title: Paralegal

text: In response, the State Bar appointed a Public Protection Committee to look at the L.A. bar's claim. Then, "in 1988, the Public Protection Committee unanimously recommended that the California legislature completely abolish the state's UPL laws. It further concluded that independent paralegals should be allowed to provide all types of legal services as long as they are registered with a state agency and disclose their non-lawyer status to all customers." After many local bar associations reacted in dismay, "The California Bar then appointed a third group (The Commission on Legal Technicians) to restudy the issue. This commission largely agreed with the conclusions of its predecessors and recommended that non-lawyers be authorized by the California Supreme Court to deliver legal services in several major areas (bankruptcy, family, immigration, and landlord-tenant), under the terms of a licensing scheme that would be supervised by an independent state agency."


title: Paralegal

text: This development culminated in some paralegals being forced to give up the title paralegal for Legal Document Assistant (LDA) in order to administer legal services directly to the public in the allowed areas under California Bus & Prof. Code § 6400. Paralegals who are members of professional associations are also bound by those associations' codes of ethics many of which include sections prescribing that members not offer legal services directly to the public without the supervision of an attorney or law firm.


title: Paralegal

text: Perhaps the most famous paralegal to be portrayed in media and popular culture is Erin Brockovich, a real legal clerk whose participation in a toxic tort case became a major motion picture. In the movie "Eagle Eye" (2008) starring Shia LaBeouf and Michelle Monaghan, Monaghan plays a single mom who works as a paralegal.


title: Paralegal

text: The "Perry Mason" novel, television and movie series features a character named Della Street. Although Mason identifies Street as his "confidential secretary", the projects he assigns her are entirely consistent with the law office work performed by experienced paralegals.


title: Paralegal

text: Allison DuBois, the lead character in "Medium" played by Patricia Arquette, was in training to become a paralegal in addition to her consultation work with the Phoenix, Arizona District Attorney's office.


title: Paralegal

text: "Diamond Girl (1998)", a Harlequin TV Movie features an unassuming paralegal as the main character who is in love with her playboy, tennis loving attorney boss. She is the sole reason for the law firm’s success. When his brother (also a lawyer) returns to save the family wine estate, a love triangle ensues with the paralegal being the object of both men’s affection.


title: Paralegal

text: John Grisham includes many paralegals in his novels; for example, Rudy Baylor (the main character in "The Rainmaker") works briefly as a paralegal – and his associate Deck Shifflet subsequently becomes Rudy's paralegal when he starts his own firm.


title: Paralegal

text: "", an esoteric cartoon comedy, features a paralegal in the form of Avenger, Harvey Birdman's eagle, who is usually seen managing files, preparing and presenting documents to the attorneys, and drafting letters to clients. Avenger will usually accompany the charismatic, yet often under-prepared, Birdman into court, and whisper case information and advice into his ear. Despite not knowing English, he is by far the most competent employee of Sebben & Sebben.


title: Paralegal

text: FX's "The Riches" in which Doug Rich, a con-artist played by Eddie Izzard, impersonates a lawyer at a cutthroat real estate development company. Rich's apparent lack of legal knowledge is often compensated by Aubrey McDonald, a highly skilled paralegal who manages to help guide the under-educated anti-hero through more than a few sticky situations.


title: Paralegal

text: USA Network's "Suits" features a young paralegal named Rachel, played by Meghan Markle, who greatly assists a young aspiring lawyer with various research and otherwise. She is a highly respected member of the firm and is considered to be of help to many of her co-workers. Rachel's desire one day to become a lawyer is one of the major stories of the series. As paralegal, she lives between a lot of appreciation for her hard work and a constant reminder (going both from herself and other people) that she's not a "real" lawyer at the end.


title: Paralegal

text: In Eoin Colfer's book "The Supernaturalists", paralegals are lawyers that double as mercenaries to apprehend and then prosecute offenders for the person, or more common, company who hired them.


title: Paralegal

text: In the TV series "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend", Rebecca’s first friend in West Covina is Paula Proctor, her new firm’s paralegal. Paula later goes back to school and becomes a lawyer in her own right.


title: Paralegal

text: Some current and former paralegals have also ventured into politics, including Amanda Reeve (Arizona State Legislature) and Michael Strautmanis (friend of 44th president of The United States Barack Obama and former member of White House Staff).


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan ( ), from its ancient designation "Aspadana" and, later, "Spahan" in middle Persian, rendered in English as "Ispahan", is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Region, Isfahan Province, Iran. It is located south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province. The city has a population of approximately 2,220,000, making it the third-largest city in Iran, after Tehran and Mashhad, and the second-largest metropolitan area.


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the Safavid dynasty, Isfahan became the capital of Persia, for the second time in its history, under Shah Abbas the Great. The city retains much of its history. It is famous for its Perso–Islamic architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the Persian proverb "Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast" (Isfahan is half (of) the world). Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world, and UNESCO has designated it a World Heritage Site.


title: Isfahan

text: "Isfahan" is derived from Middle Persian , which is attested to by various Middle Persian seals and inscriptions, including that of the Zoroastrian magi Kartir. The present-day name is the Arabicized form of "Ispahan" (unlike Middle Persian, but similar to Spanish, New Persian does not allow initial consonant clusters such as "sp"). The region is denoted by the abbreviation "GD" (Southern Media) on Sasanian coins. In Ptolemy's "Geographia", it appears as (), which translates to "place of gathering for the army". It is believed that derived from "the armies", the Old Persian plural of , from which is derived () 'army' and (, 'soldier', literally 'of the army') in Middle Persian. Some of the other ancient names include Gey, Jey (old form Zi), Park, and Judea.


title: Isfahan

text: Human habitation of the Isfahan region can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. Archaeologists have recently found artifacts dating back to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron ages.


title: Isfahan

text: What became the city of Isfahan likely emerged and gradually developed over the course of the Elamite civilisation (2700–1600 BCE).


title: Isfahan

text: Under Median rule, a commercial entrepôt began to show signs of more sedentary urbanism, steadily growing into a noteworthy regional center that benefited from the exceptionally fertile soil on the banks of the Zayandehrud River, in a region called Aspandana or Ispandana.


title: Isfahan

text: When Cyrus the Great unified Persian and Median lands into the Achaemenid Empire, the religiously and ethnically diverse city of Isfahan became an early example of the king's fabled religious tolerance. It was Cyrus who, having just taken Babylon, made an edict in 538 BCE declaring that Jews in Babylon could return to Jerusalem. Later, some of the freed Jews settled in Isfahan instead of returning to their homeland. The 10th-century Persian historian Ibn al-Faqih wrote:


title: Isfahan

text: The Parthians (247 BCE–224 CE), continued the tradition of tolerance after the fall of the Achaemenids, fostering a Hellenistic dimension within Iranian culture and the political organization introduced by Alexander the Great's invading armies. Under the Parthians, Arsacid governors administered the provinces of the nation from Isfahan, and the city's urban development accelerated to accommodate the needs of a capital city.


title: Isfahan

text: The next empire to rule Persia, the Sassanids (224 CE–651 CE), presided over massive changes in their realm, instituting sweeping agricultural reforms and reviving Iranian culture and the Zoroastrian religion. Both the city and region were then called by the name Aspahan or Spahan. The city was governed by a group called the Espoohrans, who descended from seven noble Iranian families. Extant foundations of some Sassanid-era bridges in Isfahan suggest that the Sasanian kings were fond of ambitious urban-planning projects. While Isfahan's political importance declined during this period, many Sassanid princes would study statecraft in the city, and its military role increased. Its strategic location at the intersection of the ancient roads to Susa and Persepolis made it an ideal candidate to house a standing army, which would be ready to march against Constantinople at any moment. The words "Aspahan" and "Spahan" are derived from the Pahlavi or Middle Persian meaning 'the place of the army'.


title: Isfahan

text: Although many theories have mentioned the origins of Isfahan, little is known of it before the rule of the Sasanian dynasty. The historical facts suggest that, in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, Queen Shushandukht, the Jewish consort of Yazdegerd I (reigned 399–420), settled a colony of Jews in Yahudiyyeh (also spelled Yahudiya), a settlement northwest of the Zoroastrian city of Gabae (its Achaemid and Parthian name; Gabai was its Sasanic name, which was shortened to Gay (Arabic 'Jay') that was located on the northern bank of the Zayanderud River (the colony's establishment was also attributed to Nebuchadrezzar, though that's less likely). The gradual population decrease of Gay (Jay) and the simultaneous population increase of Yahudiyyeh and its suburbs, after the Islamic conquest of Iran, resulted in the formation of the nucleus of what was to become the city of Isfahan. The words "Aspadana", "Ispadana", "Spahan", and "Sepahan", all from which the word Isfahan is derived, referred to the region in which the city was located.


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan and Gay were supposedly both circular in design, which was characteristic of Parthian and Sasanian cities. However, this reported Sasanian circular city of Isfahan has not yet been uncovered.


title: Isfahan

text: When the Arabs captured Isfahan in 642, they made it the capital of al-Jibal ("the Mountains") province, an area that covered much of ancient Media. Isfahan grew prosperous under the Persian Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty, which rose to power and ruled much of Iran when the temporal authority of the Abbasid caliphs waned in the 10th century. The city walls of Isfahan are thought to have been constructed during the tenth century. The Turkish conqueror and founder of the Seljuq dynasty, Toghril Beg, made Isfahan the capital of his domains in the mid-11th century; but it was under his grandson Malik-Shah I (r. 1073–92) that the city grew in size and splendour.


title: Isfahan

text: After the fall of the Seljuqs (c. 1200), Isfahan temporarily declined and was eclipsed by other Iranian cities, such as Tabriz and Qazvin. During his visit in 1327, Ibn Battuta noted that "The city of Isfahan is one of the largest and fairest of cities, but it is now in ruins for the greater part."


title: Isfahan

text: In 1387, Isfahan surrendered to the Turko-Mongol warlord Timur. Initially treated with relative mercy, the city revolted against Timur's punitive taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers. In retribution, Timur ordered the massacre of the city residents, his soldiers killing a reported 70,000 citizens. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers, each constructed of about 1,500 heads.


