title: 3G

text: Currently 3G around the world is declining in availability and support. Technology that depends on 3G for usage will soon become inoperable in many places. For example, the European Union plans to ensure that member countries maintain 2G networks as a fallback, so 3G devices that are backwards compatible with 2G frequencies can continue to be used. However, in countries that plan to decommission 2G networks as well, such as the United States, devices supporting only 3G and backwards compatible with 2G will soon be inoperable.


title: 3G

text: It has been estimated that there are almost 8,000 patents declared essential (FRAND) related to the 483 technical specifications which form the 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards. Twelve companies accounted in 2004 for 90% of the patents (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Philips, NTT DoCoMo, Siemens, Mitsubishi, Fujitsu, Hitachi, InterDigital, and Matsushita).


title: 3G

text: Even then, some patents essential to 3G might not have been declared by their patent holders. It is believed that Nortel and Lucent have undisclosed patents essential to these standards.


title: 3G

text: Furthermore, the existing 3G Patent Platform Partnership Patent pool has little impact on FRAND protection because it excludes the four largest patent owners for 3G.


title: 3G

text: ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various data rates are sold as '3G' in the market.


title: 3G

text: In a market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for UMTS (WCDMA), up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA, and a theoretical maximum of 21.1 Mbit/s for HSPA+ and 42.2 Mbit/s for DC-HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).


title: 3G

text: 3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.


title: 3G

text: In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.


title: 3G

text: The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. It became possible to conveniently surf the internet on a 3G network on the go with minimum hassle, and do many other tasks previously a slow and difficult hassle on 2G. Medical devices, fire alarms, ankle monitors use this network for accomplishing their designated tasks alongside mobile phone users. This network marked the first for a cellular communications network to be used in such a wide variety of tasks, kick-starting the beginning of widespread usage of cellular networks.


title: 3G

text: Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on the extensions to 3G standards that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.


title: 3G

text: 3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted UMB development in favour of the LTE family.


title: 3G

text: On 14 December 2009, TeliaSonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services." With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering "pre-4G" (or "beyond 3G") services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.


title: Salaries of members of the United States Congress

text: This chart shows historical information on the salaries that members of the United States Congress have been paid. The Government Ethics Reform Act of 1989 provides for an automatic increase in salary each year as a cost of living adjustment that reflects the employment cost index. Since 2010 Congress has annually voted not to accept the increase, keeping it at the same nominal amount since 2009. The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1992, prohibits any law affecting compensation from taking effect until after the next election.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Jeffrey Lynn Koons (; born January 21, 1955) is an American artist recognized for his work dealing with popular culture and his sculptures depicting everyday objects, including balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror-finish surfaces. He lives and works in both New York City and his hometown of York, Pennsylvania. His works have sold for substantial sums, including at least two record auction prices for a work by a living artist: US$58.4 million for "Balloon Dog (Orange)" in 2013 and US$91.1 million for "Rabbit" in 2019.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Critics are sharply divided in their views of Koons. Some view his work as pioneering and of major art-historical importance. Others dismiss his work as kitsch, crass, and based on cynical self-merchandising. Koons has stated that there are no hidden meanings and critiques in his works.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons was born in York, Pennsylvania, to Henry and Gloria Koons. His father was a furniture dealer and interior decorator. His mother was a seamstress. When he was nine years old, his father would place old master paintings that Koons copied and signed in the window of his shop in an attempt to attract visitors. As a child he went door-to-door after school selling gift-wrapping paper and candy to earn pocket money. As a teenager he revered Salvador Dalí so much that he visited him at the St. Regis Hotel in New York City.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons studied painting at the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. While a student at the Art Institute, Koons met the artist Ed Paschke, who became a major influence and for whom Koons worked as a studio assistant in the late 1970s. He lived in Lakeview, and then in the Pilsen neighborhood at Halsted Street and 19th Street.


title: Jeff Koons

text: After college, Koons moved to New York in 1977 and worked at the membership desk of the Museum of Modern Art while establishing himself as an artist. During this time, he dyed his hair red and often wore a pencil mustache, after Salvador Dalí. In 1980, he became licensed to sell mutual funds and stocks and began working as a Wall Street commodities broker at First Investors Corporation. After a summer with his parents in Sarasota, Florida, where he briefly worked as a political canvasser, Koons returned to New York and found a new career as a commodities broker, first at Clayton Brokerage Company and then at Smith Barney.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Jeff Koons rose to prominence in the mid-1980s as part of a generation of artists who explored the meaning of art in a media-saturated era. He gained recognition in the 1980s and subsequently set up a factory-like studio in a SoHo loft on the corner of Houston Street and Broadway in New York. It was staffed with over 30 assistants, each assigned to a different aspect of producing his work—in a similar mode as Andy Warhol's Factory. Koon's work is produced using a method known as art fabrication. Until 2019, Koons had a studio factory near the old Hudson rail yards in Chelsea and employed upwards of 90 to 120 assistants to produce his work. More recently, Koons has downsized staffing and shifted to more automated forms of production and relocated to a much smaller studio space. Koons used a color-by-numbers system, so that each of his assistants could execute his canvases and sculptures as if they had been done "by a single hand".


title: Jeff Koons

text: Between 1977 and 1979 Koons produced four separate artworks, which he later referred to as Early Works. Starting from 1978 he worked on his "Inflatables" series, consisting of inflatable flowers and a rabbit of various heights and colors, positioned along with mirrors.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Since 1979 Koons has produced work within series. His early work was in the form of conceptual sculpture, an example of which is "The Pre-New", a series of domestic objects attached to light fixtures, resulting in strange new configurations. Another example is "The New", a series of vacuum-cleaners, often selected for brand names that appealed to the artist like the iconic Hoover, which he had mounted in illuminated Perspex boxes. Koons first exhibited these pieces in the window of the New Museum in New York in 1980. He chose a limited combination of vacuum cleaners and arranged them in cabinets accordingly, juxtaposing the verticality of the upright cleaners with the squat cylinders of the "Shelton Wet/Dry drum" cleaners. At the museum, the machines were displayed as if in a showroom, and oriented around a central red fluorescent lightbox with just the words "The New" written on it as if it were announcing some new concept or marketing brand.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Another example for Koons' early work is "The Equilibrium Series" (1983), consisting of one to three basketballs floating in distilled water, a project the artist had researched with the help of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. The "Total Equilibrium Tanks" are completely filled with distilled water and a small amount of ordinary salt, to assist the hollow balls in remaining suspended in the centre of the liquid. In a second version, the "50/50 Tanks", only half the tank is filled with distilled water, with the result that the balls float half in and half out of the water. In addition, Koons conceived and fabricated five unique works for the "Encased" series (1983–1993/98), sculptures consisting of stacked sporting balls (four rows of six basketballs each, and one row of six soccer balls) with their original cardboard packaging in glass display case. Also part of the "Equilibrium" series are posters featuring basketball stars in Nike advertisements and 10 bronze objects, representing lifesaving gear.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons started creating sculptures using inflatable toys in the 1970s. Taking a readymade inflatable rabbit, Koons cast the object in highly polished stainless steel, resulting in "Rabbit" (1986), one of his most famous artworks. Originally part of the private collection of Ileana Sonnabend, "Rabbit" is today owned by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. A proof of the sculpture is owned by Eli Broad.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The "Rabbit" has since returned to its original soft form, and many times larger at more than 50 feet high, taken to the air. On October 15, 2009, the giant metallic monochrome color rabbit used during the 2007 Macy's Thanksgiving day parade was put on display for Nuit Blanche in the Eaton Centre in Toronto. The other objects of the series combine objects Koons found in souvenir shops and baroque imagery, thereby playing with the distinction between low art and high art.


title: Jeff Koons

text: On May 15, 2019, Koons set the record for most expensive piece sold by a living artist for the sale of "Rabbit". "Rabbit" was sold at Christie's Auction House for US$80 million which—including auctioneer's fees—resulted in a final sale price of US$91,075,000.


title: Jeff Koons

text: First shown in Koons' eponymous exhibitions at the short-lived International With Monument Gallery, New York, and at Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, in 1986, the "Luxury and Degradation" series is a group of works thematically centered on alcohol. This group included a stainless steel travel cocktail cabinet, a Baccarat crystal decanter and other hand-made renderings of alcohol-related paraphernalia, as well as reprinted and framed ads for drinks such as Gordon's Gin ("I Could Go for Something Gordon's"), Hennessy ("Hennessy, The Civilized Way to Lay Down the Law"), Bacardi ("Aquí... el gran sabor del ron Bacardi"), Dewars ("The Empire State of Scotch"), Martell ("I Assume You Drink Martell") and Frangelico ("Stay in Tonight" and "Find a Quiet Table") in seductively intensified colors on canvas Koons appropriated these advertisements and revalued them by recontextualizing them into artworks. They "deliver a critique of traditional advertising that supports Baudrillard's censorious view of the obscene promiscuity of consumer signs". Another work, "Jim Beam – J.B. Turner Engine" (1986), is based on a commemorative, collectible in bottle in the form of a locomotive that was created by Jim Beam; however, Koons appropriated this model and had it cast in gleaming stainless-steel. The train model cast in steel titled "Jim Beam – Baggage Car" (1986) even contains Jim Beam bourbon. With the "Luxury and Degradation" series Koons interfered into the realms of the social. He created an artificial and gleaming surface which represented a proletarian luxury. It was interpreted as seduction by simulation because it was fake luxury. Being the producer of this deception brought him to a kind of leadership, as he commented himself.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The same material of stainless steel was used for the statue of "Kiepenkerl". After being rebuilt in the 1950s, the figure of the itinerant trader was replaced by Jeff Koons in 1987 for the decennial "Skulptur Projekte" exhibition. Standing on a central square in Münster, the statue retained a certain cultural power as a nostalgic symbol of the past. During the production process, the foundry where the piece was being made wanted to knock the ceramic shell off too soon, which resulted in the piece being bent and deformed. Koons decided to bring in a specialist and give the piece "radical plastic surgery." After this experience he felt liberated: "I was now free to work with objects that did not necessarily pre-exist. I could create models."


