title: Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)

text: "Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu" received mixed reviews from critics. "The Hans India" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "A feel-good movie with a complete lovely family drama... It is worth watching this summer as every movie buff will enjoy it to the core!". Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote ""Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu" has moments that are relatable but the film runs on a paper-thin storyline that does not warrant even its short run-time. If only the film had something novel to tell."


title: Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)

text: Writing for "The Hindu", Sangeetha Devi Dundoo said that the film began as a humorous drama descended into a "melodramatic, boring narrative that the talented actors cannot salvage." "The Indian Express" critic Gabbeta Ranjith Kumar called it a "half-boiled drama", and felt that the director was divided between making a masala entertainer and a message-driven film.


title: Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)

text: "Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu" grossed crore worldwide on its opening day with a distributor's share of crore. In its opening weekend, the collected a distributor's share of crore. By the end of its theatrical run, the earned a distributor's share of 7.72 crore, and incurred a loss of about 8 crore.


title: Eric Ly

text: Eric Thich Vi Ly (born January 15, 1969) is an American entrepreneur and investor. Ly was co-founder of LinkedIn, a social networking site designed specifically for the business community, where he served as its founding chief technology officer. He is currently the CEO and founder of a blockchain based trust protocol Hub.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly was born in Saigon, Vietnam, and emigrated to the United States in 1975 as a result of the Vietnam War. He lived in San Francisco, California, for some years, and when his parents found jobs in Silicon Valley, his family moved to Sunnyvale, California.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly attended Homestead High School, where he applied his interest in computers to journalism and the on-campus newspaper, "The Epitaph". Through a sponsorship from Apple Inc., he transformed production methods for the publication, making Homestead one of the first schools in the country to use desktop publishing technology to publish its newspaper on the newly introduced Macintosh computers.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly attended Stanford University and volunteered as a science writer for the "Stanford Daily" in addition to his studies. Ly was inspired by professor Terry Winograd's perspective that computers ultimately serve as communications tools for people. Ly graduated with distinction in 1991 with a Bachelor of Science in Symbolic Systems and as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. His contemporaries included Scott Forstall, Reid Hoffman, and Marissa Mayer.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly went on to earn a Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences from the MIT Media Lab in 1993 with a research thesis ("Chatter: A Conversational Telephone Agent") on combining speech-user interfaces and artificial-intelligence agents.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly returned to Stanford University to get his PhD in Computer Science but he would later drop out of the program.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly started his professional career in technical positions at Steve Jobs' NeXT (acquired by Apple Inc.), IBM, Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle), and General Magic.


title: Eric Ly

text: In 1995, Ly co-founded Netmosphere, a software company enabling project management collaboration utilizing Internet technologies such as Java. Menlo Ventures invested in the firm, which was subsequently acquired by Critical Path, Inc. In 2000, Ly co-founded a mobile software company called Tresidder Networks in which Industry Ventures invested.


title: Eric Ly

text: In 2002, Ly co-founded LinkedIn with Reid Hoffman, a Stanford schoolmate, and several other co-founders, including Jean-Luc Vaillant, Allen Blue, and Konstantin Guericke. When Microsoft acquired LinkedIn in 2016 for $26.2B, it was the world's "largest social networking site focused on the working world" with more than 400 million registered users.


title: Eric Ly

text: As LinkedIn's founding CTO, Ly "helped create some of its core product features, which enabled the company to reach profitability and a quickly growing user base."


title: Eric Ly

text: From 2008 to 2011, Ly served as a venture partner for Wellington Partners, a Munich, Germany-based venture capital firm whose investments include Xing and Spotify.


title: Eric Ly

text: In 2007, Ly launched Presdo with $35,000 of his own money. The company first built a meeting scheduler chatbot described as "pure, refined, focused, with a fairly deep understanding of how real people, not just 'users,' think, act and want from their online apps." On the suggestion of Loic Le Meur and others, Ly was persuaded to adapt the meeting scheduler to conferences where it could help attendees arrange face-to-face meetings. The technology evolved into a mobile app called Presdo Match, "that facilitates networking" and "provides a searchable directory of attendee profiles (imported from LinkedIn when desirable), makes connection recommendations, and highlights which contacts from existing networks are in attendance so users can send messages and schedule meetings with other attendees." Presdo Match was launched in 2010 at the LeWeb conference, "the biggest European Internet conference." Ly subsequently expanded his marketing efforts for Presdo Match globally.


title: Eric Ly

text: Ly has spoken at many event-industry conferences on the topic of social technology and its role in live events, including The Meetings Technology Expo, Web Summit, Expo! Expo!, and the Society of Independent Show Organizer's CEO Summit.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Hannah Gadsby (born 1978) is an Australian comedian, writer, and actress. She began her career in Australia after winning the national final of the Raw Comedy competition for new comedians in 2006. In 2018, her show "" on Netflix won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Peabody Award.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Starting in 2019, she toured internationally with her show "" and the recorded special was released on Netflix in 2020. In 2021, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Tasmania. In March 2022, she published "Ten Steps to Nanette: A Memoir Situation".


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Hannah Gadsby was born in Smithton, a small town on the remote north-west coast of Tasmania. She was the youngest of five children. She attended Smithton High School from 1990 to 1995. In year 12, she attended Launceston College, where she had a nervous breakdown. She began studying at the University of Tasmania in Hobart but later transferred to the Australian National University, where she earned a bachelor's degree in art history and curatorship in 2003.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: After her education, Gadsby worked in bookshops in Canberra and became a projectionist at an outdoor cinema in Darwin. She then spent two years picking vegetables and planting trees along the east coast of Australia. She became homeless, which she later attributed in part to her ADHD, and ill enough with acute pancreatitis to require hospitalisation.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: On a visit to her sister in Adelaide in 2006, Gadsby entered Raw Comedy in 2006, progressing through the heats to win the national prize. As the winner, she was sent to the So You Think You're Funny? competition at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, where she won second prize. Her first solo show was titled "Hannah Gadsby is Wrong and Broken", and won the 2007 Best Newcomer Award at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival before she went on tour with the show in Edinburgh and New York. In 2008, she performed "Meat the Musical" with Amelia Jane Hunter at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival. She continued to perform at festivals, including the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Kilkenny Comedy Festival, Montreal Just for Laughs Festival, Edinburgh Fringe Festival and New Zealand International Comedy Festival. In September 2022, Gadsby signed a multi-title deal with Netflix.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Gadsby created the stand-up show she named "" partly as a response to the public debate which took place in Australia before the law was changed to allow same-sex marriage, and also after her diagnosis of autism. explores topics such as homophobia, xenophobia, sexism, and gendered violence. Elahe Izadi of "The Washington Post" states although "Nanette" is a comedy, Gadsby insists the audience recognize the dark truth of trauma and assault. During the show, Gadsby says she is quitting comedy. In a review for "Time Out" of her next show "Douglas", Ben Neutze wrote that in "Nanette", "Gadsby's main objective was to deliver a fiery and furious takedown of the heterosexual patriarchy." According to Mary Luckhurst, writing in "Persona Studies", "During "Nanette", Gadsby ritually murdered her old persona and assumed a new high-status role that radically altered her relationship to the audience." After winning the Melbourne International Comedy Festival Barry award, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Comedy Award, and Helpmann Award for Best Comedy Performer, Netflix released the film version of "Nanette" in 2018. On Rotten Tomatoes, "Nanette" received an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from 49 critics.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: In March 2019, Gadsby previewed her new show, "", in Adelaide, before touring the U.S. and Australia, where many shows were sold out in advance. In the show, she explores new personal revelations "with empathy, wit and some extremely relatable metaphor", and creates something "bigger than comedy" according to one reviewer of the preview show. In "Douglas", she discusses her autism diagnosis, aiming to help people understand neurodiversity as part of a normal variation of the human condition. In a review of the show for "Time Out", Anne-Marie Peard wrote, ""Douglas" will create change and help people, especially undiagnosed women, to see that they may not have the right words to describe how they experience life; it's describing that experience to those who still say or think the words that belittle and damage." In 2020, Netflix released a filmed version of the live show.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: In July 2021, Gadsby started with her solo show "Body of Work" in several venues in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the UK. Dates were also announced in the United States. In a review for "The Guardian", Brian Logan wrote, "Its predecessors, the smash hits Nanette and Douglas, shot the Tasmanian to stardom – but weren't all smiles. Her latest, recounting romance and recent marriage to her producer Jenney Shamash, arrives with a lighter, looser vibe."