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan regained its importance during the Safavid period (1501–1736). The city's golden age began in 1598 when the Safavid ruler Abbas I of Persia (reigned 1588–1629) made it his capital and rebuilt it into one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the 17th-century world. In 1598, Abbas I moved his capital from Qazvin to the more central Isfahan. He introduced policies increasing Iranian involvement in the Silk Road trade. Turkish, Armenian, and Persian craftsmen were forcefully resettled in the city to ensure its prosperity. Their contributions to the economic vitality of the revitalized city supported the recovery of Safavid glory and prestige, after earlier losses to the Ottomans and Kızılbaş tribes, ushering in a golden age for the city, when architecture and Persian culture flourished.


title: Isfahan

text: As part of Abbas's forced resettlement of peoples from within his empire, as many as 300,000 Armenians (primarily from Jugha) were resettled in Isfahan during Abbas' reign.) In Isfahan, he ordered the establishment of a new quarter for these resettled Armenians from Old Julfa, and thus the Armenian Quarter of Isfahan was named New Julfa (today one of the largest Armenian quarters in the world).


title: Isfahan

text: In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of deportees and migrants from the Caucasus settled in the city. Following an agreement between Shah Abbas I and his Georgian subject Teimuraz I of Kakheti ("Tahmuras Khan"), whereby the latter converted to Islam and submitted to Safavid rule in exchange for being allowed to rule as the region's "wāli" (governor), with his son serving as "dāruḡa" (prefect) of Isfahan. He was accompanied by a troop of soldiers, some of whom were Georgian Orthodox Christians. The royal court in Isfahan had a great number of Georgian "ḡolāms" (military slaves), as well as Georgian women. Although they spoke both Persian and Turkic, their mother tongue was Georgian. Now the city had enclaves of those of Georgian, Circassian, and Daghistani descent. Engelbert Kaempfer, who dwelt in Safavid Persia in 1684–85, estimated their number at 20,000.


title: Isfahan

text: During Abbas's reign, Isfahan became famous in Europe, and many European travellers, such as Jean Chardin, gave accounts of their visits to the city. The city's prosperity lasted until it was sacked by Afghan invaders in 1722, during a marked decline in Safavid influence. Thereafter, Isfahan experienced a decline in importance, culminating in moving the capital to Mashhad and Shiraz during the Afsharid and Zand periods, respectively, until it was finally moved to Tehran, in 1775, by Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty.


title: Isfahan

text: In the early years of the 19th century, efforts were made to preserve some of Isfahan's archeologically important buildings. The work was started by Mohammad Hossein Khan, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah.


title: Isfahan

text: In the 20th century, Isfahan was resettled by many people from southern Iran: especially during the population migrations at the start of the century, and in the 1980s, following the Iran–Iraq War. During the war, 23,000 from Isfahan were killed; and there were 43,000 veterans.


title: Isfahan

text: Today, Isfahan produces fine carpets, textiles, steel, handicrafts, and traditional foods, including sweets. Isfahan is noted for its production of the Isfahan rug, a type of Persian rug typically made of merino wool and silk. There are nuclear experimental reactors as well as uranium conversion facilities (UCF) for producing nuclear fuel in the environs of the city. Isfahan has one of the largest steel-producing facilities in the region, as well as facilities for producing special alloys. The Mobarakeh Steel Company is the biggest steel producer in the whole of the Middle East and Northern Africa, and it is the biggest DRI producer in the world. The Isfahan Steel Company was the first manufacturer of constructional steel products in Iran, and it remains the largest such company today.


title: Isfahan

text: There is a major oil refinery and a large air-force base outside the city. HESA, Iran's most advanced aircraft manufacturing plant, is located just outside the city. Isfahan is also attracting international investment. Isfahan hosted the International Physics Olympiad in 2007. In 2020, the Iran-Qatar Joint Economic Commission met in the city.


title: Isfahan

text: The city is located on the plain of the "Zayandeh Rud" (Fertile River) and the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The nearest mountain is Mount Soffeh (Kuh-e Soffeh), just south of the city.


title: Isfahan

text: An artificial network of canals, whose components are called "madi", were built during the Safavid dynasty for channeling water from "Zayandeh Roud" river into different parts of the city. Designed by Sheikh Bahaï, an engineer of Shah Abbas, this network has 77 madis in the northern course, and 71 in the southern course of the Zayandeh Rud. In 1993, this centuries-old network provided 91% of agricultural water, 4% of industrial needs, and 5% of city needs. 70 emergency wells were dug in 2018 to avoid water shortages.


title: Isfahan

text: Towns and villages around Isfahan have been hit so hard by drought and water diversion that they have emptied out and people who lived there have moved. An anonymous journalist said that what's called drought is more often the mismanagement of water. The subsidence rate is dire, and the aquifer level decreases by one meter annually. As of 2020, the city had the worst air quality between major Iranian cities.


title: Isfahan

text: Situated at above sea level on the eastern side of the Zagros Mountains, Isfahan has a cold desert climate (Köppen "BWk"). No geological obstacles exist within north of the city, allowing cool winds to blow from this direction. Despite its altitude, Isfahan remains hot during the summer, with maxima typically around . However, with low humidity and moderate temperatures at night, the climate is quite pleasant. During the winter, days are cool while nights can be very cold. Snow falls an average of 6.7 days each winter. However, generally Isfahan's climate is extremely dry. Its annual precipitation of is only about half that of Tehran or Mashhad and only a quarter that of more exposed Kermanshah.


title: Isfahan

text: The Zayande River starts in the Zagros Mountains, flowing from the west through the heart of the city, then dissipates in the Gavkhouni wetland. Planting olive trees in the city is economically viable, because such trees can survive water shortages.


title: Isfahan

text: The highest recorded temperature was on 11 July 2001 and the lowest recorded temperature was on 16 January 1996.


title: Isfahan

text: Over the past decade, Isfahan's internal highway network has been undergoing a major expansion. Much care has been taken to prevent damage to valuable, historical buildings. Modern freeways connect the city to Iran's other major cities, including the capital Tehran, to the north, and Shiraz, to the south. Highways also service satellite cities surrounding the metropolitan area.


title: Isfahan

text: The bridges over the Zayanderud comprise some of the finest architecture in Isfahan. The oldest is the Shahrestan Bridge, whose foundations were built during the Sasanian Empire (3rd–7th century Sassanid era); it was repaired during the Seljuk period. Further upstream is the Khaju Bridge, which Shah Abbas II built in 1650. It is long, with 24 arches; and it also serves as a sluice gate.


title: Isfahan

text: Another bridge is the Choobi (Joui) Bridge, which was originally an aqueduct to supply the palace gardens on the north bank of the river. Further upstream again is the Si-o-Seh Pol or bridge of 33 arches. It was built during the reign of Shah Abbas the Great by Sheikh Baha'i and connected Isfahan with the Armenian suburb of New Julfa. It is by far the longest bridge in Isfahan at .


title: Isfahan

text: The city has built 42 bicycle-sharing stations and of paved bicycle paths. As part of Iran's religious laws, women are forbidden to use the public bicycle-sharing network, as decreed by the representative of the Supreme Leader in Isfahan, Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai Nejad, and General Attorney Ali Esfahani.


title: Isfahan

text: The Isfahan and Suburbs Bus Company operates transit buses in the city. East-West BRT Bus Rapid Transit Line buses carry up to 120,000 passengers daily.


title: Isfahan

text: The municipality has signed a memorandum with Khatam-al Anbiya to construct a tram network in the city.


title: Isfahan

text: The Isfahan Metro was opened on 15 October 2015. It currently consists of one north–south line with a length of , and two more lines are currently under construction, alongside three suburban rail lines.


title: Isfahan

text: The city is served by a railway station, with the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways running trains to Bandarabbas and Mashhad. The first high-speed railway in Iran, the Tehran-Qom-Isfahan line is currently being constructed and will connect Isfahan to Tehran and Qom.


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan is served by Isfahan International Airport, which in 2019 was the 7th busiest airport in Iran.


title: Isfahan

text: In 2014, industry, mines, and commerce in Isfahan province accounted for 35% to 50% (almost $229 billion) of the Iranian Gross Domestic Product. In 2019, Isfahan province's governorate said that tourism is the number one priority.


title: Isfahan

text: According to Isfahan province's administrator for Department of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare, Iran has the cheapest labor workforce anywhere in the world; and this attracts foreign investors. The labor force has continually grown over the last three decades. However, in 2018 the unemployment rate was 15%.


title: Isfahan

text: As of September 2020, the handicrafts industry of Isfahan Province was contributing $500 million annually to the economy.


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan city produces 1,300 tons of salmon. More than 28% of the country's ornamental fish is supplied from Isfahan province, from 780 farms, which in 2017 farmed 65.5 million fish.


title: Isfahan

text: Opium was produced and exported from Isfahan from 1850 until it became illegal, and was an important source of income. Isfahan has a large number of aqueducts, farmers having to divert water from the river to farms by canal. Niasarm is one of the largest canals.


title: Isfahan

text: From 2012 to 2013 there were large protests by farmers against the Isfahan-Yazd water tunnel. In 2019, eastern city farmers demanded water, otherwise they would sabotage water transfer pipes.


title: Isfahan

text: Fruits and vegetables central market is where farmers sell their product wholesale, selling 10,000 tons a day.


title: Isfahan

text: The industrialization of Isfahan dates from the Pahlavi period, as in all of Iran, and was marked by the strong growth of the textile industry, which earned the city the nickname "Manchester of Persia". There are 9,200 industrial units in the city; 40% of the Iranian textile industry is in Isfahan.


title: Isfahan

text: The Telecommunication Company of Iran and the Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran provide 4G, 3G, broadband, and VDSL.


title: Isfahan

text: The Isfahan Scientific and Research Town started in 2001, to act as a mediator between government, industry, and academia in establishing a knowledge-based economy.


title: Isfahan

text: In 2018–2019 some 450,000 foreign nationals visited the city. Some 110 trillion rials (over $2 billion at the official rate of 42,000 rials in 2020) have been invested in the province's tourism sector.


title: Isfahan

text: The Isfahan Healthcare city complex, built on a site near the Aqa Babaei Expressway, is intended to boost the city's medical tourism revenues.


title: Isfahan

text: The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Kowsar Market, and the Isfahan Mall.


title: Isfahan

text: There are nine cinemas. Historically, cinemas in old Isfahan were entertainment for the worker class while religious people considered cinema to be mostly an impure place and going to the cinema to be "haram". During the 1979 revolution, many cinemas in Isfahan were burned down. Cinema Iran, now a ruin, was one of the oldest cinemas in the city. Great filmmakers such as Agnès Varda and Pier Paolo Pasolini shot scenes from their films in Isfahan.


title: Isfahan

text: Sepahan has won the most league football titles among Iranian clubs (2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15). The Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan handball team plays in the Iranian handball league. Sepahan has a youth women running team that became national champions in 2020.


title: Isfahan

text: Giti Pasand has a futsal team, Giti Pasand FSC, which is one of the best in Asia. They won the AFC Futsal Club Championship in 2012 and were runners-up in 2013. Giti Pasand also fields a women's volleyball team, Giti Pasand Isfahan VC, that plays matches in the Iranian Women's Volleyball League.


title: Isfahan

text: There are almost 500,000 people living in slums, including in the northern part, and especially in the eastern sector of the city.


title: Isfahan

text: There are many churches and synagogues in the city, with the churches being for the most part in New Julfa.


title: Isfahan

text: Churches are mostly located in the New Julfa region. The oldest is St. Jakob Church (1607). Some other historically important ones are St. Georg Church (17th century), St. Mary Church (1613), Bedkhem Church (1627), and Vank Cathedral (1664).


