title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: Tips identified Hausner and Dieteman as suspects on July 31, 2006. The most important tip came from Ron Horton, a friend of Dieteman, who said Dieteman had confessed to involvement in the shootings while drinking. Horton was at first uncertain whether Dieteman's confession was serious, but went to police after the shooting death of Robin Blasnek, which he said "affected me quite a bit".


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: On August 3, 2006, police arrested both suspects outside of their apartment in Mesa. On the morning of August 4, 2006, Phoenix police announced that two arrests had been made in connection with the serial shooter. Authorities said they also linked Hausner and Dieteman to two arson fires at Wal-Mart stores on June 8 in Glendale, Arizona, started 45 minutes apart from each other that caused approximately $7 to $10 million in damages.


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: A few weeks prior to his capture, Hausner interviewed former Heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson, as part of his boxing journalist job. Tyson was interviewed by police officers in regards to the interview, of which, he stated, "...he was a small guy, but a nice guy."


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: Hausner was charged with 88 crimes in 5 different indictments attributed to the serial shooter investigation, including 8 murders, 18 attempted murders, 17 aggravated assaults, 26 drive-by shootings, 4 firearms charges, 10 cruelty to animals charges and 2 arson of an occupied structure charges. Hausner was convicted on 6 of 8 murders, and 80 charges overall on March 13, 2009.


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: Hausner's former roommate, Samuel Dieteman, has pleaded guilty to two murders, plus conspiracy to commit some of the other related murders. Dieteman received a sentence of life without parole.


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: On March 27, 2009, Hausner was sentenced to six death sentences. Hausner had instructed his attorneys not to oppose a death sentence, saying his execution would help the victims' families heal. After a mandatory appeal, Hausner waived further appeals and requested to be put to death "as soon as possible."


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: During Hausner's half-hour statement to the jury before sentencing, he apologized to several people including his family and compared himself to Charles Manson.


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: On June 19, 2013, Hausner was found unresponsive in his cell and died later that day. His autopsy revealed no physical trauma. The medical examiner determined that he had killed himself with an overdose of an anti-depressant.


title: Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman

text: Although Hausner was convicted for murdering six people, he is suspected to have killed two more people in 2005:


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Shatrughan Prasad Sinha (born 9 December 1945) is an Indian actor and politician. He is a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Asansol constituency as a member of All India Trinamool Congress (TMC). Earlier he was elected as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha (2009–2014, 2014–2019) from Patna Sahib. He was also a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha during 1996–2002 and 2002–2008. He was a Union Cabinet Minister of Health and Family Welfare and Shipping in the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government. He was a member of standing committee on transport, tourism and culture and member of consultative committee in ministry of external affairs and overseas Indian affairs from 2014 to 2019.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Sinha was born in Patna, Bihar, to Bhubaneswari Prasad Sinha and Shyama Devi Sinha on 9 December 1945. He is the youngest of four brothers – Ram, Lakshman, Bharat and himself. He graduated from Patna Science College with a Bachelor of Science. He had a Diploma in Acting from the Film and Television Institute of India Pune. Currently there's a scholarship being awarded in his name in the institute to Diploma students. He moved to Mumbai, where he started his career in the film industry. He is married to former Miss India Poonam Sinha ("née" Chandiramani).


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Sinha got his first acting opportunity to play a Pakistani military officer in Dev Anand's "Prem Pujari". Subsequently, he got a small role as a police inspector in Mohan Sehgal's "Sajan" in 1969. The release of "Prem Pujari" was delayed, so his first released film was "Sajan". He later appeared in villainous roles in "Pyar Hi Pyar", "Banphool", Manmohan Desai's "Raampur Ka Lakshman", "Bhai Ho Toh Aisa", Sultan Ahmed's "Heera", and in Vijay Anand's "Blackmail".


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: He played supporting roles in many films before appearing in Gulzar's "Mere Apne" in 1971. He was cast along with his future wife Poonam Sinha, then called as Komal, in the movie "Sabak" (1973). He played supporting roles in "Khilona", Dulal Guha's "Dost" in 1974, "Aa Gale Lag Jaa", "Jheel Ke Us Paar" and "Gambler" in 1970. He acted with Amitabh Bachchan in films like "Raaste Ka Paththar", "Yaar Meri Zindagi", "Shaan" and "Kala Paththar", of which "Shaan" was the biggest success. He later acted in "Bombay to Goa", "Dostana" and "Naseeb". His films as the lead hero between 1970 and 1975 were not hits. His first successful film as lead hero was in "Kalicharan" in 1976. Subhash Ghai went with the story of "Kalicharan" to N. N. Sippy and said he wanted to direct his first film. N. N. Sippy got ready to produce after few days, but wanted to cast only Rajesh Khanna in the lead role of "Kalicharan". Then only when N. N. Sippy confirmed with Rajesh Khanna that Khanna did not have dates for the years 1976 and 1977, Sippy asked Subhash Ghai to go ahead with the script and direct "Kalicharan" with Sinha in the lead.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Sinha played the lead hero were "Ab Kya Hoga", "Khan Dost", "Yaaraon Ka Yaar", "Dillagi", "Vishwanath", "Muqabla" and "Jaani Dushman". He then became a bankable action hero from early eighties to mid-nineties. He co-starred with Sanjeev Kumar in "Bereham", "Hathkadi", "Baad Aur Badnaam", "Chehre Pe Chehra", "Hirasat" and "Qatl". He starred in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's "Naram Garam", Brij's "Bombay 405 Miles" and "Taqdeer". He has sung the song "Ek Baat Suni Hai Chachaji" with singer Sushma Shrestha in the film "Naram Garam" in 1981, composed by R. D. Burman. However, when his films as lead hero like Prakash Mehra's "Jawalamukhi", Amjad Khan's "Chor Police", "Ameer Aadmi Garib Aadmi" and Raj Khosla's "Mera Dost Meraa Dushman" became flops, despite being appreciated by critics, there was threat to his career as lead hero. He also produced and acted in the film "Kalka", based on life of coal mine workers, released in 1983.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: He then bounced back by bagging roles in films with lead hero as Rajesh Khanna in films like "Dil E Nadan", "Aaj Ka M.L.A Ram Avtaar", "Maqsad" and "Paapi Pet Ka Sawal Hai". His other hit films in the mid-eighties included "Jeene Nahi Doonga", "Bhawani Junction", "Aandhi-Toofan", "Ramkali", "Ilzaam" and "Asli Naqli". He then went on to star with Jeetendra in "Hoshiyar", "Khudgarz", "Ranbhoomi" and "Mulzim". He co-starred with Dharmendra in "Insaniyat Ke Dushman", "Loha" (1987), "Aag Hi Aag" (1987), "Hawalaat" and "Zalzala". He was in films like "Telephone" (1985), "Sherni" (1988), "Khoon Bhari Maang" (1988) and "Adharm" (1992). He starred with Raajkumar in "Betaaj Badshah" in 1994 and Salman Khan in "Chaand Kaa Tukdaa" in 1994. Sinha credited Rajesh Khanna for getting "Kaalicharan" and for the revival of his career as lead hero in the 1980s, however their friendship got affected when Shatrughan Sinha stood as the BJP candidate against Rajesh Khanna in the 1992 election. Though as a Congress candidate Khanna had defeated Sinha by 25000 margin of votes, Khanna was disappointed at Sinha for standing against him in the elections.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Sinha was selected by Rediff as one of the most unconventional actors in Hindi cinema (the others being Ajay Devgan, Amitabh Bachchan, Irrfan Khan, Rajesh Khanna, Rajinikanth, Shahrukh Khan and Sunil Shetty). In 2008, he became a judge on "The Great Indian Laughter Challenge" show, season 4 on STAR One TV. On 3 October 2009, Sinha appeared on Sony Entertainment Television Asia's show "Dus Ka Dum" season 2 as host for a special episode. He is currently hosting the Bhojpuri version of the popular game show "Kaun Banega Crorepati" on Mahuaa channel.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Sinha entered politics by contesting in a by-election opposite Rajesh Khanna. He quoted in an interview that his biggest regret in his life was contesting election against his friend Khanna. Khanna won the elections by beating Sinha by 25,000 votes; however, he was hurt and never spoke to Sinha thereafter. Sinha did try to rebuild his friendship with Khanna; however, that never happened until Khanna's death in 2012.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: He won the Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar during the 2009 Indian general elections. He defeated another cinema celebrity, Shekhar Suman. Out of a total of 552,293 votes polled, Sinha received 316,549 votes. He won the seat in the subsequent 2014 Indian general elections, as well. In 2014, he received 485,905 from the 813,411 total votes polled.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Sinha became a cabinet minister in the Third Vajpayee ministry from the 13th Lok Sabha, holding two portfolios, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (January 2003 – May 2004), and the Department of Shipping (August 2004). As of May 2006, he was appointed as the head of the BJP Culture and Arts Department.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: On 6 April 2019, Sinha became a member of the Indian National Congress in presence of Congress general secretary K. C. Venugopal and Randeep Surjewala. Sinha became a member of the Indian National Congress Party, having joined them after he was not given a seat for the 2019 Indian general elections by the Bharatiya Janata Party.


title: Shatrughan Sinha

text: In March 2022, Sinha joined All India Trinamool Congress to contest in the By-election for the Asansol Lok Sabha constituency. On 16 April 2022, Sinha won by defeating Bharatiya Janata Party's Agnimitra Paul by a margin of 303,209 votes.


title: Marion Davies

text: Marion Davies (born Marion Cecilia Douras; January 3, 1897 – September 22, 1961) was an American actress, producer, screenwriter, and philanthropist. Educated in a religious convent, Davies fled the school to pursue a career as a chorus girl. As a teenager, she appeared in several Broadway musicals and one film, "Runaway Romany" (1917). She soon became a featured performer in the "Ziegfeld Follies". While performing in the 1916 "Follies", the nineteen-year-old Marion met the fifty-three-year-old newspaper tycoon, William Randolph Hearst, and became his mistress. Hearst took over management of Davies' career and promoted her as a film actress.


title: Marion Davies

text: Hearst financed Davies' pictures and promoted her career extensively in his newspapers and Hearst newsreels. He founded Cosmopolitan Pictures to produce her films. By 1924, Davies was the number one female box office star in Hollywood because of the popularity of "When Knighthood Was in Flower" and "Little Old New York", which were among the biggest box-office hits of their respective years. During the zenith of the Jazz Age, Davies became renowned as the hostess of lavish soirees for Hollywood actors and political elites. However, in 1924, her name became linked with scandal when film producer Thomas Ince died at a party aboard Hearst's yacht.


