title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: The first named storm of the season, Hurricane Agatha, formed on May 28, and made landfall two days later at Category 2 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale, making it the strongest hurricane on record to make landfall during the month of May in the Eastern Pacific basin. In June, Hurricane Blas and Tropical Storm Celia caused heavy rainfall over southwestern Mexico despite remaining offshore. The season's first major hurricane, Hurricane Bonnie, entered into the basin from the Atlantic on July 2, after crossing Nicaragua as a tropical storm, becoming the first storm to survive the crossover from the Atlantic to the Pacific since Hurricane Otto in 2016. In September, tropical storms Javier, Lester, and Madeline all caused flooding across the Pacific coast of Mexico, though none left severe damage. Hurricane Kay also formed that month, and struck the Baja California Peninsula before bringing gale-force winds to the west coast of the continental United States, becoming the first Pacific hurricane to do so since Hurricane Nora 25 years earlier. In early October, Hurricane Orlene became the most intense storm of the season before weakening and making landfall in Sinaloa as a Category 1 hurricane, resulting in heavy rainfall and flooding. Also, Hurricane Julia became the second storm of the season to cross over from the Atlantic basin intact, and made landfall in El Salvador soon thereafter. In late October, Hurricane Roslyn became the fourth major hurricane of the season and was the strongest landfalling Pacific hurricane since Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Altogether, six named storms made landfall during the season.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in important factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the average hurricane season in the Eastern and Central Pacific between 1991 and 2020 contained approximately 15 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. The NOAA generally classifies a season as above average, average, or below average based on the cumulative ACE index, but occasionally the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is also considered. Factors they expected to reduce activity were near- or below-average sea surface temperatures across the eastern Pacific and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation remaining in the neutral phase, with the possibility of a La Niña developing, corresponding to a low chance of an El Niño.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On May 17, 2022, the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) issued its forecast for the season, predicting a total of 14–19 named storms, 6–9 hurricanes, and 2–4 major hurricanes to develop. On May 24, 2022, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued their outlook, calling for a below-normal season with 10–17 named storms, 4–8 hurricanes, 0–3 major hurricanes, and an accumulated cyclone energy index of 45% to 100% of the median.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: The season began with the formation and development of Hurricane Agatha on May 28, which rapidly intensified to a high-end Category 2 hurricane before making landfall along the coast of southwestern Mexico two days later. This marked the strongest Pacific hurricane to make landfall during the month of May since records began in 1949. Activity continued into June with the formation of Hurricane Blas, which caused four deaths while offshore of southwestern Mexico, and Tropical Storm Celia, which meandered across the basin for twelve days in late June. Four days after Celia dissipated, Tropical Storm Bonnie became the first to survive the crossover from the Atlantic to the Pacific since Hurricane Otto in 2016. It also became the season's first major hurricane. The same day Bonnie dissipated, the depression that would become Hurricane Darby formed. The storm rapidly intensified into the strongest storm of the season late on July 11, attaining sustained winds of while moving out to sea. Several days later, Hurricane Estelle formed and paralleled the coast of Mexico. After a brief period without any active tropical cyclones, Hurricane Frank and Tropical Storm Georgette formed later in the month. They were followed by two systems during the first half of August, Hurricane Howard and Tropical Storm Ivette.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Six systems developed during September, the peak of the season. Tropical Storm Javier and then Hurricane Kay both formed off the coast of southwestern Mexico during the first week of the month and paralleled the coast offshore. Kay, the longer-lived and stronger of the two, became the first tropical cyclone to extend its effects northward into Southern California since Nora in 1997. This pace of storm development continued with the mid-month formations of tropical storms Lester and Madeline, which caused flooding and a combined 4 fatalities in Mexico, after Lester made landfall there and Madeline passed closely offshore. Madeline's dissipation was closely followed by the formation of Tropical Storm Newton and then Hurricane Orlene to close out the month. A Category 4 hurricane, Orlene became the most intense storm of the season, attaining a minimum pressure of , before ultimately making landfall in southern Sinaloa at Category 1 strength.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: October began with Tropical Storm Paine, a weak and short-lived system that remained away from land. Shortly thereafter, Hurricane Julia became the second storm of the season to cross over into the Pacific basin intact from the Atlantic. Not since 1996 has more than one storm crossed between the Atlantic and Pacific basins intact during a single season. Later in the month, Hurricane Roslyn paralleled the coast of Western Mexico before making landfall in Nayarit with winds. It was the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the eastern Pacific since Hurricane Patricia in 2015, which struck about south of where Roslyn did. No named storms formed in the month of November for the first time since 2017.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2022 Pacific hurricane season, as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the NHC, was 122.4 units. This level of activity was near the long-term (1991–2020) average. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. An ACE number represents sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000. Therefore, tropical depressions are not included.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: During May 22, The National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted the possible development of a low-pressure area located several miles offshore the southwestern coast of Mexico. Taking a westward track, a broad area of low pressure developed with producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms at around 06:00 UTC on May 24. By May 28, the system had become sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression, becoming the first system of this season. At 09:00 UTC on the same day, the storm strengthened into a tropical storm and was given the name "Agatha", as its convection had organized significantly along with it having developed a small central dense overcast. Agatha continued to organize based on satellite imagery, with curved bands forming. Later, a burst of convection formed near the center, and microwave imagery revealed that Agatha had improved its convective structure and better aligned its low-level circulation. The NHC assessed the system to have strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale by 12:00 UTC on May 29. Agatha soon began to rapidly intensify due to stalling over an area of warm water near with little vertical wind shear; nine hours later, the system was assessed to have become a high end Category 2 hurricane, with winds of and a minimum central pressure of . As the system approached the coast of Mexico, the satellite indicated that the storm displayed eye convection and remained quite symmetrical around the center of the hurricane. At 21:00 UTC on May 30, the cyclone made landfall near Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca. Agatha's sustained winds fell to Category 1 strength about three hours later, when it was located about 15 mi (25 km) north-northeast of Puerto Ángel. As the system moved over the mountainous terrain of Oaxaca on May 31, it deteriorated quickly, weakening into a tropical storm by 03:00 UTC, and into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC. Agatha's low-level center dissipated later that same day.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Heavy rain brought by the storm triggered landslides and flash flooding in many parts of Oaxaca. Agatha killed nine people, all in the Sierra Madre del Sur, with six others missing.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On June 7, The NHC first forecast the formation of an area of low pressure just to the south of Gulf of Tehuantepec and noted its potential for possible tropical development. Four days later, a low-pressure area formed, and its shower activity showed signs of increased organization. Early on June 14, the low quickly became organized


