In January 2014, Johns co-wrote the song "Impossible", released by Australian rapper 360, and also sang on the song's chorus. Johns met 360 through his brother Heath, who is also 360's publisher.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In 2016, Johns was a musical director and arranged and produced the music for the Netflix animated children's series "Beat Bugs". He was also the singing voice for the characters Walter, and Mr. Mudwasp. He stated, "It's a dream job to go into the studio and dissect all of The Beatles' music". Johns said that Eddie Vedder liked his version with the guide vocals for "Magical Mystery Tour" so much that he kept Johns's backing vocals in the finished song.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In May 2016 Johns collaborated with Perth duo Slumberjack on their track "Open Fire", and also featured in the music video. In the same year he co-wrote and provided uncredited backing vocals to 'Say It' from Flume's "Skin" LP.


title: Daniel Johns

text: Johns has also worked with artists such as Zhu in the track "Modern Conversation" in 2017 and fellow Australian artist What So Not in the album "Not All The Beautiful Things", released in 2018, where he contributed to a good portion of the music.


title: Daniel Johns

text: Johns premiered the band 'Boom Tish' back in 2017. They've released just one song, a cover of The Easybeats' 'Hello, How Are You'. However, band members Beau Golden and Dave Jenkins Jnr both posted new photos of Boom Tish in the studio in January 2020. Boom Tish evolved out of Johns' live band for his consecutive Sydney Opera House shows in 2015.


title: Daniel Johns

text: Johns teamed up with Luke Steele from Empire of the Sun to form Dreams, releasing the single "No One Defeats Us" in March 2018. Dreams' debut album, "No One Defeats Us", was released in September 2018 through EMI.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In November 2013, it was reported by various media outlets that Johns was in the process of working on a solo album due for release sometime in 2014. His manager John Watson was quoted as saying: "it's looking extremely likely that it'll be out next year."


title: Daniel Johns

text: For the 40th birthday of the Triple J radio station, Beat the Drum, held at Sydney, Australia's Domain on 16 January 2015, Johns performed a piano version of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit".


title: Daniel Johns

text: Johns debuted a new song as a solo artist on 29 January 2015 on the Triple J radio station. Titled "Aerial Love", Peter Vincent, National Music Editor of "The Sydney Morning Herald", described the song as "sexy" and "soulful". "Aerial Love" debuted at No. 50 on the Australian Singles Chart, later peaking at No. 21. Johns released his fifteen-track debut album as a solo artist on 22 May 2015, entitled "Talk". The record features multilayered arrangements of R&B, soul, synthpop, and electronic melodies. "Talk" peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia within the first two weeks of its release. The album also achieved some unexpected success in other parts of the world, coming in at No. 1 on the Slovakian iTunes albums chart shortly after release.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In October 2021, Johns released a Spotify Original Podcast, "Who Is Daniel Johns?", of which he is both the host and subject. The five-part podcast, produced by Kaitlyn Sawrey, Amelia Chappelow and Frank Lopez, features interviews with key figures in Johns' life, including ex-wife Natalie Imbruglia, Paul Mac, Van Dyke Parks and Billy Corgan. "Who Is Daniel Johns?" became Spotify's most popular podcast in Australia. In an October 2021 interview on Network 10's "The Project" to promote the podcast, Johns said that while he still plans to work on new music, he may never play live again.


title: Daniel Johns

text: On 7 December 2021, Johns announced via a personal letter to fans that his second solo album, "FutureNever", would be released on 1 April 2022, however was later pushed back to 22 April. The album was made available for pre-order on the FutureNever.art website. "FutureNever" is the first album Johns released on his own label via a new global deal with BMG.


title: Daniel Johns

text: In July 2007, Johns claimed on Australian radio station Triple J that he had shared a joint with his then-wife Natalie Imbruglia, Australian Federal MP and ex-Midnight Oil frontman Peter Garrett, and U2 frontman Bono in November 2006 while they listened to a demo recording of Silverchair's album "Young Modern". In response, Tony Wood, whose daughter Anna Wood died of water intoxication secondary to use of MDMA, suggested that Garrett be subject to a drug test. Garrett asserted that he had not touched marijuana since his twenties, and Johns said the original statement was a joke, adding he thought it would be obvious that it was a joke, as both Garrett and Bono were publicly against drugs.


title: Daniel Johns

text: On 28 October 2014, Johns was stopped by police when they spotted his black Jaguar travelling at a speed of between along Morgan Street in Merewether, which is governed by a speed limit of . Johns, who was arrested for driving under the influence, told police that he had consumed four large wines between 4.30pm and 7.40pm. Johns was required to attend a traffic offenders course; he reappeared in Newcastle Local Court in February 2015 and was convicted of mid-range drunk driving, receiving an $880 fine and disqualification from driving until June 2015. "I made a mistake, for which I am really sorry," the singer told reporters outside the court that day. "I completed the traffic offenders program, and it will never happen again." However, in March 2022, Johns was again charged with a DUI (this time in the high range, testing 0.157, which is more than three times the legal limit) after his SUV crossed to the wrong side of the Pacific Highway at North Arm Cove and collided with a van travelling in the opposite direction. A woman passenger of the van was hospitalised, but there were no serious injuries and she was released from the hospital that same night. Johns said of the incident, "I have to step back now as I'm self-admitting to a rehabilitation centre and I don't know how long I'll be there." Johns said he had been medicating with alcohol to deal with his PTSD, anxiety and depression. On 7 July 2022, Johns was sentenced. The judge said the charge was serious but Johns' background and circumstances were exceptional and gave him a relatively light punishment by disqualifying him from driving for seven months and a 10-month intensive corrections order.


title: Daniel Johns

text: On 11 August 2019, "The Sunday Telegraph" and the "Daily Mail" published a false story about Johns alleging that he had been spending his time at a notorious Sydney S&M brothel and bondage club called The Kastle. Johns sued "The Sunday Telegraph" and the "Daily Mail" for defamation and denied the allegations, describing them as "simply untrue" and "hurtful, humiliating, and damaging to me and my family". The Kastle's proprietor also denied that Johns had ever been at the club. The Telegraph's publisher News Corp has paid Johns a $470,000 settlement. "The Sunday Telegraph" issued a retraction and apology to Johns on 3 May 2020. The "Daily Mail" issued a retraction and apology on 8 August 2020: "The story was wrong. Mr Johns had not been there and he has never been there. Daily Mail retracts the story and apologises to Mr Johns for the error and for the hurt and damage caused to him."


title: Daniel Johns

text: In late 1997, during the "Freak Show" tour, Johns experienced depression amid rumours that he was suffering from a drug addiction/eating disorder. Johns explained in a "Rolling Stone" Australia interview that he had developed anorexia nervosa. Johns claimed that he weighed less than 50 kilos (110 lbs) at his thinnest. With "Neon Ballroom" came the single "Ana's Song" about Johns' battle with anorexia. In 2004, Johns spoke at length to ABC interviewer Andrew Denton and revealed that at one point he had considered suicide.


title: Daniel Johns

text: After recording "Diorama", Johns was diagnosed with a rare but serious case of reactive arthritis. After treatment in Los Angeles, he was able to tour with the band for the "Across the Night" Tour. Reports of the arthritic symptoms did not resurface after the completion of the tour.


title: Daniel Johns

text: After putting Silverchair into "indefinite hibernation" in 2011, Johns retreated to his home in Merewether, New South Wales which he describes as a "'70s porn palace" out of "Boogie Nights." "I just wanted to not be in the industry and not be famous and not have anything to do with it," he said. "I felt like I was losing who I was. I was becoming the lead singer of Silverchair more than I wanted to be." Johns checked the surf conditions obsessively every morning even though he hadn't surfed since his teens. Johns admitted to not being very social and spent four years hiding and shutting things out. He kept company with his shar-pei–whippet crossbred dog named Gia and watched movies with the blinds closed and ordered online grocery delivery.


title: Daniel Johns

text: Johns is also known for his animal rights support, having revealed that he is a vegan in 1998, although it was stated that he is a pescetarian in 2009. The "Neon Ballroom" song "Spawn Again" features Johns' views on animal liberation, but he stated in a subsequent interview: "I'm not telling people how to eat or how to change their lives, I just wanted to express my opinion in a song and it's something, as I said, I feel very strongly about so that's just how I express myself through music."


title: Daniel Johns

text: In 1999, Johns met Australian actress, singer, and model Natalie Imbruglia backstage at a Silverchair concert in London. They started dating after meeting again at the ARIA awards after-party at the Gazebo Hotel in Sydney in October of the same year. After years of an on-and-off relationship, Johns announced his engagement to long-time girlfriend Imbruglia shortly before Christmas 2002, and they married on New Year's Eve 2003. Johns wrote the song "Satisfied" for Imbruglia's 2005 album "Counting Down the Days", which he also produced, and co-wrote the song "Want" from Imbruglia's 2009 album "Come to Life". Imbruglia wrote her 2005 single "Counting Down the Days" about their long-distance relationship, as Imbruglia was based in London and Johns in Newcastle. On 4 January 2008, they announced that they were divorcing, stating, "We have simply grown apart through not being able to spend enough time together."


