title: Here Comes the Sun

text: Recalling the song's creation in Martin Scorsese's 2011 documentary "", Clapton said that he himself would never walk around outside playing guitar but "this is what George brought to the situation." Clapton added: "He was just a magical guy and he would show up, get out of the car with his guitar and come in and start playing... I just watched this thing come to life. I felt very proud that it was my garden that was inspiring it." In August 2012, the Beatles' recording was played as part of the closing ceremony of the London Olympic Games. The performance was accompanied by sixteen dhol drummers and, in sociologist Rodanthi Tzanelli's description, given the struggles that inspired Harrison to write the song, it suitably conveyed the leisure and labour themes of Olympic competition.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: In July 2016, "Here Comes the Sun" was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the Republican National Convention. The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump's presidential campaign, saying it was "offensive" and contrary to their wishes. The Harrison family later tweeted: "If it had been Beware of Darkness, then we MAY have approved it! #TrumpYourself." That same year, British novelist David Mitchell quoted the lyrics to "Here Comes the Sun" in "From Me Flows What You Call Time", a novella that will remain unpublished until 2114. Mitchell said he included the lyrics because the song is expected to be out of copyright by that time.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: Writing for "Esquire" in August 2021, Alan Light cited the track's continued standing as the Beatles' most-streamed song on Spotify, along with the reverence afforded Harrison's 1970 solo album "All Things Must Pass", as evidence that Harrison "has emerged as Gen Z's favorite Beatle". Tom Pinnock of "Uncut" similarly linked the song with "All Things Must Pass" to demonstrate that Harrison was possibly "the best-loved Beatle in 2021". Pinnock added, "Musically... he seems to make sense in our anxious times: the most played Beatles song on streaming services, by a country mile, is Here Comes The Sun."


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: "Here Comes the Sun" has been recorded by many artists,<ref name="Unterberger/AM"></ref> with the first cover versions appearing soon after the release of "Abbey Road". In 1970, Booker T. & the M.G.'s included the song, arranged as a jazz piece with a Moog intro, on their "Abbey Road" tribute album, "McLemore Avenue", as did George Benson on his album "The Other Side of Abbey Road". A recording was issued as a single in 1970 by English singer Paul Monday, who later became the glam rock star Gary Glitter.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: In May 1971 Richie Havens' version of the song peaked at number 16 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US,<ref name="Havens/Billboard"></ref> giving him the highest-charting single of his entire career. Following the singer's death in 2013, Wook Kim of "Time" described the track as a "wonderful mid-tempo interpretation" and included it among Havens' six "essential performances". Among the other most notable covers, according to music critic Richie Unterberger, Nina Simone recorded "Here Comes the Sun" as the title track to her 1971 covers album.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: Peter Tosh recorded the song in support of Michael Manley's campaign in the 1972 Jamaican general election. Tosh biographer John Masouri writes that, given the singer's frustrations with his Wailers bandmate Bob Marley, Tosh may have identified with Harrison's plight in the Beatles. Jon Dennis of "The Guardian" includes a 1972 recording by Charles Wright – the former leader of the soul/funk Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band – as one of the ten best cover versions of any Beatles song.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: In 1976, "Here Comes the Sun" was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album, "Love's a Prima Donna". It was the first cover version that the band had chosen to record. The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="Harley/OCC"></ref> number 7 in Ireland,<ref name="Harley/IR"></ref> and number 21 in the Netherlands.<ref name="Harley/NL"></ref>


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: The single's success coincided with an unusually hot British summer and a wave of nostalgia for the Beatles, as EMI was contractually free to promote and repackage their music without the former band members' agreement. "Here Comes the Sun" was Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel's last UK top 40 hit.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: Sandy Farina covered "Here Comes the Sun" on the George Martin-produced soundtrack to the 1978 film "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Cover versions have also appeared in feature films such as "The Parent Trap" – which includes a scene referencing the "Abbey Road" sleeve photo – "I Am Sam", "Bee Movie" and "Imagine That".


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: On 29 November 2002, Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute, which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Brown's performance was included on the "Concert for George" live album and in David Leland's concert film from the event. In her review of the live album, Helen Wright of "musicOMH" deemed the combination of Brown and "Here Comes the Sun" "an unlikely but triumphant pairing".


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: Further to their 1976 duet on "SNL", Paul Simon has often performed "Here Comes the Sun" in concert,<ref name="Strecker/BB"></ref> as a tribute to Harrison. In September 2014, Simon played it live on the TBS television show "Conan" as part of the show's "George Harrison Week" initiative. He also played it, accompanied by David Crosby and Graham Nash, at the 25th Anniversary Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Concerts in October 2009. Described by Christel Loar of "PopMatters" as "truly lovely", their version was later issued on DVD, Blu-ray and CD releases from the event.


