title: Dua Lipa discography

text: "New Rules" was Lipa's first number one single in the UK; the charity single "Bridge over Troubled Water", dedicated to victims of the Grenfell Tower fire, on which Lipa performed and also topped the UK Singles Chart. She reissued her album in 2018 as "," inserting several of her already released collaborations—including "One Kiss" with Calvin Harris, a song which spent eight weeks atop the UK Singles Chart.


title: Dua Lipa discography

text: In March 2020, Lipa released her second studio album, "Future Nostalgia." Later, she supported the album with the release of its remix album "Club Future Nostalgia", a collaboration with the Blessed Madonna, and with its reissue "". "Future Nostalgia" reached number one in Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the UK. Its lead single "Don't Start Now" was a commercial success, reaching the top 10 in several international markets and number one in Ireland. On the UK Singles Chart, the song became the longest top 10 stay for a British female artist and the longest top 10 stay without reaching the summit in that chart's history. In April 2020, the song alongside follow-up singles "Physical" and "Break My Heart" were simultaneously in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart; she is the fifth female artist to have three singles simultaneously in the top ten.


title: Dua Lipa discography

text: As part of the Live Lounge Allstars, Lipa participated in the COVID-19 pandemic-relief charity single "Times Like These", which reached number one in the UK. "Levitating" from "Future Nostalgia" was a commercially successful single worldwide peaking at number two on the "Billboard" Global 200 chart, while also becoming the second longest running top 10 single and longest running without reaching number one in "Billboard" Hot 100 history. "Fever", a collaboration with Angèle from the album's French edition, tied the record for the longest running number one single on Belgium's Ultratop Wallonia singles chart. Lipa collaborated with Elton John on "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" which became her third number one single in the UK while also reaching the top ten of several international charts.


title: 2000 NFL Draft

text: The 2000 NFL Draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur U.S. college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 15–16, 2000, at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year.


title: 2000 NFL Draft

text: The draft started with Penn State teammates Courtney Brown and LaVar Arrington being selected consecutively, making them the only Penn State players to go number one and two in the same draft. The New York Jets had four first-round draft picks, the most by any team in the history of the draft (17 teams have had three picks but no other has had four).


title: 2000 NFL Draft

text: The draft was notable for the selection of Michigan quarterback Tom Brady at the 199th pick in the sixth round by the New England Patriots. In his twenty-two seasons as a starter, Brady has won three NFL MVP awards, a record seven (6 with the Patriots) Super Bowl titles and five Super Bowl MVPs. As a result of his late selection and subsequent success, Brady is considered to be the biggest steal in the history of the NFL draft, and is widely considered to be the greatest NFL player of all time. It was also the first year since 1966 that a pure placekicker was drafted in the first round, with the Oakland Raiders selecting Florida State's Sebastian Janikowski 17th overall. The University of Tennessee led all colleges with nine selections in the 2000 NFL draft.


title: 2000 NFL Draft

text: In the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2000 Draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft.


title: Dan Fogelman

text: Dan Fogelman (born February 19, 1976) is an American television producer and screenwriter whose screenplays include "Cars", "Tangled", and "Crazy, Stupid, Love". He also created the 2012 television sitcom "The Neighbors", the 2015 fairy tale-themed musical comedy series "Galavant", the 2016 drama series "This Is Us", and the 2016 baseball drama series "Pitch".


title: Dan Fogelman

text: Fogelman grew up in what he has called an "endearingly dysfunctional" Jewish family in River Vale, New Jersey. He attended Pascack Valley High School in nearby Hillsdale. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 1997. He and his mother, Joyce, took a road trip from New Jersey to Las Vegas that became the basis for his 2012 film comedy "The Guilt Trip", starring Barbra Streisand and Seth Rogen as a mother and son on a cross-country road trip. His father, named Marty, became the namesake of the father in the 2012 television sitcom "The Neighbors" created by Fogelman, who has a sister who inspired the family daughter in this series. He is married to Caitlin Thompson, who stars as Madison on his family drama "This Is Us" and they share a son together born in 2020.


title: Candice Patton

text: Candice Kristina Patton is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Iris West-Allen in the television series "The Flash" (2014–2023), which earned her a Saturn Award from four nominations.


title: Candice Patton

text: Patton was raised in Plano, Texas. She attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas, graduating with a BFA in Theatre.


title: Candice Patton

text: In May 2004, following her first year in university, Patton took part in CBS' Soap Star Screen Test, a nationwide audition contest for university students to win a role on the soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Patton won the contest alongside Ethan Rains. In 2008, Patton had a starring role in The WB's web series "Sorority Forever" and a role in the independent film "Commander and Chief".


title: Candice Patton

text: Patton was cast for many television series including the soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". She currently portrays Iris West in "The Flash" for The CW since 2014. The role has led to appearances on other Arrowverse shows including "Arrow", "Supergirl" and "Legends of Tomorrow" for the "Crisis on Earth-X" crossover event. In the third-season episode "Duet", she played Millie Foss, the daughter of gangsters, in a dreamworld scenario.


title: Candice Patton

text: In 2017, her role as Iris West garnered her a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television.


title: Candice Patton

text: In 2017, along with her Arrowverse co-stars Patton co-founded Shethority ("She + Authority"), an online global collective described as "a positive place for women and the feminine to inspire, empower, and share." Active members of the initiative include Melissa Benoist, Nicole Maines, Chyler Leigh, Caity Lotz, Maisie Richardson-Sellers, Tala Ashe, Emily Bett Rickards, Juliana Harkavy, Katie Cassidy and Danielle Panabaker. Through social media, women share their own stories and experiences on dealing with self-acceptance, homophobia, sexual harassment at the workplace and so on. Shethority has its own clothing line, from which all the money collected will be donated to non-profit organizations fighting for girls and women rights, such as "Girls Not Brides" and "Girls, Inc.".


title: Candice Patton

text: In May and June 2019, Patton, DC Comics Co-Publisher Jim Lee, writer Tom King, and fellow CW series actresses Nafessa Williams and Danielle Panabaker toured five U.S. military bases in Kuwait with the United Service Organizations (USO), where they visited the approximately 12,000 U.S. military personnel stationed in that country as part of DC's 80th anniversary of Batman celebration.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: Creepshow is an American horror anthology streaming television series that was released on Shudder in 2019. The series serves as a continuation of the 1982 film of the same name and features seventeen episodes with two horror stories per episode. The series premiered on September 26, 2019.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: On October 30, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season. On October 30, 2020, an animated special titled "A Creepshow Animated Special" was released. On November 10, 2020, it was announced that a holiday special titled "A Creepshow Holiday Special" would premiere on December 18, 2020. On February 18, 2021, the series was renewed for a third season, and the second season premiered on April 1, 2021. The third season debuted on September 23, 2021. On February 10, 2022, the series was renewed for a fourth season.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: The Creep shows audience members darkly grim horror stories from the pages of the "Creepshow" comic book. Each story evokes the traits of a comic book like the first "Creepshow" film and shows some occasional advertisements of horror products promoted in the comics.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: In July 2018, the "Creepshow" television series was announced, with Greg Nicotero listed as a producer and streaming service Shudder as the distributor.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: As in the original "Creepshow", the Creep is a full-bodied puppet that delivers gags (mostly featured in the cold openings of each episode) through nonverbal cues or laughter. There were some episodes that used an animated version of the Creep.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: On January 16, 2019, it was announced that one of the segments of the pilot episode will be based on Stephen King's short story, "Survivor Type" from his 1985 collection "Skeleton Crew"; however, that story was ultimately not used for the first season and was instead part of the animated Halloween special that aired in 2020.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: As with the feature films, the series will draw from short story fiction. Subsequently, the following were also announced as the basis for stories:


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: In April 2019, cast members announced included Adrienne Barbeau, Giancarlo Esposito, and Tobin Bell. Subsequent announced cast members included David Arquette, Tricia Helfer, and Dana Gould. On June 20, 2019, Jeffrey Combs, Bruce Davison, DJ Qualls, Big Boi, and Kid Cudi were announced as additional cast members.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: In September 2020, Anna Camp, Adam Pally, Josh McDermitt, Keith David, and Ashley Laurence were cast for the second season. Later in October 2020, Marilyn Manson, Ali Larter, Iman Benson, Ryan Kwanten, Barbara Crampton, C. Thomas Howell, Denise Crosby, Breckin Meyer, Ted Raimi, Kevin Dillon and Eric Edelstein were cast. On February 1, 2021, It was announced that Manson's episode would not air due to multiple abuse allegations and that an episode starring Molly Ringwald would air instead.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: Season 3 cast members include King Bach, Ethan Embry, Michael Rooker, James Remar, Reid Scott and Johnathon Schaech.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: Unlike the film entries, the "Creepshow" series will feature several directors instead of one director. Announced segment directors include David Bruckner, Roxanne Benjamin, Rob Schrab, John Harrison, Greg Nicotero, and Tom Savini; the latter three having worked on the first two "Creepshow" features.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: Principal photography for the series began in February 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia. Season 2 began filming in September 2020; it was supposed to begin in March 2020, but was shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: The series received acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 97% based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 7.7/10. The critical consensus reads: "Delightfully eerie, "Creepshow" captures the spirit of the original while forging its own spooky path." On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: Scholastic Books released a book entitled "Creepshow: The Taker", featuring two novellas inspired by the TV series. They were written by Elley Cooper. A followup installment was released on April 28, 2021, entitled "Creepshow: The Cursed", also written by Elley Cooper.


title: Creepshow (TV series)

text: On August 3, 2019, Universal Parks & Resorts announced that "Creepshow" would be coming to Halloween Horror Nights exclusively at its Universal Studios Hollywood theme park. The maze featured three segments from the 1982 film ("Father's Day", "The Crate", and "They're Creeping Up on You") as well as two others from the newly made web television version for Shudder ("Gray Matter" and "Bad Wolf Down").


title: Sid Caesar

text: Isaac Sidney Caesar (September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comic actor, comedian and writer. With a career spanning 60 years, he was best known for two pioneering 1950s live television series: "Your Show of Shows" (1950–1954), which was a 90-minute weekly show watched by 60 million people and its successor, "Caesar's Hour" (1954–1957), both of which influenced later generations of comedians. "Your Show of Shows" and its cast received seven Emmy nominations between the years 1953 and 1954 and tallied two wins. He also acted in films; he played Coach Calhoun in "Grease" (1978) and its sequel "Grease 2" (1982) and appeared in the films "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963), "Silent Movie" (1976), "History of the World, Part I" (1981), "Cannonball Run II" (1984), and "Vegas Vacation" (1997).


