title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett attended Martin High School in Arlington, Texas, where he was a letterman in football, basketball, and track. In football, he had 19.5 sacks as a senior and was the 2013 recipient of the Landry Award, given to the top high school player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. Garrett was rated as a five-star recruit by the Rivals.com recruiting network and was ranked as the second best overall player in his class. He committed to play college football at Texas A&M University in October 2013. In track & field, he was a state qualifier in the throwing events, with top-throws of 16.01 meters in the shot put and 50.84 meters in the discus throw.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett came to Texas A&M as the #2 overall prospect in the nation. As a true freshman in 2014, Garrett broke Texas A&M's freshman sack record of 5.5 in only six games. In only nine games, he broke Jadeveon Clowney's SEC freshman sack record of eight. Garrett finished the season with 11.5 sacks (second in the SEC), 53 total tackles, 14 tackles for loss, 10 quarterback hurries, and a blocked kick (which teammate Deshazor Everett returned for a touchdown against Auburn). He was a consensus Freshman All-American and Freshman All-SEC selection. After the conclusion of the season, Garrett announced that he would undergo surgery to repair torn ligaments in his hand, an injury that occurred in the sixth game of the season, against Mississippi State.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett followed up his stellar freshman campaign by leading the SEC with 12 sacks as a sophomore. He recorded 57 total tackles (36 solo), 18.5 tackles for loss, seven quarterback hurries, five forced fumbles, and a blocked punt (which came against Alabama). In addition, Garrett recorded his first interception, off his own-tipped ball, in the game against Ole Miss. The season earned Garrett a first-team All-American selection by the Walter Camp Football Foundation and the Football Writers Association of America. Garrett was also the Bill Willis Award winner as the top defensive lineman.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett's junior year found him limited by injuries. He suffered a high-ankle sprain to his left leg in the fourth game of the season against Arkansas, and did not appear in the games against South Carolina and New Mexico State. Garrett also found his availability limited to third downs in some other games while he recovered from the injury. For the season, Garrett recorded 8.5 sacks, 32 total tackles (18 of them solo), 15.0 tackles for loss, 10 quarterback hurries, two forced fumbles, and a pass breakup. The season resulted in Garrett earning a Unanimous Consensus All-American designation by being voted to the first-team by the Walter Camp Football Foundation, the Football Writers Association of America, the American Football Coaches Association, "The Sporting News", the Associated Press, Fox Sports, Pro Football Focus, and SB Nation.


title: Myles Garrett

text: On December 31, 2016, Garrett announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2017 NFL Draft. He was projected to be a top ten selection and was ranked No. 1 on ESPN analyst Mel Kiper Jr.’s big board. Garrett attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed the majority of combine drills, but opted to skip the three-cone drill and short shuttle. Garrett solidified his position as a top ten pick with an impressive combine performance. His 41” vertical jump was the top performance of all defensive linemen and he also finished with the second best performance in the bench press and broad jump. Garrett also had the third fastest 40-yard dash of all defensive linemen at the combine, which highly impressed scouts due to his size. On March 30, 2017, Garrett attended Texas A&M's Pro Day and chose to perform the 40-yard dash (4.65s), 20-yard dash (2.71), 10-yard dash (1.57s), and broad jump (10’6”).


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett attended pre-draft visits with the Jacksonville Jaguars, San Francisco 49ers, and Chicago Bears. At the conclusion of pre-draft process, Garrett was projected by NFL draft analyst and scouts to be the first overall player selected. He was ranked the top overall prospect and defensive end by "Sports Illustrated", ESPN, Pro Football Focus, and DraftScout.com. Garrett was also ranked the top edge rusher in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.


title: Myles Garrett

text: The Cleveland Browns selected Garrett with the first overall pick of the 2017 NFL Draft. Garrett became the highest draft pick from Texas A&M in the history of the NFL draft.


title: Myles Garrett

text: On May 19, 2017, the Cleveland Browns signed Garrett to a fully guaranteed four-year, $30.41 million contract that features a $20.25 million signing bonus, offset language options, and a team option for a fifth year.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett entered training camp slated as a starting defensive end. Head coach Hue Jackson named Garrett and Emmanuel Ogbah the starting defensive ends to begin the regular season. They started the season alongside defensive tackles Trevon Coley and Jamie Meder.


title: Myles Garrett

text: On September 7, Garrett suffered a high ankle sprain during practice, causing him to miss the start of the season. After missing the first four games, Garrett played his first regular season game on October 8 against the New York Jets, and sacked Josh McCown twice, including once on his first ever NFL play. The Browns lost to the Jets 17–14. Despite having four sacks in his first three games, Garrett's injury woes continued as he suffered a concussion during Week 8 against the Tennessee Titans. Because he was on concussion protocol, he could not travel to London for the next game.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Overall, Garrett recorded 31 combined tackles (19 solo), seven sacks, one forced fumble, one pass defensed, and one fumble recovery during his rookie season. Due to injury he only played 11 of 16 games, but still finished first on the team in sacks.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In week 1 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Garrett sacked Ben Roethlisberger twice and forced two fumbles, both of which were recovered by the Browns, during the 21–21 tie game.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In week 3 against the New York Jets, Garrett sacked rookie quarterback Sam Darnold twice during the 21–17 win.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In week 7 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Garrett sacked Jameis Winston twice during the 26–23 overtime loss.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In the 2018 season, Garrett started all 16 games and recorded 13.5 sacks, 44 combined tackles, 12 tackles-for-loss, 29 quarterback hits, three passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. His 13.5 sacks ranked sixth in the NFL that year. He was ranked 49th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans, Garrett sacked Marcus Mariota twice in the 43–13 loss. During Week 2 against the New York Jets, Garrett finished with three sacks but also committed two roughing the passer penalties as the Browns won 23–3. On September 28, Garrett was fined a combined $52,639 for three fouls, a face mask hit on Delanie Walker as well as the two roughing the passer fouls on Trevor Siemian, the second of which resulted in Siemian tearing his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and putting him on injured reserve.


title: Myles Garrett

text: During Week 11 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, with eight seconds left in regulation, Garrett pulled Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph to the ground following a late hit. Upset by the late hit, Rudolph started to attack Garrett by kicking him in the groin and attempting to pull off Garrett's helmet. After getting back up, Garrett forcibly removed Rudolph’s helmet as Steelers offensive linemen Maurkice Pouncey and David DeCastro tried to hold back Garrett. Garrett then violently swung Rudolph's own helmet at him, striking him in the head with the underside of the helmet. A fight ensued that resulted in Garrett, Pouncey, and Browns defensive tackle Larry Ogunjobi being ejected; Pouncey punched and kicked Garrett's head several times after the strike, while Ogunjobi pushed a helmetless Rudolph to the ground as he stood watching the fight.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett's actions were called into question by his head coach and quarterback in interviews conducted immediately after the game. Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield called Garrett's action "inexcusable", while then Browns head coach Freddie Kitchens expressed embarrassment. Garrett later apologized for his actions, which he described as "foolish" and "out of character," while at the same time thanking those players who "backed him up." The next day, the NFL suspended Garrett indefinitely, and at a minimum for the remainder of the 2019 season. He was also fined $45,623 while Rudolph was fined $50,000. Thirty-three other players were fined $3,000 for entering a fight zone, and the Browns and Steelers organizations were fined $250,000 each. Garrett appealed his suspension on November 20, but the suspension was upheld.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett was required to meet with officials from Commissioner Roger Goodell's office before being reinstated for the 2020 season. Months later, before his reinstatement hearing, Garrett alleged for the first time publicly that Rudolph directed a “racial slur” at him. Garrett claimed he discussed the alleged slur immediately after the altercation with former GM John Dorsey, head coach Freddie Kitchens, and Ogunjobi, his best friend. An investigation found no evidence to support his claim. Garrett's suspension was the second-longest suspension in NFL history for on-field misconduct, and the longest for a single in-game incident. (Raiders linebacker Vontaze Burfict was suspended for 12 games in 2019 due to a history of violations of player safety rules.)


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett was reinstated from his suspension on February 12, 2020. On April 27, 2020, the Browns exercised the fifth-year option on Garrett's contract. He signed a five-year, $125 million contract extension with the team on July 15, 2020.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In Week 2 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Garrett recorded a strip sack on rookie quarterback Joe Burrow which was recovered by the Browns during the 35–30 win.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In Week 3 against the Washington Football Team, Garrett sacked Dwayne Haskins twice, including a strip sack that was recovered by himself during the 34–20 win. In a Week 4 game against the Dallas Cowboys, Garrett sacked Dak Prescott twice, one of which was a strip sack that resulted in a turnover, during the 49–38 win. His performance earned him AFC Defensive Player of the Week.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In Week 7 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Garrett sacked Joe Burrow two more times and forced a fumble that was recovered by the Browns during the 37–34 win.


title: Myles Garrett

text: As the month closed, Garrett won AFC Defensive Player of the Month for October after compiling six sacks, 14 tackles, four for a loss, and two forced fumbles. On November 20, 2020, Garrett was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list missing the Browns Week 11 game against the Philadelphia Eagles. Garrett was activated from the reserve/COVID-19 list on December 1, 2020.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett was selected for the 2020 NFL All-Pro Team, along with three of his teammates: tackle Jack Conklin and guards Joel Bitonio and Wyatt Teller.


title: Myles Garrett

text: In Week 3 against the Chicago Bears, Garrett recorded 4.5 sacks against Bears rookie quarterback Justin Fields. He broke the franchise record for most sacks in a single game, previously held by Andra Davis. The Browns would go on to win 26–6. His performance earned him AFC Defensive Player of the Week. In a Week 12 game against the Baltimore Ravens, Garrett sacked Lamar Jackson for his 14th sack of the season. That tied the most sacks in a season by a Cleveland Brown. The record was previously held by Reggie Camp. In a Week 14 game against the Baltimore Ravens, Garrett strip sacked Tyler Huntley, recovered the fumbled ball and returned it for his first NFL touchdown. This was his 15th sack of the season, breaking the Browns record for most sacks in a single season previously held by Reggie Camp. This record was broken in the first 13 games of a 17 game regular season.


title: Myles Garrett

text: During Week 14, Garrett became the first Cleveland Browns player to receive a 99 rating in the "Madden NFL" video game, specifically in "Madden NFL 22".