title: Daniel Johns

text: In July 2008, "The Daily Telegraph" announced Johns was dating Australian model Louise Van der Vorst. In 2009, the couple moved from Australia to New York City so that Van der Vorst could expand her modelling career. By July 2011, the couple were living together in Newcastle, Australia. In April 2012, it was reported that Johns had initiated the dissolution of the relationship in February 2012. As of early 2013, Johns was dating fashion designer Estelita Huijer, with whom he was photographed in Crown Street in Sydney. Johns commenced a relationship with former model Michelle Leslie in October 2016.


title: Daniel Johns

text: The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually.


title: Daniel Johns

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Leslie Samuel Phillips (20 April 1924 – 7 November 2022) was an English actor, director, producer and author. He achieved prominence in the 1950s, playing smooth, upper-class comic roles utilising his "Ding dong" and "Hello" catchphrases. He appeared in the "Carry On" and "Doctor in the House" film series as well as the long-running BBC radio comedy series "The Navy Lark".


title: Leslie Phillips

text: In his later career, Phillips took on dramatic parts including a BAFTA-nominated role alongside Peter O'Toole in "Venus" (2006). He provided the voice of the Sorting Hat in several of the "Harry Potter" films.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Leslie Samuel Phillips was born in Tottenham on 20 April 1924, the third child of Cecelia Margaret ("née" Newlove) and Frederick Samuel Phillips, who worked at Glover and Main, manufacturers of cookers in Edmonton. Phillips described his street as "beyond the sonic reach of the Bow Bells but within the general footprint of cockneydom." In 1931, the family moved to Chingford, where Phillips attended Larkswood Primary School. Consequently, Phillips has described himself as both a cockney and an Essex boy. In 1935, his father died at 44, having suffered from a weak heart and oedema brought on by the "filthy, sulphurous" air of the factory.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: After his father's death, Phillips was sent to the Italia Conti Academy at his mother's insistence. There, he attended drama, dance and notably elocution to lose his cockney accent; at the time, a regional accent was considered an impediment to an aspiring actor. Phillips took time to refine his Received Pronunciation accent, and later declared that "the biggest elocution lessons came from mixing with people who sounded right, people in theatrical circles and in the officers' mess during the war." He left school at 14 in 1938.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips made his stage debut in 1937 as a wolf in "Peter Pan" alongside Anna Neagle at the London Palladium. In the 1938–39 season, he was promoted to the role of John Napoleon Darling, alongside Jean Forbes-Robertson as Peter and Seymour Hicks as Captain Hook. Acting allowed Phillips to earn extra money for his family, who had struggled financially after his father's death.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips made his first film appearance in the 1938 musical comedy "Lassie from Lancashire". He made further uncredited appearances in "Climbing High" (1938) and "The Mikado" (1939), among the earliest films made at Pinewood Studios. Upon the 70th anniversary of the studios in 2006, Phillips considered himself one of the earliest actors to have worked there still alive and working. A minor part in Ealing Studios' "The Proud Valley" (1940) afforded Phillips the chance to work alongside Paul Robeson, whom he greatly admired.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: In the early years of the Second World War, Phillips worked in the West End for Binkie Beaumont and H. M. Tennent. The shows were frequently interrupted by air-raid sirens and Phillips later recalled that "audiences would evaporate and head for cellars or Underground stations". Called up to the British Army in 1942, Phillips rose to the rank of lance-bombardier in the Royal Artillery. Due to his acquired upper class accent, Phillips was selected for officer training at Catterick and duly commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1943. He was transferred to the Durham Light Infantry in 1944 but was later declared unfit for service just before D-Day after being diagnosed with a neurological condition that caused partial paralysis. He was initially sent to a psychiatric hospital in error before moving to the correct facility for treatment.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Demobbed as a lieutenant in December 1944, Phillips' acting career initially took in "the murkiest rat-infested old playhouses and music halls in the north of England". He resumed his career as a film player, making uncredited appearances in "Anna Karenina" and Powell and Pressburger's "The Red Shoes" (both 1948). His first lead role in a television serial was in the sitcom "My Wife Jacqueline" (1952).


title: Leslie Phillips

text: His big break in the films was in the Gene Kelly musical "Les Girls" (1957). Although the film was a critical success, he decided against a move to Hollywood, in part as he considered himself primarily a theatre actor and did not want to become "the poor man's David Niven". He began appearing in character roles in British comedy films including "Brothers in Law" and "The Smallest Show on Earth" (both 1957). In 1959, Phillips was cast in a minor role as Jack Bell in "Carry On Nurse", the second in the "Carry On" film series. The character's exclamation of "Ding dong" in the film became a popular catchphrase for Phillips. He became strongly associated with smooth-talking, libidinous roles, and his catchphrases "Ding dong", "I say" and "Hello" entered common usage in the United Kingdom. Phillips cemented his image in two further "Carry On" films, "Carry On Teacher" (1959) and "Carry On Constable" (1960) before telling producer Peter Rogers that he did not wish to appear in any more. "Carry On" director Gerald Thomas cast Phillips in several other comedy films; "Please Turn Over" (1959) features Phillips as Dr. Henry Manners, a respectable family doctor portrayed as a philanderer in a book written by 17-year-old Jo Halliday (Julia Lockwood), while he plays father David Robinson opposite Geraldine McEwan in "No Kidding" (1960).


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Between 1959 and 1977, Phillips became familiar on radio, as Sub-Lieutenant Phillips in the comedy "The Navy Lark" alongside Jon Pertwee and Ronnie Barker. He also appeared in the film version of "The Navy Lark" (1959), the only cast member of the radio series to do so.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: In 1960, Phillips was cast in "Doctor in Love", the fourth film in the "Doctor" comedy series and the first without Dirk Bogarde. He appeared in two further installments, "Doctor in Clover" (1966) and "Doctor in Trouble" (1970). Phillips appeared in several comedy films directed by Ken Annakin, often cast alongside his "Doctor" co-star James Robertson Justice, including "Very Important Person" (1961), "Raising the Wind" (1961) and "Crooks Anonymous" (1962). In 1962, Phillips and Justice starred with Stanley Baxter in Annakin's "The Fast Lady", one of Britain's biggest box office hits of the year. A loose sequel, "Father Came Too!", followed in 1964.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: During the 1960s, Phillips appeared on television in two plays penned by the comedy writing team Galton and Simpson; "Impasse", broadcast as part of "Comedy Playhouse" in 1963, and "The Suit", a 1969 episode of "The Galton & Simpson Comedy". The latter was developed into a full series four years later, "Casanova '73", starring Phillips as compulsive philanderer Henry Newhouse. The programme was poorly received and attracted criticism from Mary Whitehouse of the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association for its risque content.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: By the early 1980s, Phillips considered his suave and lecherous roles to be "a bit of a rut" and looked to branch out into dramatic roles. A relatively minor part in "Out of Africa" (1985) facilitated a larger role in Steven Spielberg's "Empire of the Sun" (1987). To play an emaciated prisoner of war in the film, Phillips lost more than two stone. He became busy as a character actor in both stage and television productions including "Scandal" (1989) and "" (2001). In 1992, he returned to the "Carry On" series in the poorly-received "Carry On Columbus". Phillips also provided the voice for the Sorting Hat in the "Harry Potter" films, appearing in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (2001), "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" (2002) and the final film, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" (2011).


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips appeared in British television sitcoms including "Honey for Tea" with Felicity Kendal and appeared in guest roles in popular series such as "The Bill", "Holby City" and "Midsomer Murders". In 2006, he played veteran actor Ian alongside Peter O'Toole in Hanif Kureishi's film "Venus". For this role, he was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor in 2007. Phillips' autobiography, "Hello", was published by Orion in 2006.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1998 Birthday Honours and was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips, in conjunction with Jules Williams and Back Door Productions, co-produced the Sky Arts series "Living The Life" which ran for three series, ending in 2013.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: He continued to act until 2012 and continued to make television appearances until 2015 when he was interviewed on the BBC One programme "VE Day: Remembering Victory".


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips married his first wife, actress Penelope Bartley (1925–1981), on 30 May 1948. The couple had four children. In 1962, Phillips began a relationship with actress Caroline Mortimer, daughter of writer Penelope Mortimer and stepdaughter of John Mortimer, who was an understudy in a stage play in which Phillips starred. Phillips and Bartley separated at that point and were divorced in 1965.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: After his relationship with Mortimer ended, Phillips embarked on a relationship with Australian actress Vicki Luke, with whom he lived for approximately three years.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips moved in with actress Angela Scoular in 1977, at which time she was pregnant by another actor. He raised her son as his own. While on tour in Australia in 1981, he was notified that Bartley had died in a fire. Phillips chose to continue in the production and did not attend her funeral. He later acknowledged that his family had never forgiven him for this decision.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips married Scoular in 1982. In 1992 Scoular, who suffered from bipolar disorder, attempted suicide but was not sectioned. Scoular died on 11 April 2011 after drinking a corrosive drain cleaner and suffering unsurvivable 40% burns to her throat, body and dietary tract. She had suffered from bowel cancer and although was later declared cancer-free, she became anxious that the cancer had returned. Phillips was too ill to attend the inquest into Scoular's death three months later. The coroner ruled that Scoular's death was not suicide, but rather that she had "killed herself while the balance of her mind was disturbed".