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar was considered a "sketch comic" and actor, as opposed to a stand-up comedian. He also relied more on body language, accents, and facial contortions than simply dialogue. Unlike the slapstick comedy which was standard on TV, his style was considered "avant garde" in the 1950s. He conjured up ideas and scene and used writers to flesh out the concept and create the dialogue. Among the writers who wrote for Caesar early in their careers were Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Larry Gelbart, Carl Reiner, Michael Stewart, Mel Tolkin, Lucille Kallen, Selma Diamond, and Woody Allen. "Sid's was the show to which all comedy writers aspired. It was the place to be," said Steve Allen.


title: Sid Caesar

text: His TV shows' subjects included satires of real life events and people, and parodies of popular film genres, theater, television shows, and opera. But unlike other comedy shows at the time, the dialogue was considered sharper, funnier, and more adult-oriented. He was "best known as one of the most intelligent and provocative innovators of television comedy," who some critics called "television's Charlie Chaplin" and "The New York Times" refers to as the "comedian of comedians from TV's early days."


title: Sid Caesar

text: Honored in numerous ways over 60 years, he was nominated for 11 Emmy Awards, winning twice. He was also a saxophonist and author of several books, including two autobiographies in which he described his career and later struggle to overcome years of alcoholism and addiction to barbiturates.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar was the youngest of three sons; his family was Jewish. He was born in Yonkers, New York. His father was Max Ziser (1874–1946) and his mother was Ida (née Raphael) (1887–1975). They likely were from Dąbrowa Tarnowska, Poland. Reports state that the surname "Caesar" was given to Max, as a child, by an immigration official at Ellis Island. According to Marian L. Smith, senior historian of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service, there is no known case of a name changed at Ellis Island.


title: Sid Caesar

text: By waiting on tables, their son learned to mimic the patois, rhythm and accents of the diverse clientele, a technique he termed "double-talk", which he used throughout his career. He first tried double-talk with a group of Italians, his head barely reaching above the table. They enjoyed it so much that they sent him over to a group of Poles to repeat his native-sounding patter in Polish, and so on with Russians, Hungarians, Frenchmen, Spaniards, Lithuanians, and Bulgarians. Sid Caesar's older brother, David, was his comic mentor and "one-man cheering section." They created their earliest family sketches from movies of the day like "Test Pilot" and the 1927 silent film "Wings".


title: Sid Caesar

text: At 14, Caesar went to the Catskill Mountains as a saxophonist in the Swingtime Six band with Mike Cifichello and Andrew Galos and occasionally performed in sketches in the Borscht Belt.


title: Sid Caesar

text: After graduating from Yonkers High School in 1940, Caesar left home, intent on a musical career. He arrived in Manhattan and worked as an usher and then a doorman at the Capitol Theater there. He was ineligible to join the musicians' union in New York City until he established residency, but he found work as a saxophonist at the Vacationland Hotel, a resort located in the Catskill Mountains of Sullivan County, New York. Mentored by Don Appel, the resort's social director, Caesar played in the dance band and learned to perform comedy, doing three shows a week. He audited classes in clarinet and saxophone at the Juilliard School of Music. In 1940, he enlisted in the United States Coast Guard, and was stationed in Brooklyn, New York, where he played in military revues and shows. Caesar was discharged from the service in 1945. Vernon Duke, the composer of "Autumn in New York", "April in Paris", and "Taking a Chance on Love", was at the same base and collaborated with Caesar on musical revues.


title: Sid Caesar

text: During the summer of 1942, Caesar met his future wife, Florence Levy, at the Avon Lodge in the Catskills village of Woodridge, New York. They were married on July 17, 1943, and had three children: Michele, Rick and Karen. After joining the musicians' union, he briefly played with Shep Fields, Claude Thornhill, Charlie Spivak, Art Mooney and Benny Goodman. Later in his career, he performed "Sing, Sing, Sing" with Goodman for a TV performance.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Still in the military, Caesar was ordered to Palm Beach, Florida, where Vernon Duke and Howard Dietz were putting together a service revue called "Tars and Spars". There he met the civilian director of the show, Max Liebman. When Caesar's comedy got bigger applause than the musical numbers, Liebman asked him to do stand-up bits between the songs. "Tars and Spars" toured nationally, and became Caesar's first major gig as a comedian. Liebman later produced Caesar's first television series.


title: Sid Caesar

text: After finishing his military service in 1945, the Caesars moved to Hollywood. In 1946, Columbia Pictures produced a film version of "Tars and Spars" in which Caesar reprised his role. The next year, he acted in "The Guilt of Janet Ames". He turned down the lead of "The Jolson Story" as he did not want to be known as an impersonator, and turned down several other offers to play sidekick roles. He soon returned to New York, where he became the opening act for Joe E. Lewis at the Copacabana nightclub. He reunited with Liebman, who guided his stage material and presentation. That job led to a contract with the William Morris Agency and a nationwide tour. Caesar also performed in a Broadway revue, "Make Mine Manhattan", which featured "The Five Dollar Date"—one of his first original pieces, in which he sang, acted, double-talked, pantomimed, and wrote the music. He won a 1948 Donaldson Award for his contributions to the musical.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar's television career began with an appearance on Milton Berle's "Texaco Star Theater" in the fall of 1948. In early 1949, Caesar and Liebman met with Pat Weaver, vice president of television at NBC, which led to Caesar's first series, "Admiral Broadway Revue" with Imogene Coca. The Friday show was simultaneously broadcast on NBC and the DuMont network, and was an immediate success. However, its sponsor, Admiral, an appliance company, could not keep up with the demand for its new television sets, so the show was cancelled after 26 weeks—ironically, on account of its runaway success.


title: Sid Caesar

text: On February 25, 1950, Caesar appeared in the first episode of "Your Show of Shows", initially the second half of the two-hour umbrella show, "Saturday Night Review"; at the end of the 1950–51 season, "Your Show of Shows" became its own, 90-minute program from the International Theatre at 5 Columbus Circle and later The Center Theatre at Sixth Avenue and 49th Street. Burgess Meredith hosted the first two shows, and the premiere featured musical guests Gertrude Lawrence, Lily Pons and Robert Merrill. The show was a mix of sketch comedy, movie and television satires, Caesar's monologues, musical guests, and large production numbers. Guests included: Jackie Cooper, Robert Preston, Rex Harrison, Eddie Albert, Michael Redgrave, Basil Rathbone, Charlton Heston, Geraldine Page, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Pearl Bailey, Fred Allen, Benny Goodman, Lena Horne and many other stars of the time. It was also responsible for bringing together the comedy team of Caesar, Coca, Carl Reiner, and Howard Morris. Many writers also got their break creating the show's sketches, including Lucille Kallen, Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Michael Stewart, Mel Tolkin and Sheldon Keller. Sid Caesar won his first Emmy in 1952. In 1951 and 1952, he was voted the United States' Best Comedian in "Motion Picture Daily"s TV poll. The show ended after almost 160 episodes on June 5, 1954.


title: Sid Caesar

text: A few months later, Caesar returned with "Caesar's Hour", a one-hour sketch/variety show with Morris, Reiner, Bea Arthur and other members of his former crew. Nanette Fabray replaced Coca, who had left to star in her own short-lived series. Ultimate creative and technical control was now in Caesar's hands, originating from the Center Theater and the weekly budget doubled to $125,000. The premiere on September 27, 1954, featured Gina Lollobrigida. Everything was performed live, including the commercials.


title: Sid Caesar

text: "Caesar's Hour" was followed by ABC's short-lived "Sid Caesar Invites You" from January 26 to May 25, 1958. It briefly reunited Caesar, Coca, and Reiner, with Simon and Brooks among the writers.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1963, Caesar appeared on television, on stage, and in films. Several "As Caesar Sees It" specials evolved into the 1963–64 "Sid Caesar Show" (which alternated with Edie Adams in "Here's Edie"). He starred with Virginia Martin in the Broadway musical "Little Me", with book by Simon, choreography by Bob Fosse, and music by Cy Coleman. Playing eight parts with 32 costume changes, he was nominated in 1963 for a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical. On film, Caesar and Adams played a husband and wife drawn into a mad race to find buried loot in Stanley Kramer's comedy ensemble "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963) which became a box office success and earned six Academy Award nominations.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar was not a stand-up comedian but a "sketch comic, and actor," wrote one historian. "He conjured up ideas and enhanced scenes, but never wrote a word," and thereby depended on his writers for dialogue. Caesar was skilled at pantomime, dialects, monologues, foreign language double-talk and general comic acting.


title: Sid Caesar

text: His sketches were often long, sometimes 10 or 15 minutes, with numerous close-ups showing the expressions on the faces of Caesar and other actors. Caesar relied more on body language, accents, and facial contortions than simply spoken dialogue. Unlike the slapstick comedy, which was standard on TV, his style was considered "avant garde". Caesar "...was born with the ability to write physical poetry," notes comedian Steve Allen, a technique like that used for a silent film comedian. An example of this "silent film" style is a live sketch with Nanette Fabray, where they both pantomime an argument choreographed to the music of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Writer Mel Tolkin stated that Caesar "didn't like one-line jokes in sketches because he felt that if the joke was a good one, anybody could do it. One-liners would take him away from what drove his personal approach to comedy." Larry Gelbart called Caesar's style theatrical, and called him "...a pure TV comedian." In describing his control during the live performances, actress Nanette Fabray recalled that unlike most comedians, such as Red Skelton, Bob Hope or Milton Berle, Caesar always stayed in character: "He was so totally into the scene he never lost it."