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett had an extremely productive season, posting 16 sacks and 51 tackles, both career highs. He was named a starter in the 2022 Pro Bowl, as well as earning a 1st-team selection on the 2021 All-Pro Team.


title: Myles Garrett

text: Garrett's half-brother, Sean Williams, was a standout basketball player for Boston College and was selected number 17 in the first round of the 2007 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets. He then played in the NBA from 2007 to 2012. Brea Garrett, his older sister, was a track and field athlete at Texas A&M. She won the 2014 NCAA title in the 20-pound weight throw, and is the first weight throw champion in Aggie history.


title: Myles Garrett

text: During the 2015 offseason, Garrett decided to stop using his social media account on Twitter, citing: "There's a lot of negativity on there I don’t need in my life. I felt like If I want to move forward as a person and as a football player, I don’t need other people's opinions and other things to stick with me or be in my mind when I have other things to keep doing." Garrett later resumed using Twitter regularly. Garrett also writes poetry and is working on a dinosaur book for children.


title: Myles Garrett

text: On April 30, 2017, two days after the 2017 NFL Draft, Garrett, along with fellow first rounders Jabrill Peppers and David Njoku, were at Progressive Field, and threw out a ceremonial first pitch.


title: Myles Garrett

text: On September 26, 2022, Garrett was involved in a one-car crash leaving the team facility. The incident occurred near Wadsworth, Ohio. He suffered minor injuries and was released from the hospital the same day.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: Salvia officinalis, the common sage or just sage, is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region, though it has been naturalized in many places throughout the world. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times it has been used as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for closely related species and cultivars.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: "Salvia officinalis" has numerous common names. Some of the best-known are sage, common sage, garden sage, golden sage, kitchen sage, true sage, culinary sage, Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf sage. Cultivated forms include purple sage and red sage. The specific epithet "officinalis" refers to plants with a well-established medicinal or culinary value.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: "Salvia officinalis" was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has been grown for centuries in the Old World for its food and healing properties, and was often described in old herbals for the many miraculous properties attributed to it.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: The binary name, "officinalis", refers to the plant's medicinal use—the "officina" was the traditional storeroom of a monastery where herbs and medicines were stored. "S. officinalis" has been classified under many other scientific names over the years, including six different names since 1940 alone. It is the type species for the genus "Salvia".


title: Salvia officinalis

text: Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color, and foliage pattern, with many variegated leaf types. The Old World type grows to approximately tall and wide, with lavender flowers most common, though they can also be white, pink, or purple. The plant flowers in late spring or summer. The leaves are oblong, ranging in size up to long by wide. Leaves are grey-green, rugose on the upper side, and nearly white underneath due to the many short soft hairs. Modern cultivars include leaves with purple, rose, cream, and yellow in many variegated combinations.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: "Salvia officinalis" has been used since ancient times for warding off evil, snakebites, increasing women's fertility, and more. The Romans referred to sage as the "holy herb," and employed it in their religious rituals. Theophrastus wrote about two different sages, a wild undershrub he called "sphakos", and a similar cultivated plant he called "elelisphakos". Pliny the Elder said the latter plant was called "salvia" by the Romans, and used as a diuretic, a local anesthetic for the skin, a styptic, and for other uses. Charlemagne recommended the plant for cultivation in the early Middle Ages, and during the Carolingian Empire, it was cultivated in monastery gardens. Walafrid Strabo described it in his poem "Hortulus" as having a sweet scent and being useful for many human ailments—he went back to the Greek root for the name and called it "lelifagus".


title: Salvia officinalis

text: The plant had a high reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties and value. It was sometimes called "S. salvatrix" (sage the savior). Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen all recommended sage as a diuretic, hemostatic, emmenagogue, and tonic.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: Le Menagier de Paris, in addition to recommending cold sage soup and sage sauce for poultry, recommends infusion of sage for washing hands at table. John Gerard's "Herball" (1597) states that sage "is singularly good for the head and brain, it quickeneth the senses and memory, strengtheneth the sinews, restoreth health to those that have the palsy, and taketh away shakey trembling of the members." Gervase Markham's The English Huswife (1615) gives a recipe for a tooth-powder of sage and salt. It appears in recipes for Four Thieves Vinegar, a blend of herbs which was supposed to ward off the plague. In past centuries, it was also used for hair care, insect bites and wasp stings, nervous conditions, mental conditions, oral preparations for inflammation of the mouth, tongue and throat, and also to reduce fevers.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: In Britain, sage has for generations been listed as one of the essential herbs, along with parsley, rosemary, and thyme (as in the folk song "Scarborough Fair"). It has a savory, slightly peppery flavor. Sage appears in the 14th and 15th centuries in a "Cold Sage Sauce", known in French, English and Lombard cuisine, probably traceable to its appearance in "Le Viandier de Taillevent". It appears in many European cuisines, notably Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cookery. In Italian cuisine, it is an essential condiment for saltimbocca and other dishes, favored with fish. In British and American cooking, it is traditionally served as sage and onion stuffing, an accompaniment to roast turkey or chicken at Christmas or Thanksgiving Day, and for Sunday roast dinners. Other dishes include pork casserole, Sage Derby cheese and Lincolnshire sausages. Despite the common use of traditional and available herbs in French cuisine, sage never found favor there.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: Common sage is grown in parts of Europe for distillation of an essential oil, although other species such as "Salvia fruticosa" may also be harvested and distilled with it.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: Extracts of "Salvia officinalis" and "S. lavandulaefolia" are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human brain function. The thujone present in "Salvia" extracts may be neurotoxic.


title: Salvia officinalis

text: In favourable conditions in the garden, "S. officinalis" can grow to a substantial size (1 square metre or more), but a number of cultivars are more compact. As such they are valued as small ornamental flowering shrubs, rather than for their herbal properties. Some provide low ground cover, especially in sunny dry environments. Like many herbs they can be killed by a cold wet winter, especially if the soil is not well drained. But they are easily propagated from summer cuttings, and some cultivars are produced from seeds.


title: David Trezeguet

text: David Sergio Trezeguet (born 15 October 1977) is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet began his career in Argentina with Club Atlético Platense at the age of eight, progressing through their youth system to their first team, where he made his debut in the Primera División in 1994. After one season, he transferred to Ligue 1 side AS Monaco, where he would form a striking partnership with international teammate Thierry Henry, winning the league in the 1996–97 season. He left the club in 2000, having scored 52 goals in 93 Ligue 1 appearances and having claimed two Ligue 1 championships and the 1997 Trophée des champions.


title: David Trezeguet

text: In 2000, Trezeguet signed for Serie A club Juventus for a transfer fee of £20 million. With 24 goals, he was the joint recipient of the "Capocannoniere" award for top scorer as his team won the 2001–02 Serie A title; Trezeguet also scored eight goals in 10 Champions League appearances as Juventus reached the second round of the tournament. Despite struggling with injuries the following season, he won another league title with the club, and also scored four goals in 10 Champions League appearances as Juventus reached the final of the tournament, eventually losing 2–3 on penalties to Milan, as Trezeguet missed his spot kick in the resulting shoot-out. Overall, Trezeguet scored 138 goals in 245 league appearances for Juventus, making him the fourth-highest goalscorer in the club's history. Later in his career he had brief spells in Spain, the United Arab Emirates, Argentina and India.


title: David Trezeguet

text: At international level, Trezeguet scored 34 goals in 71 appearances for the France national team between 1998 and 2008. He also played for France at under-18, under-20, and under-21 levels. Trezeguet represented France at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000 (scoring the golden goal in the final against Italy, which gave France a 2–1 win in extra time), the 2002 World Cup, Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup (where he missed his penalty in the shoot-out against Italy in the final). Trezeguet is part of the FIFA 100 list of "125 Greatest living players". In 2015, he was named one of the Golden Foot Award Legends.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet was born in Rouen, Normandy, France, but grew up in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His father, Jorge Trezeguet, is a former Argentine footballer of French descent, who now works as his agent, and his mother, Beatriz, is Argentine. David Trezeguet has a younger sister.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet was married to Beatriz Villalba for 13 years, they have two sons together, Aarón (born 2000) and Noraan (born 2008). Beatriz is from Alicante, Spain. They divorced in 2012. Aaron did not follow in his father's footsteps as a footballer, instead practicing Muay Thai kickboxing.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet began his career at Platense in the Argentine Primera División, where he played his first professional game on 12 June 1994 as a 16-year-old in a 1–1 tie against Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata. After just five matches with the team, he moved to his native country to play for AS Monaco.


title: David Trezeguet

text: In 1995, he was close to joining Paris Saint-Germain, but the deal was cancelled after the two clubs failed to agree a deal. Shortly afterwards, he opted to join Monaco. Monaco coach Jean Tigana was "impressed" by Trezeguet who scored 5 goals in trial, signing a deal which saw him earn 15,000 francs a month.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet spent two seasons with Monaco B, having made just nine appearances in total for the club's first team during his first two seasons. In 1998, Trezeguet scored the fastest ever goal in terms of velocity in UEFA Champions League history in a quarter-final match against Manchester United. The shot that resulted in a goal was clocked at 97.6 mph (157.3 km/h). With Monaco, he won Ligue 1 twice and was named Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year in 1998. He scored a total of 60 goals in 113 appearances for the French club and it was here that he made his name as a potent goalscoring poacher.