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons then moved on to the "Banality" series. For this project he engaged workshops in Germany and Italy that had a long tradition of working in ceramic, porcelain, and wood. The series culminated in 1988 with "Michael Jackson and Bubbles," a series of three life-size gold-leaf plated porcelain statues of the sitting singer cuddling Bubbles, his pet chimpanzee. Three years later, one of these sold at Sotheby's New York for US$5.6 million. Two of these sculptures are now at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) in downtown Los Angeles. The statue was included in a 2004 retrospective at the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art in Oslo which traveled a year later to the Helsinki City Art Museum. It also featured in his second retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, in 2008. The statue is currently back at the newly opened Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art at Tjuvholmen in Oslo. Recently, his work "Christ and the Lamb" (1988) has been analyzed as an acknowledgment and critique of the spiritual and meditative power of the Rococo.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Anticipating a less than generous critical response to his 1988 "Banality" series exhibition, with all of his new objects made in an edition of three, allowing for simultaneous, identical shows at galleries in New York, Cologne, and Chicago, Koons devised the "Art Magazine Ads" series (1988–1989). Placed in Artforum, Art in America, Flash Art, and Art News, the ads were designed as promotions for his own gallery exhibitions. Koons also issued "Signature Plate", an edition for Parkett magazine, with a photographic decal in colors on a porcelain plate with gold-plated rim. Arts journalist Arifa Akbar reported for "The Independent" that in "an era when artists were not regarded as 'stars', Koons went to great lengths to cultivate his public persona by employing an image consultant". Featuring photographs by Matt Chedgey, Koons placed "advertisements in international art magazines of himself surrounded by the trappings of success" and gave interviews "referring to himself in the third person".


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 1989 the Whitney Museum and its guest curator Marvin Heiferman asked Koons to make an artwork about the media on a billboard for the show "Image World: Art and Media Culture". The billboard was meant as an advertisement for an unmade movie, entitled "Made in Heaven." Koons employed his then-wife Ilona Staller ("Cicciolina") as a model in the shoot that formed the basis of the resulting work for the Whitney, "Made in Heaven" (1990–1991). Including works with such titles as "Dirty Ejaculation" and "Ilonaʼs Asshole", the series of enormous grainy photographs printed on canvas, glassworks, and sculptures portrayed Koons and Staller in highly explicit sexual positions and created considerable controversy. The paintings of the series reference art from the Baroque and Rococo periods—among others, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher—and also draw upon the breakthroughs of early modern painters as Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The series was first shown at the 1990 Venice Biennale. Koons reportedly destroyed much of the work when Staller took their son Ludwig with her to Italy. In celebration of "Made in Heaven"'s 20th anniversary, Luxembourg & Dayan chose to present a redux edition of the series. The Whitney Museum also exhibited several of the photographs on canvas in their 2014 retrospective.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons was not among the 44 American artists selected to exhibit their work in Documenta 9 in 1992, but was commissioned by three art dealers to create a piece for nearby Arolsen Castle in Bad Arolsen, Germany. The result was "Puppy", a tall topiary sculpture of a West Highland White Terrier puppy, executed in a variety of flowers (including Marigolds, Begonias, Impatiens, Petunias, and Lobelias) on a transparent color-coated chrome stainless steel substructure. The self-cleaning flowers would grow for the specific length of time that the piece was exhibited. The size and location of "Puppy" -the courtyard of a baroque palace- acknowledged the mass audience. After the outbreak that followed his "Made in Heaven" series, Koons decided to make "an image that communicated warmth and love to people."


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 1995, in a co-venture between Museum of Contemporary Art, Kaldor Public Art Projects and Sydney Festival, the sculpture was dismantled and re-erected at the Museum of Contemporary Art on Sydney Harbour on a new, more permanent, stainless steel armature with an internal irrigation system. While the Arolsen "Puppy" had 20,000 plants, the Sydney version held around 60,000.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed on the terrace outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. Before the dedication at the museum, an Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) trio disguised as gardeners attempted to plant explosive-filled flowerpots near the sculpture, but was foiled by Basque police officer Jose María Aguirre, who then was shot dead by ETA members. Currently the square in which the statue is placed bears the name of Aguirre. In the summer of 2000, the statue traveled to New York City for a temporary exhibition at Rockefeller Center.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Media mogul Peter Brant and his wife, model Stephanie Seymour, commissioned Koons to create a duplicate of the Bilbao statue "Puppy" (1993) for their Connecticut estate, the Brant Foundation Art Study Center. In 1998, a miniature version of "Puppy" was released as a white glazed porcelain vase, in an edition of 3000.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons' "Celebration" was to honor the ardently hoped-for return of Ludwig from Rome. Consisting of a series of large-scale sculptures and paintings of balloon dogs, Valentine hearts, diamonds, and Easter eggs, was conceived in 1994. Some of the pieces are still being fabricated. Each of the 20 different sculptures in the series comes in five differently colored "unique versions", including the artist's cracked "Egg (Blue)" won the 2008 Charles Wollaston Award for the most distinguished work in the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition. The "Diamond" pieces were created between 1994 and 2005, made of shiny stainless steel seven-feet wide. Created in an edition of five versions, his later work "Tulips" (1995–2004) consists of a bouquet of multicolor balloon flowers blown up to gargantuan proportions (more than tall and across). Koons finally started to work on "Balloon Flower" in 1995.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons was pushing to finish the series in time for a 1996 exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, but the show was ultimately canceled because of production delays and cost overruns. When "Celebration" funding ran out, the staff was laid off, leaving a skeleton crew of two: Gary McCraw, Koons' studio manager, who had been with him since 1990, and Justine Wheeler, an artist from South Africa, who had arrived in 1995 and eventually took charge of the sculpture operation. The artist convinced his primary collectors Dakis Joannou, Peter Brant, and Eli Broad, along with dealers Jeffrey Deitch, Anthony d'Offay, and Max Hetzler, to invest heavily in the costly fabrication of the "Celebration" series at Southern California-based Carlson & Company (including his "Balloon Dog" and "Moon" series), and later, at Arnold, a Frankfurt-based company. The dealers funded the project in part by selling works to collectors before they were fabricated. In 1999, his 1988 "Pink Panther" sculpture sold at auction for US$1.8 million, and he returned to the Sonnabend gallery. Well aware of Koons' bottomless needs and demands, Ileana Sonnabend and Antonio Homem, her gallery director and adopted son, nevertheless welcomed him back; in all likelihood they sensed (correctly, it turned out) that he was poised for a glorious second act—something that only he, among his generation of overpublicized artists, has so far managed to pull off. Koons, however, no longer confines himself to a single gallery. Larry Gagosian, the colossus of New York dealers, agreed to finance the completion of all the unfinished "Celebration" work, in exchange for exclusive rights to sell it.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2006, Koons presented "Hanging Heart", a 9-foot-tall highly polished, steel heart, one of a series of five differently colored examples, part of his "Celebration" series. Large sculptures from that series were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2008. Later additions to the series include "Balloon Swan" (2004–2011), an 11.5-foot (3.5-meter), stainless-steel bird, "Balloon Rabbit" (2005–2010), and "Balloon Monkey", all for which children's party favors are reconceived as mesmerizing monumental forms.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Commissioned by the Deutsche Guggenheim in 1999, Koons created the first seven paintings of the new series, "Easyfun", comprising paintings and wall-mounted sculptures. In 2001, Koons undertook a series of paintings, "Easyfun-Ethereal", using a collage approach that combined bikinis, food, and landscapes painted under his supervision by assistants. The series eventually expanded to twenty-four paintings.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2000, Koons designed "Split-Rocker", his second floral sculpture made of stainless steel, soil, geotextile fabric, and an internal irrigation system, which was first shown at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, France. Like "Puppy", it is covered with around 27,000 live flowers, including petunias, begonias, impatiens, geraniums and marigolds. Weighing 150 tons and soaring over 37 feet high, "Split-Rocker" is composed of two halves: one based on a toy pony of one of Koons' sons, the other based on a toy dinosaur. Together, they form the head of a giant child's rocker. Koons produced just two editions of the sculpture. As of 2014, he owns one of them; the other is displayed at Glenstone in Maryland. At Glenstone, "Split-Rocker" is in bloom from mid-May to mid-October, and requires daily caretaking during that period. In summer 2014 "Split-Rocker" was installed at Rockefeller Plaza in New York City for several months in coincidence with the opening of Koons' retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Paintings and sculptures from the "Popeye" series, which Koons began in 2002, feature the cartoon figures of Popeye and Olive Oyl. One such item is a stainless steel reproduction of a mass-market PVC Popeye figurine. The artist will also make use of inflatable animals again, this time in combination with ladders, trashcans and fences. To create these sculptures, the toys get a layer of coating after finding the right shape. Then a hard copy is made and sent to the foundry to be cast in aluminium. Back in the studio the sculptures are painted in order to achieve the shiny look of the original inflatables. For these surrealist installations, "Acrobat" in particular, Koons got inspiration from the Chicago Imagist H.C. Westermann. The Popeye sculpture was purchased by billionaire Steve Wynn for $28 million and it is displayed outside the casino entrance at Wynn's Encore Boston Harbor hotel and casino property.


title: Jeff Koons

text: "Hulk Elvis" is a work series by Jeff Koons created between 2004 and 2014. The works range from precision-machined bronze sculptures—inspired by an inflatable of the popular comic book hero and extruded in three dimensions—to large-scale oil paintings. The work series’ title combines the popular comic book hero Hulk with the pop icon Elvis. The triple image of the Hulk figure recalls Andy Warhol's silk-screen printing "Triple Elvis" (1963), regarding both the multiplication and the posture of the Hulk figure.