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar was able to pantomime a wide variety of things: a tire, a gumball machine, a lion, a dog, a punching bag, a telephone, an infant, an elevator, a railroad train, a herd of horses, a piano, a rattlesnake and a bottle of seltzer. On the Dick Clark show in 1978, he played a chewing gum machine and a slot machine. He was also able to create imaginary characters. Alfred Hitchcock compared him to Charlie Chaplin, and critic John Crosby felt "he could wrench laughter out of you with the violence of his great eyes and the sheer immensity of his parody." In an article in "The Saturday Evening Post" in 1953, show business biographer Maurice Zolotow noted that "Caesar relies upon grunts and grimaces to express a vast range of emotions."


title: Sid Caesar

text: Of his double-talk routines, Carl Reiner said, "His ability to doubletalk every language known to man was impeccable," and during one performance Caesar imitated four different languages but with almost no real words. Despite his apparent fluency in many languages, Caesar could actually speak only English and Yiddish. In 2008, Caesar told a "USA Today" reporter, "Every language has its own music ... If you listen to a language for 15 minutes, you know the rhythm and song." Having developed this mimicry skill, he could create entire monologues using gibberish in numerous languages, as he did in a skit in which he played a German general.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Among his primary subjects were parodies and spoofs of various film genres, including gangster films, westerns, newspaper dramas, spy movies and other TV shows. Unlike other comedy shows at the time, the dialogue on his shows were considered sharper, funnier and more adult oriented. In his sketches for "Your Show of Shows" and "Caesar's Hour", he would also typically "skewer the minutiae of domestic life" along with lampooning popular or classic movies.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Contemporary movies, foreign movies, theater, television shows and opera were targets of satire by the writing team. Often the publicity generated by the sketches boosted the box office of the original productions. Some notable sketches included: "From Here to Obscurity" ("From Here to Eternity"), "Aggravation Boulevard" ("Sunset Boulevard"), "Hat Basterson" ("Bat Masterson"), and "No West for the Wicked" ("Stagecoach").


title: Sid Caesar

text: They also performed some recurring sketches. "The Hickenloopers", television's first bickering-couple sketch, predated "The Honeymooners". As "The Professor", Caesar was the daffy expert who bluffed his way through his interviews with earnest roving reporter Carl Reiner. In its various incarnations, "The Professor" could be Gut von Fraidykat (mountain-climbing expert), Ludwig von Spacebrain (space expert), or Ludwig von Henpecked (marriage expert). Later, "The Professor" was inspiration for Mel Brooks' "The Two Thousand Year Old Man". The most prominent recurring sketch on the show was "The Commuters", which featured Caesar, Reiner, and Morris involved with everyday working and suburban life situations. Years later, the sketch "Sneaking through the Sound Barrier", a parody of the British film "The Sound Barrier", ran continuously as part of a display on supersonic flight at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Steve Allen claimed, "Sid's was the show to which all comedy writers aspired. It was the place to be." While Caesar did not write his dialogue, he made all final decisions. His writers, such as Mel Brooks, felt they "had a great instrument in Caesar that we could all play, and we played it very well." As for Caesar, Nachman describes him basically as an "inspired idea man who allowed the writers to take more risks" than other TV shows. Woody Allen remembers that "...you wrote situations," instead of jokes, as in "This Is Your Story" with Carl Reiner, a parody of the popular TV show "This Is Your Life". It was said to be "Caesar's personal favorite" sketch.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In many cases, sketch dialogue was not even written down, but simply indicated by describing a scene, as in, "Sid does man coming home from business mad." Sometimes, said Larry Gelbart, it was "organized chaos," and when watching the writers create from offstage, felt, "...it was a religious experience." To Mel Brooks, "it was a zoo. Everyone pitched lines at Sid. Jokes would be changed fifty times." Naturally there were some explosive episodes: "Mr. Caesar once dangled a terrified Mr. Brooks from an 18th-story window until colleagues restrained him. With one punch, he knocked out a horse that had thrown his wife off its back, a scene that Mr. Brooks replayed in his movie "Blazing Saddles"."


title: Sid Caesar

text: Neil Simon recalled that after writing out a sketch and giving it to Caesar, "Sid would make it ten times funnier than what we wrote. Sid acted everything out, so the sketches we did were like little plays." Simon also remembered the impact that working for Caesar had on him: "The first time I saw Caesar it was like seeing a new country. All other comics were basically doing situations with farcical characters. Caesar was doing life."


title: Sid Caesar

text: Some of his writers, like Woody Allen, initially didn't like being among the large team of writers coming up with routines for Caesar, feeling it was too competitive and contributed to hostility among writers. An Allen biographer wrote that Allen "...chafed under the atmosphere of inspired spontaneity", although Allen did say that, "Writing for Caesar was the highest thing you could aspire to—at least as a TV comedy writer. Only the presidency was above that." Neil Simon noted that "we were competitive the way a family is competitive to get dad's attention. We all wanted to be Sid's favorite." As part of the competitive atmosphere in "The Writer's Room", as it was called, friendship was also critical. Larry Gelbart explained:


title: Sid Caesar

text: Nachman concludes that "the Caesar shows were the crème de la crème of fifties television," as they were "studded with satire, and their sketches sharper, edgier, more sophisticated than the other variety shows." Likewise, historian Susan Murray notes that Caesar was "...best known as one of the most intelligent and provocative innovators of television comedy."


title: Sid Caesar

text: According to actress Nanette Fabray, who acted alongside Caesar, "He was the first original TV comedy creation." His early shows were the "...gold standard for TV sketch comedy." In 1951, "Newsweek" noted that according to "the opinion of lots of smart people, Caesar is the best that TV has to offer," while Zolotow, in his 1953 profile for "The Saturday Evening Post", wrote that "in temperament, physique, and technique of operation, Caesar represents a new species of comedian."


title: Sid Caesar

text: However, his positive impact on television became a negative one for Broadway. Caesar fans preferred to stay home on Saturday nights to watch his show instead of seeing live plays. "The Caesar show became such a Saturday-night must-see habit—the "Saturday Night Live" of its day," states Nachman, that "...Broadway producers begged NBC to switch the show to midweek." Comedy star Carol Burnett, who later had her own hit TV show, remembers winning tickets to see "My Fair Lady" on Broadway: "I gave the tickets to my roommate because I said, "Fair Lady's" gonna be running for a hundred years, but Sid Caesar is live and I'll never see "that" again."


title: Sid Caesar

text: After nearly 10 years as a prime-time star of television comedy with "Your Show of Shows" followed by "Caesar's Hour", his stardom ended rapidly and he nearly disappeared from the spotlight. Nachman describes this period:


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar himself felt, "It had all come too fast, was too easy, and he didn't deserve the acclaim." Writer Mel Brooks, who also became his close friend, said, "I know of no other comedian, including Chaplin, who could have done nearly ten years of live television. Nobody's talent was ever more used up than Sid's. He was one of the greatest artists ever born. But over a period of years, television ground him into sausages."


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1977, after blacking out during a stage performance of Neil Simon's "The Last of the Red Hot Lovers" in Regina, Saskatchewan, Caesar gave up alcohol "cold turkey". In his 1982 autobiography, "Where Have I Been?", and his second book, "Caesar's Hours", he chronicled his struggle to overcome his alcoholism and addiction to sleeping pills.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Caesar continued to make occasional television and theatrical appearances and starred in several movies including "Silent Movie" and "History of the World, Part I" (both reuniting him with Mel Brooks), "Airport 1975", and as Coach Calhoun in "Grease" and its sequel "Grease 2" in 1982. In 1971, he starred opposite Carol Channing and a young Tommy Lee Jones in the Broadway show "Four on a Garden".


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1973, Caesar reunited with Imogene Coca for the stage play, "The Prisoner of Second Avenue", written in 1971 by Neil Simon. Their play opened in Chicago in August 1973. That same year, Caesar and Max Liebman mined their own personal kinescopes from "Your Show of Shows" (NBC had lost the studio copies) and they produced a feature film "Ten From Your Show of Shows", a compilation of some of their best sketches. In 1974, Caesar said, "I'd like to be back every week" on TV and appeared in the NBC skit-based comedy television pilot called "Hamburgers".


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1980, he appeared as a double-talking Japanese father for Mei and Kei's Pink Lady and opposite Jeff Altman in the "Pink Lady and Jeff" show.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1983, Caesar hosted an episode of "Saturday Night Live", where he received a standing ovation at the start of the show and was awarded a plaque at the conclusion of the show declaring him an honorary cast member. He released an exercise video, "Sid Caesar's Shape Up!", in 1985. In 1987–89, Caesar appeared as Frosch the Jailer in "Die Fledermaus" at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1987, Caesar starred in the David Irving film "The Emperor's New Clothes" with Robert Morse as the Tailor. Caesar remained active by appearing in movies, television and award shows, including the movie "The Great Mom Swap" in 1995.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1996, the Writers Guild of America, West reunited Caesar with nine of his writers from "Your Show of Shows" and "Caesar's Hour" for a two-hour panel discussion featuring head writer Mel Tolkin, Caesar, Carl Reiner, Aaron Ruben, Larry Gelbart, Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Danny Simon, Sheldon Keller, and Gary Belkin. The event was taped, broadcast on PBS in the United States and the BBC in the UK, and later released as a DVD titled "Caesar's Writers".