title: Marion Davies

text: Following the decline of her film career during the Great Depression, Davies struggled with alcoholism. She retired from the screen in 1937 to devote herself to an ailing Hearst and charitable work. In Hearst's declining years, Davies remained his steadfast companion until his death in 1951. Eleven weeks after Hearst's death, she married sea captain Horace Brown. Their marriage lasted until Davies' death at 64 from malignant osteomyelitis (bone cancer) of the jaw in 1961.


title: Marion Davies

text: By the time of her death, her popular association with the character of Susan Alexander Kane in the film "Citizen Kane" (1941) already overshadowed Davies' legacy as a talented actress. The title character's second wife—an untalented singer whom he tries to promote—was widely assumed to be based upon Davies. However, many commentators, including writer-director Orson Welles, defended Davies' record as a gifted actress and comedienne to whom Hearst's patronage did more harm than good. In his final years, Welles attempted to correct the widespread misconceptions the film had created about Davies' popularity and talents as an actress.


title: Marion Davies

text: Marion Douras was born on January 3, 1897, in Brooklyn, the youngest of five children born to Bernard J. Douras, a lawyer and judge in New York City and Rose Reilly. Her father performed the civil marriage of socialite Gloria Gould Bishop. She had three older sisters, Ethel, Rose, and Reine. An older brother, Charles, drowned. His name was subsequently given to Davies' favorite nephew, screenwriter Charles Lederer, the son of Davies' sister Reine Davies.


title: Marion Davies

text: The Douras family lived near Prospect Park in Brooklyn. Educated in the Sacred Heart religious convent near the Hudson River and later a religious convent near Tours, France, Davies was uninterested in her academic studies and very unhappy as a child supervised by Catholic nuns. Her family was close friends with architect Stanford White, and Davies grew up learning about the Evelyn Nesbit sex scandal. As a teenager, Marion left school to pursue a career as a showgirl. When her sister Reine adopted the stage name of Davies after seeing a billboard advertisement for Valentine Davies, Marion followed suit.


title: Marion Davies

text: Davies worked as a chorine starting with "Chin-Chin", a 1914 musical starring David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone, at the old Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia. She made her Broadway debut starring in the show at the Globe Theatre on October 20. She also appeared in "Nobody Home", "Miss Information" and "Stop, Look and Listen". When not dancing, she modeled for illustrators Harrison Fisher and Howard Chandler Christy.


title: Marion Davies

text: In 1916, Davies was signed on as a featured player in the "Ziegfeld Follies". However, she encountered difficulties with her career as a Ziegfeld girl, as her persistent stammer prevented her from pronouncing any lines. Consequently, she was relegated only to dancing routines. While working for Florenz Ziegfeld, a cavalcade of admirers pursued her sexually. She came to loathe young college men: "The stage-door-Johnnies I didn't like. Especially those who came from Yale." During one infamous show starring Gaby Deslys, rowdy undergraduates from Yale pelted Davies and other chorus dancers with tomatoes and rotten eggs to show their displeasure with the performance.


title: Marion Davies

text: While dancing in the "Follies" at the New Amsterdam Theatre in New York City, the teenage Davies was first observed by newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst, who was seated in the front row of the audience. Recalling this first encounter, Davies indicated she was afraid of Hearst initially:


title: Marion Davies

text: Hearst purportedly went to the "Follies" show every night for eight weeks solely to gaze at Davies. Without Davies' knowledge, Hearst clandestinely arranged for an intermediary from Campbell's Studio to invite her to be photographed in ornate costumes such as a Japanese geisha and a virginal bride. While the photos were being taken, Davies realized Hearst was secretly present in the darkness of the photography studio. Terrified, she fled to the dressing room and locked the door. However, Hearst abruptly departed without introducing himself. After months passed, they saw each other again in Palm Beach, but Hearst's wife was present. They did not become intimate until sometime later.


title: Marion Davies

text: After making her screen debut in 1916, and modelling gowns by Lady Duff-Gordon in a fashion newsreel, Davies appeared in her first feature film, "Runaway Romany" (1917). Davies wrote the film, which was directed by her brother-in-law, producer George W. Lederer. She would continue to alternate between stage and screen until 1920 when she made her last revue appearance in "Ed Wynn's Carnival".


title: Marion Davies

text: In 1918, Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Pictures and asked Davies to sign a $500-per-week exclusive contract with his studio. After she signed, 21-year-old Davies and 58-year-old Hearst began a sexual relationship. Using his vast newspaper empire and Hearst Metrotone Newsreels, Hearst decided to promote Davies on an enormous scale. His newsreels touted her social activities, and a reporter from the "Los Angeles Examiner" was assigned the full-time job of recounting Davies' daily exploits in print. Hearst expended an estimated $7 million on promoting Davies' career ().


title: Marion Davies

text: Soon after, Hearst—who was still married to Millicent Hearst—moved Davies with her mother and sisters into an elegant Manhattan townhouse at the corner of Riverside Drive and W. 105th Street. Hearst ensured that, "Marion's new abode was nothing less than a palace fit for a movie-queen—especially since the queen would frequently be receiving the press on the premises." "Cecilia of the Pink Roses" in 1918 was her first film, backed by Hearst. He next secured Cosmopolitan's distribution deals, first with Paramount Pictures, then with Samuel Goldwyn Productions, and with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Marion Davies

text: During the next ten years, Davies appeared in 29 films, an average of almost three films a year. One of her best known roles was as Mary Tudor in "When Knighthood Was in Flower" (1922), directed by Robert G. Vignola, with whom she collaborated on several films. The 1922–23 period may have been her most successful as an actress, with both "When Knighthood Was in Flower" and "Little Old New York" ranking among the top three box-office hits of those years. She was named the number one female box-office star by theater owners and crowned "Queen of the Screen" at their 1924 Hollywood convention. Other hit silent films included: "Beverly of Graustark", "The Cardboard Lover", "Enchantment", "The Bride's Play", "Lights of Old Broadway", "Zander the Great", "The Red Mill", "Yolanda", "Beauty's Worth", and "The Restless Sex".


title: Marion Davies

text: In 1926, Hearst's wife Millicent Hearst moved to New York, and Hearst and Davies moved to the palatial Hearst Castle in San Simeon, California, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Upon visiting the sprawling Hearst Castle with its Greek statues and celestial suites, playwright George Bernard Shaw reportedly quipped: "This is what God would have built if he had the money." When not holding court at San Simeon, Hearst and Davies resided at Marion's equally luxurious beach house in Santa Monica, at Hearst's rustic Wyntoon estate in Northern California, and St Donat's Castle in Wales. During the heyday of the Jazz Age, the couple spent much of their time entertaining and holding extravagant soirees with famous guests, including many Hollywood actors and political figures. Frequent habitues and occasional visitors included Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Harpo Marx, Clark Gable, Calvin Coolidge, Winston Churchill, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earheart, among others.


title: Marion Davies

text: As the years passed, Hearst's relentless efforts to promote Davies' career purportedly had a detrimental effect. According to Davies, Hearst grandiosely advertised her latest films with "signs all over New York City and pictures in the papers ... I thought it got to be a little too much." Such unceasing publicity irritated the public. "In New York city there were big signs, blocks and blocks of signs," Davies recalled, "and people got so tired of the name Marion Davies that they would actually insult me." In her published memoirs "The Times We Had", Davies concluded that such over-the-top promotion of her film career likely did more harm than good.


title: Marion Davies

text: Hearst's jealousy also interfered with Davies' career, especially in her earlier films and her stage roles. According to Davies, he often vetoed the casting of attractive leading men and typically would not permit her to be embraced on the screen or in stage plays. In her memoirs, Davies claimed to have repeatedly assailed Hearst's jealous stewardship in vain: "Everyone has to do a little embrace in pictures, just for the audience's sake," she told him. However, Hearst would not relent. Consequently, many of her earlier pictures were regarded as sexless and featured "no kissing at all" even when a kiss was needed for a happy ending. Hearst insisted on personally rewriting Davies' film scripts, and his constant meddling often exasperated film directors such as Lloyd Bacon.


title: Marion Davies

text: Hearst further hindered Davies' career by insisting she star only in costume dramas in which she often played "a doll-sweetheart out of the 1890s, in the manner of D. W. Griffith heroines". Davies herself was more inclined to develop her comic talents alongside her friends Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford at United Artists, but Hearst pointedly discouraged this. He preferred seeing her in expensive historical pictures, but she also appeared in contemporary comedies like "Tillie the Toiler", "The Fair Co-Ed" (both 1927), and especially three directed by King Vidor, "Not So Dumb" (1930), "The Patsy" and the backstage-in-Hollywood saga "Show People" (both 1928). "The Patsy" contains her imitations, which she usually did for friends, of silent stars Lillian Gish, Mae Murray and Pola Negri. Vidor saw Davies as a comedic actress instead of the dramatic actress that Hearst wanted her to be. He noticed she was the life of parties and incorporated that into his films.


title: Marion Davies

text: The coming of sound made Davies nervous because she had a persistent stutter. Her career progressed, nonetheless, and she made a number of films during the early sound era, including "Marianne" (1929), "The Hollywood Revue of 1929" (1929), "The Florodora Girl" (1930), "The Bachelor Father" (1931), "Five and Ten" (1931) with Leslie Howard, "Polly of the Circus" (1932) with Clark Gable, "Blondie of the Follies" (1932), "Peg o' My Heart" (1933), "Going Hollywood" (1933) with Bing Crosby, and "Operator 13" (1934) with Gary Cooper. During the filming of "Operator 13", Hearst repeatedly caused problems on the set and insisted on directing a scene, much to film director Richard Boleslawski's consternation.


title: Marion Davies

text: At Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Davies was often involved with many aspects of her films and was considered an astute businesswoman. However, her career continued to be hampered by Hearst's insistence that she play dramatic historical parts as opposed to the comic roles which were her forte. Hearst reportedly tried to persuade MGM production boss Irving Thalberg to cast Davies in the coveted title role of the 1938 historical drama "Marie Antoinette", but Thalberg awarded the part to his ambitious wife, Norma Shearer. This rejection followed a previous one where Davies had been denied the female lead in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street", which went to Shearer as well. Despite Davies' friendship with the Thalbergs, Hearst reacted angrily by pulling his newspaper support for MGM and moving Davies and Cosmopolitan Pictures' distribution to Warner Brothers.