title: David Trezeguet

text: During his first season with Juventus, under manager Carlo Ancelotti, Trezeguet managed 14 goals in Serie A, despite being predominantly utilised as a substitute striker, behind Filippo Inzaghi, who started alongside Alessandro Del Piero. Juventus missed out on the 2000–01 Serie A title that season, finishing in second place behind Roma. In his second season at the club, under manager Marcello Lippi, he scored 24 league goals in 34 league matches to finish as the Serie A top goalscorer, along with Dario Hübner of Piacenza, as Juventus won the 2001–02 Serie A title. That same season, he was named Serie A Footballer of the Year and Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year, also reaching the final of the 2001–02 Coppa Italia; he also scored eight goals in ten UEFA Champions League appearances, although the club were eliminated in the second round of the competition. In January 2002, a car carrying Trezeguet and teammates Mark Iuliano, Gianluca Zambrotta and Enzo Maresca after a 3–1 win over Hellas Verona, collided with two others; none of the four players were injured in the accident. In his third season, his appearances were limited by injuries, although he still helped Juventus to defend the Serie A title, also winning the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana and scoring four goals in ten appearances as Juventus reached the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final. In the final, Trezeguet was one of three Juventus players to have their penalty saved by Milan keeper Dida, as Juventus lost 3–2 on penalty kicks after a 0–0 draw. This would be the closest Trezeguet ever got to winning the Champions League. During the 2003–04 season, Trezeguet helped the team to win a second consecutive Supercoppa Italiana title, scoring a goal during the match, also reaching another Coppa Italia final, although their European and domestic league campaigns would be less successful, despite his 16 goals in Serie A that season, as the club finished the league in third place. In 2004, Brazilian legend Pelé included Trezeguet in the FIFA 100, his list of the 125 greatest living footballers.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Although Trezeguet won the 2004–05 Serie A and 2005–06 Serie A titles with Juventus, scoring 23 league goals in the 2005–06 season, Juventus were caught in the 2006 Italian football scandal that rocked Italian football, and along with Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio, and Reggina were accused of match fixing. While the players had no part in the scandal, Juventus were subsequently stripped of their 2004–05 and 2005–06 titles, relegated to Serie B, and were to start the 2006–07 season with a deficit of 30 points, eventually reduced to nine points on appeal. Following the enforced relegation to Serie B, the club lost several of its star players, including Fabio Cannavaro to Real Madrid, Gianluca Zambrotta to FC Barcelona, Adrian Mutu to Fiorentina, and Zlatan Ibrahimović to Internazionale. Trezeguet's compatriots Lilian Thuram and Patrick Vieira also left Juventus, for Barcelona and Inter, respectively. Manager Fabio Capello defected to Real Madrid and former Juventus legend and Trezeguet's former France teammate and captain, Didier Deschamps, was appointed the new manager of Juve. As one of the club's star players, Trezeguet was heavily linked to a move away from Juventus, but he ultimately stayed with the "Bianconeri" to help the club return to Italy's top flight.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 16 September 2006, before Juventus' Serie B match against Vicenza, he was awarded a commemorative plate in recognition of his 125 career goals. On 19 May 2007, Juventus achieved promotion to Serie A after a 5–1 win over Arezzo. Trezeguet scored the fifth goal which made the promotion mathematically possible. Despite the successful return to Serie A, and an eventual Serie B title, the season was not without controversy. After scoring a goal in Juventus' final match of the 2006–07 Serie B season against Spezia, Trezeguet made a gesture toward the club president, making a number 15 with his fingers – the number of goals he scored throughout the Serie B season – which was followed by a hand gesture which, in Italian, means "I'm out of here". Juventus, however, announced on 25 June 2007 that Trezeguet had renewed his contract until 2011.


title: David Trezeguet

text: During the 2007–08 Serie A season, Trezeguet scored 20 league goals and was second only to teammate and club captain Alessandro Del Piero for the "Capocannoniere". Juventus finished third in the league to qualify for the Champions League after missing out on the tournament for two consecutive seasons.


title: David Trezeguet

text: In the 2008–09 season, Trezeguet sustained a groin injury that kept him out for most of the season. Trezeguet finally made his return on 4 February 2009 against Napoli in the Coppa Italia and had a goal controversially disallowed. Nevertheless, he was one of the players who scored in the penalty shootout, which Juventus won 4–3. Trezeguet would shortly get his first goal of 2009 in a 2–0 win against Palermo in late February – a match where he received the captaincy for the first time in his professional career. Juventus finished the season in second place in the league, also reaching the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia and the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 9 December 2009, Trezeguet scored his 168th goal for Juventus in a 4–1 defeat to Bayern Munich in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, making him the club's highest-ever foreign goalscorer, surpassing Omar Sívori's total of 167 goals. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Trezeguet ranked fourth among Juventus' all-time top goalscorers with 171 goals. In August 2010, he was released from the remaining 12 months of his contract by Juventus.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 28 August 2010, Trezeguet completed his move to newly promoted La Liga team Hércules CF on a two-year deal; the club is based in his then wife's hometown. He made his debut on 11 September in a 2–0 surprise victory against defending champions Barcelona. Eight days later, Trezeguet scored his first goal for the club, a conversion from the penalty spot in a 2–1 loss against Valencia CF. He was unable to prevent relegation for the side, however, and left the club at the start of the summer of 2011. Trezeguet made 31 league appearances and scored 12 goals, making him the club's top goalscorer for the season.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 30 August 2011, Trezeguet completed his move to UAE Pro-League side Baniyas SC on a one-year deal. On 21 November 2011, his contract was mutually terminated due to an injury which had kept him sidelined for most of the season. Trezeguet only appeared in the opening league match and a fixture in the Etisalat Emirates Cup for Baniyas.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 19 December 2011, Trezeguet moved to River Plate in Argentina on a three-year contract, shortly after the club was relegated to the Argentine second division for the first time in its history. Trezeguet, a childhood fan of River, having grown up in Buenos Aires, spoke of it as his dream move, saying, "Being here is a unique feeling, motivated by everything that River represents." On 19 January 2012, Trezeguet scored in his first appearance for River Plate in a friendly match against Racing Club de Avellaneda.


title: David Trezeguet

text: He made his official debut on 13 February 2012. He played his first match at Estadio Monumental the following week and scored his first official goal for River Plate after coming on as a substitute. On 26 February, he scored his second official goal, again after coming on as a substitute in the second half. Trezeguet scored his first double in River Plate on 10 March against Defensa y Justicia, the first goal giving River Plate a 2–1 lead, while the second one tying the match 3–3. In the next match, he played for the first time in the starting XI and scored in the first half to maintain his excellent scoring form for River Plate.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet would later state that the adrenaline he gets while playing for River surpasses any other moment he experienced in his career, including winning the 1998 FIFA World Cup with France and scoring the golden goal in the finals of UEFA Euro 2000: "I am feeling things that I have never felt before. Not with Juventus, nor with Monaco and not even at international level with France. Being a River fan and seeing the passion that exists in this team, all the people and all the pressure, I have more adrenaline than ever before."


title: David Trezeguet

text: In the final match of the championship against Almirante Brown on 23 June, Trezeguet secured victory by scoring both of River's goals to seal promotion back to the top flight; Trezeguet also missed a penalty during the match. Trezeguet finished his first season at River Plate with 13 goals in 18 matches, finishing sixth behind the team's top goalscorer, Fernando Cavenaghi.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 9 September 2012, he scored his first goal in the Primera División Argentina against Newell's Old Boys in a 3–3 draw. He would later score against Estudiantes de La Plata in a 1–0 win and also against Colón de Santa Fe in a 2–1 victory.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Despite being a key member of the River Plate squad which returned to the Primera División Argentina, it was decided in June by head coach and manager Ramón Díaz that he would no longer be a part of the team's squad, despite fan protests.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 22 July 2013, Trezeguet joined Newell's Old Boys on a one-year deal. He made his debut on 18 August coming on as a substitute for Víctor Aquino in the 73rd minute, his side drew 0–0 with Belgrano de Córdoba. In his second game for the NOB he scored his first goal in the 90th minute against Atletico Rafaela, they won the game 2–0. On 1 November, Trezeguet scored his 300th career goal against Colón de Santa Fe and 11 minutes later followed up with his 301st career goal and subsequently the equaliser, drawing 2–2 on the night.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 16 March 2014, Trezeguet was subbed on in the 78th minute for Ezequiel Ponce. In the 83rd minute he scored the second goal of the game with his side winning 2–0 against Racing Club de Avellaneda, a team which Trezeguet's former Juventus teammate Mauro Camoranesi played for and was subbed on earlier in the match.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 30 July 2014, Trezeguet signed for Indian Super League club Pune City. Trezeguet scored his first goal for the club against FC Goa, by the virtue of which, his franchise registered their first victory in the tournament. This was followed by his second and his last goal in ISL, which came in a defeat against Kerala Blasters FC.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 20 January 2015, it was announced that Trezeguet had retired as a player and was set to join the Juventus management team. It was confirmed by Trezeguet's agent.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet first competed internationally in the French youth squad alongside Thierry Henry, Willy Sagnol, and William Gallas, and played in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship. In the lead up to the 1998 World Cup in France, Aimé Jacquet gave younger players such as David Trezeguet, Henry and Patrick Vieira the chance to display their talent, and all three were eventually selected for the World Cup ahead of experienced French players including David Ginola. Trezeguet scored one goal in the tournament, in the 4–0 win over Saudi Arabia, as France went on to win the World Cup, defeating Brazil 3–0 in the final at the Stade de France. Two years later France were crowned European champions after defeating Italy 2–1 in the Euro 2000 final, courtesy of Trezeguet's golden goal in extra time from a Robert Pires assist.


title: David Trezeguet

text: Although ranked first in the world, France was not very successful in the 2002 World Cup, being eliminated in the group stage without scoring a single goal, despite David Trezeguet, Thierry Henry and Djibril Cissé being the top goalscorers respectively in Serie A, the Premier League and Ligue 1 that season. The failure was then followed up by a quarter-final exit at Euro 2004 at the hands of unheralded Greece with Trezeguet scoring just one goal in the tournament in a 2–2 draw against Croatia. However, with the return of Zinedine Zidane from brief international retirement, France would go on to reach the final of the 2006 World Cup. Throughout the tournament, Trezeguet found himself out of place in Raymond Domenech's 4–2–3–1 formation which only used one striker – a position allocated to Thierry Henry. On 9 July 2006, Trezeguet took part in the final, coming on as a substitute. The match, against Italy, went to a penalty shootout and Trezeguet was the only player from either team to miss his penalty, his shot hitting the crossbar, as Italy won 5–3 on penalty kicks after a 1–1 draw.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 19 October 2007, Trezeguet threatened to quit France after being overlooked for two Euro 2008 qualifying matches by coach Raymond Domenech. On 26 March 2008, Trezeguet was selected for a friendly against England to replace the injured Karim Benzema, which would turn out to be his last appearance for France as he was subsequently not chosen for the squad that competed in Euro 2008.