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips received the Freedom of the City of London on 16 November 2010. Phillips was a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur, and made an appearance as part of the half-time entertainment during the team's home match against Swansea City on 1 April 2012.


title: Leslie Phillips

text: Phillips suffered two strokes six months apart at the age of 90. After a long illness, he died in his sleep at home in London on 7 November 2022, aged 98.


title: Gia Coppola

text: Gian-Carla Coppola (born January 1, 1987) is an American film director and screenwriter. She is a granddaughter of Francis Ford Coppola, the daughter of Jacqui de la Fontaine and Gian-Carlo Coppola and the niece of Roman Coppola and Sofia Coppola.


title: Gia Coppola

text: Coppola is the daughter of film producer Gian-Carlo Coppola and Jacqui de la Fontaine. Her father died in a speed boating incident while her mother was pregnant with her.


title: Gia Coppola

text: The credits of the 1996 film "Jack", directed by her grandfather Francis Ford Coppola, include the dedication "for gia 'When you see a shooting star...'" (with her name stylized in lower case). She was close in age to the characters in the film at the time.


title: Gia Coppola

text: Peter Getty, son of Gordon Getty, became her stepfather when he married her mother in 2000. They separated in 2009. Coppola grew up in both Los Angeles and the Coppola family vineyard in Napa Valley. Coppola spent much of her childhood on the sets of her aunt Sofia Coppola's films. Coppola worked as a staff assistant in the costume department in Sofia Coppola's "Somewhere", and as a creative consultant in Francis Ford Coppola's "Twixt".


title: Gia Coppola

text: Coppola dropped out of high school (Archer School for Girls) and subsequently earned her GED. After attending community college, Coppola studied photography at Bard College in New York. After attending Bard College, Coppola stated that she "felt a little burnt out on taking pictures after years of churning out so many for classes". This resulted in her turning to film as a medium of interest.


title: Gia Coppola

text: Coppola's film career began when she directed a short film for her friend's fashion label. Subsequently, Coppola was hired to make short films for Opening Ceremony which starred Kirsten Dunst and Jason Schwartzman (her father's cousin), Zac Posen (who said that "she’s going to be the next Coppola force to be reckoned with"), Diane Von Furstenberg, Rodarte, and Elle China.


title: Gia Coppola

text: Coppola made her directorial feature film debut with "Palo Alto", an adaption of James Franco's short story collection of the same name. The film premiered in the Orizzonti section of the 70th Venice International Film Festival, as well as the 38th Toronto International Film Festival and the Telluride Film Festival in Colorado. After befriending James Franco, Coppola was asked to adapt and direct his collection of short stories "Palo Alto". She said she agreed to do the project because of how well she connected with the source material. When working on the film, she drew inspiration from films such as "American Graffiti", "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "The Outsiders", and "The Virgin Suicides". Coppola collaborated with her teenage cast to write the script. Many parallels have been drawn between Coppola's debut and Sofia Coppola's "The Virgin Suicides", in terms of the style and genre.


title: Gia Coppola

text: In December 2013, it was announced that distributor Tribeca Film had picked up the film for distribution, and it was released theatrically on May 9, 2014. The film was released on DVD in the United States on September 9, 2014.


title: Gia Coppola

text: In May 2019, Coppola began filming "Mainstream", for which she co-wrote the script with Tom Stuart. The film, starring Andrew Garfield, Maya Hawke and Jason Schwartzman, follows three lovers who struggle to preserve their identities as they form an eccentric love triangle within the modern internet age.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Jan Tomáš "Miloš" Forman (; ; 18 February 1932 – 13 April 2018) was a Czech and American film director, screenwriter, actor, and professor who rose to fame in his native Czechoslovakia before emigrating to the United States in 1968.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman was an important figure in the Czechoslovak New Wave. Film scholars and Czechoslovak authorities saw his 1967 film "The Firemen's Ball" as a biting satire on Eastern European Communism. The film was initially shown in theatres in his home country in the more reformist atmosphere of the Prague Spring. However, it was later banned by the Communist government after the invasion by the Warsaw Pact countries in 1968. Forman was subsequently forced to leave Czechoslovakia for the United States, where he continued making films, gaining wider critical and financial success. In 1975, he directed "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975) starring Jack Nicholson as a patient in a mental institution. The film received widespread acclaim and was the second in history to win all five major Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Screenplay, Actor in Leading Role, and Actress in Leading Role.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In 1978, he directed the anti-war musical "Hair" which premiered at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. In 1981, he directed the turn of the century drama film, "Ragtime", which was known for its large ensemble cast. The film went on to receive eight Academy Award nominations. His next feature was a period biographical film, "Amadeus" (1984), based on the life of famed classical musician Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart starring Tom Hulce, and F. Murray Abraham. The film was both a critical and financial success earning eleven nominations with eight wins including for Best Picture, and another win for Forman as Best Director. In 1996, Forman received another Academy Award nomination for Best Director for "The People vs. Larry Flynt" (1996).


title: Miloš Forman

text: Throughout Forman's career he won two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival, Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival, a British Academy Film Award, a César Award, David di Donatello Award, and the Czech Lion.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Miloš Forman's childhood was marked by the early loss of his parents. His mother, Anna Formanová, was murdered in 1943 in the concentration camp Auschwitz, and his father, Rudolf Forman, in the concentration camp Mittelbau-Dora in 1944. Close relatives and friends of his parents raised him. After attending grammar school in Náchod, he went to a boarding school in Poděbrady following the end of the war; among his class-mates were Václav Havel and Jerzy Skolimowski.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Along with cinematographer Miroslav Ondříček and long-time friend from school Ivan Passer, Forman filmed the silent documentary "Semafor" about the Semafor theater. Forman's first important production was "Audition," a documentary about competing singers. He directed several Czech comedies in Czechoslovakia. He was in Paris negotiating the production of his first American film during the Prague Spring in 1968. His employer, a Czech studio, fired him, so he decided to move to the United States. He moved to New York, where he later became a professor of film at Columbia University in 1978 and co-chair (with his former teacher František Daniel) of Columbia's film department. One of his protégés was future director James Mangold, whom he mentored at Columbia. He regularly collaborated with cinematographer Miroslav Ondříček.


title: Miloš Forman

text: "Black Peter" is one of the first and most representative films of the Czechoslovak New Wave. It won the Golden Leopard award at the Locarno International Film Festival.


title: Miloš Forman

text: It covers the first few days in the working life of a Czech teenager. In Czechoslovakia in 1964, the aimless Petr (Ladislav Jakim) starts work as a security guard in a busy self-service supermarket; unfortunately, he is so lacking in confidence that even when he sees shoplifters, he cannot bring himself to confront them. He is similarly tongue-tied with the lovely Asa (Pavla Martínková) and during the lectures about personal responsibility and the dignity of labor that his blustering father (Jan Vostrčil) delivers at home.


title: Miloš Forman

text: "Loves of a Blonde" is one of the best–known movies of the Czechoslovak New Wave, and won awards at the Venice and Locarno film festivals. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1967.


title: Miloš Forman

text: A 1967 originally Czechoslovak–Italian co-production, this was Forman's first color film. It is one of the best–known movies of the Czechoslovak New Wave. On the face of it a naturalistic representation of an ill-fated social event in a provincial town, the film has been seen by both film scholars and the then-authorities in Czechoslovakia as a biting satire on East European Communism, which resulted in it being banned for many years in Forman's home country. The Czech term "zhasnout" ("to switch lights off"), associated with petty theft in the film, was used to describe the large-scale asset stripping that occurred in the country during the 1990s.


title: Miloš Forman

text: The first movie Forman made in the United States, "Taking Off" won the Grand Prix at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. The film starred Lynn Carlin and Buck Henry, and also featured Linnea Heacock as Jeannie. The film was critically panned and left Forman struggling to find work. Forman later said that it did so poorly he ended up owing the studio $500.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Despite the failure of "Taking Off", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside "It Happened One Night" and "The Silence of the Lambs"), it firmly established Forman's reputation.


title: Miloš Forman

text: The success of "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" allowed Forman to direct his long-planned film version of "Hair" in 1979, a rock musical based on the Broadway musical by James Rado, Gerome Ragni, and Galt MacDermot. The film starred Treat Williams, John Savage and Beverly D'Angelo. It was disowned by the writers of the original musical, and, although it received positive reviews, it did not do well financially.


title: Miloš Forman

text: It is a 1981 American drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1975 historical novel "Ragtime" by E.L. Doctorow.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman's next important achievement was an adaptation of Peter Shaffer's "Amadeus". Retelling the story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri, it starred Tom Hulce, Elizabeth Berridge, and F. Murray Abraham. The film was internationally acclaimed and won eight Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor (for Abraham).