title: Marion Davies

text: Davies' first film at Warner Brothers was "Page Miss Glory" (1935). During this period, a personal tragedy occurred in Davies' own life with the death of her vivacious 25-year-old niece, Pepi Lederer. Pepi had been a permanent resident at San Simeon for many years. She was a closeted lesbian who had sexual relationships with actresses Louise Brooks, Nina Mae McKinney, and others. At some point during the affair between Pepi and Brooks, Hearst became cognizant of Lederer's lesbianism. According to Louise Brooks' memoirs, to avoid a public scandal or to forestall blackmail, Hearst arranged for Pepi to be committed to a mental institution for her drug addiction. In June 1935, mere days after her institutionalization, Pepi committed suicide by leaping to her death from an upper floor window of the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles. Hearst purportedly used his press influence to have Pepi's death obscured in the news cycle, and Davies arranged a funeral for her niece at a private chapel.


title: Marion Davies

text: After a brief hiatus because of her niece's suicide, Davies starred in "Hearts Divided" (1936) and "Cain and Mabel" (1936). Her final film for Warner Brothers was "Ever Since Eve" (1937). Mirroring earlier events at MGM, Warner Brothers purchased the rights to Robert E. Sherwood's 1935 play "Tovarich" for Davies, but the lead role in the 1937 film adaptation was given to Claudette Colbert. Hearst shopped Davies and Cosmopolitan for another year, but no deals were made, and the actress officially retired. In 1943, Davies was offered the role of Mrs. Brown in "Claudia", but Hearst dissuaded her from taking a supporting role and tarnishing her starring career. In her 45 feature films, over a 20-year period, Davies had never been anything but the star and, except for uncredited cameo appearances, had always received top billing.


title: Marion Davies

text: In her memoirs, Davies claimed that she and publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst began their sexual relationship when she was a teenage chorus girl. Although they lived together for the next three decades in opulent homes across Southern California and Europe, they never married, as Hearst's wife refused to grant him a divorce. At one point, Hearst reportedly came close to marrying Davies, but decided his wife's settlement demands were too high. Although he was a notorious philanderer, Hearst was extremely jealous and possessive of Davies, even though he was married throughout their relationship. Lita Grey, Charlie Chaplin's second wife, wrote four decades later that Davies confided to her about her relationship with Hearst. Grey quoted Davies as saying:


title: Marion Davies

text: Despite their well-known jealous attachment to one another, both Davies and Hearst had many sexual liaisons with others while living together in San Simeon and elsewhere. Davies had sexual relationships with fellow actors Charlie Chaplin, Dick Powell, and others, while Hearst had a sexual relationship with blonde chorus girl Maybelle Swor. According to Davies' friend and confidant Louise Brooks, Davies was particularly incensed by Hearst's indiscreet relations with Swor. Davies became irate when Hearst's newspapers began openly promoting Swor's career in a nearly identical fashion to their earlier promotion of hers.


title: Marion Davies

text: By the late 1930s, in the wake of the Great Depression, Hearst was suffering financial reversals. After selling many of the contents of St Donat's Castle, Davies sold her jewelry, stocks and bonds and wrote a check for $1 million to Hearst to save him from bankruptcy.


title: Marion Davies

text: Since the early 1920s, there had been speculation that Davies and Hearst had a child together between 1919 and 1923. The child was rumored to be Patricia Lake (née Van Cleve), who was publicly identified as Davies' niece. On October 3, 1993, Lake died of complications from lung cancer in Indian Wells, California. Ten hours before her death, Lake asked her son to announce publicly she was not Davies' niece but her biological daughter, whom she had conceived with Hearst. Lake had never commented on her alleged paternity in public, even after Hearst's and Davies' deaths, but told her grown children and friends. Lake's claim was published in her newspaper death notice.


title: Marion Davies

text: Lake told her friends and family that Davies became pregnant by Hearst in the early 1920s. As the child was conceived during Hearst's extra-marital affair with Davies and out of wedlock, Hearst sent her to Europe to have the child secretly and avoid a public scandal. Hearst later joined Davies in Europe. Lake claimed she was born in a Catholic hospital outside Paris between 1919 and 1923 and was then given to Davies' sister Rose, whose own child had died in infancy, and passed off as Rose and her husband George Van Cleve's daughter. Lake stated that Hearst paid for her schooling and both Davies and Hearst spent considerable time with her. Davies reportedly told Lake of her true parentage when she was age 11, while Hearst confirmed he was her father on her wedding day at age 17, where both Davies and Hearst gave her away.


title: Marion Davies

text: Neither Davies nor Hearst ever addressed the rumors publicly. On news of the story, a spokesman for Hearst Castle commented that, "It's a very old rumor and a rumor is all it ever was."


title: Marion Davies

text: In November 1924, Davies was among those revelers aboard Hearst's steam yacht "Oneida" for a weekend party that culminated in the death of film producer Thomas Ince. Ince purportedly suffered an attack of acute indigestion while aboard the luxury yacht and was escorted off it in San Diego by Hearst's studio manager, Dr. Daniel Goodman. Ince was put on a train bound for Los Angeles. When his condition worsened, he was removed from the train at Del Mar. Dr. T. A. Parker and a nurse, Jesse Howard, provided him with medical attention. Ince allegedly told them he had drunk a strong liquor aboard Hearst's yacht. He was taken to his Hollywood home where he died.


title: Marion Davies

text: Following Ince's death, rumors became widespread that Hearst had caught Ince "pressing unwelcome attentions on Miss Davies and shot him fatally". A variant of this rumor alleged that Davies had a sexual liaison with fellow-guest Charlie Chaplin, and that Hearst mistook Ince for Chaplin and shot him out of jealousy. Chaplin's Japanese valet allegedly witnessed Ince being carried from Hearst's yacht and claimed that Ince's head was "bleeding from a bullet wound". Screenwriter Elinor Glyn, a fellow guest at the party, claimed "everyone aboard the yacht had been sworn to secrecy, which would hardly have seemed necessary if poor Ince had died of natural causes". Years later, Chaplin's wife Lita Grey repeated claims that Chaplin had sexually pursued Marion Davies aboard Hearst's yacht and that a violent altercation had occurred. However, there was never any substantive evidence to support these allegations.


title: Marion Davies

text: After Ince's death, District Attorney Chester C. Kempley of San Diego conducted an inquiry and issued a public statement which declared "the death of Thomas H. Ince was caused by heart failure as a result of an attack of acute indigestion". Despite the district attorney's declaration, and the fact that three physicians and a nurse had attended Ince before he died, the rumors persisted. Consequently, "one can still hear solemn stories in Hollywood today that Ince was murdered" in a jealous dispute over Davies.


title: Marion Davies

text: By 1937, Hearst was $126 million in debt (). Consequently, when Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures folded in 1938, Davies left the film business and retreated to San Simeon. She would later claim in her autobiography that, after many years of work, she had become bored with film acting and decided to devote herself to being Hearst's "companion". However, Davies was intensely ambitious, and she faced the harsh reality at age forty that she could no longer play young heroines, as in her earlier films. Consequently, when drunk at parties in San Simeon, Davies often lamented her retirement and "cursed everyone who felt she had contributed to her ruined career".


title: Marion Davies

text: As the years passed, Davies developed a drinking problem, and her alcoholism grew worse in the late 1930s and the 1940s, as she and Hearst lived an increasingly isolated existence. Although Hearst and Davies "were still playing the gracious lord and his lady, and the guests were still responding with grateful expressions of joy," nevertheless "the life had gone out of their performances". The two spent most of World War II at Hearst's Northern California estate of Wyntoon until returning to San Simeon in 1945.


title: Marion Davies

text: After a long period of illness, Hearst died on August 14, 1951, age 88. In his will, he provided handsomely for Davies, leaving her 170,000 shares of Hearst Corporation stock, and 30,000 he had put in a trust fund he established for her in 1950. This gave her a controlling interest in the company for a short time, until she chose to relinquish the stock voluntarily to the corporation on October 30, 1951 by selling it to Mrs. Millicent Hearst for one dollar. She retained her original 30,000 shares and an advisory role with the corporation. She soon invested in property and owned The Desert Inn in Palm Springs and several properties in New York City, including the Squibb Building at Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, the Davies Building at E. 57th Street and the Douras Building at E. 55th Street.


title: Marion Davies

text: Following Hearst's death, most of Davies' coterie of hedonistic friends gradually drifted away, and "she relied upon one or two companion-nurses to keep the blues away". Eleven weeks and one day after Hearst's death, Davies married sea captain Horace Brown on October 31, 1951, in Las Vegas. Their union was unhappy. Davies filed for divorce twice, but neither was finalized, despite Brown admitting he treated her badly: "I'm a beast," he said. "I took him back. I don't know why," she explained. "I guess because he's standing right beside me, crying. Thank God we all have a sense of humor."


title: Marion Davies

text: Throughout her later years, Davies was "noted for her kindness" and renowned for her generosity to charities. During the 1920s, she had become interested in children's charities, donating over $1 million. In 1952, she donated $1.9 million to establish a children's clinic at UCLA, which was named for her. The clinic's name was changed to the Mattel Children's Hospital in 1998. Davies also fought childhood diseases through the Marion Davies Foundation.


title: Marion Davies

text: In Summer 1956, after many decades of heavy drinking, Davies had a minor cerebral stroke and was admitted to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital. After the stroke, her Hollywood friends noted that "much of her old spirit and fire were gone". She quipped to columnist Hedda Hopper that "we blondes seem to be falling apart". She would never fully regain her health. During this time, many of her friends died, including Louis B. Mayer and Norma Talmadge. Their deaths convinced Davies that she would soon pass as well.


title: Marion Davies

text: Three years later, during a dental examination in February 1959, a growth was discovered on her jaw. Not long afterwards, Davies was diagnosed with cancer. Davies made her last public appearance on January 10, 1960, on an NBC television special titled "Hedda Hopper's Hollywood". During this same period, Joseph P. Kennedy rented Davies' mansion and worked from behind the scenes to secure his son John F. Kennedy's nomination during the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. When Joseph P. Kennedy learned Davies was dying of cancer, he "had three cancer specialists flown out" to examine her.