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, and a transport system.


title: Isfahan

text: In 2015, the comprehensive atlas of the Isfahan metropolis, an online statistical database in Farsi, was made available, to help in planning.


title: Isfahan

text: In 2020, the municipality directly employed 6,250 people with an additional 3,000 people in 16 subsidiary organizations.


title: Isfahan

text: The chairman of the city council is Alireza Nasrisfahani. There is also a leadership council within the city council.


title: Isfahan

text: The representative of the Supreme Leader of Iran, as well as the representative from Isfahan in the Assembly of Experts, is Yousef Tabatabai Nejad.


title: Isfahan

text: The is responsible for piping water, waterworks installation and repair, maintaining sewage equipment, supervising sewage collection, and treatment and disposal of sewage in the city.


title: Isfahan

text: Isfahan is known as the Multiple sclerosis capital of the world due to the presence of polluting industries.


title: Isfahan

text: In 2015, almost 15% of the people suffered from depression, from being cut off from the Zayandeh River, due to severe drought.


title: Isfahan

text: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force (IRGC AF) has an airbase in the city and has undertaken a cloud seeding contract project using UAVs in Isfahan. The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) has an airbase, the 8th Predator Tactical Fighter Base (TFB.8), which is the home base for Iranian F-14s. The local Sepah Pasdaran is named "Master of the Era" ("Saheb al zaman" in Arabic and Farsi), after the Mahdi. The Amir Al-Momenin University of Military Sciences and Technology is based in the city.


title: Isfahan

text: The first elementary schools in the city were maktabkhanehs. In World War II, Polish children sought refuge in the city; eight primary and technical trade schools were established. Between 1942 and 1945, approximately 2,000 children passed through, with Isfahan briefly gaining the nickname "City of Polish Children". In 2019, there were 20 schools for trainees attended by 5,000 children.


title: Isfahan

text: In 1947, the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was established; it now has almost 9,200 students and interns. In 1973, the American School of Isfahan was built; it closed during the 1978–79 revolution. In 1974, the first technical university in Iran, the Isfahan University of Technology, was established in the city. It focuses on science, engineering, and agriculture programs. In 1977, the Isfahan University of Art was established. It was temporarily closed after the 1979 revolution, and was reopened in 1984, after the Iranian Cultural Revolution.


title: Isfahan

text: Aside from seminaries and religious schools, the other public, private major universities of the Isfahan metropolitan area include: the Mohajer Technical And Vocational College of Isfahan, Payame Noor University, the Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, the Islamic Azad University of Najafabad, and the Islamic Azad University of Majlesi.


title: Isfahan

text: There are also more than 50 technical and vocational training centres in the province, under the administration of the Isfahan Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO), that provide free, non-formal, workforce-skills training programs. As of 2020, 90% of workforce-skills trainees are women.


title: Isfahan

text: Major philosophers include Mir Damad, known for his concepts of time and nature, as well as for founding the School of Isfahan, and Mir Fendereski, who was known for his examination of art and philosophy within a society.


title: Isfahan

text: Ancient traditions included Tirgan, Sepandārmazgān festivals, and historically, men used to wear the Kolah namadi.


title: Isfahan

text: The annual Isfahan province theatre festival takes place in the city. Theater performances began in 1919 (1297 AH), and currently there are 9 active theaters.


title: Isfahan

text: Based on a statue creators' symposium in 2020, the city decided to add 11 permanent art pieces to the city's monuments.


title: Isfahan

text: Gosh-e fil and Doogh are famous local snacks. Other traditional breakfasts, desserts, and meals include Khoresht mast, Beryani, and meat with beans and pumpkin aush. Gaz & Poolaki are two popular Iranian candies types that originated in Isfahan.


title: Isfahan

text: Teahouses are supervised and allowed to offer Hookah until 2022. As of 2020, there are almost 300 teahouses with permits.


title: Isfahan

text: On 12 and 13 January 2018, the Iranian singer Salar Aghili performed in the city without the female members of his band, due to interference by local officials at the Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance.


title: Isfahan

text: During the Qajar era, "Farhang", the first newspaper publication in the city, was printed for 13 years. Iran's Metropolitan News Agency (IMNA), formerly called the Isfahan Municipality News Agency, is based in the city.


title: Isfahan

text: The state-controlled Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting system (IRIB) has a TV network and radio channel in the city.


title: Isfahan

text: The city centre consists of an older section centered around the Jameh Mosque, and the Safavid expansion around Naqsh-e Jahan Square, with nearby palaces, bazaars, and places of worship, which is called Seeosepol.


title: Isfahan

text: Ancient baths include the Jarchi hammam and the bathhouse of Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī; a public bath called "Garmabeh-e-shaykh" in Isfahan, which for many years was running and providing hot water to the public without any visible heating system which would usually need tons of wood, was built by Baha' al-din al-'Amili. The Khosro Agha hammam was demolished by unknown persons in 1992. The Ali Gholi Agha hammam is another remaining bathhouse. Chardin writes that the number of baths in Isfahan in the Safavid era was 273.


title: Isfahan

text: The Grand Bazaar, Isfahan, and its entrance, the Qeysarie Gate, were built in the 17th century. Social hubs were opium dens and coffeehouses clustered around the Chahar bagh and the Chehel Sotoun. The best-known traditional coffeehouse is Qahva-ḵāna-ye Golestān. There is also the Honar Bazaar.


title: Isfahan

text: The Bagh-e Rezvan Cemetery is one of the biggest and most advanced in the country. Other cemeteries include the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery and the Takht-e Foulad.


title: Isfahan

text: The Pardis Honar Park, in District 6, has cost 30 billion toman as of 2018. Some other zoological gardens and parks (including public and private beach parks, and non-beach parks) are: Birds Garden, Flower Garden of Isfahan, Nazhvan Recreational Complex, Moshtagh, amusement park, and the East Park of Isfahan.


title: Isfahan

text: Menar Jonban was built in the 14th century. The tomb is an Iwan measuring high. Other menars include Ali minaret (11th century), Bagh-e-Ghoushkhane minaret (14th century), Chehel Dokhtaran minaret (12 century), Dardasht minarets (14th century), Darozziafe minarets (14th century), and Sarban minaret.


title: Isfahan

text: There is a plan to create a diplomatic district next to the Imam Khamenei international convention center where foreign countries would locate their consulates.


title: Isfahan

text: The Chinese have expressed readiness to be the first country that opens a consulate in a diplomatic zone in the central city.


title: Isfahan

text: The building housing the General Consulate of the Russian Federation in Isfahan is a registered cultural heritage site.


title: Isfahan

text: Since 1994, Isfahan has been a member of the League of Historical Cities and a full member of Inter-City Intangible Cultural Cooperation Network.


title: Isfahan

text: The Isfahan municipality created a citizen diplomacy service program to boost establishing connections with sister cities around the world.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Zabit Akhmedovich Magomedsharipov (; born 1 March 1991) is a Russian former professional mixed martial artist. He fought in the Featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and Absolute Championship Berkut (ACB), where he was the ACB Featherweight Champion.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov was born in Khasavyurt, Dagestan ASSR, Soviet Union, on March 1, 1991, of Akhvakh ethnicity. Zabit has a younger brother, Khasan Magomedsharipov, who is also a professional mixed martial artist. He started to train in freestyle wrestling at 10 years and then sanda. In 2003 he joined the Wushu boarding school Pyat Storon Sveta, one of the national academic institutions, where he lived for 10 to 12 years for education and trained martial arts three times per day, training under Gusein Magomaev. In 2012, he made his professional MMA debut. In December 2019, his brother then followed in his footsteps by making his professional MMA debut, since putting together a perfect 5–0 record.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov fought in a handful of different promotions early in his career, amassing a professional record of 6-1 before signing with ACB.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov was expected to face Nick Hein on September 2, 2017, at . However, Hein pulled out of the fight on August 21 and was replaced by Mike Santiago . Magomedsharipov won the fight via submission rear-naked choke in the second round and was awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov faced promotional newcomer Sheymon Moraes on November 25, 2017, at . He won the fight via submission in the third round. The win also earned Magomedsharipov his second "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov faced Kyle Bochniak on April 7, 2018, at UFC 223. He won the fight by unanimous decision. This win earned him a "Fight of the Night" bonus. Shortly after the bout, Magomedsharipov signed a new multi-fight contract with UFC.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov was expected to fight Yair Rodríguez on September 8, 2018, at UFC 228. However, Rodríguez pulled out of the fight on August 23 and was replaced by Brandon Davis. Magomedsharipov won the fight via submission in the second round with a modified kneebar.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov faced Jeremy Stephens on March 2, 2019, at UFC 235. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov was expected to face Calvin Kattar on October 18, 2019, at UFC on ESPN 6. However, Magomedsharipov was removed from the card due to injury on September 13 and the pairing was rescheduled for the following month at UFC on ESPN+ 21. He won the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the "Fight of the Night" award.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: Magomedsharipov was scheduled to face Yair Rodríguez on August 29, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 175. However, Rodríguez pulled out with an ankle injury.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: On April 26, 2021, Magomedsharipov was removed from the UFC official rankings due to inactivity. At the time of removal he was ranked #3. In early June 2021, it was reported that Magomedsharipov was suffering from health issues related to his immune system, which ultimately required career-threatening surgery.


title: Zabit Magomedsharipov

text: In June 2022, Magomedsharipov notified the UFC that he was retiring from active competition, teasing on social media that he has begun training to be a doctor.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: The Irukandji jellyfish ( ) are any of several similar, extremely venomous species of rare jellyfish. With a very small adult size of about a cubic centimetre (1 cm), they are both the smallest and one of the most venomous jellyfish in the world. They inhabit the northern marine waters of Australia. This type of jellyfish reproduces sexually with eggs and sperm. They fire their stingers into their victim, causing a condition known in humans as Irukandji syndrome, which can be fatal. There are about 16 known species of Irukandji, of which "Carukia barnesi", "Malo kingi", "Malo maxima", "Malo filipina" and "Malo bella" are the best known.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Irukandji syndrome was named in 1952 by Hugo Flecker, who first described the symptoms of envenoming by this jellyfish. The syndrome was named after the Irukandji people, whose region stretches along the coastal strip north of Cairns, Queensland. The first of these jellyfish, "Carukia barnesi", was identified in 1964 by Jack Barnes; to prove it was the cause of Irukandji syndrome, he captured the tiny jellyfish and allowed it to sting him, his nine-year-old son and a robust young lifeguard. They all became seriously ill, but survived. Australian toxicologist Jamie Seymour made a documentary about the jellyfish called "Killer Jellyfish".