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 1997, he made a guest appearance in "Vegas Vacation" and, the following year, in "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit" in 1998 based on a Ray Bradbury novel. Also that year, Caesar joined fellow television icons Bob Hope and Milton Berle at the 50th anniversary of the Primetime Emmy Awards. Billy Crystal also paid tribute to Caesar that night when he won an Emmy for hosting that year's Oscar telecast, recalling seeing Caesar doing a parody of Yul Brynner in "The King & I" on "Your Show of Shows". Caesar performed his double-talk in a "foreign dub" skit on the November 21, 2001 episode of "Whose Line Is It Anyway?"


title: Sid Caesar

text: On September 7, 2001, Caesar, Carl Reiner and Nanette Fabray appeared on CNN's live interview program "Larry King Live" along with actor, comedian and improvisationist Drew Carey.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 2003, he joined Edie Adams and Marvin Kaplan at a 40th anniversary celebration for "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World". In 2004, Caesar's second autobiography, "Caesar's Hours", was published, and in 2006, Billy Crystal presented Caesar with the TV Land Awards' Pioneer Award. In what TV Land called "...a hilarious, heartfelt, multilingual, uncut acceptance speech," Caesar performed his double-talk for over five minutes.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In a November 2009 article in the Toluca Lake, California, "Tolucan Times", columnist Greg Crosby described a visit with Caesar and his wife Florence at their home. Of the couple's meeting, Florence said, "Well, I thought he was nice for the summer ... I thought he would be just a nice boyfriend for the summer. He was cute-looking and tall, over six feet... I was in my last year at Hunter College; we were still dating when Sid went into the service, the Coast Guard. Luckily he was stationed in New York so we were able to continue seeing each other, even though my parents weren't too happy about it. They never thought he would amount to anything, that he'd never have a real career or make any money. But we were married one year after we met, in July of 1943." She also pointed out, "You know, he's not funny all the time. He can be very serious." At the time of the interview, the couple had been married for 66 years. Florence Caesar died on March 3, 2010, aged 88.


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar was married to Florence Levy for 67 years until her death in 2010. Caesar asserted that he was "proud to be Jewish" and that "Jews have a good sense of humour. Jews appreciate humour because in their life it's not too funny. We've been trodden down for a long time, thousands of years. So we've had to turn that around because if you take it all too seriously you're going to eat yourself. And we're very good at being self-deprecating. Either we do it or somebody's going to do it for us. We might as well do it first."


title: Sid Caesar

text: Caesar died on February 12, 2014, at his home in Beverly Hills, California, at the age of 91, after a short illness.


title: Sid Caesar

text: On Caesar's death, Carl Reiner said, "He was the ultimate, he was the very best sketch artist and comedian that ever existed." Mel Brooks commented, "Sid Caesar was a giant, maybe the best comedian who ever practiced the trade. And I was privileged to be one of his writers and one of his friends." Woody Allen stated, "He was one of the truly great comedians of my time". Jon Stewart and "The Daily Show" paid tribute to Caesar at the show's close on February 12, 2014. "Vanity Fair" republished a brief tribute written by Billy Crystal in August 2005, in which he said of Caesar and his contemporaries:


title: Sid Caesar

text: His interment was at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery. He was predeceased by his wife, Florence (2010) and survived by his children Karen, Michelle, and Rick, and two grandsons. His son, Dr. Richard (Rick) Caesar died several months after his father on July 16, 2014.


title: Sid Caesar

text: In 2005, The Humane Society of the United States honored Caesar by establishing the "Sid Caesar Award for Television Comedy" among the Genesis Awards given annually to individuals in major news and entertainment media who produce outstanding works that raise public awareness of animal issues. In announcing the 2014 Genesis Award winners on February 14, 2014, the Society paid special homage to Caesar, whom the Society credited as one of its most dedicated supporters.


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: Sam Reid (born 19 February 1987) is an Australian actor. He is known for his work in "Hatfields & McCoys" (2012), "Belle" (2013), "'71" (2014), "The Astronaut Wives Club" (2015), "Despite the Falling Snow" (2016), "Prime Suspect 1973" (2017), "The Hunting" (2019) and as Lestat de Lioncourt in "Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire" (2022–present). He was nominated for the AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama for "Lambs of God" (2019) and "The Newsreader" (2021–present)


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: Reid was born on 19 February 1987 in rural New South Wales, Australia, where his father was a cattle farmer. His older brother is Rupert Reid, who is also an actor. He also has a sister.


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: He attended Cranbrook School, a private boys' school in Sydney. Upon completion of school, Reid briefly lived in New York City before moving to London to study acting. In 2010, he graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA).


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: During his final semester at LAMDA, Reid was given an opportunity to audition for a part in "Anonymous" (2011). Despite not receiving a script prior to his audition, he was offered the role of the Earl of Essex the next day. He was at this time credited as Sebastian Reid.


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: In 2012, Reid was cast in period drama "Belle" after actor Sam Claflin left the project due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: In February 2016, he appeared in Flume's music video for his song "Never Be Like You" alongside Sophie Lowe.


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: In 2019, Reid appeared in the Australian web television series "Bloom", the subscription television series "Lambs of God", and SBS TV drama mini-series "The Hunting".


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: In 2021, Reid was cast as Lestat de Lioncourt in the AMC television series "Interview with the Vampire".


title: Sam Reid (actor)

text: Reid played up-and-coming news presenter Dale Jennings in the ABC series "The Newsreader", released in August 2021.


title: Gideon

text: Gideon (; ) also named Jerubbaal and Jerubbesheth, was a military leader, judge and prophet whose calling and victory over the Midianites are recounted in of the Book of Judges in the Hebrew Bible.


title: Gideon

text: Gideon was the son of Joash, from the Abiezrite clan in the tribe of Manasseh and lived in Ephra (Ophrah). As a leader of the Israelites, he won a decisive victory over a Midianite army despite a vast numerical disadvantage, leading a troop of 300 "valiant" men.


title: Gideon

text: Archaeologists in southern Israel have found a 3,100-year-old fragment of a jug with five letters written in ink that appear to represent the name Jerubbaal, or Yeruba'al.


title: Gideon

text: The nineteenth-century Strong's Concordance derives the name "Jerubbaal" from "Baal will contend", in accordance with the folk etymology, given in . According to biblical scholar Lester Grabbe (2007), "[Judges] 6.32 gives a nonsensical etymology of his name; it means something like 'Let Baal be great.


title: Gideon

text: Likewise, where Strong gave the meaning "hewer" to the name Gideon, Biblical scholar Simon John DeVries (1975) suggests the etymology "driver".


title: Gideon

text: The "besheth" part of the name "Jerubbesheth" (II Samuel 11:21) means "shame", a pious editorialization of "Baal" as is also found in Saul's son Ish-bosheth and grandson Mephibosheth.


title: Gideon

text: According to Yairah Amit, Mark S. Smith, and Simon John De Vries, the use of both names "Gideon" and "Jerubbaal" reflects two originally independent sets of stories combined by an editor who wishes them to be seen as referring to a single character.


title: Gideon

text: As is the pattern throughout the Book of Judges, the Israelites again turned away from Yahweh after 40 years of peace brought by Deborah's victory over Canaan, and Midianites, Amalekites and other Bedouin peoples harried Israel for seven years. According to Louis Ginzberg's Midrash anthology "The Legends of the Jews": "Elated by the victory over Sisera, Israel sang a hymn of praise, the song of Deborah, and God, to reward them for their pious


title: Gideon

text: sentiments, pardoned the transgression of the people. But they soon slipped back into the old ways, and the old troubles harassed them. Their back-sliding was due to the witchcraft of a Midianite priest named Aud. He made the sun shine at midnight, and so convinced the Israelites that the idols of Midian were mightier than God, and God chastised them by delivering them into the hands of the Midianties. They worshipped their own images reflected in the water, and they were stricken with dire poverty. They could not bring so much as a meal offering, the offering of the poor. On the eve of one Passover, Gideon uttered the complaint: "Where are all the wondrous works which God did for our fathers in this night, when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians, and Israel went forth from slavery with joyous hearts?" God appeared unto him, and said: "Thou who art courageous enough to champion Israel, thou art worthy that Israel should be saved for thy sake." God chose Gideon, a young man from the tribe of Manasseh, to free the people of Israel and to condemn their idolatry. The Angel of the Lord, or "the Lord’s angelic messenger" () came "in the character ... of a traveller who sat down in the shade [of the terebinth tree] to enjoy a little refreshment and repose" and entered into conversation with Gideon. The narrative has echoes of the meeting between Abraham and the visitors who came to him in the terebinths of Mamre and promised Abraham and Sarah, in their old age, that they would have a son ().


title: Gideon

text: Gideon requested proof of God's will by three miracles: firstly a sign from the Angel of the Lord, in which the angel appeared to Gideon and caused fire to shoot up out of a rock (), and then two signs involving a fleece, performed on consecutive nights and the exact opposite of each other. First waking to his fleece covered in dew, but the surrounding ground dry. Then the next morning, his fleece dry but the surrounding ground covered in dew. ().


title: Gideon

text: On God's instruction, Gideon destroyed the town's altar to Baal and the symbol of the goddess Asherah beside it, receiving the byname of "Jerubbaal" from his father:


title: Gideon

text: He went on to send out messengers to gather together men from the tribes of Asher, Zebulun, and Naphtali, as well as his own tribe of Manasseh, in order to meet an armed force of the people of Midian and the Amalek that had crossed the Jordan River, and they encamped at the Well of Harod in the Valley of Jezreel. But God informed Gideon that the men he had gathered were too many – with so many men, there would be reason for the Israelites to claim the victory as their own instead of acknowledging that God had saved them. God first instructed Gideon to send home those men who were afraid. Gideon invited any man who wanted to leave, to do so; 22,000 men returned home and 10,000 remained. Yet with the number, God told Gideon they were still too many and instructed him to bring them to the water. All those who lap the water with their tongues, as a dog laps, you shall put to one side; all those who kneel down to drink, putting their hands to their mouths, you shall put to the other side. The number of those that lapped up the water raised to their mouths by hand was three hundred; but all the rest of the troops knelt down to drink water. Then the Lord said to Gideon, “With the three hundred that lapped I will deliver you, and give the Midianites into your hand. Let all the others go to their homes.” ().


