title: Diphthong

text: Languages differ in the length of diphthongs, measured in terms of morae. In languages with phonemically short and long vowels, diphthongs typically behave like long vowels, and are pronounced with a similar length. In languages with only one phonemic length for pure vowels, however, diphthongs may behave like pure vowels. For example, in Icelandic, both monophthongs and diphthongs are pronounced long before single consonants and short before most consonant clusters.


title: Diphthong

text: Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs. In some languages, such as Old English, these behave like short and long vowels, occupying one and two morae, respectively. Languages that contrast three quantities in diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of; Northern Sami is known to contrast long, short and "finally stressed" diphthongs, the last of which are distinguished by a long second element.


title: Diphthong

text: In some languages, diphthongs are single phonemes, while in others they are analyzed as sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and a semivowel.


title: Diphthong

text: Certain sound changes relate to diphthongs and monophthongs. Vowel breaking or diphthongization is a vowel shift in which a monophthong becomes a diphthong. Monophthongization or smoothing is a vowel shift in which a diphthong becomes a monophthong.


title: Diphthong

text: While there are a number of similarities, diphthongs are not the same phonologically as a combination of a vowel and an approximant or glide. Most importantly, diphthongs are fully contained in the syllable nucleus while a semivowel or glide is restricted to the syllable boundaries (either the onset or the coda). This often manifests itself phonetically by a greater degree of constriction, but the phonetic distinction is not always clear. The English word "yes", for example, consists of a palatal glide followed by a monophthong rather than a rising diphthong. In addition, the segmental elements must be different in diphthongs and so when it occurs in a language, it does not contrast with . However, it is possible for languages to contrast and .


title: Diphthong

text: Diphthongs are also distinct from sequences of simple vowels. The Bunaq language of Timor, for example, distinguishes 'exit' from 'be amused', 'dance' from 'stare at', and 'choice' from 'good'.


title: Diphthong

text: In words coming from Middle English, most cases of the Modern English diphthongs originate from the Middle English long monophthongs through the Great Vowel Shift, although some cases of originate from the Middle English diphthongs .


title: Diphthong

text: The dialect of Hamont (in Limburg) has five centring diphthongs and contrasts long and short forms of , , , and .


title: Diphthong

text: The Afrikaans language has its origin in Dutch but differs in many significant ways, including the use of diphthongs in the place of several non-diphthong Dutch double vowels, or double-vowels being pronounced differently.


title: Diphthong

text: The long diphthongs (or 'double vowels') are phonemically sequences of a free vowel and a non-syllabic equivalent of or : . Both and tend to be pronounced as , but they are spelled differently: the former as , the latter as .


title: Diphthong

text: In diminutives ending in formed to monosyllabic nouns, the vowels are realised as closing diphthongs . In the same environment, the sequences are realized as , i.e. as closing diphthongs followed by palatal nasal.


title: Diphthong

text: In the varieties of German that [[Speech production|vocalize]] the in the [[syllable coda]], other diphthongal combinations may occur. These are only phonetic diphthongs, not phonemic diphthongs, since the vocalic pronunciation alternates with consonantal pronunciations of if a vowel follows, cf. "du hörst" 'you hear' – "ich höre" 'I hear'. These phonetic diphthongs may be as follows:


title: Diphthong

text: The diphthongs of some [[German dialects]] differ from standard German diphthongs. The [[Bernese German]] diphthongs, for instance, correspond rather to the [[Middle High German]] diphthongs than to standard German diphthongs:


title: Diphthong

text: Apart from these phonemic diphthongs, Bernese German has numerous phonetic diphthongs due to [[L-vocalization]] in the syllable coda, for instance the following ones:


title: Diphthong

text: Diphthongs may reach a higher target position (towards ) in situations of coarticulatory phenomena or when words with such vowels are being emphasized.


title: Diphthong

text: There are five diphthongs in the Oslo dialect of [[Norwegian phonology|Norwegian]], all of them falling:


title: Diphthong

text: An additional diphthong, , occurs only in the word "hui" in the expression "i hui og hast" "in great haste". The number and form of diphthongs vary between dialects.


title: Diphthong

text: In [[French phonology|French]], , , and may be considered true diphthongs (that is, fully contained in the syllable nucleus: ). Other sequences are considered part of a glide formation process that turns a high vowel into a semivowel (and part of the syllable onset) when followed by another vowel.


title: Diphthong

text: In [[Quebec French]], long vowels are generally diphthongized in informal speech when [[lexical stress|stressed]].


title: Diphthong

text: [[Catalan phonology|Catalan]] possesses a number of phonetic diphthongs, all of which begin ("rising diphthongs") or end ("falling diphthongs") in or .


title: Diphthong

text: In standard Eastern Catalan, rising diphthongs (that is, those starting with or ) are possible only in the following contexts:


title: Diphthong

text: There are also certain instances of "compensatory diphthongization" in the [[Balearic Catalan|Majorcan]] dialect so that ('logs') (in addition to deleting the palatal plosive) develops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as (and contrasts with the unpluralized ). Diphthongization compensates for the loss of the palatal stop (part of Catalan's segment loss compensation). There are other cases where diphthongization compensates for the loss of point of articulation features (property loss compensation) as in ('year') vs ('years'). The dialectal distribution of this compensatory diphthongization is almost entirely dependent on the dorsal plosive (whether it is velar or palatal) and the extent of consonant assimilation (whether or not it is extended to palatals).


title: Diphthong

text: The Portuguese diphthongs are formed by the [[labio-velar approximant]] and [[palatal approximant]] with a vowel, [[European Portuguese]] has 14 phonemic diphthongs (10 oral and 4 nasal), all of which are falling diphthongs formed by a vowel and a nonsyllabic high vowel. [[Brazilian Portuguese]] has roughly the same amount, although the European and non-European dialects have slightly different pronunciations ( is a distinctive feature of some southern and central Portuguese dialects, especially that of Lisbon). A onglide after or and before all vowels as in "quando" ('when') or "guarda" ('guard') may also form rising diphthongs and [[triphthong]]s. Additionally, in casual speech, adjacent heterosyllabic vowels may combine into diphthongs and triphthongs or even sequences of them.


title: Diphthong

text: In addition, phonetic diphthongs are formed in most Brazilian Portuguese dialects by the [[L-vocalization|vocalization]] of in the syllable coda with words like "sol" ('sun') and "sul" ('south') as well as by yodization of vowels preceding or its allophone at syllable coda in terms like "arroz" ('rice'), and (or ) in terms such as "paz mundial" ('world peace') and "dez anos" ('ten years').


title: Diphthong

text: Phonetically, [[Spanish phonology|Spanish]] has seven falling diphthongs and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) as in "poeta" ('poet'), "almohada" ('pillow'), "maestro" ('teacher') and "línea" ('line'). The Spanish diphthongs are:


title: Diphthong

text: The second table includes only 'false' diphthongs, composed of a semivowel + a vowel, not two vowels. The situation is more nuanced in the first table: a word such as 'baita' is actually pronounced ['baj.ta] and most speakers would syllabify it that way. A word such as 'voi' would instead be pronounced and syllabified as ['vo.i], yet again without a diphthong.


title: Diphthong

text: In general, unstressed in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] can turn into glides in more rapid speech (e.g. "biennale" 'biennial'; "coalizione" 'coalition') with the process occurring more readily in syllables further from stress.


title: Diphthong

text: Romanian has two true diphthongs: and . There are, however, a host of other vowel combinations (more than any other major Romance language) which are classified as vowel glides. As a result of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels under stress), the two true diphthongs appear only in stressed syllables and make [[#Vowel alternations|morphological alternations]] with the mid vowels and . To native speakers, they sound very similar to and respectively. There are no perfect [[minimal pair]]s to contrast and , and because doesn't appear in the final syllable of a prosodic word, there are no monosyllabic words with ; exceptions might include "voal" ('veil') and "trotuar" ('sidewalk'), though Ioana Chițoran argues that these are best treated as containing glide-vowel sequences rather than diphthongs. In addition to these, the semivowels and can be combined (either before, after, or both) with most vowels, while this arguably forms additional diphthongs and [[triphthong]]s, only and can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as in "broască" ('frog') and "dreagă" ('to mend'), implying that and are restricted to the syllable boundary and therefore, strictly speaking, do not form diphthongs.


title: Diphthong

text: There are 9 diphthongs in [[Scottish Gaelic]]. Group 1 occur anywhere ("eu" is usually [eː] before "-m", e.g. "Seumas"). Group 2 are reflexes that occur before "-ll, -m, -nn, -bh, -dh, -gh" and "-mh".


title: Diphthong

text: The following diphthongs are used in the [[Standard Written Form]] of [[Cornish language|Cornish]]. Each diphthong is given with its "Revived Middle Cornish" (RMC) and "Revived Late Cornish" (RLC) pronunciation.


title: Diphthong

text: [[Welsh language|Welsh]] is traditionally divided into Northern and Southern dialects. In the north, some diphthongs may be short or long according to regular vowel length rules but in the south they are always short (see [[Welsh phonology]]). Southern dialects tend to simplify diphthongs in speech (e.g. "gwaith" is reduced to ).


title: Diphthong

text: The vowel groups "ia, ie, ii, io", and "iu" in foreign words are not regarded as diphthongs, they are pronounced with between the vowels .


title: Diphthong

text: is conventionally considered a diphthong. However, it is actually in hiatus or separated by a semivowel, .


title: Diphthong

text: All nine vowels can appear as the first component of an Estonian diphthong, but only occur as the second component.


title: Diphthong

text: There are additional diphthongs less commonly used, such as in Euroopa (Europe), in söandama (to dare), and in näuguma (to mew).