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: around a well-defined circulation, thereupon becoming Tropical Storm Blas while its center was located about southwest of Acapulco, Guerrero. That afternoon, satellite imagery revealed that a convective core had developed. Blas retained a well-defined structure with banding features, as a circular central dense overcast became embedded on the system. Blas continued to rapidly strengthen as it developed an inner core, and the storm became a Category 1 system at 15:00 UTC on June 15. Blas then continued to improve its structure, developing a mid-level eye on the western portions of the cyclone. An upper-level outflow and cold cloud tops caused the cyclone to maintain its intensity; however, central deep convection only occurred in Blas' southern semicircle. Blas strengthened further on June 17, reaching its peak intensity with maximum 1-min sustained winds increasing to near 85 mph (150 km/h). Later in the day however, conditions turned unfavorable and the system began to deteriorate. Its mid-level center became sheared off to the southwest, with no deep convection near the surface center, and by 03:00 UTC on June 18, Blas had weakened to a tropical storm. Blas transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone at 18:00 UTC on June 19, while about south-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: The high winds and heavy rains caused landslides, loosening of hills, overflowing of streams and floods in several Mexican states, especially Michoacán and Guerrero. Blas caused four deaths, two in Guerrero and two in Puebla. Overall damage was relatively minimal.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On June 11, The NHC began to forecast that an area of low pressure would form during the next few days south or southwest off the coast of Central America. A trough of low pressure formed a couple of hundred miles southwest of the coast of Nicaragua two days later. The structure of the low became better organized on organized on June 16, which resulted in the formation of a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC that day, about south of Los Cobanos, El Salvador. The system strengthened into Tropical Storm Celia six hours later. Afterward, the storm's overall satellite presentation began to degrade, with its deepest convection becoming displaced far to the northwest of the exposed low-level circulation, and by 00:00 UTC on June 18, the storm weakened to a tropical depression. The depression was adversely affected by strong upper-level winds, which resulted moderate wind shear as it moved west-southwestward over the following few days due to the steering flow of a mid-level ridge to its north. Deep convection increased on June 21, and Celia re-strengthened into a tropical storm. The storm intensified slightly the following day as it moved west-northwestward at , while being steered by a strong mid-level ridge centered over the south-central United States. The deep-layer shear that had for days impeded Celia's development into a stronger storm diminished considerably on June 24, and the storm intensified, attaining sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) with a minimum barometric pressure of later that day. On June 25, Celia passed to the south of Socorro Island and moved into cooler waters. Although it began to weaken, the system rebounded unexpectedly late on June 26, as a mid-level eye developed and winds rose to . This re-intensification was brief however, and by early the next day, Celia was only producing small bursts of convection on the western and southern portions of its circulation. At 09:00 UTC on June 28, Celia weakened into a tropical depression, and degenerated into a remnant low 12 hours later.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: While stalled off the coast of Central America, Celia interacted with a nearby low-pressure system which brought heavy rainfall to western Guatemala, affecting over 28,000 people. One death has been attributed to Celia. It occurred in Oaxaca, where a man drowned.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: At around 15:00 UTC on July 2, Tropical Storm Bonnie emerged into the Eastern Pacific from the Atlantic basin after crossing Nicaragua. Bonnie steadily reorganized as it moved westward away from the coast. Satellite images from later on July 2, revealed the storm to have a deep convective curved band with cloud tops enveloping its west side. This strengthening trend continued, and by the end of the next day, the primary band had become wrapped completely around the center and an inner core was developing. At 03:00 UTC on July 4, Bonnie became a hurricane while located about south of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, and attained Category 2 strength later that same day. By early on July 5, Bonnie's inner core structure had become well-developed with a eye. As a result, the hurricane was able to reach Category 3 strength by 15:00 UTC that day. Beginning several hours afterward and continuing into July 6, Bonnie's cloud pattern deteriorated and the central convection became less organized due to moderate north-northeasterly shear, causing it to weaken to Category 2 strength. The system maintained wind speeds of around for much of that day as it moved west-northwestward away from the Mexican coast, before weakening to Category 1 strength with winds of on July 7. Bonnie's intensity continued to decrease the following day as it moved into cooler waters with sea surface temperatures of , where it weakened to a tropical storm about west-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Then, on July 9, Bonnie degenerated into a post-tropical low as all deep convection within ceased.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On July 5, the NHC began forecasting that an area of low pressure would develop well south of the southern coast of Mexico within a few days. Late that same day, a disturbance formed south of the coast of Central America, associated with a tropical wave. Thunderstorm activity associated with the tropical wave and a broad area of low pressure became better organized on July 8 and into July 9, with a well-defined curved band to the north and west visible on satellite imagery, along with a burgeoning central dense overcast forming near the center, and indications that the disturbance had likely developed a closed circulation. Therefore, at 21:00 UTC, advisories were initiated on Tropical Storm Darby. The next day, the storm became better organized, with increased banding over the eastern part of its circulation along with a better developed low-level inner core structure. Darby strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane at 03:00 UTC on July 11, while located about southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. This strengthening trend continued, and Darby rapidly intensified, reaching Category 2 strength by 10:00 UTC, and becoming a Category 3 major hurricane by 13:15 UTC that same day, as a clear eye surrounded by a thick ring of cloud top temperatures developed and sustained winds increased to . Then, eight hours later, it reached Category 4 strength. While maintaining winds of on July 11, the system gained annular characteristics. The following day however, there was some erosion in the inner-core convective structure with the eye in particular becoming less distinct. As a result, Darby weakened to Category 3 strength by 15:00 UTC. Further weakening occurred later that day, and Darby dropped to Category 2 strength by 03:00 UTC on July 13. The Hurricane's eye unexpectedly reappeared later that morning, and it again reached Category 3 strength at 03:00 UTC on July 14. This re-strengthening was short lived however, as Darby weakened back to Category 2 strength six hours later as it approached and entered the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility. Darby's strength continued to wane into July 15, as the system weakened to Category 1 strength and then to tropical storm status due to moderate west-southwesterly wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures. Further weakening took place on July 16, while Darby was passing south of the Big Island of Hawaii, as its convection became poorly organized and sporadic near the center. At 03:00 UTC on July 17, Darby lost its tropical characteristics when it opened up into a trough.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: At the time of Darby's passage south of Hawaii, a series of large waves from a strong south swell, some higher than , hit the islands and were initially attributed to Darby. Even so, Darby had no major impact on the surf as it passed, according to Chris Brenchley of the National Weather Service office in Honolulu.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On July 7, the NHC began monitoring the southeastern Pacific south of the coast of Central America, where a low pressure area was expected to form within a few days. The anticipated disturbance formed on July 11, far south of the coasts of Guatemala and El Salvador, producing some disorganized showers. By July 15, the disturbance had become sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression by the NHC. By 03:00 UTC on July 16, the depression had strengthened, with a well defined low-level structure and a tight band of persistent deep convection near the center, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Estelle. Then, after being hindered by northeasterly shear later that same day, intense convection was able to wrapped completely around the center and Estelle rapidly intensified into a hurricane by 03:00 UTC on July 17. Twelve hours later, the sustained winds near the system's center were at . It became weaker, however, as the day went on, apparently due to the inflow of dry air into its core and the effects of wind shear, and its winds fell to by day's end. The gradual weakening continued, and at 09:00 UTC on July 19, Estelle was downgraded to a tropical storm when its center was located just north of Clarion Island. Estelle's upper-level cloud shield became more symmetric later that day, due to reduced wind shear and increased convection that had wrapped around the storm's northern region. By 15:00 UTC on July 21, however, the storm had weakened to a tropical depression as it moved west-northwestward over the open ocean. Later that day the system became a remnant low.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Though Estelle remained well off shore, heavy rains were reported in coastal areas of Baja California Sur, Jalisco, Nayarit and Sinaloa, causing localized flooding and landslides. This was later determined by the National Hurricane Center to have not been from Estelle saying, “there were no reports of damage or casualties associated with Estelle.”