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman's adaptation of Pierre Choderlos de Laclos's novel "Les Liaisons dangereuses" had its premiere on 17 November 1989. Another film adaptation by Stephen Frears from the same source material had been released the previous year and overshadowed Forman's adaptation. The film starred Colin Firth, Meg Tilly, and Annette Bening.


title: Miloš Forman

text: The 1996 biographical film of the pornography mogul Larry Flynt brought Forman another directing Oscar nomination. The film starred Woody Harrelson, Courtney Love, and Edward Norton. Though critically acclaimed, it grossed only $20 million at the box office.


title: Miloš Forman

text: The biography of famous actor and avant-garde comic Andy Kaufman (Jim Carrey, who won a Golden Globe for his performance) premiered on 22 December 1999. The film also starred Danny DeVito, Courtney Love, and Paul Giamatti. Several actors from "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" appeared in the film, including DeVito.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In 2000, Forman performed alongside actor Edward Norton in Norton's directorial debut, "Keeping the Faith" (2000), as the wise friend to Norton's conflicted priest.


title: Miloš Forman

text: This biography of the Spanish painter Francisco Goya (an American-Spanish co-production) premiered on 8 November 2006. The film starred Natalie Portman, Javier Bardem, Stellan Skarsgård and Randy Quaid. It struggled at the box office.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In the late 1950s, Forman and Josef Škvorecký started adapting Škvorecký's short story "Eine kleine Jazzmusik" for the screen. The script, named "Kapela to vyhrála" ("The Band Won It"), tells the story of a student jazz band during the Nazi Occupation of Czechoslovakia. The script was submitted to Barrandov Film Studios. The studio required changes and both artists continued to rewrite the script. Right before the film started shooting, the whole project was completely scrapped, most probably due to intervention from people at the top of the political scene, as Škvorecký had just published his novel "The Cowards", which was strongly criticized by communist politicians. The story "Eine kleine Jazzmusik" was dramatized as a TV film in the 1990s. In the spring and summer of 1968, Škvorecký and Forman cooperated again by jointly writing a script synopsis to make a film version of "The Cowards". After Škvorecký fled the Warsaw Pact invasion the synopsis was translated into English, but no film was made.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In the mid-1960s Forman, Passer and Papoušek were working on a script about a soldier secretly living in Lucerna Palace in Prague. They got stuck writing the script and went to a village firemen's ball. Inspired by the experience they decided to cancel the script and write The Firemen's Ball instead.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In the early 1990s, Forman co-wrote a screenplay with Adam Davidson. The screenplay, titled "Hell Camp", was about an American-Japanese love affair in the world of sumo wrestlers. The picture was funded by TriStar Pictures and cancelled just four days before shooting because of the disapproval of the Japan Sumo Association, while Forman refused to make the changes requested by the association.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In the early 2000s, Forman developed a film project to be titled "Ember," adapted by Jean-Claude Carrière from Hungarian novelist Sándor Márai’s novel. The film was about two men in the former Austria-Hungary Empire from different social backgrounds who become friends in military school and meet again 41 years later. Forman cast Sean Connery and Klaus Maria Brandauer as well as Winona Ryder. Several months before shooting, Sean Connery and the Italian producer had a disagreement and Connery withdrew from the project. Forman was so convinced that Sean Connery fit the role that he didn't want to shoot the film without him and cancelled the project a few days before the shooting was due to start.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In the late 2000s, the screenplay for "Ghost of Munich" was written by Forman, Jean-Claude Carriere, and Václav Havel (the former Czech president and writer, who had studied at school with Forman), inspired by the novel by the French novelist . The story takes a closer look at the events that surrounded the Munich Agreement. The role of the French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier was supposed to have been played by the French actor Mathieu Amalric with his older self played by Gérard Depardieu. However, the production company Pathé was not able to fund the project.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman was born in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) to Anna Švábová Forman who ran a summer hotel. When young, he believed his biological father to be professor Rudolf Forman. His parents attended a Protestant church. During the Nazi occupation, Rudolf Forman, a member of the resistance, was arrested for distributing banned books, and reportedly died from typhus in Mittelbau-Dora, a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp in May 1944. Another version has it that he died in Mittelbau-Dora during interrogation. Forman's mother had been murdered in Auschwitz in March the previous year. Forman said that he did not fully understand what had happened to them until he saw footage of the concentration camps when he was 16.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman was subsequently raised by two uncles and by family friends. His older brother Pavel was a painter 12 years his senior and he emigrated to Australia after the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia. Forman later discovered that his biological father was in fact the Jewish architect Otto Kohn, a survivor of the Holocaust, and Forman was thus a half-brother of mathematician Joseph J. Kohn.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In his youth, Forman wanted to become a theatrical producer. After the war, he attended the King George boarding school in Poděbrady, where his fellow students included Václav Havel, the Mašín brothers, and future film-makers Ivan Passer and Jerzy Skolimowski. He later studied screenwriting at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. He was assistant of Alfréd Radok, creator of Laterna Magika. Along with fellow filmmaker and friend Passer, he left Europe for the United States during the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in summer 1968.


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman's first wife was Czech movie star Jana Brejchová. They met while making "Štěňata" (1957). They divorced in 1962. Forman had twin sons with his second wife Czech actress and singer . They separated in 1969. Their sons and (b. 1964) are both involved in the theatre. Forman married on 28 November 1999, and they also had twin sons Jim and Andy (born 1999).


title: Miloš Forman

text: Forman was professor emeritus of film at Columbia University. In 1996, asteroid 11333 Forman was named after him. He wrote poems and published the autobiography "Turnaround" in 1994. After a short illness, he died at Danbury Hospital near his home in Warren, Connecticut on 13 April 2018 at age 86. He is interred at New Warren Cemetery in Warren, Connecticut.


title: Miloš Forman

text: In 1977, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1985, he headed the Cannes Film Festival and in 2000 did the same for the Venice Film Festival. He presided over a César Award ceremony in 1988. In April 2007, he took part in the jazz opera "Dobře placená procházka", itself a remake of the TV film he made in 1966. It premiered at the Prague National Theatre, directed by Forman's son, Petr Forman. Named 30th greatest Czech by "Největší Čech" Forman's films "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus" were selected for the National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in 1993 and 2019 respectively


title: Moving average

text: In statistics, a moving average (rolling average or running average) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different subsets of the full data set. It is also called a moving mean (MM) or rolling mean and is a type of finite impulse response filter. Variations include: simple, cumulative, or weighted forms (described below).


title: Moving average

text: Given a series of numbers and a fixed subset size, the first element of the moving average is obtained by taking the average of the initial fixed subset of the number series. Then the subset is modified by "shifting forward"; that is, excluding the first number of the series and including the next value in the subset.


title: Moving average

text: A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles. The threshold between short-term and long-term depends on the application, and the parameters of the moving average will be set accordingly. It is also used in economics to examine gross domestic product, employment or other macroeconomic time series. Mathematically, a moving average is a type of convolution and so it can be viewed as an example of a low-pass filter used in signal processing. When used with non-time series data, a moving average filters higher frequency components without any specific connection to time, although typically some kind of ordering is implied. Viewed simplistically it can be regarded as smoothing the data.


title: Moving average

text: In financial applications a simple moving average (SMA) is the unweighted mean of the previous formula_1 data-points. However, in science and engineering, the mean is normally taken from an equal number of data on either side of a central value. This ensures that variations in the mean are aligned with the variations in the data rather than being shifted in time. An example of a simple equally weighted running mean is the mean over the last formula_1 entries of a data-set containing formula_3 entries. Let those data-points be formula_4. This could be closing prices of a stock. The mean over the last formula_1 data-points (days in this example) is denoted as formula_6 and calculated as:


title: Moving average

text: When calculating the next mean formula_8 with the same sampling width formula_1 the range from formula_10 to formula_11 is considered. A new value formula_12 comes into the sum and the oldest value formula_13 drops out. This simplifies the calculations by reusing the previous mean formula_14.


title: Moving average

text: This means that the moving average filter can be computed quite cheaply on real time data with a FIFO / circular buffer and only 3 arithmetic steps.


title: Moving average

text: During the initial filling of the FIFO / circular buffer the sampling window is equal to the data-set size thus formula_16 and the average calculation is performed as a cumulative moving average.


title: Moving average

text: The period selected (formula_1) depends on the type of movement of interest, such as short, intermediate, or long-term. In financial terms, moving-average levels can be interpreted as support in a falling market or resistance in a rising market.


title: Moving average

text: If the data used are not centered around the mean, a simple moving average lags behind the latest datum by half the sample width. An SMA can also be disproportionately influenced by old data dropping out or new data coming in. One characteristic of the SMA is that if the data has a periodic fluctuation, then applying an SMA of that period will eliminate that variation (the average always containing one complete cycle). But a perfectly regular cycle is rarely encountered.