title: Jeff Koons

text: According to the artist, the "Hulk Elvis" series with its strong, heroic image of the Hulk represents "a very high-testosterone body of work". Koons also perceives the series as "a bridge between East and West" since a parallel might be drawn between the comic book hero Hulk and Asian guardian Gods.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The three-dimensional works "Hulk (Friends)" and "Hulks (Bell)" (both 2004–2012) feature apparently inflatable Incredible Hulks that actually weigh almost a ton each and are made of bronze and wood. The sculpture "Hulk (Organ)" (2004–2014) includes a fully functional musical instrument whose potential deep sounds match the figure's powerful and masculine appearance.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The series’ paintings are collages made of several photoshop layers. The images range from abstract landscapes to elements of American iconography (trains, horses, carriages) and comprise characters such as the Hulk or an inflatable plastic monkey. The landscape paintings often have explicit or implicit sexual content. For example, a recurrent crude line drawing of a vulva refers to Courbets "L’Origine du Monde" (1866)"."


title: Jeff Koons

text: The "Hulk Elvis" series has been exhibited at a number of international art venues such as the Gagosian Gallery in London (2007), the Gagosian Gallery in Hong Kong, China (2014) and the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere in Vienna, Austria (2015).


title: Jeff Koons

text: Referring to the ancient Roman marble statue Callipygian Venus, "Metallic Venus" (2010–2012) was made of high chromium stainless steel with transparent color coating and live flowering plants.


title: Jeff Koons

text: At the center of each scene in the "Antiquity" paintings (2009–2013) is a famous ancient or classical sculpture, meticulously rendered in oil paint and scaled to the same size as the sculptures. The equally detailed backdrops include an Arcadian vision.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In "Ballerinas" (2010–2014), Koons depicts figurines of dancers, derived from decorative porcelain works designed by Ukrainian artist Oksana Zhnikrup, at the imposing scale of classical sculpture.


title: Jeff Koons

text: For the 2007–2008 season in the Vienna State Opera Jeff Koons designed the large-scale picture (176 sqm) "Geisha" as part of the exhibition series "Safety Curtain", conceived by museum in progress. Koons worked with American pop performer Lady Gaga on her 2013 studio album "Artpop", including the creation of its cover artwork featuring a sculpture he made of Lady Gaga.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In September 2014 the bi-annual arts and culture publication GARAGE Magazine published Jeff Koons' first ever digital artwork for the front of its print edition. The piece, titled "Lady Bug", is an augmented reality sculpture that can only be viewed on mobile devices through a GARAGE Magazine app, which allows viewers to explore the piece from a variety of angles as if standing on top of it.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2012, Koons bought Advanced Stone Technologies, an offshoot of the non-profit Johnson Atelier Technical Institute of Sculpture's stone division. He moved the high-tech stone workshop from New Jersey to a larger, space in Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The facility exists solely to fabricate Koons' works made of stone.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2013 Koons created the sculpture "Gazing Ball (Farnese Hercules)," which was inspired by the "Farnese Hercules." The sculpture is made from white plaster and can be interpreted as perpetuating colorism in how we view the ancient world.


title: Jeff Koons

text: A drawing similar to his "Tulip Balloons" was placed on the front page of the Internet search engine Google. The drawing greeted all who visited Google's main page on April 30, 2008, and May 1, 2008.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2006 Koons appeared on "Artstar", an unscripted television series set in the New York art world. He had a minor role in the 2008 film "Milk" playing state assemblyman Art Agnos.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In September 2012 New York Governor Andrew Cuomo gave Koons the task of helping to review the designs for a new Tappan Zee Bridge.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In late 2016 Koons unveiled plans for "Bouquet of Tulips", an 11-meter high commemorative sculpture in Paris modelled on the Statue of Liberty, honoring the victims of the November 2015 attacks.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons acted as curator of an Ed Paschke exhibition at Gagosian Gallery, New York, in 2009. He also curated an exhibition in 2010 of works from the private collection of Greek billionaire Dakis Joannou at the New Museum in New York City. The exhibition, , generated debate concerning cronyism within the art world as Koons is heavily collected by Joannou and had previously designed the exterior of Joannou's yacht "Guilty".


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons was the artist named to design the seventeenth in the series of BMW "Art Cars". His artwork was applied to a race-spec E92 BMW M3, and revealed to the public at The Pompidou Centre in Paris on 2 June 2010. Backed by BMW Motorsport, the car then competed at the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans in France.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 1989, Koons and fellow artist Martin Kippenberger worked together on an issue of the art journal "Parkett"; the following year, Koons designed an exhibition poster for Kippenberger.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2013, Koons collaborated with American singer-songwriter and performance artist Lady Gaga for her third studio album, "ARTPOP". The album cover depicts a nude sculpture of Gaga made by Koons behind a blue ball sculpture, and pieces of other art works in the background such as "Birth of Venus" painted by Sandro Botticelli, which inspired Gaga's image through the new era, including in her music video for "Applause" and the performance of the song at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. The image of the cover was revealed piece-by-piece in a social marketing campaign where her fans had to tweet the Twitter hashtag "#iHeartARTPOP" to unlock it. The song "Applause" itself includes the lyrics "One second I'm a Koons, then suddenly the Koons is me."


title: Jeff Koons

text: In April 2017, Jeff Koons collaborated with the French luxury fashion house Louis Vuitton for the 'Masters Collection' and designed a series of handbags and backpacks featuring the reproductions of his favorite masterpieces by the Old Masters, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Vincent van Gogh, Peter Paul Rubens and Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Later this year he presented another handful of bags and accessories featuring the reproductions of works by Claude Monet, J. M. W. Turner, Édouard Manet, Paul Gauguin and François Boucher. The prices range from $585 for a key chain to $4,000 for the large carryall.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons has also produced some fine wine-related commissions. In December 2012, Chateau Mouton Rothschild announced that Koons was the artist for their 2010 vintage label – a tradition that was started in 1946. Other artists to design labels include Pablo Picasso, Francis Bacon, Salvador Dalí and Joan Miró, amongst others. In August 2013, Dom Pérignon released their 2004 vintage, with a special edition done by Koons, as well as a made-to-order case called the 'Balloon Venus'. This has a recommended retail price of €15,000.


title: Jeff Koons

text: From February 15 to March 6, 2008, Koons donated a private tour of his studio to the Hereditary Disease Foundation for auction on Charitybuzz. From his limited-edition 2010 "Tulip" designs for Kiehl's Crème de Corps, a portion of the proceeds went to the Koons Family Institute, an initiative of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children. Since his relationship with the International Centre began, Koons has given over US$4.3 million to the Institute that bears his family's name.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Since a 1980 window installation at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York, Koons' work has been widely exhibited internationally in solo and group exhibitions. In 1986, he appeared in a group show with Peter Halley, Ashley Bickerton, Ross Minoru Lang and Meyer Vaisman at Sonnabend Gallery in New York. In 1997, the parisian Galerie Jerome de Noirmont organized his first solo show in Europe. His "Made in Heaven" series was first shown at the Venice Biennale in 1990.


title: Jeff Koons

text: As a young artist, Koons was included in many exhibitions curated by Richard Milazzo including "The New Capital" at White Columns in 1984, "Paravision" at Postmasters Gallery in 1985, "Cult and Decorum" at Tibor De Nagy Gallery in 1986, "Time After Time" at Diane Brown Gallery in 1986, "Spiritual America" at CEPA in 1986, and "Art at the End of the Social" at The Rooseum, Malmö, Sweden in 1988. These exhibitions would be alongside other notable artists such as Ross Bleckner, Joel Otterson, and Kevin Larmon.


title: Jeff Koons

text: His museum solo shows include the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago (1988), Walker Art Center in Minneapolis (1993), Deutsche Guggenheim in Berlin (2000), Kunsthaus Bregenz (2001), the Museo archeologico nazionale di Napoli (2003), and a retrospective survey at the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo (2004), which traveled to the Helsinki City Art Museum (2005). In 2008, the Celebration series was shown at the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, and on the roof of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Considered as his first retrospective in France, the 2008 exhibition of 17 Koons sculptures at the Château de Versailles also marked the first ambitious display of a contemporary American artist organized by the château. "The New York Times" reported that “several dozen people demonstrated outside the palace gates” in a protest arranged by a little-known, right-wing group dedicated to French artistic purity. It was also criticized that ninety percent of the US$2.8 million in financing for the exhibition came from private patrons, mainly François Pinault.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The May 31 – September 21, 2008 Koons retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, which was widely publicized in the press, broke the museum's attendance record with 86,584 visitors. The exhibition included numerous works from the MCA collection, along with recent paintings and sculptures by the artist. The retrospective exhibition reflects the MCA's commitment to Koons' work as it presented the artist's first American survey in 1988. For the final exhibition in its Marcel Breuer building, the Whitney Museum is planning to present a Koons retrospective in collaboration with the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and the Centre Pompidou, Paris.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In July 2009, Koons had his first major solo show in London, at the Serpentine Gallery. Entitled "Jeff Koons: Popeye Series", the exhibit included cast aluminum models of children's pool toys and "dense, realist paintings of Popeye holding his can of spinach or smoking his pipe, a red lobster looming over his head".


title: Jeff Koons

text: In May 2012, Koons had his first major solo show in Switzerland, at the Beyeler Museum in Basel, entitled "Jeff Koons". Shown are works from three series: "The New","Banality" and "Celebration" as well as the flowered sculpture "Split-Rocker".


title: Jeff Koons

text: Also in 2012, "Jeff Koons. The Painter" at Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt focussed primarily on the artist's development as a painter, while in the show "Jeff Koons. The Sculptor" at the Liebieghaus in Frankfurt, the sculptures by Jeff Koons entered enter into dialogues with the historical building and a sculpture collection spanning five millennia. Together, both shows form the largest showing of Koons' work to date.


title: Jeff Koons

text: The artist enjoyed a 2014 retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. Scott Indrisek, writing for ARTINFO.com, described it as "brash, fairly entertaining, and as digestible as a pack of M&Ms".