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Gadsby co-wrote and co-starred in the Australian ABC TV show "Adam Hills Tonight" through three seasons from February 2011 to July 2013. She had regular segments called "On This Day" and "Hannah Has A Go" and also featured on the couch, contributing as host Adam Hills interviewed his guests. She co-wrote (with Matthew Bate) and presented a three-part series on ABC, "Hannah Gadsby's Oz", which aired in March 2014. Produced by Closer Productions, this series set out to "debunk the myths of the Australian identity perpetuated by [its] national art". From 2013 to 2016, she co-wrote 20 episodes of the television series "Please Like Me" with fellow comedian Josh Thomas. In it, she played Hannah, a fictional version of herself.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Gadsby's Australian and international television appearances include "Rove Live" (2009), "Good News Week" (2009), "Spicks and Specks" (2010), "Agony Aunts" (2012), "QI" (2018), "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" (2018, 2020), and TV3's game show, "7 Days". She was a presenter at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2018, presenting the award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. Gadsby was also a guest on Conan O'Brien's podcast "Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend" in 2019.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Between 2009 and 2013, Gadsby presented comedy art tours in conjunction with the National Gallery of Victoria, with themes such as paintings of the Holy Virgin, Dadaism, Modernism, Impressionism and the nude in art. She has given talks on art and opened exhibitions. Gadsby has written and presented two documentary specials for the "Artscape" program on ABC TV: "Hannah Gadsby Goes Domestic" (2010) and "The NGV" "Story" (2011). In 2015, she wrote and performed "Hannah Gadsby: Arts Clown", a series for BBC Radio 4 based on her comedy art shows.


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: In March 2022, Gadsby published "Ten Steps to Nanette: A Memoir Situation". The book was a "New York Times" bestseller. A review in "Time" by Trish Bendix stated the book "addresses the weighted issues of historical gender-based violence, misogyny, sexual abuse, homophobia, ableism and fatphobia, all of which Gadsby has directly experienced", and that Gadsby wrote, "I am triggering all the warnings." "Kirkus Reviews" wrote, "Consistently self-effacing and contemplative, Gadsby acknowledges that her unique brand of deadpan observational comedy isn't for everyone, especially since it often skewers 'the two most overly sensitive demographics the world has ever known: straight white cis men and self-righteous comedians. Thomas Floyd wrote in a review for "The Washington Post", "In "Ten Steps", she is understandably vague but remarkably vulnerable, writing: "I want the world to stop demanding gratuitous details in exchange for empathy. Entertainment in exchange for understanding."" "Publishers Weekly" wrote, "Gadsby resists centering her abusers, instead offering a candid, often bawdy account of her nonlinear path toward healing—shaped by a gauntlet of therapists, a career in 'mak[ing] a joke out of' her mental health, and her loving yet complex relationship with her family." Dana Dunham wrote for the "Chicago Review of Books" that Gadsby "describes "Nanette" inception, its iterations, and its careful layering, representing her thinking in actual images of her early notes and through artistic metaphor: the shapes of ideas, the palette of thoughts. Any artist, any creator should value the chance to examine the composition of this revolutionary work, and the context from which it came."


title: Hannah Gadsby

text: Gadsby is an active supporter of various charities. Organisations she has assisted include Big Brothers Big Sisters of Melbourne, Edmund Rice Camps of Victoria, and the Sacred Heart Mission.


title: Valedictorian

text: Valedictorian is an academic title for the highest-performing student of a graduating class of an academic institution.


title: Valedictorian

text: The valedictorian is commonly determined by a numerical formula, generally an academic institution's grade point average (GPA) system, but other methods of selection may be used or factored in such as community service or extra-curricular activity. The term is an Anglicised derivation of the Latin "vale dicere" ("to say farewell"), historically rooted in the valedictorian's traditional role as the final speaker at the graduation ceremony commencement before the students receive their diplomas. The valedictory address, also known as the valediction, is generally considered a final farewell to classmates, before they disperse to pursue their individual paths after graduating.


title: Valedictorian

text: In Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Scotland, Ireland, and India the title valedictorian is not used frequently. In Australia, the title is sometimes awarded to a member of a graduating university class on the basis of a contribution to the school rather than academic success. The highest-ranking student in a graduating class is often referred to as "dux" (Latin for "leader"), and may or may not give a speech. In France the term "Major de promotion" ("first in class") is used, although the term is not related to any ceremonial role, as there are rarely graduation ceremonies in schools or universities.


title: Valedictorian

text: The most common method of selection is typically based upon the highest grade point average. Some institutions confer the title on the class member chosen to deliver the final graduation address, regardless of the speaker's academic credentials. Historically and traditionally, however, schools confer the title upon the top ranked graduate of the class, whether determined by GPA or some other means such as a faculty vote, who thereby earns the honor of delivering the valedictory address.


title: Valedictorian

text: Some institutions award the title based upon various criteria such as an overall academic record of grades and credits, a student's grade point average, the level of rigor within a student's academic program of studies, a vote by school administrators, the level of participation in and dedication to extracurricular activities, and one's public-speaking skills and abilities. In other schools, the position may be elected by the school body or appointed directly by the school administration based on various systems of merit. Some schools may feature "co-valedictorians" in lieu of conferring the title on a single individual from among the graduating class. This may occur in the case of a numerical tie in grade point averages, as part of a Latin honors system.


title: Valedictorian

text: A valedictorian is usually given a gold medal during the graduation ceremony, with the salutatorian receiving a silver medal.


title: Valedictorian

text: The awarding of the valedictorian honor may be the subject of heated controversy. Often the differences separating the top student from the nearest competitors are small, and sometimes there are accusations that the winner took advantage of the rules in a way that seemed unfair, such as taking easy courses to get additional credits. Some schools have dropped the honor or changed the rules to allow multiple recipients. In turn, such changes have led to complaints that it is unfair to change the rules after a competition has begun. The New Jersey Commissioner of Education, for example, required schools to make changes to valedictorian award policy effective only for the incoming freshman class, not students already enrolled. Another New Jersey case raised the question of whether accommodations for students under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and related laws should affect valedictorian honors. In "Hornstine v. Township of Moorestown", a U.S. District Court judge blocked the Moorestown Superintendent of Schools from retroactively changing school policy to deny a disabled student sole honors. While those who do well in school often find success in university and professional life, one study claimed to show that valedictorians were not any more likely to excel at a global scale than other students, with the argument being made that those with passions for subjects are more likely to excel, yet those same students tend to find it more difficult to work hard at subjects that they are not interested in.


title: Valedictorian

text: The valedictory address, or valediction, is the closing or farewell statement delivered at a graduation ceremony. It is an oration at commencement (in Canada, called convocation in university and graduation in high school) exercises in U.S. and some Canadian high schools, colleges, and universities delivered by one of the graduates. The mode of discourse generally is inspirational and persuasive. The various aims of this address are to inspire the graduates and to thank individuals responsible for their successes while reflecting on youthful frivolity and the accomplishments of the class. Above all, however, the primary aim of the valedictory address is to allow a representative of the graduating class to bid a final farewell to the students and to the school, as the graduates prepare to disperse and to begin the next phase of their lives.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Universal Studios Florida (also known as Universal Studios or USF) is a theme park located in Orlando, Florida. Primarily themed to movies, television and other aspects of the entertainment industry, the park opened to the public on June 7, 1990. It is owned and operated by NBCUniversal and features numerous rides, attractions and live shows. Universal Studios Florida was the first component of the larger Universal Orlando Resort to open, ranking eleventh in the world and sixth in North America for attendance among amusement parks in 2019 while hosting approximately 10.9 million visitors.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: In addition to the theme park aspect, early design focused on providing guests with a behind-the-scenes look at film and television. A significant portion of the park operated as an active production studio. As producers and filmmakers showed a lack of interest in filming onsite in Orlando, Universal's approach evolved, transitioning to a first-person perspective for its heavily themed rides, areas and attractions. The resort eventually expanded with the introduction of two additional theme parks, Universal's Islands of Adventure, the restaurant and retail epicenter Universal CityWalk, both in 1999, and Volcano Bay in 2017.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: In 1982, Universal contemplated the idea of opening an amusement park in Florida to compete with Disney. They considered building a larger, more immersive version of their Studio Tour tram ride located in Hollywood, retaining the Backlot tour theme to set it apart from what Disney was offering at Disney World. However, Universal abandoned the idea after attempts to partner with a skeptical Paramount Pictures failed to materialize. They continued to focus on their Universal Studios location in Los Angeles, planning an upgrade to the Studio Tour with a new, massive scene based on the 1976 film "King Kong". It opened in 1986 as King Kong Encounter and became an instant hit with guests, which prompted Universal to revisit the notion of building a Florida theme park.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: That same year, former Disney Imagineer Peter Alexander, who worked on the life-size King Kong animatronic and was now an executive at Universal Creative, met with his friend and renowned director Steven Spielberg to discuss the creation of a "Back to the Future" simulator ride. "Star Wars" creator George Lucas, who recently helped Disney design the well-received Star Tours attraction at Disneyland, had previously boasted to Spielberg that Universal was incapable of building such a ride. Spielberg and Alexander gladly accepted the challenge and began working on the ride's concept. Universal was already working on the design for its backlot tram tour attraction in Florida, which would include multiple scenes depicted at the Hollywood location.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: In 1987, Disney CEO Michael Eisner, previously the CEO at Paramount when Universal pitched their Florida park idea several years earlier, announced intentions to create their own studio backlot tour at Walt Disney World. The new area, to be called Disney-MGM Studios, was a preemptive move to counter Universal's planned introduction into the Orlando market. Although Universal publicly announced their Florida park intentions prior to Eisner's announcement, Disney was in a better position to fast-track construction and open sooner. This forced Universal to rethink their approach and abandon the tram tour concept. Instead, they opted to build standalone attractions while retaining the overall studio backlot theme. Their projected opening day lineup would include Kongfrontation, Jaws, and the Spielberg and Alexander collaborative project, . A large theme park with separate attractions was a new concept for Universal, and their creative team ran into multiple obstacles during development and testing. Among the casualties from the early troubles was the "Back to the Future" ride, which had its opening delayed by nearly a year.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: The park was built for an estimated $630 million, with 50% ownership in the hands of MCA Universal and 50% belonging to leisure company The Rank Organisation. While under the ownership of Seagram, MCA Universal would again partner with The Rank Group (corporate successor to The Rank Organisation) a decade later in the $2.5 billion major expansion of Universal Studios Florida. The expansion included the addition of Universal's Islands of Adventure, Universal CityWalk and several hotels. In 2000, The Rank Group sold its 50% stake to Blackstone Capital Partners for $275 million, who in turn sold it to NBCUniversal for $3.165 billion, giving the company 100% ownership of the resort.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Many of the attractions over the years were developed in close collaboration with directors, producers and actors from the films on which they were based. In many cases, actors reprised their roles, contributing new dialogue and footage to fill pre-show queues and action sequences within the attraction itself. Examples include Rip Torn and Will Smith for "", Brendan Fraser and Arnold Vosloo for Revenge of the Mummy, and multiple members of "The Simpsons" cast for "The Simpsons Ride". Steven Spielberg assisted with the development of "E.T. Adventure" and was a creative consultant for "", "Twister...Ride it Out", "An American Tail Theatre", "Jaws", "" and "".