title: Marion Davies

text: In Spring 1961, Davies underwent surgery for malignant osteomyelitis. Twelve days after the operation, she fell in her hospital room and broke her leg. Her health failed rapidly over the following summer. Davies died of the malignant osteomyelitis on September 22, 1961, in Hollywood. Over 200 mourners and many Hollywood celebrities, including her friends Mary Pickford, Harold Lloyd, Charles "Buddy" Rogers, Glenn Ford, Kay Williams, and Johnny Weissmuller attended her funeral at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Church in Hollywood. Davies was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. She left an estate estimated at $20 million ().


title: Marion Davies

text: According to biographers, the release of Orson Welles's "Citizen Kane" (1941) destroyed Davies' reputation. Film audiences mistakenly assumed Davies was the unalloyed inspiration for the character of Susan Alexander in the film, which was based loosely on Hearst's life. Many viewers, including journalists, "assumed that the powerful publisher Charles Kane in the film was Mr. Hearst, the huge castle Xanadu was in reality Mr. Hearst's fabulous estate San Simeon and the blonde young singer he tried to turn into a diva, although she had no voice, was in reality Miss Davies".


title: Marion Davies

text: Consequently, a retroactive myth soon developed that Davies was "not a great actress and the films she made were not among the more impressive or profitable releases". By the time of her prolonged death from cancer, press obituaries erroneously depicted Davies to have been an extremely mediocre and unpopular actress during her lifetime. However, contrary to the retroactive myth that Davies' films were neither popular nor profitable, most of Davies' films made money, and she remained a popular star for most of her career. She was the number one female box office star of 1922–23 because of the enormous popularity of 1922's "When Knighthood Was in Flower" and 1923's "Little Old New York", which ranked among the biggest box-office hits of 1922 and 1923, respectively.


title: Marion Davies

text: Over time, the popular association with the character of Susan Alexander Kane led to later revisionist portrayals of Davies as a talentless opportunist. In his later years, Orson Welles attempted to correct the widespread misconceptions which "Citizen Kane" had created about Davies' popularity and talents as an actress. In his foreword to Davies' autobiography, "The Times We Had" (published posthumously in 1975), Welles wrote that the fictional Susan Alexander Kane bears no resemblance to Davies:


title: Marion Davies

text: Welles told filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich that Samuel Insull's construction of the Chicago Opera House, and Harold Fowler McCormick's lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife Ganna Walska, were the actual influences for the Susan Alexander character in the "Citizen Kane" screenplay. "As for Marion," Welles said, "she was an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie ... Marion was much better than Susan—whom people wrongly equated with her".


title: Marion Davies

text: Several decades after her death, a critical reassessment of Davies occurred as the result of greater availability of her notable films such as "When Knighthood Was in Flower", "Beauty's Worth", "The Bride's Play", "Enchantment", "The Restless Sex", "April Folly", and "Buried Treasure". This availability allowed for a more accurate evaluation of Davies' as an actress. In the 1970s, film critic Pauline Kael attempted to rehabilitate Davies' legacy and noted that her reputation had been unfairly maligned. Gradually, the consensus among film critics became more appreciative of her efforts, particularly in comedy. According to biographers, "if Hearst had allowed her great talents as a mime and comic to come to full flower in a long series of comedies as bright as her "Show People" and "The Patsy", her screen reputation could not have been so readily damaged by the controversy surrounding "Citizen Kane"".


title: Marion Davies

text: Since her death in 1961, different actresses have portrayed Davies in a variety of media. In 1985, Davies was portrayed by 23-year-old Virginia Madsen in the ABC telefilm "The Hearst and Davies Affair" with Robert Mitchum as Hearst. ABC inaccurately marketed the film as "the scandalous love affair between one of the richest and most powerful men in America and the obscure Ziegfeld girl he promoted to stardom". To prepare for the role, Madsen "screened Davies' movies, read books, hunted up a collector of Davies memorabilia and even interviewed the actress' stand-in". In the process, Madsen became a Davies fan and said she felt she had inadvertently portrayed her as a stereotype, rather than as a real person. In subsequent decades, Davies was portrayed by Heather McNair in "Chaplin" (1992) and by Gretchen Mol in "Cradle Will Rock" (1999).


title: Marion Davies

text: The 1999 HBO movie "RKO 281" focuses on the production of "Citizen Kane" and Hearst's efforts to prevent its release, with Melanie Griffith portraying Davies. The movie depicts Davies growing irritated with Hearst's lifestyle and political views.


title: Marion Davies

text: In 2001, director Peter Bogdanovich's film "The Cat's Meow" debuted with 19-year-old Kirsten Dunst starring as Davies. Dunst's performance interpreted Davies as "a spoiled ingenue" who was the ambivalent "lover to two very different men". The film was based upon unsubstantiated rumors concerning the Thomas Ince scandal, which was dramatized in the play "The Cat's Meow" and then adapted into the movie. That same year, a documentary film "Captured on Film: The True Story of Marion Davies" (2001) premiered on Turner Classic Movies.


title: Marion Davies

text: In 2004, the story of William Randolph Hearst and Davies was made into a musical titled "WR and Daisy", with book and lyrics by Robert and Phyllis White and music by Glenn Paxton. It was performed in 2004 by Theater West, and in 2009 and 2010 at the Annenberg Community Beach House in Santa Monica, California, the estate built by Hearst for Davies in the 1920s.


title: Marion Davies

text: Amanda Seyfried is the latest actress to portray Davies in the 2020 Netflix film "Mank" about Herman J. Mankiewicz, the screenwriter of "Citizen Kane". Seyfried was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.


title: Kulak

text: Kulak (; ; plural: кулаки́, "kulakí", 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul () or golchomag (, plural: ), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over of land towards the end of the Russian Empire. In the early Soviet Union, particularly in Soviet Russia and Azerbaijan, "kulak" became a vague reference to property ownership among peasants who were considered hesitant allies of the Bolshevik Revolution. In Ukraine during 1930–1931, there also existed a term of pidkurkulnyk (almost wealthy peasant); these were considered "sub-kulaks".


title: Kulak

text: "Kulak" originally referred to former peasants in the Russian Empire who became wealthier during the Stolypin reform of 1906 to 1914, which aimed to reduce radicalism amongst the peasantry and produce profit-minded, politically conservative farmers. During the Russian Revolution, "kulak" was used to chastise peasants who withheld grain from the Bolsheviks. According to Marxist–Leninist political theories of the early 20th century, the kulaks were considered class enemies of the poorer peasants. Vladimir Lenin described them as "bloodsuckers, vampires, plunderers of the people and profiteers, who fatten themselves during famines", declaring revolution against them to liberate poor peasants, farm laborers, and proletariat (the much smaller class of urban and industrial workers).


title: Kulak

text: During the first five-year plan, Joseph Stalin's all-out campaign to take land ownership and organisation away from the peasantry meant that, according to historian Robert Conquest, "peasants with a couple of cows or five or six acres [~2 ha] more than their neighbors" were labeled "kulaks". In 1929, Soviet officials officially classified kulaks according to subjective criteria, such as the use of hired labour. Under dekulakization, government officials seized farms and killed most resisters, deported others to labor camps, and drove many others to migrate to the cities following the loss of their property to the collectives.


title: Kulak

text: The Stolypin reform created a new class of landowners by allowing peasants to acquire plots of land on credit from the large estate owners. They were to repay the credit (a kind of mortgage loan) from their farm earnings. By 1912, 16% of peasants (up from 11% in 1903) had relatively large endowments of over per male family member (a threshold used in statistics to distinguish between middle-class and prosperous farmers, i.e. the kulaks). At that time, an average farmer's family had 6 to 10 children. The number of such farmers amounted to 20% of the rural population, producing almost 50% of marketable grain.


title: Kulak

text: Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks considered only "batraks" and "bednyaks" as true allies of the Soviets and proletariat; "serednyaks" were considered unreliable, hesitating allies, and "kulaks" were identified as class enemies, with the term generally referring to "peasant producers who hired labourers or exploited their neighbours in some other way" according to historian Robert W. Davies. Robert Conquest argues that the definition of a kulak was later expanded to include those peasants who owned livestock; however, a middle peasant who did not hire laborers and was little engaged in trade "might yet (if he had a large family) hold three cows and two horses."


title: Kulak

text: There were other measures that indicated the kulaks as not being especially prosperous. Both peasants and Soviet officials were uncertain as to who constituted a "kulak"; they often used the term to label anyone who had more property than was considered normal according to subjective criteria, and personal rivalries also played a part in the classification of people as enemies. Officials arbitrarily applied the definition and abused their power. Conquest wrote: "The land of the landlords had been spontaneously seized by the peasantry in 1917–18. A small class of richer peasants with around had then been expropriated by the Bolsheviks. Thereafter a Marxist conception of class struggle led to an almost totally imaginary class categorization being inflicted in the villages, where peasants with a couple of cows or five or six acres [about 2 ha] more than their neighbors were now being labeled 'kulaks,' and a class war against them was being declared."


title: Kulak

text: In the summer of 1918, Moscow sent armed detachments to the villages and ordered them to seize grain. Peasants who resisted the seizures were labeled "kulaks". According to Richard Pipes, "the Communists declared war on the rural population for two purposes: to forcibly extract food for growing industry (so-called First five-year plan) in cities and the Red Army and insinuate their authority into the countryside, which remained largely unaffected by the Bolshevik coup." A large-scale revolt ensued, and it was during this period in August 1918 that Vladimir Lenin sent a directive known as Lenin's Hanging Order: "Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers. ... Do it in such a way that for hundreds of versts [kilometers] around the people will see, tremble, know, shout: they are strangling and will strangle to death the bloodsucker kulaks."


title: Kulak

text: The average value of the goods which were confiscated from the kulaks during the policy of dekulakization () at the beginning of the 1930s was only 170–400 rubles (US$90–210) per household. During the height of Collectivization in the Soviet Union in the early 1930s, people who were identified as kulaks were subjected to deportation and extrajudicial punishments. They were frequently murdered in local campaigns of violence, while others were formally executed after they were convicted of being kulaks.