title: Here Comes the Sun

text: In 2021, Jon Bon Jovi performed an acoustic rendition of "Here Comes the Sun" as part of the "Celebrating America" special during the inauguration of President Joe Biden.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The 9M133 Kornet (; "Cornet", NATO reporting name AT-14 Spriggan, export designation Kornet-E) is a Russian man-portable anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) intended for use against main battle tanks. It was first introduced into service with the Russian army in 1998.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The Kornet is among the most capable Russian ATGMs. It is not intended to fully replace previous systems, due to its high cost. It was further developed into the 9M133 Kornet-EM, which has increased range, and an improved warhead.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The Kornet has been widely exported and is produced under license in several countries. It was first used in combat in 2003 and has since been used in many conflicts.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The Kornet anti-tank missile was unveiled in October 1994 by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau. The missile started development in 1988 as a modular, universal system able to engage any target from a mix of platforms using a reliable laser beam guidance system that was simple to use. It is a heavy ATGM, superior to the earlier 9K111 Fagot (NATO: AT-4 Spigot) and 9K113 Konkurs (NATO: AT-5 Spandrel) wire-guided ATGMs, but not to replace them (due to the cost). The missile entered service in the Russian army in 1998. Its export designation is the Kornet-E. The 9P163M-1 Kornet-T tank destroyer entered service in 2012.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: North Korea has developed a clone of the Kornet known as the "Bulsae-3" (), which was first revealed on 27 February 2016 publicly during a demo test.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The 9M133F-1 Kornet variant with a thermobaric warhead was expected to enter serial production in 2019, according to a company report.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The NATO reporting name "AT-14 Spriggan" is derived from the spriggan, a legendary creature from Cornish faery lore.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The 9M133 missile together with its 9P163-1 tripod launcher and 1PN79-1 thermal sight (part of the 1P45-1 guidance device), form the 9K135 missile system, which can be carried and operated by a two-person infantry crew. The transfer to the firing position takes less than one minute, and preparation and production of a shot in at least one second.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: In addition to an infantry portable version, the 9K133 system has been integrated into a variety of other vehicles and weapons systems as either an upgrade package or a new weapon system. The 9K133 has been fitted into a BMP-3 to form the 9P163M-1 tank destroyer and is similar in function to the Khrizantema missile system. The 9P163M-1 carries two 9M133 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position during transit. Missiles are re-loaded automatically by the tank destroyer from an internal magazine with 16 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters). NBC protection is provided for the two crew (gunner and driver) of each 9P163M-1 in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis. The guidance system of the 9P163M-1 allows two missiles to be fired at once, each operating on different guidance (laser) channels.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The KBP Instrument Design Bureau has also marketed the 9M133 missile as part of the Kvartet system for mounting on vehicles and boats; the system has four missiles on ready-to-launch rails along with associated guidance and sighting system all packaged in a single turret; the guidance system also allows two missiles to be fired at once. The turret has space for an additional five rounds and is operated by a single individual. Another upgrade possibility is the Kliver missile and gun turret, seen as an upgrade option for the BTR series of APC, BMP-1 IFV and patrol boats. It has similar capabilities as the Kvartet turret, but also carries a 30 mm 2A72 cannon; turret weight is 1,500 kg. Finally the 9M133 is also available in the BEREZHOK turret upgrade also made available by KBP. Since 2014, its serial production has been resumed for the domestic market with the designation B05YA01.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The 9M133 Kornet-EM is an improved variant introduced in 2012 that is designed to defeat vehicles with explosive reactive armor (ERA). Its vehicle mounted version is equipped with an automatic target tracker in lieu of a proper fire-and-forget capability. Instead of manually placing the crosshairs on target throughout the missiles flight, the operator designates a target once and the computer tracks the target as the missile travels towards it until impact. New beam coding also allows a vehicle equipped with twin launchers to attack two different targets at once, increasing its rate of fire, decreases the number of vehicles needed for a mission, and can defeat vehicles equipped with an active protection system through salvo fire at one target. The system's use of an autotracker can make it effective against low-flying aerial threats like helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The Kornet-EM first entered service with the Russian Army; its first export customer was Bahrain. It has also been exported to Algeria. It is built under license in Saudi Arabia.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: During the Iraq War, Kornets were used by some groups of Iraqi special forces to attack U.S. armored vehicles, disabling at least two Abrams tanks and one Bradley infantry fighting vehicle in the opening week of the war.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: The second verified episode of the Kornet ATGM in combat use occurred during the 2006 Lebanon War, where the missiles, reportedly supplied by Syria which were reverse-engineered Kornets produced in North Korea, were used by Hezbollah fighters to destroy up to four Israeli Merkava tanks. Kornets pierced the armor of 24 tanks in total. One of the first detailed accounts of IDF's successful capture of Kornet ATGMs on Hezbollah positions in the village of Ghandouriyeh appeared in a "Daily Telegraph" article, which also reported that the boxes were marked with "Customer: Ministry of Defense of Syria. Supplier: KBP, Tula, Russia". Several months after the cease-fire, reports have provided sufficient photographic evidence that Kornet ATGMs were indeed both in possession of, and used by, Hezbollah in this area.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: Israel claims that Russian weapons were smuggled to Hezbollah by Syria, and Israel has sent a team of officials to Moscow to show Russia the evidence of what they say can only be Syrian weapons transfers. Despite initial public denials by the Russian officials that any proof of actual use of Kornet by Hezbollah has been presented, the Russian government in fact has moved to tighten control over the use of Russian-made weapons by the importing states, suggesting that the visit of the Israeli delegation did bear fruit, although it might be unconnected to Kornet. On 6 December 2010, a Kornet launched from the Gaza strip penetrated the outer armour of a Merkava Mark III tank on the Israeli side of the border, but it caused no injuries.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: On 7 April 2011 Hamas claimed responsibility for a missile strike on an Israeli yellow school bus which killed a 16-year-old boy, Daniel Viflic, and wounded another civilian (all the other children who were on the bus had left a few minutes earlier). According to Israeli military spokesman, the bus was hit by a Kornet missile.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: During the fighting between Israel and Hamas in Gaza in the summer of 2014, of the 15 anti-tank missiles launched at Israeli tanks that were intercepted by the Israeli active protection system Trophy, most were of the Kornet type. In some cases the Kornet launchers were destroyed after the Trophy system had detected the launch and directed the tank's main gun to the launcher position.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: In the summer of 2014 the armor of Iraqi Army M1A1 Abrams tanks was penetrated 5 times: Kornet missiles were responsible for at least some of these penetrations.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: In September 2014, the Iraqi Army used Kornet missiles against Islamic State militants for the first time. Iraqi security forces claimed five IS-operated vehicles along with fighters were destroyed in Diyala Governorate. Three Iraqi Army squadrons have been trained to use the Kornet anti-tank missile.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: In the January 2015 Shebaa farms incident, Hezbollah fired some Kornet anti-tank missiles against two Israeli Humvees. A soldier and an officer were killed. In 2015 Iran succeeded in reverse-engineering the Kornet. Iran arms Hezbollah and there is speculation Iranian Kornets were used against Israel in a border attack on 29 January 2015.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: After the 2011 Libyan civil war, the Libyan army's stockpiles were looted and many weapons, including Kornet missiles, proliferated through the region. Many of the Kornet missiles fell in the hands of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis in Egypt's Sinai peninsula. In the Sinai insurgency, Kornet missiles become a key weapon in attacking Egyptian Armed Forces. Ansar Bait al-Maqdis has used the missile on M1A1 and M60 tanks, helicopters (AH-64) and a navy ship. The group has since become a branch of ISIL, renaming itself ISIL-Sinai Province.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: Reuters have found remains of used Kornet missiles in Ukraine in the context of the 2014–2015 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. Since Ukraine is not a known operator of Kornet, Reuters quoted the International Institute for Strategic Studies that the missiles were most likely sent into Ukraine by Russia.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: Russia has sent over 1,000 Kornet-9M133 third-generation anti-tank guided missiles to the Syrian Government who have used them extensively against armour and ground targets to fight Jihadists and rebels. In 2016, a Syrian Army Solntsepyok TOS-1 was destroyed by a Kornet missile from unknown Syrian opposition forces.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: Iran has supplied their license-built Kornet missiles, under their name Dehalivieh, to at least one Iraqi non-state actor. In addition, Kornet missiles were widely used in the Iraqi Civil War by the Iraqi government and the Popular Mobilization Units.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: In January 2017, the German newspaper "Die Welt" reported that ISIL fighters used Kornets to destroy six Leopard 2 tanks used by the Turkish military in Syria. An ISIL propaganda video released in March 2017 showed ISIL fighters capturing two Kornets being transported in Syria, which show the manufacturing year of 2016.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: On 1 September 2019, a Kornet was used by Hezbollah forces to fire on Israeli military stations in retaliation for the bombings of a Hezbollah media office a week earlier. Israel responded with artillery barrages on Lebanese villages close to the border, specifically Aitaroun and Maroun al-Ras, which set fire to a number of civilian crop fields.


title: 9M133 Kornet

text: On 26 February 2022, a Kornet was used by Russian troops against a Ukrainian armored vehicle. In October 2022 a Russian Kornet was captured by Ukrainian Marines.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) is a large species of turtle in the family Chelydridae. The species is native to freshwater habitats in the United States. "M. temminckii" is one of the heaviest freshwater turtles in the world. It is the largest freshwater species of turtle in North America. It is often associated with, but not closely related to, the common snapping turtle, which is in the genus "Chelydra". The specific epithet "temminckii" is in honor of Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Although it was once believed that only one extant species exists in the genus "Macrochelys", recent studies have shown that there are two species, the other being the Suwannee snapping turtle ("M. suwanniensis") of the Suwannee River. A third species, the Apalachicola snapping turtle ("M. apalachicolae"), has been proposed, but is generally not recognized.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is given its common name because of its immensely powerful jaws and distinct ridges on its shell that are similar in appearance to the rough, ridged skin of an alligator. It is also slightly less commonly known as "the loggerhead snapper" (not to be confused with the loggerhead sea turtle or loggerhead musk turtle).


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is found primarily in freshwaters of the southeastern United States. It is found from the Florida Panhandle west to East Texas, north to southeastern Kansas, Missouri, southeastern Iowa, western Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, Louisiana, and western Tennessee. Typically, only nesting females venture onto open land.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: They are generally only found in bodies of water that flow into the Gulf of Mexico and usually do not occur in isolated wetlands or ponds. A study done found that the turtles prefer places with canopy cover, overhanging trees, shrubs, dead submerged trees, and beaver dens.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: There are non-native established invasive populations of the alligator snapping turtle in South Africa. The average home range for an individual is 750 m. Females will have large home ranges.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is characterized by a large, heavy head, and a long, thick shell with three dorsal ridges of large scales (osteoderms), giving it a primitive appearance reminiscent of some of the plated dinosaurs, most notably "Ankylosaurus". It can be immediately distinguished from the common snapping turtle by the three distinct rows of spikes and raised plates on the carapace, whereas the common snapping turtle has a smoother carapace. "M. temminckii" is a solid gray, brown, black, or olive-green in color, and often covered with algae. It has radiating yellow patterns around the eyes, serving to break up the outline of the eyes to keep the turtle camouflaged. The eyes are also surrounded by a star-shaped arrangement of fleshy, filamentous "eyelashes".