title: Gideon

text: During the night, God instructed Gideon to approach the Midianite camp. There, Gideon overheard a Midianite man tell a friend of a dream in which "a loaf of barley bread tumbled into the camp of Midian" (), causing their tent or camp to collapse. This was interpreted as meaning that God had given the Midianites over to Gideon. Gideon returned to the Israelite camp and gave each of his men a trumpet ("shofar") and a clay jar with a torch hidden inside. Divided into three companies, Gideon and his 300 men marched on the enemy camp. He instructed them to blow the trumpet, give a battle cry and light torches, simulating an attack by a large force. As they did so, the Midianite army fled ().


title: Gideon

text: Gideon sent messengers ahead into Israel calling for the Ephraimites to pursue the retreating Midianites and two of their leaders, Oreb and Zeeb. Gideon and the three hundred pursued Zebah and Zalmunna, the two Midianite kings. When he had asked for provisions in his pursuit, the men of Succoth and Peniel refused and taunted Gideon. After capturing the two kings, Gideon punished the men of Succoth, and pulled down the tower of Peniel killing all the men there. Gideon invited his eldest son, Jether, to slay Zebah and Zalmunna, but being still young at the time, he did not have the confidence to carry out his father's request, so Zebah and Zalmunna called on Gideon to perform the deed himself. Gideon then killed Zebah and Zalmunna as justice for the death of his brothers (). The place where Gideon slew Oreb after the defeat of the Midianites was called the "Rock of Oreb". It was probably the place now called Orbo, on the east of Jordan, near Bethshean. Zeeb was killed at "the wine press of Zeeb".


title: Gideon

text: The Israelites invited Gideon to become their king and to found a dynasty, but he refused, telling them that only God was their ruler (). G. A. Cooke, writing in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges notes the discontinuity between Ephraimite anger towards Gideon shown in and the proposition of kingship over [all] Israel, and therefore concludes that "these verses appear to come from a [secondary] source".


title: Gideon

text: Gideon went on to make an "ephod" out of the gold won in battle; according to Ginzberg's "The Legends of the Jews": "..In the high priest's breastplate, Joseph was represented among the twelve tribes by Ephraim alone, not by Manasseh, too. To wipe out this slight upon his own tribe, Gideon made an ephod bearing the name of Manasseh. He consecrated it to God, but after his death homage was paid to it as an idol. In those days the Israelites were so addicted to the worship of Beelzebub that they constantly carried small images of this god with them in their pockets, and every now and then they were in the habit of bringing the image forth and kissing it fervently."; according to the Bible this action eventually caused the whole of Israel to turn away from God yet again and the ruin of Gideon and his family. Gideon had 70 sons from the many women he took as wives. He also had a Shechemite concubine who bore him a son whom he named Abimelech, which means "my father is king" ().


title: Gideon

text: There was peace in Israel for 40 years during the life of Gideon. As soon as Gideon died of old age, the Israelites again turned to worship the false god Baal Berith and ignored the family of Gideon (). Ginzberg's "The Legends of the Jews" records the following remarks on Abimelech: "Tanhuma B 1 103. The parable of Jotham is said to refer to the prominent judges: Othniel [=Olive tree], Deborah [=fig tree], Gideon [=vine], and Abimelech [=bramble]. Tan. also states that Abimelech reigned for three years, as a reward for the modesty of his father Gideon, who in a "tripartite" sentence refused the royal crown offered him by his people; see Jud. 8.23. Abimelech, in contrast to his father [Jud.8.27], was very greedy for riches, and his end therefore came speedily; Aggadat Bereshit 26, 54., see also ibid., 52–53 where Abimelech's wickedness and greed was contrasted with the piety and liberality of his namesake Abimelech, the King of Getar. The ingratitude of the Israelites who permitted Abimelech to murder the children of their benefactor Gideon was counted unto them as though they had forsaken God; ingratitude is as grave a sin as idolatry; Yelammedenu in Yalkut II, 64."


title: Gideon

text: In the early twentieth century, the text of Judges 6–8 was regarded by the "critical school" as a composite narrative, combining Jahwist, Elohist and Deuteronomic sources, with further interpolations and editorial comments of the Second Temple period. Emil G. Hirsch alleged a historical nucleus in the narrative, reflecting the struggle of the tribe of Manasseh with hostile Bedouins across the Jordan, along with "reminiscences of tribal jealousies on the part of Ephraim" in the early period of Hebrew settlement, later conflated with the religious context of connecting Yahweh with the shrine at Ophrah.


title: Gideon

text: The D source or (D) material has an overwhelming presence in Judges 6–8. The earlier source material used is present. However, the message and theological view has the style of the Deuteronomistic school of Authors. The core (Jahwist) narrative consists of Gideon wishing to avenge the death of his brothers, gathering 300 men of his own clan and pursuing the Midianite chiefs Zebah and Zalmunna, slaying them and consecrating an idol ("ephod") made from the spoils of war, which makes his city of Ophrah the seat of an oracle and giving Gideon himself the status of a rich chief with a large harem (Judges 8:4–10a, 11–21, 24–27a, 29–32).


title: Gideon

text: The name Jerubbaal given to Gideon is originally a theophoric name meaning "Baal strives", but it was later given the interpretation of "let Baal strive against him" in order to avoid conflict with the more rigorous development of the religion of Yahweh in later centuries.


title: Gideon

text: In the New Testament, Gideon is mentioned in chapter 11 of the Epistle to the Hebrews as an example of a man of faith, one of several "heroes of faith" mentioned there:


title: Gideon

text: Gideon is regarded as a saint by Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic and Latin Rite Catholic Churches. He is also commemorated, together with the other righteous figures of the Old Testament, on the Sunday before Christmas (Fourth Sunday of Advent). He is commemorated as one of the Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30, and in the Roman Martyrology of the Latin Rite on September 26.


title: Gideon

text: In the Protestant Reformation, the Gideon narrative was employed in polemics against the Catholic clergy. Hans von Rüte's "Gideon" (1540) compares the removal of saints' relics from churches to Gideon's destruction of Baal's altar.


title: Gideon

text: Gideons International is an American organization dedicated to Christian evangelism, founded in 1899, dedicated to the distribution of free Bibles. The organization's logo represents a two-handled pitcher and torch, symbolizing the implements used by Gideon to scare the Midianite army.


title: Gideon

text: The origin of the phrase "putting out a fleece" is a reference to the story of Gideon meaning to look for a sign from God before undertaking some action or carrying out some plan.


title: Gideon

text: Much like the 300 Spartans at Thermopylae, Gideon has become symbolic of military success of a small elite force against overwhelming numerical odds. The 12th-century "Poem of Almería" invokes "the strength of Samson and the sword of Gideon" in the context of the Reconquista of Almería led by Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera (1147). Benedikt Gletting (16th century) invokes the "Sword of Gideon" in a call for a pious and confident defense of the Old Swiss Confederacy against the threat of the Franco-Ottoman alliance. The Gideon narrative was invoked by Covenanter commander Archibald Strachan prior to Battle of Carbisdale (1650). The Gideon Force was a small British-led special force in the East African Campaign during World War II. El Junquito raid code-named Operation Gideon in 2018 and Operation Gideon (2020) were dissident military operations in Venezuela.


title: Gideon

text: A five-letter inscription appearing to represent the name Jerubbaal (another name used in the Hebrew Bible for Gideon) was discovered on a 3100-year old fragment of a jug in Israel. According to Smithsonian Magazine, "the artifact's age lines up with the time period depicted in the book of judges."


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (, "Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah") was a state in the Hejaz region in the Middle East that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty. It was self-proclaimed as a kingdom in June 1916 during the First World War, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the British Empire to drive the Ottoman Army from the Arabian Peninsula during the Arab Revolt.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: The United Kingdom promised King Ali of Hejaz a single independent Arab state that would include modern day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and Syria in addition to the Hejaz region. However, at the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles turned Syria into a French League of Nations mandate and Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan into British mandates. Hashemite princes were installed as monarchs under the British mandates in Transjordan and Iraq; this became known as the Sharifian solution.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: Relations with the British Empire further deteriorated when Zionist Jews were allowed to move to Palestine. Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners". A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24 and negotiations were suspended in March 1924; within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's kingdom.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: In 1908, The Young Turks took over the Ottoman Empire, and in 1909 when a counter-coup failed, The Young Turks "secularized" the government. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, was appointed by the previous Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and did not favor the Young Turks, his opposition to the empire grew over time, culminating to the Arab Revolt.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: In their capacity as Caliphs, the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Sultan, Mehmed V, in his capacity as Caliph, declared a jihad against the Entente powers. The British in particular hoped to co-opt the Sharif as a weighty alternative religious figure backing them in the conflict. The British already had a series of treaties with other Arab leaders in the region and were also fearful that the Hejaz could be used as a base to attack their shipping to and from India.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: The Sharif was cautious but, after discovering that the Ottomans planned to remove and possibly murder him, agreed to work with the British if they would support a wider Arab Revolt and the establishment of an independent Arab Kingdom the British implied they would. After the Ottomans executed other Arab nationalist leaders in Damascus and Beirut, the Hejaz rose against and soundly defeated them, almost completely expelling them (Medina remaining under Ottoman control throughout).