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2019 an exhibition called "Jeff Koons at the Ashmolean" was held at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, United Kingdom.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons received the BZ Cultural Award from the City of Berlin in 2000 and the Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture in 2001. He was named a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor in 2002 and then promoted to Officier in 2007. He received an honoroary doctorate from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 2008. He was given the 2008 Wollaston Award from the Royal Academy of Arts in London. In 2013 he received the U.S. State Department's Medal of Arts. In 2014, Koons received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Wayne Thiebaud during the International Achievement Summit in San Francisco. In 2017 he accepted the annual Honorary Membership Award for Outstanding Contribution to Visual Culture from the Edgar Wind Society, University of Oxford.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons is widely collected in America and Europe, where some collectors acquire his work in depth. Eli Broad has 24 pieces, and Dakis Joannou owns some 38 works from all stages of the artist's career.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons has been represented by dealers such as Mary Boone (1979–1980), Sonnabend Gallery (1986–2021), Galerie Max Hetzler, Jérôme de Noirmont and Gagosian Gallery. The exclusive right to the primary sale of the "Celebration" series was long held by Gagosian Gallery, his dominant dealer for many years. Since 2021, Pace Gallery has been representing Koons exclusively worldwide.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Many of Koons' works have been sold privately at auctions. His auction records have primarily been achieved from his sculptures (especially those from his Celebration series), whereas his paintings are less popular. In 2001, one of his three "Michael Jackson and Bubbles" porcelain sculptures sold for US$5.6 million. On November 14, 2007, "Hanging Heart (Magenta/Gold)" from the collection of Adam Lindemann, one of five in different colors, sold at Sotheby's New York for US$23.6 million becoming, at the time, the most expensive piece by a living artist ever auctioned. It was bought by the Gagosian Gallery in New York, which the previous day had purchased another Koons sculpture, "Diamond (Blue)", for US$11.8 million from Christie's London. Gagosian appears to have bought both Celebration series works on behalf of Ukrainian steel oligarch Victor Pinchuk. In July 2008, his 11-foot (3.3 meter) "Balloon Flower (Magenta)" (1995–2000) from the collection of Howard and Cindy Rachofsky also sold at Christie's London for an auction record of US$25.7 million. In total, Koons was the top-selling artist at auction with €81.3 million of sales in the year to June 2008.


title: Jeff Koons

text: During the late 2000s recession, however, art prices plummeted and auction sales of high-value works by Koons dropped 50 percent in 2009. A violet "Hanging Heart" sold for US$11 million in a private sale. However prices for the artist's earlier Luxury and Degradation series appear to be holding up. "The Economist" reported that Thomas H. Lee, a private-equity investor, sold "Jim Beam J.B. Turner Train" (1986) in a package deal brokered by Giraud Pissarro Segalot for more than US$15 million. In 2012, "Tulips" (1995–2004) brought a record auction price for Koons at Christie's, selling to a telephone bidder for US$33.6 million, well above its high US$25 million estimate. At Christie's in 2015, the oil on canvas "Triple Elvis" (2009) set a world auction record for a painting by the artist, realizing $8,565,000, over $5 million more than the previous high. Koons's stainless steel "Rabbit" (1986) sold for $91.1 million at auction in 2019, making it the most expensive work sold by a living artist at auction.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2018, art collector and billionaire Steven Tananbaum brought a lawsuit against Koons and Gagosian Gallery for failing to deliver three sculptures, "Balloon Venus", "Eros" and "Diana," for which he paid $13 million. Soon after, Hollywood producer Joel Silver filed a similar lawsuit against Gagosion and Koons for failure to deliver an $8 million sculpture in 2014. Both lawsuits were settled in 2019 and 2020.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Among curators and art collectors and others in the art world, Koons' work is labeled as Neo-pop or Post-Pop as part of a 1980s movement in reaction to the pared-down art of Minimalism and Conceptualism in the previous decade. Koons resists such comments: "A viewer might at first see irony in my work ... but I see none at all. Irony causes too much critical contemplation". Koons rejects any hidden meaning in his artwork.


title: Jeff Koons

text: He has caused controversy by the elevation of unashamed kitsch into the high-art arena, exploiting more throwaway subjects than, for example, Warhol's "Campbell's Soup Cans". His work "Balloon Dog" (1994–2000) is based on balloons twisted into shape to make a toy dog.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Theorist Samito Jalbuena wrote, "From the beginning of his controversial career, Koons overturned the traditional notion of art inside and out. Focusing on banal objects as models, he questioned standards of normative values in art, and, instead, embraced the vulnerabilities of aesthetic hierarchies and taste systems."


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons has received polarized reactions to his work. Critic Amy Dempsey described his "Balloon Dog" as "an awesome presence... a massive durable monument". Jerry Saltz at "artnet.com" has commented on being "wowed by the technical virtuosity and eye-popping visual blast" of Koons' art. Koons was among the names in Blake Gopnik's 2011 list "The 10 Most Important Artists of Today", with Gopnik arguing, "Even after 30 years, Koons's mashups of high and low—a dog knotted from balloons, then enlarged into a public monument; a life-size bust of Michael Jackson and his chimp in gold-and-white porcelain—still feel significant."


title: Jeff Koons

text: Mark Stevens of "The New Republic" dismissed him as a "decadent artist [who] lacks the imaginative will to do more than trivialize and italicize his themes and the tradition in which he works... He is another of those who serve the tacky rich". Michael Kimmelman of "The New York Times" saw "one last, pathetic gasp of the sort of self-promoting hype and sensationalism that characterized the worst of the 1980s" and called Koons' work "artificial", "cheap", and "unabashedly cynical".


title: Jeff Koons

text: In an article comparing the contemporary art scene with show business, renowned critic Robert Hughes wrote that Koons is


title: Jeff Koons

text: an extreme and self-satisfied manifestation of the sanctimony that attaches to big bucks. Koons really does think he's Michelangelo and is not shy to say so. The significant thing is that there are collectors, especially in America, who believe it. He has the slimy assurance, the gross patter about transcendence through art, of a blow-dried Baptist selling swamp acres in Florida. And the result is that you can't imagine America's singularly depraved culture without him.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Hughes placed Koons' work just above that of Seward Johnson and was quoted in a "New York Times" article as having stated that comparing their careers was "like debating the merits of dog excrement versus cat excrement".


title: Jeff Koons

text: He has influenced younger artists such as Damien Hirst (for example, in Hirst's "Hymn", an version of a anatomical toy), Jack Daws, Matthieu Laurette and Mona Hatoum. In turn, his extreme enlargement of mundane objects owes a debt to Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Much of his work also was influenced by artists working in Chicago during his study at the Art Institute, including Jim Nutt, Ed Paschke, and H. C. Westermann.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons has been sued several times for copyright infringement over his use of pre-existing images, the original works of others, in his work. In "Rogers v. Koons", 960 F.2d 301 (2d Cir. 1992), the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld a judgment against him for his use of a photograph of puppies as the basis for a sculpture, "String of Puppies".


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons also lost lawsuits in "United Features Syndicate, Inc. v. Koons", 817 F. Supp. 370 (S.D.N.Y. 1993), and "Campbell v. Koons", No. 91 Civ. 6055, 1993 WL 97381 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 1, 1993).


title: Jeff Koons

text: He won one lawsuit, "Blanch v. Koons", No. 03 Civ. 8026 (LLS), S.D.N.Y., Nov. 1 2005 (slip op.), affirmed by the Second Circuit in October 2006, brought over his use of a photographic advertisement as source material for legs and feet in a painting, "Niagara" (2000). The court ruled that Koons had sufficiently transformed the original advertisement so as to qualify as a fair use of the original image.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2015, Koons faced allegations he used photographer Mitchel Gray's 1986 photo for Gordon's Gin in one of his Luxury and Degradation paintings without permission or compensation.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2018, a French court ruled that his 1988 work "Fait d'Hiver", which depicts a pig standing over a woman who is lying on her back, had copied an advertisement for a clothing chain and found Koons and the Centre Pompidou guilty of infringing photographer Franck Davidovici's copyright. This decision was upheld in 2021 on appeal. The result is that the work, owned by Foundazione Prada, cannot be displayed in France and the museum and artist cannot display photographic reproductions online (without a penalty of €600 per day). In addition, the museum and artist were ordered to jointly pay €190,000 and the book company €14,000.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 2019, a French court ruled that his work 1988 "Naked", which depicts a little boy offering flowers to a little girl, both of whom are naked, had infringed on the copyright of a 1975 postcard photograph by French artist Jean-Francois Bauret.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons has also accused others of copyright infringement, claiming that a bookstore in San Francisco infringed his copyright in "Balloon Dogs" by selling bookends in the shape of balloon dogs. Koons dropped the lawsuit after the bookstore's lawyer filed a motion for declaratory relief stating, "As virtually any clown can attest, no one owns the idea of making a balloon dog, and the shape created by twisting a balloon into a dog-like form is part of the public domain".


title: Jeff Koons

text: A Koons sculpture of a ballerina resembles the piece "Ballerina Lenochka" created by the Ukrainian artist in 1974.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In a 2021 complaint filed at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, artist Michael Hayden who made a sculpture in 1988 of a serpent wrapped around a rock for Ilona Staller claimed that Koons unlawfully used the sculpture in his works.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global nonprofit organization that combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction. In 2007, Koons, along with his wife Justine, founded the ICMEC Koons Family Institute on International Law and Policy.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Following the end of his first marriage in 1994 to Hungarian-born Italian actress Ilona Staller, Staller left for Italy with their two-year-old son in violation of a US court order. Koons spent five years pursuing his parental rights. The Italian Supreme Court ruled in favor of Staller. Koons subsequently established the Koons Family Institute. In 2008, Staller filed suit against Koons for failure to pay child support.


title: Jeff Koons

text: While a student at the Maryland Institute College of Art, Koons fathered a daughter, Shannon Rodgers. The couple put the child up for adoption. Rodgers reconnected with Koons in 1995.