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Universal Studios Florida was originally designed to function as both a theme park and working production studio. Several movies, television series, commercials, music videos, and other forms of media have been produced onsite throughout its history. Nickelodeon Studios was one of the early pillars behind the working studio concept and it was featured in various locations throughout the park in the form of soundstages. Popular kids' shows such as "Double Dare" were produced on location, and guests could tour the facilities for a behind-the-scenes experience. Film production also occurred onsite and various sets could be explored by guests riding the park's Production Studio Tour. "" was the first film to be produced at the Florida park location while it was open to the public and visitors during the park's first month of operation were able to get a glimpse of live production. In 1991, John Landis was forced to move from Universal Studios Hollywood to Universal Studios Florida to finish filming the comedy film "Oscar", after a disgruntled employee set a fire that destroyed most of the set at the Hollywood location.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: For a brief time, Universal Studios Florida featured a backlot tour tram ride attraction, called the Production Studio Tour, with elements that were similar to the version at Universal Studios Hollywood. Guests toured active production set facilities in use for film and television. Disney heavily invested in the same working studio concept but, shortly after Universal Studios Florida opened, filming at the parks and even in the state was becoming less attractive to producers concerned about the logistics, expenses and limited available resources. Consequently, Universal ended the Production Studio Tour only five years into the park's history in 1995, and Nickelodeon's TV production moved to California in 2005. Smaller shows and commercials continued to be produced but the backlot studio concept was becoming less of a draw for visitors. Universal gradually moved away from the fourth wall convention in the design of new attractions, with cast and crew directly addressing guests. Instead of witnessing how a film was made, the experience was increasingly being designed to transport guests into the middle of the action. The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, with the completion of Hogsmeade in 2010 and Diagon Alley in 2014, accelerated this transition and reflects the park's modern strategy and approach.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Despite the evolution and growing emphasis being placed on the theme park aspect, some soundstages at Universal Studios Florida remained active. "Wheel of Fortune" was relocated to the park in 1999 to help promote the upcoming debut of Islands of Adventure. Nickelodeon returned temporarily in 2008 for the shooting of "My Family's Got Guts". The 2010–11 season of RTL Group's "Family Feud" was filmed on site, coinciding with the show's debut of new host Steve Harvey. The show would relocate in 2011 to Atlanta, Georgia, however. The revival of Howie Mandel's "Deal or No Deal" in 2018 was filmed in Soundstage 21 for CNBC. Local and national commercials were also shot at various soundstages.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Slogans marketed by Universal Studios Florida over the years included: "See the Stars. Ride the Movies." (1990–1998); "No one makes believe like we do!" (1990–1998); "Ride the Movies" (1998–2008); "Jump into the Action" (2008–2012); "Experience The Movies" (2012–2015) and "Vacation Like You Mean It" (2013–2019). The current slogan for Universal Orlando Resort is "Let Yourself Woah" (2020–present). This current marketing has been applied to all global tourist locations, including the original Universal Studios Hollywood.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: The nine surrounding themed areas, clockwise from the entrance, are Minion Land on Illumination Ave, Production Central, New York, San Francisco, London/Diagon Alley, World Expo, Springfield USA, Woody Woodpecker's KidZone and Hollywood. Each area features a combination of rides, shows, attractions, character appearances, dining outlets and merchandise stores. The newest area, based on Despicable Me, will be added to the park in Summer 2023, and the Woody Woodpecker's KidZone area will be permanently closing on January 15th, 2023.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Opening in 2023, this new area will encompass both the existing Despicable Me Minion Mayhem attraction and the "Super Silly Stuff" store. And will also feature the "Minions' Cafe".


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: The area is also home to a variety of dining outlets and merchandise shops. Food and beverage items can be purchased from the "Today Cafe" while merchandise can be bought from a variety of themed stores including "Universal Studios Store", "Studio Sweets", "It's a Wrap!", and "Transformers: Supply Vault".


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: The New York section of the park features several dining outlets: "Finnegan's Bar and Grill" and "Louie's Italian Restaurant" which were designed for the park as well as "Starbucks Coffee" and "Häagen-Dazs" which are commercial franchises. There are also two merchandise shops: "Sahara Traders" and "Rosie's Irish Shop". The first two feature merchandise related to attractions within this area. Also located here is a statue of longtime MCA/Universal executive Lew Wasserman, honoring his achievements and history while head of Universal.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: As Nickelodeon was headquartered in the park at the time, the opening credits for "Roundhouse" and "All That" (two of its shows) were filmed around this area of the park.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: In August 2015, Universal announced that it would replace Disaster! with a new attraction based on the film franchise "The Fast and the Furious". The company later revealed that this attraction would use Universal's new "Virtual Line" system, allowing guests to select a time frame in which they want to ride. "Fast & Furious: Supercharged" opened on April 23, 2018.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Opened on July 8, 2014, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Diagon Alley/London features two attractions, Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts and the Hogwarts Express, which connects the area to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Hogsmeade at Islands of Adventure. Diagon Alley also features a restaurant The Leaky Cauldron and several "signature shops". These include, Ollivanders Wand Shop, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes, Borgin and Burkes, Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions, Wiseacre's Wizarding Equipment, and Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlour.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Sometime after June 2005 the optical illusion of the Space Shuttle was removed from this part of the park. As you headed towards World Expo from San Francisco it was one of the many designated photo spots throughout the park. There was a hanging platform that you would place your camera on and take the picture. The Shuttle would look as though it was sitting on the top of .


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Hollywood's two dining outlets are recreations of actual Hollywood outlets. "Schwab's Pharmacy" and "Mel's Drive-In" offer guests a variety of food and beverage options. A third outlet, named "Cafe La Bamba", operates seasonally. Guests can purchase magic-related items from "Theatre Magic".


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Notable retired attractions include Kongfrontation, , The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera, its replacement Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast, Jaws, and Shrek 4-D. Universal Studios also housed other unique attractions that are now retired, like Nickelodeon Studios and the interactive film and live-action show . The current location of Diagon Alley was once a section of the park named Amity Island, based on the fictional seaside town from "Jaws", which contained the park's Jaws attraction. The area was completely demolished to make way for the Diagon Alley portion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter attraction. As an homage to the Jaws attraction and Amity section that was available to so many visitors over the years, references to both are sprinkled throughout Diagon Alley. One being a set of shark jawbones appearing behind the herbs and potions of Mr. Mulpepper's Apothecary. Nickelodeon Studios became a Blue Man Group attraction and live show in 2007. In 2021, the Blue Man Group show would also be retired, leaving the original Nickelodeon Studios building empty for the first time since opening.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Universal Studios Florida features several seasonal events throughout its operating calendar. Some are included in the daily park admission, while others are separately-ticketed events.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: "Grad Bash" and "Gradventure" are two separate events held in April and May at the park. Grad Bash is an event for graduating high school senior classes who can gather for an exclusive, all-night party at both theme parks of Universal Orlando Resort, live performances, dance parties, and live pre-parties at the Universal Music Plaza Stage. After Disney's retirement of Grad Nite, Grad Bash was held for five nights in 2012. Gradventure is aimed to junior high/middle school graduating students.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: "Halloween Horror Nights" turns the park into a giant haunted playground, including scare zones, numerous haunted houses, and special themed shows. The event is run annually in late September, October, and early November.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Universal's Holiday Parade featuring Macy's, formerly known as Macy's Holiday Parade, is a month-long event in December featuring authentic balloons from the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in celebration of Christmas at the park. The parade was rebranded in 2017, adding holiday floats, balloons, and choreographed characters based on Illumination's "Despicable Me" franchise, as well as the "Madagascar" and "Shrek" franchises from DreamWorks Animation.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Generally in February through to April, a parade and concert series inspired by New Orleans' Fat Tuesday party is held at the park. The parade takes place in the evening and consists of park employees and other appointed park guests throwing beads to other park guests.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: "Rock the Universe" is the park's Christian music festival, featuring two days in January or February (as of 2019, prior years held this event in September. This was likely done in response to the cancellation of the event in 2017 due to Hurricane Irma.) of concerts with leading contemporary Christian, Christian rock, and Christian rap artists live at the Universal Music Plaza Stage.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: The "Summer Concert Series" occurs annually and features a variety of popular music acts performing live at the Universal Music Plaza Stage.


