title: Midnight Oil

text: Bass guitarist Bones Hillman died on 7 November 2020 of cancer at his home in the United States. The surviving members of Midnight Oil announced Hillman's death in a statement which remembered him as "the bassist with the beautiful voice, the band member with the wicked sense of humour, and our brilliant musical comrade."


title: Midnight Oil

text: On 18 May 2021, Midnight Oil announced on Twitter their thirteenth album, with the working title "Show of Hands", was scheduled for release during their performance at the 2021 Byron Bay Bluesfest. As the event was cancelled on mid-August, and the majority of lineup was confirmed for the 2022 edition (set to 14 April), the band's plans to release the album remained undefined for some six months.


title: Midnight Oil

text: On 28 October 2021, the band released on YouTube a video for their first single from the album, "Rising Seas". They announced the single on Twitter: "The uncompromising song, released on the eve of [...] (COP26), adds the band's unique voice to billions of others around the world seeking a safe, habitable, and fair future for our planet." The band featured no bassist in the video, leaving only a bass guitar in a stand on the background beside the drums as a tribute to Hillman.


title: Midnight Oil

text: On 26 November 2021, the band officially announced the album "Resist", which was released 18 February 2022. With the announcement of the album came the release of national Australian tour dates for 2022, which the band confirmed would be their last – while simultaneously confirming that the band will continue to make music together in the future. "Resist: The Final Tour" concluded on 3 October 2022, at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney with a 40-song, three-and-a-half-hour set from the band.


title: Midnight Oil

text: Midnight Oil initially faced resistance from the mainstream media, but went on to sell over 20 million albums. They were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006, having won 11 ARIA Awards during their career. AllMusic noted that the band "brought a new sense of political and social immediacy to pop music", and were "inspirational and successful in their homeland", while critic Bernard Zuel wrote, "It's been said of Midnight Oil that 'this is what Australia sounds like'." Author Tim Winton remarked, "It was almost too much to believe that rock music could be about anything but itself. You know: life on the road and the inconvenience of VD. Dicks and chicks. Faux Americana. Finally someone was playing stuff that was musically idiosyncratic, fresh and strong. And authentic." "Spin" founder Bob Guccione Jr. said of Midnight Oil, "If they were from New Jersey they'd be bigger than U2." "Guardian" writer Andrew Street called them "one of Australia's most beloved bands".


title: Midnight Oil

text: The group have influenced international acts such as Green Day, R.E.M., Pearl Jam, Garbage, The Cranberries, Biffy Clyro, Candlebox, Maná, Hot Water Music and Shades Apart, as well as Australian performers like Crowded House, Powderfinger, The Living End, John Butler, DMA's and Tim Freedman. R.E.M. frontman Michael Stipe described Peter Garrett as a "brilliant" songwriter who is "able to imagine a situation, put [himself] into it and write about it", adding, "That, to me, is incredible". Crowded House singer Neil Finn went on to have multiple collaborations with Jim Moginie, whom he called "a great guy and an amazing guitar player". Biffy Clyro vocalist Simon Neil said of Midnight Oil, "Every night for about three weeks, driving home from the studio I would just put 'Beds Are Burning' on, just on loop... They're a really underrated band." The Living End founder Chris Cheney reported that his ensemble listened to "a lot of [Midnight Oil's] "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1" and "Red Sails in the Sunset", and were blown away by their fearlessness in not being shackled to a style". The group have also inspired artists outside the realm of popular music, including poet Daniel Nester and painter Nicholas Harding.


title: Midnight Oil

text: Midnight Oil's songs have been covered by performers such as Pearl Jam (and frontman Eddie Vedder solo), U2, Patti Smith, The Killers, Imagine Dragons, Silverchair, Tom Morello (as The Nightwatchman), Billy Bragg and Anti-Flag. U2 singer Bono recorded a speech for Midnight Oil's ARIA Hall of Fame induction, sections of which aired intermittently. He recited the chorus lyrics of their song "Forgotten Years" and hailed the outfit as an "extraordinary" band whose music "brought people's differences together; not to resolve them, just to get them in the same room, up each other's noses". Killers vocalist Brandon Flowers said, "I wish I'd written 'Forgotten Years'... That song touches my heart." Midnight Oil's music is the subject of 2001 tribute album "The Power & The Passion", which features covers by several mainstream rock acts from Australia and New Zealand, including Something for Kate, Regurgitator, Grinspoon, Jebediah, Augie March and Shihad. In 2009, a version of "Beds Are Burning" was recorded by numerous musicians – among them Duran Duran, Lily Allen, Bob Geldof, Fergie, Mark Ronson and Scorpions – in protest of global warming and climate change.


title: Midnight Oil

text: Music journalist Kurt Loder once noted that Midnight Oil were "reputed to be Australia's most formidable live act"; Tomas Mureika in AllMusic argued they were "the tightest band on the planet for a time". Writer John O'Donnell said that the group's performances "quickly became the stuff of legend and earned the band a large and fiercely loyal following". Cold Chisel singer Jimmy Barnes called them "one of the greatest bands ever and one of my favourite live bands in the world". The Smashing Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan referred to the 2016 announcement of Midnight Oil's impending reformation as "awesome news", noting that they are "one of the greatest live bands I've ever seen". Corgan had previously likened his dancing to that of Peter Garrett. Garrett's onstage routine – described by critic Richard McGregor as "mesmerising" – incorporates a wild and eccentric dance style; "Guardian" journalist Andrew Stafford wrote that Garrett has a "unique dance step that captivated audiences for over 20 years" prior to the group's 2002 disbandment. His dancing was imitated in Parliament by Australian politicians Peter Costello and John Elferink.


title: Midnight Oil

text: These annual awards were established by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) in 1982 to honour the achievements of songwriters and music composers and to recognise their song writing skills, sales and airplay performance, by its members annually. From 1982 to 1990, the best songs were given the Gold Award (also called the Special Award).


title: Midnight Oil

text: The ARIA Music Awards are an annual set of awards, commenced in 1987, which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Midnight Oil have received 11 wins from 38 nominations.


title: Midnight Oil

text: "Countdown" was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987; it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine "TV Week". The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.


title: Midnight Oil

text: The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group "Live Performance Australia" since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Midnight Oil

text: The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.


title: Midnight Oil

text: The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Midnight Oil won two awards in that time.


title: Ten-code

text: Ten-codes, officially known as ten signals, are brevity codes used to represent common phrases in voice communication, particularly by law enforcement and in Citizens Band (CB) radio transmissions. The police version of ten-codes is officially known as the APCO Project 14 Aural Brevity Code.


title: Ten-code

text: The codes, developed during 1937–1940 and expanded in 1974 by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), allow brevity and standardization of message traffic. They have historically been widely used by law enforcement officers in North America, but – due to the lack of standardization – in 2006, the U.S. federal government recommended they be discontinued in favor of everyday language.


title: Ten-code

text: APCO first proposed Morse code brevity codes in the June 1935 issue of The APCO Bulletin, which were adapted from the procedure symbols of the U.S. Navy, though these procedures were for communications in Morse code, not voice.


title: Ten-code

text: In August 1935, the APCO Bulletin published a recommendation that the organization issue a handbook that described standard operating procedures, including:


title: Ten-code

text: The development of the APCO Ten Signals began in 1937 to reduce use of speech on the radio at a time when police radio channels were limited. Credit for inventing the codes goes to Charles "Charlie" Hopper, communications director for the Illinois State Police, District 10 in Pesotum, Illinois. Hopper had been involved in radio for years and realized there was a need to abbreviate transmissions on State Police bands. Experienced radio operators knew the first syllable of a transmission was frequently not understood because of quirks in early electronics technology. Radios in the 1930s were based on vacuum tubes powered by a small motor-generator called a dynamotor. The dynamotor took from 1/10 to 1/4 of a second to "spin up" to full power. Police officers were trained to push the microphone button, then pause briefly before speaking; however, sometimes they would forget to wait. Preceding each code with "ten-" gave the radio transmitter time to reach full power. An APCO Bulletin of January 1940 lists codes assigned as part of standardisation.


title: Ten-code

text: In 1954, APCO published an article describing a proposed simplification of the code, based on an analysis conducted by the San Diego Police Department. In the September 1955 issue of the APCO Bulletin, a revision of the Ten-Signals was proposed, and it was later adopted.


title: Ten-code

text: The Ten Signals were included in APCO Project Two (1967), "Public Safety Standard Operating Procedures Manual", published as study cards in APCO Project 4 (1973), "Ten Signal Cards", and then revised in APCO Project 14 (1974).


title: Ten-code

text: Ten-codes, especially "10-4" (meaning "understood") first reached public recognition in the mid- to late-1950s through the popular television series "Highway Patrol", with Broderick Crawford. Crawford would reach into his patrol car to use the microphone to answer a call and precede his response with "10-4".


title: Ten-code

text: Ten-codes were adapted for use by CB radio enthusiasts. C. W. McCall's hit song "Convoy" (1975), depicting conversation among CB-communicating truckers, put phrases like "10-4" and "what's your twenty?" (10-20 for "where are you?") into common use in American English.


title: Ten-code

text: The movie "Convoy" (1978), loosely based on McCall's song, further entrenched ten-codes in casual conversation.


title: Ten-code

text: The ten-codes used by the New York Police Department have returned to public attention thanks to the popularity of the television series "Blue Bloods". However, the ten-codes used by the NYPD are not the same as those used in the APCO system. For example, in the NYPD system, Code 10-13 means "Officer needs help," whereas in the APCO system "Officer needs help" is Code 10-33.