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Though not verified, a alligator snapping turtle was found in Kansas in 1937, but the largest verifiable one is debatable. One weighed at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was a 16-year resident giant alligator snapper weighing , sent to the Tennessee Aquarium as part of a breeding loan in 1999, where it subsequently died. Another weighing was housed at the Brookfield Zoo in suburban Chicago. Another large turtle reportedly weighed . The species generally does not grow quite that large. Breeding maturity is attained around , when the straight carapace length is around , but then the species continues to grow throughout life. Excluding exceptionally large specimens, adult alligator snapping turtles generally range in carapace length from and weigh from . Males are typically larger than females. 88 adult alligator snapping turtles averaged , 92 averaged , and 249 averaged . Usually very old males comprise the specimens that weigh in excess of per most population studies. Among extant freshwater turtles, only the little-known giant softshell turtles of the genera "Chitra", "Rafetus", and "Pelochelys", native to Asia, reach comparable sizes.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: In mature specimens, those with a straight carapace length over , males and females can be differentiated by the position of the cloaca from the carapace, and by the thickness of the base of the tail. A mature male's cloaca extends beyond the carapace edge, a female's is placed exactly on the edge if not nearer to the plastron. The base of the tail of the male is also thicker as compared to that of the female because of the hidden reproductive organs.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The inside of the turtle's mouth is camouflaged, and it possesses a (worm-shaped) appendage on the tip of its tongue used to lure fish, a form of aggressive mimicry.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: This turtle must be handled with extreme care and considered potentially dangerous. This species can bite through the handle of a broom and rare cases have been reported in which human fingers have been cleanly bitten off by the species. No human deaths have been reported to have been caused by the alligator snapping turtle.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is an opportunistic feeder that is almost entirely carnivorous. It relies on both live food caught by itself and dead organisms which it scavenges. In general, it will eat almost anything it can catch. Fishermen have glorified the species' ability to catch fish and to deplete fish populations, whereas in fact it largely targets any abundant and easily caught prey, and rarely has any extensive deleterious effect on fish populations. Its natural diet consists primarily of fish and fish carcasses, molluscs, carrion, and amphibians, but it is also known to eat snakes, snails, worms and other invertebrates, crawfish, insects, water birds, aquatic plants, other turtles and sometimes even small alligators. In one study conducted in Louisiana, 79.8% of the stomach contents of adult alligator snapping turtles was found to be composed of other turtles, although the resistance of shell and reptile-bone fragments to digestion may have led these fragments to remain longer in the digestive tract than other items. This species may also, on occasion, prey on aquatic rodents, including nutrias and muskrats or even snatch small to mid-sized other mammals, including squirrels, mice, opossums, raccoons, and armadillos when they attempt to swim or come near the water's edge.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle seemingly most often hunts at night. It may also hunt diurnally, however. By day, it may try to attract fish and other prey by sitting quietly at the bottom of murky water and letting its jaws hang open to reveal its tongue appendage, which looks like a small, pink, worm in the back of its gray mouth, and lure the prey into striking distance. The vermiform tongue imitates the movements of a worm, luring prey to the turtle's mouth. The mouth is then closed with tremendous speed and force, completing the ambush. Although the turtle does not actively hunt its prey, it can detect chemosensory cues from prey, like the mud turtle in order to choose the location in which it is most likely to catch food. Small fish, such as minnows, are often caught in this way by younger alligator snapping turtles, whereas adults must eat a greater quantity per day and must forage more actively. Though not a regular food source for them, adult alligator snappers have even been known to kill and eat small American alligators.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: In captivity, it may consume almost any kind of meat provided, including beef, chicken, rabbit, and pork. It will refuse to eat if exposed to extremes in temperature.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Maturity is reached around 12 years of age. Mating takes place yearly, in early spring in the southern part of its geographic range, and in later spring in the northern part. About two months later, the female builds a nest and lays a clutch of 10–50 eggs. The sex of the young depends on the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. This is called temperature dependent sex determination, and it is used by all turtle species to determine sex. For the alligator snapping turtle, higher temperatures produce more males in a clutch. Nests are typically excavated at least 50 yards from the water's edge to prevent them from being flooded and drowned. Incubation takes from 100 to 140 days, and hatchlings emerge in the early fall.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Though its potential lifespan in the wild is unknown, the alligator snapping turtle is believed to be capable of living to 200 years of age, but 80 to 120 is more likely. In captivity, it typically lives between 20 and 70 years.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is most vulnerable to predators before and shortly after hatching. The eggs can be eaten by birds or mammals. The risk of predation decreases as the turtle gets bigger, so the adult turtle does not have as many predators.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is sometimes captive-bred as a pet and is readily available in the exotic animal trade. Due to its potential size and specific needs, it does not make a particularly good pet for any but the most experienced aquatic turtle keepers.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: It prefers to feed on live fish, but will readily feed on other types of meat or leafy vegetables if offered. Hand feeding is dangerous. Extreme temperatures are known to affect the turtle's appetite and would result in the turtle refusing to feed until the temperature has been regulated.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Due to the turtle's sheer size, handling adult specimens can pose significant problems. Small turtles can be held by the sides of the shell with relative safety, but large individuals must be held by grabbing the turtle's shell just behind the head and in front of the tail.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Despite its reputation, the alligator snapping turtle is typically not prone to biting. However, if provoked, it is quite capable of delivering a powerful bite which can easily amputate fingers or cause other significant injuries, such as cuts. Some U.S. states, where the alligator snapping turtle does not naturally occur (such as California), prohibit it from being kept as a pet by residents.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Some alligator snapping turtles were released or escaped into waters of the Czech Republic, Germany and Hungary. In Bavaria, a turtle was accused of causing injury to a child, but the claim was never substantiated and the turtle in question was never found. In Bohemia, four turtles of this species have been caught. In Hungary, one turtle was caught in the middle of a street near a lake. Certain EU countries have strong laws against keeping the alligator snapping turtle without permission, as it is an invasive species.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: Because of collection for the exotic pet trade, overharvesting for its meat, and habitat destruction, some states have imposed bans on collecting the alligator snapping turtle from the wild. The IUCN lists it as a threatened species, and as of June 14, 2006, it was afforded some international protection by being listed as a CITES III species (which will put limits on exportation from the United States and all international trade in this species).


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: The alligator snapping turtle is now endangered in several states, including Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Missouri, where it is protected by state law. It is designated as "in need of conservation" in Kansas.


title: Alligator snapping turtle

text: In October 2013, one was found in the Prineville Reservoir in Oregon. It was captured and euthanized by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, which considers alligator snapping turtles to be an invasive species. This one was the first found in the state.


title: George Kittle

text: George Krieger Kittle (born October 9, 1993) is an American football tight end for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa, and was drafted by the 49ers in the fifth round of the 2017 NFL Draft. He is a three-time Pro Bowler and was a First-team All-Pro in 2019.


title: George Kittle

text: Kittle was born in Madison, Wisconsin and moved to Iowa at a young age. He attended Iowa City West High School in Iowa City, Iowa; Cedar Falls High School in Cedar Falls, Iowa; and Norman High School in Norman, Oklahoma. He committed to the University of Iowa to play college football. His father, Bruce Kittle, also played at Iowa and is a former college football coach.


title: George Kittle

text: Kittle played at Iowa from 2012 to 2016 under head coach Kirk Ferentz. As a freshman, Kittle had a limited role behind senior C. J. Fiedorowicz, junior Ray Hamilton, and sophomore Jake Duzey. He had his first collegiate reception, which went for 47 yards, against the Missouri State Bears. Overall, he caught five passes for 108 yards.


title: George Kittle

text: Iowa's tight end unit remained crowded for Kittle in the 2014 season. Along with the return of Hamilton and Duzey, junior Henry Krieger-Coble added to the depth. Kittle had a lone reception for 25 yards against Maryland as his only catch of the season.


title: George Kittle

text: Kittle's role expanded in the 2015 season. On September 26, 2015, against North Texas, he scored his first collegiate touchdown on a 43-yard reception from quarterback C. J. Beathard. Overall, Kittle had 20 receptions for 290 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns in the 2015 season. His six receiving touchdowns ranked sixth in the Big Ten Conference.


title: George Kittle

text: As a senior in the 2016 season, Kittle headlined a tight end unit that contained junior Peter Pekar and freshman Noah Fant. He had his best statistical game against North Dakota State with five receptions for 110 receiving yards. In his senior season, he had 22 receptions for 314 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns. During his collegiate career, Kittle had 48 receptions for 737 yards and 10 touchdowns.


title: George Kittle

text: As a top tight end prospect, Kittle was one of 19 collegiate tight ends to receive an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. He completed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the short shuttle and three-cone drill. Kittle's overall performance was well perceived, as he finished third among tight ends in the broad jump, fifth in the 40-yard dash, and finished sixth among his position group in the vertical jump. On March 27, 2017, Kittle participated at Iowa's Pro Day, along with C. J. Beathard, Desmond King, Jaleel Johnson, Greg Mabin, Riley McCarron, and four other prospects. He completed his combine drills, finishing the short shuttle (4.55s), three-cone drill, and also ran positional drills. Scouts and team representatives from all 32 NFL teams attended, including Cincinnati Bengals' tight end coach Jonathan Hayes. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Kittle was projected to be a third or fourth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the fifth best tight end prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, sixth best by NFL analyst Gil Brandt, and was ranked the eighth best tight end by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: George Kittle

text: The San Francisco 49ers selected Kittle in the fifth round with the 146th overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft. He was reunited with Iowa teammate C. J. Beathard, whom the San Francisco 49ers drafted in the third round (104th overall).


title: George Kittle

text: On May 4, 2017, the San Francisco 49ers signed Kittle to a four-year, $2.69 million contract that included a signing bonus of $298,287.


title: George Kittle

text: Throughout training camp, he competed against Garrett Celek, Vance McDonald, Logan Paulsen, Blake Bell, and Cole Hikutini for the job as the starting tight end. Head coach Kyle Shanahan named Kittle the starting tight end to start the regular season.


title: George Kittle

text: Kittle made his NFL debut in the 49ers' season-opener against the Carolina Panthers and caught five passes for 27 yards in a 23–3 loss. He caught his first NFL reception on a 13-yard pass from Brian Hoyer on the first drive and was tackled by Panthers' safety Mike Adams. On October 8, 2017, Kittle made seven receptions for 83 yards and his first NFL touchdown during a 26–23 overtime loss to the Indianapolis Colts. During a Week 9 matchup against the Arizona Cardinals, Kittle caught three passes for 27 yards, before leaving the 20–10 loss with a leg injury. He was inactive due to the injury and missed the following game against the New York Giants. He finished the regular season with his first 100-yard receiving game in Week 17 against the Los Angeles Rams.