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: In 2015, North Queensland researchers discovered evidence that Irukandji jellyfish actively hunt prey.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: The Irukandji jellyfish exists in the northern waters of Australia. The southern extent of the Irukandji's range on Australia's eastern coast has been gradually moving south.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: There has been an increased incidence of Irukandji stings reported around Great Palm Island, off the coast of north Queensland near Townsville. By early December 2020, the number of stings reported, at 23, was nearly double that of the whole of 2019, at 12.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Some are believed to have spread farther north as symptoms of the species have been experienced off the coasts of Florida, Japan and Britain.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Irukandji jellyfish are very small, with a bell about to wide and four long tentacles, which range in length from just a few centimetres up to in length.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: "Malo maxima" mature irukandji typically have halo-like rings of tissue around their four tentacles. Apparently, it is the mature Irukandji that are highly venomous (in all species). Apparent "Malo maxima" juveniles have been identified without the halo-rings, and without gonads, and have demonstrated far weaker toxicity in stinging researchers. The stingers (nematocysts) are in clumps, appearing as rings of small red dots around the bell and along the tentacles.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Very little is known about the life cycle and venom of Irukandji jellyfish. This is partly because they are very small and fragile, requiring special handling and containment. Their venom is very powerful. They are blamed for killing 5 tourists during a 3-month period in Australia; all of the five victims displayed two typical features of Irukandji syndrome: delayed onset (540 min to illness and 212 h to death) and highly visible distress (vomiting, difficulty breathing, extreme pain, etc.). Researchers conjecture that the venom possesses such potency to enable it to quickly stun its prey, which consists of small and fast fish. Judging from statistics, it is believed that the Irukandji syndrome may be produced by several species of jellyfish, but only "Carukia barnesi" and "Malo kingi" have so far been proven to cause the condition.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Unlike most jellyfish, which have stingers only on their tentacles, the Irukandji also has stingers on its bell. Biologists have yet to discover the function of this unique characteristic. The hypothesis is that the feature helps the jellyfish catch its prey of small fish.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Irukandji jellyfish have the ability to fire stingers from the tips of their tentacles and inject venom.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Irukandji jellyfish's stings are so severe they can cause fatal brain hemorrhages and on average send 50-100 people to the hospital annually.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Robert Drewe describes the sting as "100 times as potent as that of a cobra and 1,000 times stronger than a tarantula's".


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Between 1 January and early December 2020, 23 stings, seven of which required admission to hospital for Irukandji syndrome, were sustained in the waters around Palm Island, off northern Queensland.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Irukandji syndrome is produced by a small amount of venom and induces excruciating muscle cramps in the arms and legs, severe pain in the back and kidneys, a burning sensation of the skin and face, headaches, nausea, restlessness, sweating, vomiting, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, and psychological phenomena such as the feeling of impending doom. The syndrome is in part caused by release of catecholamines. The venom contains a sodium channel modulator.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: The sting is moderately irritating; the severe syndrome is delayed for 5–120 minutes (30 minutes on average). The symptoms last from hours to weeks, and victims usually require hospitalization. Contrary to belief, researchers from James Cook University and Cairns hospital in far north Queensland have found that vinegar promotes the discharge of jellyfish venom. "You can increase the venom load in your victim by 50 per cent," says Associate Professor Jamie Seymour from the Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine at the university. "That's a big amount, and that's enough to make the difference, we think, between someone surviving and somebody dying." Other research indicates that while vinegar may increase the discharge from triggered stingers, it also prevents untriggered stingers from discharging; since the majority of stingers do not trigger immediately, the Australian Resuscitation Council continues to recommend using vinegar.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Treatment is symptomatic, with antihistamines and anti-hypertensive drugs used to control inflammation and hypertension; intravenous opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are used to control the pain. Magnesium sulfate has been used to reduce pain and hypertension in Irukandji syndrome, although it has had no effect in other cases.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

text: Irukandji jellyfish are usually found near the coast, attracted by the warmer water, but blooms have been seen as far as five kilometres offshore. When properly treated, a single sting is normally not fatal, but two people in Australia are confirmed to have died from Irukandji stings in 2002 during a rash of incidents on Australia's northern coast attributed to these jellyfish, greatly increasing public awareness of Irukandji syndrome. It is unknown how many other deaths from Irukandji syndrome have been wrongly attributed to other causes. It is also unknown which jellyfish species can cause Irukandji syndrome apart from "Carukia barnesi" and "Malo kingi".


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Marvin Gaye, an American musician who gained worldwide fame for his work with Motown Records, was shot and killed the day before his 45th birthday by his father, Marvin Gay Sr., on April 1, 1984, at their house in the Arlington Heights district of Los Angeles, California. Gaye was shot twice following an altercation with his father after he intervened in an argument between his parents. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the California Hospital Medical Center. Gaye's father later pleaded no contest to a charge of voluntary manslaughter. Gaye's death inspired several musical tributes over the years including recollections of the incidents leading to his death. Gaye was given a burial plot at Forest Lawn Cemetery and was later cremated and his ashes spread around the Pacific Ocean.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Marvin Gaye had a bitter relationship with his father, Marvin Gay Sr., since his childhood. Marvin Sr. was a Christian minister who was a strict disciplinarian and often physically punished his children. He was also a crossdresser, which was widely known in the family's Washington, D.C. neighborhood and made the younger Marvin a target of bullying. It was because of this, added with rumors of Gaye's own homosexuality (and in tribute to one of Gaye's favorite singers Sam Cooke), that he added an "e" to his last name when he became famous. Gaye's father never approved of his son's career in music, and gradually grew resentful that Gaye was closer to his mother, Alberta, and had become the breadwinner for the family. Despite a brief improvement in their relationship after Gaye found success with his album "What's Going On", both father and son never found any lasting peace.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: By 1983, after a period as a European tax exile, Gaye had re-emerged in the public eye with the hit song "Sexual Healing" and its album, "Midnight Love". For a time, he had also achieved sobriety during his extensive stay in Belgium. Returning to the U.S., he embarked on his final "Sexual Healing Tour" in April of that year. Gaye, who had a profound dislike for touring, returned to cocaine abuse to cope with the pressures of the road, and midway through the tour he developed paranoia over an alleged attempt on his life, wearing a bulletproof vest until he was on stage.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: When the tour ended in August 1983, Gaye returned to the U.S. to nurse his mother, who was recovering from kidney surgery, and moved into his parents' residence at 2101 South Gramercy Place, a home which he bought for them in 1973. During his stay, Gaye's father was absent. That October, his father returned from a business trip in Washington during which he purchased insurance on his family's previous residence. Initially, Gaye's sisters Jeanne and Zeola lived in the house before Marvin Sr. returned to the property, and left shortly afterwards due to the growing conflict between father and son. For the next six months, the two men struggled to keep their distance from one another. During one quarrel at the house, the elder Gay called police to have his son leave the property. After staying with one of his sisters, however, Marvin returned to the property stating to a friend of his, "After all, I have just one father. I want to make peace with him." Jeanne Gay later told David Ritz that her father had told her if Marvin ever touched him, he'd "kill him".


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: On Christmas Day, 1983, Marvin gave his father a Smith & Wesson .38 Special pistol so that he could protect himself from intruders. Friends and family members contended that the younger Marvin was often suicidal and paranoid, and by now was afraid of leaving his room and spoke of little besides suicide and death. He sometimes wore three overcoats and put his shoes on the wrong feet. Four days before his death, according to his sister Jeanne, Gaye had tried to kill himself by jumping out of a speeding sports car, suffering only minor bruises. Jeanne contended that "there was no doubt Marvin wanted to die" and that he "couldn't take any more."