title: Ten-code

text: The New Zealand reality television show "Police Ten 7" takes its name from the New Zealand Police ten-code 10-7, which means "Unit has arrived at job".


title: Ten-code

text: The syndicated internet radio countdown program "What's your Twenty" is named after the code for location.


title: Ten-code

text: Often when an officer retires, a call to dispatch is made. The officer gives a 10-7 code (Out of service) and then a 10-42 code (ending tour of duty).


title: Ten-code

text: While ten-codes were intended to be a terse, concise, and standardized system, the proliferation of different meanings can render them useless in situations when officers from different agencies and jurisdictions need to communicate.


title: Ten-code

text: In the fall of 2005, responding to inter-organizational communication problems during the rescue operations after Hurricane Katrina, the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) discouraged the use of ten-codes and other codes due to their wide variation in meaning. The Department of Homeland Security's SAFECOM program, established in response to communication problems experienced during the September 11 attacks also advises local agencies on how and why to transition to plain language, and their use is expressly forbidden in the nationally standardized Incident Command System, as is the use of other codes.


title: Ten-code

text: APCO International stated in 2012 that plain speech communications over public safety radio systems is preferred over the traditional 10-Codes and dispatch signals. Nineteen states had changed to plain English by the end of 2009. , ten-codes remained in common use in many areas, but were increasingly being phased out in favor of plain language.


title: Ten-code

text: In 1971, the Public Safety Department of Lakewood, Colorado published a study comparing the APCO Ten-code with the proposed Clear Speech procedure. The study used standards for judgment of both communications procedures based on "The Public Safety Communications Standard Operating Procedure Manual", 1970 edition, published by APCO.


title: Ten-code

text: In 1980, the National Incident Management System published a document, ICS Clear Text Guide, which was another attempt to create a replacement for Ten-codes. The list of code words was republished in the 1990 Montana Mutual Aid and Common Frequencies document.


title: The Postman (film)

text: The Postman is a 1997 American post-apocalyptic action adventure film produced and directed by Kevin Costner, who plays the lead role. The screenplay was written by Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland, based on David Brin's 1985 book of the same name. The film also features Will Patton, Larenz Tate, Olivia Williams, James Russo, and Tom Petty.


title: The Postman (film)

text: It is set in a post-apocalyptic and neo-Western version of the disestablished United States in the then near-future year of 2013, sixteen-plus years after unspecified apocalyptic events, followed by plagues, left a huge impact on human civilization and erased most technology. Like the book, the film follows the story of a nomadic drifter (Costner) who stumbles across the uniform of an old United States Postal Service mail carrier, and unwittingly inspires hope through an empty promise of a "Restored United States of America" and starts his path to become a national hero.


title: The Postman (film)

text: Released on Christmas of 1997 by Warner Bros., "The Postman" was panned by critics, who criticized the performances, screenplay, direction, and long runtime. Costner's decision to cast himself in the film was also criticized. The film was a box-office bomb, grossing a total of $20 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million. It was nominated for three Saturn Awards but won all five of its Golden Raspberry Award nominations including Worst Picture.


title: The Postman (film)

text: In 2013, an unnamed nomad wanders the scattered communities of the Utah flatlands, trading performances of long forgotten Shakespearean plays for food and water. At one town, the nomad is forced at gunpoint into the ranks of the Holnists, a neo-fascist militia, and is branded on his shoulder with their symbol, a figure 8. The Holnists, under their leader, General Bethlehem, are the de facto authority in the area, collecting tribute and recruits from local towns. When the nomad escapes, he takes refuge in a long-deceased postman's mail vehicle.


title: The Postman (film)

text: With the postman's uniform and mail bag, he arrives in the settlement of Pineview claiming to be from the newly restored U.S. government. He convinces Pineview's leader, Sheriff Briscoe, to let him in by showing a letter addressed to elderly villager Irene March. The Postman inspires a teenager named Ford Lincoln Mercury, who asks to be sworn in as a member of the postal service and even helps him set up a post office for the town. The Postman also meets spouses Abby and Michael, fulfilling their clinical request to impregnate her. When the Postman leaves for the town of Benning, he carries a pile of mail left at the post office door by the townspeople.


title: The Postman (film)

text: During a raid of Pineview, General Bethlehem learns of the Postman’s tales of a restored government in Minneapolis and becomes afraid of losing power if word spreads. He has the post office burned to the ground, kills Michael and Briscoe, abducts Abby, and raids Benning looking for the Postman. The Postman surrenders, but Abby saves him from execution, and the two escape into the surrounding mountains. A pregnant Abby and an injured Postman ride out the winter in an abandoned cabin. When spring arrives, they leave and run into a girl, who claims to be a postal carrier. She reveals that Mercury has kept the postal service alive by recruiting other carriers and building more post offices. They have established communications with other settlements, creating a quasi-society and inadvertently spreading hope.


title: The Postman (film)

text: Bethlehem continues to hunt and capture postal carriers, all of whom are executed and displayed publicly. Feeling responsible, the Postman orders the service to disband and writes a letter to the militia revealing the truth. However, Bethlehem learns to his dismay that the Postman's example has spread farther than he could have anticipated when his men capture a carrier from California, and he redoubles his efforts to find the Postman. The Postman and Abby, closely followed by young carriers Eddie, Ponytail, and Billy, travel to Bridge City. When Bethlehem's scouts catch up, the mayor helps the Postman escape on a cable car and urges him to find others willing to resist Bethlehem. Before leaving, he and Abby reciprocate their feelings and fall in love.


title: The Postman (film)

text: In a recitation of King Henry V's speech prior to the Siege of Harfleur, the Postman rallies himself and his followers to war. The mounted Carriers and Holnists meet across a field. Not wanting any more carnage, the Postman instead challenges Bethlehem to a personal hand-to-hand duel, with their troops as witnesses. The Postman wins the fight but spares Bethlehem's life to maintain morale. Bethlehem tries to shoot the Postman in the back with his revolver, but is shot dead by his own second-in-command, Col. Getty. Getty then surrenders, and the rest of the Holnists follow his lead.


title: The Postman (film)

text: Thirty years later, the Postman's grown daughter Hope, accompanied by other public figures and servicemen (including postal workers), speaks at a ceremony unveiling a bronze statue by territorial waters in St. Rose, Oregon in tribute to her father, who has recently died (1973–2043). Her speech, along with the fact that all the attendees are wearing modern clothing and using technology, reveal that the Postman and his mail carriers' actions have helped rebuild the United States.


title: The Postman (film)

text: On his personal website, author David Brin reveals that while studios were bidding for "The Postman", his wife decided during a screening of "Field of Dreams" that Kevin Costner should portray "The Postman". Brin agreed that the emotions evoked by "Field of Dreams" matched the message he intended to deliver with his novel. A decade later, after learning Costner would be cast as the lead, Brin said he was "thrilled". Costner discarded the old screenplay (in which the moral message of the novel had been reversed) and hired screenwriter Brian Helgeland; Brin says the two of them "rescued the 'soul' of the central character" and reverted the story's message back to one of hope. Costner supposedly passed on the lead role in "Air Force One" to work on "The Postman".


title: The Postman (film)

text: In an interview with "Metro" before filming began, Brin expressed his hope that "The Postman" would have the "pro-community feel" of "Field of Dreams" instead of the "Mad Max" feel of Costner's other post-apocalyptic film "Waterworld". Brin said that, unlike typical post-apocalyptic movies that satisfy "little-boy wish fantasies about running amok in a world without rules", the intended moral of "The Postman" is that "if we lost our civilization, we'd all come to realize how much we missed it, and would realize what a miracle it is simply to get your mail every day."


title: The Postman (film)

text: "The Postman" was filmed in Metaline Falls and Fidalgo Island, Washington; central Oregon; and southern Arizona around Tucson and Nogales. Metaline Falls is the location for the community of Pineview in the film.


title: The Postman (film)

text: Despite the film performing disastrously at two test screenings, Costner refused Warner Bros.' appeals that he edit it down from its then-massive three hour running time.


title: The Postman (film)

text: The film was a notable failure at the box office. The first four days after opening brought in only $5.3 million on 2,207 screens. Produced on an estimated $80 million budget, it returned less than $21 million.


title: The Postman (film)

text: The film was subsequently released on VHS and DVD on June 9, 1998, and on Blu-ray Disc on September 8, 2009.


title: The Postman (film)

text: "The Postman" was panned by critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 8% based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 4.00/10. The site's consensus states: "A massive miscalculation in self-mythologizing by director and star Kevin Costner, "The Postman" would make for a goofy good time if it weren't so fatally self-serious." Metacritic gives the film a score of 29 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Postman (film)

text: Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" criticized the movie for its "bogus sentimentality" and "mawkish jingoism". Roger Ebert described "The Postman" as a failed yet noble effort at a parable, being "goofy", "pretentious", and "way too long", yet "good-hearted". He criticized Costner's putting himself in the lead role, arguing that such roles should be cast against type and that Costner had played too many similar roles in past films. On "Siskel & Ebert", Ebert and Gene Siskel gave the film "two thumbs down", with Siskel calling it "Dances with "Myself"" (in reference to Costner's Oscar-winning film "Dances with Wolves") while referring to the bronze statue scene.