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On July 21, the NHC began forecasting that an area of low pressure would develop off the southern coasts of El Salvador and Guatemala within a few days. An area of low pressure, associated with a tropical wave, developed two days later, producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms. At 09:00 UTC on July 26, after deep convection developed at the center of the disturbance and become better organized, it was designated as a tropical depression. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Frank while located about south-southeast of Manzanillo, Colima. Convection near the storm's center struggled to organize due to northeasterly wind shear as the storm moved westward. The shear persisted through early on July 28. Once the shear diminished sufficiently, the storm was able to strengthen, with deep convection becoming more symmetric around the center and banding features becoming well established by late the next day. Frank consequently intensified into a hurricane by 03:00 UTC on July 30. The system moved to the northwest during the day and maintained sustained winds of for several hours, before encountering decreasing sea surface temperatures by day's end. It then began to weaken as a result, and fell to tropical storm strength early on August 1. Later, it ceased producing organized deep convection and degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone during the following day.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On July 25, the NHC began monitoring an area of low pressure located southwest of the coast of southwestern Mexico for possible tropical development. The disturbance continued to become better organized and was designated as a tropical depression at 09:00 UTC on July 27. Six hours later, the depression strengthened into a compact Tropical Storm Georgette. The system remained relatively unchanged in strength during the next couple of days, though by early on July 29, its cloud pattern had become more symmetric with a well-developed rain band in the north part of the storm, and its sustained winds reached . Then, moving slowly westward, the storm waned over the next couple days, due in part to strong easterly shear generated by the outflow from the circulation of Hurricane Frank, and weakened to a tropical depression on the afternoon of July 31. Further weakening occurred on as the depression made a northeastward turn, steered by Frank. Then, during the afternoon of August 3, Georgette degenerated into a remnant low over the open ocean.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On August 2, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave producing widespread showers and thunderstorms over Central America and the adjacent waters in anticipation that an area of low pressure would form once it moved over the eastern Pacific. The anticipated low developed two days later off the coasts of Guatemala and southern Mexico. By August 6, the disturbance had become sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression by the NHC. Beset by dry air imported to the depression's center by moderate wind shear, the depression was unable to quickly intensify. On the afternoon of August 7, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Howard as convection began to build over the northern semicircle of the system, though the low-level circulation remained partially exposed to the south due to continuing wind shear. The storm continued to organize into the following day, and became a Category 1 hurricane at 21:00 UTC on August 8, as an eye surrounded by deepening convective banding formed. On August 9, Howard's sustained winds reached as it moved west-northwestward, before weakening to a tropical storm at 03:00 UTC on August 10. The remaining deep convection near Howard's center ceased by the middle of that same day, and the storm later degenerated into a post-tropical low.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On August 7, the NHC began forecasting that an area of low pressure with a potential for tropical cyclogenesis would develop within a few days off the southwestern coast of Mexico. The low developed late the next day, producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms. It gradually become better defined, and on the afternoon of August 13, was classified as a tropical depression. It tracked over warm ocean waters, but there was little improvement in its structure due to moderate to strong east-northeasterly shear, until an unexpected burst of convection during the afternoon of August 15 resulted in the intensification of the depression into Tropical Storm Ivette. But within a few hours however, that burst was shearing away to the west and Ivette soon weakened back to a tropical depression. The system then degenerated into a remnant low on August 16.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On August 29, the NHC noted that an area of disturbed weather had formed a few hundred miles south of Acapulco, Mexico. The low gradually organized, developing a low-level circulation on August 31. By 21:00 UTC on September 1, it had gained enough organization to be classified as a tropical depression, while situated off the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Then, fueled by increasing deep convection over the depression's western region and near its center, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Javier early the next day, though its circulation remained somewhat elongated. Despite that, Javier intensified some, attaining sustained winds of on September 3. Later that same day however, the storm crossed over cooler waters and began to weaken. Javier became a post-tropical cyclone on September 4, while moving out to sea.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Rainbands of Javier brought heavy rain and wind gusts to the southern Baja California peninsula as it passed offshore.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On August 30, the NHC noted that an area of disturbed weather had formed a few hundred miles south of Acapulco, Guerrero. This disturbance became organized as a tropical depression on September 4, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Kay later that same day. The storm continued to intensify, and on the morning of September 5, became a Category 1 hurricane. On the following day, the eye of the hurricane passed over Socorro Island with sustained winds of . Then, while moving north-northwestward early on September 7, Kay intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. This intensification proved short-lived however, as the cloud tops surrounding Kay's eye warmed and its overall cloud pattern became less organized and somewhat elongated later that same day, resulting in the hurricane weakening to Category 1 strength. Kay made landfall along the central Baja California peninsula coast with winds on September 8, then weakened to a tropical storm, before moving back over the ocean. The storm became a post-tropical cyclone about southwest of San Diego, California, overnight while slowly curving further offshore.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: As Kay paralleled the coast of southwestern Mexico its rainbands drenched coastal states from Oaxaca north to Nayarit with up to of rain. In addition to flooding, the hurricane was also responsible for three deaths in Guerrero. Before the storm hit, over 1,600 people evacuated to shelters according to Baja California Sur state officials. Road and agricultural damage in Baja California Sur exceeded 72 million pesos (US$3.6 million). Kay's outer bands also hit Southern California and southwest Arizona, bringing wind gusts of near to some areas, primarily in San Diego County, California. Rainfall totals varied across the region, with Mt. Laguna, in San Diego County, recording the highest amount at . Flash flooding closed numerous roads in both states; in Imperial County, California, falling boulders impeded traffic along a stretch of I-8. The rainfall was beneficial to crews in Riverside County, California, battling the Fairview Fire, as it mitigated some of the threat posed by the high winds and dry conditions.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: A trough of low pressure producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms extending from the Gulf of Tehuantepec westward to near the southern coast of Mexico formed on September 11. The low remained disorganized near the southern coast of Mexico for the next few days before showing initial signs of organization early on September 15. By 21:00 UTC that same day, the circulation around the center of the low had become better defined and a curved band of convection had formed over the western and southwestern areas of the circulation. In light of these developments the system was designated Tropical Depression Thirteen-E. Surface wind speeds in portions of the circulation increased overnight, and therefore the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lester at 09:00 UTC on September 16, even though it still had a sheared appearance. The storm became somewhat better organized late that day, but this improvement proved fleeting, due in part to its close proximity to the coast. Lester weakened to a tropical depression as it made landfall east of Acapulco on the afternoon of September 17, and then rapidly dissipated inland.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: As the storm approached, ports in Guerrero were closed due to high waves of 13 ft.(4 m) in some areas. Also, nearly 600 emergency shelters were opened in preparation for evacuations due to imminent threat of rivers and streams overflowing. Lester caused damage throughout much of Guerrero as its heavy rains caused flooding and mudslides. One person in Marquelia Municipality died when swept away by water currents. The most severe damage occurred in Coyuca de Benítez, where over 700 houses were flooded. Additionally, towns in Acatepec, in the state's mountain region, were left isolated due a washed-out roadway.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On September 12, the NHC began monitoring for potential development an small area of low pressure located off the coast of southwestern Mexico producing limited showers and thunderstorms. After several days, the disturbance became sufficiently organized on September 17, to be classified as Tropical Storm Madeline. After this, however, the storm strengthened very little though much of the next day due to deep-layer easterly shear. When it diminished on September 18, Madeline's low-level center became embedded underneath the northeastern portion of an area of deep convection with cloud tops as cold as . As a result, the storm was able to attain maximum sustained winds of on September 19, when located about south-southeast of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Later that same day, Madeline began to weaken, becoming first a tropical depression and then a remnant low on September 20.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Two deaths were attributed to Madeline as it moved along the coast of southwest Mexico, with one person remaining missing. Several coastal states were hit by heavy rains, strong winds and rough surf from the storm.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: A small area of low pressure formed near the coast of southwestern Mexico on September 20. Rain and thunderstorm activity within the disturbance quickly became better organized, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Fifteen-E at 21:00 UTC on September 21, and then of Tropical Storm Newton less than four hours later. As the storm moved west-northwestward on September 22, a tiny eye-like feature and new deep convection formed in the core, enabling it to generate sustained winds of . Later that day however, the convection at the storm's center collapsed suddenly, and although it briefly recovered, Newton began to weaken again the next morning as it passed near Socorro Island. It became a tropical depression on September 24, then degenerated into a remnant low one day later. For several days afterward, through September 29, the NHC continued monitoring Newton's remnants for possible regeneration, and its associated shower activity briefly become slightly better organized on September 28, before being stymied by increasingly unfavorable conditions.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On September 26, the NHC noted that a low pressure area had formed south of the southwestern Mexico coast within an environment conducive for gradual tropical development. Shower and thunderstorm activity associated with this low increased the following day, and it steadily gained organization on September 28; the system developed a well-defined center late that day, becoming a tropical depression. Further development occurred overnight and the system intensified into Tropical Storm Orlene at 09:00 UTC on September 29, while located about south of Manzanillo, Colima. The next day, as the storm moved northward along the edge of a ridge over central Mexico, it generated a few bursts of deep convection and developed a small inner core with a curved band to the south. Orlene intensified into a Category 1 hurricane at 15:00 UTC on October 1, and to Category 2 strength about eight hours later. Orlene continued to rapidly intensify until it peaked with Category 4 strength at 09:00 UTC on October 2, its maximum sustained winds having increased from to in 24 hours. Wind shear from the southwest began to adversely affect the system soon thereafter, weakening it to a Category 3 hurricane six hours later, and then to Category 2 that night as it passed over the Islas Marías. Later, at 14:45 UTC on October 3, Orlene made landfall in Escuinapa Municipality, Sinaloa, as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of . The system rapidly weakened inland, becoming a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC that same day, and then dissipating over the Sierra Madre mountains several hours after that.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: Orlene brought heavy rain to several states in Western Mexico, which resulted in widespread flooding and several mudslides in Sinaloa and Nayarit, but there were no casualties reported as the storm moved through. Damage in San Blas, Nayarit was over 12 million pesos (US$600,000).


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On September 30, the NHC began monitoring a newly formed area of disturbed weather some south-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Shower and thunderstorm activity within the disturbance increased and began showing signs of becoming organized on October 1, and satellite imagery the following day indicated that its surface circulation had become better defined. These trends continued, resulting in the formation of Tropical Storm Paine on October 3. There was an increase in banding around the western and southern portions of the storm's circulation into the following day, and it strengthened to an intensity of . This was fleeting however, and by the time the storm passed near Clarion Island early on October 5, it was devoid of deep convection. Later that same day, Paine degenerated into a remnant low.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: At 21:00 UTC on October 9, Tropical Storm Julia left the Atlantic basin and was designated as an East Pacific system about west-northwest of Managua, Nicaragua, and its center emerged off shore a few hours later. The system moved to the west and then to the west-northwest parallel to and very near the coasts of Nicaragua and El Salvador with maximum sustained winds of . It maintained a band of deep convection over the southern and eastern portions of its circulation, the areas not still interacting with the mountainous terrain inland. At about 12:00 UTC on October 10, the center of the storm crossed the coast of El Salvador, about west of San Salvador, and then weakened to a tropical depression, with the whole of its circulation becoming stretched. Later that same day, Julia degenerated into an open trough overland.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: While an Atlantic hurricane and then tropical storm, Julia's heavy rains caused widespread life-threatening flash floods and deadly mudslides throughout Central America; several storm related fatalities were reported across the region. Torrential rain continued to fall in northwestern Central America as Julia moved inland from the Pacific.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: On October 16, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather south of the southern coast of Mexico. Thunderstorm activity increased and became better organized within the disturbance over the next few days, and the low's circulation become increasingly better defined as well. This trend continued, and early on October 20, it developed into Tropical Depression Nineteen-E. Soon thereafter, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Roslyn. Roslyn became a hurricane at 03:00 UTC, on October 22, and, within 12 hours rapidly intensified to a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of . Roslyn quickly lost intensity after hitting Mexico.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: The following names were used for named storms that formed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during 2022. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization during the joint 45th Sessions of the RA IV Hurricane Committee in the spring of 2023. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2028 season. This is the same list used in the 2016 season.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, four rotating lists of Hawaiian names are used one after the other without regard to year. The next four names that were scheduled for use in 2022 are shown below. However, none of them were used.


title: 2022 Pacific hurricane season

text: This is a table of all the storms in the 2022 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration (within the basin), names, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a tropical wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2022 USD.