title: Universal Studios Florida

text: Universal offers an optional, pay-per-person pass known as "Universal Express", which gives guests access to shorter lines at many attractions throughout its theme parks. The cost for Universal Express is in addition to the cost of park admission, and there are limited quantities available each day. Guests with Universal Express are given priority boarding status and enter a separate line queue at attractions that support it. The standard Universal Express pass allows guests to access the Universal Express line once per attraction, while the more expensive Universal Express Unlimited has no such restriction.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Jennifer Diane Lewis (born January 8, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress. She was the lead singer, rhythm guitarist and keyboardist for the indie rock band Rilo Kiley.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Lewis gained prominence in the 1980s as a child actress, appearing in the films "Troop Beverly Hills" (1989) and "The Wizard" (1989) and the television series "Brooklyn Bridge" (1991–93). In the mid-1990s, Lewis semi-retired from acting to focus on her musical career, and formed Rilo Kiley in 1998 with fellow former child actor Blake Sennett. Rilo Kiley released four albums before they disbanded in 2014. Lewis has released four solo albums: "Rabbit Fur Coat" (2006), "Acid Tongue" (2008), "The Voyager" (2014) and "On the Line" (2019). In addition to Rilo Kiley and her solo career, Lewis has been a member of the Postal Service, Jenny & Johnny and Nice As Fuck.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Lewis was born in Las Vegas. Her mother, Linda, was a professional singer, and her father, Eddie Gordon, was a member of the Harmonica Gang. Lewis is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Lewis made her professional debut in a Jell-O commercial. She later appeared in commercials for Mattel's Barbie and Baby Skates dolls, Toys "R" Us toy stores, the Black & Decker Popcorn Maker, and Kellogg's Corn Pops, among others. She was featured in the short-lived 1986 Lucille Ball sitcom "Life With Lucy", where she was cast as one of Lucy's grandchildren. She also had small roles on TV shows, such as "Murder She Wrote", "The New Twilight Zone", "Baywatch", "The Golden Girls", "Growing Pains", "Just the Ten of Us", "Roseanne", "Mr. Belvedere", and "Brooklyn Bridge". She appeared on a Kids' week episode of the game show "Card Sharks" on August 6, 1987, at age 11, and won $500 but did not win her match.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Lewis appeared in over a dozen teen movies, such as "Troop Beverly Hills" and "The Wizard" in 1989. She was featured in the 1996 made-for-TV movie "Talk to Me" with Yasmine Bleeth, as well as the films "Foxfire", "Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even", and "Pleasantville". She played the part of Evangeline "Eva" Saint Claire in the 1987 film version of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", and also appeared in 1988 made-for-TV film set in Vienna at the start of the Holocaust, "A Friendship in Vienna". She played Beverly D'Angelo's daughter in the 1996 made-for-TV film "Sweet Temptation". She continued acting until 1998, although her final movie – "Don's Plum", filmed 1995–96 – went unreleased until 2001. In 2015 she appeared in the Netflix movie "A Very Murray Christmas" as a waitress and sang a few songs, including "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with Bill Murray.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 1998, Lewis and friends Pierre De Reeder, Dave Rock and then-boyfriend Blake Sennett formed the band Rilo Kiley. (Rock was eventually replaced by Jason Boesel.) In an interview with NPR's "All Songs Considered", Lewis remarked that she wanted to name the group Love's Way (after her parents' lounge act in Las Vegas), but Sennett "didn't go for it." Originally asked to sing back-up vocals by Sennett, Lewis refused to join the band unless she was able to sing lead vocals.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Beginning with a country sound, Rilo Kiley gravitated toward a downbeat indie rock sound, gaining the attention of Warner Bros., who signed the band for the release (via its own imprint, Brute/Beaute Records) of their 2004 album "More Adventurous," which gained the band some success. Critics such as "Pitchfork" attributed this to the "wise" decision to emphasize Lewis's voice and presence more so than in previous albums. The song "Portions for Foxes" was a hit. Rilo Kiley's 2007 album "Under the Blacklight" was released directly by Warner Bros.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: A retrospective of Lewis's career by Jessica Roy in 2016 commented that Lewis was a style icon to music-loving young people in the 2000s. Roy commented:


title: Jenny Lewis

text: For a particular brand of suburban girl who fancied herself cooler than her peers, Jenny was a fire-haired figure of worship. With her endless supply of cool sunglasses, vintage dresses, and hats ... she was a beacon of hope for introspective teens ... as a microgenerational sad-girl touchstone, many of us have our own Jenny Lewis Anecdote, our lives touched by her magnificent tweeness in different ways.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2004, Conor Oberst invited Lewis to record a solo record for record label Team Love. Described by Lewis as "a kind of soul record", "Rabbit Fur Coat" (released January 24, 2006) features contributions from Oberst, M. Ward, and Maroon 5 guitarist James Valentine. Ben Gibbard of Death Cab for Cutie guests on a cover of The Traveling Wilburys' "Handle With Care." The Watson Twins provide accompaniment on the album, billed as Jenny Lewis with the Watson Twins. Lewis toured with the Watson Twins in support of the album three times in 2006 and appeared with her band on the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" and "Later with Jools Holland". They also appeared on a Washington, D.C.-based children's music program called "Pancake Mountain", performing the song "See Fernando". The album received positive reviews, with "Entertainment Weekly" writing, "Consider Lewis the Emmylou Harris of the Silverlake set" and "Rolling Stone" commenting that "her girlishly seductive vocals are more versatile than ever". The A.V. Club, "Spin", and NPR music critic Meredith Ochs named it among the best albums of the year.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2008, Lewis released a second solo album, this time without the Watson Twins, titled "Acid Tongue".


title: Jenny Lewis

text: On July 29, 2014, Lewis released "The Voyager". The album took five years to complete and is a reflection on Rilo Kiley's break-up and the death of her father. The release of the album was preceded by the single "Just One of the Guys". The music video for "Just One of the Guys" was released on July 15, 2014, through "GQ" and stars Lewis, Anne Hathaway, Kristen Stewart, Brie Larson, and Tennessee Thomas, former drummer of The Like (now disbanded). Lewis also directed the music video.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: On January 23, 2019, Lewis announced the release date of her new album "On the Line" would be March 22, 2019. The lead single "Red Bull & Hennessy" debuted with positive acclaim.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2010, Lewis formed the duo Jenny and Johnny with her then-boyfriend, musician Johnathan Rice, and the pair released an album titled "I'm Having Fun Now" on Warner Bros. Records. In 2015, Rice and Lewis wrote the song "Cold One" for the film "Ricki and the Flash".


title: Jenny Lewis

text: On July 8, 2014, Lewis began her "The Voyager" tour at the Ottawa Bluesfest in Ontario, Canada. She spent July touring the United States and released the album The Voyager on July 29. Her tour included performances at Newport Folk Festival, Lollapalooza, Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival, the Red Rocks Amphitheatre, the 2014 ITunes Festival in London, two performances at the Austin City Limits Music Festival, and the Life Is Beautiful Festival in Las Vegas.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2002, Lewis was asked to contribute vocals for the band The Postal Service. Lewis performed in the video for "We Will Become Silhouettes", and toured with the band in 2013.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2005, Lewis contributed to the UNICEF benefit song "Do They Know It's Hallowe'en?", along with Sennett and Jimmy Tamborello.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2006, Lewis made a cameo in Episode 25, Season 1 of Bob Dylan's "Theme Time Radio Hour", and six of her songs (three with the Watson Twins and three with Rilo Kiley) were featured in various episodes of the show.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2007, Lewis contributed vocals to various songs on Johnathan Rice's album "Further North", and she appeared in the music video for "We're All Stuck Out In The Desert (And We're Gonna Die)". She provided vocals for a track on Dntel's "Dumb Luck" LP.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2008, Lewis contributed backing vocals to several songs on the Elvis Costello and the Imposters album "Momofuku".


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Later that year, Lewis voiced the role of the assistant director for Walt Disney Pictures' animated film "Bolt" (2008), and she also provided the song "Barking at the Moon."


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In March and April 2009, Lewis traveled to Australia for the first time, as an act for the V Festival, as well as a supporting act for Snow Patrol and performing one solo Sydney show.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: On April 18, 2009, Lewis performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: Lewis makes an appearance on the track "Hard Enough", taken from the 2010 album "Flamingo" by fellow Las Vegan Brandon Flowers.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2013, Lewis created the music score for Tribeca Film's feature, "Very Good Girls". She provided original music and also included older music from her previous band, Rilo Kiley, such as the song, "Go Ahead".