title: The Postman (film)

text: Costner defended the film: "I always thought it was a really good movie! I always thought I probably started it wrong. I should have said something like 'once upon a time.' Because it was just like a modern-day fairy tale — it wraps itself up with a storybook ending with the statue. You know, I thought it was a pretty funny movie set against the idea of a Superman — somebody stepping up. But in this case, it’s a very humble guy who's nothing but a liar [laughs] — delivers mail and burns half of it just to stay alive. So, I like the movie."


title: Google Chrome version history

text: Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google LLC. The development process is split into different "release channels", each working on a build in a separate stage of development. Chrome provides four channels: Stable, Beta, Dev, and Canary. Chrome is updated every two to three weeks on the stable builds for minor releases and every four weeks for major releases.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: Navraj Singh Goraya (born November 3, 1989), known professionally as Nav (stylized in all caps), is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He began his career as a producer, co-producing fellow Canadian rapper Drake's single "Back to Back" in 2015. He then gained mainstream attention in 2016 when his song "Myself" went viral. Nav is signed to the Weeknd's record label XO Records and Republic Records, and is managed by label managers Amir "Cash" Esmailian and Wassim "Sal" Slaiby.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: Nav released his self-titled debut mixtape, as well as his collaborative mixtape, "Perfect Timing", with American record producer Metro Boomin, in 2017. Nav released his debut studio album, "Reckless", in 2018. He then released his second studio album, "Bad Habits" (2019), which debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200. In 2020, Nav released his highest-charting song as a lead artist, "Turks", with Gunna featuring Travis Scott, which debuted and peaked at number 17 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It serves as the lead single to his third studio album, "Good Intentions" (2020), which was released later and then became his second number-one album on the US "Billboard" 200. Soon, he released its deluxe edition titled "Brown Boy 2" (2020), which is also a sequel of his unofficial EP titled "Brown Boy" (2019), which Cash published on Audiomack a week before "Bad Habits". He then earned his highest-charting song in total from his feature alongside Don Toliver and Gunna on record label Internet Money single "Lemonade", which eventually peaked at number 6 on the Hot 100. He released the commercial mixtape "Emergency Tsunami" in November 2020, which debuted at number six on the US "Billboard" 200 chart.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: Navraj Singh Goraya was born on November 3, 1989, in Rexdale, Ontario, into an immigrant Indian Punjabi Sikh family, from Punjab, India. He was raised in the Rexdale neighbourhood. His mother was involved in computer manufacturing and his father operated a forklift. Nav first became interested in music after his mother bought him a boombox in the third grade. His uncle was also a popular Punjabi singer in India and brought him to a studio. He began making mash-ups in high school and producing beats for local underground Toronto artists, and became popular on SoundCloud. Nav first started producing using Sony's ACID Pro software. He attended West Humber Junior Middle School and then later attended Thistletown Collegiate Institute for his high school education and had to spend an additional year to graduate. Following high school, he attended and graduated from Metalworks Institute in Mississauga, Ontario in 2010 with a diploma in Audio Production and Engineering.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In July 2015, Nav co-produced fellow Canadian rapper Drake's single "Back to Back". In 2016, his song "The Man" was played on Drake's OVO Sound Radio. On September 4, 2015, Nav released one of his earliest songs to his SoundCloud account, "Take Me Simple", which has accumulated over ten million listens. On January 12, 2016, he released the song "Myself", to SoundCloud and YouTube, which quickly became his biggest song at the time, earning him numerous cosigns, including from American model and internet personality Kylie Jenner. Following these songs, Nav was signed to XO and Republic Records, after being called by his now-manager Amir "Cash" Esmailian.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: On September 2, 2016, Nav was featured on (and solely produced) American rapper and singer Travis Scott's song "Beibs in the Trap", as part of the latter's second studio album, "Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight". It peaked at number 90 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and by July 2017, had been certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) after selling over two million copies.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: On February 15, 2017, Nav released the single "Some Way", featuring fellow Canadian singer and label boss The Weeknd, which would be the lead single from his debut self-titled mixtape. It was released nine days later, on February 24, and also included "Myself".


title: Nav (rapper)

text: On July 14, 2017, Nav and American record producer Metro Boomin released two singles, "Perfect Timing (Intro)" and "Call Me", which serves as the dual lead singles to their collaborative mixtape, "Perfect Timing". The mixtape was released exactly a week later on July 21, 2017, which featured the likes of Lil Uzi Vert, Playboi Carti, Offset, 21 Savage, Belly, and Gucci Mane.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In February 2018, Nav received a Juno Award nomination for Breakthrough Artist of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2018. On April 24, 2018, during his "Freshman Tour", Nav announced at his Los Angeles concert that he was working on a project that would soon be released a month later known as "Reckless" and that him and Metro Boomin would be teaming up once again to make a sequel to "Perfect Timing", which would be known as "Perfect Timing 2". On May 18, 2018, Nav released his debut studio album "Reckless" through XO Records and Republic Records. It features guest appearances from Quavo, Travis Scott, Lil Uzi Vert, and Gunna. The project featured the song, "Wanted You" featuring Lil Uzi Vert, which became Nav's first single as a leading artist to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 64. On November 2, 2018, Nav released his final single of the year, titled "Know Me".


title: Nav (rapper)

text: Nav received two Juno Award nominations for Fan Choice and Rap Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2019. On March 22, 2019, Nav released his second studio album "Bad Habits" on XO Records and Republic Records. The album features guest appearances from Meek Mill, Young Thug, The Weeknd, Gunna, and Lil Durk. The lead single is "Know Me", which was released back in 2018. It debuted number one on the US "Billboard" 200. A few days later on March 26, 2019, Nav released the deluxe edition of "Bad Habits", featured additional guest appearances from Future and 88Glam, and all the songs from "Brown Boy". The track "Habits" was supposed to feature Lil Uzi Vert and appear on the standard edition, but Uzi's label refused to clear the sample, which ended up in Nav recording Uzi's verse himself, and then releasing it on the deluxe edition. According to Nav, he recorded Lil Uzi Vert's verse himself and put it on the song.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: On March 27, 2020, Nav and Gunna released the collaborative single, "Turks", featuring Travis Scott, which was the lead single for Nav's third studio album, "Good Intentions". It is Nav's highest-charting song as a lead artist. The album was released on May 8, 2020, and debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200. It features guest appearances from Young Thug, Future, Gunna, Travis Scott, Lil Uzi Vert, late rapper Pop Smoke, Don Toliver, and Lil Durk. Three days later, on May 11, 2020, he released its deluxe edition titled "Brown Boy 2", which also serves as a sequel to his unofficial EP, "Brown Boy", which his manager Cash released exclusively on Audiomack. It features additional guest appearances from Quavo and Lil Duke. Soon after the release of "Good Intentions" and "Brown Boy 2", Nav released a merchandise collaboration with Vlone and Virgil Abloh related to the album.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: On August 14, 2020, Nav was featured alongside Don Toliver on the single "Lemonade" by record label Internet Money and Gunna. The song serves as the lead single to the label's debut studio album, "B4 the Storm". It earned Nav his highest-charting song in total, eventually peaking at number 7 on the Hot 100.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: On November 6, 2020, Nav released the commercial mixtape, "Emergency Tsunami", after teasing it for a month. It is mainly produced by American record producer Wheezy, along with side help from other fellow producers. It features guest appearances from Gunna, Young Thug, Lil Baby, Lil Keed, and SahBabii. The mixtape was re-released five days later on November 11, 2020, with an additional guest appearance from Future.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In July 2022, Nav disclosed his new studio project would be titled ""Demons Protected by Angels"". On July 29, 2022, Nav released the album's lead single titled "Never Sleep" with Lil Baby, featuring Travis Scott, with the album being released in August.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In June 2017, Nav had received backlash from some members of his musical audience for usage of the word "nigga" in his songs such as on "My Mind", "TTD", and other songs. In an interview with Genius, Nav stated that the neighborhood he grew up in of Rexdale is very "multicultural" with members of the "Chinese to white to black to Jamaican" openly using the term with one another. He stated that it was commonly used among his friends, but once he had gotten global exposure, Nav said he started seeing some backlash. In this interview, Nav had stated that he would no longer use this term in his music anymore, and that people would not hear it on his then-upcoming collaboration project with Metro Boomin, "Perfect Timing".