title: David Trezeguet

text: On 9 July 2008, he announced his retirement from international football, finishing his France career ranked third among France's all-time top goalscorers with 34 goals from 71 caps. He cited "the awful Euro 2008 and the reappointment of the coach" being the main reasons for this decision, and also added "I see football differently from how they see it in France. Euro 2008 was very negative, but what annoys me more is that Domenech is staying."


title: David Trezeguet

text: Trezeguet was a prolific, complete, and talented striker, who was gifted with pace, power, instinct, and an eye for goal. A highly opportunistic player, he was excellent at taking advantage of chances and loose balls in the area, and was an accurate striker of the ball, known for his clinical finishing, as well as his ability to score with few touches, due to his ability to shoot first time and finish off chances from close range, even when off-balance or from awkward positions. He was capable of scoring with either foot, despite being naturally right footed, as well as with his head, and excelled in the air; he was also known for having a penchant for scoring acrobatic goals. Although he wasn't particularly talented, skillful, or known for his link-up play, he was also highly regarded for his positional sense, anticipation, reactions, offensive movement, and his ability to lose his markers, as well as for his skill at playing with his back to goal, courtesy of his solid technique. Considered to be one of the best strikers of his generation, due to the number of goals he scored for Juventus he gained the nicknames: "Cobra", "Trezegol", and "Re David" (King David, in Italian), during his time at the club. Despite his ability, his playing time throughout his career was often limited by injuries.


title: Suicide pill

text: A suicide pill (also known as the cyanide pill, kill-pill, lethal pill, death-pill, or L-pill) is a pill, capsule, ampoule, or tablet containing a fatally poisonous substance that a person ingests deliberately in order to achieve death quickly through suicide. Military and espionage organizations have provided their agents in danger of being captured by the enemy with suicide pills and devices which can be used in order to avoid an imminent and far more unpleasant death (such as through torture), or to ensure that they cannot be interrogated and forced to disclose secret information. As a result, lethal pills have important psychological value to persons carrying out missions with a high risk of capture and interrogation.


title: Suicide pill

text: The term "poison pill" is also used colloquially for a policy or legal action set up by an institution that has fatal or highly unpleasant consequences for that institution if a certain event occurs. Examples are the poison pill shareholders rights amendments inserted in corporate charters as a takeover defence, and wrecking amendments added to legislative bills.


title: Suicide pill

text: During World War II, British and American secret services developed the "L-pill" (lethal pill) which was given to agents going behind enemy lines. It was an oval capsule, approximately the size of a pea, consisting of a thin-walled glass ampoule covered in brown rubber to protect against accidental breakage and filled with a concentrated solution of potassium cyanide. It could be carried in the mouth, shaped as a false tooth; if it was accidentally swallowed it would pass harmlessly through the body. To use, the agent bites down on the pill, crushing the ampoule to release the fast-acting poison. Heartbeat quickly stops and brain death occurs within minutes.


title: Suicide pill

text: After the war, the L-pill was offered to pilots of the U-2 reconnaissance plane, who were in danger of being shot down and captured flying over Eastern Europe, but most pilots declined to take it with them.


title: Suicide pill

text: The Central Intelligence Agency began experimenting with saxitoxin, an extremely potent neurotoxin, during the 1950s as a replacement for the L-pill. According to CIA Director William Colby, a tiny saxitoxin-impregnated needle hidden inside a fake silver dollar was issued to Francis Gary Powers, an American U-2 pilot who was shot down while flying over the USSR in May 1960.


title: Suicide pill

text: According to Former CIA Chief of Disguise Jonna Mendez, the CIA hid poison pills in a number of items, including the caps of pens, and the frames of glasses. Operatives would bite down, and the poison concealed inside would be released.


title: Suicide pill

text: In economics, a suicide pill is a form of risk arbitrage used by corporations to suicide during hostile takeover attempts. As an extreme version of the poison pill defense, this crippling provision refers to any technique used by a target firm in which takeover protection could result in self-destruction.


title: Suicide pill

text: Variations of the suicide pill include the Jonestown Defense, the Scorched Earth defense, and the golden parachute.


title: Suicide pill

text: One urban legend suggests that American astronauts could carry suicide pills in case they are unable to return to Earth. It is possible this myth was started by the movie "Contact" in a scene where the main character is given suicide pills in case she cannot get back to Earth. This was disputed by astronaut Jim Lovell, who co-wrote "Lost Moon" (later renamed "Apollo 13"). On the DVD director's commentary, it was asserted that because marooned astronauts could easily commit suicide by simply venting the air from their spacecraft or suits, such a pill would not likely be necessary.


title: Suicide pill

text: Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov stated that the Soviet space program gave him a suicide pill for use if he could not reenter Voskhod 2 after his March 1965 spacewalk.


title: Suicide pill

text: An episode of "Extraordinary Attorney Woo" depicted the head of a technology company publicly ingesting a cyanide pill in front of a courtroom to protest his company’s treatment by the legal system. He was promptly rushed to the hospital but did not die.


title: Ray Fisher (actor)

text: Ray Fisher (born September 8, 1987) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayal of the superhero Victor Stone / Cyborg in the DC Extended Universe media franchise, first appearing in a cameo in the film "" (2016) and then in a lead role in the films "Justice League" (2017) and its 2021 director's cut. In television, he played roles in the third season of the crime drama series "True Detective" and the limited series "Women of the Movement". He made his Broadway debut in the 2022 revival of the play "The Piano Lesson".


title: Ray Fisher (actor)

text: Fisher was born on September 8, 1987, in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up in Lawnside, New Jersey, where he was raised by his mother and grandmother. Fisher attended Haddon Heights High School. He worked at the concession stand of the Cinemark theater in Somerdale during this time. Fisher became involved in musical theatre through his high school English and history teachers. His first stage performances were in productions of the musicals "Into the Woods", "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying", and "Guys and Dolls". Fisher attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy.


title: Ray Fisher (actor)

text: In 2008, Fisher portrayed Dr. Marcus Blake in the musical "Attorney for the Damned", which held performances at the off-off-Broadway Kraine Theater. The following year, he acted in William Shakespeare's play "Macbeth" at the Shakespeare Theatre of New Jersey in Madison, New Jersey at Drew University. Fisher played a minor role in the 2010 McCarter Theatre Center production of Will Power's play "Fetch Clay, Make Man". He performed as part of the Shakespeare Theatre of New Jersey, where he starred in a production of the play "To Kill a Mockingbird". He also performed in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival's productions of the plays "King Lear" and "Cymbeline". Fisher portrayed boxer Muhammad Ali in the 2013 off-Broadway production of the play "Fetch Clay, Make Man" at the New York Theatre Workshop in New York City, gaining 20 pounds of muscle and going from 193 to 212 pounds. To prepare for the role, he stated that he "had to lift—bench presses, curls, squats, calf raises" and "get used to a new body".


title: Ray Fisher (actor)

text: Fisher had a cameo appearance as the superhero Victor Stone / Cyborg in the 2016 superhero film "". The character was the first black superhero in the DC Extended Universe media franchise. He reprised the role as part of an ensemble cast in "Justice League" (2017), which generated lukewarm reviews and had an unsuccessful theatrical run.


title: Ray Fisher (actor)

text: In 2020, Fisher accused director Joss Whedon of "abusive" and "unprofessional" behavior while filming "Justice League". He also called DC Films executive Walter Hamada "the most dangerous kind of enabler" and stated that he "will not participate in any production associated with [Hamada]" in December 2020. While he was slated to appear in the film "The Flash", Fisher stated in January 2021 that he had been removed from the film due to Hamada's involvement. He reprised the role of Cyborg in "Zack Snyder's Justice League", the 2021 director's cut of "Justice League". Fisher participated in the filming of new footage for the cut in October 2020. Reviewing the cut, Tom Jorgensen of "IGN" highlighted Fisher's nuanced and colorful portrayal and Alex Abad-Santos of "Vox" praised the "mix of rage and vulnerability" in his performance.


title: Ray Fisher (actor)