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2014, Lewis contributed an exclusive track to HBO's "Girls", in collaboration with Vampire Weekend's Rostam Batmanglij titled "Completely Not Me". The song was featured in the Season 3 premiere "Females Only". The song is the second track on "Girls Volume Two: All Adventurous Women Do".


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2016, Lewis contributed to She & Him's second Christmas album, "Christmas Party", appearing on the track “Winter Wonderland”.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: In 2016, the trio Nice As Fuck comprising Lewis, Erika Forster (of Au Revoir Simone), and Tennessee Thomas (of The Like) debuted at a Bernie Sanders benefit. The group opened on a number of tour dates for M. Ward.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: On October 28, 2019, Lewis is featured on the fifth issue of Archie Comics' comic book series "Jughead’s Time Police", was released on October 30.


title: Jenny Lewis

text: On November 13, 2019, it was announced Lewis would be an opening act for Harry Styles on the North American leg of his 2020 Love On Tour.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich ( , ,) is a town in south-east London, England, within the ceremonial county of Greater London. It is situated east-southeast of Charing Cross.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time. The town became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century, and was the birthplace of many Tudors, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was demolished to be replaced by the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors, designed by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor. These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873, and they remained a military education establishment until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation. The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance.


title: Greenwich

text: The town became a popular resort in the 18th century and many grand houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717) established on Maze Hill, next to the park. From the Georgian period estates of houses were constructed above the town centre. The maritime connections of Greenwich were celebrated in the 20th century, with the siting of the "Cutty Sark" and "Gipsy Moth IV" next to the river front, and the National Maritime Museum in the former buildings of the Royal Hospital School in 1934.


title: Greenwich

text: Historically an ancient parish in the Blackheath Hundred of Kent, the town formed part of the growing conurbation of London in the 19th century. When the County of London, an administrative area designed to replace the Metropolitan Board of Works, was formed in 1889, the parish merged with those of Charlton-next-Woolwich, Deptford St Nicholas and Kidbrooke to create the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich. When local government in London was again reformed in 1965, it merged with most of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich, creating what is now the Royal Borough of Greenwich, a local authority district of Greater London.


title: Greenwich

text: The place-name 'Greenwich' is first attested in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 918, where it appears as "Gronewic". It is recorded as "Grenewic" in 964, and as "Grenawic" in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 1013. It is "Grenviz" in the Domesday Book of 1086, and "Grenewych" in the "Taxatio Ecclesiastica" of 1291. The name means 'green "wic"', indicating that Greenwich was what is known as a -wich town or emporium, from the Latin 'vicus'.


title: Greenwich

text: The settlement later became known as "East Greenwich" to distinguish it from "West Greenwich" or "Deptford Strond", the part of Deptford adjacent to the River Thames, but the use of "East Greenwich" to mean the whole of the town of Greenwich died out in the 19th century. However, Greenwich was divided into the registration subdistricts of "Greenwich East" and "Greenwich West" from the beginning of civil registration in 1837, the boundary running down what is now Greenwich Church Street and Crooms Hill, although more modern references to ""East"" and ""West"" Greenwich probably refer to the areas east and west of the Royal Naval College and National Maritime Museum corresponding with the West Greenwich council ward. An article in "The Times" of 13 October 1967 stated:


title: Greenwich

text: "East Greenwich", gateway to the Blackwall Tunnel, remains solidly working class, the manpower for one eighth of London's heavy industry. "West Greenwich" is a hybrid: the spirit of Nelson, the "Cutty Sark", the Maritime Museum, an industrial waterfront and a number of elegant houses, ripe for development.


title: Greenwich

text: Royal charters granted to English colonists in North America, as well as in Company Bombay and St Helena, often used the name of the manor of East Greenwich for describing the tenure (from the Latin verb "teneo", hold) as that of free socage. New England charters provided that the grantees should hold their lands "as of his Majesty's manor of East Greenwich". This was in relation to the principle of land tenure under English law, that the ruling monarch (king or queen) was paramount lord of all the soil in the "terra regis", while all others held their lands, directly or indirectly, under the monarch. Land outside the physical boundaries of England, as in America, was treated as belonging constructively to one of the existing royal manors, and from Tudor times grants frequently used the name of the manor of East Greenwich, but some 17th-century grants named the castle of Windsor. Places in North America that have taken the name "East Greenwich" include a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, a hamlet in Washington County, New York, and a town in Kent County, Rhode Island. Greenwich, Connecticut was also named after Greenwich.


title: Greenwich

text: Tumuli to the south-west of Flamsteed House, in Greenwich Park, are thought to be early Bronze Age barrows re-used by the Saxons in the 6th century as burial grounds. To the east between the Vanbrugh and Maze Hill Gates is the site of a Roman villa or temple. A small area of red paving tesserae protected by railings marks the spot. It was excavated in 1902 and 300 coins were found dating from the emperors Claudius and Honorius to the 5th century. This was excavated by the Channel 4 television programme "Time Team" in 1999, broadcast in 2000, and further investigations were made by the same group in 2003.


title: Greenwich

text: The Roman road from London to Dover, Watling Street crossed the high ground to the south of Greenwich, through Blackheath. This followed the line of an earlier Celtic route from Canterbury to St Albans. As late as Henry V, Greenwich was only a fishing town, with a safe anchorage in the river.


title: Greenwich

text: During the reign of Ethelred the Unready, the Danish fleet anchored in the River Thames off Greenwich for over three years, with the army being encamped on the hill above. From here they attacked Kent and, in the year 1012, took the city of Canterbury, making Archbishop Alphege their prisoner for seven months in their camp at Greenwich, at that time within the county of Kent. They stoned him to death for his refusal to allow his ransom (3,000 pieces of silver) to be paid; and kept his body, until the blossoming of a stick that had been immersed in his blood. For this miracle his body was released to his followers, he achieved sainthood for his martyrdom and, in the 12th century, the parish church was dedicated to him. The present church on the site west of the town centre is St Alfege's Church, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor in 1714 and completed in 1718.


title: Greenwich

text: The Domesday Book of 1086 records the manor of "Grenviz" in the hundred of "Grenviz" as held by Bishop Odo of Bayeux; his lands were seized by the crown in 1082. The name of the hundred was changed to Blackheath when the site of the hundred court was moved there in the 12th century. A royal palace, or hunting lodge, has existed here since before 1300, when Edward I is known to have made offerings at the chapel of the Virgin Mary.


title: Greenwich

text: Subsequent monarchs were regular visitors, with Henry IV making his will here, and Henry V granting the manor (for life) to Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, who died at Greenwich in 1426. The palace was created by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry V's half-brother and the regent to Henry VI in 1447; he enclosed the park and erected a tower (Greenwich Castle) on the hill now occupied by the Royal Observatory. The Thames-side palace was renamed the Palace of Placentia or Pleasaunce by Henry VI's consort Margaret of Anjou after Humphrey's death. The palace was completed and further enlarged by Edward IV, and in 1466 it was granted to his queen, Elizabeth.


title: Greenwich

text: Ultimately it was because the palace and its grounds were a royal possession (with a useful hill) that it was chosen as the site for Charles II's Royal Observatory, from which stemmed Greenwich's subsequent global role as originator of the modern Prime Meridian.


title: Greenwich

text: The palace was the principal residence of Henry VII whose sons Henry (later Henry VIII) and Edmund Tudor were born here, and baptised in St Alphege's. Henry favoured Greenwich over nearby Eltham Palace, the former principal royal palace in south London, but which was not on the River Thames and so was less accessible. Henry extended Greenwich Palace and it became his principal London seat until Whitehall Palace was built in the 1530s. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves at Greenwich, and both Mary (18 February 1516) and Elizabeth (7 September 1533) were born at Greenwich. His son Edward VI also died there at age 15.


title: Greenwich

text: The palace of Placentia, in turn, became Elizabeth's favourite summer residence. Both she and her sister Mary used the palace extensively, and Elizabeth's Council planned the Spanish Armada campaign there in 1588.


title: Greenwich

text: James I carried out the final remodelling work on Greenwich Palace, granting the manor to his wife Queen Anne of Denmark. In 1616 Anne commissioned Inigo Jones to design and build the surviving Queen's House as the final addition to the palace.


title: Greenwich

text: Charles I granted the manor to his wife Queen Henrietta Maria, for whom Inigo Jones completed the Queen's House. During the English Civil War, the palace was used as a biscuit factory and prisoner-of-war camp. Then, in the Interregnum, the palace and park were seized to become a 'mansion' for the Lord Protector.


title: Greenwich

text: By the time of the Restoration, the Palace of Placentia had fallen into disuse and was pulled down. New buildings began to be established as a grand palace for Charles II, but only the King Charles block was completed. Charles II also redesigned and replanted Greenwich Park and founded and built the Royal Observatory.


title: Greenwich

text: Prince James (later King James II & VII), as Duke of York and Lord Admiral until 1673, was often at Greenwich with his brother Charles and, according to Samuel Pepys, he proposed the idea of creating a Royal Naval Hospital. This was eventually established at Greenwich by his daughter Mary II, who in 1692–1693 commissioned Christopher Wren to design the Royal Hospital for Seamen (now the Old Royal Naval College). The work was begun under her widower William III in 1696 and completed by Hawksmoor. Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark continued to patronise the project.