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In March 2018, Nav had publicly criticized "XXL" through a series of tweets and Instagram posts along with releasing the single, "Freshman List". His main reason for criticizing the magazine was due to not being selected for the 2018 freshman cover. In his tweets, Nav shared his thoughts that had ranged "from angry and bitter to motivational and inspirational". After his tweets and release of the single, Nav began addressing the outlet's editor-in-chief Vanessa Satten through now deleted Instagram posts and further continued to criticize the outlet.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In August 2018, Nav featured on Travis Scott's third studio album, "Astroworld", on the song "Yosemite" alongside fellow rapper Gunna. He was the subject of many memes mocking his feature; Nav's four vocal lines at the end of the song were recorded were initially mixed at a very low volume. Nav himself shared a meme on his Instagram. Scott and producer Mike Dean later confirmed this was an error, and re-mixed and re-released the track on streaming services with the updated vocal mix a week after the release of the song and album.


title: Nav (rapper)

text: In March 2019 during an interview with Pitchfork, Nav expressed his frustration stating that "Fame is something I want, it's a good problem to have. I'm still not there, because when I walk out of fucking Delilah in L.A. and TMZ will be standing out there with cameras and not even take a picture of me, I get sick. I get in my fucking Lambo truck right in front of them. All my jewelry on and they don't even take one picture." However, he later clarified that this was taken out of context, as "sick" is in fact a positive term in Toronto slang, and rather than being disgusted for not being recognized, he is grateful to still have anonymity as a celebrity. Nav further stated in the "Pitchfork" interview that he hoped his latest project, "Bad Habits" would help him become more noticed by TMZ along with other paparazzi. A week later, TMZ found Nav in New York and did a brief video interview with him, asking him questions about his chain-snatching situation with Lil Uzi Vert.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of failures in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified (non-random) number of successes (denoted formula_1) occurs. For example, we can define rolling a 6 on a die as a success, and rolling any other number as a failure, and ask how many failure rolls will occur before we see the third success (formula_2). In such a case, the probability distribution of the number of failures that appear will be a negative binomial distribution.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: An alternative formulation is to model the number of total trials (instead of the number of failures). In fact, for a specified (non-random) number of successes (r), the number of failures (n - r) are random because the total trials (n) are random. For example, we could use the negative binomial distribution to model the number of days n (random) a certain machine works (specified by r) before it breaks down.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The Pascal distribution (after Blaise Pascal) and Polya distribution (for George Pólya) are special cases of the negative binomial distribution. A convention among engineers, climatologists, and others is to use "negative binomial" or "Pascal" for the case of an integer-valued stopping-time parameter (formula_1) and use "Polya" for the real-valued case.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: For occurrences of associated discrete events, like tornado outbreaks, the Polya distributions can be used to give more accurate models than the Poisson distribution by allowing the mean and variance to be different, unlike the Poisson. The negative binomial distribution has a variance formula_4, with the distribution becoming identical to Poisson in the limit formula_5 for a given mean formula_6. This can make the distribution a useful overdispersed alternative to the Poisson distribution, for example for a robust modification of Poisson regression. In epidemiology, it has been used to model disease transmission for infectious diseases where the likely number of onward infections may vary considerably from individual to individual and from setting to setting. More generally, it may be appropriate where events have positively correlated occurrences causing a larger variance than if the occurrences were independent, due to a positive covariance term.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The term "negative binomial" is likely due to the fact that a certain binomial coefficient that appears in the formula for the probability mass function of the distribution can be written more simply with negative numbers.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Imagine a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials: each trial has two potential outcomes called "success" and "failure." In each trial the probability of success is formula_7 and of failure is formula_8. We observe this sequence until a predefined number formula_1 of successes occurs. Then the random number of observed failures, formula_10, follows the negative binomial (or Pascal) distribution:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: where "r" is the number of successes, "k" is the number of failures, and "p" is the probability of success on each trial. Note that this formulation is an alternative formulation to the sidebar; in this formulation, the mean is formula_13 and the variance is formula_14.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: There are "k" failures chosen from "k" + "r" − 1 trials rather than "k" + "r" because the last of the "k" + "r" trials is by definition a success.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: This quantity can alternatively be written in the following manner, explaining the name "negative binomial":


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: To understand the above definition of the probability mass function, note that the probability for every specific sequence of "r" successes and "k" failures is , because the outcomes of the "k" + "r" trials are supposed to happen independently. Since the "r"th success always comes last, it remains to choose the "k" trials with failures out of the remaining "k" + "r" − 1 trials. The above binomial coefficient, due to its combinatorial interpretation, gives precisely the number of all these sequences of length "k" + "r" − 1.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The cumulative distribution function can be expressed in terms of the regularized incomplete beta function:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: It can also be expressed in terms of the cumulative distribution function of the binomial distribution:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Some sources may define the negative binomial distribution slightly differently from the primary one here. The most common variations are where the random variable "X" is counting different things. These variations can be seen in the table here:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Each of these definitions of the negative binomial distribution can be expressed in slightly different but equivalent ways. The first alternative formulation is simply an equivalent form of the binomial coefficient, that is: formula_22. The second alternate formulation somewhat simplifies the expression by recognizing that the total number of trials is simply the number of successes and failures, that is: formula_23. These second formulations may be more intuitive to understand, however they are perhaps less practical as they have more terms.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: In negative binomial regression, the distribution is specified in terms of its mean, formula_26, which is then related to explanatory variables as in linear regression or other generalized linear models. From the expression for the mean "m", one can derive formula_27 and formula_28. Then, substituting these expressions in the one for the probability mass function when "r" is real-valued, yields this parametrization of the probability mass function in terms of "m":


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The variance can then be written as formula_30. Some authors prefer to set formula_31, and express the variance as formula_32. In this context, and depending on the author, either the parameter "r" or its reciprocal "α" is referred to as the "dispersion parameter", "shape parameter" or "clustering coefficient", or the "heterogeneity" or "aggregation" parameter. The term "aggregation" is particularly used in ecology when describing counts of individual organisms. Decrease of the aggregation parameter "r" towards zero corresponds to increasing aggregation of the organisms; increase of "r" towards infinity corresponds to absence of aggregation, as can be described by Poisson regression.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Hospital length of stay is an example of real-world data that can be modelled well with a negative binomial distribution via Negative binomial regression.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Pat Collis is required to sell candy bars to raise money for the 6th grade field trip. Pat is (somewhat harshly) not supposed to return home until five candy bars have been sold. So the child goes door to door, selling candy bars. At each house, there is a 0.6 probability of selling one candy bar and a 0.4 probability of selling nothing.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Successfully selling candy enough times is what defines our stopping criterion (as opposed to failing to sell it), so "k" in this case represents the number of failures and "r" represents the number of successes. Recall that the NegBin("r", "p") distribution describes the probability of "k" failures and "r" successes in "k" + "r" Bernoulli("p") trials with success on the last trial. Selling five candy bars means getting five successes. The number of trials (i.e. houses) this takes is therefore "k" + 5 = "n". The random variable we are interested in is the number of houses, so we substitute "k" = "n" − 5 into a NegBin(5, 0.4) mass function and obtain the following mass function of the distribution of houses (for "n" ≥ 5):


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: To finish on or before the eighth house, Pat must finish at the fifth, sixth, seventh, or eighth house. Sum those probabilities:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: This can be expressed as the probability that Pat does not finish on the fifth through the thirtieth house:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Because of the rather high probability that Pat will sell to each house (60 percent), the probability of her NOT fulfilling her quest is vanishingly slim.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The expected total number of successes in a negative binomial distribution with parameters is "rp"/(1 − "p"). To see this, imagine an experiment simulating the negative binomial is performed many times. That is, a set of trials is performed until failures are obtained, then another set of trials, and then another etc. Write down the number of trials performed in each experiment: and set . Now we would expect about successes in total. Say the experiment was performed times. Then there are failures in total. So we would expect , so . See that is just the average number of trials per experiment. That is what we mean by "expectation". The average number of successes per experiment is . This agrees with the mean given in the box on the right-hand side of this page.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: A rigorous derivation can be done by representing the negative binomial distribution as the sum of waiting times. Let formula_42 with the convention formula_10 represents the number of successes observed before formula_1 failures with the probability of success being formula_7. And let formula_46 where formula_47 represents the number of successes before seeing a failure. We can think of formula_47 as the waiting time (number of success) between the formula_49th and formula_50th failure. Thus


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: When counting the number of successes given the number "r" of failures, the variance is "rp"/(1 − "p").


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Suppose "Y" is a random variable with a binomial distribution with parameters "n" and "p". Assume "p" + "q" = 1, with "p", "q" ≥ 0, then


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: is defined when "n" is a real number, instead of just a positive integer. But in our case of the binomial distribution it is zero when "k" > "n". We can then say, for example


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: is just the probability that the number of failures before the "r"th success is equal to "k", provided "r" is an integer. (If "r" is a negative non-integer, so that the exponent is a positive non-integer, then some of the terms in the sum above are negative, so we do not have a probability distribution on the set of all nonnegative integers.)


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Now we also allow non-integer values of "r". Then we have a proper negative binomial distribution, which is a generalization of the Pascal distribution, which coincides with the Pascal distribution when "r" happens to be a positive integer.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: This property persists when the definition is thus generalized, and affords a quick way to see that the negative binomial distribution is infinitely divisible.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Consider a sequence of negative binomial random variables where the stopping parameter "r" goes to infinity, whereas the probability of success in each trial, "p", goes to zero in such a way as to keep the mean of the distribution constant. Denoting this mean as "λ", the parameter "p" will be "p" = "r"/("r" + "λ")


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Now if we consider the limit as "r" → ∞, the second factor will converge to one, and the third to the exponent function:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: In other words, the alternatively parameterized negative binomial distribution converges to the Poisson distribution and "r" controls the deviation from the Poisson. This makes the negative binomial distribution suitable as a robust alternative to the Poisson, which approaches the Poisson for large "r", but which has larger variance than the Poisson for small "r".


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The negative binomial distribution also arises as a continuous mixture of Poisson distributions (i.e. a compound probability distribution) where the mixing distribution of the Poisson rate is a gamma distribution. That is, we can view the negative binomial as a distribution, where "λ" is itself a random variable, distributed as a gamma distribution with shape = "r" and scale "θ" = or correspondingly rate .