title: Kulak

text: In May 1929, the Sovnarkom issued a decree which formalised the notion of 'kulak household' (), according to which any of the following criteria defined a person as a "kulak":


title: Kulak

text: In 1930, this list was expanded so it could include people who were renting industrial plants, e.g. sawmills, or people who rented land to other farmers. At the same time, the ispolkoms (executive committees of local Soviets) of republics, oblasts, and krais were granted the right to add other criteria to the list so other people could be classified as kulaks, depending on local conditions.


title: Kulak

text: In July 1929, official Soviet policy continued to state that the kulaks should not be terrorized and should be enlisted into the collective farms, but Stalin disagreed: "Now we have the opportunity to carry out a resolute offensive against the kulaks, break their resistance, eliminate them as a class and replace their production with the production of kolkhozes and sovkhozes." A decree by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on 5 January 1930 was titled "On the pace of collectivization and state assistance to collective-farm construction." The official goal of "kulak liquidation" came without precise instructions, and encouraged local leaders to take radical action, which resulted in physical elimination. The campaign to "liquidate the kulaks as a class" constituted the main part of Stalin's social engineering policies in the early 1930s. Andrei Suslov argues that the seizure of peasants' property led directly to the destruction of an entire social group, that of the peasant‐owners.


title: Kulak

text: On 30 January 1930, the Politburo approved the dissolving of the kulaks as a class. Three categories of kulaks were distinguished: kulaks who were supposed to be sent to the Gulags, kulaks who were supposed to be relocated to distant provinces, such as the north Urals and Kazakhstan, kulaks who were supposed to be sent to other areas within their home provinces. The peasantry were required to relinquish their farm animals to government authorities. Many chose to slaughter their livestock rather than give them up to collective farms. In the first two months of 1930, peasants killed millions of cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and goats, with the meat and hides being consumed and bartered. For instance, the Soviet Party Congress reported in 1934 that 26.6 million head of cattle and 63.4 million sheep had been lost. In response to the widespread slaughter, the Sovnarkom issued decrees to prosecute "the malicious slaughtering of livestock" (). Stalin ordered severe measures to end kulak resistance. In 1930, he declared: "In order to oust the 'kulaks' as a class, the resistance of this class must be smashed in open battle and it must be deprived of the productive sources of its existence and development. ... That is a turn towards the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class."


title: Kulak

text: From 1929–1933, the grain quotas were artificially heightened. Peasants attempted to hide the grain and bury it. According to historian Robert Conquest, every brigade was equipped with a long iron bar which it would use to probe the ground for grain caches and peasants who did not show signs of starvation were especially suspected of hiding food. Conquest states: "When the snow melted true starvation began. People had swollen faces and legs and stomachs. They could not contain their urine... And now they ate anything at all. They caught mice, rats, sparrows, ants, earthworms. They ground up bones into flour, and did the same with leather and shoe soles ... ."


title: Kulak

text: The party activists who helped the State Political Directorate (the secret police) with arrests and deportations were, in the words of Vasily Grossman, "all people who knew one another well, and knew their victims, but in carrying out this task they became dazed, stupefied." Grossman commented: "They would threaten people with guns, as if they were under a spell, calling small children 'kulak bastards,' screaming 'bloodsuckers!' ... They had sold themselves on the idea that so-called 'kulaks' were pariahs, untouchables, vermin. They would not sit down at a 'parasite's' table; the 'kulak' child was loathsome, the young 'kulak' girl was lower than a louse." Party activists brutalizing the starving villagers fell into cognitive dissonance, rationalizing their actions through ideology. Lev Kopelev, who later became a Soviet dissident, explained: "It was excruciating to see and hear all of this. And even worse to take part in it. ... And I persuaded myself, explained to myself. I mustn't give in to debilitating pity. We were realizing historical necessity. We were performing our revolutionary duty. We were obtaining grain for the socialist fatherland. For the Five-Year Plan."


title: Kulak

text: Stalin issued an order for the kulaks "to be liquidated as a class"; according to Roman Serbyn, this was the main cause of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 and was a genocide, while other scholars disagree and propose more than one cause. This famine has complicated attempts to identify the number of deaths arising from the executions of kulaks. A wide range of death tolls has been suggested, from as many as six million as suggested by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, to the much lower number of 700,000 as estimated by Soviet sources. According to data from the Soviet archives, which were only published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931. Books which are based on these sources have stated that 1,317,022 people reached the final destinations. The fate of the remaining 486,370 people cannot be verified. Deportations continued on a smaller scale after 1931. The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who died in labor colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521. Former kulaks and their families made up the majority of the victims of the Great Purge of the late 1930s, with 669,929 people arrested and 376,202 people executed.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Richard Allen Jefferson Jr. (born June 21, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player who is a sports analyst on ESPN. He played college basketball with the Arizona Wildcats. Jefferson was drafted in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft with the 13th overall pick , and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team in his first season with the New Jersey Nets (now known as the Brooklyn Nets). He won an NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016. He was also a member of the United States national team that won a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson was born in Los Angeles and was raised in Phoenix. His mother and step-father were both Christian missionaries, and he moved around frequently growing up. He attended Moon Valley High School in West Phoenix, where he was an integral part of the varsity basketball team that won the 4A State Championship in 1998.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson played college basketball at the University of Arizona, under Hall of Fame coach Lute Olson from 1998 to 2001. During his 84-game career (77 starts), Jefferson averaged 11.2 points, 5.0 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game. He capped his career by being part of the Arizona team that advanced to the 2001 national championship game where the Wildcats fell to Duke. Along the way, Jefferson was an all-Midwest Regional and all-Final Four selection. He was inducted into the Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor during the 2012 Pac-12 Conference men's basketball tournament, March 10, 2012.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson played seven seasons with the New Jersey Nets and was a key element of their back-to-back Eastern Conference Championship teams of 2002 and 2003. In addition, Jefferson was a member of the USA Men's Olympic basketball team in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Jefferson competed in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 2003.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson began his career as a substitute small forward for Keith Van Horn and showed great defensive skills and all-around ability. Because of his potential, and Van Horn's conflict with power forward Kenyon Martin, the Nets traded Van Horn to the Philadelphia 76ers and trusted Jefferson as a starter. Jefferson blossomed in the role, becoming a good mid- and long-range shooter in addition to his slashing ability. On August 13, 2004, Jefferson signed a six-year, $78,000,000 contract extension with the Nets.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson missed the majority of the 2004–05 regular season after rupturing a ligament in his left wrist, an injury he claimed occurred when Detroit Pistons guard Chauncey Billups purposely undercut him on a layup attempt during a game on December 27, 2004. Jefferson ended up missing 49 games, but returned to action for the first round of the playoffs against the Miami Heat. Prior to suffering the injury, he had missed only five games in his three NBA seasons. Jefferson had been enjoying his best professional season, averaging 22.2 points, 7.3 rebounds, and 4.0 assists per game. Through the 2005–06 season, Jefferson continued to perform at a high level and established himself as one of the NBA's most versatile players. On January 21, 2007, Jefferson decided to have ankle surgery. After missing around six weeks, he was back in the lineup. His absence proved to be a major setback for the struggling Nets, who surged back into playoff contention once Jefferson returned.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: In August 2007, Jefferson pledged $3.5 million toward the University of Arizona's then-planned basketball and volleyball practice facility, which was eventually named in his honor.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson started the 2007–08 season in the best form of his NBA career. In the first 7 games, he averaged 26.9 points, 5.6 rebounds and 2.4 assists, while also notching up 1.3 steals, 97.1% in free-throws and 49.1% in field-goals. On October 31, in a game against the Chicago Bulls, Jefferson injured his right wrist slightly, thumping his chest following a clutch three-pointer. The Nets went on to win the game in overtime. On December 4 he passed Kerry Kittles to become the Nets' second all-time leading scorer.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On June 26, 2008, Jefferson was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Yi Jianlian and future teammate Bobby Simmons. He was not happy with the trade at first because he planned on being a Net until retirement. However, he later expressed enthusiasm about playing alongside Michael Redd.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On June 23, 2009, Richard Jefferson was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Bruce Bowen, Kurt Thomas, and Fabricio Oberto. On June 30, 2010 Jefferson opted out of his contract with San Antonio and became an unrestricted free agent. On July 23, 2010, Jefferson re-signed with the Spurs.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On March 15, 2012, the Golden State Warriors traded the newly acquired Stephen Jackson for Jefferson, along with a conditional first-round pick.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On July 5, 2013, the Warriors reportedly agreed to trade Jefferson, along with teammates Brandon Rush and Andris Biedriņš, as well as two first round picks and two second round picks, to the Utah Jazz in a three team deal, in which they received Andre Iguodala from the Denver Nuggets. The trade became official on July 10.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On August 5, 2015, Jefferson signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. On October 27, he made his debut for the team, posting ten points, one assist, and one steal in a 95–97 loss to the Chicago Bulls. The Cavaliers finished the regular season with a 57–25 record and reached the 2016 NBA Finals with a 12–2 playoff record. In the third Finals of his career, Jefferson played in every game of the series, including two starts in place of the injured Kevin Love. In Game 3, Jefferson gave the Cavaliers a boost in 33 minutes, scoring nine points with eight rebounds as the Cavaliers cut the Golden State Warriors' advantage in the series to 2–1 with a 120–90 win. Despite falling into a 3–1 deficit, the Cavaliers completed the historic comeback to take the series in seven games, winning Jefferson his first championship.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: After initially considering retirement following the championship win, Jefferson re-signed with the Cavaliers on July 28, 2016, reportedly on a two-year, $5 million contract. The Cavaliers returned to the NBA Finals in 2017, but fell short in their quest for back-to-back titles, losing in five games to the Warriors. In his final game with the Cavaliers, Jefferson logged four points and two rebounds in a 120–129 loss to the Warriors.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On October 14, 2017, Jefferson was traded, along with Kay Felder, two future second-round draft picks and cash considerations, to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for the rights to Sergiy Gladyr and Dimitrios Agravanis. He was immediately waived by the Hawks.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On October 16, 2018, Jefferson joined the YES Network as the Nets' game and studio analyst. He also appears as a basketball analyst on FS1, ESPN, and the Pac-12 Network.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: During the 2017 season, Jefferson began co-hosting the podcast Road Trippin' alongside former Cavaliers sideline reporter and Lakers host Allie Clifton and teammate and close friend Channing Frye. Many of the podcast's first shows featured Jefferson's Cavs teammates and were recorded while on road trips.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: Jefferson dated dancer and cheerleader Kesha Ni'cole Nichols for five years. Jefferson and Nichols were engaged to be married on two occasions, but Jefferson broke off the engagement both times. The couple was scheduled to be married on July 11, 2009 at the Mandarin Oriental; however, Jefferson called off the wedding the night before it was scheduled to occur.