text: Fisher starred in the third season of the anthology crime drama series "True Detective", which aired in 2019 on HBO. He portrayed Gene Mobley, the husband of activist Mamie Till-Mobley, in the ABC limited series "Women of the Movement". Fisher is set to play a warrior in the fantasy film "Rebel Moon", reuniting with Zack Snyder, who is set to direct the film, following working together on "Justice League". In 2022, he made his Broadway debut as Lymon in a revival of the play "The Piano Lesson" by August Wilson.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: 3 is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language romantic psychological thriller film written and directed by Aishwarya R. Dhanush, the wife of actor Dhanush, who also produced the film, thus making their debut in both the fields. He also played the male lead role alongside Shruti Haasan, whilst Sivakarthikeyan and Sunder Ramu appear in prominent roles. The film follows Ram (Dhanush) and Janani (Shruti Haasan), two inter mediate sweethearts who eventually get married. However, Janani is mystified when Ram commits suicide all of a sudden and she tries to find out the truth behind his death.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The film was launched on 5 August 2011 in Chennai, with Dhanush and Amala Paul in lead roles, the latter was replaced by Shruti Haasan, due to schedule conflicts. The cinematography was handled by Velraj and editing was done by Kola Bhaskar. The soundtrack album and background score were composed by Dhanush's cousin-in-law Anirudh Ravichander, marking his debut as a composer with lyrics written by Dhanush, received positive reviews upon release. The song "Why This Kolaveri Di" penned and sung by Dhanush, became one of the most streamed songs of all time, and also listed in one of the "Recently Most Popular (Gold) Videos" on YouTube.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The film released worldwide on 30 March 2012, to mostly positive reviews, praising the performances of the lead actors, especially Dhanush's performance, Anirudh's soundtrack and score, but criticising the narration of the film. The film won three Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Playback Singer for Dhanush, and Best Music Director for Anirudh Ravichander. Dhanush won three awards, Best Actor, Best Lyricist and Best Male Playback Singer at the 2nd South Indian International Movie Awards. Following the success of the song "Why This Kolaveri Di", Dhanush was invited by Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh as a Guest of Honour.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: At Ram's funeral, his wife Janani hallucinates about him running away, and the film flashes back to when Ram and Janani were 12th-grade students, when Ram helps Janani fix her bicycle and tells his friends Senthil and Kumaran that he has a crush on her. He joins her tuition, in order to see her everyday, in the hopes that she will reciprocate his love for her. As time goes by, she eventually reciprocates his love.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: Back in the present, Janani has a teary conversation with her mother about Ram. Asleep, she experiences another flashback about when her family had a visa to go to the US. She lets her family know that she is in love with Ram. Her parents berate her, after learning that she burnt her passport, in order to stay with Ram. She leaves her home and requests Ram to marry her, since her parents will not allow her back into her home, and also, because she loves him. They later get married, despite the opposition from their respective parents.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: After Janani is awoken by her maid, she tries to hunt for Ram's friend, Senthil, for knowing the mystery behind Ram's death. She enquires Senthil's parents but she doesn't find any clue. Later, she finds a suicide letter from Ram in his coat. She again requests Senthil's parents to convince Senthil to help Janani and she asks him to reveal what they were hiding from her. A distraught Senthil tells her that when she was leaving for the US, Kumaran got a job in Singapore at the same time. Upon finding out that his two friends have moved on, Ram hallucinates and almost drowns when he tries to swim past a beach but is saved. Senthil doesn't suspect anything strange and just thinks that this happened because Ram was drunk. Later on a day when Ram took a 3.2 crore loss, he kicks and kills Tom, their dog. This leads Senthil to consult a doctor, and notices him being strange having extreme emotions, the primary emotions being despair or anger. Senthil tells a doctor about Ram's actions, the doctor reveals it might be Bipolar Disorder, and if not treated, could lead to suicide. When Senthil tries to warn him by inviting him to spend nights out with him, Ram loses his sense of control and attacks Senthil with a bottle, chair, and leaves the place. Later, Senthil finds Ram unconscious on the road.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The visit from the doctor confirms Ram has severe bipolar disorder, but Ram refuses to get admitted because of his love for Janani. To stay away from Janani, Ram then goes on a pilgrimage, causing further anguish. Janani takes notice of Ram's absurd behavior and asks Ram why he is acting weird. Later, at a club, Ram picks a fight with a drunkard who was trying to misbehave with Janani. Later, Ram and Senthil are beat up by the gang of the drunkard's friends. When the drunkard tries to kill him, Ram beats up the gang and incapacitates them. That night, Ram and Senthil get back home with wounds. Janani becomes restless seeing Ram injured. After this incident, Ram decides not reveal about his condition to Janani. Ram spends time in the hospital for shockwave treatment as his condition worsens. Janani becomes frustrated with Ram not telling her where he goes, and why. She suspects Ram of having an extramarital affair. She lashes out at him and sobs. After a while, Ram, in a manic state, tries to kill Janani, unbeknownst to her (since she was in a deep sleep) but is stopped by Senthil. This makes Ram feel guilty.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: Ram requests his father to transfer his company shares to Janani, and wants Senthil to leave him to see her. Senthil refuses, and Ram suddenly bashes his head against a steering wheel, rendering him unconscious. Ram tearfully says goodbye to Senthil and leaves the car. In the present, Senthil and Janani are both crying profusely. As Ram goes to Janani's bedroom and watches her sleep, he suddenly hallucinates seeing a young girl saying "Either kill her or you die." Terrified, he immediately gets away from her bed. He goes to his office and writes a suicide note while the hallucinations continue. Ram grabs a knife and struggles to kill himself. Janani in the present is wailing in grief as she learns her husband's fate. The film ends with Ram slitting his throat saying his final words, "I love you, Janani".


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The movie includes a message in end that "Suicide is not a solution. Bipolar disorder can be treated with proper medical help."


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: Aishwarya R. Dhanush stated that the script was written with Shruti Haasan in mind, but the actress was initially unavailable to do the film. Aishwarya signed Amala Paul to the role after being impressed by her work in "Mynaa". This film's press meet was held at the Star City Hotel on 5 August 2011 in Chennai with the director, the cinematographer and the lead pair, Dhanush and Amala Paul.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The film was originally meant to begin its first schedule in October 2011 but in a turn of events, Dhanush had free dates in August and September 2011. However, Amala Paul was unavailable to start the film early and left the project, and Shruti Haasan joined the team after her Telugu film was delayed.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The soundtrack and score for this film is composed by Anirudh Ravichander, marking his debut as a music composer. The song... "Why This Kolaveri Di" was released as a single by Sony Music on 16 November 2011. This song written and performed by Dhanush, became one of the most streamed songs of all time. It also featured in the "Recently Most Popular (Gold) Videos" on YouTube. The full soundtrack album was released at a launch event, held on 23 December 2011, and gained extremely positive reviews.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The satellite rights of the film were secured by Sun TV. The film released on 30 March 2012. Its Hindi dubbed version was supposed to release on 29 May 2012 but it was released in 2020. The film released with 1000 prints in Tamil. The film released in 1250 screens worldwide for both versions.


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: Film producer and distributor Natti Kumar reportedly said that out of the Rs. 60  million (US$1.33 million approximately) he spent on distribution rights and publicity, he had been able to recover only Rs. 47.0 million (US$0.83 million approximately).


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Vishnupriya Bhandaram of "The Hindu" wrote "Aishwarya R. Dhanush takes a twisted look at love and its meaning – when you put someone before your own existence – comes across as profound, underlining theme in the film. It fades out as a moving and tragic ode to romance, to the grand idea called 'love'". Moviebuzz of "Sify" called the film "poignant", quoting that "On the whole, "3" has its heart in the right place, though the second half seem scattered. Overlook these faults, and make it a point to watch 3". "One India" concluded that ""3" is an engaging tale backed by wonderful performances of Dhanush and Shruti Hassan" and rated it 60 out of 100. Pavithra Srinivasan of "Rediff" rated the movie 3 out of 5, saying that "There are certain moments in "3" that defy logic at times, and sentiment rules the roost, but Aishwarya Dhanush has chosen to present a take on romance that is appealing in its freshness. The lead actors help as well. Her little thriller-twist aside, 3 is a movie that is an ode to romance, above all else." L Romal M Singh of "DNA India" gave the movie 3 stars out of 5, commenting that "We do not think anyone would want to watch the movie again, only because it demands too much from you emotionally. We however, plan to watch this movie once more and walk out during the interval, we'd advise the romantics to do the same."


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: "In" rated the film 3.5 out of 5, claiming that "3 is average and not worth watching in the theaters. Better wait for the DVD! It fails to meet the expectations and works only in parts, but Aishwarya had shown promise by taking a serious subject in her very first film". "Behindwoods" rated the film 3 stars out of 5, commenting that ""3" has good performances, but is let down by slower narration".


title: 3 (2012 Indian film)

text: There has been an unofficial remake of the movie in Turkish language. The 2015 Turkish movie Delibal by Ali Bilgin shares a similar plotline with the movie.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Dana James Hutton (May 31, 1934 – June 2, 1979) was an American actor in film and television best remembered for his role as Ellery Queen in the 1970s TV series of the same name, and his screen partnership with Paula Prentiss in four films, starting with "Where the Boys Are". He is the father of actor Timothy Hutton.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was born on May 31, 1934, in Binghamton, New York, the son of Helen and Thomas R. Hutton, an editor and managing editor of the "Binghamton Press". Hutton's parents divorced while he was an infant, and he never knew his father.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was expelled from five high schools and a boarding school due to behavior problems, but had excellent grades and test scores. After starting his school newspaper's sports column, he earned a scholarship in journalism from Syracuse University in 1952. He was expelled from Syracuse after driving a bulldozer through a bed of tulips near the library while drunk.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton then enrolled at Niagara University, where he began pursuing an acting career. He performed in summer stock in Connecticut and La Jolla, and won state oratory competitions. In 1955, he moved to New York, where he became, in his own words, a "beatnik". He struggled to find acting work, and worried about being able to eat, he joined the U.S. Army.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton served in the United States Army from 1956 and starred in over 40 Army training films before going to Berlin to serve in special services. Hutton personally founded the American Community Theater by spearheading the renovation of theaters abandoned during World War II. He established the first English-speaking theater in Berlin. "They turned out to be the kickiest two years of my life", he later said.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was performing in live theater in Germany, playing Captain Queeg in a production of "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial", while with the Army, when he was spotted by American film director Douglas Sirk. Sirk offered him in a small role in a film, "A Time to Love and a Time to Die" (1958), if he could get leave to join the unit in Nuremberg. Hutton made his debut in the film as a neurotic German soldier who commits suicide. Universal saw footage and expressed interest in offering him a long-term contract. While in Germany, Hutton also had a small role in "Ten Seconds to Hell" (1959).


title: Jim Hutton

text: When Hutton got out of the Army, he moved to Hollywood, but discovered the offer from Universal had expired. He got an agent, though, and started doing auditions.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton's first notable screen appearance was in the episode "And When the Sky Was Opened" of "The Twilight Zone" (1959), in which he co-starred with Rod Taylor. He also guest-starred on episodes of "Father Knows Best" and "Tate".


title: Jim Hutton

text: In 1959, he appeared on stage at the La Jolla Playhouse in "Look Homeward Angel" alongside Miriam Hopkins.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton auditioned for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Al Tresconi and Ben Thau. They were impressed enough to offer him a long-term contract. "But after that, they didn't seem to know what to do with me", he said. "I don't fall easily into a mold and they tried different things."


title: Jim Hutton

text: MGM put him in "The Subterraneans" (1960), a drama about "beatniks". The film was a big flop, but Hutton was then cast in a teen comedy for the same studio, "Where the Boys Are" (1960), where he appeared alongside a number of young players under contract to the studio, including George Hamilton, Connie Francis, Yvette Mimieux, and Paula Prentiss. The movie was a huge success.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Due to his tall, gangly frame and the absent-minded quality of his delivery, Hutton was viewed as a successor to James Stewart.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was romantically teamed in the film with Prentiss, in part because they were the tallest MGM contract players of their time (Hutton at 6'5" and Prentiss at 5'10"), and public feedback being positive, MGM decided to make them a regular team, along the lines of William Powell and Myrna Loy.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton appeared with Prentiss in "The Honeymoon Machine" (1961) supporting Steve McQueen, which was a hit. Then, they made "Bachelor in Paradise" (1961) starring Bob Hope and Lana Turner, which lost money. Hutton and Prentiss were given top billing in "The Horizontal Lieutenant" (1962), which was a box-office disappointment. "We're not being thrown into films together to play the same parts", said Hutton. "Paula and I have spent too much time and money on our careers, and if teaming together happens to go hand and glove with advancing our careers, then fine."