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: To display the intuition behind this statement, consider two independent Poisson processes, "Success" and "Failure", with intensities "p" and 1 − "p". Together, the Success and Failure processes are equivalent to a single Poisson process of intensity 1, where an occurrence of the process is a success if a corresponding independent coin toss comes up heads with probability "p"; otherwise, it is a failure. If "r" is a counting number, the coin tosses show that the count of successes before the "r"th failure follows a negative binomial distribution with parameters "r" and "p". The count is also, however, the count of the Success Poisson process at the random time "T" of the "r"th occurrence in the Failure Poisson process. The Success count follows a Poisson distribution with mean "pT", where "T" is the waiting time for "r" occurrences in a Poisson process of intensity 1 − "p", i.e., "T" is gamma-distributed with shape parameter "r" and intensity 1 − "p". Thus, the negative binomial distribution is equivalent to a Poisson distribution with mean "pT", where the random variate "T" is gamma-distributed with shape parameter "r" and intensity . The preceding paragraph follows, because "λ" = "pT" is gamma-distributed with shape parameter "r" and intensity .


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The following formal derivation (which does not depend on "r" being a counting number) confirms the intuition.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Because of this, the negative binomial distribution is also known as the gamma–Poisson (mixture) distribution. The negative binomial distribution was originally derived as a limiting case of the gamma-Poisson distribution.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: If "Y" is a random variable following the negative binomial distribution with parameters "r" and "p", and support {0, 1, 2, ...}, then "Y" is a sum of "r" independent variables following the geometric distribution (on {0, 1, 2, ...}) with parameter "p". As a result of the central limit theorem, "Y" (properly scaled and shifted) is therefore approximately normal for sufficiently large "r".


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Furthermore, if "B" is a random variable following the binomial distribution with parameters "s" + "r" and "p", then


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The sum of independent negative-binomially distributed random variables "r" and "r" with the same value for parameter "p" is negative-binomially distributed with the same "p" but with "r"-value "r" + "r".


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The negative binomial distribution is infinitely divisible, i.e., if "Y" has a negative binomial distribution, then for any positive integer "n", there exist independent identically distributed random variables "Y", ..., "Y" whose sum has the same distribution that "Y" has.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The negative binomial distribution NB("r","p") can be represented as a compound Poisson distribution: Let denote a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables, each one having the logarithmic distribution Log("p"), with probability mass function


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Let "N" be a random variable, independent of the sequence, and suppose that "N" has a Poisson distribution with mean . Then the random sum


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: is NB("r","p")-distributed. To prove this, we calculate the probability generating function "G" of "X", which is the composition of the probability generating functions "G" and "G". Using


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The following table describes four distributions related to the number of successes in a sequence of draws:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The negative binomial, along with the Poisson and binomial distributions, is a member of the ("a","b",0) class of distributions. All three of these distributions are special cases of the Panjer distribution. They are also members of the natural exponential family.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Suppose "p" is unknown and an experiment is conducted where it is decided ahead of time that sampling will continue until "r" successes are found. A sufficient statistic for the experiment is "k", the number of failures.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: but this is a biased estimate. Its inverse ("r" + "k")/"r", is an unbiased estimate of 1/"p", however.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: When "r" is unknown, the maximum likelihood estimator for "p" and "r" together only exists for samples for which the sample variance is larger than the sample mean. The likelihood function for "N" iid observations ("k", ..., "k") is


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: To find the maximum we take the partial derivatives with respect to "r" and "p" and set them equal to zero:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: This equation cannot be solved for "r" in closed form. If a numerical solution is desired, an iterative technique such as Newton's method can be used. Alternatively, the expectation–maximization algorithm can be used.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: For the special case where "r" is an integer, the negative binomial distribution is known as the Pascal distribution. It is the probability distribution of a certain number of failures and successes in a series of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials. For "k" + "r" Bernoulli trials with success probability "p", the negative binomial gives the probability of "k" successes and "r" failures, with a failure on the last trial. In other words, the negative binomial distribution is the probability distribution of the number of successes before the "r"th failure in a Bernoulli process, with probability "p" of successes on each trial. A Bernoulli process is a discrete time process, and so the number of trials, failures, and successes are integers.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: Consider the following example. Suppose we repeatedly throw a die, and consider a 1 to be a failure. The probability of success on each trial is 5/6. The number of successes before the third failure belongs to the infinite set { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }. That number of successes is a negative-binomially distributed random variable.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: When "r" = 1 we get the probability distribution of number of successes before the first failure (i.e. the probability of the first failure occurring on the ("k" + 1)st trial), which is a geometric distribution:


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The negative binomial distribution, especially in its alternative parameterization described above, can be used as an alternative to the Poisson distribution. It is especially useful for discrete data over an unbounded positive range whose sample variance exceeds the sample mean. In such cases, the observations are overdispersed with respect to a Poisson distribution, for which the mean is equal to the variance. Hence a Poisson distribution is not an appropriate model. Since the negative binomial distribution has one more parameter than the Poisson, the second parameter can be used to adjust the variance independently of the mean. See Cumulants of some discrete probability distributions.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: An application of this is to annual counts of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic or to monthly to 6-monthly counts of wintertime extratropical cyclones over Europe, for which the variance is greater than the mean. In the case of modest overdispersion, this may produce substantially similar results to an overdispersed Poisson distribution.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: The negative binomial distribution is also commonly used to model data in the form of discrete sequence read counts from high-throughput RNA and DNA sequencing experiments.


title: Negative binomial distribution

text: This distribution was first studied in 1713, by Montmort, as the distribution of the number of trials required in an experiment to obtain a given number of successes. It had previously been mentioned by Pascal.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Heinrich Müller (28 April 1900; date of death unknown, but evidence points to May 1945) was a high-ranking German "Schutzstaffel" (SS) and police official during the Nazi era. For the majority of World War II in Europe, he was the chief of the Gestapo, the secret state police of Nazi Germany. Müller was central in the planning and execution of The Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe—The "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". He was known as "Gestapo Müller" to distinguish him from another SS general named Heinrich Müller.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: He was last seen in the "Führerbunker" in Berlin on 1 May 1945 and remains the most senior figure of the Nazi regime who was never captured or confirmed to have died.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Müller was born in Munich on 28 April 1900 to Catholic parents. His father had been a rural police official. Müller attended a "Volksschule" and completed an apprenticeship as an aircraft mechanic before the outbreak of the First World War. During the last year of the war, he served in the "Luftstreitkräfte" as a pilot for an artillery spotting unit. He was decorated several times for bravery (including the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class, Bavarian Military Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords and Bavarian Pilots Badge). After the war ended, he joined the Bavarian Police in 1919 as an auxiliary worker. Although not a member of the "Freikorps", he was involved in the suppression of the communist risings in the early post-war years. After witnessing the shooting of hostages by the revolutionary "Red Army" in Munich during the Bavarian Soviet Republic, he acquired a lifelong hatred of communism. During the years of the Weimar Republic he was head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks due to his spirited efforts.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: It was under these auspices that he became acquainted with many members of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) including Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, although Müller in the Weimar period was generally seen as a supporter of the Bavarian People's Party (which at that time ruled Bavaria). On 9 March 1933, during the Nazi "putsch" that deposed the Bavarian government of Minister-President Heinrich Held, Müller advocated to his superiors using force against the Nazis. Ironically, these views aided Müller's rise as it guaranteed the hostility of the Nazis, thereby making Müller very dependent upon the patronage of Reinhard Heydrich, who in turn appreciated Müller's professionalism and skill as a policeman, and was aware of Müller's past. Once the Nazis seized power, Müller's knowledge of communist activities placed him in high demand; as a result he was promoted to "Polizeiobersekretär" in May 1933 and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Historian Richard J. Evans wrote: "Müller was a stickler for duty and discipline, and approached the tasks he was set as if they were military commands. A true workaholic who never took a vacation, Müller was determined to serve the German state, irrespective of what political form it took, and believed it was everyone's duty, including his own, to obey its dictates without question." Evans also records Müller was a regime functionary out of ambition, not out of a belief in National Socialism: An internal [Nazi] Party memorandum ... could not understand how "so odious an opponent of the movement" could become head of the Gestapo, especially since he had once referred to Hitler as "an immigrant unemployed house painter" and "an Austrian draft-dodger". Nazi jurist and former police chief, SS-"Obergruppenführer" Werner Best opined Müller represented one of the "finest examples" of the limited connection between members of the NSDAP and the police before 1933.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Heydrich, as head of the Security Service (SD), recruited Müller, Franz Josef Huber and Josef Albert Meisinger, who were collectively referred to as the "Bajuwaren-Brigade" (Bavarian Brigade). Müller joined the SS in 1934. By 1936, with Heydrich head of the Gestapo, Müller was its operations chief.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: On 4 January 1937, an evaluation by the Nazi Party's Deputy "Gauleiter" of Munich-Upper Bavaria stated:


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: This assessment did not deter Heydrich from moving Müller along the ranks, particularly since Heydrich believed it was an advantage not to be bound to the influence of the Nazi Party. Functionaries like Müller were the sort of men Heydrich preferred since they were inherently committed to their "area of responsibility" and correspondingly justified any steps they deemed necessary against perceived enemies of the Nazi "racial community." Müller was promoted to the rank of "Standartenführer" (colonel) in 1937. Engrossing himself often in red-tape and statistics, Müller was a natural administrator who took solace in a "world of notes, memos, and regulations" and then received and transformed Gestapo reports of denouncements, torture, and secret executions into "administrative fodder." Despite the expense of so much mental energy in carrying out his duties, Müller disliked the scholarly types and once told Walter Schellenberg that "intellectuals should be sent down a coal mine and blown up."