title: Diphthong

text: All [[Finnish language|Finnish]] [[Finnish phonology#Diphthongs|diphthongs]] are falling. Notably, Finnish has true opening diphthongs (e.g. ), which are not very common crosslinguistically compared to centering diphthongs (e.g. in English). Vowel combinations across syllables may in practice be pronounced as diphthongs, when an intervening consonant has elided, as in "näön" instead of for the genitive of "näkö" ('sight').


title: Diphthong

text: The diphthong system in [[Northern Sami#Phonology|Northern Sami]] varies considerably from one dialect to another. The Western Finnmark dialects distinguish four different qualities of opening diphthongs:


title: Diphthong

text: In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a three-way contrast between long, short and finally stressed diphthongs. The last are distinguished from long and short diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in spelling.


title: Diphthong

text: [[Maltese language|Maltese]] has seven falling diphthongs, though they may be considered VC sequences phonemically.


title: Diphthong

text: Rising sequences in [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] are usually regarded as a combination of a medial semivowel () plus a vowel, while falling sequences are regarded as one diphthong.


title: Diphthong

text: In addition to vowel nuclei following or preceding and , [[Thai phonology|Thai]] has three diphthongs which exist as long-short pairs:


title: Diphthong

text: In addition to vowel nuclei following or preceding /j/ and /w/, [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] has three diphthongs:


title: Diphthong

text: [[Khmer language]] has rich vocalics with an extra distinction of long and short register to the vowels and diphthongs.


title: Diphthong

text: [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] has four native diphthongs which may be located at the beginning, middle or end of a word. They are:


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: DC Super Hero Girls is an American animated superhero television series developed by Lauren Faust and produced by Warner Bros. Animation for Cartoon Network. Based on the web series and franchise of the same name, the series premiered on March 8, 2019, with a one-hour special.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The series follows the adventures of teenage versions of Wonder Woman, Batgirl, Bumblebee, Supergirl, Green Lantern, and Zatanna who are students at Metropolis High School.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The show focuses on six female teenage superheroes with secret identities: Diana Prince / Wonder Woman (voiced by Grey Griffin); Barbara "Babs" Gordon / Batgirl (voiced by Tara Strong); Kara Danvers / Supergirl (voiced by Nicole Sullivan); Zee Zatara / Zatanna (voiced by Kari Wahlgren), Jessica Cruz / Green Lantern (voiced by Myrna Velasco); and Karen Beecher / Bumblebee (voiced by Kimberly Brooks). The six girls meet at Metropolis High School and form a superhero team dubbed the "Super Hero Girls".


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The show tells the coming-of-age stories of the Super Hero Girls, dealing with their choices and decisions regarding their superhero identities and their secret identities. The show focuses on physical comedy, emotional storylines, and a large gallery of villains.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The new incarnation of "DC Super Hero Girls" debuted at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con with the theatrical short "#TheLateBatsby" which screened in theaters before the film "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies". The online "Super Shorts" debuted on January 17, 2019 with "#SuperSleeper" on YouTube. The TV series debuted with the one-hour special "#SweetJustice" on March 8, 2019.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: Lauren Faust was approached by Warner Bros. to develop "DC Super Hero Girls" into a television series, after previously working on "Super Best Friends Forever". The television iteration of the web series "DC Super Hero Girls" was announced in May 2017. Tara Strong and Nicole Sullivan reprise their roles as Batgirl and Supergirl respectively from "Super Best Friends Forever", while Grey Griffin, who previously voiced Wonder Girl (Donna Troy) from the "DC Nation Shorts", reprises her role as Wonder Woman from the web series. A year later, a poster showing the first look of the main characters was released. The series is animated by the Canadian studio Jam Filled Entertainment and Hasbro's Boulder Media from Ireland.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The writers chose to model each character and their personalities after a teenager archetype, while also drawing inspiration for several characters on their incarnations from the Silver Age of Comic Books. However, for the more modern Jessica Cruz, the writers heavily altered her characterization due to her original backstory contrasting heavily with the series' lighthearted tone.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: Several of the writers for this series had previously worked on "", another show created and developed by Faust. Also, her series is the second collaboration of Tara Strong and John de Lancie, who respectively voiced Twilight Sparkle and on "Friendship Is Magic".


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: Natalie Wetzig, a director on "DC Super Hero Girls", referred to the second season of the show in an interview at the 2020 Annie Awards. She later clarified she stated the second half of season 1. Co-executive producer Amanda Rynda said the crew is "introducing lots of new villains and pushing the needle on new storylines" for season 2.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The show premiered on Cartoon Network UK on 6 July 2019. It began airing on CITV in September 2020. All 52 episodes of season 1 are available to watch on Netflix.


title: DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)

text: The series received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media described the series as fast-paced, focusing on teen heroes who use teamwork, and noted that strong messages about "girl power and the value of friendship" within the series.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto (), or Jupiter IV, is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. It is the third-largest moon in the Solar System after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan, and the largest object in the Solar System that may not be properly differentiated. Callisto was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. With a diameter of , Callisto is about 99% the diameter of the planet Mercury, but only about a third of its mass. It is the fourth Galilean moon of Jupiter by distance, with an orbital radius of about . It is not in an orbital resonance like the three other Galilean satellites—Io, Europa, and Ganymede—and is thus not appreciably tidally heated. Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its orbit around Jupiter, so that the same hemisphere always faces inward. Because of this, there is a sub-Jovian point on Callisto's surface, from which Jupiter would appear to hang directly overhead. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because of its more remote orbit, located just outside Jupiter's main radiation belt.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ices, with a density of about , the lowest density and surface gravity of Jupiter's major moons. Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates, and organic compounds. Investigation by the "Galileo" spacecraft revealed that Callisto may have a small silicate core and possibly a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths greater than .


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered in the Solar System. Its surface is completely covered with impact craters. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, with no signs that geological activity in general has ever occurred, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters ("catenae") and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material. This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants. The absolute ages of the landforms are not known.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen, as well as by a rather intense ionosphere. Callisto is thought to have formed by slow accretion from the disk of the gas and dust that surrounded Jupiter after its formation. Callisto's gradual accretion and the lack of tidal heating meant that not enough heat was available for rapid differentiation. The slow convection in the interior of Callisto, which commenced soon after formation, led to partial differentiation and possibly to the formation of a subsurface ocean at a depth of 100–150 km and a small, rocky core.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto leaves open the possibility that it could harbor life. However, conditions are thought to be less favorable than on nearby Europa. Various space probes from "Pioneers 10" and "11" to "Galileo" and "Cassini" have studied Callisto. Because of its low radiation levels, Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jovian system.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto was discovered by Galileo in January 1610, along with the three other large Jovian moons—Ganymede, Io, and Europa.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto is named after one of Zeus's many lovers or other sexual partners in Greek mythology. Callisto was a nymph (or, according to some sources, the daughter of Lycaon) who was associated with the goddess of the hunt, Artemis. The name was suggested by Simon Marius soon after Callisto's discovery. Marius attributed the suggestion to Johannes Kepler.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: However, the names of the Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Callisto is referred to by its Roman numeral designation, a system introduced by Galileo, as or as "the fourth satellite of Jupiter".


title: Callisto (moon)