title: Gethsemane

text: Gethsemane () is a garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem where, according to the four Gospels of the New Testament, Jesus underwent the agony in the garden and was arrested before his crucifixion. It is a place of great resonance in Christianity. There are several small olive groves in church property, all adjacent to each other and identified with biblical Gethsemane.


title: Gethsemane

text: "Gethsemane" appears in the Greek original of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark as ("Gethsēmanḗ"). The name is derived from the Aramaic ("Gaḏ-Šmānê"), meaning "oil press". and call it ("chōríon"), meaning a place or estate. The Gospel of John says Jesus entered a garden ( "kêpos") with his disciples.


title: Gethsemane

text: According to the New Testament it was a place that Jesus and his disciples customarily visited, which allowed Judas Iscariot to find him on the night Jesus was arrested.


title: Gethsemane

text: There are four locations, all of them at or near the western foot of the Mount of Olives, officially claimed by different denominations to be the place where Jesus prayed on the night he was betrayed.


title: Gethsemane

text: William McClure Thomson, author of "The Land and the Book", first published in 1880, wrote: "When I first came to Jerusalem, and for many years afterward, this plot of ground was open to all whenever they chose to come and meditate beneath its very old olive trees. The Latins, however, have within the last few years succeeded in gaining sole possession, and have built a high wall around it. The Greeks have invented another site a little to the north of it. My own impression is that both are wrong. The position is too near the city, and so close to what must have always been the great thoroughfare eastward, that our Lord would scarcely have selected it for retirement on that dangerous and dismal night. I am inclined to place the garden in the secluded vale several hundred yards to the north-east of the present Gethsemane."


title: Gethsemane

text: All of the foregoing is based on long-held tradition and the conflating of the synoptic accounts of Mark (14:31) and Matthew (26:36) with the Johannine account (John 18:1). Mark and Matthew record that Jesus went to "a place called the oil press (Gethsemane)" and John states he went to a garden near the Kidron Valley. Modern scholarship acknowledges that the exact location of Gethsemane is unknown.


title: Gethsemane

text: According to Luke , Jesus' anguish on the Mount of Olives (Luke does not mention Gethsemane; Luke 22:39–40) was so deep that "his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground."


title: Gethsemane

text: According to the Eastern Orthodox Church tradition, Gethsemane is the garden where the Virgin Mary was buried and was assumed into heaven after her dormition on Mount Zion.


title: Gethsemane

text: The Garden of Gethsemane became a focal site for early Christian pilgrims. It was visited in 333 by the anonymous "Pilgrim of Bordeaux", whose "Itinerarium Burdigalense" is the earliest description left by a Christian traveler in the Holy Land. In his "Onomasticon", Eusebius of Caesarea notes the site of Gethsemane located "at the foot of the Mount of Olives", and he adds that "the faithful were accustomed to go there to pray".


title: Gethsemane

text: In 1681 Croatian knights of the Holy Order of Jerusalem, Paul, Antun and James bought the Gethsemane Garden and donated it to the Franciscan community, which owns it to this day. A three-dimensional plate on the right side next to the entrance to the garden describes the aforementioned gift to the community.


title: Gethsemane

text: A study conducted by the Italian National Research Council (CNR) in 2012 found that three of the olive trees in the garden are amongst the oldest known to science. Dates of AD 1092, 1166 and 1198 were obtained by carbon dating from older parts of the trunks of three trees. DNA tests show that the trees were originally planted from the same parent plant. This could indicate an attempt to keep the lineage of an older individual intact. Possibly, the three trees tested could have been sprouts reviving from the older roots. According to the researchers, "The results of tests on trees in the Garden of Gethsemane have not settled the question of whether the gnarled trees are the very same which sheltered Jesus because olive trees can grow back from roots after being cut down".


title: Gethsemane

text: However, Mauro Bernabei, author of the paper published as a result of the CNR study, writes: "All the tree trunks are hollow inside so that the central, older wood is missing... In the end, only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated. The dated ancient olive trees do, however, not allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the remaining five giant olives ["sic"]."


title: Gethsemane

text: In 2014, an archaeological survey of the site was conducted by Amit Re'em and David Yeger on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).


title: Gethsemane

text: In December 2020, archaeologists revealed the remains of 1,500 year-old Byzantine church (known as the Church of All Nations) and the foundations of a Second Temple-era ritual bath (also known as a mikveh). According to Dr. Leah and Dr. Rosario, Greek inscriptions were written on the church's floor as: "for the memory and repose of the lovers of Christ… accept the offering of your servants and give them remission of sins".


title: Gethsemane

text: According to Israel Antiquities Authority's Jerusalem district head Amit Re'em, the uniqueness of the bath is that it is the first archaeological evidence at the site of Gethsemane where Christians have made pilgrimages for centuries, in the days of Jesus.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Spirit Untamed is a 2021 American computer-animated adventure film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film was directed by Elaine Bogan and co-directed by Ennio Torresan Jr. (in their feature directorial debuts), from a screenplay written by Aury Wallington and Kristin Hahn, making this the second theatrical film release of the "Spirit" franchise and is both a spin-off and a stand-alone sequel of the traditionally animated "" (2002) and loosely based on the characters from its Netflix animated spin-off television series "Spirit Riding Free", developed by Wallington.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Featuring the voices of Isabela Merced, Jake Gyllenhaal, Marsai Martin, Mckenna Grace, Julianne Moore, Walton Goggins, and Andre Braugher, the film follows a young girl named Fortuna "Lucky" Prescott who moves to the small rural community of Miradero, where she meets the titular wild kiger mustang. As the son of Spirit and Rain from "," she names the horse "Spirit" after his father, and Lucky immediately begins to bond with him. The film was announced to be in development in October 2019, and production was done remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was dedicated to the memory of Kelly Asbury, the co-director of the original "Spirit" film, who died on June 26, 2020.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: "Spirit Untamed" was theatrically released in the United States on June 4, 2021. The film received mixed reviews from critics who deemed the film inferior to the original and unnecessary, though its animation was praised. The movie was a box-office bomb after grossing $42 million worldwide against a budget of $30 million.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: In the early 1900s of the Wild West, Milagro Navarro-Prescott performs her trademark act in the circus until she falls from a horse during one of her performances and dies. Years later, her young daughter, Fortuna Esperanza "Lucky" Navarro-Prescott, has been living with her aunt Cora and grandfather James in a city on the east coast. However, after Lucky lets a squirrel in their house and ruins her grandfather’s campaign party, she and Cora head to the western town of Miradero where they will stay with Lucky's father Jim, whom Lucky has not really known of after the incident with Milagro, for the summer. On the train over, Lucky notices a kiger mustang running with his herd, and goes to the back of the train to meet him. Upon arriving in Miradero, the pair meet local young riders Pru Granger (and her father Al), and Abigail Stone (and her brother Snips).