title: Richard Jefferson

text: On July 11, 2022, the NBA announced that Jefferson would be a referee for the second quarter of the Knicks-Blazers game at the 2022 NBA Summer League.


title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) is a senior officer rank in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps), with the pay grade of O-4 and NATO rank code OF-3. Lieutenant commanders rank above lieutenants and below commanders. The rank is also used in the United States Maritime Service . The rank is equivalent to a major in the United States Army, United States Air Force, United States Marine Corps, and United States Space Force.


title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: When introducing a lieutenant commander, their full rank should always be used; however, in general conversation they are usually called "commander" even though they are not "full" commanders (which is one rank higher). Simply "lieutenant" is never used because it is one rank lower.


title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: Promotion to lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy is governed by United States Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980. DOPMA guidelines suggest 80% of lieutenants should be promoted to lieutenant commander after serving a minimum of three years as lieutenants and after attaining nine to eleven years of cumulative commissioned service.


title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: While lieutenant commander is the U.S. Navy's first commissioned officer rank to be selected by a board, lieutenant commanders are still considered to be junior officers due to their origin as "lieutenant, commanding". This can be seen by lieutenant commanders not wearing the headgear embellishment (colloquially known as "scrambled eggs") on their combination covers.


title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: The U.S. Coast Guard used its own rank system until World War I. In 1916, discontent grew among Coast Guard captains: By law, they ranked below a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy despite similar roles and duties. Pursuant to the Appropriations Act of 1918, the Coast Guard adopted the U.S. Navy rank structure to prevent disagreements over seniority.


title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: There are two insignia used by lieutenant commanders. On service khakis and all working uniforms, lieutenant commanders wear a gold oak leaf collar device, similar to the ones worn by majors in the United States Air Force and United States Army, and identical to that worn by majors in the United States Marine Corps. In all dress uniforms, they wear sleeve braid or shoulder boards bearing a single gold quarter-inch stripe between two gold half-inch strips (nominal size). In the case of officers of the U.S. Navy, above or inboard of the stripes, they wear their specialty insignia, notably a star for officers of the line, crossed oak leaves for Civil Engineer Corps.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Denver Dell Pyle (May 11, 1920 – December 25, 1997) was an American film and television actor and director. He was well known for a number of TV roles from the 1960s through the 1980s, including his portrayal of Briscoe Darling Jr. in several episodes of "The Andy Griffith Show," as Jesse Duke in "The Dukes of Hazzard" from 1979 to 1985, as Mad Jack in the NBC television series "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams", and as the titular character's father, Buck Webb, in CBS's "The Doris Day Show". In many of his roles, he portrayed either authority figures, or gruff, demanding father figures, often as comic relief.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Perhaps his most memorable film role was that of Texas Ranger Frank Hamer in the movie "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967), as the lawman who relentlessly chased down and finally killed the notorious duo in an ambush.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle was born in Bethune, Colorado on May 11, 1920, to farmer Ben H. Pyle and his wife Maude; His brother, Willis, was an animator known for his work with Walt Disney Animation Studios and UPA. After graduating from high school, Pyle briefly attended Colorado State University, but dropped out to enter show business, moving to Los Angeles in 1940. He worked as a drummer and band member until the United States entered World War II. His military service is unclear, and he possibly enlisted in the U.S. Navy or Merchant Marines, or both.


title: Denver Pyle

text: After the war, Pyle embarked on his film and television career. He played many bit parts on television series and movies before starring in several movies and on television during the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle guest-starred 14 times between 1951 and 1953 on the syndicated television series "The Range Rider" with Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones, and appeared as an outlaw in a 1951 episode of the television series "The Lone Ranger" titled "Backtrail", episode 71 "The Outcast", episode 166 "Woman in the White Mask", and episode 187 "Cross of Santo Domingo".


title: Denver Pyle

text: In 1953, Pyle appeared on "The Roy Rogers Show" (S2 E11, "Loaded Guns") as the wrongly accused killer, ranch-hand Tom Larrabee. Also in 1953, Pyle played Emil Hatch in episode 46 of "The Adventures of Superman" entitled "Beware the Wrecker". He had a part in the 1955 Audie Murphy film "To Hell and Back", and appeared twice on NBC's 1955–1956 Western anthology series "Frontier" (in "Mother of the Brave" and in "The Voyage of Captain Castle"). Pyle appeared twice as an unidentified bank robber in Duncan Renaldo's syndicated Western series "The Cisco Kid". In 1954, he was cast as a henchman of the outlaw Sam Bass in "Stories of the Century".


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle was twice cast on CBS's "The Public Defender" in the role of George Hansen, and three times on the religious anthology series, "Crossroads" on ABC. He acted the part of a police detective in the 1956 film noir "Please Murder Me", starring Raymond Burr.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle was cast as Carter in the 1955 episode "Joey's Father" on "Fury". Three years later, he played an arsonist in the episode "The Fire Watchers" of the same series. In 1956, Pyle appeared as Vance Kiley in the episode called "Quicksand" in the TV Western series "The Lone Ranger". That same year he played "Willie Calhoun", a lovestruck, and soon to be murderer, in S2E12's "Poor Pearl" on "Gunsmoke". In 1958, Pyle starred with Judith Evelyn in the episode "Man in the Moon" of the NBC docudrama about the Cold War "Behind Closed Doors", hosted by and occasionally starring Bruce Gordon.


title: Denver Pyle

text: He appeared as a professor in the syndicated "Men into Space" series' 1959 episode "Moonquake". In an episode of "Ripcord", he played a suicidal parachutist. Also in 1959 he returned to "Gunsmoke" playing the lead character “Mike Blocker” in the episode “The Bear” (S4E25).


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle appeared twice each on the CBS Western series "My Friend Flicka" and NBC's "The Restless Gun" with John Payne. He guest-starred with Grant Withers in the 1959 episode "Tumbleweed Ranger" of Tris Coffin's syndicated Western series "26 Men", billed as true stories of the Arizona Rangers. He appeared seven times on Richard Boone's CBS Western "Have Gun – Will Travel", his final appearance on the show in 1960 as the character Croft in "The Puppeteer".


title: Denver Pyle

text: He guest-starred in 1960 in several other Westerns, including "Pony Express", "The Man from Blackhawk", and "Tombstone Territory". He guest-starred in the episode "Trail of the Dead", the story of five missing prospectors, of Rod Cameron's modern Western syndicated series "State Trooper". He appeared with Sammy Jackson in the episode "Resurrection" of the syndicated American Civil War drama, "The Gray Ghost". He was cast as Big Red in the 1959 episode "Woman in the River" of the ABC/Warner Bros. detective series "Bourbon Street Beat", starring Andrew Duggan and Richard Long. He made several appearances as Briscoe Darling Jr. on "The Andy Griffith Show".


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle was cast in a number of Western movies by John Ford, including "The Horse Soldiers" with William Holden and "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance". He played a Tennessee soldier (called Thimblerig) in John Wayne's "The Alamo" (1960). He portrayed Sam Houston in several episodes of CBS's "The Adventures of Jim Bowie". He guest-starred as a law enforcement officer in Jim Davis' other syndicated series, "Rescue 8", and appeared, as well, in an episode of the ABC sitcom, "The Real McCoys".


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle was cast in the 1960 episode "Three Wise Men" of ABC's "Stagecoach West" as an outlaw who promises to turn himself into the authorities if he can spend Christmas with his family. About this time, Pyle appeared in the segment "Lawyer in Petticoats" of William Bendix's 1960 NBC Western series "Overland Trail", and thereafter in 1961 in "Hand of Vengeance" of the syndicated Western series "Two Faces West". Pyle was cast as Jed Corrigan in the 1961 episode "The Tramp" of the NBC family drama series "National Velvet".


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle guest-starred twice on the CBS series "Route 66" with Martin Milner and George Maharis, first in 1961 in the episode "The Newborn" and again in 1962 in "A Long Piece of Mischief". He appeared as the father of the doomed family in the dystopian episode "Black Leather Jackets" of "The Twilight Zone".


title: Denver Pyle

text: In 1963, Pyle guest-starred on "The Dick Van Dyke Show" as Uncle George in the episode "Uncle George".


title: Denver Pyle

text: He appeared in the 1963–1964 season of ABC's drama about college life "Channing". He portrayed the character Brill in the 1964 episode, "Johnny Ride the Pony: One, Two, Three", of the NBC education drama series, "Mr. Novak", starring James Franciscus. Pyle appeared 14 times on "Gunsmoke", seven times on "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre", and twice on "Frontier Justice", all on CBS. He appeared in seven episodes as Ben Thompson (and twice as other characters) on the ABC Western series "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp".