title: George Kittle

text: In the season opener against the Minnesota Vikings, Kittle had five receptions for 90 yards in a 24–16 loss. During Week 4 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Kittle recorded an 82-yard touchdown reception as part of a 125-yard performance as the 49ers narrowly lost by a score of 29–27. During Week 7 against the Los Angeles Rams, he had five receptions for 98 yards and a touchdown in the 39–10 loss. During Week 14 against the Denver Broncos, Kittle set a franchise record for reception yards by a tight end with 210, all coming in the first half, as well as becoming the first 49ers tight end to surpass 1,000 receiving yards. During the season finale against the Rams, Kittle broke Travis Kelce's single-season receiving yards record for a tight end, less than an hour after Kelce broke the record, on a 43-yard touchdown and finished the season with 1,377 yards. The record was again broken by Kelce in 2020. He was named as a Pro Bowler for the first time. He was ranked 29th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: George Kittle

text: Through the first four weeks of 2019 NFL season, during which the 49ers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Cincinnati Bengals, and Pittsburgh Steelers, Kittle earned the highest overall Pro Football Focus grade of any player in the NFL. After a Week 4 bye, the 49ers faced the Cleveland Browns. In that game, Kittle had six receptions for 70 yards and his first touchdown of the season in the 31–3 victory. In the next game against the Los Angeles Rams, he caught eight passes for 103 yards in the 20–7 road victory. Three weeks later against the Arizona Cardinals, Kittle suffered a knee injury on the first play of the game and was forced to miss the next few plays. He returned to the game and caught six passes for 79 yards and a touchdown in the 28–25 road victory. However, he was forced to miss the next two games due to the injury. He returned in Week 12 against the Green Bay Packers. In the game, Kittle caught six passes for 129 yards and a touchdown in the 37–8 victory. Facing the New Orleans Saints in Week 14, he made a crucial 4th and 2 catch that went for 39 yards-17 of which he made while being face-masked by Saints cornerback Marcus Williams while carrying two other defenders. The catch set up the game-winning field goal. The 49ers won 48–46. During Week 15 against the Atlanta Falcons, Kittle finished with 13 catches for 134 yards as the 49ers lost 22–29. Following the loss, he was named to his second Pro Bowl with over 340,000 votes. Kittle was named as a First Team All-Pro for his 2019 season.


title: George Kittle

text: In Super Bowl LIV against the Kansas City Chiefs, Kittle caught four passes for 36 yards during the 31–20 loss. He was ranked 7th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: George Kittle

text: On August 13, Kittle signed a five-year, $75 million contract with the 49ers with an $18 million signing bonus, making him the highest-paid tight end in the league. After missing two games due to a knee injury, Kittle returned in Week 4 against the Philadelphia Eagles on "Sunday Night Football", finishing with 183 receiving yards and a touchdown as the 49ers lost 20–25. In Week 6 against the Los Angeles Rams, he had seven receptions for 109 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 24-16 victory. On November 5, 2020, Kittle was placed on injured reserve with a broken bone in his foot. He was activated on December 25, 2020. In an injury-riddled season, Kittle finished with 48 receptions for 634 receiving yards and two touchdowns in eight games. He was ranked 50th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: George Kittle

text: On October 9, 2021, Kittle was placed on injured reserve with a calf injury. He was activated on November 6. On November 8, in his return game, Kittle caught six passes for 101 yards and a touchdown in a loss to the Arizona Cardinals. In Week 13, he had nine receptions for 181 yards and two touchdowns in a 30–23 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. In Week 14, he had 13 receptions for 151 yards and one touchdown in a 26–23 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, earning NFC Offensive Player of the Week. Overall, Kittle finished the 2021 season with 71 receptions for 910 receiving yards and six touchdowns in 14 games. He earned his third career Pro Bowl nomination.


title: George Kittle

text: Kittle had seven catches for 108 yards during the 2021 postseason, receiving his first career postseason touchdown in the 49ers' 20–17 loss to the Los Angeles Rams in the . He was ranked 22nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: George Kittle

text: Kittle married Claire (née Till) on April 9, 2019. The couple met at the University of Iowa, where Claire played basketball. Kittle has stated that he has been an avid fan of the Chicago Bears since childhood.


title: Schnapps

text: Schnapps ( or ) or schnaps is a type of alcoholic beverage that may take several forms, including distilled fruit brandies, herbal liqueurs, infusions, and "flavored liqueurs" made by adding fruit syrups, spices, or artificial flavorings to neutral grain spirits.


title: Schnapps

text: The English loanword "schnapps" is derived from the colloquial German word "Schnaps" (plural: "Schnäpse"), which is used in reference to spirit drinks.


title: Schnapps

text: The word "Schnaps" stems from Low German and is related to the German term ""schnappen"", meaning "snap", which refers to the spirit usually being consumed in a quick slug from a small glass (i.e., a shot glass).


title: Schnapps

text: The German term "Schnaps" refers to "any kind of strong, dry spirit", similar to how "eau de vie" (water of life) is used in French, "aguardiente" (burning water) in Spanish, or "aguardente" Portuguese.


title: Schnapps

text: "Obstler", or "Obstbrand" (from the German "Obst", fruit), are a traditional type of schnaps made by fermenting macerated fruit and distilling to produce a clear, unsweetened fruit brandy. "Obstler" is traditionally produced in Austria, Switzerland, southern Germany, and the culturally German regions of Alsace and Lorraine in modern-day France. "Obstler" are mainly associated with the southern part of the German-language area; in northern Germany, almost all traditional distilled beverages are grain-based.


title: Schnapps

text: The main kinds of fruit used for "Obstler" are apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums (both mirabelle and purple plums), and quinces. Fruits other than these are rarely used. Apples together with pears produce "Obstwasser" (fruit water); pears are used to produce "Birnenbrand"; when made from the Williams pear, it is known as Poire Williams or "Williamsbrand". Several types of plums make "" ("plum water"); cherries make "kirschwasser" ("cherry water"); and apricots are used to make Austrian "Marillenschnaps" (apricot brandy).


title: Schnapps

text: The different kinds of "Obstler" are similar to the varieties of "Rakija" found in the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Slivovitz is a popular schnapps made from Damson plums found throughout the region; pálinka is a traditional distilled beverage made of any fruits grown in Hungary.


title: Schnapps

text: A "Geist" (meaning "spirit" in German) is a type of "schnaps", similar to fruit brandy, that is created by infusing macerated fresh berries in neutral spirits and steeping for some time before distillation. Neutral alcohol is necessary because many berries have a sugar content that is too low to economically ferment and distill; raspberries for instance contain between 4.5 and 6 percent sugar.


title: Schnapps

text: The most common "Geist" is "Himbeergeist", made from raspberries. Other common fruits are blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, currants, rowanberries, apricots, peaches, and sloes. Other flavorings are also possible, such as nuts, herbs, or rose petals.


title: Schnapps

text: Many liqueurs referred to as schnapps, but distinct from fruit brandies, are created by the addition of herbal or fruit flavors to a neutral spirit by various methods. The neutral spirit used can vary by location and tradition.


title: Schnapps

text: The most popular schnapps in the UK is peach schnapps. It can be enjoyed in many ways, most prefer it on the rocks or mixed with other drinks to form a variety of cocktails. It is made by adding peach flavouring to a neutral grain spirit. It is typically clear and has a strong sweet taste. It became popular in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s. The leading brand is Archers, but some large supermarkets do have their own branded peach schnapps, which is sold at a reduced price. Archers peach schnapps is more similar to the American style of schnapps.


title: Schnapps

text: "Kräuterlikör" (herbal liqueur) is similar to Italian Amaro (liqueur). Well known brands include Jägermeister, Underberg, Kuemmerling, Killepitsch and Wurzelpeter.


title: Schnapps

text: An inexpensive heavily sweetened form of liqueur is made in America by mixing neutral grain spirit with fruit syrup, spices, or other flavors. Referred to as "schnapps", these are bottled with an alcohol content typically between 15% and 20% ABV (30–40 proof), though some may be much higher. Schnapps, specifically peach and peppermint schnapps, exploded in popularity in America in the 1980s.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Marvel's Netflix television series are a set of interconnected American television series created for the streaming service Netflix, based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics. Produced by Marvel Television and ABC Studios, they are set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledge the continuity of the franchise's films and other television series. Marvel Television referred to the group of shows collectively as the "Marvel Street-Level Heroes" or "Marvel Knights" series.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: A deal between Marvel and Netflix to produce several interconnected series was announced in November 2013, with the individual series "Daredevil" (2015–2018), "Jessica Jones" (2015–2019), "Luke Cage" (2016–2018), and "Iron Fist" (2017–2018) culminating in the crossover miniseries "The Defenders" (2017). A spin-off from "Daredevil", "The Punisher" (2017–2019), was ordered in April 2016. The series were all filmed in New York State, forming the state's largest television production commitment across 161 episodes. They star Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, Mike Colter as Luke Cage, and Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist, who all star together in "The Defenders", as well as Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher. Many actors have roles across the different series, including Rosario Dawson who signed a special deal to portray Claire Temple.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: The series are believed to have generated strong viewership for Netflix, who do not release exact viewership details, and received positive reviews for their casts and darker take on the MCU. There were some common criticisms of the series, such as for their pacing. Netflix had cancelled all of the series by February 2019, when Marvel's parent company Disney was preparing its own streaming service, Disney+. The series were all removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, after Disney regained the licenses for them, and they began streaming on Disney+ from March 16, where they were collected under the title "The Defenders Saga".