title: Spirit Untamed

text: The next day, Lucky goes to a corral where she sees the same horse from before trying to be abusively manhandled by a man named Hendricks. Lucky tells Jim and Cora about the horse, thinking he can be her new friend, but Jim does not want Lucky going near the horses after what happened to Milagro. Nonetheless, Pru and Abigail help Lucky win over the trust of the horse, whom she names Spirit. After a while, Spirit trusts Lucky enough to eat an apple she offers him, and allows her to pet him, sealing their bond.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Lucky attempts to ride Spirit but he escapes from the corral and runs away, while Lucky is saved by Pru and Abigail after almost falling off a cliff. Jim finds and scolds Lucky for disobeying him. They go home arguing, making Lucky think he has given up on her. She sneaks out at night through the forest where she finds Spirit and his herd together, but are interrupted by Hendricks and his men, who capture all the horses but Spirit and take them in with a stolen train. Knowing Hendricks and his men are wranglers, who are taking the horses to a boat to be auctioned and worked to death, Lucky agrees to help Spirit rescue his herd. She enlists Pru and Abigail with their horses to embark on a journey to try and cut the wranglers off on their path by beating them to a water depot located beyond a summit called Heck Mountain. During the trip, Lucky builds up her relationship with Spirit, and becomes good friends with Pru and Abigail as they travel.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: The girls reach the water depot the night before the wranglers are set to arrive, but Lucky wakes up the next day realizing the wranglers made it earlier than expected. Spirit desperately attempts to save his herd on his own, but gets taken in by the wranglers. Determined to save Spirit, Lucky and her friends follow the train to the docks, where the wranglers are boarding the horses onto the boat. The girls arrive too late to stop the boat from leaving, but they manage to save Spirit. Lucky and Spirit get on board by leaping off the docks, and free the other horses and subdue the wranglers, with Spirit knocking Hendricks off the boat. Jim, Cora, and Al (who were notified of the girls absence by Snips) show up on a fast steam train, and arrest Hendricks and the other wranglers.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: On their way back to Miradero, the girls travel to a field in the middle of the wilderness, and Lucky lets Spirit go, saying that he needs to stay with his herd. When she returns home, Lucky and Cora initially plan to return to the city, but after Lucky bonds with Jim at a rodeo, she decides instead to stay in Miradero with him and her friends, as Spirit is seen riding through the fields with his herd.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: On October 7, 2019, DreamWorks Animation announced that a spin-off film of "" as well as an adaptation of its spin-off TV series "Spirit Riding Free" was in development, with Elaine Bogan serving as director and Ennio Torresan Jr. serving as co-director from a script by series developer Aury Wallington, and produced by Karen Foster. While "Spirit Riding Free" explores the characters of Lucky and her PALS, "Spirit Untamed" focuses deeper for Lucky in an emotional take in the standalone film that's not a sequel to the original nor the TV Series.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: The film would be produced on a lower budget and be made by a different animation studio outside of DreamWorks, similar to "". Following the first trailer, it was confirmed that Jellyfish Pictures, who worked on "", would be providing the animation for the film, making Jellyfish's first animated project for over 300 people working on it. The film uses a style that's a mix of 3D with the look of a handpainted look from "Riding Free", taking about under 1300 shots, 25 of which were animated by Jellyfish, and used 2D drawings to make 3D maquettes, some of which are supplied by DreamWorks. Additional animation was provided by 88 Pictures from "", model rigging for the characters was provided by Minimo VFX.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Production of the film started on August 2019 and was done and shifted to work remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: On May 6, 2021, while Hans Zimmer composed the score for "", Amie Doherty, composer for the DreamWorks Animation short film "Marooned", was confirmed to be composing the music for the film without using any themes from the original, but also the first woman to compose a DreamWorks film. The following day, a single titled "Fearless (Valiente Duet)", written by Doherty and performed by Isabela Merced and Eiza González, was released by Back Lot Music. A second single, titled "You Belong", performed by Becky G, was released on May 21, 2021. A soundtrack of the film was released on May 28, 2021, and additionally, Robin Pecknold of Fleet Foxes is featured on several tracks contributing vocal harmonies along with Eiza González. "Riding Free", the theme song from "Spirit Riding Free" by Kari Kimmel, is featured in Untamed only to be a western piano version.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: "Spirit Untamed" was theatrically released on June 4, 2021 by Universal Pictures. It was previously scheduled for May 14, 2021. The film was released on digital rental on June 24, 2021 on streaming services Apple TV and Amazon Prime Video.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: "Spirit Untamed" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 31, 2021 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment through Studio Distribution Services LLC in the United States.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: It was then released on DVD and Blu-Ray as a ""Special Sleepover Edition"" on October 25, 2021 by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment in the United Kingdom which features an hour of special features including ""How to"" sessions on how to create your own indoor ""campfire"", how to Ukulele, and how to make smores, meet the cast, drawing Spirit, finding your Spirit, deleted scenes and sing-along videos. It was later released on Hulu on November 3, 2021.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: "Spirit Untamed" grossed $17.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $25 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $42.7 million.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: In the United States, "Spirit Untamed" was released alongside "", and was projected to gross around $5 million from 3,200 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.4 million on its first day, and went on to debut to $6.3 million, finishing fourth at the box office. In its sophomore weekend the film dropped 57% to $3.8 million, finishing sixth.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 49% based on 115 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "While it might be a passable diversion for younger viewers, "Spirit Untamed" is a middling sequel that lacks the essential energy suggested by its title." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, the same as the 2002 film. PostTrak reported 87% of audience members gave it a positive score, with 66% saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Lovia Gyarke of "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the film for its animation, writing ""Spirit Untamed" is beautiful to look at and occasionally genuinely funny. The stunning and detailed animations saturate Lucky's world with an impressive array of colors, from the crimson apples she feeds Spirit to the pistachio and emerald-green leaves on the swaying trees". However, in criticizing the character of Spirit, she noted that Spirit "is more one-dimensional here; he lacks the simultaneous mix of curiosity and complete disdain for humans that made his perspective charming in the first place."


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Pete Hammond of "Deadline" praised the film for its female cast, stating that "After all the decades of boy-driven stories set in the wild West, it is refreshing to see the girls get their turn...And that is exactly what "Spirit: Riding Free" writer Aury Wallington and Kristin Hahn have in mind, along with their director Elaine Bogan and producer Karen Foster." Additionally, Hammond praised the soundtrack and vocal performances, which he wrote were "perfectly pitched here, a step above the TV show if not quite up to the artistry of the original film."


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" was critical of the film's animation, stating the film "substitutes unappealingly designed, obviously digital characters, who've been badly rigged and stuck in under-detailed environments." He also added that "Spirit still looks like Spirit, but neither the horse nor the girl (who's voiced by live-action Dora actor Isabela Merced) has much of a personality, while the plot is less sophisticated than what audiences might expect from an early-20th-century single-reel silent movie." Beatrice Loayza of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, stating that "This spinoff of "Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron" is a bland, bubbly romp through the Wild West, with a heavy dose of girl power."


title: Spirit Untamed

text: Jesse Hassenger of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a C+, stating that "As a Dreamworks production, "Spirit Untamed" carries inarguable novelty: It's a sweet, simple Western, relaxed about its identity as a girl-centric adventure story, in contrast to bigger DreamWorks cartoons sweaty about their desire to draw eyeballs from Pixar and Minions". He also praised the film for its expansion of the original series, noting that ""Spirit Untamed" essentially retells, modifies, and expands the events of the show's pilot."


title: Spirit Untamed

text: A video game adaptation, titled "Spirit: Lucky's Big Adventure", was released on June 1, 2021, on PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. The game was developed by Aheartfulofgames and released by Outright Games.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: "Spirit Untamed", in partnership with the hair care and horse care company Mane 'n Tail, would sponsor StarCom Racing driver Quin Houff in the NASCAR Cup Series for select races. Throughout the midway point of the 2021 NASCAR Cup Series season, Houff would do numerous events including autograph signings with special "Spirit Untamed" merchandise being made. As of June 27, 2021, Houff has raced the scheme four times, once at Circuit of the Americas, once at Nashville Superspeedway, and two during the Pocono Raceway doubleheader. Houff would finish 34th at COTA with a DNF, 38th at Nashville with a DNF, 31st at Pocono-1, on the lead lap, and 33rd at Pocono-2, 5 laps down.


title: Spirit Untamed

text: On February 9, 2022, DreamWorks announced a new series "Spirit & Friends" inspired by the characters from "Spirit Riding Free", which takes place in the setting of "Spirit Untamed" and was released on YouTube on February 12.


title: Self-efficacy

text: In psychology, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals. The concept was originally proposed by the psychologist Albert Bandura.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavor. By determining the beliefs a person holds regarding their power to affect situations, self-efficacy strongly influences both the power a person actually has to face challenges competently and the choices a person is most likely to make. These effects are particularly apparent, and compelling, with regard to investment behaviors such as in health, education, and agriculture.


title: Self-efficacy

text: A strong sense of self-efficacy promotes human accomplishment and personal well-being. A person with high self-efficacy views challenges as things that are supposed to be mastered rather than threats to avoid. These people are able to recover from failure faster and are more likely to attribute failure to a lack of effort. They approach threatening situations with the belief that they can control them. These things have been linked to lower levels of stress and a lower vulnerability to depression.


title: Self-efficacy

text: In contrast, people with a low sense of self-efficacy view difficult tasks as personal threats and shy away from them. Difficult tasks lead them to look at the skills they lack rather than the ones they have. It is easy for them to lose faith in their own abilities after a failure. Low self-efficacy can be linked to higher levels of stress and depression.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. One's sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges. The theory of self-efficacy lies at the center of Bandura's social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning and social experience in the development of personality. The main concept in social cognitive theory is that an individual's actions and reactions, including social behaviors and cognitive processes, in almost every situation are influenced by the actions that individual has observed in others. Because self-efficacy is developed from external experiences and self-perception and is influential in determining the outcome of many events, it is an important aspect of social cognitive theory. Self-efficacy represents the personal perception of external social factors. According to Bandura's theory, people with high self-efficacy—that is, those who believe they can perform well—are more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered rather than something to be avoided.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Social learning theory describes the acquisition of skills that are developed exclusively or primarily within a social group. Social learning depends on how individuals either succeed or fail at dynamic interactions within groups, and promotes the development of individual emotional and practical skills as well as accurate perception of self and acceptance of others. According to this theory, people learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling. Self-efficacy reflects an individual's understanding of what skills he/she can offer in a group setting.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Self-concept theory seeks to explain how people perceive and interpret their own existence from clues they receive from external sources, focusing on how these impressions are organized and how they are active throughout life. Successes and failures are closely related to the ways in which people have learned to view themselves and their relationships with others. This theory describes self-concept as learned (i.e., not present at birth); organized (in the way it is applied to the self); and dynamic (i.e., ever-changing, and not fixed at a certain age).


title: Self-efficacy

text: Attribution theory focuses on how people attribute events and how those beliefs interact with self-perception. Attribution theory defines three major elements of cause:


title: Self-efficacy

text: According to Bandura, the most effective way to build self-efficacy is to engage in mastery experiences. These mastery experiences can be defined as a personal experience of success. Achieving difficult goals in the face of adversity helps build confidence and strengthen perseverance.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Another source of self-efficacy is through vicarious experiences of social models. Seeing someone, who you view as similar to yourself, succeed at something difficult can motivate you to believe that you have the skills necessary to achieve a similar goal. However, the inverse of the previous statement is true as well. Seeing someone fail at a task can lead to doubt in personal skills and abilities. "The greater the assumed similarity, the more persuasive are the models' successes and failures."