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle played the frontier character Deadwood Dick in the 1966 episode "The Resurrection of Deadwood Dick" on the syndicated anthology series "Death Valley Days".


title: Denver Pyle

text: He appeared twice in "Cheyenne", starring Clint Walker. He played Sergeant Tripp in the episode "The Enemy" of the James Arness ABC series "How the West Was Won". Pyle also had guest starring roles on "The Rifleman".


title: Denver Pyle

text: He also is known for portraying both the suspect and the murder victim on the last original "Perry Mason" TV episode, "The Case of the Final Fadeout", in 1966. He was one of 11 actors to hit the Perry Mason trifecta, portraying a victim, a defendant, and the actual murderer (in previous episodes) on the series, which he did in five appearances. Among his other appearances, he played defendant Robert Crane in "The Case of the Deadly Double" in 1958, Tom Quincy in "The Case of the Ominous Outcast" in 1960, murderer Tilden Stuart in "The Case of the Jealous Journalist", and murderer Emery Fillmore in "The Case of the Renegade Refugee" (both in 1961), and murderer Frank Honer in "The Case of the Shifty Shoebox" in 1963.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle portrayed Grandpa Tarleton in all 26 episodes of "Tammy" in the 1965–1966 season. Pyle portrayed the vengeful Texas Ranger Frank Hamer in the 1967 movie "Bonnie and Clyde". He also appeared in an episode of "The High Chaparral" as a general who had lost his son.


title: Denver Pyle

text: In 1968, he appeared as Titus Purcell, patriarch of a family of homesteaders, in the episode "The Price of Tomatoes" in the sitcom "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." Working for the first time with Jim Nabors playing Gomer Pyle, spun-off from "The Andy Griffith Show", he used a screen persona similar to Briscoe Darling Jr. In 1968, he also directed "The Great Diamond Mines" on Death Valley Days.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle had a guest-starring role in 1973 on "The Streets of San Francisco". In 1975, Walt Disney Productions released a film based on the novel "Escape to Witch Mountain". In this film, Tony and Tia were played by Ike Eisenmann and Kim Richards, Lucas Deranian by Donald Pleasence, and the children's Uncle Bené by Pyle. In 1976, he appeared on "Barnaby Jones" in an episode titled "Stalking Horse". He appeared as Mayor residing in the town of Purgatory in the first-season episode of "Kung Fu", titled "Ancient Warrior". He also appeared in second-season episode "Crossties" as a doctor. In 1985 (season 9, episode 8), Pyle made a guest appearance on "The Love Boat".


title: Denver Pyle

text: One of Pyle's more endearing roles was that of Briscoe Darling on "The Andy Griffith Show" (1960–1966). Pyle played the patriarch of the Darling family, a group of sons (all portrayed by "The Dillards"), and one daughter, Charlene, portrayed by Maggie Peterson. He appeared in seven episodes, six written by the comedy writing team of Jim Fritzell and Everett Greenbaum.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle played the role of Mad Jack in 36 episodes of the NBC series "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams" (1977–1978). He played Buck Webb (Doris Day's television series father) during the first two seasons of CBS's "The Doris Day Show" (1968–1970). He said in 1968 that he based his acting in that role on his father's personality.


title: Denver Pyle

text: He did some writing and directing for the short-lived half-hour western "Dirty Sally" starring Jeanette Nolan, which ran on CBS in the first half of 1974. He also played a small role on "The Waltons" as a relative of the Baldwin sisters.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle's best-known and longest-running television role was that of Uncle Jesse Duke in the CBS series "The Dukes of Hazzard" (1979–1985) (146 episodes).


title: Denver Pyle

text: In his later life, Pyle played mostly cameo television roles and retired from full-time acting. His last film role was in the 1994 film "Maverick". His last known acting role was as Jesse Duke in the 1997 CBS made-for-television movie "".


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle sponsored Uncle Jesse's Fishing Tournament in Lamar County, Texas. In 10 years of operation, the tournament raised more than $160,000 to support children's programs there. First established in 1988, the tournament is still going strong and celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2017. It continues to support the children's charities of Lamar County.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle has a star in the Motion Pictures section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7083 Hollywood Boulevard. It was dedicated on December 12, 1997.


title: Denver Pyle

text: In 1991, the Texas Senate passed a resolution honoring Pyle and his wife for their work with Special Olympics and the Denver Pyle's Children's Charities.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Within a few years of his final episode on "The Andy Griffith Show", "The Darling Fortune", Pyle began investing in oil, buying oil wells thought to be near the end of their working lifetimes cheaply at a time when the price of oil was $2.15 per barrel. By 1981, after new technologies allowed the remaining oil to be more economically recovered from the wells and the 1973 oil crisis triggered a rise in prices to over $46 a barrel, he was very wealthy, having made much more money from oil than his total earnings in over 30 years as an actor. He said that he continued to work as an actor because "I look at it this way, acting provides the cash flow I need for oil speculation, and besides that I like acting. It's fun."


title: Denver Pyle

text: In 1955, Pyle married Marilee Carpenter, a production assistant at 20th Century Fox. They had sons David and Tony. Marilee and Denver divorced in 1970. In 1983, Pyle married Tippie Johnston. That union lasted until his death.


title: Denver Pyle

text: Pyle died of lung cancer on Christmas Day 1997. Memorial services were held January 6, 1998, at First Baptist Church in Waxahachie, Texas. He is buried in an unmarked grave at the Forreston Cemetery in Forreston, Texas. His remains are interred beside those of his second wife's parents, J.T. Johnston and Erin Birch Johnston.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed, or macroalgae, refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. The term includes some types of "Rhodophyta" (red), "Phaeophyta" (brown) and "Chlorophyta" (green) macroalgae. Seaweed species such as kelps provide essential nursery habitat for fisheries and other marine species and thus protect food sources; other species, such as planktonic algae, play a vital role in capturing carbon, producing at least 50% of Earth's oxygen.


title: Seaweed

text: Natural seaweed ecosystems are sometimes under threat from human activity. For example, mechanical dredging of kelp destroys the resource and dependent fisheries. Other forces also threaten some seaweed ecosystems; a wasting disease in predators of purple urchins has led to a urchin population surge which destroyed large kelp forest regions off the coast of California.


title: Seaweed

text: Humans have a long history of cultivating seaweeds for their uses. In recent years, seaweed farming has become a global agricultural practice, providing food, source material for various chemical uses (such as carrageenan), cattle feeds and fertilizers. Because of their importance in marine ecologies and for absorbing carbon dioxide, recent attention has been on cultivating seaweeds as a potential climate change mitigation strategy for biosequestration of carbon dioxide, alongside other benefits like nutrient pollution reduction, increased habitat for coastal aquatic species, and reducing local ocean acidification. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.


title: Seaweed

text: "Seaweed" lacks a formal definition, but seaweed generally lives in the ocean and is visible to the naked eye. The term refers to both flowering plants submerged in the ocean, like eelgrass, as well as larger marine algae. Generally it is one of several groups of multicellular algae: red, green and brown. They lack one common multicellular ancestor, forming a polyphyletic group. In addition, bluegreen algae (Cyanobacteria) are occasionally considered in seaweed literature.


title: Seaweed

text: The number of seaweed species is still discussed among scientists, but most likely there are several thousand species of seaweed.


title: Seaweed

text: Two environmental requirements dominate seaweed ecology. These are seawater (or at least brackish water) and light sufficient to support photosynthesis. Another common requirement is an attachment point, and therefore seaweed most commonly inhabits the littoral zone (nearshore waters) and within that zone, on rocky shores more than on sand or shingle. In addition, there are few genera (e.g., "Sargassum" and "Gracilaria") which do not live attached to the sea floor, but float freely.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed occupies various ecological niches. At the surface, they are only wetted by the tops of sea spray, while some species may attach to a substrate several meters deep. In some areas, littoral seaweed colonies can extend miles out to sea. The deepest living seaweed are some species of red algae. Others have adapted to live in tidal rock pools. In this habitat, seaweed must withstand rapidly changing temperature and salinity and occasional drying.


title: Seaweed

text: Macroalgae and macroalgal detritus have also been shown to be an important food source for benthic organisms, because macroalgae shed old fronds.


title: Seaweed

text: Alternatively, pneumatocysts (gas filled “bubbles”) can keep the macroalgae thallus afloat fronds are transported by wind and currents from the coast into the deep ocean. It has been shown that benthic organisms also at several 100 m tend to utilize these macroalgae remnants.


title: Seaweed

text: As macroalgae takes up carbon dioxide and release oxygen in the photosynthesis, macroalgae fronds can also contribute to carbon sequestration in the ocean, when the macroalgal fronds drift offshore into the deep ocean basins and sink to the sea floor without being remineralized by organisms. The importance of this process for the Blue Carbon storage is currently discussed among scientists.


title: Seaweed

text: Nowadays a number of vectors - e.g., transport on ship hulls, exchanges among shellfish farmers, global warming, opening of trans-oceanic canals - all combine to enhance the transfer of exotic seaweeds to new environments. Since the piercing of the Suez Canal,the situation is particularly acute in the Mediterranean Sea, a 'marine biodiversity hotspot' that now registers over 120 newly introduced seaweed species -the largest number in the world.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed is consumed across the world, particularly in East Asia, e.g. Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, e.g. Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, as well as in South Africa, Belize, Peru, Chile, the Canadian Maritimes, Scandinavia, South West England, Ireland, Wales, Hawaii and California, and Scotland.


title: Seaweed

text: Gim (김, Korea), nori (海苔, Japan) and zicai (紫菜, China) are sheets of dried "Porphyra" used in soups, sushi or "onigiri" (rice balls). "Chondrus crispus" ('Irish moss' or carrageenan moss) is used in food additives, along with "Kappaphycus" and G"igartinoid" seaweed. "Porphyra" is used in Wales to make laverbread (sometimes with oat flour). In northern Belize, seaweed is mixed with milk, nutmeg, cinnamon and vanilla to make "" ("sweet").


title: Seaweed

text: Alginate, agar and carrageenan are gelatinous seaweed products collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. Hydrocolloids are food additives. The food industry exploits their gelling, water-retention, emulsifying and other physical properties. Agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and moulded foods. Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish, dairy items and baked goods.


title: Seaweed

text: Alginates are used in wound dressings (see alginate dressing), and dental moulds. In microbiology, agar is used as a culture medium. Carrageenans, alginates and agaroses, with other macroalgal polysaccharides, have biomedicine applications. "Delisea pulchra" may interfere with bacterial colonization. Sulfated saccharides from red and green algae inhibit some DNA and RNA-enveloped viruses.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed extract is used in some diet pills. Other seaweed pills exploit the same effect as gastric banding, expanding in the stomach to make the stomach feel more full.


title: Seaweed

text: Other seaweed may be used as fertilizer, compost for landscaping, or to combat beach erosion through burial in beach dunes.


title: Seaweed

text: Alginates are used in industrial products such as paper coatings, adhesives, dyes, gels, explosives and in processes such as paper sizing, textile printing, hydro-mulching and drilling. Seaweed is an ingredient in toothpaste, cosmetics and paints. Seaweed is used for the production of bio yarn (a textile).