title: Moving average

text: For a number of applications, it is advantageous to avoid the shifting induced by using only "past" data. Hence a central moving average can be computed, using data equally spaced on either side of the point in the series where the mean is calculated. This requires using an odd number of points in the sample window.


title: Moving average

text: A major drawback of the SMA is that it lets through a significant amount of the signal shorter than the window length. Worse, it "actually inverts it". This can lead to unexpected artifacts, such as peaks in the smoothed result appearing where there were troughs in the data. It also leads to the result being less smooth than expected since some of the higher frequencies are not properly removed.


title: Moving average

text: In a cumulative average (CA), the data arrive in an ordered datum stream, and the user would like to get the average of all of the data up until the current datum. For example, an investor may want the average price of all of the stock transactions for a particular stock up until the current time. As each new transaction occurs, the average price at the time of the transaction can be calculated for all of the transactions up to that point using the cumulative average, typically an equally weighted average of the sequence of "n" values formula_18 up to the current time:


title: Moving average

text: A weighted average is an average that has multiplying factors to give different weights to data at different positions in the sample window. Mathematically, the weighted moving average is the convolution of the data with a fixed weighting function. One application is removing pixelization from a digital graphical image.


title: Moving average

text: In the financial field, and more specifically in the analyses of financial data, a weighted moving average (WMA) has the specific meaning of weights that decrease in arithmetical progression. In an "n"-day WMA the latest day has weight "n", the second latest formula_20, etc., down to one.


title: Moving average

text: The denominator is a triangle number equal to formula_22 In the more general case the denominator will always be the sum of the individual weights.


title: Moving average

text: When calculating the WMA across successive values, the difference between the numerators of formula_23 and formula_24 is formula_25. If we denote the sum formula_26 by formula_27, then


title: Moving average

text: The graph at the right shows how the weights decrease, from highest weight for the most recent data, down to zero. It can be compared to the weights in the exponential moving average which follows.


title: Moving average

text: An exponential moving average (EMA), also known as an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), is a first-order infinite impulse response filter that applies weighting factors which decrease exponentially. The weighting for each older datum decreases exponentially, never reaching zero.


title: Moving average

text: Other weighting systems are used occasionally – for example, in share trading a volume weighting will weight each time period in proportion to its trading volume.


title: Moving average

text: A further weighting, used by actuaries, is Spencer's 15-Point Moving Average (a central moving average). Its symmetric weight coefficients are [−3, −6, −5, 3, 21, 46, 67, 74, 67, 46, 21, 3, −5, −6, −3], which factors as and leaves samples of any cubic polynomial unchanged.


title: Moving average

text: Outside the world of finance, weighted running means have many forms and applications. Each weighting function or "kernel" has its own characteristics. In engineering and science the frequency and phase response of the filter is often of primary importance in understanding the desired and undesired distortions that a particular filter will apply to the data.


title: Moving average

text: A mean does not just "smooth" the data. A mean is a form of low-pass filter. The effects of the particular filter used should be understood in order to make an appropriate choice. On this point, the French version of this article discusses the spectral effects of 3 kinds of means (cumulative, exponential, Gaussian).


title: Moving average

text: From a statistical point of view, the moving average, when used to estimate the underlying trend in a time series, is susceptible to rare events such as rapid shocks or other anomalies. A more robust estimate of the trend is the simple moving median over "n" time points:


title: Moving average

text: where the median is found by, for example, sorting the values inside the brackets and finding the value in the middle. For larger values of "n", the median can be efficiently computed by updating an indexable skiplist.


title: Moving average

text: Statistically, the moving average is optimal for recovering the underlying trend of the time series when the fluctuations about the trend are normally distributed. However, the normal distribution does not place high probability on very large deviations from the trend which explains why such deviations will have a disproportionately large effect on the trend estimate. It can be shown that if the fluctuations are instead assumed to be Laplace distributed, then the moving median is statistically optimal. For a given variance, the Laplace distribution places higher probability on rare events than does the normal, which explains why the moving median tolerates shocks better than the moving mean.


title: Moving average

text: When the simple moving median above is central, the smoothing is identical to the median filter which has applications in, for example, image signal processing.


title: Moving average

text: In a moving average regression model, a variable of interest is assumed to be a weighted moving average of unobserved independent error terms; the weights in the moving average are parameters to be estimated.


title: Moving average

text: Those two concepts are often confused due to their name, but while they share many similarities, they represent distinct methods and are used in very different contexts.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Tropic of Cancer is a novel by Henry Miller that has been described as "notorious for its candid sexuality" and as responsible for the "free speech that we now take for granted in literature." It was first published in 1934 by the Obelisk Press in Paris, France, but this edition was banned in the United States. Its publication in 1961 in the United States by Grove Press led to obscenity trials that tested American laws on pornography in the early 1960s. In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the book non-obscene. It is regarded as an important work of 20th-century literature.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Miller wrote the book between 1930 and 1934 during his "nomadic life" in Paris. The fictional Villa Borghese was actually 18 Villa Seurat in Paris' 14th arrondissement. As Miller discloses in the text of the book, he first intended to title it "Crazy Cock". Miller gave the following explanation of why the book's title was "Tropic of Cancer": "It was because to me cancer symbolizes the disease of civilization, the endpoint of the wrong path, the necessity to change course radically, to start completely over from scratch."


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Anaïs Nin helped to edit the book. In 1934, Jack Kahane's Obelisk Press published the book with financial backing from Nin, who had borrowed the money from Otto Rank.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: These novels will give way, by and by, to diaries or autobiographies—captivating books, if only a man knew how to choose among what he calls his experiences that which is really his experience, and how to record truth truly.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: The 1961 edition includes an introduction by Karl Shapiro written in 1960 and titled "The Greatest Living Author". The first three sentences are:


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: I call Henry Miller the greatest living author because I think he is. I do not call him a poet because he has never written a poem; he even dislikes poetry, I think. But everything he has written is a poem in the best as well as in the broadest sense of the word.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Here is a book which, if such a thing were possible, might restore our appetite for the fundamental realities. The predominant note will seem one of bitterness, and bitterness there is, to the full. But there is also a wild extravagance, a mad gaiety, a verve, a gusto, at times almost a delirium.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Set in France (primarily Paris) during the late 1920s and early 1930s, "Tropic of Cancer" centers on Miller's life as a struggling writer. Late in the novel, Miller explains his artistic approach to writing the book itself, stating:


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Up to the present, my idea of collaborating with myself has been to get off the gold standard of literature. My idea briefly has been to present a resurrection of the emotions, to depict the conduct of a human being in the stratosphere of ideas, that is, in the grip of delirium.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Combining autobiography and fiction, some chapters follow a narrative of some kind and refer to Miller's actual friends, colleagues, and workplaces; others are written as stream-of-consciousness reflections that are occasionally epiphanic. The novel is written in the first person, as are many of Miller's other novels, and does not have a linear organization, but rather fluctuates frequently between the past and present.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: The book largely functions as an immersive meditation on the human condition. As a struggling writer, Miller describes his experience living among a community of bohemians in Paris, where he intermittently suffers from hunger, homelessness, squalor, loneliness, and despair over his recent separation from his wife. Describing his perception of Paris during this time, Miller wrote:


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: One can live in Paris—I discovered that!—on just grief and anguish. A bitter nourishment—perhaps the best there is for certain people. At any rate, I had not yet come to the end of my rope. I was only flirting with disaster. ... I understood then why it is that Paris attracts the tortured, the hallucinated, the great maniacs of love. I understood why it is that here, at the very hub of the wheel, one can embrace the most fantastic, the most impossible theories, without finding them in the least strange; it is here that one reads again the books of his youth and the enigmas take on new meanings, one for every white hair. One walks the streets knowing that he is mad, possessed, because it is only too obvious that these cold, indifferent faces are the visages of one's keepers. Here all boundaries fade away and the world reveals itself for the mad slaughterhouse that it is. The treadmill stretches away to infinitude, the hatches are closed down tight, logic runs rampant, with bloody cleaver flashing.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: There are many passages explicitly describing the narrator's sexual encounters. In 1978, literary scholar Donald Gutierrez argued that the sexual comedy in the book was "undeniably low... [but with] a stronger visceral appeal than high comedy". The characters are caricatures, and the male characters "stumbl[e] through the mazes of their conceptions of woman".


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Music and dance are other recurrent themes in the book. Music is used "as a sign of the flagging vitality Miller everywhere rejects". References to dancing include a comparison of loving Mona to a "dance of death", and a call for the reader to join in "a last expiring dance" even though "we are doomed".