text: There's no established English adjectival form of the name. The adjectival form of Greek Καλλιστῴ "Kallistōi" is Καλλιστῴος "Kallistōi-os", from which one might expect Latin "Callistōius" and English *Callistóian (with 5 syllables), parallel to Sapphóian (4 syllables) for "Sapphō" and Letóian for "Lētō". However, the iota subscript is often omitted from such Greek names (cf. "Inóan" from "Īnō" and "Argóan" from "Argō"), and indeed the analogous form Callistoan is found.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: In Virgil, a second oblique stem appears in Latin: "Callistōn-," but the corresponding Callistonian has rarely appeared in English. One also sees "ad hoc" forms, such as Callistan, Callistian and Callistean.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto is the outermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. It orbits at a distance of approximately 1 880 000 km (26.3 times the 71 492 km radius of Jupiter itself). This is significantly larger than the orbital radius—1 070 000 km—of the next-closest Galilean satellite, Ganymede. As a result of this relatively distant orbit, Callisto does not participate in the mean-motion resonance—in which the three inner Galilean satellites are locked—and probably never has. Callisto is expected to be captured into the resonance in about 1.5 billion years, completing the 1:2:4:8 chain.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Like most other regular planetary moons, Callisto's rotation is locked to be synchronous with its orbit. The length of Callisto's day, simultaneously its orbital period, is about 16.7 Earth days. Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian equator, with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries. The ranges of change are 0.0072–0.0076 and 0.20–0.60°, respectively. These orbital variations cause the axial tilt (the angle between rotational and orbital axes) to vary between 0.4 and 1.6°.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The dynamical isolation of Callisto means that it has never been appreciably tidally heated, which has important consequences for its internal structure and evolution. Its distance from Jupiter also means that the charged-particle flux from Jupiter's magnetosphere at its surface is relatively low—about 300 times lower than, for example, that at Europa. Hence, unlike the other Galilean moons, charged-particle irradiation has had a relatively minor effect on Callisto's surface. The radiation level at Callisto's surface is equivalent to a dose of about 0.01 rem (0.1 mSv) per day, which is over ten times higher than Earth's average background radiation.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The average density of Callisto, 1.83 g/cm, suggests a composition of approximately equal parts of rocky material and water ice, with some additional volatile ices such as ammonia. The mass fraction of ices is 49–55%. The exact composition of Callisto's rock component is not known, but is probably close to the composition of L/LL type ordinary chondrites, which are characterized by less total iron, less metallic iron and more iron oxide than H chondrites. The weight ratio of iron to silicon is 0.9–1.3 in Callisto, whereas the solar ratio is around 1:8.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto's surface has an albedo of about 20%. Its surface composition is thought to be broadly similar to its composition as a whole. Near-infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of water ice absorption bands at wavelengths of 1.04, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 micrometers. Water ice seems to be ubiquitous on the surface of Callisto, with a mass fraction of 25–50%. The analysis of high-resolution, near-infrared and UV spectra obtained by the "Galileo" spacecraft and from the ground has revealed various non-ice materials: magnesium- and iron-bearing hydrated silicates, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and possibly ammonia and various organic compounds. Spectral data indicate that Callisto's surface is extremely heterogeneous at the small scale. Small, bright patches of pure water ice are intermixed with patches of a rock–ice mixture and extended dark areas made of a non-ice material.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The Callistoan surface is asymmetric: the leading hemisphere is darker than the trailing one. This is different from other Galilean satellites, where the reverse is true. The trailing hemisphere of Callisto appears to be enriched in carbon dioxide, whereas the leading hemisphere has more sulfur dioxide. Many fresh impact craters like Lofn also show enrichment in carbon dioxide. Overall, the chemical composition of the surface, especially in the dark areas, may be close to that seen on D-type asteroids, whose surfaces are made of carbonaceous material.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto's battered surface lies on top of a cold, stiff, and icy lithosphere that is between 80 and 150 km thick. A salty ocean 150–200 km deep may lie beneath the crust, indicated by studies of the magnetic fields around Jupiter and its moons. It was found that Callisto responds to Jupiter's varying background magnetic field like a perfectly conducting sphere; that is, the field cannot penetrate inside Callisto, suggesting a layer of highly conductive fluid within it with a thickness of at least 10 km. The existence of an ocean is more likely if water contains a small amount of ammonia or other antifreeze, up to 5% by weight. In this case the water+ice layer can be as thick as 250–300 km. Failing an ocean, the icy lithosphere may be somewhat thicker, up to about 300 km.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Beneath the lithosphere and putative ocean, Callisto's interior appears to be neither entirely uniform nor particularly variable. "Galileo" orbiter data (especially the dimensionless moment of inertia—0.3549 ± 0.0042—determined during close flybys) suggest that, if Callisto is in hydrostatic equilibrium, its interior is composed of compressed rocks and ices, with the amount of rock increasing with depth due to partial settling of its constituents. In other words, Callisto may be only partially differentiated. The density and moment of inertia for an equilibrium Callisto are compatible with the existence of a small silicate core in the center of Callisto. The radius of any such core cannot exceed 600 km, and the density may lie between 3.1 and 3.6 g/cm. In this case, Callisto's interior would be in stark contrast to that of Ganymede, which appears to be fully differentiated.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: However, a 2011 reanalysis of Galileo data suggests that Callisto is not in hydrostatic equilibrium; its S coefficient from gravity data is an anomalous 10% of its C value, which is not consistent with a body in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus significantly increases the error bars on Callisto's moment of inertia. Further, an undifferentiated Callisto is inconsistent with the presence of a substantial internal ocean as inferred by magnetic data, and it would be difficult for an object as large as Callisto to fail to differentiate at any point. In that case, the gravity data may be more consistent with a more thoroughly differentiated Callisto with a hydrated silicate core.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The ancient surface of Callisto is one of the most heavily cratered in the Solar System. In fact, the crater density is close to saturation: any new crater will tend to erase an older one. The large-scale geology is relatively simple; there are no large mountains on Callisto, volcanoes or other endogenic tectonic features. The impact craters and multi-ring structures—together with associated fractures, scarps and deposits—are the only large features to be found on the surface.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto's surface can be divided into several geologically different parts: cratered plains, light plains, bright and dark smooth plains, and various units associated with particular multi-ring structures and impact craters. The cratered plains constitute most of the surface area and represent the ancient lithosphere, a mixture of ice and rocky material. The light plains include bright impact craters like Burr and Lofn, as well as the effaced remnants of old large craters called palimpsests, the central parts of multi-ring structures, and isolated patches in the cratered plains. These light plains are thought to be icy impact deposits. The bright, smooth plains constitute a small fraction of Callisto's surface and are found in the ridge and trough zones of the Valhalla and Asgard formations and as isolated spots in the cratered plains. They were thought to be connected with endogenic activity, but the high-resolution "Galileo" images showed that the bright, smooth plains correlate with heavily fractured and knobby terrain and do not show any signs of resurfacing. The "Galileo" images also revealed small, dark, smooth areas with overall coverage less than 10,000 km, which appear to embay the surrounding terrain. They are possible cryovolcanic deposits. Both the light and the various smooth plains are somewhat younger and less cratered than the background cratered plains.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Impact crater diameters seen range from 0.1 km—a limit defined by the imaging resolution—to over 100 km, not counting the multi-ring structures. Small craters, with diameters less than 5 km, have simple bowl or flat-floored shapes. Those 5–40 km across usually have a central peak. Larger impact features, with diameters in the range 25–100 km, have central pits instead of peaks, such as Tindr crater. The largest craters with diameters over 60 km can have central domes, which are thought to result from central tectonic uplift after an impact; examples include Doh and Hár craters. A small number of very large—more than 100 km in diameter—and bright impact craters show anomalous dome geometry. These are unusually shallow and may be a transitional landform to the multi-ring structures, as with the Lofn impact feature. Callisto's craters are generally shallower than those on the Moon.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The largest impact features on Callisto's surface are multi-ring basins. Two are enormous. Valhalla is the largest, with a bright central region 600 kilometers in diameter, and rings extending as far as 1,800 kilometers from the center (see figure). The second largest is Asgard, measuring about 1,600 kilometers in diameter. Multi-ring structures probably originated as a result of a post-impact concentric fracturing of the lithosphere lying on a layer of soft or liquid material, possibly an ocean. The catenae—for example Gomul Catena—are long chains of impact craters lined up in straight lines across the surface. They were probably created by objects that were tidally disrupted as they passed close to Jupiter prior to the impact on Callisto, or by very oblique impacts. A historical example of a disruption was Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: As mentioned above, small patches of pure water ice with an albedo as high as 80% are found on the surface of Callisto, surrounded by much darker material. High-resolution "Galileo" images showed the bright patches to be predominately located on elevated surface features: crater rims, scarps, ridges and knobs. They are likely to be thin water frost deposits. Dark material usually lies in the lowlands surrounding and mantling bright features and appears to be smooth. It often forms patches up to 5 km across within the crater floors and in the intercrater depressions.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: On a sub-kilometer scale the surface of Callisto is more degraded than the surfaces of other icy Galilean moons. Typically there is a deficit of small impact craters with diameters less than 1 km as compared with, for instance, the dark plains on Ganymede. Instead of small craters, the almost ubiquitous surface features are small knobs and pits. The knobs are thought to represent remnants of crater rims degraded by an as-yet uncertain process. The most likely candidate process is the slow sublimation of ice, which is enabled by a temperature of up to 165 K, reached at a subsolar point. Such sublimation of water or other volatiles from the dirty ice that is the bedrock causes its decomposition. The non-ice remnants form debris avalanches descending from the slopes of the crater walls. Such avalanches are often observed near and inside impact craters and termed "debris aprons". Sometimes crater walls are cut by sinuous valley-like incisions called "gullies", which resemble certain Martian surface features. In the ice sublimation hypothesis, the low-lying dark material is interpreted as a blanket of primarily non-ice debris, which originated from the degraded rims of craters and has covered a predominantly icy bedrock.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The relative ages of the different surface units on Callisto can be determined from the density of impact craters on them. The older the surface, the denser the crater population. Absolute dating has not been carried out, but based on theoretical considerations, the cratered plains are thought to be ~4.5 billion years old, dating back almost to the formation of the Solar System. The ages of multi-ring structures and impact craters depend on chosen background cratering rates and are estimated by different authors to vary between 1 and 4 billion years.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide. It was detected by the "Galileo" Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) from its absorption feature near the wavelength 4.2 micrometers. The surface pressure is estimated to be 7.5 picobar (0.75 μPa) and particle density 4 cm. Because such a thin atmosphere would be lost in only about 4 days "(see atmospheric escape)", it must be constantly replenished, possibly by slow sublimation of carbon dioxide ice from Callisto's icy crust, which would be compatible with the sublimation–degradation hypothesis for the formation of the surface knobs.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Callisto's ionosphere was first detected during "Galileo" flybys; its high electron density of 7–17 cm cannot be explained by the photoionization of the atmospheric carbon dioxide alone. Hence, it is suspected that the atmosphere of Callisto is actually dominated by molecular oxygen (in amounts 10–100 times greater than ). However, oxygen has not yet been directly detected in the atmosphere of Callisto. Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) placed an upper limit on its possible concentration in the atmosphere, based on lack of detection, which is still compatible with the ionospheric measurements. At the same time, HST was able to detect condensed oxygen trapped on the surface of Callisto.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Atomic hydrogen has also been detected in Callisto's atmosphere via recent analysis of 2001 Hubble Space Telescope data. Spectral images taken on 15 and 24 December 2001 were re-examined, revealing a faint signal of scattered light that indicates a hydrogen corona. The observed brightness from the scattered sunlight in Callisto's hydrogen corona is approximately two times larger when the leading hemisphere is observed. This asymmetry may originate from a different hydrogen abundance in both leading and trailing hemispheres. However, this hemispheric difference in Callisto's hydrogen corona brightness is likely to originate from the extinction of the signal in the Earth's geocorona, which is greater when the trailing hemisphere is observed.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: In recent years, attempts have been made to model Callisto’s atmosphere to gain better understanding of impact of collisional molecular interactions. The modelling of Callisto’s atmosphere consisted of a kinectic method to simulate the collisions that take place between the constituent elements of the moon’s atmosphere. Supported by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Solar System Exploration Division, a team of researchers at the Center for Space Science at NYU Abu Dhabi simulated Callisto’s environments on a single component and multi-component basis of radiolytic volatile compounds. The constituent elements considered during the simulation are those previously mentioned and observed in Callisto’s atmosphere by the Hubble Space Telescope: carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen, and molecular hydrogen. Within the molecular kinetics model used for simulation, the seemingly high atmospheric density of Callisto can be described by the thermal accommodation and desorption of the compounds listed above. This thermal desorption is proposed to be a product of solar exposure, with high variation in temperature observed during the day and night cycle of the prospective moon. By using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, energy exchange between dynamic molecular gas is evaluated with computational particle physics. Due to the transition from collisional to collision-less interactions, the DSMC method can describe Callisto’s atmosphere with relative accuracy. Each particle of the radiolytic volatiles were evaluated with factors such as initial position, velocity, and internal energy in mind. Given that the method is transient by nature, atmospheric collisions and thermal desorption take effect until each radiolytic volatile compound exhibits steady state properties at the macroscopic level. Radiative heating and cooling of the atmosphere is evaluated at noon and midnight, times that describe when the respective heat transfer are at the maximum for each end of the scale. It is important to note that these simulations are performed under the assumption that the carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen found in Callisto’s atmosphere thermally desorb into the moon’s regolith, and all thermal dynamics shown are only represented by molecular kinetic interaction. In an evaluation of the data presented throughout the simulation, the density of Callisto’s atmosphere can be described by the trapping of hydrogen gas by way of molecular interaction with the heavier gases, namely carbon dioxide and oxygen. The three radiolytic volatiles are presumed to be present throughout the moon’s surface and are expelled by means of thermal excitation. Once the compounds are heated, they begin to radiate outward from the surface of the moon. Due to hydrogen’s lighter nature, it is observed that it is the primary constituent involved in molecular collision, attempting to escape through the macroscopic cracks between the heavier constituents. This simulation provides closer insight into how these kinetic interactions between molecules influence the excitation of each constituent and how it affects Callisto’s atmosphere. Although the simulations are limiting in terms of variables considered, it is concluded that the molecular kinetics model used provides simulated densities that correlate to thresholds expected by means of experimental detection.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The partial differentiation of Callisto (inferred e.g. from moment of inertia measurements) means that it has never been heated enough to melt its ice component. Therefore, the most favorable model of its formation is a slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disk of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation. Such a prolonged accretion stage would allow cooling to largely keep up with the heat accumulation caused by impacts, radioactive decay and contraction, thereby preventing melting and fast differentiation. The allowable timescale of formation of Callisto lies then in the range 0.1 million–10 million years.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The further evolution of Callisto after accretion was determined by the balance of the radioactive heating, cooling through thermal conduction near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus convection in the interior. Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all icy moons. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the melting point, due to the temperature dependence of ice viscosity. Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales. It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime. For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid lithosphere with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the endogenic activity on the Callistoan surface. The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there, water ice exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the ice I on the surface to ice VII in the center. The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting differentiation that would have otherwise formed a large rocky core and icy mantle. Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The current understanding of the evolution of Callisto allows for the existence of a layer or "ocean" of liquid water in its interior. This is connected with the anomalous behavior of ice I phase's melting temperature, which decreases with pressure, achieving temperatures as low as 251 K at 2,070 bar (207 MPa). In all realistic models of Callisto the temperature in the layer between 100 and 200 km in depth is very close to, or exceeds slightly, this anomalous melting temperature. The presence of even small amounts of ammonia—about 1–2% by weight—almost guarantees the liquid's existence because ammonia would lower the melting temperature even further.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Although Callisto is very similar in bulk properties to Ganymede, it apparently had a much simpler geological history. The surface appears to have been shaped mainly by impacts and other exogenic forces. Unlike neighboring Ganymede with its grooved terrain, there is little evidence of tectonic activity. Explanations that have been proposed for the contrasts in internal heating and consequent differentiation and geologic activity between Callisto and Ganymede include differences in formation conditions, the greater tidal heating experienced by Ganymede, and the more numerous and energetic impacts that would have been suffered by Ganymede during the Late Heavy Bombardment. The relatively simple geological history of Callisto provides planetary scientists with a reference point for comparison with other more active and complex worlds.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: It is speculated that there could be life in Callisto's subsurface ocean. Like Europa and Ganymede, as well as Saturn's moons Enceladus, Dione and Titan and Neptune's moon Triton, a possible subsurface ocean might be composed of salt water.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: As with Europa and Ganymede, the idea has been raised that habitable conditions and even extraterrestrial microbial life may exist in the salty ocean under the Callistoan surface. However, the environmental conditions necessary for life appear to be less favorable on Callisto than on Europa. The principal reasons are the lack of contact with rocky material and the lower heat flux from the interior of Callisto. Scientist Torrence Johnson said the following about comparing the odds of life on Callisto with the odds on other Galilean moons:


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The basic ingredients for life—what we call 'pre-biotic chemistry'—are abundant in many solar system objects, such as comets, asteroids and icy moons. Biologists believe liquid water and energy are then needed to actually support life, so it's exciting to find another place where we might have liquid water. But, energy is another matter, and currently, Callisto's ocean is only being heated by radioactive elements, whereas Europa has tidal energy as well, from its greater proximity to Jupiter.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Based on the considerations mentioned above and on other scientific observations, it is thought that of all of Jupiter's moons, Europa has the greatest chance of supporting microbial life.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The "Pioneer 10" and "Pioneer 11" Jupiter encounters in the early 1970s contributed little new information about Callisto in comparison with what was already known from Earth-based observations. The real breakthrough happened later with the "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" flybys in 1979. They imaged more than half of the Callistoan surface with a resolution of 1–2 km, and precisely measured its temperature, mass and shape. A second round of exploration lasted from 1994 to 2003, when the "Galileo" spacecraft had eight close encounters with Callisto, the last flyby during the C30 orbit in 2001 came as close as 138 km to the surface. The "Galileo" orbiter completed the global imaging of the surface and delivered a number of pictures with a resolution as high as 15 meters of selected areas of Callisto. In 2000, the "Cassini" spacecraft en route to Saturn acquired high-quality infrared spectra of the Galilean satellites including Callisto. In February–March 2007, the "New Horizons" probe on its way to Pluto obtained new images and spectra of Callisto.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The next planned mission to the Jovian system is the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), due to launch in 2023. Several close flybys of Callisto are planned during the mission.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. At the time ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: In 2003 NASA conducted a conceptual study called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) regarding the future human exploration of the outer Solar System. The target chosen to consider in detail was Callisto.


title: Callisto (moon)

text: The study proposed a possible surface base on Callisto that would produce rocket propellant for further exploration of the Solar System. Advantages of a base on Callisto include low radiation (due to its distance from Jupiter) and geological stability. Such a base could facilitate remote exploration of Europa, or be an ideal location for a Jovian system waystation servicing spacecraft heading farther into the outer Solar System, using a gravity assist from a close flyby of Jupiter after departing Callisto.


title: David Ginola

text: David Ginola-Ceze (born 25 January 1967) is a French former professional footballer who has also worked as an actor, model and football pundit.


title: David Ginola

text: A former forward, Ginola played football for ten seasons in France before moving from Paris Saint-Germain to Newcastle United in the English Premier League in July 1995. He continued playing in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur, Aston Villa and Everton before retiring in 2002. At international level, he made 17 appearances scoring three goals for the France national team between 1990 and 1995.


title: David Ginola

text: Since his retirement from football, he has become involved in football punditry and acting. Ginola is a regular contributor to BBC, BT Sport and CNN. He has hosted "", a program which broadcasts live Premier League matches on Canal+. In January 2015, Ginola attempted to run for the FIFA presidency but withdrew after failing to receive the required backing of at least five national football associations.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola played at club level for Toulon (1985–88), RC Paris (1988–90), Brest (1990–92), Paris Saint-Germain (1992–95), Newcastle United (1995–97), Tottenham Hotspur (1997–2000), Aston Villa (2000–2002) and Everton (2002).


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola made his first senior appearance for Sporting Toulon as an eighteen-year-old in a 1985 2–0 victory away at Metz. He played fourteen times in his first season, and by 1986 he was a regular in the Toulon line-up. In 1988, he moved to RC Paris, where he remained until signing for Brest in 1990. There, he began to impress with his flamboyant style of play. In 1991, he played a crucial role in a landmark victory (3–2) against the side who would go on to sign him, Paris Saint-Germain F.C.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola joined Paris Saint-Germain in January 1992, at a time when it was pushing for major honours with the financial backing of TV channel Canal+. He quickly adapted to the club and became a fan favourite noted for his elegant first touch and flair. His popularity did not suffer any consequence even when he admitted that he supported Paris Saint-Germain's rivals Olympique Marseille as a boy and that he would have joined them rather than PSG. In his first full season (1992–93), Ginola won the Coupe de France (scoring in the final) and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup. At the end of 1993, he was also won the French Footballer of the Year award from the France Football magazine.


title: David Ginola

text: In his second full season in 1993–94, PSG won the second league title of its history, losing only three times. Alongside Paul Le Guen, Bernard Lama and Antoine Kombouaré and coached by Artur Jorge, Ginola provided 13 goals in 38 games, which made him the top club goalscorer.