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Contractually, Marvel had to wait two years before they could use the characters without Netflix. Vincent D'Onofrio and Cox were the first actors to reprise their roles in Marvel Studios-produced MCU projects, in December 2021. A new "Daredevil" series titled "", with Cox and D'Onofrio returning, is in development for Disney+.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: By October 2013, Marvel Television was preparing four drama series and a miniseries, totaling 60 episodes, to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest. In November 2013, Marvel's parent company Disney was set to provide Netflix with live-action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a crossover miniseries based on the Defenders. Disney CEO Bob Iger explained that Disney had chosen Netflix to air the shows when they realized that the audience of the streaming service would provide a way to "grow the popularity of the characters".


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb later stated that Marvel was not "interested in making four pilots and then hoping someday that they could all get together. Netflix really understood what it is we wanted to do. They're very open to directors that might not have that same opportunity in broadcast television. The notion of having all 13 episodes at one time, particularly in serialized storytelling, is very appealing." Loeb also added that the four characters "lent [themselves] to a world" due to their relationships and shared locale of New York City in the comics but that the individual series would be different form one another because "the characters have different issues, different problems, different feelings about them". Loeb gave as an example the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films "" and "Guardians of the Galaxy" (both 2014), on which he said, "I cannot think of two films that are more different in tone" than them, and yet "they feel very Marvel ... like, 'Oh, it is still the same universe that I'm in.'" Despite being branded as "Netflix Originals", the series were licensed to Netflix from Disney.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Marvel's Joe Quesada confirmed in April 2014 that the Netflix series would be set within the MCU. Loeb explained that "within the Marvel universe there are thousands of heroes of all shapes and sizes, but the Avengers are here to save the universe and Daredevil is here to save the neighborhood ... It does take place in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It's all connected. But that doesn't necessarily mean that we would look up in the sky and see [Iron Man]. It's just a different part of New York that we have not yet seen in the Marvel movies." In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos said Netflix planned to release a Marvel series approximately a year apart from each other after "Daredevil" April 2015 release. A year later, Sarandos noted that the release schedules of the Marvel Netflix series are dependent on the "long production times and long post times. In some cases, when we have characters crossover, it makes it more difficult to manage production. It's not the goal to put out more than one or two [each] year ... The complex one is really "The Defenders". "The Defenders" production schedule will determine a lot of the season 2 and 3 output of those shows." He also noted on potential spin-offs that "all the characters in the universe could also spin out" into their own series at some point, with Netflix ordering "The Punisher", a spin-off from "Daredevil", in April 2016.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In May 2015, after starring as Claire Temple in the first season of "Daredevil", Rosario Dawson signed with Marvel to return for the second season of the series as part of an "exclusive TV deal" that also allowed her to appear in any other Marvel Netflix series as Claire Temple. Dawson went on to appear in all of the series except "The Punisher", linking them together similarly to Samuel L. Jackson's Nick Fury in the MCU films. Dawson explained that she signed on with Marvel each year for a certain number of episodes, and found out which series the episodes were for closer to the time of filming. Sarandos stated in July 2016 that Netflix was trying to close the gap between releases of Marvel seasons and was considering expanding to new series, but would always prioritize the quality of the shows over having more series and more releases per year. That month, Marvel and Netflix committed to completing production on 135 episodes by the end of 2017, making the deal the largest television production commitment in New York State. Production for the different series engaged 500 local vendors and small businesses for various stages of development and required over 14,000 production-related hires.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Lawyer-by-day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell's Kitchen as Daredevil, juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk. Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher, a vigilante with far deadlier methods, and sees the return of his old girlfriend, Elektra Natchios. When Wilson Fisk is released from prison, Murdock must decide between hiding from the world or embracing his life as a hero vigilante.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In December 2013, Marvel announced that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for "Daredevil", and would write and direct the first episode, though at the end of May 2014, Goddard would no longer set to be the showrunner for the series and was replaced by Steven S. DeKnight. Goddard, who wrote the first two episodes, remained with the show as an executive producer. A few days later, Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil. A second season was ordered on April 21, 2015, with Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight, who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment. A third season was ordered in July 2016, with Erik Oleson taking over as showrunner of the series in October 2017.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: The first season, which debuted in its entirety on April 10, 2015, features references to "The Avengers" (2012) and mentions Carl "Crusher" Creel, a character from the MCU series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season. The second season, which premiered on March 18, 2016, features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell, who also appeared on "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", along with numerous references to the events of the first season of "Jessica Jones". Jon Bernthal co-stars as Frank Castle / Punisher, before headlining his own series, while Michelle Hurd and Carrie-Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from "Jessica Jones". The third season was released on October 19, 2018.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Jessica Jones suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, so she opens her own detective agency to help people. She begins to put her life back together after her encounter with Kilgrave, taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In November 2013, Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series, and the following March, Loeb stated that filming would begin after "Daredevil". In December 2014, Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series. A second season was ordered on January 17, 2016, and a third on April 12, 2018. Scott Reynolds joined Rosenberg as co-showrunner for the third season.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: The first season, which debuted in its entirety on November 20, 2015, features references to the events and characters of "The Avengers" and co-stars Mike Colter as Luke Cage before he headlined his own series. Rosario Dawson reprises her "Daredevil" role of Claire Temple, as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney. The second season, which was released on March 8, 2018, sees Elden Henson reprise his role of Franklin "Foggy" Nelson, as well as Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett and Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace. The third season was released on June 14, 2019. Both the second and third seasons reference the events of "" (2016), including mentions of the Raft prison.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city. After clearing his name, Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem, only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Colter reprises his role as Luke Cage in his own series. In March 2014, Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after "Iron Fist", being the fourth of the individual series. By March 2015, it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series, beginning production after "Jessica Jones". The series was switched with "Iron Fist" after the positive reception Luke Cage received on "Jessica Jones", becoming that series' breakout star and Marvel wanting to "follow the momentum". Also in March, Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series. A second season was ordered on December 3, 2016.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: The first season, which premiered on September 30, 2016, features references to "The Avengers", the second season of "Daredevil", the first season of "Jessica Jones", and a flier for Colleen Wing's martial arts class and mentions Justin Hammer, Wilson Fisk, and Frank Castle. Reprising their roles in the season are Dawson as Temple, Morgan as Barrett, Rachel Taylor as Trish Walker, Stephen Rider as Blake Tower, Parisa Fitz-Henley as Reva Connors, and Danny Johnson as Ben Donovan. The second season, which premiered on June 22, 2018, features a reference to Detective Brigid O'Reilly from the MCU series "Cloak & Dagger". Finn Jones, Jessica Henwick, and Henson reprise their roles as Danny Rand, Colleen Wing, and Foggy Nelson in the season.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Danny Rand returns to New York City, after being missing for fifteen years, to reclaim his family's company. However, when a threat emerges, Rand must choose between his family's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In March 2014, Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after "Jessica Jones" as the third of the individual series. By March 2015, it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series, entering production following "Luke Cage". The series was switched with "Luke Cage" after the positive reception Luke Cage received on "Jessica Jones", becoming that series' breakout star and Marvel wanting to "follow the momentum". In December 2015, Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series. In February 2016, Finn Jones was cast as Rand. A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017, with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season, replacing Buck.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: The first season, which premiered on March 17, 2017, makes references to the events of "The Avengers", the Hulk, Stark Industries, Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Seagate Prison, and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang, "New York Bulletin" editor-in-chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page, Roxxon Oil, and Midland Circle. Events from the second season of "Daredevil" are also noted throughout. Reprising their roles in the season are Moss as Hogarth, Dawson as Temple, Wai Ching Ho as Gao, Marquis Rodriguez as Darryl, Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace, and Suzanne H. Smart as Shirley Benson. The second season, which was released on September 7, 2018, sees Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight, and makes reference to Sokovia.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: "The Defenders" sees Cox, Ritter, Colter, and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Danny Rand / Iron Fist, respectively, from the previous television series. In March 2014, Loeb stated that the miniseries would begin filming after "Iron Fist". In April 2016, Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for "The Defenders". However, by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016, Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner. Filming concluded in March 2017. The eight-episode event premiered on August 18, 2017.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles, including, Deborah Ann Woll, Henson, Scott Glenn, Élodie Yung, Eka Darville, Moss, Taylor, Simone Missick, Jessica Henwick, Dawson, Ho, Ramón Rodríguez, Peter McRobbie, Morgan, Amy Rutberg, Susan Varon, and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page, Foggy Nelson, Stick, Elektra Natchios, Malcolm Ducasse, Jeri Hogarth, Trish Walker, Misty Knight, Colleen Wing, Claire Temple, Gao, Bakuto, Lantom, Turk Barrett, Marci Stahl, Josie and Nicole, respectively. Midland Circle, which was referenced in previous Netflix series, is revealed to be an operation of the Hand, who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property. The miniseries also references the events of "The Avengers".