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: O Tania, where now is that warm cunt of yours, those fat, heavy garters, those soft, bulging thighs? There is a bone in my prick six inches long. I will ream out every wrinkle in your cunt, Tania, big with seed. I will send you home to your Sylvester with an ache in your belly and your womb turned inside out. Your Sylvester! Yes, he knows how to build a fire, but I know how to inflame a cunt. I shoot hot bolts into you, Tania, I make your ovaries incandescent.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Upon the book's publication in France in 1934, the United States Customs Service banned the book from being imported into the U.S. sold copies of the novel smuggled from Paris during the 1930s at her Gotham Book Mart, which led to lawsuits. A copyright-infringing edition of the novel was published in New York City in 1940 by "Medusa" (Jacob Brussel); its last page claimed its place of publication to be Mexico. Brussel was eventually sent to jail for three years for the edition.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: In 1950, Ernest Besig, the director of the American Civil Liberties Union in San Francisco, attempted to import "Tropic of Cancer" along with Miller's other novel, "Tropic of Capricorn", to the United States. Customs detained the novels and Besig sued the government. Before the case went to trial, Besig requested a motion to admit 19 depositions from literary critics testifying to the "literary value of the novels and to Miller's stature as a serious writer". The motion was denied by Judge Louis A. Goodman. The case went to trial with Goodman presiding. Goodman declared both novels obscene. Besig appealed the decision to the Ninth Circuit of Appeals, but the novels were once again declared "obscene" in a unanimous decision in "Besig v. United States".


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: In 1961, when Grove Press legally published the book in the United States, over 60 obscenity lawsuits in over 21 states were brought against booksellers that sold it. The opinions of courts varied; for example, in his dissent from the majority holding that the book was not obscene, Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Michael Musmanno wrote "Cancer" is "not a book. It is a cesspool, an open sewer, a pit of putrefaction, a slimy gathering of all that is rotten in the debris of human depravity."


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Publisher Barney Rosset hired lawyer Charles Rembar to help Rosset lead the "effort to assist every bookseller prosecuted, regardless of whether there was a legal obligation to do so". Rembar successfully argued two appeals cases, in Massachusetts and New Jersey, although the book continued to be judged obscene in New York and other states.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court, in "Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein", cited "Jacobellis v. Ohio" (which was decided the same day) and overruled state court findings that "Tropic of Cancer" was obscene.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: In 1935, H. L. Mencken read the 1934 Paris edition, and sent an encouraging note to Miller: "I read "Tropic of Cancer" a month ago. It seems to me to be a really excellent piece of work, and I so reported to the person who sent it to me. Of this, more when we meet."


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: George Orwell reviewed "Tropic of Cancer" in "The New English Weekly" in 1935. Orwell focused on Miller's descriptions of sexual encounters, which he deemed significant for their "attempt to get at real facts", and which he saw as a departure from dominant trends. Orwell argued that, although Miller concerns himself with uglier aspects of life, he is nonetheless not quite a pessimist, and seems to find that the contemplation of ugliness makes life more worthwhile rather than less. Concluding, he described "Tropic of Cancer" as "a remarkable book" and recommended it to "anyone who can get hold of a copy" Returning to the novel in the essay "Inside the Whale" (1940), George Orwell wrote the following:


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: I earnestly counsel anyone who has not done so to read at least "Tropic of Cancer". With a little ingenuity, or by paying a little over the published price, you can get hold of it, and even if parts of it disgust you, it will stick in your memory. ... Here in my opinion is the only imaginative prose-writer of the slightest value who has appeared among the English-speaking races for some years past. Even if that is objected to as an overstatement, it will probably be admitted that Miller is a writer out of the ordinary, worth more than a single glance...


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Samuel Beckett hailed it as "a momentous event in the history of modern writing". Norman Mailer, in his 1976 book on Miller entitled "Genius and Lust", called it "one of the ten or twenty great novels of our century, a revolution in consciousness equal to "The Sun Also Rises"".


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: The tone of the book is undoubtedly low; "The Tropic of Cancer", in fact, from the point of view both of its happenings and of the language in which they are conveyed, is the lowest book of any real literary merit that I ever remember to have read... there is a strange amenity of temper and style which bathes the whole composition even when it is disgusting or tiresome.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: Critics and Miller himself have claimed that Miller was influenced by the following in writing the novel:


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: "Tropic of Cancer" "has had a huge and indelible impact on both the American literary tradition and American society as a whole". The novel influenced many writers, as exemplified by the following:


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: The novel was adapted for a 1970 film "Tropic of Cancer" directed by Joseph Strick, and starring Rip Torn, James T. Callahan, and Ellen Burstyn. Miller was a "technical consultant" during the production of the movie; although he had reservations about the adaptation of the book, he praised the final movie. The film was rated X in the United States, which was later changed to an NC-17 rating.


title: Tropic of Cancer (novel)

text: The typescript of the book was auctioned for $165,000 in 1986. Yale University now owns the typescript, which was displayed to the public in 2001.


title: Boson

text: In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0,1,2 ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin (, ...). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Bosons are named after physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.


title: Boson

text: Some bosons are elementary particles and occupy a special role in particle physics unlike that of fermions, which are sometimes described as the constituents of "ordinary matter". Some elementary bosons (for example, gluons) act as force carriers, which give rise to forces between other particles, while one (the Higgs boson) gives rise to the phenomenon of mass. Other bosons, such as mesons, are composite particles made up of smaller constituents.


title: Boson

text: Outside the realm of particle physics, superfluidity arises because composite bosons (bose particles), such as low temperature helium-4 atoms, follow Bose–Einstein statistics; similarly, superconductivity arises because some quasiparticles, such as Cooper pairs, behave in the same way.


title: Boson

text: The name "boson" was coined by Paul Dirac to commemorate the contribution of Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist and professor of physics at the University of Calcutta and at the University of Dhaka, who developed, in conjunction with Albert Einstein, the theory characterising such particles, now known as Bose–Einstein statistics.


title: Boson

text: All observed elementary particles are either bosons (with integer spin) or fermions (with odd half-integer spin). Whereas the elementary particles that make up ordinary matter (leptons and quarks) are fermions, the elementary bosons occupy a special role in particle physics. They act either as force carriers which give rise to forces between other particles, or in one case give rise to the phenomenon of mass.


title: Boson

text: A "tensor boson" (spin=2) called the graviton (G) has been hypothesised as the force carrier for gravity, but so far all attempts to incorporate gravity into the Standard Model have failed.


title: Boson

text: Composite particles (such as hadrons, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. Since bosons have integer spin and fermions odd half-integer spin, any composite particle made up of an even number of fermions is a boson.


title: Boson

text: As quantum particles, the behaviour of multiple indistinguishable bosons at high densities is described by Bose–Einstein statistics. One characteristic which becomes important in superfluidity and other applications of Bose–Einstein condensates is that there is no restriction on the number of bosons that may occupy the same quantum state. As a consequence, when (for example) a gas of helium-4 atoms is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero and the kinetic energy of the particles becomes negligible, it condenses into a low-energy state and becomes a superfluid.


title: Boson

text: Certain quasiparticles are observed to behave as bosons and to follow Bose–Einstein statistics, including Cooper pairs, plasmons and phonons.


title: Priya Anand

text: Priya Anand (born 17 September 1986) is an Indian actress and model who predominantly appears in Tamil films. She has also appeared in Telugu, Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam films. After pursuing higher studies in the US, she began a career in modelling in 2008 before making her acting debut in the Tamil film "Vaamanan" (2009) and then her Telugu debut in "Leader" a year later. She made her Hindi debut in 2012 with a supporting role in "English Vinglish" and subsequently appeared in the films "Fukrey" (2013) and "Rangrezz" (2013).


title: Priya Anand

text: Priya Anand was born on 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. She is the only child to a Tamil mother and a half-Telugu, half-Marathi father. She was brought up in both her parents' hometowns, Chennai and Hyderabad, becoming fluent in Tamil and Telugu. Besides native languages, Priya is proficient in English, Bengali, Hindi, Marathi and Spanish as well.


title: Priya Anand

text: Priya became fascinated with films, developing an interest in cinema, since childhood, and noted that she has been dreaming of getting into the film industry and working on technical aspects of film making, but confesses she never thought of becoming an actor. She moved to the US, where she pursued her higher studies. Keeping her later career in mind, she studied communications and journalism at SUNY Albany. In 2008, she returned to India and ventured into modeling, appearing in various television advertisements like "Nutrine Maha Lacto", "Prince Jewellery" and "Cadbury Dairy Milk".


title: Priya Anand

text: Priya was initially supposed to make her acting debut in the Tamil film "Pugaippadam", which she signed up first, but since its release was delayed until 2010, her first release became the action-thriller "Vaamanan", directed by newcomer Ahmed. She was signed for the project in late 2008 to portray Divya, a simple girl next-door, whom the male lead character, played by Jai, would fall in love with. The film created some anticipation before its release, mainly due to its hit music by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which enabled a big opening, with the song "Aedho Saigirai", which was picturised on her, being considered as her "claim-to-fame" that made her popular among Tamil audience, and being dubbed as a "Priya song". However the film got a lukewarm reception and fared only averagely at the Chennai box office.