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: In the days prior to his death, Gaye's parents had arguments mainly over a misplaced insurance policy letter. The day before his death, the arguments spread to Gaye's bedroom. Angered by his father confronting his mother, Gaye commanded Marvin Sr. to leave her alone; Marvin Sr. complied without incident and there was no violence that night, but Marvin Sr. continued yelling throughout the house.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: At approximately 12:30 p.m. (PST; 20:30 UTC) on April 1, 1984, an impatient Marvin Sr. shouted at his wife about the document. Gaye, dressed in a maroon robe, shouted back downstairs, telling his father if he had something to say, he should do it in person. According to Alberta, when Marvin Sr. refused his son's request, Gaye warned him not to come to his room. Marvin Sr., however, instead charged upstairs to the bedroom to verbally attack Alberta over the document, causing Gaye to jump out of his bed and once again order his father out of the room. When ordering did not work, Gaye, enraged, reportedly shoved his father out of the room into the hallway then began kicking and punching him.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Alberta later told Ritz: "Marvin hit him. I shouted for him to stop, but he paid no attention to me. He gave my husband some hard kicks." Jeanne later recalled that it was understood in the family that if one of the children ever dared to strike their father that he would "murder him or her", saying her father "made it very clear" and "said so publicly on more than one occasion." Gaye reportedly followed his father to the bedroom and, according to his mother, continued to kick him brutally. Eventually, Alberta separated Gaye from his father and returned him to his bedroom.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Minutes later, at 12:38 p.m. (PST; 20:38 UTC), Marvin Sr. entered his bedroom, returning with the .38 pistol his son had earlier bought him, pointed it at Gaye and shot him directly in the heart, as Alberta later explained to police:


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: The first shot, which proved to be fatal, entered the right side of Gaye's chest, perforating his right lung, heart, diaphragm, liver, stomach and left kidney before coming to rest against his left flank. Gaye's father stepped closer after the first shot and shot him a second time at point-blank range. In a 2018 episode of the Reelz TV series "", forensic pathologist Michael Hunter expressed his belief that Gaye was initially shot nonfatally in the left shoulder by his father while the two men were standing two feet apart while facing each other. Hunter believed that this first shot "penetrated the left shoulder just below the clavicle and exited his back without causing any serious injury", the impact of which caused Gaye to fall down. Hunter also believed that Gaye was then shot fatally in the chest, which "had a very damaging and odd trajectory," traveling "diagonally down through the lung, heart, diaphragm, liver, and kidney, finally embedding itself on the left side of the torso." From Hunter's point of view, "the direction of the bullet's trajectory suggests Marvin was positioned toward his father, and that his father was likely to have been moving away at the time."


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Afraid of being shot next, Alberta screamed and ran out of the bedroom, all the while pleading in fear to her husband not to shoot her. According to reports, Gaye's father hid the gun underneath his pillow. In the meantime, Gaye's brother Frankie and his sister-in-law, Irene, heard the shots as they lived in a guest house on the property. After the first shot, Frankie initially thought it sounded like a car backfired. Afterwards, they heard screams from outside, rushed out, and saw Alberta who ran into Irene's arms, shouting, "He's shot Marvin. He's killed my boy."


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Frankie ran to the house and carefully walked into the hallway to his brother's room, not knowing if Marvin Sr. still had the gun, whether he was still in the room, or if his brother was dead. After walking into Gaye's bedroom, an emotional Frankie held him as Gaye bled rapidly. Frankie alleges that Marvin, barely speaking above a whisper, told him, "I got what I wanted... I couldn't do it myself, so I had him do it... it's good, I ran my race, there's no more left in me." After police arrived, Irene went to Marvin Sr. in his bedroom and asked him where the gun was. After searching over his bedroom, Irene located it under his pillow. Upon exiting the house, Irene dropped the gun on the lawn. Immediately following this, Marvin Sr., who had by now taken a seat on the front porch outside the house, was arrested.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: The police arrived twenty minutes after the shooting. Gaye's body was taken out of the house and sent to the California Hospital Medical Center. At approximately 1:01 p.m. (PST; 21:01 UTC), Gaye was pronounced dead on arrival. Gaye died at just one day before his 45th birthday. As soon as his death was announced, several of Gaye's neighbors and onlookers paraded around the house, many in stunned shock and silence.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: An autopsy was conducted on Gaye's body shortly after his death. Test results showed that he had elements of cocaine and PCP (or angel dust) in his system. After lawyers misread the coroner's report, Judge Ronald George determined later during preliminary hearings in the court case that PCP can often provoke violence. When told that the report had concluded only that Gaye had just cocaine traces in his system, the judge said PCP was not a major factor in his decision.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: During an interview with the police, Gaye's father contended that he was scared that something would happen to him and that he only meant to shoot in self-defense, stating he did not know the gun had any bullets in it, claiming he thought there were either "blanks or BBs." When asked if he loved his son, Marvin Sr. reportedly stated in a soft voice, "Let's say I didn't dislike him." Upon being told that his son had died from the shots, Marvin Sr. reportedly wept and sobbed after realizing he had killed him. Marvin Sr. was held on bond afterwards. Gaye's siblings believed that his death was a "premeditated suicide". Jeanne later said that upon forcing his father's hand in the murder that he had "accomplished three things. He put himself out of his misery. He brought relief to Mother by finally getting her husband out of her life. And he punished Father, by making certain that the rest of his life would be miserable... my brother knew just what he was doing."


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: On April 5, 1984, a star-studded funeral was held for Gaye at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, attended by over 10,000 mourners, including his Motown colleagues; his two ex-wives, Anna Gaye and Janis Gaye; and his siblings, mother and three children. Smokey Robinson and Dick Gregory delivered eulogies, while Stevie Wonder performed "Lighting Up the Candles," which was later included on Wonder's soundtrack to the film "Jungle Fever", and Cecil T. "Sesil J" Jenkins sang "The Lord's Prayer". At the open-casket funeral, Gaye was wearing one of his costumes from his final concert tour, a gold and white military style uniform, with an ermine wrap at his shoulders. The funeral was presided by the Chief Apostle of Gaye's family's old church, the House of God. Following the funeral, Gaye was given a burial plot. In accordance with the family's request, Gaye's body was cremated with half of his ashes spread near the Pacific Ocean by his three children and Anna Gaye. Anna and their adopted son, Marvin III, then kept a small portion of the ashes for themselves.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Gaye left behind no will. As a result, his son Marvin III, aged 17 at the time, became co-administrator of his estate. At the time of his death, he was struggling financially, as the IRS had asked for $1 million (US$ in dollars) to pay back unpaid taxes of $600,000 (US$ in dollars) to the State of California and back alimony of $300,000 (US$ in dollars) to Anna and Janis Gaye. He was $1,900,000 (US$ in dollars) in debt at the time of his death, but royalties from Gaye's work eventually paid off those debts.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Marvin Sr. was held at the Los Angeles County Jail on $100,000 bail. His accounts of the shooting were printed in the "Los Angeles Herald-Examiner", quoting his words: "I didn't mean to do it."


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: During a check up at the County-USC Medical Center, a benign tumor was discovered at the base of Marvin Sr.'s brain. Doctors removed the tumor on May 17, 1984. On June 12, after reviewing a two-page report, including two psychiatric evaluations conducted by Ronald Markman, Judge Michael Pirosh ruled that Marvin Sr. was competent to stand trial. He appeared in court again on June 20, where he was ordered to return on July 16 for a preliminary hearing. His estranged wife, Alberta, posted the reduced bail of $30,000 via a bondsman to secure the ex-minister's release from jail. Two days earlier, she had filed for divorce, citing as grounds that she had officially separated from him following their son's fatal shooting on the same day. Looking over documents, the amount of drugs in Gaye's system, and pictures of Marvin Sr.'s injuries during his final fight with his son, Judge Ronald M. George agreed to grant Marvin Sr. a plea bargain. As a result, he pleaded no contest to a voluntary manslaughter charge on September 20, 1984. On November 2, 1984, Judge Gordon Ringer sentenced Marvin Sr. to a six-year suspended sentence and five years of probation. During the sentencing hearing, Marvin Sr. tearfully told the court:


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: News stations reported on Gaye's death almost immediately after it was announced, with one of the most prominent announcements coming from CBS anchor Dan Rather. Eulogies were delivered in American, Asian and European countries. "The New York Times" ran the story in its front page the day after his death.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Many of Gaye's friends and peers were initially shocked to learn of Gaye’s death. Some of them did not initially believe the news because April 1 is also April Fools' Day, a date associated with jokes and hoaxes with the media taking part in such for that day only. Otis Williams, of the Motown group The Temptations, recalled receiving the news while touring with the Four Tops in Australia and said, "It was a very dark day that I will never forget as the day I lost a friend." Former Motown staffer Janie Bradford and her husband were driving home after listening to radio all day when the announcer announced Gaye's death. CBS Urban president Larkin Arnold was also reportedly stunned with the news as he had tried to get Gaye in the studio for his follow-up to "Midnight Love". Smokey Robinson heard the news of Gaye's death on the radio. Feeling that his "innards wouldn't accept" the news, he called Gaye's ex-wife Anna to find out whether it was true, and she confirmed it before he could ask her, leaving Robinson in shock.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Longtime Gaye admirer and former nephew-in-law Jermaine Jackson, brother of Michael Jackson, recalled sobbing uncontrollably once he heard the news and called Barry White to confirm the story. According to White, Gaye had agreed to do a series of duets with him. Berry Gordy's ex-wife Ray Singleton received the news from Anna on the phone. Upon the arrival of her son and Gaye's adopted son, Marvin III, Singleton told Gaye III to go upstairs and talk to his mother, who then told him the news.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: VH1 listed Gaye's death as the eighth most shocking moment in rock and roll. Recollections of the death from admirers of Gaye included rapper Chuck D and Al Sharpton, who noted the coincidence of the date when he replied that the death came "like a sick, sad joke to all of us." Gordy, who was overcome with emotion and grief over Gaye's death, took out full-page ads following his funeral declaring that Gaye was "the greatest of his time" and the best recording artist he ever worked with. New wave group Duran Duran dedicated their hit ballad, "Save a Prayer", to Gaye the following afternoon during a performance in Oakland, California; their performance was later taped for the videotape, "Arena".


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Immediately after his death, numerous fans of Gaye stood outside the house at Gramercy Place, placed memorabilia and other items on the lawn, and held vigils there, until the next day, Gaye's birthday.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Gaye was placed on the cover of "Rolling Stone" for the third time in a posthumous cover in its May 10, 1984 issue. The issue discussed Gaye's personal life, his music, and his contributions to Motown and popular music.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: In November 1984, Diana Ross released the tribute song, "Missing You." It appeared on Ross' album, "Swept Away", and later peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Black Singles chart and placed at No. 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Later, a video of the song featured classic footage of Gaye, including footage of Gaye appearing at Ross' 1982 concert in Brussels. The following January while hosting the American Music Awards, Ross led an In Memoriam tribute to stars who died in 1984 with Gaye leading the tribute. Also in November 1984, Teena Marie released the tribute song, "My Dear Mr. Gaye" from her hit album, "Starchild", the highest selling album of her career. The Commodores issued the song "Nightshift," which was dedicated to Gaye and fellow musician Jackie Wilson, who also died in 1984. The song, featured on their album of the same name, peaked at No. 1 on the rhythm and blues chart, reached the top ten on the Hot 100, and became a hit in other countries. Todd Rundgren's song "Lost Horizon" from his "A Cappella" album is said to be dedicated to Gaye. Rundgren later performed a medley of Gaye's hits during concerts and sometimes added "Lost Horizon" to the medley. In 1989, soul band Frankie Beverly & Maze produced the tribute song, "Silky Soul," taking its melody from "What's Going On." The song featured Nona Gaye in the video and later peaked at No. 5 on the R&B chart. At least two tribute albums of Gaye's have been released: 1995's "" and 1999's "".