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton and Prentiss were announced for "Away from Home" to be shot in Mexico by producer Edmund Grainer, but the film appears to have not been made. Neither was another announced for them, "And So To Bed", to be written and directed by Frank Tashlin.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was meant to play a role in "How the West Was Won" (1962), a soldier who tries to desert and fights with George Peppard, but Russ Tamblyn ended up playing the role.


title: Jim Hutton

text: In February 1962, Prentiss and he made the exhibitors list of the top 10 "stars of tomorrow" alongside Hayley Mills, Nancy Kwan, Horst Bucholz, Carol Lynley, Dolores Hart, Juliet Prowse, Connie Stevens, and Warren Beatty.


title: Jim Hutton

text: MGM tried Hutton in a comedy-drama with Jane Fonda, "Period of Adjustment" (1962), directed by George Roy Hill. It was a hit at the box office. MGM announced they would reteam him with Prentiss in "Follow the Boys" but he was not in the final film; Prentiss' love interest was played by Russ Tamblyn.


title: Jim Hutton

text: He was Connie Francis's leading man in "Looking for Love" (1964) (in which Hamilton, Mimieux, and Prentiss had cameos). The movie was not a success.


title: Jim Hutton

text: He was going to be Sandra Dee's leading man in "The Richest Girl in Town" but was replaced by Andy Williams for the final film, which became "I'd Rather Be Rich".


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was tired of playing in comedies. In the words of Hedda Hopper, he refused "one script after another" from MGM for 15 months before the studio eventually released him from his contract. He signed a one-year contract with Universal and received an offer to make a Western at Columbia, "Major Dundee", which was directed by Sam Peckinpah, and Hutton played the third lead after Charlton Heston and Richard Harris, an ineffective officer. Filming took place in Mexico. He followed it with another expensive Western, "The Hallelujah Trail" (1965) with Burt Lancaster, directed by John Sturges for United Artists. Both films were financial disappointments, although "Dundee"'s reputation has risen in recent years.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was the male juvenile in "Never Too Late" (1965) with Paul Ford and Connie Stevens, at Warner Bros.


title: Jim Hutton

text: "The "Major Dundee" and "Hallelujah Trail" parts were good", he said in an interview around this time, "but they were peripheral. I'm ready for a take charge part. In all immodesty, I don't believe there are many guys my age who can play comedy. Jack Lemmon is the master, but who among the younger guys can you think of? A lot of them can clown and laugh at their own jokes."


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton made a pilot for a sitcom about a travelling salesman, "Barney", written and directed by Shelley Berman for Screen Gems, but it was not picked up. He made a cameo in "The Trouble with Angels", and was the second male lead in "Walk, Don't Run" (1966), a comedy with Samantha Eggar and Cary Grant (in Grant's last feature-film appearance) at Columbia. Director Charles Walters says Hutton was Grant's personal choice for the role. "Cary identifies with Hutton", he said. The success of this film had Hutton given the lead in Columbia's comedy "Who's Minding the Mint?" (1967), but it was not widely seen. He was announced for the lead in "A Guide for the Married Man" but when the script changed, he ended up asking to be released from it.


title: Jim Hutton

text: In November 1966, Hutton signed a nonexclusive, two-year deal with 20th Century Fox. However, he did not appear in any Fox films.


title: Jim Hutton

text: In July 1967, Hutton signed to appear in the John Wayne war drama, "The Green Berets", in which Hutton played a Special Forces sergeant in a mix of comedy and drama, with a memorable booby trap death scene.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Also in 1968, Hutton appeared with Wayne in "Hellfighters", playing the role of Greg Parker. The movie was loosely based on the career of oil-well firefighter Red Adair.


title: Jim Hutton

text: In the early 1970s, Hutton began working almost exclusively in television, guest-starring on such shows as "The Psychiatrist"; "Love, American Style" (several times), and "The Name of the Game". He was in two TV movies, the thriller "The Deadly Hunt" (1971) and a war film, "The Reluctant Heroes of Hill 656" (1971).


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton played Erle Stanley Gardner's small-town district attorney hero, Doug Selby, in "They Call It Murder" (1971), a TV movie that was a pilot for a proposed series that never came about. He also co-starred with Connie Stevens in "Call Her Mom" (1972), another TV movie that was a pilot for a series that was not picked up. He tried three failed sitcom pilots, "Wednesday Night Out", "Call Holme", and "Captain Newman, M.D." (the latter, written by Richard Crenna, screened as a TV movie).


title: Jim Hutton

text: He starred in "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" (1973) and "The Underground Man" (1974) and episodes of "Marcus Welby, M.D.", "The Wide World of Mystery", and "Ironside".


title: Jim Hutton

text: His last theatrical film was "Psychic Killer" (1975) directed by Ray Danton. "Much of my career downfall was my own fault," he said around this time.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton had not auditioned since "Period of Adjustment", but agreed to do it for the role of fictional amateur detective Ellery Queen in the 1975 made-for-television movie and 1975–1976 television series, "Ellery Queen". Hutton's co-star in the series (set in 1946–1947 New York City) was David Wayne, who portrayed his widowed father, an NYPD homicide detective. Ellery, a writer of murder mysteries, assisted his father as an amateur, each week solving an "actual" murder case. Near the end of each story, before revealing the solution, he would "break the fourth wall" by giving the audience a brief review of the clues and asking if they had solved the mystery. "It's the first opportunity I've had in a long time to show people I can give a good performance," he said. It ran for 23 episodes.


title: Jim Hutton

text: One of Hutton's memorable television appearances was appearing as a guest star in the 1977–1978 third-season premiere of the Norman Lear sitcom "One Day at a Time". The episode, titled "The Older Man", was a four-part story arc in which Hutton portrayed Dr. Paul Curran, a 42-year-old veterinarian who falls in love with 17-year-old Julie Cooper (played by Mackenzie Phillips).


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton's final performances included roles in "Flying High", "$weepstake$", and "The Wonderful World of Disney" ("The Sky Trap").


title: Jim Hutton

text: His last television role was in an unsold pilot called "Butterflies", based on the BBC2 sitcom of the same name. It was broadcast on NBC in August 1979, about two months after Hutton had died.


title: Jim Hutton

text: Hutton was married to Maryline Adams (née Poole), who was a teacher. They divorced in 1963. They had two children: a daughter, Heidi (born 1959), and a son, Timothy (born 1960). Timothy also became an actor and appeared with his father in a summer-stock production of "Harvey". In 1970, he married Lynni Solomon, and they had daughter Punch Hutton (former deputy fashion editor of "Vanity Fair"). Hutton also had an intermittent 15-year relationship with actress and model Yvette Vickers.


title: Jim Hutton

text: On June 2, 1979, Hutton died of liver cancer, two days after his 45th birthday, and a month after being diagnosed. He was cremated and his ashes were interred at the "Garden of Roses" area of Westwood Village Memorial Park.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies (also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and the upper Midwestern United States, as Canadian soldiers in the American Great Lakes region, and as up-winged flies in the United Kingdom) are aquatic insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera. This order is part of an ancient group of insects termed the Palaeoptera, which also contains dragonflies and damselflies. Over 3,000 species of mayfly are known worldwide, grouped into over 400 genera in 42 families.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies have ancestral traits that were probably present in the first flying insects, such as long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen. Their immature stages are aquatic fresh water forms (called "naiads" or "nymphs"), whose presence indicates a clean, unpolluted and highly oxygenated aquatic environment. They are unique among insect orders in having a fully winged terrestrial preadult stage, the subimago, which moults into a sexually mature adult, the imago.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies "hatch" (emerge as adults) from spring to autumn, not necessarily in May, in enormous numbers. Some hatches attract tourists. Fly fishermen make use of mayfly hatches by choosing artificial fishing flies that resemble them. One of the most famous English mayflies is "Rhithrogena germanica", the fisherman's "March brown mayfly".


title: Mayfly

text: The brief lives of mayfly adults have been noted by naturalists and encyclopaedists since Aristotle and Pliny the Elder in classical antiquity. The German engraver Albrecht Dürer included a mayfly in his 1495 engraving "The Holy Family with the Mayfly" to suggest a link between heaven and earth. The English poet George Crabbe compared the brief life of a daily newspaper with that of a mayfly in the satirical poem "The Newspaper" (1785), both being known as "ephemera".


title: Mayfly

text: Immature mayflies are aquatic and are referred to as nymphs or naiads. In contrast to their short lives as adults, they may live for several years in the water. They have an elongated, cylindrical or somewhat flattened body that passes through a number of instars (stages), molting and increasing in size each time. When ready to emerge from the water, nymphs vary in length, depending on species, from . The head has a tough outer covering of sclerotin, often with various hard ridges and projections; it points either forwards or downwards, with the mouth at the front. There are two large compound eyes, three ocelli (simple eyes) and a pair of antennae of variable lengths, set between or in front of the eyes. The mouthparts are designed for chewing and consist of a flap-like labrum, a pair of strong mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a membranous hypopharynx and a labium.


title: Mayfly

text: The thorax consists of three segments – the hindmost two, the mesothorax and metathorax, being fused. Each segment bears a pair of legs which usually terminate in a single claw. The legs are robust and often clad in bristles, hairs or spines. Wing pads develop on the mesothorax, and in some species, hindwing pads develop on the metathorax.


title: Mayfly

text: The abdomen consists of ten segments, some of which may be obscured by a large pair of operculate gills, a thoracic shield (expanded part of the prothorax) or the developing wing pads. In most taxa up to seven pairs of gills arise from the top or sides of the abdomen, but in some species they are under the abdomen, and in a very few species the gills are instead located on the coxae of the legs, or the bases of the maxillae. The abdomen terminates in slender thread-like projections, consisting of a pair of cerci, with or without a third central caudal filament.