title: Priya Anand

text: In 2010, three of her films released within a short span of time, the first on New Year 2010, which was the college-life based drama "Pugaippadam", a film revolving around the friendship between seven students. Priya enacted the character of one of the student roles, a Malayali Christian named Shiney George. The film opened to mixed reviews and proved to be commercially unsuccessful. She next starred in her first Telugu film, AVM Productions' Sekhar Kammula directed political drama "Leader", alongside newcomers Rana Daggubati and Richa Gangopadhyay. She recalls that an assistant director of Kammula had found her on Facebook and invited her and how she had to audition thrice for the film to prove herself and eventually got the offer. She played Ratna Prabha, a television channel reporter and friend to a young man, who would later go on to become a political leader. Although her screen presence in the film was very limited, her performance garnered overwhelming response and was well received, while the film itself earned positive reviews and became a critical success. The Dil Raju-produced family entertainer "Rama Rama Krishna Krishna" was her last 2010 release, in which she plays the love interest of the film's male protagonist. She next starred in "180", a bilingual Tamil-Telugu project by ad filmmaker Jayendra, which was her only release in 2011.


title: Priya Anand

text: She has made her debut Hindi film "English Vinglish" (2012), produced by R Balki, in which she had shared screen with Sridevi, who Priya admires and considers her idol. Priya said: "I signed this film just to be up and close to an artist who has influenced me and to be part of something that was so important to her. I'm doing this movie as her fan and I'm fortunate enough to play a very important part in her journey in the film". She acted in Telugu romance movie, "Ko Antey Koti" (2012). Her Hindi films in 2013 were "Rangrezz" and "Fukrey". In Tamil, she play the lead role in "Ethir Neechal" (2013) with Sivakarthikeyan and Nandita Swetha. The film is a box-office winner. In "Vanakkam Chennai" (2013) with Shiva, the film has received to positive reviews and was "Hit" at the box office.


title: Priya Anand

text: She acted simultaneously for four Tamil films; "Arima Nambi" (2014) features Vikram Prabhu, "Irumbu Kuthirai" (2014) stars Atharvaa, with Vimal in "Oru Oorla Rendu Raja" (2014) and "Vai Raja Vai" (2015) features her opposite Gautham Karthik. Priya Anand has shot for a special cameo in G. V. Prakash Kumar’s "Trisha Illana Nayanthara" (2015) which is being directed by newcomer Adhik Ravichandran.


title: Priya Anand

text: Priya Anand debuted in Malayalam with the Prithviraj starrer horror thriller "Ezra" (2017). The film was released to positive reviews. The next was a Tamil movie, "Muthuramalingam" (2017). However this movie was a failure. Priya Anand made her Kannada debut with the much-hyped "Raajakumara" (2017) and added a new dimension to her career. A Santhosh Ananddram directorial, it featured Puneeth Rajkumar in the lead became an 'industry hit'. Praising the Kannada film industry, Priya said that she wants to do more Kannada films in the near future and added that Sandalwood is associated with some really good films. She also said that language is not a barrier for her. His next projects were followed by comedies in Tamil with "Kootathil Oruthan" (2017) and Hindi with "Fukrey Returns" (2017). Priya Anand's long time desire to work in a period film highly anticipated Malayalam release "Kayamkulam Kochunni" (2018), which stars Nivin Pauly. Priya's character played a pivotal role in the life of Kochunni. Priya, who won over the Kannada cinema audience right in her first film, has worked with Ganesh in "Orange" (2018). She appeared in the Malayalam "Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel" (2019) starring Dileep. Priya Anand appears as a Data Analyst for Elections in the political satire Tamil film "LKG" (2019). She was seen in Dhruv Vikram’s debut, "Adithya Varma" (2019), in a supporting role. Priya Anand to reunite opposite Puneeth Rajkumar again in "James". The next one in Tamil is "Sumo", a comedy-drama in which she is paired opposite Shiva.


title: Priya Anand

text: On 20 June 2011, Priya became an ambassador for the Save the Children campaign for both Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.


title: Dolores del Río

text: María de los Dolores Asúnsolo y López Negrete (3 August 1904 – 11 April 1983), known professionally as Dolores del Río (), was a Mexican actress. With a career spanning more than 50 years, she is regarded as the first major female Latin American crossover star in Hollywood. Along with a notable career in American cinema during the 1920s and 1930s, she was also considered one of the most important female figures in the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, and one of the most beautiful actresses of her era.


title: Dolores del Río

text: After being discovered in Mexico, she began her film career in Hollywood in 1925. She had roles on a string of successful films, including "Resurrection" (1927), "Ramona" (1928) and "Evangeline" (1929). Del Río came to be considered a sort of feminine version of Rudolph Valentino, a "female Latin Lover", in her years during the American "silent" era.


title: Dolores del Río

text: With the advent of sound, she acted in a range of film genres, from contemporary crime melodramas to musical comedies and romantic dramas. Among her most successful films of that decade include "Bird of Paradise" (1932), "Flying Down to Rio" (1933) and "Madame Du Barry" (1934). In the early 1940s, when her Hollywood career began to decline, Del Río returned to Mexico and joined the Mexican film industry, which at that time was at its peak.


title: Dolores del Río

text: When Del Río returned to her native country, she became one of the more important stars of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. A series of Mexican films starring Del Rio are considered classic masterpieces and helped boost Mexican cinema worldwide. Of them stands out the critically acclaimed "María Candelaria" (1943). Del Río remained active mainly in Mexican films throughout the 1950s. In 1960 she returned to Hollywood. During the next years she appeared in Mexican and American films. From the late 1950s until the early 1970s she also successfully ventured into theater in Mexico and appeared in some American TV series.


title: Dolores del Río

text: María de los Dolores Asúnsolo y López Negrete, was born in Victoria de Durango, Mexico on 3 August 1904, daughter of Jesús Leonardo Asúnsolo Jacques, son of wealthy farmers and director of the Bank of Durango, and Antonia López Negrete, belonging to one of the richest families in the country, whose lineage went back to Spain and the viceregal nobility.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Her parents were members of the Mexican aristocracy that existed during the Porfiriato (period in the history of Mexico when the dictator Porfirio Díaz was the president). On her mother's side, she was a cousin of the filmmaker Julio Bracho and of actors Ramón Novarro (one of the "Latin Lovers" of the silent cinema) and Andrea Palma (another prominent actress of the Mexican cinema). On her father's side, she was a cousin of the Mexican sculptor Ignacio Asúnsolo and the social activist and model María Asúnsolo. Additionally, she was the aunt of the actress Diana Bracho.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Dolores's family lost all its assets during the Mexican Revolution that spanned from 1910 to 1920. Durango aristocratic families were threatened by the insurrection that Pancho Villa was leading in the region. The Asúnsolo family decided to escape, her father to the United States, and she and her mother to Mexico City on a train, disguised as peasants. In 1912, the Asúnsolo family reunited in Mexico City and lived under the protection of then-president Francisco I. Madero, who was a cousin of Antonia.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Dolores attended the Collège Français de Saint-Joseph, a college run by French nuns and located in Mexico City. She also developed a great taste for dance, that awakened in her when her mother took her to one of the Russian dancer's Ana Pavlova performances, where she was fascinated by seeing her dance and decided to become a dancer herself. She confirmed her decision later when she witnessed the performances of Antonia Mercé "La Argentina" in Mexico City. She then persuaded her mother to allow her to take dance lessons with the respected teacher Felipita López. However, she suffered from great insecurity and felt like an "ugly duckling". Her mother commissioned the renowned painter Alfredo Ramos Martínez (famous painter of the Mexican aristocracy) to paint a portrait of her daughter. The portrait helped her overcome her insecurities. In 1921, aged 17, Dolores was invited by a group of Mexican women to dance in a party to benefit a local hospital. At this party, she met Jaime Martínez del Río y Viñent, son of a wealthy family. Jaime had been educated in England and had spent some time in Europe. After a two-month courtship, the couple wed on 11 April 1921. It was from him that she inherited her artistic surname.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Her honeymoon with Jaime lasted two years and they carried it out traveling through Europe, where in a stop at Spain, Dolores danced for the kings of Spain (Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenie), who were fascinated to see her perform a dance performance for the soldiers of the war in Morocco.The kings thanked her deeply and the queen gave her a photograph. Returning to Mexico, Jaime decided to dedicate himself to growing cotton at Hacienda Las Cruces, in Nazas, Durango. However, a resounding fall in the world cotton market in 1924, caused an economic crisis for both and had to settle in Mexico City under the economic protection of their respective families. For her part, she had to sell her jewelry to try to recover a bit of the fortune she had lost with her husband. In addition to this, Dolores arrived pregnant when they returned to the country and had complications that could not be overcome, which caused a miscarriage and after which the doctors recommended not to get pregnant again since it would be very dangerous, taking away the possibility of having children.