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: Starting in 1985, there have been annual Marvin Gaye Day celebrations in the city of Washington, D.C., Gaye's hometown. The day was officiated by then-mayor Marion Barry on the day of Gaye's 46th birthday. Since then, a non-profit organization has helped to organize Marvin Gaye Day celebrations in the city. In 1986, Marvin's mother Alberta founded the Marvin P. Gaye Jr. Memorial Foundation, which is dedicated to those suffering from drug abuse and alcoholism. It opened a day after she died from complications of bone cancer in May 1987. In 1990, after years of petitions and letters, Gaye was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with one of its most prominent letters written by longtime fan Eddie Murphy. Six years later, in 1996, Gaye posthumously received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, an old park that Gaye frequented as a teenager, the former Watts Branch Park, was renamed Marvin Gaye Park in his honor. Three years later, in 2009, the 5200 block of Foote Street NE in Deanwood, Washington, D.C., was renamed Marvin Gaye Way.


title: Killing of Marvin Gaye

text: On November 20, 2018, the United States Postal Service announced that Marvin Gaye would be featured on a first class postage stamp, as part of the Postal Service's Music Icons series (past honorees include Elvis Presley and John Lennon).


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks are an American professional wrestling tag team and promoters, consisting of brothers Matthew and Nicholas Massie, who are known by their ring names Matt and Nick Jackson, respectively. They are signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). They have previously held the AEW World Trios Championship with Kenny Omega, and are record two-time AEW World Tag Team Champions. They were voted the number 1 PWI Tag Team of the Year for the year 2021. In addition to performing for AEW as wrestlers, they serve as Executive Vice Presidents for the company.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks are known for their work in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Ring of Honor (ROH), where they became prominent members of the NJPW faction Bullet Club; after a "civil war" in 2018, The Young Bucks, Kenny Omega, "Hangman" Adam Page, Marty Scurll and Cody Rhodes formed The Elite. They have performed for various American independent promotions – most notably Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) – and had previously worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as Generation Me under the names Max and Jeremy Buck. On the independent circuit, they have won numerous titles as well, including four reigns as PWG World Tag Team Champions as well as being the only team to win PWG's annual Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament on three occasions (2009, 2011, and 2013).


title: The Young Bucks

text: They have held the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship a record seven times, three reigns as ROH World Tag Team Champions, two AEW World Tag Team Championships, three reigns as NJPW's NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions (twice with The Elite teammate Kenny Omega, and once with Marty Scurll), two reigns as ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champions (first with Elite teammate Adam "Hangman" Page, and then with Cody) and the AEW World Trios Championship (with Omega) and the IWGP and AAA World Tag Team Champions once each. All totaled between AEW, ROH, NJPW and AAA, they have held seven World Tag Team Championships, seven Jr. Heavyweight Tag Team Championships, and six Six-Man/Trios Championships (with various stablemates).


title: The Young Bucks

text: On two occasions, first in 2014 and again in 2016, they held the ROH World, PWG World, and IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championships simultaneously, and in 2018, they held the IWGP Tag Team, ROH World Six-Man, and NEVER Openweight 6-Man titles simultaneously. They are the first and so far only duo to have won all three of NJPW's team championships (IWGP Tag Team, IWGP Jr. Heavyweight Tag Team, and NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team) together.


title: The Young Bucks

text: In 2001, the Massie family put a wrestling ring in their backyard, where brothers Matt, Nick and Malachi taught themselves how to wrestle by impersonating what they saw on television. At the age of 18 or 19, Matt began his professional wrestling training in La Mirada and City of Industry, California at the Revolution Pro Wrestling School called Rudos Dojo, training primarily under Ron Rivera (The American Wild Child), Disco Machine, Scorpio Sky and Super Dragon, among others. Matt attended the school with his good friend Dustin Cutler, and the two taught what they learned to their friends back home. Eventually Nick joined his brother and attended a few sessions at the school. Matt, Nick and Dustin were involved in their first professional match at an Alternative Wrestling Show/C4/Revolution Pro joint event held on August 8, 2004. Matt worked as Fluffy the Dog, Dustin dressed as a hillbilly and Nick was a high flying referee wearing a Santo mask. Afterward, Matt and Nick wrestled various times for Revolution Pro and Revolution X in chicken costumes, under the team name "Los Gallineros".


title: The Young Bucks

text: In October 2004, with the help of his family, Matt opened up his own independent wrestling company called High Risk Wrestling (HRW). Matt was originally the head owner of HRW, but had help from Nick and Malachi, as well as good friend Dustin Cutler – these three eventually took over ownership years later. The company ran shows twice a month and helped Matt and Nick learn their craft. In the main event of HRW's "Highway 2 Hell" on August 4, 2007, Matt and Nick teamed up with Marty Jannetty ín a six-man tag, where they defeated Joey Ryan, Karl Anderson and Diablo.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On February 26, 2005, at a show for Full Contact Wrestling, Matt and Nick were called "The Young Bucks" for the first time. Originally, Matt was wrestling under the name "Mr. Instant Replay", while Nick was called "Slick Nick". That night The Young Bucks were defeated by the Kaos and Mongol, the Santino Brothers. Later on, another promoter decided that Matt and Nick needed a surname and came up with "Jackson", which the two have used ever since.


title: The Young Bucks

text: With the help of HRW, Matt and Nick eventually landed spots in several popular companies in Southern California. They also gained experience working in front of a camera doing television tapings for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) starting in 2006. The Young Bucks filmed their very first matches for the NWA on Maverick Television on November 7, 2006, when they were defeated by Karl Anderson and Joey Ryan.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks debuted for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) on June 10, 2007, in Burbank, California at Roger Dorn Night, losing to "Arrogance" (Chris Bosh and Scott Lost). On August 31, 2007, PWG held the first night of the 2007 Battle of Los Angeles tournament, where The Young Bucks picked up their first tag team victory in PWG by defeating Phoenix Star and Zokre, "Los Luchas". At the show Matt and Nick met Dragon Gate (DG) wrestler Cima and Dragon Gate's American talent agent Satoshi Oji for the first time, both of whom were impressed by the brothers' performance. On January 5, 2008, The Young Bucks faced prominent Dragon Gate team Muscle Outlaw'z (Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino) at "All Star Weekend 6 – Night 1" in a losing effort. The next night, they lost to The Dynasty (Scott Lost and Joey Ryan). At the following show, on January 27, the Young Bucks received their first shot at the PWG World Tag Team Championship, but were once again defeated by the Dynasty. During the next two months the Young Bucks participated in the 2008 "DDT4" qualifier series, where they lost to T. J. Perkins and Hook Bomberry, defeated Ronin and Scorpio Sky and drew with Los Luchas, before losing a deciding four-way elimination match to Los Luchas, who then advanced to the tournament itself. Soon after, The Young Bucks went on their first Dragon Gate tour. Upon their return from Dragon Gate, the Young Bucks defeated the Dynasty on July 6, 2008, at "Life During Wartime", PWG's fifth anniversary show, in a three-way match, which also included KAZMA and MIYAWAKI.


title: The Young Bucks

text: At the following show, "All Star Weekend 7 – Night Two" on August 31, 2008, Matt and Nick defeated The Age of the Fall (Jimmy Jacobs and Tyler Black) to become the new PWG World Tag Team Champions. One of The Young Bucks' biggest accomplishments in PWG came at the annual "DDT4" tag team tournament on May 22, 2009, in Reseda, California, when they defended the titles three times in one night. They defeated Dustin and Brandon Cutler in the first round, Kenny Omega and Chuck Taylor in the second round and the Hybrid Dolphins (Bryan Danielson and Roderick Strong) in the final round to win the tournament. At that same event their younger brother Malachi made his PWG debut, losing to Phoenix Star. Around that time, after the Young Bucks started touring the World, the PWG crowds started turning on them. On July 31, 2009, at "Threemendous II", PWG's sixth anniversary show, the Young Bucks suffered their first loss in the company in sixteen months, losing a non-title match to the re-united "2 Skinny Black Guys" (Human Tornado and El Generico). Despite their win and the Young Bucks' wishes, Tornado and Generico never received their rematch for the titles as the following month they lost the number one contendership to "The Men of Low Moral Fiber" (Kenny Omega and Chuck Taylor), whom the Young Bucks defeated for the titles on October 4 in a rematch of their "DDT4" semifinal match.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On November 21, during the second night of the 2009 Battle of Los Angeles, The Young Bucks retained their title over Kevin Steen and El Generico and afterwards turned heel by aligning themselves with Brian Kendrick and attacking the new PWG World Champion Kenny Omega. On January 30, 2010, at Kurt Russellmania, the first PWG show since the Bucks had signed contracts with TNA Wrestling, Matt and Nick announced that from now on they would be known by their TNA names, Max and Jeremy of Generation Me. They turned on Brian Kendrick, only for him to be saved by his old tag team partner Paul London. Later in the night, the team of London and Kendrick defeated Generation Me in a non-title match. Despite the announcement made by the Young Bucks, PWG still continues to refer to them under their original team and singles names.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On April 10, the Young Bucks made PWG history by making their thirteenth successful title defense against The Briscoe Brothers (Jay and Mark). On May 9, the Young Bucks entered the 2010 "DDT4" tournament and were for the second year in a row set to defend the Tag Team Championship three times in one night. The Bucks defeated Johnny Goodtime and Jerome Robinson in the first round and the Cutler Brothers in the semifinals of the tournament. However, in the final of the tournament El Generico and Paul London, the team known collectively as "¡Peligro Abejas!", defeated the Young Bucks to not only win the tournament, but also the PWG World Tag Team Championship, ending the Bucks' reign at 616 days. During the final match Nick was knocked unconscious and suffered a concussion, but was able to finish the match.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On July 30, at PWG's seventh anniversary show, the Bucks received a rematch for the World Tag Team titles in the first ever tag team Guerrilla Warfare match, a three–way match, also involving the Cutler Brothers, where "¡Peligro Abejas!" ended up retaining the Championship. In the first round of the 2010 Battle of Los Angeles Matt and Nick were paired up against each other, but instead of wrestling the match, they got themselves disqualified by superkicking referee Rick Knox. Afterwards the Cutler Brothers challenged the Young Bucks to a match, in which they finally managed to defeat their nemesis tag team. On March 4, 2011, the Young Bucks entered the 2011 "DDT4" tournament, which was this time used to determine new number one contenders to the "¡Peligro Abejas!". In their first round match, the Young Bucks defeated Brandon Gatson and Willie Mack. Later in the evening they defeated The American Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) in the semifinals and finally the Nightmare Violence Connection (Akira Tozawa and Kevin Steen) in the final to win their second "DDT4" tournament and earn another shot at El Generico and Paul London. The Young Bucks received their shot on April 9, 2011, when they defeated El Generico and Ricochet, who filled in for Paul London who was unable to appear at the event, to regain the PWG World Tag Team Championship.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On May 27, during the first night of "All Star Weekend 8", The Young Bucks made the first successful defense of their second title reign, defeating the RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime and Johnny Yuma). The following night, The Young Bucks defeated Austin Aries and Roderick Strong to retain the title. On August 20, The Young Bucks defeated The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli) in an unadvertised match to retain the PWG World Tag Team Championship. The Young Bucks made their next title defense on September 10, defeating the Dynasty (Joey Ryan and Scorpio Sky). On October 22, The Young Bucks made their fifth successful title defense by defeating Future Shock (Adam Cole and Kyle O'Reilly), before interfering in the main event and costing Kevin Steen the PWG World Championship in his ladder match with El Generico. After challenging Steen to a handicap Guerrilla Warfare match, Super Dragon made his first appearance in over three years and named himself Steen's partner for the match on December 10. On December 10, The Young Bucks lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to Appetite for Destruction (Kevin Steen and Super Dragon) in a Guerrilla Warfare match, ending their second reign at 245 days.