title: Mayfly

text: The final moult of the nymph is not to the full adult form, but to a winged stage called a subimago that physically resembles the adult, but which is usually sexually immature and duller in colour. The subimago, or dun, often has partially cloudy wings fringed with minute hairs known as microtrichia; its eyes, legs and genitalia are not fully developed. Females of some mayflies (subfamily Palingeniinae) do not moult from a subimago state into an adult stage and are sexually mature while appearing like a subimago with microtrichia on the wing membrance. Oligoneuriine mayflies form another exception in retaining microtrichia on their wings but not on their bodies. Subimagos are generally poor fliers, have shorter appendages, and typically lack the colour patterns used to attract mates. In males of "Ephoron leukon", the subimagos have forelegs that are short and compressed, with accordion like folds, and expands to more than double its length after moulting. After a period, usually lasting one or two days but in some species only a few minutes, the subimago moults to the full adult form, making mayflies the only insects where a winged form undergoes a further moult.


title: Mayfly

text: Adult mayflies, or imagos, are relatively primitive in structure, exhibiting traits that were probably present in the first flying insects. These include long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen. Mayflies are delicate-looking insects with one or two pairs of membranous, triangular wings, which are extensively covered with veins. At rest, the wings are held upright, like those of a butterfly. The hind wings are much smaller than the forewings and may be vestigial or absent. The second segment of the thorax, which bears the forewings, is enlarged to hold the main flight muscles. Adults have short, flexible antennae, large compound eyes, three ocelli and non-functional mouthparts. In most species, the males' eyes are large and the front legs unusually long, for use in locating and grasping females during the mid-air mating. In the males of some families, there are two large cylindrical "turban" eyes (also known as "turbanate" or "turbinate" eyes) that face upwards in addition to the lateral eyes. They are capable of detecting ultraviolet light and are thought to be used during courtship to detect females flying above them. In some species all the legs are functionless, apart from the front pair in males. The abdomen is long and roughly cylindrical, with ten segments and two or three long cerci (tail-like appendages) at the tip. Like Entognatha, Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the spiracles on the abdomen don't have closing muscles. Uniquely among insects, mayflies possess paired genitalia, with the male having two aedeagi (penis-like organs) and the female two gonopores (sexual openings).


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies are hemimetabolous (they have "incomplete metamorphosis"). They are unique among insects in that they moult one more time after acquiring functional wings; this last-but-one winged (alate) instar usually lives a very short time and is known as a subimago, or to fly fishermen as a dun. Mayflies at the subimago stage are a favourite food of many fish, and many fishing flies are modelled to resemble them. The subimago stage does not survive for long, rarely for more than 24 hours. In some species, it may last for just a few minutes, while the mayflies in the family Palingeniidae have sexually mature subimagos and no true adult form at all.


title: Mayfly

text: Often, all the individuals in a population mature at once (a hatch), and for a day or two in the spring or autumn, mayflies are extremely abundant, dancing around each other in large groups, or resting on every available surface. In many species the emergence is synchronised with dawn or dusk, and light intensity seems to be an important cue for emergence, but other factors may also be involved. "Baetis intercalaris", for example, usually emerges just after sunset in July and August, but in one year, a large hatch was observed at midday in June. The soft-bodied subimagos are very attractive to predators. Synchronous emergence is probably an adaptive strategy that reduces the individual's risk of being eaten. The lifespan of an adult mayfly is very short, varying with the species. The primary function of the adult is reproduction; adults do not feed and have only vestigial mouthparts, while their digestive systems are filled with air. "Dolania americana" has the shortest adult lifespan of any mayfly: the adult females of the species live for less than five minutes.


title: Mayfly

text: Male adults may patrol individually, but most congregate in swarms a few metres above water with clear open sky above it, and perform a nuptial or courtship dance. Each insect has a characteristic up-and-down pattern of movement; strong wingbeats propel it upwards and forwards with the tail sloping down; when it stops moving its wings, it falls passively with the abdomen tilted upwards. Females fly into these swarms, and mating takes place in the air. A rising male clasps the thorax of a female from below using his front legs bent upwards, and inseminates her. Copulation may last just a few seconds, but occasionally a pair remains in tandem and flutters to the ground. Males may spend the night in vegetation and return to their dance the following day. Although they do not feed, some briefly touch the surface to drink a little water before flying off.


title: Mayfly

text: Females typically lay between four hundred and three thousand eggs. The eggs are often dropped onto the surface of the water; sometimes the female deposits them by dipping the tip of her abdomen into the water during flight, releasing a small batch of eggs each time, or deposits them in bulk while standing next to the water. In a few species, the female submerges and places the eggs among plants or in crevices underwater, but in general, they sink to the bottom. The incubation time is variable, depending at least in part on temperature, and may be anything from a few days to nearly a year. Eggs can go into a quiet dormant phase or diapause. The larval growth rate is also temperature-dependent, as is the number of moults. At anywhere between ten and fifty, these post-embryonic moults are more numerous in mayflies than in most other insect orders. The nymphal stage of mayflies may last from several months to several years, depending on species and environmental conditions.


title: Mayfly

text: Around half of all mayfly species whose reproductive biology has been described are parthenogenetic (able to asexually reproduce), including both partially and exclusively parthogenetic populations and species.


title: Mayfly

text: Many species breed in moving water, where there is a tendency for the eggs and nymphs to get washed downstream. To counteract this, females may fly upriver before depositing their eggs. For example, the female Tisza mayfly, the largest European species with a length of , flies up to upstream before depositing eggs on the water surface. These sink to the bottom and hatch after 45 days, the nymphs burrowing their way into the sediment where they spend two or three years before hatching into subimagos.


title: Mayfly

text: When ready to emerge, several different strategies are used. In some species, the transformation of the nymph occurs underwater and the subimago swims to the surface and launches itself into the air. In other species, the nymph rises to the surface, bursts out of its skin, remains quiescent for a minute or two resting on the exuviae (cast skin) and then flies upwards, and in some, the nymph climbs out of the water before transforming.


title: Mayfly

text: Nymphs live primarily in streams under rocks, in decaying vegetation or in sediments. Few species live in lakes, but they are among the most prolific. For example, the emergence of one species of "Hexagenia" was recorded on Doppler weather radar by the shoreline of Lake Erie in 2003. In the nymphs of most mayfly species, the paddle-like gills do not function as respiratory surfaces because sufficient oxygen is absorbed through the integument, instead serving to create a respiratory current. However, in low-oxygen environments such as the mud at the bottom of ponds in which "Ephemera vulgata" burrows, the filamentous gills act as true accessory respiratory organs and are used in gaseous exchange.


title: Mayfly

text: In most species, the nymphs are herbivores or detritivores, feeding on algae, diatoms or detritus, but in a few species, they are predators of chironomid and other small insect larvae and nymphs. Nymphs of "Povilla" burrow into submerged wood and can be a problem for boat owners in Asia. Some are able to shift from one feeding group to another as they grow, thus enabling them to utilise a variety of food resources. They process a great quantity of organic matter as nymphs and transfer a lot of phosphates and nitrates to terrestrial environments when they emerge from the water, thus helping to remove pollutants from aqueous systems. Along with caddisfly larvae and gastropod molluscs, the grazing of mayfly nymphs has a significant impact on the primary producers, the plants and algae, on the bed of streams and rivers.


title: Mayfly

text: The nymphs are eaten by a wide range of predators and form an important part of the aquatic food chain. Fish are among the main predators, picking nymphs off the bottom or ingesting them in the water column, and feeding on emerging nymphs and adults on the water surface. Carnivorous stonefly, caddisfly, alderfly and dragonfly larvae feed on bottom-dwelling mayfly nymphs, as do aquatic beetles, leeches, crayfish and amphibians. Besides the direct mortality caused by these predators, the behaviour of their potential prey is also affected, with the nymphs' growth rate being slowed by the need to hide rather than feed. The nymphs are highly susceptible to pollution and can be useful in the biomonitoring of water bodies. Once they have emerged, large numbers are preyed on by birds, bats and by other insects, such as Rhamphomyia longicauda.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayfly nymphs may serve as hosts for parasites such as nematodes and trematodes. Some of these affect the nymphs' behaviour in such a way that they become more likely to be predated. Other nematodes turn adult male mayflies into quasi-females which haunt the edges of streams, enabling the parasites to break their way out into the aqueous environment they need to complete their life cycles. The nymphs can also serve as intermediate hosts for the horsehair worm "Paragordius varius", which causes its definitive host, a grasshopper, to jump into water and drown.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies are involved in both primary production and bioturbation. A study in laboratory simulated streams revealed that the mayfly genus "Centroptilum" increased the export of periphyton, thus indirectly affecting primary production positively, which is an essential process for ecosystems. The mayfly can also reallocate and alter the nutrient availability in aquatic habitats through the process of bioturbation. By burrowing in the bottom of lakes and redistributing nutrients, mayflies indirectly regulate phytoplankton and epibenthic primary production. Once burrowing to the bottom of the lake, mayfly nymphs begin to billow their respiratory gills. This motion creates current that carries food particles through the burrow and allows the nymph to filter feed. Other mayfly nymphs possess elaborate filter feeding mechanisms like that of the genus "Isonychia". The nymph have forelegs that contain long bristle-like structures that have two rows of hairs. Interlocking hairs form the filter by which the insect traps food particles. The action of filter feeding has a small impact on water purification but an even larger impact on the convergence of small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in the food chain.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies are distributed all over the world in clean freshwater habitats, though absent from Antarctica. They tend to be absent from oceanic islands or represented by one or two species that have dispersed from nearby mainland. Female mayflies may be dispersed by wind, and eggs may be transferred by adhesion to the legs of waterbirds. The greatest generic diversity is found in the Neotropical realm, while the Holarctic has a smaller number of genera but a high degree of speciation. Some thirteen families are restricted to a single bioregion. The main families have some general habitat preferences: the Baetidae favour warm water; the Heptageniidae live under stones and prefer fast-flowing water; and the relatively large Ephemeridae make burrows in sandy lake or river beds.