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweed collecting is the process of collecting, drying and pressing seaweed. It was a popular pastime in the Victorian era and remains a hobby today. In some emerging countries, Seaweed is harvested daily to support communities.


title: Seaweed

text: Seaweeds are used as animal feeds. They have long been grazed by sheep, horses and cattle in Northern Europe. They are valued for fish production. Adding seaweed to livestock feed can substantially reduce methane emissions from cattle.


title: Seaweed

text: Rotting seaweed is a potent source of hydrogen sulfide, a highly toxic gas, and has been implicated in some incidents of apparent hydrogen-sulphide poisoning. It can cause vomiting and diarrhea.


title: Seaweed

text: The so-called "stinging seaweed" "Microcoleus lyngbyaceus" is a filamentous cyanobacteria which contains toxins including lyngbyatoxin-a and debromoaplysiatoxin. Direct skin contact can cause seaweed dermatitis characterized by painful, burning lesions that last for days.


title: Seaweed

text: Bacterial disease ice-ice infects "Kappaphycus" (red seaweed), turning its branches white. The disease caused heavy crop losses in the Philippines, Tanzania and Mozambique.


title: Seaweed

text: Sea urchin barrens have replaced kelp forests in multiple areas. They are “almost immune to starvation”. Lifespans can exceed 50 years. When stressed by hunger, their jaws and teeth enlarge, and they form "fronts" and hunt for food collectively.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission) is a type of multi-speed vehicle transmission system, that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets. The design is often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: The first DCT to reach production was the "Easidrive" automatic transmission introduced on the 1961 Hillman Minx mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the Porsche 962 C racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003 Volkswagen Golf R32. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: More generally, a transmission with several clutches can be called a multi clutch transmission. For example, the Koenigsegg Jesko has a transmission with one clutch per gear, making up for a total of 7 clutches.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: The fundamental principle of a DCT is that one clutch drives a gear-set for the even-numbered gears, while the other clutch drives the odd-numbered gears. Since the DCT can pre-select an odd gear while the vehicle is being propelled in an even gear (or vice versa), DCTs can shift several times faster than is possible with a manual transmission. By timing the operation of one clutch to engage at the precise moment that the other is disengaging, a DCT can shift gears without interrupting the torque supply to the wheels.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: A DCT uses clutch packs (as per a manual transmission), rather than the torque converter used by traditional (hydraulic) automatic transmissions. The DCT clutches are either "wet" or "dry" and are similar to the clutches used in most motorcycles. Wet-clutches are bathed in oil to provide cooling for the clutch surface, therefore wet-clutches are often used in applications with higher torque loads, such as the engine in the Bugatti Veyron.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: The concept of a dual-clutch transmission was invented by French engineer Adolphe Kégresse in 1939. The transmission was intended for use in the Citroën Traction Avant, however Kégresse ran out of money before a working model could be developed.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: One of the first production DCTs was the "Easidrive" unit developed in the late 1950s by UK's Smiths Industries and Rootes. This DCT — introduced on the 1961 Hillman Minx (Series IIIC) — used two electro-magnetic clutches, along with analogue electronics and a series of solenoids to implement the gear shifts. The "Easidrive" was offered as an option on Hillman and Singer models, however it was not a reliable device and many were replaced by conventional manual transmissions.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Porsche began development of DCTs for racing cars in the late 1970s, due to the possibility of a DCT preventing a drop in boost during gear shifts on a turbocharged engine. As the electronics required to control the transmission became compact enough to be practical, the "Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe" ("dual-clutch gearbox") (PDK) transmission was installed as a prototype in a Porsche 956 Le Mans racing car in 1983. The first use of a PDK in competition was the 1985 Porsche 962 C Le Mans racing car, which won the World Sportscar Championship in 1986. The PDK transmission was also used in the 1985 Audi Sport Quattro S1 Group B rally car.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: BorgWarner produced the first mass-production DCT, as used in the "R32" model introduced to the Volkswagen Golf range in 2003. The company have produced many of the DCTs used by the Volkswagen Group (marketed as "DSG" for Volkswagen-branded cars) and produced various components for the 2007 Nissan GT-R sports car, an early application for DCTs involving high torque loads. The company supplies several car manufacturers with complete transmission units, wet-clutches and/or mechatronic control modules.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Getrag began production of DCTs in 2008 and has supplied manufacturers including BMW, Dacia, Dodge, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Ford, Mitsubishi, Renault, Smart and Volvo. The "Getrag 7DCL750" is a 7-speed DCT which is designed for high-performance engines and has a torque rating of . It is used in mid-engined sports cars such as the 2009 Ferrari 458, the 2014 Mercedes-AMG GT and the 2017 Ford GT.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: LuK DCTs have been used by Volkswagen Group since 2008, in several smaller cars with relatively low torque outputs.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Ricardo designed and built 7-speed DCT used by the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron, which has a turbocharged 16-cylinder engine producing of torque.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Tremec provides the 8-speed DCT used in the 2020 Chevrolet Corvette C8 and the 7-speed DCT used in the 2020 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Following its 2003 introduction in the Volkswagen Golf R32, a 6-speed DCT (model code "DQ250"), with two wet-clutches arranged concentrically, has been used in several Volkswagen and Audi models. In 2008, Volkswagen group began production of the "DQ200", a 7-speed DCT using two dry-clutches arranged side-by-side (instead of concentrically). Volkswagen claims fuel economy improvements of 6% compared with a 6-speed manual and 20% compared with a traditional (hydraulic) automatic transmission. DCT transmissions have been used on vehicles sold by Alfa Romeo, Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, and Bugatti, mostly marketed using the term "Direct-Shift Gearbox" (except for Alfa Romeo, which has used the term TCT and Audi, which has also used the term "S-Tronic").


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Usage in high performance cars began in 2005 with the 7-speed DCT used in the Bugatti Veyron. Other early high performance applications include the 2007 Nissan GT-R, the 2008 Ferrari California, the 2008 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X and the 2009 Porsche 911 (997).


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: The 2009 Honda VFR1200F is the first motorcycle to use a DCT. Honda has since expanded the application of the DCT to the Gold Wing model (model year 2018), the Africa Twin, the Rebel 1100, and the NC750X (model year 2020).


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: In 2010, the Mitsubishi Fuso 6-speed "Duonic" transmission became the first DCT to be used in a truck.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: The 2016 Acura ILX uses a torque converter (a device typically used in hydraulic automatic transmissions) paired with its 8-speed DCT. The purpose of the torque converter is to improve the smoothness of low-speed driving, through the elimination of jolting and shuddering sometimes found in DCTs at low speed.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: Several 1970s tractors from eastern European countries (such as the Kirovets K-700 derivates) used manually-operated DCTs. For example, the Fortschritt ZT 300 has an "Unterlastschaltstufe" ("shifting under load") function, which needs to be pre-selected by the driver and then activated by pressing the clutch halfway down. This engages the second clutch, which applies a reduction gear to the driven wheels without any interruption in the torque transmission to the wheels.


title: Dual-clutch transmission

text: A different type of dual-clutch transmission has been used in some railcars. The two clutches are placed one on the gearbox input shaft and the other on the gearbox output shaft. To make a gear change, both clutches disengage simultaneously and a brake inside the gearbox engages. The gearchange occurs with all gears stationary, so no synchronizing mechanism is needed. After the gear change, both clutches re-engage. There is a significant break in power transmission, so this system is unsuitable for shunting locomotives.


title: 10 (film)

text: 10 is a 1979 American romantic comedy film written, produced and directed by Blake Edwards and starring Dudley Moore, Julie Andrews, Robert Webber and Bo Derek. It was considered a trendsetting film at the time of its release and became one of the year's biggest box-office hits. The film follows a middle-aged man who becomes infatuated with a young woman whom he has never met, leading to a comic chase and an encounter in Mexico.


title: 10 (film)

text: During a surprise 42nd birthday party for the wealthy and famous composer George Webber thrown by his actress girlfriend Samantha Taylor, George finds that he is coping badly with his age. From his car, George glimpses a bride on her way to be married and is instantly obsessed with her beauty. Following her to the church, he crashes into a police cruiser, is stung by a bee and nearly disrupts the wedding ceremony.


title: 10 (film)

text: Later that night, Sam and George argue over his treatment of women and his habit of spying on the intimate acts of a neighbor (which later turns out to be consensual).


title: 10 (film)

text: George visits the reverend who performed the wedding and learns that the woman is Jenny Miles, daughter of a prominent Beverly Hills dentist.


title: 10 (film)

text: The following day, while spying on his neighbor, George hits himself with the telescope and falls down an embankment, causing him to miss Sam's phone call. Still obsessed with Jenny, he schedules a dental appointment with her father and learns that Jenny and her husband David have gone to Mexico for their honeymoon. The effects of a comically implausible amount of treatment accompanied by a heavy dose of novocaine, aggravated by immediate heavy drinking, leave George completely incoherent. Sam finally reaches him on the phone, but mistakes him for an intruder and calls the police, who hold George at gunpoint while trying to understand his gibberish. George visits his neighbor's house to take part in an ongoing orgy, but Sam spots him through his telescope, widening the rift between them.


title: 10 (film)

text: George impulsively boards a plane to follow the newlyweds to their exclusive resort in Mexico. In the bar, George encounters old acquaintance Mary Lewis, who lacks self-confidence. When they attempt a fling, Mary interprets George's inadequacy in bed as confirmation of her own insecurities.


title: 10 (film)

text: At the beach, George sees Jenny in a swimsuit and is awestruck again by her beauty. Noticing that her husband has fallen asleep on a surfboard, George rents a catamaran and rescues David, making him a hero. Sam sees George on a TV newscast and tries to contact him unsuccessfully. David is hospitalized with sunburn, allowing Jenny and George to spend time alone together. Jenny smokes marijuana and seduces George, but he is horrified when Jenny takes a call from David and casually informs him of George's presence. George is even more confused with David's complete lack of concern. Jenny explains their open and honest relationship and reveals that she married David only because of pressure from her conservative father. George leaves after realizing that Jenny sees their tryst as nothing more than a casual fling.


title: 10 (film)

text: After flying home, George reconciles with Sam by apologizing and demonstrating a new maturity. George takes an idea from Jenny when he starts "Boléro" on his phonograph (lasting minutes, an appropriate duration for lovemaking) and he makes love with Sam in full view of the neighbor's telescope, but the neighbor, frustrated that he provides erotic entertainment for George and gets nothing in return, is by now not watching.


title: 10 (film)

text: "10" was released by Warner Bros. on October 5, 1979, opening in 706 theaters. It was released on DVD through Warner Home Video on May 21, 1997, and a Blu-ray edition was released on February 1, 2011. The supplemental material consists of the original theatrical trailer and a four-minute promotional documentary, present on both media.