title: The Young Bucks

text: Following their title loss, The Young Bucks started a rivalry with Super Smash Bros. (Player Uno and Stupefied); on March 17, the Super Smash Bros. picked up their first PWG win by defeating The Young Bucks in a three-way match, which also included the RockNES Monsters. On April 21, The Young Bucks attempted to win their third "DDT4" tournament and earn a rematch with Appetite for Destruction, but suffered another loss against the Super Smash Bros. in their first round match. On May 25, The Young Bucks and the Super Smash Bros. faced each other in a No Disqualification match to determine the new PWG World Tag Team Champions. In the end, The Young Bucks suffered their third straight loss against their rival team. On July 21 at "Threemendous III", PWG's ninth anniversary event, The Young Bucks unsuccessfully challenged the Super Smash Bros. for the PWG World Tag Team Championship in a three-way ladder match, which also included Future Shock, losing following interference from referee Rick Knox, whom they had attacked earlier in the match.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On January 12, 2013, The Young Bucks entered the 2013 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament, defeating the Inner City Machine Guns (Rich Swann and Ricochet) in their opening match. Later that same event, The Young Bucks defeated the Unbreakable F'n Machines (Brian Cage and Michael Elgin) in their semifinal match to capture the PWG World Tag Team Championship for the third time. They defeated El Generico and Kevin Steen in the final to win the DDT4 tournament for the third time. The Young Bucks made their second successful defense of the PWG World Tag Team Championship on March 23 against the DojoBros (Eddie Edwards and Roderick Strong). On August 9 at PWG's tenth anniversary event, The Young Bucks defeated the DojoBros and the Inner City Machine Guns in a three-way ladder match for their third successful title defense. On August 31, The Young Bucks formed a new heel stable with PWG World Champion Adam Cole and Kevin Steen, with the four dubbing themselves "The Mount Rushmore of Wrestling". On October 19, The Young Bucks defeated Candice LeRae and Joey Ryan to make their fourth successful defense of the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On March 28, 2014, The Young Bucks defeated 2014 DDT4 winners Chuck Taylor and Trent? for their fifth successful title defense. The Young Bucks lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to Candice LeRae and Joey Ryan in a Guerrilla Warfare match on July 27, 2014.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On June 26, 2015, The Young Bucks defeated Andrew Everett and Trevor Lee to win the PWG World Tag Team Championship for the fourth time, following outside interference from PWG World Champion Roderick Strong. After the match, The Young Bucks, Strong and the returning Super Dragon formed Mount Rushmore 2.0. They made their first successful title defenses against Angélico and Jack Evans on July 24, and Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa on December 11. At the end of the show, Adam Cole made a surprise return to PWG, joining Mount Rushmore 2.0. On March 18, 2017, The Young Bucks lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to Penta el Zero M and Rey Fenix in a three-way match, also involving Matt Sydal and Ricochet.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks made their debut for Dragon Gate (DG) in Tokyo, Japan at the Korakuen Hall on May 14, 2008, in a match where they were defeated by Susumu Yokosuka and Ryo Saito. Their first tour of the company spanned from May 14 to June 14. Their second tour started on August 9, 2008 and ended on August 28, 2008. On September 5, 2008, the Young Bucks took part in Dragon Gate's first show in the United States, held in Los Angeles, California, where they unsuccessfully challenged Saito and Yokosuka for the Open the Twin Gate Championship. Their third tour spanned from April 15 to May 5, 2009. On May 3, 2009, in Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Matt and Nick successfully defended their PWG World Tag Team titles against Shingo Takagi and Akira Tozawa, the first time the titles had been defended in Japan. On May 5, 2009, in Aichi, Japan at the "Dead or Alive" pay-per-view, The Young Bucks and Ryoma teamed up in a losing effort against Akira Tozawa, Kenshin Chikano and Anthony W. Mori.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On February 22, 2008, Matt appeared as a jobber on World Wrestling Entertainment's (WWE) weekly television show "SmackDown", losing to Chuck Palumbo. He appeared in a similar role on the October 17, 2008, episode of "SmackDown", this time losing to Big Show in an exhibition Last Man Standing match after going through a table. On the October 28 episode of "ECW", the Young Bucks portrayed Triple H and Shawn Michaels in a segment, where they were laid out by John Morrison and The Miz. On August 15, 2011, the Young Bucks had a tryout for the WWE producers prior to the "Raw" tapings in San Diego.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks made their Chikara debuts on March 27, 2009, teaming up with El Generico to form "Team PWG" in the annual King of Trios tournament. However, the team was eliminated in the first round by The Osirian Portal of Amasis, Ophidian and Escorpion Egipcio. The following night Matt and Nick entered the "Rey de Voladores" tournament, but were both eliminated in the first round four-way matches. On the third night of the tournament they took part in a tag team gauntlet match, which was won by Mike Quackenbush and Jigsaw. The Young Bucks returned to Chikara on October 17 at "An Optimistic View of a Pessimistic World" competing in a four-way elimination tag team match, where they were the last team eliminated by the winners The Osirian Portal of Amasis and Ophidian. The following day at "Cibernetico Increible" Matt and Nick joined opposing eight-man teams in the annual torneo cibernetico match. Matt scored the first elimination of the match, eliminating Green Ant, but the brothers wound up being the fifth and sixth wrestlers eliminated from the match at the hands of Quackenbush and Player Dos.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks returned to Chikara on April 23, 2010, at the 2010 King of Trios, where they teamed up with their brother Malachi as the Jackson 3. They were, however, for the second year in a row, eliminated from the tournament in the first round, this time losing to The Future is Now (Jigsaw, Equinox and Helios). Matt and Nick wrestled the match as heels in Generation Me tights and after the match abandoned Malachi in the ring, when he wanted to shake hands with his opponents. On the third night of the tournament the Bucks were defeated by Mike Quackenbush and Jigsaw in a tag team match. The Young Bucks returned to Chikara on August 27, when Nick entered the Young Lions Cup IX tournament, while Matt defeated Johnny Gargano in a singles match. After Nick was eliminated from the tournament by eventual Young Lions Cup Champion Tadasuke, The Young Bucks teamed up to defeat The Batiri (Kodama and Obariyon) in a tag team match later that same day. On September 18, The Young Bucks defeated Tim Donst and Tursas of the Bruderschaft des Kreuzes in a tag team match. On November 13 at Chikara's first ever internet pay-per-view, High Noon, The Young Bucks, managed by Marty Jannetty, were defeated by The Colony (Fire Ant and Soldier Ant) in a Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas number one contender's match.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks returned to Chikara in late April 2012, first defeating Arik Cannon and Darin Corbin in a regular tag team match on April 28, and then defeating the Batiri (Kobald and Kodama), Bruderschaft des Kreuzes (Jakob Hammermeier and Tim Donst), and the Spectral Envoy (Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black) in a four-way elimination match on April 29 to earn the right to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas. On June 2 at , The Young Bucks defeated F.I.S.T. (Chuck Taylor and Johnny Gargano) in a Two Out of Three Falls match to win the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. The Young Bucks made their first successful title defense on July 29, defeating The Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield and Mark Angelosetti). On September 14, The Young Bucks entered the 2012 King of Trios, teaming with Mike Bennett as Team Ring of Honor and defeating the Faces of Pain (The Barbarian, Meng and The Warlord) in their first round match. The following day, Team ROH advanced to the semifinals with a win over The Extreme Trio (Jerry Lynn, Tommy Dreamer and Too Cold Scorpio). Team ROH opened the third and final day of the tournament by defeating the all-female Team Sendai Girls (Dash Chisako, Meiko Satomura and Sendai Sachiko) in the semifinals. In the final of the tournament, Team ROH was defeated by the Spectral Envoy (Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black).


title: The Young Bucks

text: On November 10, The Young Bucks made their second successful defense of the Campeonatos de Parejas against the Spectral Envoy (Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black). The Young Bucks' third successful defense took place at the Under the Hood internet pay-per-view on December 2, where they defeated 1–2–3 Kid and Marty Jannetty. On February 10, 2013, The Young Bucks lost the Campeonatos de Parejas to 3.0 (Scott Parker and Shane Matthews), ending their reign at 253 days and three successful defenses. On May 18, The Young Bucks returned to Chikara to take part in the 2013 Tag World Grand Prix. After wins over The Baltic (Estonian ThunderFrog and Latvian Proud Oak), The Spectral Envoy (Frightmare and Hallowicked) and The Batiri (Kodama and Obariyon), The Young Bucks were defeated in the final of the tournament by Pieces of Hate (Jigsaw and The Shard).