title: Greenwich

text: George I landed at Greenwich from Hanover on his accession in 1714. His successor George II granted the Royal Hospital for Seamen the forfeited estates of the Jacobite Earl of Derwentwater, which allowed the building to be completed by 1751.


title: Greenwich

text: In 1805, George III granted the Queen's House to the Royal Naval Asylum (an orphanage school), which amalgamated in 1821–1825 with the Greenwich Hospital School. Extended with the buildings that now house the National Maritime Museum, it was renamed the Royal Hospital School by Queen Victoria in 1892.


title: Greenwich

text: George IV donated nearly 40 paintings to the hospital in 1824, at a stroke creating a gallery in the Painted Hall. These now form the Greenwich Hospital Collection at the National Maritime Museum. Subsequently, William IV and Queen Adelaide were both regular donors and visitors to the gallery.


title: Greenwich

text: Queen Victoria rarely visited Greenwich, but in 1845 her husband Prince Albert personally bought Nelson's Trafalgar coat for the Naval Gallery.


title: Greenwich

text: In 1838 the London and Greenwich Railway (L&GR) completed the very first steam railway in London. It started at London Bridge and had its terminus at London Street (now Greenwich High Road). It was also the first to be built specifically for passengers, and the first ever elevated railway, having 878 arches over its almost four mile stretch. South of the railway's viaduct over Deptford Creek is a Victorian pumping station constructed in 1864 as part of Sir Joseph Bazalgette's London sewerage system (the Southern Outfall Sewer flows under Greenwich town centre).


title: Greenwich

text: In 1853 the local Scottish Presbyterian community built a church, St Mark's, nearby which was extended twice in the 1860s during the ministry of Adolph Saphir, eventually accommodating 1,000 worshippers.


title: Greenwich

text: In 1864 opposite the railway terminus, theatrical entrepreneur Sefton Parry built the thousand seater New Greenwich Theatre. William Morton was one of its more successful managers. The theatre was demolished in 1937 to make way for a new Town Hall, now a listed building under new ownership and renamed Meridian House.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich Station is at the northern apex of the Ashburnham Triangle, a residential estate developed by the Ashburnham family, mainly between 1830 and 1870, on land previously developed as market gardens. It is now a designated conservation area. The present Greenwich Theatre, further to the east, was constructed inside the shell of a Victorian music hall. Beginning life in 1855 as an annexe to the Rose and Crown, the music hall was rebuilt in 1871 by Charles Crowder and subsequently operated under many names. The meridian was established in 1851.


title: Greenwich

text: George V and Queen Mary both supported the creation of the National Maritime Museum, and Mary presented the museum with many items.


title: Greenwich

text: The Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), laid the foundation stone of the new Royal Hospital School when it moved out to Holbrook, Suffolk. In 1937 his first public act as king (three weeks before coronation) was to open the National Maritime Museum in the buildings vacated by the school. The king was accompanied by his mother Queen Mary, his wife Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) and the Princess Elizabeth (now Elizabeth II.)


title: Greenwich

text: Princess Elizabeth and her consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (who was ennobled Baron Greenwich on marriage in 1947) made their first public and official visit to Greenwich in 1948 to receive the Freedom of the Borough for Philip. In the same year, he became a trustee of the National Maritime Museum. Prince Philip was a trustee for 52 years until 2000, when he became its first patron. The Duke of Edinburgh was also a patron of the "Cutty Sark" (which was opened by the Queen in 1957) from 1952.


title: Greenwich

text: During the Silver Jubilee of 1977, the Queen embarked at Greenwich for the Jubilee River Pageant. In 1987, she was aboard the P&O ship "Pacific Princess" when it moored alongside the Old Royal Naval College for the company's 150th-anniversary celebrations.


title: Greenwich

text: To mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, it was announced on 5 January 2010 that on 3 February 2012 the London Borough of Greenwich would become the fourth to have Royal Borough status, the others being the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. The status was granted in recognition of the borough's historic links with the Royal Family, the location of the Prime Meridian and its being a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich is covered by the Greenwich West and Peninsula wards of the London Borough of Greenwich, which was formed in 1965 by merging the former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich with that part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich which lay south of the River Thames. Along with Blackheath Westcombe, Charlton, Glyndon, Woolwich Riverside, and Woolwich Common, it elects a Member of Parliament (MP) for Greenwich and Woolwich; currently the MP is Matthew Pennycook.


title: Greenwich

text: The town of Greenwich is built on a broad platform to the south of the outside of a broad meander in the River Thames, with a safe deep water anchorage lying in the river. To the south, the land rises steeply, through Greenwich Park to the town of Blackheath. The higher areas consist of a sedimentary layer of gravelly soils, known as the "Blackheath Beds", that spread through much of the south-east over a chalk outcrop—with sands, loam and seams of clay at the lower levels by the river.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich is bordered by Deptford Creek and Deptford to the west; the residential area of Westcombe Park to the east; the River Thames to the north; and the A2 and Blackheath to the south. The Greenwich Peninsula, also known as North Greenwich, forms the main projection of the town (to the northeast of the town centre).


title: Greenwich

text: Historically, the record high is on 9 August 1911. This was the record for London until 2003, though it was disregarded due to non-standard instruments.


title: Greenwich

text: The "Cutty Sark" (a clipper ship) has been preserved in a dry dock by the river. A major fire in May 2007 destroyed a part of the ship, although much had already been removed for restoration. Nearby for many years was also displayed "Gipsy Moth IV", the yacht sailed by Sir Francis Chichester in his single-handed, 226-day circumnavigation of the globe during 1966–67. In 2004, "Gipsy Moth IV" was removed from Greenwich, and after restoration work completed a second circumnavigation in May 2007. On the riverside in front of the north-west corner of the hospital is an obelisk erected in memory of Arctic explorer Joseph René Bellot.


title: Greenwich

text: Near the Cutty Sark site, a circular building contains the entrance to the Greenwich foot tunnel, opened on 4 August 1902. This connects Greenwich to the Isle of Dogs on the northern side of the River Thames. The north exit of the tunnel is at Island Gardens, from where the famous view of Greenwich Hospital painted by Canaletto can be seen.


title: Greenwich

text: Rowing has been part of life on the river at Greenwich for hundreds of years and the first Greenwich Regatta was held in 1785. The annual Great River Race along the Thames Tideway finishes at the Cutty Sark. The nearby Trafalgar Rowing Centre in Crane Street is home to Curlew and Globe rowing clubs.


title: Greenwich

text: The Old Royal Naval College is Sir Christopher Wren's domed masterpiece at the centre of the heritage site. The site is administered by the Greenwich Foundation and several of the buildings are let to the University of Greenwich and one, the King Charles block, to Trinity College of Music. Within the complex is the former college dining room, the Painted Hall, this was painted by James Thornhill, and the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul, with an interior designed by James 'Athenian' Stuart. The Naval College had a training reactor, the JASON reactor, within the King William building that was operational between 1962 and 1996. The reactor was decommissioned and removed in 1999.


title: Greenwich

text: To the east of the Naval College is the Trinity Hospital almshouse, founded in 1613, the oldest surviving building in the town centre. This is next to the massive brick walls and the landing stage of Greenwich Power Station. Built between 1902 and 1910 as a coal-fired station to supply power to London's tram system, and later the London underground, it is now oil- and gas-powered and serves as a backup station for London Underground. East Greenwich also has a small park, East Greenwich Pleasaunce, which was formerly the burial ground of Greenwich Hospital.


title: Greenwich

text: The O (formerly the Millennium Dome) was built on part of the site of East Greenwich Gas Works, a disused British Gas site on the Greenwich Peninsula. It is next to North Greenwich Underground station, about north east from the Greenwich town centre, north west of Charlton. Pear Tree Wharf was associated with the gas works, being used to unload coal for the manufacturing of town gas, and is now home to the Greenwich Yacht Club. The Greenwich Millennium Village is a modern urban regeneration development to the south of the Dome. Enderby's Wharf is a site associated with submarine cable manufacture for over 150 years.


title: Greenwich

text: South of the former Naval College is the National Maritime Museum housed in buildings forming another symmetrical group and grand arcade incorporating the Queen's House, designed by Inigo Jones. Continuing to the south, Greenwich Park is a Royal Park of , laid out in the 17th century and formed from the hunting grounds of the Royal Palace of Placentia.


title: Greenwich

text: The park rises towards Blackheath and at the top of this hill is a statue of James Wolfe, commander of the British expedition to capture Quebec. Nearby a major group of buildings within the park includes the former Royal Observatory, Greenwich; the Prime Meridian passes through this building.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich Mean Time was at one time based on the time observations made at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, before being superseded by the closely-related Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). While there is no longer a working astronomical observatory at Greenwich, a ball still drops daily to mark the exact moment of 1 p.m., and there is a museum of astronomical and navigational tools, particularly John Harrison's marine chronometers.


title: Greenwich

text: The Ranger's House lies at the Blackheath end of the park and houses the Wernher Collection of art, and many fine houses, including Vanbrugh's house lie on Maze Hill, on the western edge of the park.