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: British author and translator Edward Crankshaw described Müller as "the arch-type non-political functionary" who was "in love with personal power and dedicated to the service of authority, the State." General Walter Dornberger, the chief over the rocket research at Peenemünde, (under alleged Gestapo suspicion) was one of the few to ever interview with Müller and characterized him as, "the unobtrusive type of police official who leaves no personal impression on the memory" but added, "... all I could remember was a pair of piercing grey-blue eyes, fixed on me with an unwavering scrutiny. My first impression was one of cold curiosity and extreme reserve." American journalist and war correspondent, William L. Shirer, called Müller a "a dapper-looking fellow" but shortly thereafter described him as "a cold, dispassionate killer".


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Himmler biographer Peter Padfield wrote: "he [Müller] was an archetypal middle rank official: of limited imagination, non-political, non-ideological, his only fanaticism lay in an inner drive to perfection in his profession and in his duty to the state—which in his mind were one ... A smallish man with piercing eyes and thin lips, he was an able organiser, utterly ruthless, a man who lived for his work." Such was his dedication to the job that Auschwitz Commandant Rudolf Höss claimed one could reach Müller "any time of the day or night, even Sundays and public holidays."


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: He was made Inspector of the Security Police for all of Austria following the 1938 Anschluss, while his close friend Franz Josef Huber took charge of the Gestapo office in Vienna. One of Müller's first major acts occurred during the unprecedented "Kristallnacht" pogrom of 9–10 November 1938, when he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews. Heydrich also tasked Müller during the summer of 1939 to create a centrally organized agency to deal with the eventual emigration of the Jews. Müller became a member of the Nazi Party in 1939 for the purely opportunist reason of improving his chances of promotion and only after Himmler insisted he do it. Historian Robert Gellately does not give much credence to this apolitical image of Müller and cites the musings of Walter Schellenberg, who claimed during a conversation with Müller sometime in 1943, Müller lauded the Stalinist system as superior to Nazism, which he believed compromised on too much. Schellenberg even alleged when Müller compared Stalin against Hitler, his (Müller's) opinion was Stalin did things better. As Gellately relates, such a politically oriented asseveration certainly indicates Müller did indeed have preferences. He was notorious, for instance, for admiring the Soviet police.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: While the chief of the subsequent Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration was indeed Heydrich, it was Müller who took care of the office's administrative details. Shortly thereafter, Müller took charge of this office but then handed control over to Adolf Eichmann. Once the war began, this ended the possibility of Jewish emigration and caused the office's dissolution.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In September 1939, when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), Müller was made chief of the RSHA "Amt IV" (Office or Dept. 4): Gestapo. To distinguish him from another SS general named Heinrich Müller, he became known as "Gestapo Müller".


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: As Gestapo chief of operations and later (September 1939 forward) head of the organization, Müller played a leading role in the detection and suppression of all forms of resistance to the Nazi regime. Trusted by both Heydrich and Himmler, Müller was pivotal in making the Gestapo the "central executive organ of National Socialist terror" according to historians Carsten Dams and Michael Stolle. Under his leadership, the Gestapo succeeded in infiltrating and to a large extent, destroying groups opposed to the Nazis, such as the underground networks of the left-wing Social Democratic Party and Communist Party. Along these lines, historian George C. Browder asserts that Müller's "expertise and his ardent hate for Communism guaranteed his future".


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. During one of the operations, the clandestine mission to a German radio station on the Polish border, Müller helped collect a dozen or so condemned men from camps, who were then dressed in Polish uniforms. In exchange for their participation, the men were told by Müller that "they would be pardoned and released." Instead, the men were given a lethal injection and gunshot wounds to make them appear to have been killed in action during a fake attack. These incidents (particularly the staged attack on the Gleiwitz radio station) were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Thereafter, Müller continued to rise quickly through the ranks of the SS: in October 1939 he became an SS-"Oberführer", in November 1941 – "Gruppenführer" and Lieutenant General of the police. During the Second World War, Müller was heavily involved in espionage and counter-espionage, particularly since the Nazi regime increasingly distrusted the military intelligence service—the "Abwehr"—which under Admiral Wilhelm Canaris was a hotbed of activity for the German Resistance. In 1942 he successfully infiltrated the "Red Orchestra" network of Soviet spies and used it to feed false information to the Soviet intelligence services.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Heydrich was Müller's direct superior until his assassination in 1942. For the remainder of the war, Ernst Kaltenbrunner took over as Müller's superior. Müller occupied a position in the Nazi hierarchy close to Himmler, the overall head of the Nazi police apparatus and the chief architect of the plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe, and Eichmann, the man entrusted with arranging the deportations of Jews to the Eastern ghettoes and death camps. Eichmann headed the Gestapo's "Office of Resettlement", and then its "Office of Jewish Affairs" (the RSHA Amt IV sub-section known as Referat IV B4). He was Müller's subordinate. Müller was also involved in the regime's policy towards the Jews, although Himmler and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels drove this area of policy. On 6 October 1939 for instance, Müller instructed Eichmann to prepare for the deportation of some 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from the annexed Polish city of Kattowitz; an order which included the deportation of the Jews from Ostrava—both "expulsion campaigns" had already been planned as early as September by the Gestapo or the army. Twelve days later on 18 October 1939, he told Eichmann it would soon "be necessary to organize the resettlement and removal of Poles and Jews into the area of the future Polish rump state centrally" via the RSHA.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Although his chief responsibility was always police work within Germany, he was fully in charge and thus responsible to execute the extermination of the Jews of Europe. When Eichmann reported to Müller sometime in the middle of 1941 that he had been informed by Himmler the Führer had ordered the physical destruction of the Jews for instance, Müller silently nodded at his desk, indicating to Eichmann that he already knew. Correspondingly, Müller received detailed reports from Eichmann about the "Einsatzgruppen" death-squad units, which according to historian Raul Hilberg killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews between 1941 and 1945. At the end of June 1941, Müller dispatched Eichmann to Minsk, so he could collect detailed information on the execution activities. In August 1941, Müller ordered these killing reports be forwarded to Hitler. Attempting to keep the brutality of the wholesale slaughter occurring in the East as quiet as possible, Müller sent a telegram to the "Einsatzgruppen" towards the end of August 1941, which explicitly instructed them "to prevent the crowding of spectators during the mass executions." On 23 October 1941, Müller briefed a circular to SiPo stations which exclusively prohibited any future Jewish emigration out of German controlled territory, a directive which presaged their imminent extermination.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In January 1942, he attended the Wannsee Conference at which Heydrich briefed senior officials from a number of government departments of the extermination plan, and at which Eichmann took the minutes. Once the conference concluded, Müller, Heydrich, and Eichmann remained afterwards for additional "informal chats". Just a couple months later in March 1942, Jews were already being systematically killed in gas vans at Chelmno and Belzec while construction was underway at Birkenau and Sobibor. Again, Müller sent Eichmann to relate his findings about the killing operations taking place at Chelmno; when Eichmann returned this time, he reported to Müller that the scene was "horrible" and added it was "an indescribable inferno." When the first denunciations of the mass murder being carried-out by the Germans hit the Allied press during the autumn and winter of 1942, Himmler instructed Müller to ensure "all the bodies were either buried or burned."