title: David Ginola

text: The following season, under new manager Luis Fernandez, proved to be less successful in the league, with FC Nantes being crowned champions. Ginola scored 11 times in 28 league appearances. Paris Saint-Germain did shine in the cup competitions though, winning another Coupe de France as well as the first edition of the new Coupe de la Ligue. In the UEFA Champions League, the Parisian club caused a major shock after knocking out 1994's finalists FC Barcelona in the quarter finals, with Ginola playing particularly well. The club was eliminated at the next hurdle by defending champions A.C. Milan.


title: David Ginola

text: In the summer of 1995, Ginola decided to leave France. Known to be a Spanish football enthusiast, he was expected to be snapped up by Barcelona. Furthermore, between 1992 and 1995, his stellar displays in European competitions against the Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona had attracted media attention in Spain, with local media dubbing him ""El Magnifico"".


title: David Ginola

text: In 1995, Ginola joined Newcastle United for £2.5 million. He was signed at a time when manager Kevin Keegan was attempting to turn the club into one of the major forces in English football, and the board was prepared to offer strong financial backing to sign a number of European superstars. Ginola made his debut against Coventry City on 19 August 1995 in a 3–0 win. He scored his first league goal on 27 August against Sheffield Wednesday in a 2–0 away win, and went on to score five league goals in his first season. In the 1995–96, Newcastle finished second, four points behind Manchester United. This was their strongest league performance in decades, and Ginola was an integral part of the team. However, it was a major disappointment that Newcastle had finished second in the Premier League as they had led by up to 10 points as late as January.


title: David Ginola

text: In 1996, Bobby Robson, manager of Barcelona, attempted personally to sign Ginola, but Newcastle refused to allow the transfer. To add to their line-up, Newcastle paid £15m, breaking the transfer record, to sign Alan Shearer. Despite this, Newcastle finished second again, being narrowly overtaken by Manchester United. Halfway through the season, Kevin Keegan suddenly resigned as manager to be succeeded by Kenny Dalglish. Ginola fell out of favour and sought a transfer elsewhere.


title: David Ginola

text: Tottenham Hotspur signed Ginola in July 1997 for £2.5 million, where he was joined by Newcastle teammate Les Ferdinand. In 1999, he was named PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year, while playing for Tottenham Hotspur. During the 1998–99 season, Ginola scored one of his most notable goals, when Spurs played Barnsley in the FA Cup sixth Round. Ginola weaved in and out of a number of Barnsley players and finished in the left side of the net, the only goal of the game. He was the first player in Premiership history to win the award while at a club who finished the season outside of the top four. He also won his only English domestic trophy with Spurs, the 1999 League Cup with a 1–0 victory over Leicester City at Wembley Stadium. Ginola is fondly remembered by Spurs fans for his extravagant forward play and personality off the pitch. He played an integral role in their 1999 League Cup win and scoring a long range goal in a 3–1 win against Manchester United in a previous round. Ginola was inducted into the Tottenham Hotspur Hall of Fame on 11 December 2008.


title: David Ginola

text: In July 2000, Ginola joined Aston Villa for a transfer fee of £3 million. He expressed his disappointment that Tottenham had sold him, saying the news that they had accepted the offer was a "bombshell". Villa manager John Gregory challenged Ginola to prove he could still perform in the Premiership, rather than move to a less demanding league abroad, as Ginola was now in his 33rd year and seemed unlikely to continue at professional level for much longer. After being accused by Gregory of being overweight, Ginola celebrated a goal against Manchester City by taking off his jersey to unveil his toned physique.


title: David Ginola

text: In January 2002, he was banned for two matches and fined £22,000 for stamping on an opponent and disputing his dismissal with the fourth official.


title: David Ginola

text: In 2002, Ginola signed for Everton playing five games for the club before retiring in May 2002, just after David Moyes took over as manager. Ginola was deemed surplus to requirements by Moyes, and made only one substitute appearance from March onwards. His contract was not renewed and Ginola, without a club, retired. He announced his intention to move into either acting or football coaching.


title: David Ginola

text: Although Ginola was a very prominent French player, he did not see much action with the French national team, having been capped only 17 times in his career. In 1987, Ginola played for the France under-21 team at the Toulon Tournament. He was named the tournament's best player after France beat England 4–3 in the final.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola is infamous in France for his mistake in a 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Bulgaria. France needed only a draw in their final group qualifying match on 17 November 1993 to qualify for the finals of the 1994 FIFA World Cup and Ginola had come on as a late substitute for Jean-Pierre Papin. With the score level at 1–1 in the last minute of the match, Ginola overhit a cross intended for Eric Cantona. The ball was collected by Emil Kremenliev, who launched a quick Bulgarian counterattack which resulted in Emil Kostadinov scoring the winning goal. Bulgaria thus won the match 2–1 and qualified for the 1994 World Cup finals at the expense of France.


title: David Ginola

text: In a television interview aired on 18 November 1993, Gérard Houllier, the manager of the France team during its entire 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign, blamed France's 2–1 defeat by Bulgaria entirely on Ginola and described him as someone who had "sent an Exocet missile through the heart of French football" and as the "assassin of the team". After being barracked by French fans and branded as the "assassin of French football" by the French press, Ginola moved to England, signing for Newcastle United. Houllier's successor Aimé Jacquet regularly selected Ginola for international matches, but often used him only as a substitute. Ginola played his last match for the national team in 1995. In April 2012, a French court dismissed Ginola's lawsuit against Gérard Houllier for alleged defamation. In the book "Secrets de coachs (Coaches' Secrets)", Houllier was alleged to have made disparaging remarks about Ginola and to have referred to Ginola in offensive terms, blaming him for misplacing the cross that allowed Bulgaria to launch the decisive counterattack and secure the win over France during the final minute of the 1994 World Cup qualifier.


title: David Ginola

text: As a winger, Ginola was renowned for his "magical" touch on the ball and his ability to get past players from any type of position and then manage to score a goal. His ability to do that was shown in games for Tottenham and Newcastle, with his most memorable goal in Newcastle's 5–0 win over Premier League giants Manchester United on 20 October 1996, becoming a flamboyant part of the memorable "Entertainers" Newcastle side of his era, which also featured other highly acclaimed players including Alan Shearer, Les Ferdinand, Faustino Asprilla, Peter Beardsley and Keith Gillespie.


title: David Ginola

text: In 1999, Dutch legend Johan Cruyff remarked that it was his belief that Ginola was currently the best player in the world. Despite his talent, however, Paul Merson accused Ginola of diving in order to win fouls throughout his career; he was also notorious for his difficult character and lack of discipline both on and off the pitch, which led him to be involved in confrontations with other players as well as some of his managers. As such, his compatriot Eric Cantona criticised him for his poor mentality, despite his technical ability. In 2015, "The Daily Telegraph" placed Ginola at number 15 in their list of "The top 20 overrated football players of all time," describing him as "one of the world's best on his day, but unfortunately his day was very infrequent. Ginola's carefree attitude infuriated most of the managers he worked with, which is partly why he never lasted more than three years at any club. Too often Ginola was a luxury player who struggled for consistency."


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola made his debut as 'Didier the Butcher', the leading part in the Anglo-French short film "Rosbeef". "Rosbeef", a tale of love, lust and a kilo of sausages, premiered during the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. The same year "Rosbeef" won a prize, the 'Prix Coup de Coeur Canal+' at the Festival International de Cinéma et Gastronomie in Dijon. Next he played the title role, Mr Firecul the devil in the British short film "Mr Firecul".


title: David Ginola

text: For his first feature film, "The Last Drop", Ginola was cast as 'Corporal Dieter Max', a renegade German sniper alongside the likes of Agathe de la Boulaye, Michael Madsen, Nick Moran, Karel Roden and Billy Zane. This World War II heist movie premiered in Cannes in 2005 and was released as "Operation Matchbox".


title: David Ginola

text: In 2000, Ginola made a cameo appearance in the first episode of the ITV drama series "At Home with the Braithwaites". In 2003, Ginola played himself, announcing the results for the first Euro Lottery. In 2004, he played the leading role in "The Centre", a BBC television documentary and in 2006 he appeared in the second series of Channel 4's Coach Trip during episode 22, in which he acted as a tour guide of Sainte-Maxime. Later that year Ginola appeared, again as himself, in the ITV series "City Lights".


title: David Ginola

text: In 2008, Ginola appeared in an episode of "Chop Shop" on Discovery Turbo where he had a one-off car designed for his son's birthday and in the same year he appeared as Alexandre, a fashion photographer, in the special edition of the CBS series "The Young and the Restless", shot in Paris to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the show's broadcast in France where it is known as "Les Feux de l'amour".


title: David Ginola

text: Before moving to England, Ginola had already transcended the world of football by featuring in advertising campaigns for the Morgan clothing company and appearing on the catwalk for Cerruti.


title: David Ginola

text: In England, he fronted commercials for a.o. Braun shavers, Carte Noire coffee, Kingston Technologies memory sticks, Ladbrokes sports betting, L'Oréal hair products and Renault cars.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola has featured in EA Sports' "FIFA" video game series; he was on the cover for the International edition of FIFA 97.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola was an ambassador for the Paris 2012 Olympic bid and was also an ambassador for the French Golf Federation in their successful bid to stage the Ryder Cup 2018 in France.


title: David Ginola

text: He is a campaigner for the Red Cross Anti-Landmine campaign and Unesco and was respectively patron and president of the UK based Vision and Sparks charities.


title: David Ginola

text: On 16 January 2015, Ginola announced that he would be running for the presidency of FIFA for which he was paid a £250,000 fee by the Irish bookmaker Paddy Power. He would attempt to raise £2.3 million to fund the campaign for the FIFA presidency through contributions via a crowdfunding program. He started his campaign on the same day by denouncing the credibility of Sepp Blatter’s FIFA before admitting he knew little about the governing body's processes or institutions. The elections to select the next FIFA president would be due on 29 May 2015. Ginola withdrew his candidacy on 29 January, the deadline for candidates to formally submit their nominations, after failing to secure the support of at least five national football associations.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola worked as a football pundit with the BBC, BT Sport, Canal Plus, CNN, Sky Sports and Talksport.