title: Dolores del Río

text: In early 1925, the painter Adolfo Best Maugard, close friend of Dolores and her husband, visited their home and with him was an American filmmaker Edwin Carewe, an influential director at the First National Pictures, who was in Mexico for the wedding of actors Bert Lytell and Claire Windsor. Carewe was fascinated with Del Río and got determined to have her, so he invited the couple to work in Hollywood. He convinced Jaime, saying he could turn his wife into a movie star, "The female equivalent of Rudolph Valentino." Jaime thought that this proposal was a response to their economic needs. Deep down, he could also fulfill his old dream of writing screenplays in Hollywood. Breaking with all the canons of Mexican society at that time and against their families wishes, with the exception of Dolores's mother, they journeyed by train to the United States to start a career in film within that country. They arrived to Hollywood on 27 August of that year, where del Río was contracted by Carewe and he began to act as her agent, manager, producer and director. Her name was shortened to "Dolores Del Rio" (with an incorrect capital "D" in the word "del"). Seeking to get her a wide publicity to get the public's attention, Carewe made a report dedicated to Dolores in the major magazines in Hollywood which said:


title: Dolores del Río

text: She made her film debut in "Joanna" (1925), directed by Carewe and released that year. In the film del Río plays the role of Carlotta De Silva, a vamp of Spanish-Brazilian origin, but she appeared for only five minutes. While continuing with his advertising campaign for del Río, Carewe placed her with a secondary role in the film "High Steppers" (1926), starring Mary Astor. In the same year, Carl Laemmle, the head of Universal Studios, interested in casting del Río to act in the comedy "The Whole Town's Talking". These films were not big hits, but helped increase her profile with the movie-going public. Del Rio got her first starring role in the comedy "Pals First" (1926) also directed by Carewe, a lost film.


title: Dolores del Río

text: The film director Raoul Walsh called del Río to cast her in the war film "What Price Glory?" (1926 again). The film was a commercial success, becoming the second highest-grossing title of the year, grossing nearly $2 million in the United States alone. That same year, thanks to the remarkable progress in her career, she was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars of 1926, along with fellow newcomers Joan Crawford, Mary Astor, Janet Gaynor, Fay Wray and others.


title: Dolores del Río

text: In 1927, del Río and Carewe were hired by United Artists for the film "Resurrection" (1927), based on the novel by Leo Tolstoy. Del Río was selected as the heroine and Rod La Rocque starred as leading man. Due to the success of the film, Fox Film quickly began shooting "The Loves of Carmen" with del Río and Victor McLaglen in the main roles. The film was also directed by Raoul Walsh. Fox Film also called her to star in the film "No Other Woman" (1928), directed by Lou Tellegen.


title: Dolores del Río

text: When actress Renée Adorée began to show symptoms of tuberculosis, del Río was selected for the lead role of the MGM film "The Trail of '98", directed by Clarence Brown. The film was a huge success and brought favorable reviews from critics. Also in 1928, she was hired again by United Artists for the third film version of the successful novel "Ramona", directed again by Carewe. The success of the film was helped by the same name musical theme, written by L. Wolfe Gilbert and recorded by del Río. "Ramona" was the first United Artists film with synchronized sound.


title: Dolores del Río

text: In late 1928, Hollywood was concerned with the conversion to sound films. On 29 March, at Mary Pickford's bungalow, United Artists brought together Pickford, del Río, Douglas Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, and D. W. Griffith to speak on the radio show "The Dodge Brothers Hour" to prove they could meet the challenge of talking movies. Del Río surprised the audience by singing "Ramona" proving to be an actress with skills for sound cinema.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Although her career blossomed, her personal life was turbulent. Her marriage to Jaime Martínez ended in 1928. After a brief separation, Dolores filed for divorce. Six months later, she received news that Jaime had died in Germany. As if this were not enough, Del Río had to suffer incessant harassment from her discoverer, Edwin Carewe, who did not cease in his attempt to conquer her.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Del Rio made her third film with Raoul Walsh, "The Red Dance" (1928). Her next project was "Evangeline" (1929) a new production of United Artists also directed by Carewe and inspired by the epic poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The film was accompanied by a theme song written by Al Jolson and Billy Rose and played by del Río. Like "Ramona", the film was released with a Vitaphone disc selection of dialogue, music and sound effects.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Edwin Carewe had ambitions to marry del Río, with the intent that they become a famous Hollywood couple. Carewe prepared his divorce from his wife Mary Atkin and seeded false rumors in campaigns of his films. But during the filming of "Evangeline", United Artists convinced del Río to separate herself artistically and professionally from Carewe, who still held an exclusive contract with the actress.


title: Dolores del Río

text: In New York, following the successful premiere of "Evangeline", del Río declared to the reporters: "Mr. Carewe and I are just friends and companions in the art of the cinema. I will not marry Mr. Carewe." Eventually, she canceled her contract with him. Furious, Carewe filed criminal charges against Dolores. Advised by United Artists lawyers, Dolores reached an agreement with Carewe out of court. In spite of this settlement, Carewe started a campaign against her. In order to eclipse her, he filmed a new sound version of "Resurrection" starring Lupe Vélez, another popular Mexican film star and alleged rival of del Río.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Having finally broken off professionally from Carewe, del Río was prepared for the filming of her first talkie: "The Bad One", directed by George Fitzmaurice. The film was released in June 1930 with great success. Critics said that del Río could speak and sing in English with a charming accent. She was a suitable star for the talkies.


title: Dolores del Río

text: In 1930, del Río met Cedric Gibbons, an art director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and one of the most influential men in Hollywood, at a party at Hearst Castle. The couple began a romance and finally married on August 6, 1930. Shortly after her marriage, del Río fell seriously ill with a severe kidney infection. The doctors recommended long bed rest. This causes the end of her contract with United Artists. When she regained her health, she was hired exclusively by RKO Pictures. Her first film with the studio was "Girl of the Rio" released in 1931, and directed by Herbert Brenon.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Producer David O. Selznick called the filmmaker King Vidor and said: "I want del Río and Joel McCrea in a love story in the South Seas. I didn't have much of a story for the film, but be sure that it ends with the young beauty jumping into a volcano." "Bird of Paradise" (1932) was shot in Hawaii and del Río became a beautiful native. The film premiered on 13 September 1932 in New York, earning rave reviews. "Bird of Paradise" became somewhat controversial due to del Rio's daring costumes, as well as a revealing swimming scene. This film was made before the Production Code was strictly enforced.


title: Dolores del Río

text: As RKO got the result they expected, they quickly decided to have del Rio do another film, a musical comedy directed by Thornton Freeland: "Flying Down to Rio" of 1933. In the film, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers first appeared as dance partners. It featured del Río opposite Fred Astaire in an intricate dance number called "Orchids in the Moonlight". In this film, del Rio became the first major actress to wear a two-piece women's bathing suit on-screen. But after the premiere, RKO were worried about their economic problems and decided not to renew del Río's contract.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Jack Warner offered her a starring role in two films for Warner Bros. The first was the musical comedy "Wonder Bar" (1934), directed by Lloyd Bacon. Busby Berkeley was the choreographer and Al Jolson her co-star. del Río and Jolson were gradually stealing the show. Dolores's character grew, while the character of Kay Francis, the other female star of the film, was reduced. The film was released in March 1934 and was a success for Warners.


title: Dolores del Río

text: The second one was "Madame Du Barry" (also 1934) with del Río as star and William Dieterle as director. Dieterle focused on her beauty with the help of an extraordinary cloakroom designed for Dolores by Orry Kelly (considered one of the most beautiful and expensive at the time). But "Madame Du Barry" was a major cause of dispute between the studio and the Hays Code office, primarily because it presented the court of Louis XV as a sex farce centered around del Rio. The film was severely mutilated by censorship and was not the success which had been anticipated. Even so, the film is considered one of the most popular del Río's films in her period in Hollywood cinema.


title: Dolores del Río

text: In the same year, del Río, along with Ramón Novarro and Lupe Vélez, attended a special screening of the Mexican film "¡Que viva México!". The film was directed by Sergei Eisenstein, and was accused of promoting Communism in California with nationalist sentiment and socialist overtones. It was the first time that del Río was accused of being a communist in the United States, a circumstance that would eventually have consequences in her career inside the American film industry.


title: Dolores del Río

text: Warner called her again in 1935 to star in another musical comedy called "In Caliente" (1935), where she portrayed a sultry Mexican dancer who has an affair with the character of actor Pat O'Brien. Around the same time, she starred in "I Live for Love" (also 1935), with Busby Berkeley as a director. The film had dance numbers and Berkeley focused on her glamour with a sophisticated wardrobe. The last film she made with Warners was "The Widow from Monte Carlo" of 1936, which went unnoticed.


title: Dolores del Río

text: With the support of Universal Studios, in 1937 del Río filmed "The Devil's Playground" opposite Chester Morris and Richard Dix. However, despite the popularity of the three stars, the film was a failure. Dolores would decide to emigrate and sign a contract with 20th Century Fox to star in two films with George Sanders. She appeared with him in "Lancer Spy" of 1937 and "International Settlement" of 1938. Both films were box-office failures. This cinematographic failures caused her to focus on advertising, becoming known for advertisements in "Lucky Strike" (a cigarettes brand) and "Max Factor" (a makeup brand).