title: Jeff Koons

text: In 1991, he married Hungarian-born naturalized-Italian pornography star Ilona Staller (Cicciolina) who at the time was a member of the Italian Parliament (1987–1992). Koons collaborated with Staller for the "Made in Heaven" paintings and sculptures in various media, with the hopes of making a film. While maintaining a home in Manhattan, Koons and Staller lived in Munich. In 1992, they had a son, Ludwig. The marriage ended soon afterward amid allegations that Koons had subjected Staller to physical and emotional abuse.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons is currently married to Justine Wheeler, an artist and former employee who began working in Koons' studio in 1995. The couple have six children. The family currently lives in an Upper East Side townhouse.


title: Jeff Koons

text: Koons donated $50,000 to Correct the Record, a Super PAC which supported Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign in June 2016.


title: HuffPost

text: HuffPost (formerly The Huffington Post until 2017 and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions. The site offers news, satire, blogs, and original content, and covers politics, business, entertainment, environment, technology, popular media, lifestyle, culture, comedy, healthy living, women's interests, and local news featuring columnists. It was created to provide a progressive alternative to the conservative news websites such as the Drudge Report. The site offers content posted directly on the site as well as user-generated content via video blogging, audio, and photo. In 2012, the website became the first commercially run United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize.


title: HuffPost

text: Founded by Andrew Breitbart, Arianna Huffington, Kenneth Lerer, and Jonah Peretti, the site was launched on May 9, 2005 as a counterpart to the Drudge Report. In March 2011, it was acquired by AOL for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief. In June 2015, Verizon Communications acquired AOL for US$4.4 billion and the site became a part of Verizon Media. In November 2020, BuzzFeed acquired the company. Weeks after the acquisition, BuzzFeed laid off 47 "HuffPost" staff in the U.S. (mostly journalists) and closed down "HuffPost Canada", laying off 23 staff working for the Canadian and Quebec divisions of the company.


title: HuffPost

text: "The Huffington Post" was launched on May 9, 2005, as a commentary outlet, blog, and an alternative to news aggregators such as the Drudge Report. It was founded by Arianna Huffington, Andrew Breitbart, Kenneth Lerer, and Jonah Peretti. Prior to this, Arianna Huffington hosted the website Ariannaonline.com. Her first foray into the Internet was the website Resignation.com, which called for the resignation of President Bill Clinton and was a rallying place for conservatives opposing Clinton.


title: HuffPost

text: An early "Huffington Post" strategy was crafting search-engine optimized (SEO) stories and headlines based around trending keywords, such as "What Time Is the Super Bowl?"


title: HuffPost

text: In August 2006, "The Huffington Post" raised a $5 million Series A round from SoftBank Capital and Greycroft.


title: HuffPost

text: In December 2008, "The Huffington Post" raised $25 million from Oak Investment Partners at a $100 million valuation and Fred Harman of Oak Investment Partners joined its board of directors. The money was to be used for technology, infrastructure, investigative journalism, and development of local versions.


title: HuffPost

text: In June 2009, Eric Hippeau, co-managing partner of Softbank Capital, became CEO of "The Huffington Post".


title: HuffPost

text: In January 2011, "The Huffington Post" received 35% of its traffic from web search engines, compared to 20% at CNN. This strategy appealed to AOL CEO Tim Armstrong, who tried to implement similar SEO-driven journalism practices at AOL at the time of its acquisition of "The Huffington Post".


title: HuffPost

text: In March 2011, AOL acquired "The Huffington Post" for 315 million. As part of the deal, Huffington became president and editor-in-chief of "The Huffington Post" and existing AOL properties Engadget, TechCrunch, Moviefone, MapQuest, Black Voices, PopEater (now HuffPost Celebrity), AOL Music, AOL Latino (now "HuffPost Voices"), AutoBlog, Patch, and StyleList.


title: HuffPost

text: "The Huffington Post" subsumed many of AOL's "Voices" properties, including "AOL Black Voices", which was established in 1995 as Blackvoices.com, and "AOL Latino", "Impact" (launched in 2010 as a partnership between "Huffington Post" and Causecast), "Women", "Teen", "College", "Religion", and the Spanish-language "Voces (en español)". The "Voices" brand was expanded in September 2011 with the launch of "Gay Voices", dedicated to LGBT-relevant articles.


title: HuffPost

text: By late 2013, the website operated as a "stand-alone business" within AOL, taking control of more of its own business and advertising operations, and directing more effort towards securing "premium advertising".


title: HuffPost

text: In June 2015, Verizon Communications acquired AOL for US$4.4 billion and the site became a part of Verizon Media.


title: HuffPost

text: Huffington resigned to pursue other ventures and was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Lydia Polgreen in December 2016.


title: HuffPost

text: In April 2017, Polgreen announced the company would rebrand, changing its official full name to "HuffPost", with changes also to the design of its website and logo and content and reporting.


title: HuffPost

text: On January 24, 2019, 20 employees were laid off as a part of Verizon Media laying off 7% of its staff. The opinion and health sections were eliminated. Pulitzer Prize finalist Jason Cherkis lost his job.


title: HuffPost

text: On March 6, 2020, Polgreen announced that she would step down as editor-in-chief to become the head of content at Gimlet Media.


title: HuffPost

text: On November 19, 2020, it was announced that BuzzFeed had agreed to acquire "HuffPost" from Verizon Media in a stock deal. Later in November 2020, HuffPost shut down its India operation after six years. According to some media reports, the acquisition did not include the India site due to regulations barring foreign ownership of Indian Digital Media.


title: HuffPost

text: On February 16, 2021, BuzzFeed's acquisition of "HuffPost" officially closed. On March 9, 2021, BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti said that the company had lost "around $20 million" during the previous year. The same day, it was announced that "HuffPost Canada" would be shut down and immediately ceased publishing.


title: HuffPost

text: The site originally published work from both paid reporters and unpaid bloggers through its contributor platform.


title: HuffPost

text: In February 2011, Visual Art Source, which had been cross-posting material from its website, went on strike against "The Huffington Post" to protest its writers not being paid. In March 2011, the strike and the call to boycott was joined and endorsed by the National Writers Union and NewsGuild-CWA; however, the boycott was dropped in October 2011.


title: HuffPost

text: In April 2011, "The Huffington Post" was targeted with a multimillion-dollar lawsuit by Jonathan Tasini on behalf of thousands of uncompensated bloggers. On March 30, 2012, the suit was dismissed with prejudice by the court, holding that the bloggers had volunteered their services, their compensation being publication.


title: HuffPost

text: The practice of publishing blog posts from unpaid contributors ended in January 2018. This transformed the site, which had become notable for featuring extensive sections in a broad range of subjects from a significant number of contributors. Some of the contributors included:


title: HuffPost

text: "HuffPost" has been criticized for providing a platform for alternative medicine and supporters of vaccine hesitancy. Steven Novella, president of the New England Skeptical Society, criticized "The Huffington Post" for allowing homeopathy proponent Dana Ullman to have a blog on the site. In 2011, skeptic Brian Dunning listed it at No. 10 on his "Top 10 Worst Anti-Science Websites" list.


title: HuffPost

text: In January 2012, "The Huffington Post" was criticized for naming as editorial director in France the well-known former TV journalist Anne Sinclair because she stood by her husband Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former IMF head, when several women accused him of sexual assault. Commentators at "l'Express", "Rue89", and "Le Monde" warned against potential conflict of interest in the French edition's news coverage.


title: HuffPost

text: In April 2017, "HuffPost South Africa" was directed by the press ombud to apologize unreservedly for publishing and later defending a column calling for disenfranchisement of white men which was declared malicious, inaccurate and discriminatory hate speech.


title: HuffPost

text: In July 2019, "HuffPost" was criticized for publishing a story written by Rachel Wolfson, a publicist, that praised Jeffrey Epstein. Editors later removed the article at the author's request.


title: HuffPost

text: "HuffPost" has been seen as a mostly progressive, liberal or liberal-leaning outlet, being described as such by the BBC, CNN, and "Politico". Upon becoming the editor-in-chief in December 2016, Lydia Polgreen said that the "wave of intolerance and bigotry that seems to be sweeping the globe" after the election of Donald Trump was remarkable and "The Huffington Post" has an "absolutely indispensable role to play in this era in human history."


title: HuffPost

text: Commenting in 2012 on increased conservative engagement on the website despite its reputation as a liberal news source, "The Huffington Post" founder Arianna Huffington stated that her website is "increasingly seen" as an Internet newspaper that is "not positioned ideologically in terms of how we cover the news". According to Michael Steel, press secretary for Republican Speaker of the House John Boehner, Republican aides "engage with liberal websites like "The Huffington Post" [anyway, if for] no other reason than [because] they drive a lot of cable coverage". Jon Bekken, journalism professor at Suffolk University, has cited it as an example of an "advocacy newspaper". "The Wall Street Journal" editor James Taranto has mockingly referred to it as the ""Puffington Host"", while Rush Limbaugh referred to it as the ""Huffing and Puffington Post"".


title: HuffPost

text: During the 2016 United States presidential election, "HuffPost" regularly appended an editor's note to the end of stories about candidate Donald Trump, reading: "Donald Trump regularly incites political violence and is a serial liar, rampant xenophobe, racist, misogynist and birther who has repeatedly pledged to ban all Muslims—1.6 billion members of an entire religion—from entering the U.S." After Trump was elected on November 8, 2016, "HuffPost" ended this practice to "give respect to the office of the presidency."


title: Mindy McCready

text: Malinda Gayle McCready (November 30, 1975 – February 17, 2013) was an American country music singer. Active from 1995 until her death in 2013, she recorded a total of five studio albums. Her debut album, 1996's "Ten Thousand Angels", was released on BNA Records and was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA, while 1997's "If I Don't Stay the Night" was certified Gold. 1999's "I'm Not So Tough", her final album for BNA, was less successful, and she left the label. A self-titled fourth album followed in 2002 on Capitol Records. McCready's fifth and final studio album, "I'm Still Here", was released in March 2010 on Iconic Records.