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: In June 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, declared himself King of Hejaz as his Sharifian Army participated with other Arab Forces and the British Empire in expelling the Ottomans from the Arabian Peninsula.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: The US State Department quotes an aide-mémoire dated 24 October 1917 given by the Arab Bureau to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: The British, though, were compromised by their agreement to give the French control of Syria (comprising modern-day Syria and Lebanon) and did not, in Hussein's eyes, honour their commitments. Nevertheless, they did eventually create Hashemite-ruled kingdoms (in protectorate form) in Transjordan and in Iraq, as well as Hejaz. The changing boundaries of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet contributed to uncertainties between the neighbouring Hashemite kingdoms, particularly the competing claim with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an, including the cities of Ma'an and Aqaba.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: King Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners." A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, and negotiations were suspended in March 1924; within six months the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's Kingdom.


title: Kingdom of Hejaz

text: The League of Nations Covenant provided for membership to the signatories of the Peace Treaties; the Hejaz was one of three (the other two were the United States and Ecuador) that failed to ratify Versailles.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: In materials science and solid mechanics, Poisson's ratio formula_1 (nu) is a measure of the Poisson effect, the deformation (expansion or contraction) of a material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading. The value of Poisson's ratio is the negative of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. For small values of these changes, formula_1 is the amount of transversal elongation divided by the amount of axial compression. Most materials have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. For soft materials, such as rubber, where the bulk modulus is much higher than the shear modulus, Poisson's ratio is near 0.5. For open-cell polymer foams, Poisson's ratio is near zero, since the cells tend to collapse in compression. Many typical solids have Poisson's ratios in the range of 0.2–0.3. The ratio is named after the French mathematician and physicist Siméon Poisson.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, the phenomenon in which a material tends to expand in directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. Conversely, if the material is stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to contract in the directions transverse to the direction of stretching. It is a common observation when a rubber band is stretched, it becomes noticeably thinner. Again, the Poisson ratio will be the ratio of relative contraction to relative expansion and will have the same value as above. In certain rare cases, a material will actually shrink in the transverse direction when compressed (or expand when stretched) which will yield a negative value of the Poisson ratio.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material must be between −1.0 and +0.5 because of the requirement for Young's modulus, the shear modulus and bulk modulus to have positive values. Most materials have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly incompressible isotropic material deformed elastically at small strains would have a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5. Most steels and rigid polymers when used within their design limits (before yield) exhibit values of about 0.3, increasing to 0.5 for post-yield deformation which occurs largely at constant volume. Rubber has a Poisson ratio of nearly 0.5. Cork's Poisson ratio is close to 0, showing very little lateral expansion when compressed and glass is between 0.18 and 0.30. Some materials, e.g. some polymer foams, origami folds, and certain cells can exhibit negative Poisson's ratio, and are referred to as auxetic materials. If these auxetic materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker in the perpendicular direction. In contrast, some anisotropic materials, such as carbon nanotubes, zigzag-based folded sheet materials, and honeycomb auxetic metamaterials to name a few, can exhibit one or more Poisson's ratios above 0.5 in certain directions.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Assuming that the material is stretched or compressed in only one direction (the "x" axis in the diagram below):


title: Poisson's ratio

text: For a cube stretched in the "x"-direction (see Figure 1) with a length increase of formula_7 in the "x" direction, and a length decrease of formula_8 in the "y" and "z" directions, the infinitesimal diagonal strains are given by


title: Poisson's ratio

text: If Poisson's ratio is constant through deformation, integrating these expressions and using the definition of Poisson's ratio gives


title: Poisson's ratio

text: The relative change of volume of a cube due to the stretch of the material can now be calculated. Using formula_17 and formula_18:


title: Poisson's ratio

text: If a rod with diameter (or width, or thickness) and length is subject to tension so that its length will change by then its diameter will change by:


title: Poisson's ratio

text: The above formula is true only in the case of small deformations; if deformations are large then the following (more precise) formula can be used:


title: Poisson's ratio

text: For a linear isotropic material subjected only to compressive (i.e. normal) forces, the deformation of a material in the direction of one axis will produce a deformation of the material along the other axis in three dimensions. Thus it is possible to generalize Hooke's Law (for compressive forces) into three dimensions:


title: Poisson's ratio

text: In the most general case, also shear stresses will hold as well as normal stresses, and the full generalization of Hooke's law is given by:


title: Poisson's ratio

text: For anisotropic materials, the Poisson ratio depends on the direction of extension and transverse deformation


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Here formula_33 is Poisson's ratio, formula_51 is Young's modulus, formula_68 is unit vector directed along the direction of extension, formula_69 is unit vector directed perpendicular to the direction of extension. Poisson's ratio has a different number of special directions depending on the type of anisotropy.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Orthotropic materials have three mutually perpendicular planes of symmetry in their material properties. An example is wood, which is most stiff (and strong) along the grain, and less so in the other directions.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: The Poisson ratio of an orthotropic material is different in each direction (x, y and z). However, the symmetry of the stress and strain tensors implies that not all the six Poisson's ratios in the equation are independent. There are only nine independent material properties: three elastic moduli, three shear moduli, and three Poisson's ratios. The remaining three Poisson's ratios can be obtained from the relations


title: Poisson's ratio

text: From the above relations we can see that if formula_80 then formula_81. The larger Poisson's ratio (in this case formula_82) is called the major Poisson's ratio while the smaller one (in this case formula_83) is called the minor Poisson's ratio. We can find similar relations between the other Poisson's ratios.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Transversely isotropic materials have a plane of isotropy in which the elastic properties are isotropic. If we assume that this plane of isotropy is formula_84, then Hooke's law takes the form


title: Poisson's ratio

text: where we have used the plane of isotropy formula_84 to reduce the number of constants, i.e., formula_87.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: This leaves us with six independent constants formula_89. However, transverse isotropy gives rise to a further constraint between formula_90 and formula_91 which is


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Therefore, there are five independent elastic material properties two of which are Poisson's ratios. For the assumed plane of symmetry, the larger of formula_82 and formula_94 is the major Poisson's ratio. The other major and minor Poisson's ratios are equal.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Some materials known as auxetic materials display a negative Poisson's ratio. When subjected to positive strain in a longitudinal axis, the transverse strain in the material will actually be positive (i.e. it would increase the cross sectional area). For these materials, it is usually due to uniquely oriented, hinged molecular bonds. In order for these bonds to stretch in the longitudinal direction, the hinges must ‘open’ in the transverse direction, effectively exhibiting a positive strain.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: This can also be done in a structured way and lead to new aspects in material design as for mechanical metamaterials.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Studies have shown that certain solid wood types display negative Poisson's ratio exclusively during a compression creep test. Initially, the compression creep test shows positive Poisson's ratios, but gradually decreases until it reaches negative values. Consequently, this also shows that Poisson's ratio for wood is time-dependent during constant loading, meaning that the strain in the axial and transverse direction do not increase in the same rate.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Media with engineered microstructure may exhibit negative Poisson's ratio. In a simple case auxeticity is obtained removing material and creating a periodic porous media. Lattices can reach lower values of Poisson's ratio, which can be indefinitely close to the limiting value −1 in the isotropic case.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: More than three hundred crystalline materials have negative Poisson's ratio. For example, Li, Na, K, Cu, Rb, Ag, Fe, Ni, Co, Cs, Au, Be, Ca, Zn Sr, Sb, MoSformula_95 and other.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: At finite strains, the relationship between the transverse and axial strains formula_96 and formula_97 is typically not well described by the Poisson ratio. In fact, the Poisson ratio is often considered a function of the applied strain in the large strain regime. In such instances, the Poisson ratio is replaced by the Poisson function, for which there are several competing definitions. Defining the transverse stretch formula_98 and axial stretch formula_99, where the transverse stretch is a function of the axial stretch (i.e., formula_100) the most common are the Hencky, Biot, Green, and Almansi functions


title: Poisson's ratio

text: One area in which Poisson's effect has a considerable influence is in pressurized pipe flow. When the air or liquid inside a pipe is highly pressurized it exerts a uniform force on the inside of the pipe, resulting in a hoop stress within the pipe material. Due to Poisson's effect, this hoop stress will cause the pipe to increase in diameter and slightly decrease in length. The decrease in length, in particular, can have a noticeable effect upon the pipe joints, as the effect will accumulate for each section of pipe joined in series. A restrained joint may be pulled apart or otherwise prone to failure.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Another area of application for Poisson's effect is in the realm of structural geology. Rocks, like most materials, are subject to Poisson's effect while under stress. In a geological timescale, excessive erosion or sedimentation of Earth's crust can either create or remove large vertical stresses upon the underlying rock. This rock will expand or contract in the vertical direction as a direct result of the applied stress, and it will also deform in the horizontal direction as a result of Poisson's effect. This change in strain in the horizontal direction can affect or form joints and dormant stresses in the rock.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Although cork was historically chosen to seal wine bottle for other reasons (including its inert nature, impermeability, flexibility, sealing ability, and resilience), cork's Poisson's ratio of zero provides another advantage. As the cork is inserted into the bottle, the upper part which is not yet inserted does not expand in diameter as it is compressed axially. The force needed to insert a cork into a bottle arises only from the friction between the cork and the bottle due to the radial compression of the cork. If the stopper were made of rubber, for example, (with a Poisson's ratio of about 1/2), there would be a relatively large additional force required to overcome the radial expansion of the upper part of the rubber stopper.