title: Self-efficacy

text: A third source of self-efficacy is found through strengthening the belief that one has the ability to succeed. Those who are positively persuaded that they have the ability to complete a given task show a greater and more sustained effort to complete a task. It also lowers the effect of self-doubt in a person. However, it is important to remember that those who are doing the encouraging, put the person in a situation where success is more often. If they are put in a situation prematurely with no hope of any success, it can undermine self-efficacy.


title: Self-efficacy

text: People generally avoid tasks where self-efficacy is low, but undertake tasks where self-efficacy is high. When self-efficacy is significantly beyond actual ability, it leads to an overestimation of the ability to complete tasks. On the other hand, when self-efficacy is significantly lower than actual ability, it discourages growth and skill development. Research shows that the optimum level of self-efficacy is slightly above ability; in this situation, people are most encouraged to tackle challenging tasks and gain experience. Self-efficacy is made of dimensions like magnitude, strength, and generality to explain how one believes they will perform on a specific task.


title: Self-efficacy

text: High self-efficacy can affect motivation in both positive and negative ways. In general, people with high self-efficacy are more likely to make efforts to complete a task, and to persist longer in those efforts, than those with low self-efficacy. The stronger the self-efficacy or mastery expectations, the more active the efforts.


title: Self-efficacy

text: A negative effect of low self-efficacy is that it can lead to a state of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness was studied by Martin Seligman in an experiment in which shocks were applied to animals. Through the experiment, it was discovered that the animals placed in a cage where they could escape shocks by moving to a different part of the cage did not attempt to move if they had formerly been placed in a cage in which escape from the shocks was not possible. Low self-efficacy can lead to this state in which it is believed that no amount of effort will make a difference in the success of the task at hand.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Self-efficacy theory has been embraced by management scholars and practitioners because of its applicability in the workplace. Overall, self-efficacy is positively and strongly related to work-related performance as measured by the weighted average correlation across 114 selected studies. The strength of the relationship, though, is moderated by both task complexity and environmental context. For more complex tasks, the relationships between self-efficacy and work performance is weaker than for easier work-related tasks. In actual work environments, which are characterized by performance constraints, ambiguous demands, deficient performance feedback, and other complicating factors, the relationship appears weaker than in controlled laboratory settings. The implications of this research is that managers should provide accurate descriptions of tasks and provide clear and concise instructions. Moreover, they should provide the necessary supporting elements, including training employees in developing their self-efficacy in addition to task-related skills, for employees to be successful. It has also been suggested that managers should factor in self-efficacy when trying to decide candidates for developmental or training programs. It has been found that those who are high in self-efficacy learn more which leads to higher job performance.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Social cognitive theory explains that employees use five basic capabilities to self influence themselves in order to initiate, regulate and sustain their behavior: symbolizing, forethought, observational, self-regulatory and self reflective.


title: Self-efficacy

text: A number of studies on the adoption of health practices have measured self-efficacy to assess its potential to initiate behavior change. With increased self-efficacy, individuals have greater confidence in their ability and thus are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors. Greater engagement in healthy behaviors, result in positive patient health outcomes such as improved quality of life. Choices affecting health (such as smoking, physical exercise, dieting, condom use, dental hygiene, seat belt use, and breast self-examination) are dependent on self-efficacy. Self-efficacy beliefs are cognitions that determine whether health behavior change will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and failures. Self-efficacy influences how high people set their health goals (e.g., "I intend to reduce my smoking", or "I intend to quit smoking altogether").


title: Self-efficacy

text: Bandura showed that difference in self-efficacy correlates to fundamentally different world views. People with high self-efficacy generally believe that they are in control of their own lives, that their own actions and decisions shape their lives, while people with low self-efficacy may see their lives as outside their control. For example, a student with high self-efficacy who does poorly on an exam will likely attribute the failure to the fact that they did not study enough. However, a student with low self-efficacy who does poorly on an exam is likely to believe the cause of that failure was due to the test being too difficult or challenging, which the student does not control.


title: Self-efficacy

text: In a Norwegian twin study, the heritability of self-efficacy in adolescents was estimated at 75 percent. The remaining variance, 25 percent, was due to environmental influences not shared between family members. The shared family environment did not contribute to individual differences in self-efficacy.


title: Self-efficacy

text: The twins reared-together design may overestimate the effect of genetic influences and underestimate shared environmental influences because variables measured on the family level are modeled to be equal for both twins and thus cannot be separated into genetic and environmental components. Employing an alternative design, namely that of adoptive siblings, Buchanan et al. found significant shared environmental effects.


title: Self-efficacy

text: A theoretical model of the effect of self-efficacy on transgressive behavior was developed and verified in research with school children.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Prosocial behavior (such as helping others, sharing, and being kind and cooperative) and moral disengagement (manifesting in behaviors such as making excuses for bad behavior, avoiding responsibility for consequences, and blaming the victim) are negatively correlated. Academic, social, and self-regulatory self-efficacy encourages prosocial behavior, and thus helps prevent moral disengagement.


title: Self-efficacy

text: In low-performing students, self-efficacy is not a self-fulfilling prophecy. Over-efficaciousness or 'illusional' efficacy discourages the critical examination of one's practices, therefore inhibiting professional learning. One study, which included 101 lower-division Portuguese students at U.T. Austin, examined the foreign students' beliefs about learning, goal attainment, and motivation to continue with language study. It was concluded that over-efficaciousness negatively affected student motivation, so that students who believed they were "good at languages" had less motivation to study.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Social-cognitive models of health behavior change cast self-efficacy as predictor, mediator, or moderator. As a predictor, self-efficacy is supposed to facilitate the forming of behavioral intentions, the development of action plans, and the initiation of action. As mediator, self-efficacy can help prevent relapse to unhealthy behavior. As a moderator, self-efficacy can support the translation of intentions into action. See Health action process approach.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Parents' sense of academic efficacy for their child is linked to their children's scholastic achievement. If the parents have higher perceived academic capabilities and aspirations for their child, the child itself will share those same beliefs. This promotes academic self-efficacy for the child, and in turn, leads to scholastic achievement. It also leads to prosocial behavior, and reduces vulnerability to feelings of futility and depression. There is a relationship between low self-efficacy and depression.


title: Self-efficacy

text: In a study, the majority of a group of students questioned felt they had a difficulty with listening in class situations. Instructors then helped strengthen their listening skills by making them aware about how the use of different strategies could produce better outcomes. This way, their levels of self-efficacy were improved as they continued to figure out what strategies worked for them.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Self-efficacy has proven especially useful for helping undergraduate students to gain insights into their career development in STEM fields. Researchers have reported that mathematics self-efficacy is more predictive of mathematics interest, choice of math-related courses, and math majors than past achievements in math or outcome expectations.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Self-efficacy theory has been applied to the career area to examine why women are underrepresented in male-dominated STEM fields such as mathematics, engineering, and science. It was found that gender differences in self-efficacy expectancies importantly influence the career-related behaviors and career choices of young women.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Technical self-efficacy was found to be a crucial factor for teaching computer programming to school students, as students with higher levels of technological self-efficacy achieve higher learning outcomes. The effect of technical self-efficacy was found to be even stronger than the effect of gender.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Writing studies research indicates a strong relationship linking perceived self-efficacy to motivation and performance outcomes. Students’ academic accomplishments are inextricably connected to their self-thought of efficacy and constructed motivation within their contexts. The resilient efforts that highly self-efficacious individuals exert usually enable them to face the challenge and produce high-performance achievements. Besides, individuals place more value on the academic activities which they used to achieve success Recent writing research accentuated this connection between writers’ self-efficacy, motivation and efforts offered, and achieving success in writing. In another way, writers with a high level of confidence in their writing capabilities and processes are more willing to work persistently for satisfying and effective writing. In contrast, those who have less sense of efficacy are unable to resist any failure and tend to avoid what they believe it as a painful experience_ writing. There is a causal relationship between self-efficacy beliefs that the writers hold and the accomplishments that they can achieve in their writing. Accordingly, scholars emphasized that writing self-efficacy beliefs are instrumental for making predictions of crafting outcomes.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Empirically speaking, there is a study on introductory Composition courses that proved that poor writing is strongly sponsored by the writers’ self-doubts of making effective writing rather than their actual writing capabilities. Self-referent thought is a powerful mediator that links one’s knowledge and actions. Therefore, even when individuals have the required skills and knowledge, their self-referent may continue in hindering their optimal performance. A 1997 study looked at how self-efficacy could influence the writing ability of 5th graders in the United States. Researchers found that there was a direct correlation between students' self-efficacy and their own writing apprehension, essay performance, and perceived usefulness of writing. As the researchers suggest, this study is important because it showed how important it is for teachers to teach skills and also to build confidence in their students. A more recent study was done that seemed to replicate the findings of the previous study quite nicely. This study found that students' beliefs about their own writing did have an impact on their self-efficacy, apprehension, and performance. This is also evident in a different study on collegiate students that reported the change of knowledge seeking as an outcome of their self-efficacy promotion. Thus, students' self-efficacy is predictive of students' production of effective writing. Therefore, increasing their writing positive beliefs resulted in better performance in their writing. Nurturing the participants’ perceived self-efficacy elevated the goals that they used to set up in the writing courses, and this, in turn, promoted their quality of writing and placed more sense of self-satisfaction. Self-regulatory writing is another key determinant associated with writing efficacy and has great influence on writing development. Self-regulation encapsulates the writing dynamism of complexities, time structure, strategies, and whether deficiencies or capabilities. Through self-regulatory efficacy, writers strive toward more self-efficaciousness that effectively impacts their writing attainments