title: Mayfly

text: The nymph is the dominant life history stage of the mayfly. Different insect species vary in their tolerance to water pollution, but in general, the larval stages of mayflies, stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddis flies (Trichoptera) are susceptible to a number of pollutants including sewage, pesticides and industrial effluent. In general, mayflies are particularly sensitive to acidification, but tolerances vary, and certain species are exceptionally tolerant to heavy metal contamination and to low pH levels. Ephemerellidae are among the most tolerant groups and Siphlonuridae and Caenidae the least. The adverse effects on the insects of pollution may be either lethal or sub-lethal, in the latter case resulting in altered enzyme function, poor growth, changed behaviour or lack of reproductive success. As important parts of the food chain, pollution can cause knock-on effects to other organisms; a dearth of herbivorous nymphs can cause overgrowth of algae, and a scarcity of predacious nymphs can result in an over-abundance of their prey species. Fish that feed on mayfly nymphs that have bioaccumulated heavy metals are themselves at risk. Adult female mayflies find water by detecting the polarization of reflected light. They are easily fooled by other polished surfaces which can act as traps for swarming mayflies.


title: Mayfly

text: The threat to mayflies applies also to their eggs. "Modest levels" of pollution in rivers in England are sufficient to kill 80% of mayfly eggs, which are as vulnerable to pollutants as other life-cycle stages; numbers of the blue-winged olive mayfly ("Baetis") have fallen dramatically, almost to none in some rivers. The major pollutants thought to be responsible are fine sediment and phosphate from agriculture and sewage.


title: Mayfly

text: The status of many species of mayflies is unknown because they are known from only the original collection data. Four North American species are believed to be extinct. Among these, "Pentagenia robusta" was originally collected from the Ohio River near Cincinnati, but this species has not been seen since its original collection in the 1800s. "Ephemera compar" is known from a single specimen, collected from the "foothills of Colorado" in 1873, but despite intensive surveys of the Colorado mayflies reported in 1984, it has not been rediscovered.


title: Mayfly

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list of threatened species includes one mayfly: "Tasmanophlebi lacuscoerulei", the large blue lake mayfly, which is a native of Australia and is listed as endangered because its alpine habitat is vulnerable to climate change.


title: Mayfly

text: As of 2012, over 3,000 species of mayfly in 42 families and over 400 genera are known worldwide, including about 630 species in North America. Mayflies are an ancient group of winged (pterygote) insects. Putative fossil stem group representatives (e.g. Syntonopteroidea-like "Lithoneura lameerrei") are already known from the late Carboniferous. The name Ephemeroptera is from the Greek ἐφήμερος, ' "short-lived" (literally "lasting a day", cf. English "ephemeral"), and πτερόν, ', "wing", referring to the brief lifespan of adults. The English common name is for the insect's emergence in or around the month of May in the UK. The name shadfly is from the Atlantic fish the shad, which runs up American East Coast rivers at the same time as many mayflies emerge.


title: Mayfly

text: From the Permian, numerous stem group representatives of mayflies are known, which are often lumped into a separate taxon Permoplectoptera (e.g. including "Protereisma permianum" in the Protereismatidae, and Misthodotidae). The larvae of Permoplectoptera still had 9 pairs of abdominal gills, and the adults still had long hindwings. Maybe the fossil family Cretereismatidae from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil also belongs as the last offshoot to Permoplectoptera. The Crato outcrops otherwise yielded fossil specimens of modern mayfly families or the extinct (but modern) family Hexagenitidae. However, from the same locality the strange larvae and adults of the extinct family Mickoleitiidae (order Coxoplectoptera) have been described, which represents the fossil sister group of modern mayflies, even though they had very peculiar adaptations such as raptorial forelegs.


title: Mayfly

text: The oldest mayfly inclusion in amber is "Cretoneta zherichini" (Leptophlebiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Siberia. In the much younger Baltic amber numerous inclusions of several modern families of mayflies have been found (Ephemeridae, Potamanthidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ametropodidae, Siphlonuridae, Isonychiidae, Heptageniidae, and Ephemerellidae). The modern genus "Neoephemera" is represented in the fossil record by the Ypresian species "N. antiqua" from Washington state.


title: Mayfly

text: Grimaldi and Engel, reviewing the phylogeny in 2005, commented that many cladistic studies had been made with no stability in Ephemeroptera suborders and infraorders; the traditional division into Schistonota and Pannota was wrong because Pannota is derived from the Schistonota.


title: Mayfly

text: The phylogeny of the Ephemeroptera was first studied using molecular analysis by Ogden and Whiting in 2005. They recovered the Baetidae as sister to the other clades.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayfly phylogeny was further studied using morphological and molecular analyses by Ogden and others in 2009. They found that the Asian genus "Siphluriscus" was sister to all other mayflies. Some existing lineages such as Ephemeroidea, and families such as Ameletopsidae, were found not to be monophyletic, through convergence among nymphal features.


title: Mayfly

text: The following traditional classification is based on Peters and Campbell (1991), in "Insects of Australia".


title: Mayfly

text: The Dutch Golden Age author Augerius Clutius () illustrated some mayflies in his 1634 "De Hemerobio" ("On the Mayfly"), the earliest book written on the group. Maerten de Vos similarly illustrated a mayfly in his 1587 depiction of the fifth day of creation, amongst an assortment of fish and water birds.


title: Mayfly

text: In 1495 Albrecht Dürer included a mayfly in his engraving "The Holy Family with the Mayfly". The critics Larry Silver and Pamela H. Smith argue that the image provides "an explicit link between heaven and earth ... to suggest a cosmic resonance between sacred and profane, celestial and terrestrial, macrocosm and microcosm."


title: Mayfly

text: The Ancient Roman encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder described the mayfly as the "hemerobius" in his "Natural History":


title: Mayfly

text: In his 1789 book "The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne", Gilbert White described in the entry for "June 10th, 1771" how


title: Mayfly

text: The mayfly has come to symbolise the transitoriness and brevity of life. The English poet George Crabbe, known to have been interested in insects, compared the brief life of a newspaper with that of mayflies, both being known as "Ephemera", things that live for a day:


title: Mayfly

text: The theme of brief life is echoed in the artist Douglas Florian's 1998 poem, "The Mayfly". The American Poet Laureate Richard Wilbur's 2005 poem "Mayflies" includes the lines "I saw from unseen pools a mist of flies, In their quadrillions rise, And animate a ragged patch of glow, With sudden glittering".


title: Mayfly

text: Another literary reference to mayflies is seen in "The Epic of Gilgamesh", one of the earliest surviving great works of literature. The briefness of Gilgamesh's life is compared to that of the adult mayfly. In Szeged, Hungary, mayflies are celebrated in a monument near the Belvárosi bridge, the work of local sculptor Pal Farkas, depicting the courtship dance of mayflies. The American playwright David Ives wrote a short comedic play, "Time Flies", in 2001, as to what two mayflies might discuss during their one day of existence.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies are the primary source of models for artificial flies, hooks tied with coloured materials such as threads and feathers, used in fly fishing. These are based on different life-cycle stages of mayflies. For example, the flies known as "emergers" in North America are designed by fly fishermen to resemble subimago mayflies, and are intended to lure freshwater trout. In 1983, Patrick McCafferty recorded that artificial flies had been based on 36 genera of North American mayfly, from a total of 63 western species and 103 eastern/central species. A large number of these species have common names among fly fishermen, who need to develop a substantial knowledge of mayfly "habitat, distribution, seasonality, morphology and behavior" in order to match precisely the look and movements of the insects that the local trout are expecting.


title: Mayfly

text: Izaak Walton describes the use of mayflies for catching trout in his 1653 book "The Compleat Angler"; for example, he names the "Green-drake" for use as a natural fly, and "duns" (mayfly subimagos) as artificial flies. These include for example the "Great Dun" and the "Great Blue Dun" in February; the "Whitish Dun" in March; the "Whirling Dun" and the "Yellow Dun" in April; the "Green-drake", the "Little Yellow May-Fly" and the "Grey-Drake" in May; and the "Black-Blue Dun" in July. Nymph or "wet fly" fishing was restored to popularity on the chalk streams of England by G. E. M. Skues with his 1910 book "Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream". In the book, Skues discusses the use of duns to catch trout. The March brown is "probably the most famous of all British mayflies", having been copied by anglers to catch trout for over 500 years.


title: Mayfly

text: Some English public houses beside trout streams such as the River Test in Hampshire are named "The Mayfly".


title: Mayfly

text: The hatch of the giant mayfly "Palingenia longicauda" on the Tisza and Maros Rivers in Hungary and Serbia, known as "Tisza blooming", is a tourist attraction. The 2014 hatch of the large black-brown mayfly "Hexagenia bilineata" on the Mississippi River in the US was imaged on weather radar; the swarm flew up to 760 m (2,500 feet) above the ground near La Crosse, Wisconsin, creating a radar signature that resembled a "significant rain storm", and the mass of dead insects covering roads, cars and buildings caused a "slimy mess".


title: Mayfly

text: During the weekend of 13–14 June 2015, a large swarm of mayflies caused several vehicular accidents on the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge, carrying Pennsylvania Route 462 across the Susquehanna River between Columbia and Wrightsville, Pennsylvania. The bridge had to be closed to traffic twice during that period due to impaired visibility and obstructions posed by piles of dead insects.


title: Mayfly

text: Mayflies are consumed in several cultures and are estimated to contain the most raw protein content of any edible insect by dry weight. In Malawi, kungu, a paste of mayflies ("Caenis kungu") and mosquitoes is made into a cake for eating. Adult mayflies are collected and eaten in many parts of China and Japan. Near Lake Victoria, "Povilla" mayflies are collected, dried and preserved for use in food preparations.


title: Mayfly

text: "Mayfly" was the crew's nickname for His Majesty's Airship No. 1, an aerial scout airship built by Vickers but wrecked by strong winds in 1911 before her trial flights.


title: Mayfly

text: Two vessels of the Royal Navy were named : a torpedo boat launched in January 1907, and a "Fly"-class river gunboat constructed in sections at Yarrow in 1915.