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Enforcement and administration of Nazi "racial-hygiene" policies were also within the purview of Müller's responsibilities, as a special letter he sent from Berlin to all Gestapo offices on 10 March 1942 reveals; the letter contained instructions concerning the relationship between German women and Polish civilians or prisoners-of-war who were conscripted as labor during the war, particularly in cases related to pregnancy. If both parties proved "racially acceptable" and the Polish man wanted to marry the woman, the pregnancy and relationship was allowed without punitive consequences, provided the RSHA approved after photographic evaluation of both parties and subsequent "Germanization" of the Pole occurred. For cases where one or more parties was deemed racially unfit, the Polish male would receive "special handling", an obvious Nazi euphemism for a death-sentence.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In May 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in Prague by Czechoslovak soldiers sent from London. Müller was sent to Prague to head the investigation into Operation "Anthropoid". He succeeded through a combination of bribery and torture in locating the assassins, who killed themselves to avoid capture. Despite this success, his influence within the regime declined somewhat with the loss of his original patron, Heydrich. Nonetheless, between the time Heydrich died in 1942 and Kaltenbrunner took office in January 1943, "Müller played a central role in the organization of The Holocaust." Evidence of Müller's intimate involvement in the Holocaust are abundant in some of the surviving documents and in the later testimony of Eichmann, who divulged that he remained in constant contact with Müller. Eichmann recalled how Müller reserved power unto himself and while he (Eichmann), arranged plenty of deportations, it was only Müller who could write the total number of Jews (in his orange-colored pencil) who were transported at the top of the corresponding reports.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: As the Red Army counteroffensive against the Germans arrayed at the Battle of Stalingrad in mid-November 1942 started to take its toll, the exigencies of war demanded an increase in arms production; Müller played his part by responding to and facilitating Himmler's request for an additional 35,000–40,000 forced laborers. The Gestapo Chief rounded them up from across detention centers and prisons which were not yet part of the concentration camp system and sent them to Majdanek and Auschwitz. Sometime in 1943, Müller was sent to Rome to pressure Fascist Italy to cooperate in relinquishing their Jews for deportation. Despite having the apparent support of Benito Mussolini, Müller's efforts were not very successful as influential Jewish figures within Italy were in contact with the police and the military; they successfully appealed to their (Italians and Jews) shared religious convictions and convinced them to resist Nazi pressure. In 1943 Müller had differences with Himmler over what to do with the growing evidence of a resistance network within the German state apparatus, particularly the "Abwehr" and the Foreign Office. He presented Himmler with firm evidence during February 1943, that Wilhelm Canaris was involved with the resistance; however, Himmler told him to drop the case. Offended by this, Müller became an ally of Martin Bormann, the head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, who was Himmler's main rival.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: According to the SiPo and SD official in Denmark, Rudolf Mildner, Gestapo Chief Müller instructed him "to arrest the Nobel Prize–winning atomic physicist Niels Bohr" sometime during the fall of 1943; this was likely the consequence of Bohr being half-Jewish, but his scientific significance also interested officials in Berlin. Fortunately for Bohr, he was tipped off by a sympathetic German woman working for the Gestapo and was able to escape across the Kattegat Strait into Sweden with the evacuation of Jews from Denmark. Later, Mildner conveniently asserted during Allied questioning that he had disobeyed Müller's order and allowed Bohr to get to safety.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Early in 1944, Müller issued the Nazi injunction known as the "cartridge directive"; this command ordered that Soviet prisoners-of-war who had assisted in the identification of detained political commissars for the purpose of their liquidation be executed on the grounds they were "Geheimnisträger" (bearers of secrets). Instructions like these amid the numerous other crimes committed at his command made Müller "one of the most feared officials in Europe" during the Nazi reign.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: After the assassination attempt against Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944, Müller was placed in charge of the arrest and interrogation of all those suspected of involvement in the resistance. Over 5,000 people were arrested and about 200 executed, including Canaris. Not long after the anti-Nazi resisters were sadistically killed, Müller allegedly exclaimed, "We won't make the same mistake as in 1918. We won't leave our internal German enemies alive." In the last months of the war, Müller remained at his post, apparently still confident of a German victory: he told one of his officers in December 1944 that the Ardennes offensive would result in the recapture of Paris.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In April 1945, he was among the last group of Nazi loyalists assembled in the "Führerbunker" in central Berlin as the Red Army fought its way into the city in the Battle of Berlin. One of his last tasks was the sharp interrogation of Hermann Fegelein in the cellar of the Church of the Trinity as to what he knew of Himmler's attempted peace negotiations with the Western allies behind Hitler's back. Fegelein was Himmler's SS liaison officer and was shot after Hitler had Himmler expelled from all his posts for the betrayal. Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge, recounted seeing Müller on 22 April 1945 and claimed she saw him on occasion chatting with Hitler in the bunker; she also added that Müller had assumed Kaltenbrunner's former duties as head of the RSHA. Both Junge and "Oberscharführer" Rochus Misch, the telephone operator for the "Führerbunker", recalled seeing Müller on 30 April 1945. Misch placed him in the Reich Chancellery still in full uniform. That afternoon, Hitler committed suicide. On 2 May 1945, the commander of the Berlin Defence Area, General Helmuth Weidling, surrendered to the Red Army.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Müller was last seen in the bunker on the evening of 1 May 1945, the day after Hitler's suicide. Hans Baur, Hitler's pilot, later quoted Müller as saying; "we know the Russian methods exactly. I haven't the faintest intention of being taken prisoner by the Russians". From that day onwards, no trace of him has ever been found. He is the most senior member of the Nazi government whose fate remains a mystery. However, the best evidence points to him either having been killed or committing suicide during the chaos of the fall of Berlin in 1945, and his body, if recovered, was not identified.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: The Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) file on Müller was released under the Freedom of Information Act in 2001, and documents several unsuccessful attempts by U.S. agencies to find Müller. The U.S. National Archives commentary on the file concludes: "Though inconclusive on Müller's ultimate fate, the file is very clear on one point. The Central Intelligence Agency and its predecessors did not know Müller's whereabouts at any point after the war. In other words, the CIA was never in contact with Müller." The CIA file shows an extensive search was made for Müller in the months after the German surrender. The search was led by the counterespionage branch of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (forerunner of the CIA). The search was complicated by the fact that "Heinrich Müller" is a very common German name. A further problem arose because "some of these Müllers, including Gestapo Müller, did not appear to have middle names. An additional source of confusion was that there were two different SS generals named Heinrich Müller".


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In 1947, American and British agents searched the home of his wartime mistress Anna Schmid, but found nothing suggesting that he was still alive. With the onset of the Cold War and the shift of priorities to meeting the challenge of the Soviet Union, interest in pursuing missing Nazis declined. By this time, the conclusion seems to have been reached that Müller was most likely dead. The Royal Air Force Special Investigation Branch also had an interest in Müller with regard to the Stalag Luft III murders, for which he was presumed to have responsibility given his position in the Gestapo.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Walter Schellenberg alleged in his memoir that Müller had defected to the Soviets in 1945. Schellenberg also wrote that a German officer—who had been a prisoner of war in Russia—claimed to have seen Müller in Moscow in 1948, and that he had died shortly afterward. There is no reference in the memoir as to who the German officer was or any other details that might help verify this claim.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: The seizure in 1960 and subsequent trial in Israel of Adolf Eichmann sparked new interest in Müller's whereabouts. Although Eichmann revealed no specific information, he told his Israeli interrogators that he believed that Müller was still alive. The West German office in charge of the prosecution of war criminals charged the police to investigate. The possibility that Müller was working for the Soviet Union was considered, but no definite information was gained. Müller's family and his former secretary were placed under surveillance by the Allies in case he was corresponding with them.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: The West Germans investigated several reports of Müller's body being found and buried in the days after the fall of Berlin. The reports were contradictory, not wholly reliable and it was not possible to confirm any of them. One such report came from Walter Lüders, a former member of the "Volkssturm", who said he had been part of a burial unit which had found the body of an SS general in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, with the identity papers of Heinrich Müller. The body had been buried in a mass grave at the old Jewish Cemetery on Grosse Hamburger Strasse in the Soviet Sector. Since this location was in East Berlin in 1961, this gravesite could not at the time be investigated by West Germany, nor has there been any attempt to excavate this gravesite since the reunification of Germany.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In 1961, Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Goleniewski, the Deputy Chief of Polish Military Counter Intelligence, defected to the United States. Goleniewski had worked as an interrogator of captured German officials from 1948 to 1952. He never met Müller, but said he had heard from his Soviet supervisors that sometime between 1950 and 1952, the Soviets had "picked up Müller and taken him to Moscow". The CIA tried to track down the men Goleniewski named as having worked with Müller in Moscow, but were unable to confirm his story. Israel also continued to pursue Müller: in 1967, two Israeli operatives were caught by West German police attempting to break into the Munich apartment of Müller's wife.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In 1967, in Panama City, a man named Francis Willard Keith was accused of being Müller. West German diplomats pressed Panama to extradite him for trial. West German prosecutors said Sophie Müller, 64, had seen photos of Keith and identified him as her long-missing husband. However, Keith was released once fingerprints proved he was not Müller.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: The CIA investigation concluded: "There is little room for doubt that the Soviet and Czechoslovak [intelligence] services circulated rumors to the effect that Müller had escaped to the West ... to offset the charges that the Soviets had sheltered the criminal ... There are strong indications but no proof that Müller collaborated with [the Soviets]. There are also strong indications but no proof that Müller died [in Berlin]." The CIA apparently remained convinced at that time that if Müller had survived the war, he was being harboured within the Soviet Union. But when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and the Soviet archives were opened, no evidence to support this belief emerged. The U.S. National Archives commentary concludes: "More information about Müller's fate might still emerge from still secret files of the former Soviet Union. The CIA file, by itself, does not permit definitive conclusions. Taking into account the currently available records, the authors of this report conclude that Müller most likely died in Berlin in early May 1945." By the 1990s, it was in any case increasingly unlikely Müller, who was born in 1900, would be alive even if he had survived the war.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In 2008, German historian Peter Longerich published a biography of Heinrich Himmler—translated into English in 2012—that contained an unsubstantiated account of Müller's last known whereabouts. According to reports from Himmler's adjutant Werner Grothmann, Müller was with Himmler at Flensburg on 11 May 1945 and accompanied Himmler and other SS officers as they attempted to escape the Allies on foot. Himmler and Müller parted company at Meinstedt, after which Müller was not seen again.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In 2013, Johannes Tuchel, the head of the Memorial to the German Resistance, claimed Müller's body was found in August 1945 by a work crew cleaning up corpses and was one of 3,000 buried in a mass grave on the site of a former Jewish cemetery in Berlin-Mitte. While Tuchel was confident he had solved the mystery, whether Müller is actually there has not been confirmed. Nonetheless, the uncertainty of Müller's ultimate end and/or whereabouts has only served to nourish the "mysterious power" that the Gestapo elicits even to the present.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: In July 1988, author Ian Sayer received from an anonymous individual a 427-page document, which claimed to be a photocopy of a US Army Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) file that had been inadvertently released by the US National Archives. The dossier purported to confirm Heinrich Müller had survived the war and been retained by the CIC as an intelligence adviser.


title: Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)

text: Sayer and co-author Douglas Botting were known to be working on a comprehensive history of the CIC at that time. The alleged dossier had also come to the attention of the US Department of Justice's Nazi-hunting unit, the Office of Special Investigations, who subsequently sought Sayer's opinion on the veracity of the documents. By this time the anonymous individual (later identified as Gregory Douglas) had managed to interest "Time" magazine and the "London Times" newspaper in his story. The claims of the dossier, which include a conspiracy theory about Hitler's death (involving a body double) are considered by historians such as Anton Joachimsthaler and Luke Daly-Groves as an example of created "myths".