title: David Ginola

text: In 2008, Ginola received a silver medal at the International Wine Challenge for a rosé wine produced at his vineyard in Provence.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola was one of the contestants in the first season of "Danse avec les stars" (a French version of the British TV show "Strictly Come Dancing"). In 2021, he was announced as a contestant on the twenty-first series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" in the United Kingdom. He ultimately ended in 4th.


title: David Ginola

text: Ginola married fashion model Coraline in 1991. The couple have a son and a daughter, Andrea and Carla; they lived near Saint-Tropez. They split and Ginola entered a relationship with model Maeva Denat, with whom he has a child.


title: David Ginola

text: On the afternoon of 19 May 2016, Ginola was playing a charity football match at the home of Jean-Stéphane Camerini (the organiser of the Mapauto Golf Cup) in Mandelieu-la-Napoule in the southeast of France when he suddenly collapsed due to cardiac arrest and then fell into a coma. He was administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the pitch by fellow footballer Frédéric Mendy. Minutes later, a team of medics who had arrived in an ambulance used a defibrillator on him; it took five shocks from the machine to restore normal heart rhythm within 10 minutes. Ginola was airlifted minutes later by a helicopter to the Cardiothoracic Center of Monaco 40 km northeast of Mandelieu, where he underwent an immediate, six-hour, operation. Professor Gilles Dreyfus, who operated on Ginola, said that were it not for Mendy who administered CPR on him he would be dead, or have suffered permanent brain damage. Dreyfus said that Ginola had "very complicated coronary lesions " which required the quadruple heart bypass operation to be performed. The morning after being admitted to the hospital, Ginola woke up "perfectly normally" with no neurological damage and was "recovering well." Prof Dreyfus said Ginola was "very lucky to be alive". On 30 May 2016, Ginola was discharged from hospital and returned home, thanking people on Twitter for their "incredible messages of love and affection".


title: Bladee

text: Benjamin Reichwald (born 9 April 1994), known professionally as Bladee (pronounced "blade" or "blade-ee"), is a Swedish rapper, singer, record producer, designer and member of the artistic collective Drain Gang. His music is characterised by heavily Auto-Tuned vocals, ethereal textures, and experimental qualities.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald has released music through the Stockholm record label Year0001 from his debut album "Eversince" in 2016 through to his most recent album, "Spiderr", in 2022. In addition to his music, Reichwald creates visual art, which frequently appears as cover art for his releases. Reichwald also serves as the creative director for Yung Lean's clothing line Sadboys Gear.


title: Bladee

text: Benjamin Reichwald was born 9 April 1994 in Stockholm, Sweden and was raised mainly in the Skanstull area. It was here where, in 2004, he met fellow Gravity Boys member Zak Arogundade, also known as Ecco2k. The two were classmates and formed punk band Krossad (Swedish for 'crushed') when Reichwald was 13, which led to Reichwald's interest in music.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald released a few tracks in 2011 under the name Ken Burns, but properly began releasing music in 2012. He eventually became friends with Swedish rapper Yung Lean, who was a friend of Reichwald's brother. Reichwald eventually sent a message to Sad Boys member Yung Sherman on SoundCloud, asking to collaborate, which resulted in a working relationship between his own Gravity Boys collective and Lean's Sad Boys Entertainment. Reichwald and Lean then made "Heal You // Bladerunner" from Lean's "Unknown Death 2002" mixtape, which gave him attention from Lean's fanbase.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald released his debut-mixtape, "GLUEE" in 2014 on the Year0001 label which was described as the "summertime anthem for a suburban generation stuck scrolling through Twitter." The mixtape was successful on the audio distribution platform SoundCloud, racking up over 2 million plays. This mixtape, coupled with several singles going viral and features on Yung Lean's debut mixtape "Unknown Death 2002" was able to rocket Bladee into underground hip hop fame.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald released his debut album, "Eversince" on 25 May 2016. The album received mixed reviews from mainstream outlets, but was well received by underground and experimental critics. In 2017, Reichwald teamed up with production group Working on Dying to release his second mixtape, named after the group. The next year his second album, "Red Light", released.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald's third mixtape, "Icedancer", was released 28 December 2018. This album was executively produced by Australian collective Ripsquadd featuring production from Whitearmor and PJ Beats. In April 2020, Reichwald released "EXETER", a nine-song album he recorded whilst in Gotland with Gud. It is the first Bladee project produced by Gud on the Year0001 label.


title: Bladee

text: In July 2020, Reichwald released his third album and second project of 2020, "333" via Year0001. The album was produced primarily by Whitearmor, with additional production coming from close collaborators Gud, Mechatok, and Lusi (Ripsquadd member), as well as Joakim Benon of the Swedish band JJ. Notable is the absence of any vocal features, especially of longtime collaborator and fellow Drain Gang member Ecco2K, who contributed to the previous 3 Bladee albums.


title: Bladee

text: In December 2020, Reichwald released his third and final project of 2020, "Good Luck" via Year0001, entirely produced by Mechatok. Both Reichwald and Mechatok performed all of the tracks on the album as well as an additional set from Mechatok in a livestreamed performance on 10 December, the same day the album was released.


title: Bladee

text: In May 2021, Reichwald released his fourth studio album, "The Fool" via Year0001. The album was executive produced by frequent collaborator Lusi.


title: Bladee

text: In January 2022, Reichwald released the single "Amygdala" in collaboration with Ecco2k and Mechatok. That same year, a collaborative project, "Crest", with Ecco2K was released via Year0001 in March. The project was recorded in Spring 2020.


title: Bladee

text: In July 2018, Reichwald and fellow Drain Gang member Ecco2K walked Alyx Studio's S/S 2019 menswear show in Paris, on invitation from Matthew Williams.


title: Bladee

text: During July and August 2021, Reichwald exhibited his first solo collection of paintings "Real Sprin9" at the Residence Gallery in London.


title: Bladee

text: In September 2021, Reichwald released a capsule Drain Gang collection in collaboration with the American-Swedish clothing brand GANT.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald has described his style as "pain" though saying, as of 2018, he had "evolved into some sort of auto-tuned dark angel". He often experiments, incorporating various genres. He has stated that he finds the process therapeutic.


title: Bladee

text: In an interview with Reichwald, Jack Angell, a music writer for The Fader, described Reichwald's sound as "frostbitten futurism" and remarked that Reichwald's music evokes "a wide spectrum of emotion". He has received attention for his collaborations and live performances with Yung Lean.