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as "the Punisher" who aims to fight crime by any means necessary.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: By January 2016, ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of "Daredevil", Netflix was in "very early development" on a spin-off series and was looking for a showrunner. The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle and was described as a stand-alone series, outside of the series leading up to "The Defenders". Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin-off and was focusing on making "the best 13 episodes of "Daredevil" season two" at the time but did say, "I'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more...If we are lucky enough that through the writing, through the direction, through the actor that people want to see more of that person, terrific." In April 2016, Marvel and Netflix ordered "The Punisher", along with confirming Bernthal's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner. Filming began in Brooklyn, New York in October 2016, and concluded in April 2017. A second season was ordered on December 12, 2017.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In the first season, which was released on November 17, 2017, Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett, respectively. The second season was released on January 18, 2019.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: With the release of the second season of "Daredevil", Brian Lowery of "Variety" felt the Netflix series "have already leapfrogged ABC's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal, in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and doesn't need to be spoon-fed plot points. In the process, they have demonstrated that it's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics". Following the release of "Jessica Jones", David Priest at c<nowiki>|</nowiki>net wrote that the series rescues "Marvel from itself ... "Jessica Jones" takes big steps forward in terms of theme, craft and diversity. It's a good story first, and a superhero show second. And for the first time, the MCU seems like it matters." For Paul Tassi and Erik Kain of "Forbes", watching the series made them question the MCU, with Kain feeling that the "morally complex, violent, dark world of "Jessica Jones" has no place in the MCU ... right now, the MCU is holding back shows like "Jessica Jones" and "Daredevil", while those shows are contributing absolutely nothing to the MCU." Tassi went so far as to wonder what "the point of the Marvel Cinematic Universe" is, lamenting the lack of major crossovers in the franchise and saying that "Jessica Jones" is "so far removed from the world of "The Avengers", it might as well not be in the same universe at all ... [I] really don't understand the point of [the MCU] if they're going to keep everything within it separated off in these little boxes". Conversely, Eric Francisco of Inverse called "Jessica Jones" lack of overt connections to the MCU "the show's chief advantage. Besides demonstrating how physically wide open the MCU's scope really is, "Jessica Jones" also proves the MCU's thematic durability."


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: After the release of the first season of "Luke Cage", "The Atlantic" David Sims highlighted the pacing of Marvel's Netflix series, a common complaint from critics of all the series, stating, "After two seasons of "Daredevil", one of "Jessica Jones", and now one of "Luke Cage", the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed, encouraging the kind of molasses-slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew. The problem isn't that these shows are bad, necessarily... But they all take far too long to get going, by which point many viewers will have already tuned out." He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week, but rather subscribers who, if they lose interest, "can take as long as they want to catch up... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month." The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail, with Sims noting "A lot of this detail [is] good, but it could have been considerably compressed—none of the Marvel Netflix series, so far, would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes, or even 8. If Netflix shaved the 60-minute running time down quite a bit, it would likely inspire more economical—and better—storytelling from its shows." Sims concluded by saying, "What's most frustrating of all is that Netflix isn't getting rid of this approach anytime soon. "Daredevil" season three, "Jessica Jones" season two, "Iron Fist", and "The Punisher" are all on their way, and each will follow the same 13-episode structure... The only respite may come in the form of "The Defenders", a planned crossover series... over the course of just eight episodes. Who knows? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain's motivations within the first hour. Until then, fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series, while others are deterred from watching at all."


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In her review for the first season of "Iron Fist", Allison Keene of "Collider" spoke of the Marvel Netflix series' more grounded tone "than what we typically expect from a superhero show (like DC's candy-colored <nowiki>[</nowiki>Arrowverse<nowiki>]</nowiki> on The CW)", which misses a key element expected of superhero series: "this be fantastical entertainment". With "The Defenders", Jeff Jansen of "Entertainment Weekly" felt many improvements were made in response to the common complaints the previous seasons received. He said, ""The Defenders" is far from perfect. But it's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward. Shorter seasons. More team-ups. Fewer shows. Start the consolidation by letting go of "Iron Fist". If Danny Rand must persist, add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him."


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated in January 2016 that "all the characters in the universe" could receive their own spin-off series, and that July he added that Netflix was open to exploring the MCU beyond the "Defenders" series, including potential crossovers with ABC's Marvel series. Netflix vice president of original content Cindy Holland reiterated in July 2018 that there were always ongoing discussions regarding creating more spin-offs for characters from their Marvel series. That September, Loeb stated that he would like to make a Daughters of the Dragon series for Netflix, featuring Jessica Henwick's Colleen Wing and Simone Missick's Misty Knight.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: When the Marvel-Netflix deal was announced in November 2013, Iger indicated that if the characters proved popular they could go on to star in feature films. In March 2015, Loeb stated that the series would start out self-contained since "the audience needs to understand who all of these characters are and what the world is before you then start co-mingling". In September 2015, Marvel Studios' Kevin Feige said the films referencing the television series was inevitable, but "the schedules do not always quite match up to make that possible [since] by the time we start doing a movie, they'd be mid-way through a season. By the time our movie comes out, they'd be [starting the next season]."


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In April 2016, Marvel Studios revealed that Alfre Woodard would appear in "" (2016), having already been cast as Mariah Dillard in "Luke Cage" the previous year. This "raised hopes that Marvel could be uniting its film and Netflix universes", with "one of the first and strongest connections" between the two. However, "Civil War" writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely revealed that Woodard would instead be portraying Miriam Sharpe in the film, explaining that she had been cast on the suggestion of Robert Downey, Jr., and they had not learnt of her casting in "Luke Cage" until afterwards. This was not the first instance of actors being cast in multiple roles in the MCU, but this casting was called more "significant", and seen by many as a "disappointing" indication of "the growing divide" and "lack of more satisfying cooperation" between Marvel Studios and Marvel Television following the September 2015 corporate reshuffling of Marvel Entertainment that saw Marvel Studios become its own entity under Disney.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: Eric Carroll, producer on "" (2017), felt with the introduction of Queens-based Spider-Man to the MCU it "would be really fun" to make mention of the Defenders based in Manhattan, adding, "it's definitely a card I would love to see played, if not sooner rather than later." In January 2017, Vincent D'Onofrio, who portrays Wilson Fisk in "Daredevil", said he "would love to switch over to the movies, but I think it's pretty much been said it's not going to happen. Or at least not for a very, very long time." D'Onofrio cited Feige's previous reasoning as well as the fact that the films already had difficulty "bringing big characters in that they have to service in the writing" and adding characters from the television series would be "just too many characters" since the films were "trying to figure out already how to individualize more and at the same time keep "The Avengers" going". Loeb said in October that the television series do not show Avengers Tower in New York City as the films do because Marvel Television wanted to be "less specific" about their characters' relationships to the tower and indicate that "this could be on any street corner ... where you would not be able to see the tower, even though it exists".


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: When Feige first announced the crossover film "" (2018), he said the opportunity "certainly" exists for characters in the Netflix series to appear in that film, and actors such as Krysten Ritter of "Jessica Jones" expressed interest in doing this. "Daredevil" Charlie Cox revealed that he and other actors with Marvel Television were contractually obliged to appear in a Marvel film if asked. "Infinity War" co-director Anthony Russo stated that including television characters in "Infinity War" would be complicated by Marvel Studios and Marvel Television having separate oversight. The "briefest consideration" to including Daredevil and Luke Cage in the film was ultimately made, but the directors stated that it was "practically impossible", and decided to just focus on crossing-over the characters from previous films instead.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In October 2018, Netflix canceled "Iron Fist", with "Deadline Hollywood" reporting that Disney was considering reviving the series on its streaming service Disney+. Sarandos confirmed that the series were Netflix's to renew or cancel if they wished, and the company was "super happy with [the other series'] performance so far". Despite this, "Luke Cage" was canceled by the streamer a week after "Iron Fist" was. "Deadline Hollywood" reported there were no plans to revive the series on Disney+ as with "Iron Fist". Shortly after, at the end of November 2018, Netflix canceled "Daredevil", with "Deadline Hollywood" again reporting there was the potential for the series to be revived on Disney+. Conversely, "The Hollywood Reporter" felt it was unlikely the series would be revived on Disney+ and also noted the two other remaining series at the time ("Jessica Jones" and "The Punisher") would remain on Netflix "until they run their course". "Variety" added that, per the original deal between Marvel and Netflix for the series, the characters cannot appear in any non-Netflix series or films for at least two years following their cancellation. Kevin A. Mayer, chairman of Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International, noted that, while it had not yet been discussed, it was a possibility that Disney+ could revive the cancelled Netflix series. Netflix canceled both "Jessica Jones" and "The Punisher" on February 18, 2019. Loeb stated in August 2019 that Marvel Television had been "blindsided" by the cancellation of the series which "weren't finished yet", and the company had believed that the situation could be an end for them until they had several new series ordered by Hulu in a similar model to the original Marvel-Netflix deal. Loeb said there were future series being developed by Marvel Television that could be classified as "Marvel Street-Level Heroes" or "Marvel Knights" series just like the Marvel-Netflix series. He added, "however history's going to remember the story, all that's important to us is that we had an opportunity to change television by putting together four heroes, who then joined together in a group".