title: Greenwich

text: Around the covered Greenwich Market, Georgian and Victorian architecture dominates in the town centre which spreads to the west of the park and Royal Naval College. Up the hill from the centre, there are many streets of Georgian houses, including the Fan Museum, on Croom's Hill. Nearby at the junction of Croom's Hill with Nevada Street, is Greenwich Theatre. The arthouse Greenwich Cinema is on Greenwich High Road, while the nearby Greenwich Playhouse closed in 2012.


title: Greenwich

text: There has been a market at Greenwich since the 14th century, but the history of the present market dates from 1700 when a charter to run two markets, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, was assigned by Lord Romney (Henry, Earl of Romney) to the Commissioners of Greenwich Hospital for 1000 years.


title: Greenwich

text: The market is part of "the island site", bounded by College Approach, Greenwich Church Street, King William Walk and Nelson Road, near the National Maritime Museum and the Royal Observatory. The buildings surrounding the market are Grade 2 listed and were established in 1827–1833 under the direction of Joseph Kay. A market roof was added in 1902–1908 (and replaced in 2016). Later significant development occurred in 1958–1960 and during the 1980s.


title: Greenwich

text: The landowner, Greenwich Hospital, enhanced the market between 2014 and early 2016. Following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 the rents for several of the market stalls were increased by up to 60% as Greenwich Hospital's managing agent Knight Frank said it was losing money with fewer stalls operating and only four days of trading a week.


title: Greenwich

text: About east of Greenwich town centre, the Millennium Leisure Park is an out-of-town retail park on Bugsby's Way in east Greenwich. It consists of retail outlets (IKEA and B&Q), restaurants and an Odeon cinema. The IKEA store here opened in 2019 as the retailer's fourth main store in London, following stores in Wembley (1988), Croydon (1992) and Tottenham (2005); the Greenwich store is the first in Inner London.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in Greenwich. It is commonly used in practice to refer to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) when this is viewed as a time zone, especially by bodies connected with the United Kingdom, such as the BBC World Service, the Royal Navy, the Met Office and others, although strictly UTC is an atomic time scale which only approximates GMT with a tolerance of 0.9 second. It is also used to refer to Universal Time (UT), which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields and is often referred to by the military in the phrase Zulu time.


title: Greenwich

text: As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT in order to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees (this convention was internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884). Note that the synchronization of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time itself, which was still solar time. But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, eventually led to GMT being used worldwide as a reference time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon this reference as a number of hours and half-hours "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT".


title: Greenwich

text: In 1997 Maritime Greenwich was added to the list of World Heritage Sites, for the concentration and quality of buildings of historic and architectural interest. These can be divided into the group of buildings along the riverfront, Greenwich Park and the Georgian and Victorian town centre.


title: Greenwich

text: The Discover Greenwich Visitor Centre provides an introduction to the history and attractions in the Greenwich World Heritage Site. It is in The Pepys Building near to the "Cutty Sark" within the grounds of the Old Royal Naval College (formerly Greenwich Hospital); the building began life as an engineering laboratory for the college. The centre opened in March 2010, and admission is free.


title: Greenwich

text: The Centre explains the history of Greenwich as a royal residence and a maritime centre. Exhibits include:


title: Greenwich

text: The University of Greenwich main campus occupies most of the grand, landmark riverside vista buildings of the former Royal Naval College. The university has other campuses at Avery Hill in Eltham and at Medway. The Greenwich campus also houses the Trinity College of Music.


title: Greenwich

text: Secondary schools in the area include The John Roan School, founded 1677, and St Ursula's Convent School, established 1850.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich is served by Greenwich and Maze Hill stations with Southeastern services to London Cannon Street, Dartford, Barnehurst and Crayford as well as Thameslink services to Luton via London Blackfriars and to Rainham.


title: Greenwich

text: The area is also served by North Greenwich station with Jubilee Line services to Stanmore and Stratford.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich is served by the Docklands Light Railway, with services from Greenwich and Cutty Sark stations to Bank via Canary Wharf and to Lewisham.


title: Greenwich

text: There are a number of river boat services running from Greenwich Pier, managed by London River Services. The main services include the Thames commuter catamaran service run by Thames Clippers from Embankment, via Tower Millennium Pier, Canary Wharf and on to the O and Woolwich Arsenal Pier; the Westminster-Greenwich cruise service by Thames River Services; and the City Cruises tourist cruise via Westminster, Waterloo and Tower piers.


title: Greenwich

text: The Thames Path National Trail runs along the riverside. The Greenwich foot tunnel provides pedestrian access to the southern end of the Isle of Dogs, across the river Thames.


title: Greenwich

text: The National Cycle Network Route 1 includes the foot tunnel, though cycling is not permitted in the tunnel itself.


title: Greenwich

text: Greenwich is home to a variety of amateur sports clubs. Its location on the tidal Thames makes it a good location for rowing; the Trafalgar Rowing Centre in Crane Street is the clubhouse of the Curlew and Globe rowing clubs. The Globe has senior and junior squads, the latter renowned for its achievements at national and international level.