title: Poisson's ratio

text: Most car mechanics are aware that it is hard to pull a rubber hose (e.g. a coolant hose) off a metal pipe stub, as the tension of pulling causes the diameter of the hose to shrink, gripping the stub tightly. Hoses can more easily be pushed off stubs instead using a wide flat blade.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Yes Man is a 2008 American romantic comedy film directed by Peyton Reed, written by Nicholas Stoller, Jarrad Paul, and Andrew Mogel and starring Jim Carrey and co-starring Zooey Deschanel. The film is based loosely on the 2005 memoir of the same name by humorist Danny Wallace, who also makes a cameo appearance in the film.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Production for the film began in Los Angeles in October 2007. It was released on December 19, 2008 in the United States and was then released in the United Kingdom on December 26, 2008. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a box office success, making $223 million worldwide.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Carl, a bank loan officer, has become withdrawn since his divorce from Stephanie. He has an increasingly negative outlook on his life and routinely ignores his friends Peter and Rooney. On the advice of an old colleague, Nick, Carl attends a motivational seminar that encourages people to seize the opportunity to say "Yes!" At the seminar, Carl meets inspirational guru Terrence, who extracts from him a promise to answer "Yes!" to every opportunity that presents itself.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Later, Carl says yes to a homeless man's request and is stranded out-of-gas and with no battery on his cell phone in Elysian Park. Disillusioned, he hikes to a nearby gas station where he meets Allison, an unorthodox young woman. She gives him a ride back to his car on her scooter and kisses him before leaving.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: After this positive experience, Carl feels more optimistic about saying yes. However, he refuses oral sex from his elderly neighbor Tillie, and then falls down the stairs and is nearly attacked by a dog. Seeing the repercussions of saying no, he goes back to Tillie and to his surprise enjoys the moment.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Carl starts to seize every opportunity that comes his way. He renews his friendships with Peter and Rooney; builds a bond with his nerdy boss, Norman; assists Peter's fiancée, Lucy, with her bridal shower; attends Korean language classes; and much more.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Accepting a band flyer outside of a coffee shop, he sees an idiosyncratic band called Munchausen by Proxy; the lead singer is Allison. He is charmed by her quirkiness; she is delighted by his spontaneity and they begin dating. He earns a corporate promotion at work and, making use of his guitar lessons, plays Third Eye Blind's song "Jumper" to persuade a man not to commit suicide.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Carl and Allison meet at the airport for a spontaneous weekend excursion. Having decided to take the first plane out of town, regardless of its destination, they end up in Lincoln, Nebraska, where they bond more. Allison confesses her love for Carl and asks him to move in with her and he hesitantly agrees.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: While checking in for the return flight, Carl and Allison are detained by FBI agents who have profiled him as a potential terrorist as he has taken flying lessons, studied Korean, approved a loan to a fertilizer company, met an Iranian, and bought plane tickets at the last minute. Peter, his attorney, travels to Nebraska to explain Carl's odd habits, lessons, and decisions.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: As she finds out about Carl's motivational covenant, Allison begins to doubt whether his commitment to her was ever sincere. Deciding that she can no longer trust him, she leaves Carl and refuses to return his phone calls.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Carl's life takes a turn for the worse and he almost forgets about Lucy's shower. He manages to arrange a major surprise party, set his friend Norm up with Soo-Mi, a Korean girl, and Rooney with Tillie. After the party, Carl receives a tearful phone call from Stephanie, whose new boyfriend has walked out on her. When he goes to her apartment to comfort her, she kisses him and asks him to spend the night with her. After Carl emphatically says no, his luck takes a turn for the worse and he decides to end his commitment to the covenant.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Carl goes to the convention center and hides in the backseat of Terrence's convertible so he can beg to be released from the covenant. He emerges as Terrence drives off, startling him. An oncoming vehicle collides with them, resulting in their being taken to a hospital. After Carl regains consciousness, Terrence tells him the covenant was not real. It was merely a starting point to open Carl's mind to other possibilities, not to permanently take away his ability to say no if he needed to.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Freed from this restraint, Carl finds Allison teaching her sports-photography lesson and admits that he is not ready to move in with her just yet, but that he genuinely loves her, and they reconcile with a kiss as Allison's students take pictures.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: "Yes Man" is based on a memoir of the same name by humourist Danny Wallace. The book tells of the 6-month period in which he committed himself to saying 'Yes' to everything based on a brief conversation with a stranger he met on the bus. Wallace also has a cameo in the film, in the final bar-scene of the movie, in which he is speaking to someone behind Danny Masterson.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Jim Carrey declined an upfront salary for his role in the film. He was instead paid 36.2% of the film's gross after its production and marketing costs were recovered.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: During shooting of a scene where Carrey's character bungee jumps off a bridge, Carrey interrupted and asked to do the stunt himself. Carrey stated to the stunt double that he intended to do it in one take. When he jumps off, he is seen taking out a cell phone for the scene.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: While shooting the scene in the bar where Carrey's character turns around into a waitress and falls flat on his back, Carrey executed the stunt incorrectly and fell to the floor harder than he expected, breaking three ribs in the process.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: Carrey learned basic Korean for a scene. Language coach John Song was hired to teach Carrey for ten weeks; Song also played the character's Korean teacher in a brief cameo. Similarly extensive training was needed for the scenes in which Carrey's character learns to play the guitar; Carrey tried to play during the years of his childhood, but "quit before ever learning a chord". Carrey said in an interview with HBO: "Just learning the basic chords was maybe the most challenging part of any movie I've worked on in my career. Peyton [Reed] even joked about the guitar part being dubbed, or just cut altogether." Reed played the song "Jumper" by Third Eye Blind, which had a high number of digital downloads after the film's theatrical release. After the final date of filming, Carrey "retired" his set guitar, and Deschanel kept it. When asked about this, Carrey said: "I'll never need that, or any guitar ever again; guitar is not for me! Never has been, never will be!"


title: Yes Man (film)

text: The film's soundtrack features original music by Munchausen by Proxy, a fictional band named after the Münchausen syndrome by proxy (a psychological disorder). In the film, the band consists of actress Deschanel on lead vocals and the San Francisco-based all-female band Von Iva, a trio of vocals, keyboards and drums. Von Iva's members collaborated with Deschanel, a singer-songwriter and one half of the duo She & Him, on writing and recording the band's songs for the film. Von Iva got the part of the fictional ensemble in the film after the movie's music supervisor, Jonathan Karp, saw the cover of their CD in Amoeba in Hollywood. For the DVD/Blu-ray release of the film, Deschanel and Von Iva filmed a spoof MTV music show-style documentary on the band for which they filmed mock music videos for several of the songs; the home video release also includes full-length performances by the group that were not included in the film.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: The introduction music at the beginning of the film from Carrey's ringtone comes from the song "Separate Ways" by Journey. It is also featured when Carrey's character bails out from the hospital to catch the joggography at 6 am. "Helicopter" by Bloc Party plays on the first joggography scene.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: "Yes Man" received mixed reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 46%, based on 153 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3. The site's consensus reads, "Jim Carrey's comic convulsions are the only bright spots in this otherwise dim and predictable comedy." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: In his review for "The Miami Herald", Rene Rodriguez wrote, ""Yes Man" is fine as far as Jim Carrey comedies go, but it's even better as a love story that just happens to make you laugh." Kyle Smith of "The New York Post" wrote: "The first time I saw "Yes Man", I thought the concept was getting kind of stale toward the end. As it turns out, that was only the trailer." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun Times" gave the film 2 out of 4, and compared it to "Liar Liar". He said "Jim Carrey works the premise for all it's worth, but it doesn't allow him to bust loose and fly.".


title: Yes Man (film)

text: The film opened No. 1 in its first weekend at the US box office with $18.3 million, and was top of the UK box office in its first weekend after release.


title: Yes Man (film)

text: To date, the film has taken in more than $220 million worldwide, surpassing Jim Carrey's previous comedy "Fun with Dick and Jane" but falling short of his 2003 film "Bruce Almighty".


title: Yes Man (film)

text: The DVD and Blu-ray were released on April 7, 2009. Customers have the option of the single-disc edition and the 2 disc edition titled the "Ultimately Yes!" edition.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) () is a museum in Paris, France, on the Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1914, including paintings, sculptures, furniture, and photography. It houses the largest collection of Impressionist and post-Impressionist masterpieces in the world, by painters including Berthe Morisot, Claude Monet, Édouard Manet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne, Seurat, Sisley, Gauguin, and van Gogh. Many of these works were held at the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume prior to the museum's opening in 1986. It is one of the largest art museums in Europe.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: In 2021 the museum had one million visitors, up 30 percent from attendance in 2020, but far behind earlier years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the drop, it ranked fifteenth in the list of most-visited art museums in 2020.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: The museum building was originally a railway station, Gare d'Orsay, located next to the Seine river. Built on the site of the Palais d'Orsay, its central location was convenient for commuting travelers. The station was constructed for the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans and finished in time for the 1900 Exposition Universelle to the design of three architects: Lucien Magne, Émile Bénard and Victor Laloux. The Gare d'Orsay design was considered to be an "anachronism." Since trains were such a modern innovation for the time architects and designers alike expected a building that would embody the modern traits of this new mode of transportation. Gare d'Orsay instead gained inspiration from the past for the concept of the facade to the point of masking the cutting-edge technology within. It was the terminus for the railways of southwestern France until 1939.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: By 1939 the station's short platforms had become unsuitable for the longer trains that had come to be used for mainline services. After 1939 it was used for suburban services and part of it became a mailing centre during World War II. It was then used as a set for several films, such as Kafka's "The Trial" adapted by Orson Welles, and as a haven for the Renaud–Barrault Theatre Company and for auctioneers, while the Hôtel Drouot was being rebuilt.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: In the 1970s work began on building a 1 km-long tunnel under the station as part of the creation of line C of the Réseau Express Régional with a new station under the old station. In 1970, permission was granted to demolish the station but Jacques Duhamel, Minister for Cultural Affairs, ruled against plans to build a new hotel in its stead. The station was put on the supplementary list of Historic Monuments and finally listed in 1978. The suggestion to turn the station into a museum came from the Directorate of the Museum of France. The idea was to build a museum that would bridge the gap between the Louvre and the National Museum of Modern Art at the Georges Pompidou Centre. The plan was accepted by Georges Pompidou and a study was commissioned in 1974. In 1978, a competition was organized to design the new museum. ACT Architecture, a team of three young architects (Pierre Colboc, Renaud Bardon and Jean-Paul Philippon), were awarded the contract which involved creating of new floorspace on four floors. The construction work was carried out by Bouygues. In 1981, the Italian architect Gae Aulenti was chosen to design the interior including the internal arrangement, decoration, furniture and fittings of the museum. The arrangement of the galleries she designed was elaborate and inhabited the three main levels that are under the museum's barrel vault atrium. On the main level of the building, a central nave was formed by the surrounding stone structures that were previously the building's train platforms. The central nave's structures break up the immense sculpture and gallery spaces and provided more organized units for viewing the art. In July 1986, the museum was ready to receive its exhibits. It took 6 months to install the 2000 or so paintings, 600 sculptures and other works. The museum officially opened in December 1986 by then-president François Mitterrand.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: At any time about 3,000 art pieces are on display within Musée d'Orsay. Within the museum is a 1:100 scale model created by Richard Peduzzi of an aerial view of Paris Opera and surrounding area encapsulated underneath glass flooring that viewers walk on as they proceed through the museum. This installation allows the viewers to understand the city planning of Paris at the time, which has made this attraction one of the most popular within the museum.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: Another exhibit within the museum is "A Passion for France: The Marlene and Spencer Hays Collection". This collection was donated by an Marlene and Spencer Hays, art collectors who reside in Texas and have been collecting art since the early 1970s. In 2016 the museum complied to keeping the collection of about 600 art pieces in one collection rather than dispersed throughout other exhibits. Since World War II, France has not been donated a collection of foreign art this large. The collection favors mostly post-impressionist works. Artists featured in this collection are Bonnard, Vuillard, Maurice Denis, Odilon Redon, Aristide Maillol, André Derain, Edgar Degas, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. To make room for the art that has been donated, the Musée d’Orsay is scheduled to undergo a radical transformation over the next decade, 2020 on. This remodel is funded in part by an anonymous US patron who donated €20 million to a building project known as "Orsay Grand Ouvert" (Orsay Wide Open). The gift was made via the American Friends of the Musées d’Orsay et de l’Orangerie. The projected completion date is 2026, implementing new galleries and education opportunities to endorse a conductive experience.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: The square next to the museum displays six bronze allegorical sculptural groups in a row, originally produced for the Exposition Universelle:


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: Sculpture was in high demand in the 19th century and became widely used as a way to display a person's social and political standings. The style and ideology represented by many of the sculptures were out of fashion by the mid-20th century, and the sculptures were put into storage and no longer displayed. It wasn't until the conversion of the Orsay railway station into the Musée d'Orsay museum in the 1970s that many sculptures from the 19th century were placed on exhibit again. The substantial nave inside the new museum offered a perfect area for the display of sculptures. During the grand opening in December 1986 of the museum, 1,200 sculptures were present, brought in from collections such as the Louvre, state loans, and Musée du Luxembourg. The museum also obtained more than 200 sculptures before opening though donations of art connoisseurs, the lineage of artists, and people


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: Since the grand opening in 1986 the museum has collected works from exchanges that other museums or institutions once showcased such as "Nature Unveiling Herself Before Science" by Louis-Ernest Barrias that was initially commissioned for Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, as well as "The Thinker" and "The Gates of Hell" by Auguste Rodin. The museum also purchases specific works to fill gaps and finish the collections already in the museum such as one of the panels of "Be Mysterious" by Paul Gauguin, the full set of Honoré Daumier's "Célébrités du Juste Milieu", and "Maturity" by Camille Claudel. There are currently more than 2,200 sculptures in the Musée d'Orsay.


title: Musée d'Orsay

text: Major sculptors represented in the collection include Alfred Barye, François Rude, Jules Cavelier, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Émile-Coriolan Guillemin, Auguste Rodin, Paul Gauguin, Camille Claudel, Sarah Bernhardt, Aristide Maillol and Honoré Daumier.


title: Tablespoon

text: A tablespoon (tbsp. , Tbsp. , Tb. , or T.) is a large spoon. In many English-speaking regions, the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving; however, in some regions, it is the largest type of spoon used for eating.


title: Tablespoon

text: By extension, the term is also used as a cooking measure of volume. In this capacity, it is most commonly abbreviated "tbsp." or "Tbsp." and occasionally referred to as a tablespoonful to distinguish it from the utensil. The unit of measurement varies by region: a United States tablespoon is approximately , a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly , and an Australian tablespoon is . The capacity of the utensil (as opposed to the measurement) is defined by neither law nor custom but only by preferences, and may or may not significantly approximate the measurement.


title: Tablespoon

text: Before about 1700, it was customary for Europeans to bring their own spoons to the table. Spoons were carried as personal property in much the same way as people today carry wallets, key rings, etc. From about 1700 the place setting became popular, and with it the "table-spoon" (hyphenated), "table-fork" and "table-knife". Around the same time the tea-spoon and dessert-spoon first appeared, and the table-spoon was reserved for eating soup. The 18th century witnessed a proliferation of different sorts of spoons, including the mustard-spoon, salt-spoon, coffee-spoon, and soup-spoon.


title: Tablespoon

text: In the late 19th century UK, the dessert-spoon and soup-spoon began to displace the table-spoon as the primary implement for eating from a bowl, at which point the name "table-spoon" took on a secondary meaning as a much larger serving spoon. At the time the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was published in 1928, "tablespoon" (which by then was no longer hyphenated) still had two definitions in the UK: the original definition (eating spoon) and the new definition (serving spoon).


title: Tablespoon

text: Victorian and Edwardian era tablespoons used in the UK are often or sometimes larger. They are used only for preparing and serving food, not as part of a place-setting. Common tablespoons intended for use as cutlery (called dessert spoons in the UK, where a tablespoon is always a serving spoon) usually hold , considerably less than some tablespoons used for serving.


title: Tablespoon

text: In recipes, an abbreviation like "tbsp." is usually used to refer to a tablespoon, to differentiate it from the smaller teaspoon ("tsp."). Some authors additionally capitalize the abbreviation, as "Tbsp.", while leaving "tsp." in lower case, to emphasize that the larger tablespoon, rather than the smaller teaspoon, is wanted. The tablespoon abbreviation is sometimes further abbreviated to "Tb." or "T".


title: Tablespoon

text: In most places, except Australia, one tablespoon equals three teaspoons—and one US tablespoon is or .


title: Tablespoon

text: In nutrition labeling in the U.S. and the U.K., a tablespoon is defined as . In Australia, the definition of the tablespoon is .


title: Tablespoon

text: For dry ingredients, if a recipe calls for a "level tablespoon", the usual meaning without further qualification, is measured by filling the spoon and scraping it level. In contrast, a "heaped", "heaping", or "rounded" spoonful is not leveled off, and includes a heap above the spoon. The exact volume of a heaped tablespoon depends somewhat on the shape and curvature of the measuring spoon being used and largely upon the physical properties of the substance being measured, and so is not a precise unit of measurement. If neither a rounded nor a level tablespoon is specified, a level tablespoon is used, just as a cup of flour is a level cup unless otherwise specified.


title: Tablespoon

text: In the 18th century, the table-spoon became an unofficial unit of the apothecaries' system of measures, equal to 4 drams ( fl oz, 14.8 ml). It was more commonly known by the Latin name "cochleare majus" (abbreviated "cochl. maj.") or, in apothecaries' notation, "f℥ss" or "f℥ß".


title: .io

text: The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .io is nominally assigned to the British Indian Ocean Territory. The domain is operated commercially by Afilias, a domain name registry subsidiary of Ethos Capital.


title: .io

text: Google's ad targeting treats .io as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because "users and webmasters frequently see [the domain] more generic than country-targeted".


title: .io

text: The .io domain was delegated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority to British entrepreneur Paul Kane in 1997 together with the ccTLDs .ac (Ascension Island), .sh (St Helena), and .tm (Turkmenistan). Kane operated them for private benefit under the trade name "Internet Computer Bureau" from 1997 until 2017. In 2014, Kane claimed that "profits are distributed to the authorities for them to operate services as they see fit" and that "Each of the overseas territories has an account and the funds are deposited there because obviously the territories have expenses that they incur and it’s offsetting that." However the UK government has repeatedly stated that this is untrue: “There is no agreement between the UK Government and ICB regarding the administration of the .io domain” and "the Government receives no revenues from the sales or administration of this domain."


title: .io

text: The first subdomain was registered under .IO in 1998, when Levi Strauss & Co. registered the domain levi.io.


title: .io

text: In April, 2017, Paul Kane sold the Internet Computer Bureau holding company to privately-held domain name registry services provider Afilias for $70.17m in cash.


title: .io

text: In December, 2020, Afilias' owner Hal Lubsen sold it to privately-held Donuts for an undisclosed sum.


title: .io

text: One month later, in January 2021, Donuts was acquired by private equity firm Ethos Capital, again for an undisclosed sum.


title: .io

text: In 2021, the United Nations' International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled that the United Kingdom has no sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, and that sovereignty instead belongs to Mauritius. This would extinguish the British Indian Ocean Territory, and the IO ISO-3166 two-letter country code and .io domain could also be extinguished. The United Kingdom, which was not a party to the case, disputes and does not recognise the tribunal's decision, so further legal processes are likely. In 2022, the Mauritian government was considering how to progress the issue.


title: .io

text: In July 2021, the Chagos Refugees Group UK submitted a complaint to the Irish government against domain-name speculators Paul Kane and Ethos Capital subsidiary Afilias, seeking repatriation of the .IO ("Indian Ocean") country-code top-level domain and payment of back royalties from the $7m/year in revenue generated by the domain. While attempts to repatriate top-level domains are not uncommon, this one is notable in that it cites consumer and human rights violations of the OECD's 2011 Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises rather than multistakeholder representation under ICANN policy, and because the .io domain has enjoyed commercial success, particularly among cryptocurrency companies, with more than 270,000 domains registered.


title: .io

text: Labels for .io domains may only contain alphanumeric characters and hyphens, and must be between 3 and 63 characters long. Domain names cannot begin or end with a hyphen symbol, and may not contain two consecutive hyphens. The entire domain name may not contain more than 253 characters.