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In January 2021, Feige said "never say never" to potentially reviving the series, but Marvel Studios was focused on their new Disney+ series announced at that time. He also said "everything is on the board" in terms of the characters reappearing in Marvel Studios properties, and felt there were "some great characters and actors" from the Netflix series. In December 2021, Feige revealed that any upcoming Marvel Studios projects featuring Daredevil would have Cox reprise his role as the character, with the actor first appearing in the film "" (2021). Henwick said Cox had known about the potential to reprise his role for Marvel Studios years prior. Additionally, D'Onofrio first reprised his role as Kingpin in the Disney+ series "Hawkeye" (2021).


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: All of the series were removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, due to Netflix's license for the series ending and Disney regaining the rights. Disney opted not to have Netflix pay a large licensing fee to retain the distribution rights for the series, and instead announced that all of the series would be made available on Disney+ on March 16 in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, and in Disney+'s other markets by the end of 2022. In the United States, revised parental controls were introduced to the service to allow the more mature content of the series to be added, similarly to the controls that already exist for other regions that have the Star content hub. The Parents Television and Media Council (PTMC), a conservative-leaning advisory group, denounced the additions of the shows to the service despite said-parental control updates, with its president Tim Winter stating that it was "wildly 'off-brand'" for Disney since the platform had been "logically marketed itself as a family-friendly streaming service". He said the move would "forever tarnish [Disney's] family friendly crown". Disney+ grouped the series together under the title "The Defenders Saga", and removed the two mentions of Netflix from each series' opening credits.


title: Marvel's Netflix television series

text: In March 2022, "Production Weekly" included a "Daredevil" reboot in their report of upcoming projects in development, with Feige and Chris Gray listed as producers. The series was confirmed to be in development for Disney+ in late May, with Matt Corman and Chris Ord attached as head writers and executive producers. The series, titled "", was officially announced in July for an 18 episode first season, with Cox and D'Onofrio confirmed to return. It is scheduled to premiere on Disney+ in early 2024.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The Art of Seduction (2001) is the second book by American author Robert Greene. The book examines social power through the lens of seduction and was an international bestseller.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The book profiles nine types of seducers (with an additional profile for an "anti-seducer") and eighteen types of victims. Greene uses examples from historical figures such as Cleopatra, Giacomo Casanova, Duke Ellington and John F. Kennedy to support the psychology behind seduction. The book contains 24 seduction techniques. Greene saw "The Art of Seduction" as the logical follow-up to "The 48 Laws of Power" since seduction is "about power and manipulation as much as it is about romance, about how to make someone fall under your spell."


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The siren is the person who represents adventure and change. They develop their persona and charm on the premise that their partner is always looking for a variety of experiences and they present those experiences to their partner. The Siren’s charm lies in an almost theatrical and sensually pleasing visual experience which they create through elaborate attire and an air of seduction. The Siren harnesses feminine energy, is often coy, glamorous, regal, and gravitates toward a life of leisure and comfort. They have an instant effect on their partner due to their inherent sex appeal which lies in their calm, unhurried demeanor and dazzling appearance. Sirens have an almost dangerous quality. They make their partners pursue them and tend to stay slightly out of reach.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The Rake is a male seducer who catches the female fancy by incessantly pursuing her. Just like the siren has an effect on men due to her physical presence, a rake has an effect on women due to his ability to show an ardent devotion to her. She is attracted to him because he seems to be madly in love with her. He shows no hesitation or reluctance, and unabashedly admits his weakness when in her presence, hence making himself every woman's dream come true. He is an expert at using words and language to show his devotion. Like the Siren, the Rake also keeps a part of his personality hidden, creating a sense of danger and thrill. He also has a reputation for being a ladies's man and being reckless in love, but he never downplays or hides his notoriety. Instead he uses it to his advantage to generate interest among women.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The ideal lover, as the name suggests, represents a fantasy lover who makes the beloved feel lofty and great. Greene uses the examples of Casanova and Madame de Pompadour to describe an ideal lover. According to Greene, Casanova is historically considered the most successful seducer. He made himself irresistible to women by giving them what seemed missing in their lives. He used careful observation to determine a woman's needs and presented himself as the epitome of what she desired. Madame de Pompadour employed the same strategy with King Louis XV who needed a change and adventure in his life. Madame de Pompadour became the adventure he so desired. Through her costumes, innovative activities and projects she won his heart and gained great power.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: A dandy is the kind of seducer who offers the kind of forbidden freedom that most people can only dream of but never hope to achieve. A dandy is essentially a radical who doesn't conform to tradition and often rely on insolence to attract the opposite sex. Dandies can be both male and female. A male dandy is not an aggressive male seducer but rather a sophisticated and graceful one. Where a male dandy dresses with an almost feminine appeal and attention to detail, a woman dandy has masculine qualities in her appearance and attire. Greene uses examples of Rudolph Valentino, Marlene Dietrich and Lou von Salome as prototypical examples of male and female dandies. Rudolph Valentino was a male dancer and film actor who had graceful body movements, a trim body and beautiful clean cut facial features. He had a masculine persona but he wore jewelry and tight fitted clothes to create an aura of sophistication. He also played up his physicality in his movies with scenes of stripping and undressing. Female dandies Marlene Dietrich and Lou von Salome were both non-conformists in their attire and attitude. Marlene dressed up like a man while Salome was domineering and calculating. All these historical figures seduced large number of people due to their ability to break conventions and represent an almost forbidden freedom.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: Many people consider childhood as the golden age, by that acquiring a sense of having lost that time of thoughtless memory allowing all the more precious and desired moreover self remain. The Natural seducer is the one who has somehow retained the childhood traits. They have an innocent quality about them which makes them irresistible. Like a child they are impish, vulnerable and defenseless, open and spontaneous. They make their audience lower their guards because they appear so guileless and fresh. People are attracted to them because they represent a refreshing experience in contrast to the daily seriousness of adult life. Though the Naturals present a child-like quality, they also bring the wisdom of adulthood and combine these two together to create an irresistible charm.  Greene uses Charlie Chaplin's example to personify the idea of a Natural.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The Coquette is the kind of seducer who leads a person on without offering instant gratification. Their modus operandi is to delay satisfaction alternating between unexplained warmth and coldness so that the victim stays in a state of anticipation not knowing what is coming next. They play on the human psychology knowing that anything that is easily available to humans is not necessarily valued. Hence, they create a persona of being unavailable and this generates excitement in their audience. Coquettes are somewhat narcissistic as well and have no qualms in making their victims pursue them relentlessly. They create a sense of insecurity in their targets and when they reach the brink, they pull them back with show of warmth and attention. They play within them imparticular set emotions swinging between love and hate.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: Charmers are those who seduce by making their targets the center of attention. They don't highlight their own selves, but rather their entire focus is on bringing comfort and pleasure to their targets. They avoid all sorts of conflict and appeal to a person's vanity by making them talk about themselves. They watch and observe allowing their targets to open up completely. Once they know their weaknesses, they use that information to give them what they want. This allows them to have a complete hold on their targets. Greene gives the example of Benjamin Disraeli and Queen Victoria's relationship. Disraeli knew that Queen Victoria longed for a man's attention and used this insight to gain her confidence and proximity in court.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: Charismatic seducers are inherently exciting because they come across as self sufficient and self driven. They represent the kind of personality that most people want to see themselves as. They might be great orators, public figures, visionaries or leaders. People might look towards them to alleviate their sufferings or to save them. They use their powerful personalities and their way with words to sway emotions and to stir up change. Some charismatic figures are able to seduce by creating contradictions within their personalities e.g. cruelty and kindness, power and vulnerability etc.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: The Star has a glamorous and dramatic presence and they present themselves as objects of fascination. Kennedy, for instance, was a star who won over his opponents through his star quality and eloquence. Stars seduce the subconscious mind by appealing to human fascination with the strange and the mythical. They create a larger than life persona and then contrast it with playing up human qualities which make them amenable to the targets. People are attracted towards the Star because they are fascinated by them and can relate to them at the same time.


title: The Art of Seduction

text: It is mentioned in Neil Strauss's book "" as a recommended book in the seduction community. American Apparel founder and CEO Dov Charney found the book to be a fascinating study in human behavior. "The Art of Seduction" and Greene have been featured in "The Los Angeles Times", "The New York Times", "Newsweek", "The New Yorker", "New York Magazine", "The New York Post", "Esquire", and "Wired".