title: Mindy McCready

text: McCready's first four studio albums yielded twelve singles on the "Billboard" country singles charts. This figure includes the 1 hit "Guys Do It All the Time", as well as the Top 10 hits "Ten Thousand Angels" and "A Girl's Gotta Do (What a Girl's Gotta Do)".


title: Mindy McCready

text: Although she had not charted a single since 2002, McCready received significant media coverage regarding her troubled personal life and suicide attempts and her eventual death by suicide.


title: Mindy McCready

text: Born Malinda Gayle McCready in Fort Myers, Florida, McCready began singing in her local Pentecostal church at age 3 and graduated from high school at the age of 16 to begin her music career early.


title: Mindy McCready

text: When she was 18, McCready moved to Nashville, where she was signed by BNA Records. Her debut album, "Ten Thousand Angels," was released in 1996 and sold two million copies. The album produced four chart singles on the country charts: the title track at No. 6, followed by her first and only Number One hit, "Guys Do It All the Time". This song, in turn, was succeeded by "Maybe He'll Notice Her Now", a duet with Richie McDonald, then the lead vocalist of Lonestar. The fourth and final single, "A Girl's Gotta Do (What a Girl's Gotta Do)", peaked at No. 4.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In 1997, she was nominated for Top New Female Vocalist at the Academy of Country Music Awards, but lost to LeAnn Rimes.


title: Mindy McCready

text: The next year, McCready released the album "If I Don't Stay the Night." The album spawned three singles, "What If I Do", "The Other Side of This Kiss", and "You'll Never Know". The album sold 825,000 copies.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In 1999, McCready released "I'm Not So Tough." The first single, "All I Want Is Everything", failed to break the top 50. The album was a commercial failure, selling 144,000 copies. Soon after, McCready's record company dropped her. McCready was then signed by Capitol Records. She released her self-titled album with Capitol in 2002 to disappointing sales and was dropped by Capitol later that year.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In May 2008, McCready released the single "I'm Still Here" via her official website. She also announced that she had been working on a documentary, a new album, and a reality show. McCready's critically acclaimed fifth album, "I'm Still Here", was released in March 2010.


title: Mindy McCready

text: On February 18, 2013, the day after McCready's death, her final song, "I'll See You Yesterday" was released.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In June 2009, McCready signed on to appear on the reality series "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew". The series aired and depicted her struggle with substance addiction. She later discussed her recovery and possible studio work with Todd Gaither on a March 2010 episode of "The View".


title: Mindy McCready

text: In mid-2011, McCready appeared on "Celebrity Close Calls" and "Celebrity Ghost Stories" series 3 episode 6. She also appeared on the December 9, 2011 episode of "20/20", where she discussed her son Zander, her producer boyfriend David Wilson, and new music.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In 1997, McCready became engaged to actor Dean Cain; the couple ended their engagement and separated the following year. McCready also dated former NHL hockey player Drake Berehowsky.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In December 2003, she began dating aspiring singer William Patrick "Billy" McKnight. On May 8, 2005, McKnight was arrested and charged with attempted murder after beating and choking her. After reporting to "People" magazine that she had cut ties with McKnight, McCready was found unconscious in a hotel lobby in Indian Rocks Beach, Florida, after attempting suicide in July 2005. She was hospitalized for a drug overdose after consuming a large amount of undisclosed drugs with alcohol. The couple eventually got back together and McCready became pregnant. In September 2005, while she was pregnant with McKnight's child, she attempted suicide again by overdosing on antidepressants. In March 2006, McCready gave birth to a son, Zander Ryan McCready.


title: Mindy McCready

text: On December 17, 2008, paramedics were called to McCready's Nashville home after an apparent suicide attempt; they transported her to a hospital after finding wounds on her wrists.


title: Mindy McCready

text: On May 25, 2010, McCready was hospitalized in Cape Coral, Florida, for a possible drug overdose; she may have had a reaction to Darvocet her mother had given her. She was released later that day and returned home.


title: Mindy McCready

text: A pornographic videotape of McCready and an ex-boyfriend referred to as "Peter" went on sale by Vivid Entertainment in 2010.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In April 2012, McCready gave birth to her second child, a son named Zayne. The child's father, record producer David Wilson, was found dead on January 13, 2013, at McCready's home, of an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound. The Cleburne County, Arkansas, sheriff's department opened an investigation into Wilson's death. Following Wilson's death, McCready released a statement in which she referred to him as her "soulmate" and "life partner".


title: Mindy McCready

text: In April 2008, the "New York Daily News" reported a possible long-term relationship between McCready and baseball star Roger Clemens that began when she was 15. Clemens' attorney Rusty Hardin denied the affair, stating that Clemens would bring a defamation suit regarding this false allegation. Clemens' attorney admitted that a relationship existed but described McCready as a "close family friend". He also stated that McCready had traveled on Clemens' personal jet and that Clemens' wife was aware of the relationship. Clemens issued a statement saying only, "I have made mistakes in my personal life for which I am sorry." McCready described the relationship as being sexual in nature.


title: Mindy McCready

text: On November 17, 2008, McCready spoke in more detail to "Inside Edition" about her affair with Clemens. She stated that their relationship lasted for more than a decade, ending when Clemens refused to leave his wife to marry McCready. She was 16 when they first met, she said, adding that the relationship didn't become sexual "until several years later".


title: Mindy McCready

text: In August 2004, McCready was arrested in Tennessee for using a fake prescription to buy the painkiller OxyContin. Although she initially denied the charge, she pleaded guilty and was fined $4,000, sentenced to three years of probation, and ordered to perform 200 hours of community service.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In May 2005, McCready was stopped by Nashville police for speeding, then arrested and charged with driving under the influence and driving with a suspended license. A jury later found her not guilty on the charges of DUI but guilty of driving with a suspended license. That July, she was charged in Arizona with identity theft, unlawful use of transportation, unlawful imprisonment, and hindering prosecution. An arrest warrant was issued for her the following month for violation of her probation when she left Tennessee without her probation officer's permission. She was also charged with not reporting to her probation officer during July. She was finally arrested in Florida and returned to Tennessee. She faced a hearing later that year on charges of violating her probation on a drug charge by failing to check in with her probation officer and leaving the state without permission to go to Florida.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In July 2007, McCready was arrested in her hometown of Fort Myers, Florida, and charged with battery and resisting arrest for an apparent scuffle with her mother. The following week, she was taken into custody at the Nashville International Airport for violating probation. In September, McCready was sentenced to a year in jail for violating probation. In addition to the jail time, she was ordered to serve two more years of probation and perform 200 additional hours of community service. She was released from jail in December.


title: Mindy McCready

text: In June 2008, McCready was arrested in Tennessee for violating the terms of her probation set in September 2007. Sentenced to 60 days in jail, McCready turned herself in on September 30, 2008. After serving half of her sentence, she was released early for good behavior on October 30, 2008.


title: Mindy McCready

text: McCready was associated with and allegedly victimized by con man Jonathan Roda. The case was featured on television's "I (Almost) Got Away with It".


title: Mindy McCready

text: On February 17, 2013, McCready's neighbors called the Sheriff's Office of Cleburne County, Arkansas, reporting gunshots. McCready was found dead on her front porch from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, the same place where David Wilson, her former boyfriend and the father of her younger son, had fatally shot himself one month prior. She was 37 years old. She also shot and killed Wilson's pet dog before her suicide. McCready is interred at Alva Cemetery in Alva, Florida.


title: Shauna Robertson

text: Shauna Robertson (born December 18, 1975) is a Canadian film producer. From 1999 to 2008, she worked frequently with Judd Apatow, and produced a number of films for Apatow Productions, including "" (2004), "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" (2005), "Knocked Up", "Superbad" (both 2007), "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" and "Pineapple Express" (both 2008).


title: Shauna Robertson

text: Robertson was raised in Markham, Ontario and moved to Los Angeles as a teenager. She says her biggest preparation for becoming a producer was having laid back parents: "It's good early training to have an incredibly irresponsible family. It forces a young person to take responsibility, to be organized. My mother called me the benevolent dictator because I liked things done in an efficient way." She dropped out of high school at the age of 16 to move to Los Angeles, California.


title: Shauna Robertson

text: In Los Angeles, she became an assistant to Mike Binder, who she had met at Camp Tamakwa in Algonquin Provincial Park, memorialized in his 1993 film "Indian Summer". She went on to work for Hart Bochner, Jay Roach and Adam McKay. Working with McKay on "Elf", she met Will Ferrell, who brought her to work on the set of "", where she first met director-producer Judd Apatow. With Apatow, she produced 2005's "The 40-Year-Old Virgin", 2007's "Knocked Up" and "Superbad", and 2008's "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" and "Pineapple Express". While Robertson believes that her role as a female producer is to balance out the male humor in films, Apatow has called her "the rare woman who always wants to take the joke farther than any man wants to go. All nudity in my films is a result of Shauna pushing me and calling me a wimp." Actor Jonah Hill has also claimed that Robertson is "way more perverse than any of us", referring to the male writers, directors, producers and actors from Apatow's production company Apatow Productions.


title: Shauna Robertson

text: After six years of dating, Robertson became engaged to American actor Edward Norton in 2011, and they married in 2012. They have one son, Atlas, born in March 2013.


title: Calculator spelling

text: Calculator spelling is an unintended characteristic of the seven-segments display traditionally used by calculators, in which, when read upside-down, the digits resemble letters of the Latin alphabet. Each digit may be mapped to one or more letters, creating a limited but functional subset of the alphabet, sometimes referred to as "beghilos" (or "beghilosz").


title: Calculator spelling

text: Aside from novelty and amusement, calculator spelling has limited utility. The popularity of pagers in the 1990s gave rise to a form of leetspeak called pagerspeak. Students, in particular, experimented with calculators to discover new words.