title: Self-efficacy

text: One of the factors most commonly associated with self-efficacy in writing studies is motivation. Motivation is often divided into two categories: extrinsic and intrinsic. McLeod suggests that intrinsic motivators tend to be more effective than extrinsic motivators because students then perceive the given task as inherently valuable. Additionally, McCarthy, Meier, and Rinderer explain that writers who are intrinsically motivated tend to be more self-directed, take active control of their writing, and see themselves as more capable of setting and accomplishing goals. Furthermore, writing studies research indicates that self-efficacy influences student choices, effort, persistence, perseverance, thought patterns, and emotional reactions when completing a writing assignment. Students with a high self-efficacy are more likely to attempt and persist in unfamiliar writing tasks.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Self-efficacy has often been linked to students' writing performance outcomes. More so than any other element within the cognitive-affective domain, self-efficacy beliefs have proven to be predictive of performance outcomes in writing. In order to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and writing capabilities, several studies have constructed scales to measure students' self-efficacy beliefs. The results of these scales are then compared to student writing samples. The studies included other variables, such as writing anxiety, grade goals, depth of processing, and expected outcomes. However, self-efficacy was the only variable that was a statistically significant predictor of writing performance.


title: Self-efficacy

text: A strong negative relationship has been suggested between levels of speech anxiety and self-efficacy.


title: Self-efficacy

text: As the focus of healthcare continues to transition from the medical model to health promotion and preventive healthcare, the role of self-efficacy as a potent influence on health behavior and self-care has come under review. According to Luszczynska and Schwarzer, self-efficacy plays a role in influencing the adoption, initiation, and maintenance of healthy behaviors, as well as curbing unhealthy practices.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Healthcare providers can integrate self-efficacy interventions into patient education. One method is to provide examples of other people acting on a health promotion behavior and then work with the patient to encourage their belief in their own ability to change. Furthermore, when nurses followed-up by telephone after hospital discharge, individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were found to have increased self-efficacy in managing breathing difficulties. In this study, the nurses helped reinforce education and reassured patients regarding their self-care management techniques while in their home environment.


title: Self-efficacy

text: At the National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology in Taiwan, researchers investigated the correlations between general Internet self-efficacy (GISE), Web-specific self-efficacy (WSE), and e-service usage. Researchers concluded that GISE directly affects the WSE of a consumer, which in turn shows a strong correlation with e-service usage. These findings are significant for future consumer targeting and marketing.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Furthermore, self-efficacy has been included as one of the four factors of core self-evaluation, one's fundamental appraisal of oneself, along with locus of control, neuroticism, and self-esteem. Core self-evaluation has shown to predict job satisfaction and job performance.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Researchers have also examined self-efficacy in the context of the work–life interface. Chan et al. (2016) developed and validated a measure "self-efficacy to regulate work and life" and defined it as "the belief one has in one's own ability to achieve a balance between work and non-work responsibilities, and to persist and cope with challenges posed by work and non-work demands" (p. 1758). Specifically, Chan et al. (2016) found that "self-efficacy to regulate work and life" helped to explain the relationship between work–family enrichment, work–life balance, and job satisfaction and family satisfaction. Chan et al. (2017) also found that "self-efficacy to regulate work and life" assists individuals to achieve work–life balance and work engagement despite the presence of family and work demands.


title: Self-efficacy

text: While self-efficacy is sometimes measured as a whole, as with the General Self-Efficacy Scale, it is also measured in particular functional situations.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Social self-efficacy has been variably defined and measured. According to Smith and Betz, social self-efficacy is "an individual's confidence in her/his ability to engage in the social interactional tasks necessary to initiate and maintain interpersonal relationships." They measured social self-efficacy using an instrument of their own devise called the Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy, which measured six domains: (1) making friends, (2) pursuing romantic relationships, (3) social assertiveness, (4) performance in public situations, (5) groups or parties, and (6) giving or receiving help. More recently, it has been suggested that social self-efficacy can also be operationalised in terms of cognitive (confidence in knowing what to do in social situations) and behavioral (confidence in performing in social situations) social self-efficacy.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Matsushima and Shiomi measured self-efficacy by focusing on self-confidence about social skill in personal relationship, trust in friends, and trust by friends.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Researchers suggest that social self-efficacy is strongly correlated with shyness and social anxiety.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Academic self-efficacy refers to the belief that one can successfully engage in and complete course-specific academic tasks, such as accomplishing course aims, satisfactorily completing assignments, achieving a passing grade, and meeting the requirements to continue to pursue one's major course of study. Various empirical inquiries have been aimed at measuring academic self-efficacy.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Eating self-efficacy refers to an individual's perceived belief that they can resist the impulse to eat.


title: Self-efficacy

text: Other areas of self-efficacy that have been identified for study include teacher self-efficacy and technological self-efficacy.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Carmen Miranda, (; born Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha, 9 February 1909 – 5 August 1955) was a Portuguese-born Brazilian samba singer, dancer, Broadway actress and film star who was active from the late 1920s onwards. Nicknamed "The Brazilian Bombshell", Miranda was known for her signature fruit hat outfit that she wore in her American films. As a young woman, she designed hats in a boutique before making her first recordings with composer Josué de Barros in 1929. Miranda's 1930 recording of "Taí (Pra Você Gostar de Mim)", written by Joubert de Carvalho, catapulted her to stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of samba.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: During the 1930s, Miranda performed on Brazilian radio and appeared in five Brazilian "chanchadas", films celebrating Brazilian music, dance and the country's carnival culture. "Hello, Hello Brazil!" and "Hello, Hello, Carnival!" embodied the spirit of these early Miranda films. The 1939 musical "Banana da Terra" (directed by Ruy Costa) gave the world her "Baiana" image, inspired by Afro-Brazilians from the north-eastern state of Bahia.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: In 1939, Broadway producer Lee Shubert offered Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in "The Streets of Paris" after seeing her at Cassino da Urca in Rio de Janeiro. The following year she made her first Hollywood film, "Down Argentine Way" with Don Ameche and Betty Grable and her exotic clothing and Lusophone accent became her trademark. That year, she was voted the third-most-popular personality in the United States; she and her group, Bando da Lua, were invited to sing and dance for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1943, Miranda starred in Busby Berkeley's "The Gang's All Here", which featured musical numbers with the fruit hats that became her trademark. By 1945, she was the highest-paid woman in the United States.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda made fourteen Hollywood films between 1940 and 1953. Although she was hailed as a talented performer, her popularity waned by the end of World War II. Miranda came to resent the stereotypical "Brazilian Bombshell" image she had cultivated and attempted to free herself of it with limited success. She focused on nightclub appearances and became a fixture on television variety shows. Despite being stereotyped, Miranda's performances popularized Brazilian music and increased public awareness of Latin culture. In 1941, she was the first Latin American star to be invited to leave her hand and footprints in the courtyard of Grauman's Chinese Theatre and was the first South American honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Miranda is considered the precursor of Brazil's 1960s Tropicalismo cultural movement. A museum was built in Rio de Janeiro in her honor and she was the subject of the documentary "" (1995).