title: The Art of Seduction

text: Greene considers himself a Reformed Rake, one of the types of seducers mentioned in the book, and states that he used the book's techniques to attract his current girlfriend, Anna Biller. He is working to develop a television series based on the book.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors.


title: Photovoltaics

text: A photovoltaic system employs solar modules, each comprising a number of solar cells, which generate electrical power. PV installations may be ground-mounted, rooftop-mounted, wall-mounted or floating. The mount may be fixed or use a solar tracker to follow the sun across the sky.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Photovoltaic technology helps to mitigate climate change because it emits much less carbon dioxide than fossil fuels. Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source: once installed, its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions, it shows scalability in respect of power needs and silicon has large availability in the Earth's crust, although other materials required in PV system manufacture such as silver may constrain further growth in the technology. Other major constraints identified are competition for land use. The use of PV as a main source requires energy storage systems or global distribution by high-voltage direct current power lines causing additional costs, and also has a number of other specific disadvantages such as variable power generation which have to be balanced. Production and installation does cause some pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, though only a fraction of the emissions caused by fossil fuels.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Photovoltaic systems have long been used in specialized applications as stand-alone installations and grid-connected PV systems have been in use since the 1990s. Photovoltaic modules were first mass-produced in 2000, when the German government funded a one hundred thousand roof program. Decreasing costs has allowed PV to grow as an energy source. This has been partially driven by massive Chinese government investment in developing solar production capacity since 2000, and achieving economies of scale. Improvements in manufacturing technology and efficiency have also led to decreasing costs. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries. Panel prices dropped by a factor of 4 between 2004 and 2011. Module prices dropped by about 90% over the 2010s.


title: Photovoltaics

text: In 2019, worldwide installed PV capacity increased to more than 635 gigawatts (GW) covering approximately two percent of global electricity demand. After hydro and wind powers, PV is the third renewable energy source in terms of global capacity. In 2019 the International Energy Agency expected a growth by 700–880 GW from 2019 to 2024. In some instances, PV has offered the cheapest source of electrical power in regions with a high solar potential, with a bid for pricing as low as 0.01567 US$/kWh in Qatar in 2020. In 2020 the International Energy Agency stated in its World Energy Outlook that ‘[f]or projects with low cost financing that tap high quality resources, solar PV is now the cheapest source of electricity in history.


title: Photovoltaics

text: The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek () meaning "light", and from "volt", the unit of electromotive force, the volt, which in turn comes from the last name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery (electrochemical cell). The term "photovoltaic" has been in use in English since 1849.


title: Photovoltaics

text: George Cove may have invented a photovoltaic panel in 1909, roughly 40 years before Bell Labs did in 1950. In 1989, the German Research Ministry initiated the first ever program to finance PV roofs (2200 roofs). A program led by Walter Sandtner in Bonn, Germany.


title: Photovoltaics

text: In 1994, Japan followed in their footsteps and conducted a similar program with 539 residential PV systems installed. Since, many countries have continued to produce and finance PV systems in an exponential speed.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the photovoltaic effect.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can be used to power equipment or to recharge batteries. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid-connected systems for power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is still a smaller market for stand alone systems for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Photovoltaic power generation employs solar modules composed of a number of solar cells containing a semiconductor material. Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays (array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Photovoltaic module power is measured under standard test conditions (STC) in "W" (watts peak). The actual power output at a particular place may be less than or greater than this rated value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other factors. Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is lower than many other industrial sources of electricity.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Module performance is generally rated under standard test conditions (STC): irradiance of 1,000 W/m, solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25 °C. The actual voltage and current output of the module changes as lighting, temperature and load conditions change, so there is never one specific voltage at which the module operates. Performance varies depending on geographic location, time of day, the day of the year, amount of solar irradiance, direction and tilt of modules, cloud cover, shading, soiling, state of charge, and temperature. Performance of a module or panel can be measured at different time intervals with a DC clamp meter or shunt and logged, graphed, or charted with a chart recorder or data logger.


title: Photovoltaics

text: For optimum performance, a solar panel needs to be made of similar modules oriented in the same direction perpendicular to direct sunlight. Bypass diodes are used to circumvent broken or shaded panels and optimize output. These bypass diodes are usually placed along groups of solar cells to create a continuous flow.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Electrical characteristics include nominal power (P, measured in W), open-circuit voltage (V), short-circuit current (I, measured in amperes), maximum power voltage (V), maximum power current (I), peak power (watt-peak, W), and module efficiency (%).


title: Photovoltaics

text: Open-circuit voltage or V is the maximum voltage the module can produce when not connected to an electrical circuit or system. V can be measured with a voltmeter directly on an illuminated module's terminals or on its disconnected cable.


title: Photovoltaics

text: The peak power rating, W, is the maximum output under standard test conditions (not the maximum possible output). Typical modules, which could measure approximately , will be rated from as low as 75 W to as high as 600 W, depending on their efficiency. At the time of testing, the test modules are binned according to their test results, and a typical manufacturer might rate their modules in 5 W increments, and either rate them at +/- 3%, +/-5%, +3/-0% or +5/-0%.


title: Photovoltaics

text: The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) module depends on the environmental conditions, mainly on the global incident irradiance G in the plane of the module. However, the temperature T of the p–n junction also influences the main electrical parameters: the short circuit current ISC, the open circuit voltage VOC and the maximum power Pmax. In general, it is known that VOC shows a significant inverse correlation with T, while for ISC this correlation is direct, but weaker, so that this increase does not compensate for the decrease in VOC. As a consequence, Pmax decreases when T increases. This correlation between the power output of a solar cell and the working temperature of its junction depends on the semiconductor material, and is due to the influence of T on the concentration, lifetime, and mobility of the intrinsic carriers, i.e., electrons and gaps. inside the photovoltaic cell.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Temperature sensitivity is usually described by temperature coefficients, each of which expresses the derivative of the parameter to which it refers with respect to the junction temperature. The values of these parameters, which can be found in any data sheet of the photovoltaic module, are the following:


title: Photovoltaics

text: The ability of solar modules to withstand damage by rain, hail, heavy snow load, and cycles of heat and cold varies by manufacturer, although most solar panels on the U.S. market are UL listed, meaning they have gone through testing to withstand hail.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Potential-induced degradation (also called PID) is a potential-induced performance degradation in crystalline photovoltaic modules, caused by so-called stray currents. This effect may cause power loss of up to 30%.


title: Photovoltaics

text: The largest challenge for photovoltaic technology is the purchase price per watt of electricity produced. Advancements in photovoltaic technologies have brought about the process of "doping" the silicon substrate to lower the activation energy thereby making the panel more efficient in converting photons to retrievable electrons.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Chemicals such as boron (p-type) are applied into the semiconductor crystal in order to create donor and acceptor energy levels substantially closer to the valence and conductor bands. In doing so, the addition of boron impurity allows the activation energy to decrease twenty-fold from 1.12 eV to 0.05 eV. Since the potential difference (E) is so low, the boron is able to thermally ionize at room temperatures. This allows for free energy carriers in the conduction and valence bands thereby allowing greater conversion of photons to electrons.


title: Photovoltaics

text: The power output of a photovoltaic (PV) device decreases over time. This decrease is due to its exposure to solar radiation as well as other external conditions. The degradation index, which is defined as the annual percentage of output power loss, is a key factor in determining the long-term production of a photovoltaic plant. To estimate this degradation, the percentage of decrease associated with each of the electrical parameters. The individual degradation of a photovoltaic module can significantly influence the performance of a complete string. Furthermore, not all modules in the same installation decrease their performance at exactly the same rate. Given a set of modules exposed to long-term outdoor conditions, the individual degradation of the main electrical parameters and the increase in their dispersion must be considered. As each module tends to degrade differently, the behavior of the modules will be increasingly different over time, negatively affecting the overall performance of the plant.


title: Photovoltaics

text: There are several studies dealing with the power degradation analysis of modules based on different photovoltaic technologies available in the literature. According to a recent study, the degradation of crystalline silicon modules is very regular, oscillating between 0.8% and 1.0% per year.


title: Photovoltaics

text: On the other hand, if we analyze the performance of thin-film photovoltaic modules, an initial period of strong degradation is observed (which can last several months and up to two years), followed by a later stage in which the degradation stabilizes, being then comparable to that of crystalline silicon. Strong seasonal variations are also observed in such thin-film technologies because the influence of the solar spectrum is much greater. For example, for modules of amorphous silicon, micromorphic silicon or cadmium telluride, we are talking about annual degradation rates for the first years of between 3% and 4%. However, other technologies, such as CIGS, show much lower degradation rates, even in those early years.


title: Photovoltaics

text: Overall the manufacturing process of creating solar photovoltaics is simple in that it does not require the culmination of many complex or moving parts. Because of the solid-state nature of PV systems, they often have relatively long lifetimes, anywhere from 10 to 30 years. To increase the electrical output of a PV system, the manufacturer must simply add more photovoltaic components. Because of this, economies of scale are important for manufacturers as costs decrease with increasing output.