title: Calculator spelling

text: The "original" attributed example of calculator spelling, which dates from the 1970s, is 5318008, which when turned over spells "BOOBIES". Another early example of calculator spelling offered the sequence 0.7734, which becomes "hello", or could also be written as “0.1134”. Other words possible with the traditional "BEghILOSZ" set include "LOOSE", "ShELL", "BEIgE", "gOBBLE", "gOOgLE", and many others. Among the longest are "hILLBILLIES" and "SLEIghBELLS" at 11, "gLOSSOLOgIES" and "BIBLIOLOgIES" at 12 letters, and "hEEBEEgEEBEES" at 13 letters. Another common case, 7734206, spells "gO 2 hELL". 8008 is special in that it can spell "BOOB" upside-down or right-side up. 71077345 spells "SHELLOIL". There are also a couple of names that are able to be calculator spelled. For example, 7718=BILL, 46137=LEIgh, 5107=LOIS, 31773=ELLIE, 317171l3=ELI LILIE (in polish: lily flowers of Elisabeth) and 302=ZOE.


title: Calculator spelling

text: Scientific calculators that feature hexadecimal readout using the letters "A" through "F" offer more flexibility. Using a scientific calculator with hex capability, the earlier "5318008" example can be improved with the A–F keys to spell "B00B1E5", without needing to rotate the display (a practice known as hexspeak or Base 16).


title: Calculator spelling

text: Students often use this capability and the improved "alpha" feature that use the letters "A" through "Z" to write messages, separating words by using the minus sign ("-") or other punctuation.


title: Calculator spelling

text: In some calculators that use dot matrix displays, a factorial product sign ("!") can be used to add emphasis. For example, "B00B1E5!".


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Revenge of the Nerds is a 1984 American comedy film directed by Jeff Kanew and starring Robert Carradine, Anthony Edwards, Ted McGinley, and Bernie Casey. The film's plot chronicles a group of nerds at the fictional Adams College trying to stop the ongoing harassment by the jock fraternity, the Alpha Betas, in addition to the latter's sister sorority, Pi Delta Pi.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Best friends and nerds Lewis Skolnick and Gilbert Lowe enroll in Adams College to study computer science. The Alpha Betas, a fraternity that includes most of the Adams football team, carelessly burn down their own house and, urged by Coach Harris, take over the freshman dorms, literally throwing the freshmen out into the street. Dean Ulich designates temporary living space in the gymnasium and allows the freshmen to rush the fraternities. Lewis, Gilbert, and several other nerds fail to join fraternities, but are able to secure a dilapidated house near campus and repair it as a residence.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: The Alpha Betas, led by star quarterback Stan Gable, are irked by the nerds' success, and Stan sets his fellow members to pull pranks against the nerds, which includes throwing a rock through the window saying "Nerds, get out". The nerds try to get campus police to help, but the campus cops are constrained by the Greek Council that adjudicates all such pranks, of which Stan is currently president. The nerds decide to seek membership on the Greek Council by joining a national fraternity. After 29 rejection letters, the only one that considers them is the black fraternity Lambda Lambda Lambda (Tri-Lambs), led by U.N. Jefferson. As only one of the nerds is black, Jefferson is about to disapprove when one of the nerds sees in the fine print that all applicants are given probationary membership. The nerds set up a large party with the Omega Mu sorority, similarly made up of nerds, including Gilbert's girlfriend Judy, and invite Jefferson to attend. The party is dull until one of the attendees provides them with high quality marijuana. The Alpha Betas and the Pi Delta Pis, the sorority to which Stan's girlfriend Betty Childs belongs, then disrupt the party by bringing and releasing pigs. Enraged, the nerds exact revenge on both groups by pulling similar pranks. Impressed with the nerds' tenacity, Jefferson grants them full membership.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: However, the harassment intensifies and Stan Gable stonewalls any attempts by the Greek Council to sanction Alpha Beta. The nerds realize the only way to get the Council to help is to put one of their own in as president, which they can do by winning the Greek Games during homecoming. Partnering with the Omega Mus and using their extensive knowledge, the Tri-Lambs compete strongly with the Alpha Betas/Pi Delta Pis during the athletic events. At the charity fundraiser, the nerds heavily outsell the Alpha Betas by offering pies with naked pictures of Betty and other Pi Delta Pis on the bottom. During this, Lewis, who has fallen in love with Betty, steals Stan's costume and tricks Betty into engaging in sexual intercourse with him. Though surprised when Lewis reveals his identity, she admits he was "wonderful". Finally, the nerds dominate the musical competition with a techno-computer-driven musical production, winning the overall games. Lewis immediately nominates Gilbert as the new Council president.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Coach Harris lambastes the Alpha Betas for losing to the nerds, and Stan leads them in vandalizing the Tri-Lamb house. The nerds become despondent, and Gilbert decides to barge into the middle of the Homecoming Pep Rally to address his complaints. The Alpha Betas try to stop him, but Jefferson and a group of national Tri-Lambs arrive to intimidate the Alpha Betas, giving Gilbert the opportunity to give a rousing speech about standing up to discrimination. Lewis and the other Tri-Lambs, many alumni, and Betty, who announces she is "in love with a nerd", join in cheering Gilbert, soundly shaming the Alpha Betas. An emboldened Dean Ulich instructs Coach Harris that the Tri-Lambs will now live in the Alpha Beta house, while the Alpha Betas will live in the gym until they can repair the Tri-Lamb house.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: The movie was inspired by a Los Angeles magazine article, titled "Revenge of the Nerds", that described computer programmers gaining respect in Silicon Valley.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Director Jeff Kanew saw Ted McGinley on the cover of a "Men of USC" calendar and decided he was perfect for the role of the head of the Alpha Beta fraternity. Kanew cast Matt Salinger as another Alpha Beta brother because he loved his father's book "Catcher in the Rye" so much.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: A scene of a Tri-Lambda convention in Las Vegas did not make it into the final movie because a 20th Century Fox executive thought it was making fun of him.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: The University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona, was chosen to film many of the exterior scenes. Bill J. Varney, the university's assistance vice president for administrative services, approved filming, particularly after 20th Century Fox agreed to make a large donation to the university. Two weeks later, the university's administrators revoked permission to film on campus. Dudley B. Woodard, university vice president for student affairs, said the movie would not "portray campus life in a representative way". Allan Beigel, vice president of university relations, said there was nothing that would make them change their minds.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: After some negotiations, the university decided to allow filming on campus after all as long as the producers tried to schedule film shooting so as to not affect campus activities, not film anything "with a questionable nature with regards to taste", and accept advice from fraternities. Film shooting on campus began in January 1984.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: The Nerds' original residence, from which they were ousted by the Alpha Betas, was actually Cochise Hall. Their subsequent residence was University of Arizona's Bear Down Gymnasium. The original Alpha Beta fraternity house that is burned down was filmed at the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity house (on University Boulevard), which at the time was the Alpha Gamma Rho house.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Casting for extras, specifically for mean jocks, sorority sisters, and members of a black fraternity, was held at the University of Arizona's Drama Building and at a Tuscon Hilton Inn.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: While working as a security guard during filming, an off-duty police officer found a vial with a small amount of cocaine in a dressing room. The police decided not to pursue an investigation because it would be impossible to determine whose it was.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Different sources report the film's budget as anywhere from $6million to $8million, though even $8million was a low budget for a feature film of the time.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Ollie E. Brown, of Ollie & Jerry fame, wrote and performed the song "They're So Incredible" for the film, under the name Revenge. In the film, the song is performed by the Tri-Lambs at the final event of the Greek Games and contains different lyrics.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Three songs appear in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack: "Burning Down the House" by Talking Heads, "Thriller" by Michael Jackson, and "We Are the Champions" by Queen.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: "Revenge of the Nerds" was panned by many reviewers at release. Lawrence van Gelder for "The New York Times" wrote, "It is the absence of genuine comedy that exposes glaringly the film's fundamental attitude of condescension and scorn toward blacks and women, and a tendency toward stereotyping that clashes violently with its superficial message of tolerance, compassion and fair play." "The Hollywood Reporter" said ""Revenge of the Nerds" is primarily the story of outcasts getting their just rewards, and that is always a satisfying movie ingredient. Nonetheless, this scattergun, often scatological film is filled with extensive racial stereotypes, which may offend some moviegoers." "The Atlanta Constitution" said that Lewis' pursuit of a cheerleader "goes beyond being pathetic and becomes masochistic". "Newsday" called it "another predictable and witless teenage sex comedy".


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: On the other hand, Kevin Thomas of "The Los Angeles Times" thoroughly enjoyed the movie, calling it "a delicious, gratifying underdog fantasy and a raunchy, uproarious satire set in the often cruel and inherently discriminating world of college fraternities and sororities."


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: "Revenge of the Nerds" was released in theaters on July 20, 1984, although some theaters showed the movie a few days early as a preview.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: The film was released on DVD on March 6, 2007, and on Blu-ray on May 6, 2014, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: The film holds a 71% critics' approval rating film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 43 critics' reviews. Their consensus reads: "Undeniably lowbrow but surprisingly sly, "Revenge of the Nerds" has enough big laughs to qualify as a minor classic in the slobs-vs.-snobs subgenre".


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: On Metacritic, it has a score of 44 out of 100, based on reviews from six critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Due to the influence of the film, a genuine Lambda Lambda Lambda fraternity was founded at the University of Connecticut in 2006, and several chapters have sprung up in different locations around the United States. The "Tri-Lambs" (not an all-black fraternity as portrayed in the film, but open to all races and orientations) currently has six chapters in Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and Washington state.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: About three decades after the film's release, commentators have looked back at the film and considered some of the scenes, particularly when Lewis pretends to be Stan and has a sexual encounter with Betty, to be rape by deception and a misogynistic remnant of a male-dominated culture of that time. William Bradley of "The Mary Sue" stated that after viewing the film again as an adult he "was immediately struck by the way the film plays sexual exploitation and assault for laughs". Amy Benfer of "Salon" wrote that the "Revenge of the Nerds" scene, and a similar scene in John Hughes' "Sixteen Candles", were evidence that at the time of these films' productions, "people were stupid about date rape". In an interview with "GQ" in 2019, director Jeff Kanew and writer Steve Zacharias expressed their regret regarding the rape by deception scene, with Kanew saying, "In a way, it's not excusable. If it were my daughter, I probably wouldn't like it".