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Mehdi Taremi (; born 18 July 1992) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Primeira Liga club Porto and the Iran national team.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: A late bloomer, he begun his career at Shahin Bushehr and Iranjavan, Taremi played for Persepolis between 2014 and 2018; he was Persian Gulf Pro League top scorer on two occasions (2015–16 and 2016–17). He played for Qatari side Al-Gharafa between 2018 and 2019, before joining Rio Ave in Portugal, with whom he was Primeira Liga joint-top scorer in 2019–20. In 2020, he moved to fellow Portuguese side Porto.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi made his first senior appearance in 2015, and played at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, 2019 AFC Asian Cup and 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi started his career with Bargh Bushehr's Academy before moving on to Iranjavan's Youth Academy.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi joined Shahin Bushehr in the summer of 2010. He played 7 games and scored one goal in all competitions. In the winter of 2012, he was released by Shahin Bushehr to spend his conscription period in a military club, but he failed to join a club and was forced to spend his conscription period in a usual garrison.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi joined Iranjavan in the summer of 2013 and signed a two-year contract until the end of the 2014–15 season and was given the number 9. Taremi scored 12 times in 22 matches in 2013–14, and became the league's second top scorer after Mokhtar Jomehzadeh.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: After becoming the Azadegan League's top scorer, Taremi had offers from many teams. He joined Persepolis FC in the summer of 2014 and signed a two-year contract through June 2016.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi made his debut in 1–1 draw with Naft Tehran, coming as a substitute for Reza Norouzi in 90th minute. He scored his first goal for the club on 15 August 2014 in a 1–0 victory over Zob Ahan. On 8 April 2015 Taremi scored a penalty in Persepolis 1–0 win in the Asian Champions League over Saudi Arabian club Al Nassr. He scored many goals for the club, and provided quality assists to win the Best Striker Award of the 14th Persian Gulf Pro League at the end of the 2014–15 season.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi missed the first week of the new season due to suspension, but in his first game back on 6 August 2015, he scored in a 2–1 loss to Esteghlal Khuzestan. Taremi scored twice in a 2–0 week five win against Foolad. This was Persepolis' first win of the season and lifted them out of the relegation spot. Taremi's good performances in the month of August earned him the Navad player of the month as voted by fans. On 18 December 2015 Taremi scored a brace against Rah Ahan in Persepolis' 2–0 victory. He ended the first half of the league as top scorer with 9 goals in 12 games.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: On 4 April 2016, Taremi scored a brace in a 3–2 victory against Siah Jamegan to keep Persepolis in third place. On 12 April 2016 Taremi was in talks to extend his contract to the end of the 2017–18 season. But, eventually he decided not to renew his contract. On 15 April 2016 Taremi scored a brace in Persepolis' historic 4–2 victory over Esteghlal in the Tehran derby. He became the league's top scorer with 16 goals at the end of the season, despite his good performance his team failed to win the title at the last week.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Before the start of the new season, Taremi announced that he would not extend his contract, to join to a European team. In July 2016, it was reported that Taremi was linked to Süper Lig team Çaykur Rizespor. The move was cancelled after Taremi returned to Iran and signed a two-year contract with Persepolis. He played his first match for Persepolis in 1–0 win over Saipa, replaced Omid Alishah in 77th minute. He also scored his first goal of the season in week 4 against Saba Qom. He scored a brace in 3–1 away win over Sepahan At the end of the season, the club celebrated its 10th Iran Pro League title, and Taremi became top scorer for a second consecutive season with 18 goals.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: On 8 May 2017, Taremi scored a decisive hat trick against Emirati side Al Wahda in a 4–2 win to help his team qualify for the Round of 16 of the 2017 AFC Champions League. After his good performances, Taremi was linked with Dinamo Zagreb.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi played seven games, scoring on four occasions. During the 2017–18 season, Taremi was banned for four months because of a contract dispute with Turkish club Çaykur Rizespor dating back to June 2016, when the player reached an agreement to join the club and later returned to Persepolis. Persepolis were also banned from signing players for two transfer windows. FIFA ruled in favor of the Turkish club and imposed the ban.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: On 8 January 2018, Taremi signed an 18-month contract with the Qatari club Al-Gharafa. He scored his first goal in the first match of 2018 AFC Champions League against UAE's Al Jazira. Taremi first scored goal in Qatar League against Al Kharaitiyat SC on 16 February. On 19 February, he scored a brace against Iranian side Tractor Sazi on the second matchday of the AFC Champions League.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: On 23 July 2019, Taremi signed a two-year contract with Portuguese football club Rio Ave. Taremi scored a hat-trick in his first Primeira Liga start for the club on 23 August 2019 in a match against C.D. Aves. On 31 August, Taremi won his side three penalties in their match against Sporting CP, all on fouls committed by Sebastián Coates, as Rio Ave won 3–2.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi finished his first season with 18 goals, joint top with S.L. Benfica pair Pizzi and Carlos Vinícius; the latter won the official Bola da Prata trophy for playing the fewest minutes of the three.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: In August 2020, Taremi signed a four-year contract with Portuguese club FC Porto. He scored his first league goal for Porto on 8 November 2020 in a 3–1 home win against Portimonense. There was a foul on Taremi during the 2020 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira in December 2020 which gave Porto a penalty and resulted in their first goal of the match scored by Sérgio Oliveira. Porto went on to win the 42nd edition of the competition 2–0, which gave Mehdi Taremi his first European medal. On 17 February 2021, Taremi opened the scoring for Porto against Juventus in the round-of-16 first leg in the UEFA Champions League. He became the first Iranian to score in the first knockout phase of the competition. On 13 April, he scored the game-winning goal with a spectacular bicycle kick in a 1–0 away win over Chelsea in the Champions League quarter-finals, yet his club lost 1–2 on aggregate. After the final, his goal against Chelsea was voted as the best goal of the season's Champions League. The goal also won the "UEFA.com Goal of the Season" award, and was later nominated for the FIFA Puskás Award. Taremi finished the 2020–21 season with 16 goals and 11 assists.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi won his first Primeira Liga title in the 2021-22 season with FC Porto. His contributions that season included 20 goals and 12 assists. He was the second-highest goalscorer and the third-highest playmaker through assists that season.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi played for Iran student's national football team in Turkey tournament and scored 9 goals for the team. He was called up by Alireza Mansourian to participate in the team's training camp in Kish Island in 2013.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi made his debut against Uzbekistan in a friendly match on 11 June 2015. He also came on as a second-half substitute in a World Cup Qualifying match against Turkmenistan on 16 June 2015.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: On 3 September 2015, Taremi scored his first senior goals, a brace, in a 6–0 victory over Guam in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier. On 23 March 2017, Taremi scored the winning and only goal in Iran's victory against Qatar in the final round of World Cup qualifying. He followed this up with another goal on 28 March 2017, in a 1–0 victory against China. On 12 June 2017, Taremi scored the second goal for Iran in a 2–0 win over Uzbekistan to seal the country's first consecutive qualification to two World Cups. In June 2018, he was named in Iran's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. With the score tied 1–1 in stoppage time in Iran's group stage match with Portugal, Taremi missed a point-blank shot wide left that would have eliminated Portugal and advanced Iran to the round of 16.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: He was also named in Iran's final 26-man squad by Carlos Queiroz for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In the first group stage game, he scored two goals as Iran lost 6-2 to England.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: Taremi is the third and the youngest child of his family. His older brother Mohammad is also a football player.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: He was in a relationship with Iranian actress Sahar Ghoreishi for months in 2018. In March 2020, Taremi announced he is in a new relationship and prepares for marriage.


title: Mehdi Taremi

text: On 15 April 2022, Sporting CP, a rival of Taremi's current club FC Porto, published an article on their club website and referred to Taremi as "a true snake charmer, someone from Persia always ready to go and perform circus tricks". The article was met with lots of criticism from both Porto fans and Iranians, including the Iranian Ambassador to Portugal, Morteza Damanpak. The article was later deleted by the club.


title: Ürümqi

text: Ürümqi ( ; also spelled Ürümchi or without umlauts), formerly known as Dihua (also spelled Tihwa), is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China. Ürümqi developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century.


title: Ürümqi

text: With a census population of 4 million in 2020, Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China's northwestern interior after Xi'an as well as the largest in Central Asia in terms of population. According to the "Guinness Book of Records", Ürümqi is the most remote city from any sea in the world. Ürümqi has seen significant economic development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural, political and commercial center.


title: Ürümqi

text: Ürümqi is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index. The city is also home to Xinjiang University, a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in Xinjiang, under the Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan.


title: Ürümqi

text: The name "Ürümqi" comes from the Mongolic Oirat language and means "beautiful pasture". It was originally the name of a small town founded by the Oirat-speaking Mongol Dzungar people.


title: Ürümqi

text: The Qing dynasty took Ürümqi by force in 1755, during its conquest of the Dzungar Khanate. Qing forces expanded the town into a walled city from 1763 to 1767. Upon completing the expansion, the Qing renamed the city "Dihua" (; previously romanized as "Tihwa"), which literally means "to enlighten and civilize". Believing the name "Dihua" to be belittling and ethnically chauvinist, the Chinese Communist Party restored the name "Ürümqi" on 1 February 1954.