title: Bladee

text: Reichwald has cited Chief Keef, Lil B, The Beach Boys, Basshunter, and James Ferraro as influences on his work.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: Kofi Nahaje Sarkodie-Mensah (born August 14, 1981) is a Ghanaian-born American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Kofi Kingston. He also appears on WWE's NXT brand as one-half of the current NXT Tag Team Champions with Xavier Woods in their first reign.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: After graduating from Boston College, he decided to pursue a professional wrestling career, and began performing on the New England independent circuit as a Jamaican wrestler by the name of Kofi Nahaje Kingston. After signing a developmental deal with WWE in 2006, he shortened his ring name to Kofi Kingston. He debuted in WWE in 2008 using the same Jamaican character as he did on the independent circuit. In late 2009, he stopped being billed from Jamaica and dropped the accent, although he kept his ring name. He then started being billed from his home country of Ghana.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: From 2008 to 2013, Kingston became a four-time Intercontinental Champion, a three-time United States Champion, and a one-time World Tag Team Champion with CM Punk. In 2014, he formed The New Day with Big E and Xavier Woods. The trio went on to break the record for the longest tag team championship reign in WWE history when they held the WWE (Raw) Tag Team Championship from August 2015 to December 2016, defending the titles under the Freebird rule. All totaled, Kingston is a 15-time tag team champion in WWE. In April 2019, Kingston defeated Daniel Bryan at WrestleMania 35 to win the WWE Championship, giving him 23 total championships in WWE.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: He is the first, and currently only, African-born world champion in WWE history. His WWE Championship win also made him WWE's 30th Triple Crown Champion and 20th overall Grand Slam Champion (13th under the current format). With his NXT Tag Team Championship win in 2022, Kingston also became a Tag Team Triple Crown Champion, becoming the only person to have won both the traditional and tag team version of the WWE Triple Crown, as well as having the most overall reigns with a WWE-branded tag team championship with 15. With the exception of a few months spent as a villain in 2015 with The New Day, Sarkodie-Mensah has been a heroic character for almost the entirety of his WWE career.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: Kofi Nahaje Sarkodie-Mensah was born in Kumasi, Ashanti on August 14, 1981 to Kwasi and Elizabeth Sarkodie-Mensah. He has a brother, Kwame (who is a Twitch streamer under the name of Temp0), and a late sister, Nana Akua. He moved with his family to the United States and eventually settled in the greater Boston area, where he graduated from Winchester High School in Winchester, Massachusetts and then Boston College.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: Sarkodie-Mensah started training in late 2005 and made his official wrestling debut in 2006 for Chaotic Wrestling, when he faced Evan Siks on June 4 for the PWF Mayhem Heavyweight Championship in a losing effort. He competed primarily in the New England area, including stints in National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) – New England (where he was briefly a member of Barry Ace's "A-List"), Millennium Wrestling Federation (MWF), New England Championship Wrestling (NECW), the Eastern Wrestling Alliance (EWA), and Chaotic Wrestling.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: In September 2006, he signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was assigned to Deep South Wrestling (DSW), a Georgia-based developmental federation. He debuted in the new company, as Kofi Nahaje Kingston, in a dark match loss to Montel Vontavious Porter on September 21. For the rest of 2006 and the beginning of 2007, he appeared in DSW, as well as its Kentucky-based sister promotion Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he was in a tag team dubbed the Commonwealth Connection with Harry Smith.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: In 2007, under the ring name Kofi Nahaje Kingston, he had his first exposure to the main WWE roster, when he worked dark matches on March 5 and 26 before episodes of "Raw" against Charlie Haas and Trevor Murdoch, respectively. When he returned to the developmental federations, he shortened his original ring name to Kofi Kingston and continued to alternate between both ring names throughout his duration there. He also worked live events, defeating Shelton Benjamin on May 5, and Val Venis on May 6. When the Florida-based developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) opened in June, Kingston was relocated there, appearing at their inaugural show on June 26 where he teamed with Eric Pérez against Keith Walker and Rycklon Stephens in a losing effort. Kingston worked there for most of the remainder of the year.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: A series of vignettes for Kingston's television debut began airing on the weekly "ECW on Syfy" television show starting on December 6, 2007. During this introduction phase, his videos, the official website and commentators noted he would be the first Jamaican to wrestle for WWE but he does not have any Jamaican ancestry, nor any connection to Jamaica. He is, however, the first African-born performer in WWE history. He debuted on the January 22, 2008 "ECW" as a face with a win over local wrestler David Owen in Charlottesville, Virginia. After wrestling sporadic matches, Kingston was involved in his first major match, a 24-man battle royal during the WrestleMania XXIV pre-show with the winner receiving an ECW Championship match, but was eliminated by Mark Henry. Kingston remained undefeated in singles competition in ECW for months and was placed into a feud with Shelton Benjamin at the end of April 2008. After two straight losses, Benjamin got a win over Kingston on the May 20 "ECW", ending his undefeated streak. On the June 24 "ECW", Kingston defeated Benjamin in an Extreme Rules match to end their feud.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On June 25, 2008, Kingston was drafted to the Raw brand, as part of the WWE Supplemental Draft. In his first match as a member of Raw roster, and first championship match in WWE, he defeated Chris Jericho for the Intercontinental Championship at Night of Champions, after Shawn Michaels, whom Jericho was feuding with, attacked Jericho's manager Lance Cade. The win made him the first African-born wrestler to hold a championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. Kingston held the championship until SummerSlam, where he and Women's Champion Mickie James both lost their championships in an intergender "winner take all" tag team match to Santino Marella and Beth Phoenix.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: At Unforgiven, he appeared backstage, coming to the aid of then-World Heavyweight Champion CM Punk, who had been attacked by Randy Orton, Manu, and the World Tag Team Champions Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase. Soon after coming to his rescue, Kingston and Punk were paired together more often, and on the October 27 episode of "Raw", the duo won the World Tag Team Championship. He was also involved at Survivor Series in the traditional ten-men elimination tag team match on the side of Team Batista, but was eliminated by Randy Orton. Kingston and Punk lost the World Tag Team Championship to John Morrison and The Miz at a live event on December 13. When asked about his reign with Punk, he stated that "Punk took him under his wing when he didn’t have to and he was always grateful for that friendship". At No Way Out on February 15, 2009, Kingston was scheduled to compete in the World Heavyweight Championship Elimination Chamber but was unable to officially enter the match as he was ambushed by Edge, who took Kingston's place and eventually won the match. On the March 9 episode of "Raw", Kingston defeated Chris Jericho after interference from Ric Flair, to earn a spot in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 25, but the match was won by CM Punk.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: After winning a triple threat number one contender's match the week before, Kingston defeated Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) on the June 1 episode of "Raw" to win the United States Championship for the first time. For the next several months, he went on to defend and retain the title at Extreme Rules, Night of Champions, Breaking Point, and Hell in a Cell, and on several episodes of "Raw", until losing the championship to The Miz on the October 5 episode of "Raw", ending his reign at 126 days.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the October 19 episode of "Raw", Kingston spoke without a Jamaican accent during a televised segment, dropped the Jamaican character and began being billed from his home country of Ghana. At Bragging Rights, Kingston wrestled as part of the Team Raw, which lost the match after Raw teammate Big Show betrayed them by chokeslamming Kingston, allowing Chris Jericho to pin Kingston to pick up the win for Team SmackDown. After Kingston interfered in a match between Randy Orton and John Cena for Cena's WWE Championship match, Orton and Kingston feuded, including a 5-men Survivor Series team against each other where Kingston's team won after he was the sole survivor, last eliminating Orton. and , where Orton defeated Kingston. They also participated in a triple threat match which included John Cena to determined a challenger for the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble, which was won by Orton, who pinned Kingston. He had a title match at Elimination Chamber, but was eliminated by the Champion Sheamus. At WrestleMania XXVI, Kingston was unsuccessful as the Money in the Bank match, which was won by Jack Swagger.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the April 26 episode of "Raw", Kingston was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the WWE draft. He would win a tournament for the vacant Intercontinental Championship on the May 14 episode of "SmackDown". However, moments later, the title win was reversed when the title was returned to the previous champion Drew McIntyre. Kingston would defeat McIntyre for the title at Over the Limit, and retained in a rematch at Fatal 4-Way. On July 18 at Money in the Bank, Kingston lost the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match when Kane grabbed the briefcase. His Intercontinental reign would end on the August 6 episode of "SmackDown", where he lost it against Dolph Ziggler. Kingston would have 3 title rematches at SummerSlam, "Smackdown", and Night of Champions, but he didn't win the title.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On April 26, Kingston was drafted back to the Raw brand as part of the 2011 Supplemental Draft. At Extreme Rules, Kingston defeated Sheamus in a Tables match to win his second United States Championship. On the May 9 episode of "Raw", Kingston successfully defended his championship against Jack Swagger. At Capitol Punishment, Kingston lost the title to Dolph Ziggler. Kingston faced Ziggler in a rematch for the title on the June 20 episode of "Raw" in a 2-out-of-3 falls match, but Ziggler retained the championship as the match ended with Ziggler being disqualified.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the August 22 episode "Raw", Kingston won the WWE Tag Team Championship with Evan Bourne, when they defeated David Otunga and Michael McGillicutty. On the August 29 "Raw", the duo was called "Air Boom", and they had their first successful title defense when they defeated Otunga and McGillicutty in a rematch. At Night of Champions, Air Boom retained their titles against The Miz and R-Truth by disqualification after Miz attacked a WWE referee. At Hell in a Cell and Vengeance, Air Boom retained their titles twice against Dolph Ziggler and Jack Swagger. Bourne was suspended throughout November for his first violation of the company's Wellness policy.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: At Air Boom successfully retained their titles against Primo & Epico. On January 15, 2012, Air Boom lost the Tag Team titles to Primo and Epico at a house show. The following night on "Raw", Air Boom were awarded a rematch but failed to regain the titles. The following day, Bourne was suspended again for his second violation of WWE's Wellness Policy.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: At Royal Rumble, Kingston participated in the Royal Rumble match and although he did not win, he had a stand-out moment when he saved himself from elimination by walking on his hands to reach the ring steps and re-enter the ring. At Elimination Chamber, Kingston failed to capture the WWE Championship after being eliminated third by Chris Jericho. Kingston then began teaming with R-Truth. On the February 27 "Raw", Kingston and Truth failed to capture the WWE Tag Team Championship from Primo and Epico in a Triple Threat Tag Team Match, also involving Ziggler and Swagger. On the April 30 "Raw", Kingston and Truth defeated Primo and Epico to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. At Over the Limit, Kingston and R-Truth successfully defended the titles against Dolph Ziggler and Jack Swagger and then again in a rematch on the May 28 "Raw".