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: A remake of the original "Revenge of the Nerds" was slated for release in 2007, the first project for the newly created Fox Atomic, but was canceled in November 2006 after two weeks of filming. The cast included Adam Brody, Dan Byrd, Katie Cassidy, Kristin Cavallari, Jenna Dewan, Chris Marquette, Ryan Pinkston, Efren Ramirez, and Nick Zano. The film was to be directed by Kyle Newman, executive produced by McG, and written by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah, Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson, and Adam F. Goldberg.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Filming took place in Atlanta, Georgia at Agnes Scott College, the Georgia State Capitol, and Inman Park. Filming was originally scheduled to take place at Emory University, but university officials changed their minds after reading the script. The film was shelved after producers found the movie difficult to shoot on the smaller Agnes Scott campus and studio head Peter Rice was disappointed with the dailies. 20th Century Fox personnel have stated that it is highly unlikely that a remake will be picked up in the future.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: Seth MacFarlane announced his intentions to reboot the series under his Fuzzy Door Productions for 20th Century Studios in December 2020 with Kenny and Keith Lucas to write and star in the film.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: A pilot for a "Revenge of the Nerds" television series directed by Peter Baldwin was produced in 1991, but was never aired and was not picked up for a series. The aborted TV pilot was later included as a bonus in the DVD release of the film.


title: Revenge of the Nerds

text: In the mid-2000s, Armstrong and Carradine had devised an idea for a reality television show based on nerds competing against each other in challenges, inspired by "Revenge of the Nerds". However, the idea was rejected at the time, due to the competing "Beauty and the Geek" show. Six years later, Armstrong and Carradine shopped the idea around and were able to get the show greenlit on TBS in 2012. "King of the Nerds" ran for three seasons from 2013 to 2015, with Armstrong and Carradine hosting the program.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The Ford Mondeo is a large family car manufactured by Ford since 1993. The first Ford model declared as a "world car", the Mondeo was intended to consolidate several Ford model lines worldwide (the European Sierra, the Telstar in Asia and Australia, and the Tempo/Mercury Topaz in North America). The Mondeo nameplate is derived from Latin word ""mundus"", meaning "world". "Mondeo" also translates from the international language of Esperanto as 'world'. For its first two generations, the Mondeo was produced using the CDW27 platform, with the third-generation model shifting to the EUCD platform. The fourth-generation models use the CD4 platform, and the fifth-generation use the C2 platform.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: Due to declining sales and a growing trend towards crossover SUVs over saloons and estates, Ford announced in March 2021 that it will discontinue the production of the Mondeo in Europe and Argentina with no direct successor. Production of the Mondeo ended in Europe in March 2022.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The first-generation Mondeo was introduced in November 1992, with sales beginning in March 1993. Intended as a world car, the first-generation Mondeo was significant as its design and marketing were shared between Ford USA in Dearborn and Ford of Europe. It replaced the Ford Sierra in Europe, the Ford Telstar in a large portion of Asia and other markets, while it is also sold as the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique in North America to replace the Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz. Unlike the Sierra, the Mondeo is front-wheel drive in its most common form, with a rarer four-wheel drive version available on the Mk I car only. Despite being billed as a world car, the only external items the Mondeo shared initially with the Contour built in Kansas City Assembly in Claycomo, Missouri, and Cuautitlán Assembly were the windscreen, front windows, front mirrors and door handles. Three body styles were available, which are saloon, liftback, and estate.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The mid-cycle facelift was launched in October 1996 leaving only the doors, the roof, and the rear quarter panels on the estate the same as the original model. The extensive redesign in 1996 was known as the Mondeo Mk II.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The second-generation Mondeo was introduced in October 2000. This Mondeo was considerably larger than its predecessor, while the basic chassis and suspension design was carried over from the previous generation along with the CDW27 platform. Following the standard setting interior of the Volkswagen Passat (B5) in 1996, Ford paid a great deal of attention to the second generation Mondeo's interior and was the first major American manufacturer to react to the new standard set by Volkswagen. Ford abandoned its New Edge design theme for the second generation, opting to take the Prodigy concept car as a design reference. Ford dispensed with the rounded American style interior of the first generation, and developed a more sober 'Germanic' design. Saloon, liftback, and estate body styles were available.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: This Mondeo came to Mexico, replacing the North American built Ford Contour, and was sold from 2001 to 2007, when the Ford Fusion replaced it. The second generation Mondeo was never sold in Australia, as Ford Australia argued that the segment of the market was in decline.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The third-generation Mondeo was introduced in late 2006. Based on the EUCD platform developed with Volvo, the platform was the same as that used in the new large MPVs Galaxy and S-MAX. Its design theme was first shown as the Ford Iosis concept at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, which gave an indication to the look of the Mk IV Mondeo. The new car, in estate bodystyle, was pre-launched in 'concept' form at the Paris Motor Show in September 2006.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: As with the previous model, the Mk IV Mondeo was not marketed in the United States or Canada because Ford sold the same-class Fusion, which was launched in 2005. The 2007 Mondeo marked the return to the Australian market after a six-year absence, due to a resurgence in popularity of medium-sized cars in the last few years.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: In September 2010, a mid-cycle facelifted Mk IV Mondeo was introduced with some changes, such as the new EcoBoost engines and LED daytime running lights. The front and rear of the car had minor changes, the biggest being the new design theme dubbed as the Kinetic Design. The interior was improved, with a use of better materials.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The fourth-generation Mondeo was unveiled by Ford at the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. Due to the merge of both models, the vehicle is sold as the Fusion in the Americas. With a design team based in Detroit for the planning and global launch phase, the new model takes many styling cues from the previous generation Ford Mondeo, and previous generation American Ford Fusion. Like the newest redesigns of the Focus and Fiesta before it, the new Mondeo is set on a global platform shared with the now-identical Fusion sold in North America.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The range does not include five- or six-cylinder engines, and on launch will have a complete range of Ford EcoBoost engines.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: Ford ceased production of the Mondeo at their Valencia Plant in March 2022 as Mondeo sales dwindled with buyers preferring crossovers and SUVs.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The fifth-generation Mondeo saloon was released in China in January 2022. Ford confirmed that the model will not be marketed in Europe and North America. It is marketed in the Middle East as the Ford Taurus.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The Mondeo competed in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) between 1993 and 2000. The cars, prepared by former series champion Andy Rouse, did not enter the 1993 season until the eighth round, at Pembrey, in Wales. Rouse and Paul Radisich were the drivers in the Mondeo's first season. Radisich went on to win the FIA World Touring Car Cup in both 1993 and 1994 driving a Mondeo.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: Ford ran a factory-sponsored team, called Ford Team Mondeo, for eight seasons. Andy Rouse Engineering ran the cars from 1993 to 1995, when West Surrey Racing ran the works team from 1996 to 1998, with Prodrive taking over beginning 1999.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: In 2000, the team expanded from two cars to three when drivers Alain Menu and Anthony Reid were joined by 1998 series champion Rickard Rydell, recruited from the disbanded Volvo team. The team dominated the season of 2000, finishing 1–2–3 (Menu–Reid–Rydell) in the drivers' standings and winning the manufacturers' championship by 104 points.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: A complete overhaul of the BTCC following the season of 2000 had the Super Touring regulations scrapped as the series moved towards less expensive, but slower race cars. Ford withdrew from BTCC competition prior to 2001.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The touring cars, after their withdrawal, went on sale to the public and are now in the hands of other drivers. Two of the 2000 series Mondeos have been spotted in the BRSCC series of LMA Euro saloons; drivers known to own them at present are Bernard Hogarth and Alvin Powell.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The Mk I and Mk II Mondeo have followed many other previous Ford models into the world of banger racing in the United Kingdom, and with plenty of older cars being available for very little money, the Mondeo is now a popular and relatively easy car to race. The Zetec engines are converted to run off a carb set up and the Mondeo bodyshell is fairly tough, but they are proving rather rigid, with many drivers getting injured in high-speed impacts. Mondeos are proving more popular than the Sierra and Mk III Granada.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: In Argentina, the Mondeo is one of several cars to compete in the local Top Race racing category; its body is handcrafted in reinforced fiberglass. The Mondeo is so far the most successful car in the category, with three championship titles in the TRV6 class and two championship titles in the Top Race series (formerly Top Race Junior).


title: Ford Mondeo

text: The winning drivers in the TRV6 class were Omar Martínez (2006), José María López (2009), and Guido Falaschi (Copa América 2010) with the Mondeo II (based on the MkIII Mondeo), and in the TR Junior category, the championship was won by Gonzalo Perlo in 2008 and Humberto Krujoski in 2010. In 2009, the Mondeo III (based on the MkIV Mondeo) bodystyle was approved and presented as an option within the category; however, the Mondeo II bodywork is still being used.


title: Ford Mondeo

text: Similarly, in the United States, the Fusion/Mondeo Mk 5 bodywork began use for the sixth-generation body in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series starting in 2013, replacing the current Mazda6-based Fusion.


title: Dua Lipa discography

text: The discography of English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa consists of two studio albums, two reissues, one remix album, four extended plays (EPs), thirty-one singles (including five as a featured artist), twelve promotional singles, two charity singles, and thirty-three music videos. After signing with Warner Bros. Records, she released her debut single "New Love" in 2015. The following year, she gained recognition through minor hits "Hotter than Hell" and "Blow Your Mind (Mwah)". In June 2017 Lipa released her eponymous debut studio album, which reached the top 10 charts in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The album's chart-topping hits "Be the One", "New Rules" and "IDGAF" propelled Lipa to international fame.