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks returned to Chikara in September 2015, when they teamed with A.J. Styles in the 2015 King of Trios, making it to the final, before losing to Aero Star, Drago and Fénix.


title: The Young Bucks

text: Matt and Nick made their Ring of Honor (ROH) debut on May 29 and 30, 2009, defeating the teams of Sal Rinauro and Brandon Day and Silas Young and Bobby Fish, respectively, in matches taped for the June 27 and July 18 episodes of "Ring of Honor Wrestling" on HDNet. On September 26, 2009, at "Glory by Honor VIII: The Final Countdown", they defeated the, at the time, five-time ROH World Tag Team Champions the Briscoe Brothers. On December 19 at Final Battle 2009, ROH's first live pay-per-view, the Young Bucks picked up another big win, this time over former ROH World Tag Team Champions Kevin Steen and El Generico. After signing contracts with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, The Young Bucks wrestled their last HDNet tapings in January 2010, defeating The American Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) on the 8th and losing to the Briscoes in an ROH World Tag Team Title match on the 9th. On January 29 the Young Bucks wrestled their ROH farewell match, an eight-man tag team match, where they teamed up with the Briscoe Brothers in a losing effort against the American Wolves and The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli).


title: The Young Bucks

text: On July 23, Matt and Nick returned using their Generation Me name and were defeated by the American Wolves. The following day they were defeated by the ROH World Tag Team Champions, Kings of Wrestling, in a non–title match. After the Young Bucks were granted a release from TNA, ROH announced on August 24, 2011, that they would return to the promotion on September 17 at Death Before Dishonor IX. At the pay-per-view The Young Bucks defeated Future Shock (Adam Cole and Kyle O'Reilly) and the Bravado Brothers in a three-way elimination match. On December 23 at Final Battle 2011, The Young Bucks won a four team gauntlet match to earn a shot at the ROH World Tag Team Championship. At the 10th Anniversary Show on March 4, The Young Bucks were unsuccessful in their title challenge. The Young Bucks left ROH later in the year, last competing at a "Ring of Honor Wrestling" television taping on August 3, where they lost to Caprice Coleman and Cedric Alexander in the opening round of a tournament to crown new ROH World Tag Team Champions.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks returned at "All-Star Extravaganza V" on August 3, where they were defeated by Adrenaline Rush (A. C. H. and TaDarius Thomas) in their return match; a three-way match, which also included C&C Wrestle Factory (Caprice Coleman and Cedric Alexander). On August 17 at "Manhattan Mayhem V", The Young Bucks were defeated by the Forever Hooligans (Alex Koslov and Rocky Romero) in what was billed as a dream tag team match. On March 8, 2014, the Young Bucks defeated reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the first time. They lost the title back to reDRagon on May 17 at War of the Worlds. The Young Bucks received a rematch for the title on September 6 at All Star Extravaganza 6, but were again defeated by reDRagon. Another rematch on March 1, 2015, at the 13th Anniversary Show ended with another win for reDRagon. On September 30, 2016, The Young Bucks defeated The Addiction (Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian) and The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) in a three-way Ladder War VI at All Star Extravaganza VIII to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the second time.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On December 3, it was reported that The Young Bucks had signed a new two-year contract, which covers both ROH and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). On March 4, 2017, The Young Bucks lost the ROH World Tag Team Championship to The Hardys (Broken Matt and Brother Nero). On April 1 at Supercard of Honor XI, The Young Bucks regained the ROH World Tag Team Championship from The Hardys in a ladder match. On August 20, The Young Bucks became double champions, when they teamed with their Bullet Club stablemate Adam Page to form a trio named "The Hung Bucks" and defeated Dalton Castle and The Boys for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. On September 22 at Death Before Dishonor XV, The Young Bucks lost the ROH World Tag Team Championship to The Motor City Machine Guns. At Ring Of Honor's Final Battle they lost to the Briscoes and SCU in a Ladder war match. The next day the Bucks left ROH.


title: The Young Bucks

text: According to them, they would never leave ROH if the new contract would give them more money, but the offer they got was under their expectations.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On April 1, 2022, the Young Bucks would return to ROH, now owned by AEW President Tony Khan, at Supercard of Honor XV, attacking the Briscoe Brothers (Jay and Mark Briscoe).


title: The Young Bucks

text: On July 25, 2009, the Young Bucks appeared on Dragon Gate USA's (DGUSA) first pay-per-view Enter the Dragon, where they defeated the "Warriors-5" of Cima and Susumu Yokosuka. On September 6 at the second PPV titled Untouchable, they were defeated in the main event by the "Real Hazard" of Ryo Saito and Genki Horiguchi. On November 28 at Freedom Fight, the Young Bucks wrestled in the same 6-way Open the Freedom Gate Championship tournament match, which was won by Gran Akuma. After signing contracts with TNA Wrestling, the Young Bucks made their fourth appearance for DGUSA on January 23, 2010, at Fearless, where they competed in a three-way elimination tag team match, which was won by the Muscle Outlaw'z (Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino). They were advertised to take part in the March 26 and 27 shows in Phoenix, Arizona, but TNA made the decision to pull them from the events. However, in February, TNA and Dragon Gate USA came to an agreement and the Young Bucks were allowed to make their farewell appearances. In March, the Young Bucks made their final appearances for the company, losing to Cima, Gamma and Dragon Kid at "Open the Ultimate Gate" on the 26 in a six-man tag team match, where they teamed with Jack Evans and losing to Mike Quackenbush and Jigsaw in a tag team match at the tapings of "Mercury Rising" on the 27.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The Young Bucks returned to the promotion on January 27, 2012, defeating Chuck Taylor and Scorpio Sky in a tag team match. The Young Bucks returned to DGUSA on January 25, 2013, defeating D.U.F. (Arik Cannon and Sami Callihan) in a tag team match. At the following day's iPPV, The Young Bucks picked up another win over the Jimmyz (Jimmy Susumu and Ryo "Jimmy" Saito), before going on to lose against the team of Akira Tozawa and A. R. Fox during another iPPV on January 27. On April 6 at Open the Ultimate Gate 2013, The Young Bucks defeated A. R. Fox and Cima to become the new Open the United Gate Champions. They made their first successful title defense on June 2 at an event promoted by DGUSA's close affiliate, Evolve, defeating Eita and Tomahawk T.T. Their second successful defense took place on July 28 at Enter the Dragon 2013, Dragon Gate USA's fourth anniversary event, where they defeated Rich Swann and Ricochet. They lost the title to the Bravado Brothers on November 16.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On December 21, 2009, the Young Bucks reached one of their personal goals as they took part in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's (TNA) "Impact!" tapings, wrestling The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) in a tryout dark match, which earned them the praise of TNA management. On December 26, 2009, TNA president Dixie Carter announced on her Twitter account that TNA had signed the Young Bucks to a contract. The contracts signed were one year long. According to Eric Bischoff, TNA executive Bob Ryder was responsible for getting The Young Bucks their break in TNA.


title: The Young Bucks

text: The team, renamed Generation Me, made their debut on the January 14, 2010, episode of "Impact!", in which the brothers, renamed Max and Jeremy, defeated the Motor City Machine Guns. On the February 18 episode of "Impact!", Jeremy and Max were given the last name Buck. At Destination X, Generation Me wrestled for the number one contendership to the TNA World Tag Team Championship in an Ultimate X match, but were defeated by the Motor City Machine Guns. Max and Jeremy spent the next months mainly wrestling singles matches. On the July 8 episode of "Impact!", Jeremy picked up a major singles victory, defeating X Division Champion Douglas Williams in a non-title ladder match.


title: The Young Bucks

text: Generation Me returned to pay-per-view on September 5 at No Surrender, where they replaced London Brawling (Desmond Wolfe and Magnus) and unsuccessfully challenged the Motor City Machine Guns for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. After the match, Generation Me turned heel by attacking the champions and giving Alex Shelley a storyline injury with a double rope-hung DDT. On the following episode of "Impact!", Max and Jeremy laid claim to the TNA World Tag Team Championship, claiming that the champions would not be able to defend them for 30 days, due to Shelley's injury, before stealing Sabin's title belt. Shelley, however, made his return two weeks later and promised Generation Me a rematch for the World Tag Team Championship at Bound for Glory. At the pay-per-view, the Motor City Machine Guns defeated Generation Me to retain the TNA World Tag Team Championship. The following month, Generation Me received a new fan in Tara. After Jeremy pinned Sabin in an eight-person tag team match, where Generation Me teamed with Robbie E and Cookie and the Motor City Machine Guns with Jay Lethal and Velvet Sky, on the November 18 episode of "Impact!", the Motor City Machine Guns challenged Generation Me to an Empty Arena match. The match took place later that same night on "Reaction", with the Motor City Machine Guns coming out victorious. On December 5 at Final Resolution, Generation Me challenged the Motor City Machine Guns for the World Tag Team Championship in a Full Metal Mayhem match, but were once again unsuccessful. The following month, they signed new two–year contracts with the company.


title: The Young Bucks

text: On the January 27 episode of "Impact!", TNA started a tournament to determine a new number one contender for X Division Champion Kazarian. In the first match of the tournament, Max defeated Amazing Red and Chris Sabin in a three–way match to advance to the final at Against All Odds. The following week, Jeremy defeated Douglas Williams and Jay Lethal in another three–way match to also advance to the final. However, both Max and Jeremy were forced to miss the final of the tournament at Against All Odds, after failing to get to Florida due to travel issues. The following month at Victory Road, both Max and Jeremy received their shot at the X Division Championship, held by Kazarian, in an Ultimate X match, which also included Robbie E. Prior to the match, the brothers teased dissension, with Max claiming that their goal was to make him the X Division Champion. At the end of the match, Jeremy and Max finally started fighting between themselves, but in the end both of them failed in their attempt to win the X Division Championship, as Kazarian emerged victorious to successfully retain the title. At the March 15 tapings of "Xplosion", the Bucks faced each other in a singles match for the first time in TNA, with Max picking up the win. Max and Jeremy faced each other in a rematch on the March 31 episode of "Impact!", where Max was once again victorious.