title: Kofi Kingston

text: The following night on "Raw", they successfully defended the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Prime Time Players (Titus O'Neil and Darren Young). At SummerSlam, Kingston and Truth defeated the Prime Time Players to retain the WWE Tag Team Championship. At Night of Champions, Kingston and Truth lost the Tag Team Championship to the team of Daniel Bryan and Kane and failed to regain the titles from the new champions the following night on "Raw". Both Kingston and Truth were defeated by The Prime Time Players in the first round of the Tag Team Tournament to determine the number one contenders for the Tag Team Championships, causing both Kingston and Truth to disband as a team and each returning to being single competitors.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the October 17 episode of "Main Event", Kingston defeated The Miz to win the Intercontinental Championship for the fourth time in his career. Kingston then began feuding with Wade Barrett, when the two were placed on opposing teams in the traditional five-on-five elimination tag team match on November 18 at Survivor Series. Kingston's team, led by Mick Foley, was defeated by Barrett's team, led by Dolph Ziggler, during which he was eliminated by Barrett. The following night on "Raw", Kingston was defeated by Barrett in a non-title match. Kingston, still the Intercontinental Champion, received a shot at the United States Championship on the December 3 episode of "Raw" against Barrett, R-Truth, and the champion Antonio Cesaro in a fatal four-way match, but was unsuccessful after Cesaro pinned Kingston for the win. At , Kingston successfully defended his title against Barrett. Two weeks later on the December 31 episode of "Raw", Kingston lost the Intercontinental Championship to Barrett, ending his reign at 74 days. Kingston received his rematch four days later on SmackDown, but lost the match. On January 27, 2013, at the Royal Rumble, Kingston participated in the Royal Rumble match, and after eliminating Tensai, he was pushed out of the ring, but Kingston jumped on Tensai's back, landed on the announce table and used a commentary chair from John "Bradshaw" Layfield to hop to the ring apron, before being eliminated by Cody Rhodes.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the April 15 episode of "Raw", Kingston defeated Antonio Cesaro to win his third United States Championship but lost it on May 19 at Extreme Rules to Dean Ambrose. On the May 31 episode of "SmackDown", Kingston was written out of television, as he was undergoing elbow surgery and was expected to be out for four to eight weeks. Kingston returned from injury on the August 5 episode of "Raw", defeating Fandango. At Night of Champions, Kingston faced Curtis Axel for the Intercontinental Championship, but was defeated. In the following weeks, Bray Wyatt would start delivering cryptic messages to Kingston after his matches, leading to a match between the two at Battleground, which Wyatt won. On the November 18 episode of "Raw", Kingston teamed with The Miz to face The Real Americans (Antonio Cesaro and Jack Swagger), but they lost after Miz turned on Kingston. This led to a match at Survivor Series, where Kingston was defeated by The Miz. In the upcoming weeks, the feud continued and culminated in a no disqualification match between the two at , which Kingston won.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: At the Royal Rumble on January 26, 2014, Kingston participated in the Royal Rumble match, where he avoided elimination by landing on the crowd barricade and made an 11-foot jump to get back in the ring, but he was later eliminated by Roman Reigns. At WrestleMania XXX, Kingston competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, where he would have a standout moment in the match, getting thrown of over the turnbuckles by Cesaro and to avoid elimination by keeping his toes on the steel steps, he would later be eliminated by Sheamus. At Battleground, Kingston competed in the Battle Royal for the Intercontinental Championship, but failed to win the match.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: During the summer of 2014, Kingston was put in a team with Big E, and Xavier Woods usually as manager. In November, WWE began airing vignettes for Kingston, Woods and Big E, with the stable now being billed as The New Day. The New Day made their in-ring debut on the November 28 episode of SmackDown in a winning effort against Curtis Axel, Heath Slater and Titus O'Neil. They started a brief feud with Gold and Stardust, which Kingston and Big E defeated Gold and Stardust at the pre-show on December 14. At the WrestleMania 31 pre-show on March 29, 2015, they failed to win the WWE Tag Team Championship in a fatal four-way match as well as being eliminated by Big Show in the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the April 6 episode of "Raw", The New Day turned heel, which would mark Kingston's first heel turn in WWE ever since debuting in 2008. At Extreme Rules, Kingston and Big E defeated Tyson Kidd and Cesaro to win the WWE Tag Team Championships. At Payback, The New Day defeated Kidd and Cesaro to retain their titles. At Elimination Chamber, The New Day defeated Kidd and Cesaro, The Lucha Dragons, The Ascension, Los Matadores, and the Prime Time Players to retain their titles in the first ever tag team Elimination Chamber match; all three members were allowed to compete in a pre-match stipulation. However, they lost the titles at Money in the Bank against The Prime Time Players. However, they would regain the titles at SummerSlam. The following night on "Raw", The Dudley Boyz made their WWE return and attacked the New Day with Woods being put through a table with the 3D. New Day lost to the Dudley Boyz via disqualification at Night of Champions but retained their tag team titles. The next month, at Hell in a Cell, they defeated the Dudley Boyz to retain their titles. At , The New Day retained the title against The Usos and The Lucha Dragons in a Triple threat tag team ladder match. The New Day retained the titles at Royal Rumble against The Usos.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: At Fastlane, The New Day turned face by mocking The League of Nations, starting a feud. They retained their titles at Roadblock against The League of Nations. At WrestleMania 32, The New Day were defeated by The League of Nations in a six-man tag team match. The following night on "Raw", they successfully retained their title against The League of Nations, ending their feud. After WrestleMania, they retained their title at Extreme Rules against The Vaudevillains, and at Money in the Bank against Gallows and Anderson, The Vaudevillains and Enzo Amore and Big Cass in a Fatal-4 Way Tag Team match.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, Kingston, along with his fellow The New Day teammates, was drafted to "Raw". Three days later, on July 22, Kingston, along with Big E and Xavier Woods, became the longest reigning WWE Tag Team Champions in history, breaking the record of 331 days previously set by Paul London and Brian Kendrick. After "SmackDown" established the SmackDown Tag Team Championship after the brand split, the titles held by The New Day were renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship. They would retain the titles against Gallows and Anderson at SummerSlam and Clash of Champions. Their reign ended at , where they lost the title to Cesaro and Sheamus, thus ending their record breaking championship reign at 483 days.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On January 29, 2017, Kingston participated the Royal Rumble match in which he was standing on the top-rope when Baron Corbin tried to push him backwards to eliminate him from the match. Instead, he fell directly behind the ring post, grabbed on to the top rope of it and managed to hang on. The New Day were revealed to be the hosts of WrestleMania 33. The night after WrestleMania on Raw, The New Day issued an open challenge to any team which was accepted by The Revival, who were moved up from NXT, and lost to them. After the match, Revival attacked Kofi Kingston. On April 10, it was announced that Kingston had suffered an ankle injury due to the attack of Revival which would require surgery.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On April 11, 2017, The New Day were moved to the "SmackDown" brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. The New Day debuted on "Talking Smack", the post-show for SmackDown Live on May 23, however, they did not wrestle or make an appearance on SmackDown Live itself due to Kingston's injury. The New Day made their official return on May 30 episode of "SmackDown Live", announcing their objective to defeat The Usos and win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. The two teams faced off at Money in the Bank, where Big E and Kingston emerged victorious when The Usos purposely got themselves counted out, thus keeping their titles. A rematch took place at Battleground, where Kingston and Woods were successful in capturing the titles, thus making Kingston the first wrestler to hold the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, Raw Tag Team Championship (both its previous and current incarnations), and the original World Tag Team Championship. A month later at the SummerSlam pre-show, however, The New Day (represented by Big E and Woods) dropped the titles back to The Usos, ending their reign at 28 days. On September 12 at the episode promoted as "Sin City SmackDown", Kingston and Big E represented New Day and defeated The Usos to win back the championship for their second reign in a "Sin City Street Fight", but lost them again to The Usos at Hell in a Cell. On the October 23 episode of Raw, The New Day along with other talent of SmackDown ambushed the Raw locker room. They again appeared on the November 6 episode of "Raw" in the crowd, which led to distraction of Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose and costing them the tag titles. On the November 14 episode of "SmackDown Live", The Shield led an attack with "Raw" Superstars and invaded "SmackDown" similar to the one led by "SmackDown" and attacked everyone including The New Day. At Survivor Series, The New Day was defeated by The Shield. The New Day failed to regain the titles from The Usos at Clash of Champions in a Fatal-4-Way tag team match also involving the team of Rusev and Aiden English, and Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: At the Royal Rumble on January 28, 2018, Kingston entered the match as the 16th entrant, but was eliminated by Andrade "Cien" Almas. At Fastlane, The New Day faced The Usos for the Smackdown Tag Team Championships, but went to a no contest after inference from The Bludgeon Brothers. Two weeks later, it was confirmed that at WrestleMania 34, The New Day would face The Usos and The Bludgeon Brothers in a Triple Threat tag team match for the Smackdown Tag Team Championships. The New Day failed to capture the titles at the WrestleMania, which were won by The Bludgeon Brothers. On the April 11 episode of "SmackDown Live", The New Day were defeated by The Usos in a match to determine which team would challenge The Bludgeon Brothers at the Greatest Royal Rumble event. The New Day competed in a tag team tournament, defeating Sanity in the first round, while The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus) defeated The Usos. The New Day then defeated The Bar the following week on "SmackDown Live" to earn the right to face The Bludgeon Brothers at SummerSlam, where they won the match by disqualification, meaning The Bludgeon Brothers retained their titles. Two days later on "SmackDown Live", however, The New Day defeated The Bludgeon Brothers in a no disqualification match to capture the titles for a third time. At Hell in a Cell, The New Day successfully defeated Rusev and Aiden English to retain the titles. A few weeks later on October 6, at Super Show-Down, The New Day again retained their titles by defeating The Bar. At "SmackDown" 1000, The New Day lost their titles against The Bar. They would fail to regain the titles at Crown Jewel event.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: Two weeks later, they made up part of Team SmackDown in a 5-on-5 tag-team elimination match at Survivor Series, in which they defeated Team Raw. At , The New Day failed to win the championship from The Bar, in a triple-threat tag team match, also involving The Usos. At Royal Rumble, Kingston was eliminated by Drew McIntyre.


title: Kofi Kingston

text: On the February 12 episode of "SmackDown Live", Kingston was selected to replace Mustafa Ali in the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match at the namesake pay–per–view after Ali suffered an injury. While Kingston lost the Elimination Chamber match against Bryan, his good performance during a one-hour gauntlet match at "SmackDown" and the Elimination Chamber translated in a huge support by the public. The following months, Kingston was involved in a storyline during the road to WrestleMania, known as KofiMania, where he tried to win the WWE Championship, but Mr. McMahon put obstacles. At Fastlane, Kingston was apparently granted a title match by McMahon, but it was instead a handicap match against The Bar, which Kingston subsequently lost. After Fastlane, Mr. McMahon told Kingston he would earn a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania if he beat Sheamus, Cesaro, Rowan, Samoa Joe, and Randy Orton in another gauntlet match, but after Kingston succeeded in beating the five men, McMahon inserted Daniel Bryan in the match who would defeat him. In what was the last chance for Kingston, McMahon announced a gauntlet match for Big E and Xavier Woods, who were able to defeat five other teams, including Bryan and Rowan to give Kingston his championship match against Bryan at WrestleMania 35. At WrestleMania, Kingston defeated Bryan and won the WWE Championship for the first time, becoming the first African-born WWE Champion in history, as well as WWE's 30th Triple Crown and 20th Grand Slam champion.