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda was born Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha in , a village in the northern Portuguese municipality of Marco de Canaveses. She was the second daughter of José Maria Pinto da Cunha (17 February 1887 – 21 June 1938) and Maria Emília Miranda (10 March 1886, Rio de Janeiro – 9 November 1971). In 1909, when Miranda was ten months old, her father emigrated to Brazil and settled in Rio de Janeiro, where he opened a barber shop. Her mother followed in 1910 with their daughters, Olinda (1907–1931) and Carmen. Although Carmen never returned to Portugal, she retained her Portuguese nationality. In Brazil, her parents had four more children: Amaro (1912–1988), Cecilia (1913–2011), Aurora (1915–2005) and Óscar (born 1916).


title: Carmen Miranda

text: She was christened Carmen by her father because of his love for Bizet's "Carmen". This passion for opera influenced his children, and Miranda's love for singing and dancing, at an early age. She was educated at the Convent of Saint Therese of Lisieux. Her father did not approve of Miranda's plans to enter show business; her mother supported her, despite being beaten when her father discovered that his daughter had auditioned for a radio show (she had sung at parties and festivals in Rio). Miranda's older sister, Olinda, developed tuberculosis and was sent to Portugal for treatment; the singer worked in a tie shop at age 14 to help pay her sister's medical bills. She then worked in a boutique (where she learned to make hats), and opened a successful hat business.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda was introduced to Josué de Barros, a composer and musician from Bahia, while she was working at her family's inn. With help from de Barros and Brunswick Records, she recorded her first single (the samba "Não vá Simbora") in 1929. Miranda's second single, "Prá Você Gostar de Mim" (also known as "Taí", and released in 1930), was a collaboration with Brazilian composer Joubert de Carvalho and sold a record 35,000 copies that year. She signed a two-year contract with RCA Victor in 1930, giving them exclusive rights to her image.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: In 1933 Miranda signed a two-year contract with Rádio Mayrink Veiga, the most popular Brazilian station of the 1930s, and was the first contract singer in Brazilian radio history; for a year, in 1937, she moved to Rádio Tupi. She later signed a contract with Odeon Records, making her the highest-paid radio singer in Brazil at the time.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda's rise to stardom in Brazil was linked to the growth of a native style of music: the samba. The samba and Miranda's emerging career enhanced the revival of Brazilian nationalism during the government of President Getúlio Vargas. Her gracefulness and vitality in her recordings and live performances gave her the nickname "Cantora do It". The singer was later known as "Ditadora Risonha do Samba", and in 1933 radio announcer Cesar Ladeira christened her "A Pequena Notável".


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Her Brazilian film career was linked to a genre of musical films that drew on the nation's carnival traditions and the annual celebration and musical style of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's capital at the time. Miranda performed a musical number in "O Carnaval Cantado no Rio" (1932, the first sound documentary on the subject) and three songs in "A Voz do Carnaval" (1933), which combined footage of street celebrations in Rio with a fictitious plot providing a pretext for musical numbers.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda's next screen performance was in the musical "Hello, Hello Brazil!" (1935), in which she performed its closing number: the "marcha" "Primavera no Rio", which she had recorded for Victor in August 1934. Several months after the film's release, according to "Cinearte" magazine, "Carmen Miranda is currently the most popular figure in Brazilian cinema, judging by the sizeable correspondence that she receives". In her next film, "Estudantes" (1935), she had a speaking part for the first time. Miranda played Mimi, a young radio singer (who performs two numbers in the film) falls in love with a university student (played by singer Mário Reis).


title: Carmen Miranda

text: She starred in the next co-production from the Waldow and Cinédia studios, the musical "Hello, Hello, Carnival!" (1936), which contained a roll call of popular-music and radio performers (including Miranda's sister, Aurora). A standard backstage plot permitted 23 musical numbers and, by contemporary Brazilian standards, the film was a major production. Its set reproduced the interior of Rio's plush Atlântico casino (where some scenes were filmed) and was a backdrop for some of its musical numbers. Miranda's stardom is evident in a film poster with a full-length photograph of her and her name topping the cast list.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Although she became synonymous with colorful fruit hats during her later career, she began wearing them only in 1939. Miranda appeared in the film "Banana da Terra" that year in a glamorous version of the traditional dress of a poor black girl in Bahia: a flowing dress and a fruit-hat turban. She sang "O que é que a baiana tem?"; which intended to empower a social class that was usually disparaged.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Producer Lee Shubert offered Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in "The Streets of Paris" on Broadway after seeing her perform in 1939 at Rio's Cassino da Urca. Although she was interested in performing in New York, she refused to accept the deal unless Shubert agreed to also hire her band, the Bando da Lua. He refused, saying that there were many capable musicians in New York who could back her. Miranda remained steadfast, feeling that North American musicians would not be able to authenticate the sounds of Brazil. Shubert compromised, agreeing to hire the six band members but not paying for their transport to New York. President Getúlio Vargas, recognizing the value to Brazil of Miranda's tour, announced that the Brazilian government would pay for the band's transportation on the Moore-McCormack Lines between Rio and New York. Vargas believed that Miranda would foster ties between the northern and southern hemispheres and act as a goodwill ambassador in the United States, increasing Brazil's share of the American coffee market. Miranda took the official sanction of her trip and her duty to represent Brazil to the outside world seriously. She left for New York on the SS "Uruguay" on 4 May 1939, a few months before World War II.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda arrived in New York on 18 May 1939. She and the band had their first Broadway performance on 19 June 1939 in "The Streets of Paris". Although Miranda's part was small (she only spoke four words), she received good reviews and became a media sensation. According to "New York Times" theater critic Brooks Atkinson, most of the musical numbers "ap[e] the tawdry dullness" of genuine Paris revues and "the chorus girls, skin-deep in atmosphere, strike what Broadway thinks a Paris pose ought to be". Atkinson added, however, that "South American contributes the [revue's] most magnetic personality" (Miranda). Singing "rapid-rhythmed songs to the accompaniment of a Brazilian band, she radiates heat that will tax the Broadhurst [theater] air-conditioning plant this Summer". Although Atkinson gave the revue a lukewarm review, he wrote that Miranda made the show.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Syndicated columnist Walter Winchell wrote for the "Daily Mirror" that a star had been born who would save Broadway from the slump in ticket sales caused by the 1939 New York World's Fair. Winchell's praise of Carmen and her Bando da Lua was repeated on his Blue Network radio show, which reached 55 million listeners daily. The press called Miranda "the girl who saved Broadway from the World's Fair". Her fame grew quickly, and she was formally presented to President Franklin D. Roosevelt at a White House banquet shortly after her arrival. According to a "Life" magazine reviewer:


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Partly because their unusual melody and heavy accented rhythms are unlike anything ever heard in a Manhattan revue before, partly because there is not a clue to their meaning except the gay rolling of Carmen Miranda's insinuating eyes, these songs, and Miranda herself, are the outstanding hit of the show.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: When news of Broadway's latest star (known as the Brazilian Bombshell) reached Hollywood, Twentieth Century-Fox began to develop a film featuring Miranda. Its working title was "The South American Way" (the title of a song she had performed in New York), and the film was later entitled "Down Argentine Way" (1940). Although its production and cast were based in Los Angeles, Miranda's scenes were filmed in New York because of her club obligations. Fox could combine the footage from both cities because the singer had no dialogue with the other cast members. "Down Argentine Way" was successful, grossing $2 million that year at the US box office.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: The Shuberts brought Miranda back to Broadway, teaming her with Olsen and Johnson, Ella Logan, and the Blackburn Twins in the musical revue "Sons o' Fun" on 1 December 1941. The show was a hodgepodge of slapstick, songs, and skits; according to "New York Herald Tribune" theater critic Richard Watts, Jr., "In her eccentric and highly personalized fashion, Miss Miranda is by way of being an artist and her numbers give the show its one touch of distinction." On 1 June 1942, she left the production when her Shubert contract expired; meanwhile, she recorded for Decca Records.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Miranda was encouraged by the US government as part of Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy, designed to strengthen ties with Latin America. It was believed that performers like her would give the policy a favorable impression with the American public. Miranda's contract with 20th Century Fox lasted from 1941 to 1946, coinciding with the creation and activities of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The goal of the OCIAA was to obtain support from Latin American society and its governments for the United States.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: The Good Neighbor policy had been linked to US interference in Latin America; Roosevelt sought better diplomatic relations with Brazil and other South American nations, and pledged to refrain from military intervention (which had occurred to protect US business interests in industries such as mining or agriculture). Hollywood was asked to help, and Walt Disney Studios and 20th Century Fox participated. Miranda was considered a goodwill ambassador and a promoter of intercontinental culture.


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Although Miranda's US popularity continued to increase, she began to lose favor with some Brazilians. On 10 July 1940, she returned to Brazil and was welcomed by cheering fans. Soon after her arrival, however, the Brazilian press began criticizing Miranda for accommodating American commercialism and projecting a negative image of Brazil. Members of the upper class felt that her image was "too black", and she was criticized in a Brazilian newspaper for "singing bad-taste black sambas". Other Brazilians criticized Miranda for playing a stereotypical "Latina bimbo": in her first interview after her arrival in the US in the "New York World-Telegram" interview, she played up her then-limited knowledge of the English language: "I say money, money, money. I say twenty words in English. I say money, money, money and I say hot dog!"


title: Carmen Miranda

text: On 15 July, Miranda appeared in a charity concert organized by Brazilian First Lady Darci Vargas and attended by members of Brazil's high society. She greeted the audience in English, and was met with silence. When Miranda began singing "The South American Way", a song from one of her club acts, the audience began to boo her. Although she tried to finish her act, she gave up and left the stage when the audience refused to let up. The incident deeply hurt Miranda, who wept in her dressing room. The following day, the Brazilian press criticized her as "too Americanized".


title: Carmen Miranda

text: Weeks later, Miranda responded to the criticism with the Portuguese song "Disseram que Voltei Americanizada" ("They Say I've Come Back Americanized"). Another song, "Bananas Is My Business", was based on a line from one of her films and directly addressed her image. Upset by the criticism, Miranda did not return to Brazil for 14 years.