title: Greenwich

text: The Thames Path and Greenwich Park are popular with runners. The 'red start' for the London Marathon is situated south of the park on Charlton Way (other starts are nearby in St John's Park, and on Shooter's Hill Road). After heading east through Charlton and Woolwich, the marathon route then turns west towards Greenwich; as runners reach the , they pass the Old Royal Naval College and then loop around the prow of the "Cutty Sark" before continuing west towards Deptford.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Brian Shaffer (born February 25, 1979) was an American medical student at the Ohio State University College of Medicine. On the night of March 31, 2006, Shaffer went out with friends to celebrate the beginning of spring break; later he was separated from them and they assumed he had gone home. However, a security camera near the entrance to a Columbus bar recorded him briefly talking to two women just before 2 a.m., April 1, and then apparently re-entering the bar without any evidence of him leaving the area. Shaffer has not been seen or heard from since. The case has received national media attention.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Shaffer's disappearance has been especially puzzling to investigators since there was no other publicly accessible entrance or exit to the bar at that time. Columbus police have several theories about what happened; some interest and suspicion has been directed at a friend of Shaffer's who accompanied him that night, but has refused to take polygraph tests regarding the incident. While foul play has been suspected, including the possible involvement of the purported Smiley Face serial killer, it has also been speculated that he might be alive and living somewhere else under a new identity.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Brian Shaffer grew up in Pickerington, Ohio, a suburb outside of Columbus, the eldest of two sons to Randy and Renee Shaffer. He graduated from the local high school in 1997 and went to Ohio State University (OSU) for his undergraduate work. Six years later he graduated with a degree in microbiology.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Following that, Shaffer began studies at the OSU College of Medicine in 2004. During his second year there, in March 2006, his mother died of myelodysplasia. Shaffer's friends say that although he appeared to be handling it well, her death was hard for him.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: During his time at medical school, Shaffer had become romantically involved with another medical student, Alexis Waggoner. She, along with their families and friends, believed that Brian would probably be proposing marriage to her later in 2006, most likely on a trip to Miami the couple had planned for spring break at the beginning of April. Tropical locations such as Miami were attractive to Shaffer; he liked the relaxed lifestyles. He told his friends that despite his decision to pursue a medical career, his real ambition was to start a band playing music in the vein of Jimmy Buffett.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: On March 31, a Friday, classes at OSU ended for spring break the next week. Shaffer and his father Randy celebrated the occasion by going out for a steak dinner together earlier that evening. Shaffer's father noted that he seemed exhausted from having pulled all-nighters earlier in the week cramming for some important upcoming exams. He did not think Shaffer should go out with a friend, William "Clint" Florence, later that night as he planned to do, but did not express his reservations to his son.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: At 9 p.m., Shaffer met Florence at the Ugly Tuna Saloona, a bar in the South Campus Gateway complex on High Street in Columbus. An hour later, Shaffer called Waggoner, who had returned to her home in Toledo to visit with her family before she and Shaffer were due to depart for Miami. Shaffer and Florence went bar-hopping, visiting several other drinking establishments and working their way down to the Arena District. At each stop the two had one shot each of hard liquor, according to Florence.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: After midnight, Shaffer and Florence met Meredith Reed, a friend of Florence, in The Short North. Reed gave them a ride back to the Ugly Tuna Saloona, where they had started the night, and joined them there for a last round. While the three were there, Shaffer separated from his companions.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Florence and Reed attempted to find Shaffer, repeatedly calling him. They left with other patrons when the bar closed at 2 a.m., waiting outside for Shaffer. When he was not among the departing crowd, they assumed he had gone back to his apartment without letting them know. Waggoner and Shaffer's father both tried to call him later that weekend, but he did not answer. On Monday morning, he missed the flight to Miami he and Waggoner had scheduled long before. He was then reported missing to the Columbus police.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Police began their search for Shaffer at the Ugly Tuna Saloona, the bar where he had last been seen. Since the area around South Campus Gateway was somewhat blighted with a high crime rate, the bar had installed security cameras. They reviewed the footage, which showed Shaffer, Florence and Reed going up an escalator to the bar's main entrance at 1:15 a.m. Shaffer was seen outside of the bar around 1:55 a.m., talking briefly with two young women and saying goodbye, then moving off-camera in the direction of the bar, apparently to re-enter. The camera did not record him leaving shortly afterwards when the Ugly Tuna Saloona closed; that was the last time he was seen.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: It was possible, investigators realized, that Shaffer could have changed his clothes in the bar or put on a hat and kept his head down, hiding his face from the camera. The cameras might also have missed Shaffer—one panned across the area constantly, and the other was operated manually. He might have also left the building by another route. However, the building's only other exit, a service door not generally used by the public, opened at the time onto a construction site that officers believed would have been difficult to walk through while sober, much less intoxicated, as Shaffer likely was at the time.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Since Columbus has the most security cameras of any city in Ohio more than Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Toledo combined officers next looked to the footage from other bars to see if cameras there could explain how Shaffer had left the Ugly Tuna Saloona. However, footage from cameras at three other nearby bars showed no trace of him.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: The search began to fan out from the Ugly Tuna Saloona, with officers, sometimes accompanied by police dogs, looking closely in the street, inspecting dumpsters and other waste containers, and asking residents if they had seen Shaffer. Flyers bearing his picture, showing a tattoo on his upper right arm of a stick figure logo from the cover artwork for the single of "Alive" by Pearl Jam, one of his favorite bands, and noting a distinctive fleck in one of his irises, were posted widely. Police even persuaded the city of Columbus to let them into the sewer system and search there. No useful information was uncovered. At Shaffer's apartment on King Avenue, six blocks from the bar, his car was still parked outside. Inside, nothing appeared amiss.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: After searching miles away from the Ugly Tuna Saloona in every direction, police began to consider other possibilities besides an accident or foul play. Since Shaffer's mother had recently died, it was speculated he had gone away temporarily to grieve in solitude. Yet, his disappearance proved permanent. No evident reasons appeared for him voluntarily disappearing.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Those who had seen Shaffer that evening, including his father, were asked to take lie detector tests. He and Reed passed theirs, as did reportedly all the others, while Florence refused. The two women Brian had last been seen talking to were later identified; they said in 2009 that they had never been asked to take one themselves.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Waggoner called Shaffer's phone every evening before going to bed for a long time after the disappearance. Usually it went to voicemail, but one night in September it actually rang three times. "I kept calling it to hear it purely because it was one of the best sounds I have ever heard, even if no one picked up", she wrote on her MySpace page. Cingular, Shaffer's wireless provider, said what Waggoner heard may have been due to a computer glitch. A ping from the phone was detected at a cell tower in Hilliard, northwest of Columbus.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: The police received many tips, none of which resulted in any breakthroughs in the case. At a Pearl Jam concert later that year in Cincinnati, lead singer Eddie Vedder took time between songs to ask for tips in Shaffer's disappearance, but none of those were useful either. Possible sightings in Michigan, Texas, and even Sweden were investigated.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Randy Shaffer, who had recently suffered the death of his wife, continued the search for his son on his own. A psychic he consulted told him Shaffer's body was in water near a bridge pier. He and Derek, Brian's younger brother, along with some other citizens who had become interested in the case, bought waders and spent much of their free time along the shores of the Olentangy River, which flows through Columbus adjacent to the OSU campus, searching in vain for the body near bridges. This possibility also led police to briefly consider the heavily disputed smiley face murder theory. Shaffer, under this theory, would be the purported serial killer's only victim whose body had not yet been found. Columbus police eventually rejected any connection to the alleged killer in Shaffer's case, following the lead of most law enforcement agencies, including the FBI, that have looked into it.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: In September 2008, during a heavy windstorm, Randy Shaffer was out in the yard of his Baltimore home clearing debris. A branch blew off from a nearby tree and fatally struck him. Neighbors found his body the next morning and called police.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: After his obituary ran online, a condolence book was posted. One of the signatures in it said, "To Dad, love Brian (U.S. Virgin Islands)". This suggested Brian might have left Columbus for a new life elsewhere. However, upon further investigation, the note was found to have been posted from a computer accessible to the public in Franklin County; it was determined to be a hoax.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Shortly after Randy Shaffer's death, Neil Rosenberg, attorney for Florence, wrote to Don Corbett, a private investigator who has volunteered his time to help the Shaffer family find Brian, regarding his client's ongoing refusal to take a lie detector test. Rosenberg intimated that he had learned that the Columbus police investigating the case believed Shaffer was alive: "If Brian is alive, which is what I'm led to believe after speaking with the detective involved, then it is Brian, and not Clint [Florence] who is causing his family pain and hardship," Rosenberg wrote. "Brian should come forward and end this." Florence, he said, did not have anything to hide; he had merely told everything he knew from the beginning and did not see the value of doing so again."


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Rosenberg's assertions notwithstanding, many of those who were close to Brian Shaffer have criticized Florence for not being forthcoming enough. "As soon as the detective started getting involved, that's when he pretty much had no contact with anybody," recalled Derek. "I've always thought he definitely knows something–just won't come forward with it." He believes it is still possible that Shaffer is alive, and Florence knows where he might have gone. "If Brian did take off somewhere, if that is the case, we just always had a strong feeling that Clint would possibly know that," he said. Waggoner also thinks that Florence is withholding information, but believes that it's likely her former boyfriend is dead and did not run off. "I can't imagine he would have just done that," she said.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: In 2014, Columbus police said they were still receiving at least two tips a month on the case via the local Crime Stoppers hotline, though none had proven useful. The evidence in the case filled four boxes of files. One of the original investigators, Andre Edwards, told "Columbus Monthly" that after extensive review of the camera footage at the Ugly Tuna Saloona from the night Shaffer disappeared, which was intended to rule out the idea that he could have left in disguise, he could "say with 100-percent certainty" that Shaffer did not leave via the escalator. Police say they have three theories about the case but declined to discuss them even generally with the magazine.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: In 2019, an image of an alleged American homeless man in Tijuana, Mexico bearing a resemblance to Shaffer began circulating online. Columbus news station 10TV forwarded the image to the detective in charge of Shaffer's case in 2020. The detective sent the image to the FBI for facial recognition analysis, which ruled him out as the identity of the man.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: In March 2021, the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation released an age-progressed photo of what Shaffer might look like at age 42, nearly 15 years after his disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Brian Shaffer

text: Between Shaffer's disappearance and his own death, Randy joined the families of other missing adults in Ohio in lobbying the state legislature to pass a bill establishing a statewide protocol for such cases. At the time Shaffer disappeared, it was left up to individual departments how to handle the cases, and some felt that investigations into their relatives' disappearances had suffered as a result. By the time Randy died, the bill had become law.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Rajasthan Royals (often abbreviated as RR) are a franchise cricket team based in Jaipur, Rajasthan, that plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises, the team is based at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur. The Royals are known to unearth obscure, high potential talent, as well as for their involvement in a number of controversies and scandals.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne, despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans. The Royals were also the runners-up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid's captaincy.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: On 14 July 2015, the verdict reached by a panel appointed by the Supreme Court of India suspended Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years over a 2013 betting scandal, meaning they could not participate in both the 2016 and 2017 IPL tournaments. They returned to the competition for the 2018 season.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The team's record run-scorer is Ajinkya Rahane with 3098 runs, while the leading wicket-taker is Shane Watson, with 67.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced the establishment of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in September 2007, a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008. The Rajasthan Royals were one of the original eight teams in the inaugural season of the IPL in 2008. Emerging Media gained ownership of the Jaipur-based franchise team with a bid of $67 million, making it the least expensive team in the league.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: As of 2021, the franchise is owned by Manoj Badale-led Emerging Media IPL Ltd which holds a 65% stake. Key minority stakeholders include Lachlan Murdoch and RedBird Capital Partners. There have been past controversies regarding the ownership of the franchise, leading to a brief expulsion of the team from the league in 2010. The franchise made a pre-tax profit of $7.5 million in 2009.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: In 2010, the BCCI decided to expel Kings XI Punjab and Rajasthan Royals from the IPL. The expulsion baffled captain Shane Warne who stated that he suspected that there might be some foul play and that the BCCI might possess some ulterior motives. The Rajasthan Royals filed an appeal against the decision and the two parties went to the Mumbai High Court to decide. The Mumbai High Court adjourned that case until 29 October 2010, but it was revised to 15 November because they didn't want it to coincide with Diwali celebrations from 1 to 14 November.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Later, it was announced by the Royals that they told the Bombay High Court that they would be negotiating with an arbitrator to see if they could reconcile with the IPL. The arbitrator announced that while the investigation was ongoing, the Royals would remain a part of the IPL for six weeks and the BCCI would not be allowed to change rules which might go against the Royals. The six-week period included the player auction in which Rajasthan Royals participated. After this, the Bombay High Court rejected the appeals of the BCCI against keeping the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL for six weeks while the case was sorted out. It was estimated that because of the losses in court cases and damage in reputation, the BCCI decided not to pursue further legal action against the Rajasthan Royals or Kings XI Punjab – the teams were allowed to remain in the IPL.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Rajasthan Royals became the source of controversy when inappropriate and fictitious bids were made, violating BCCI norms. Ranjit Barthakur and Fraser Castellino were the only two shareholders of the team, which was completely unknown to the BCCI at the time. An out-of-court settlement between the two ensued. In 2015, Rajasthan Royals were banned for two years by the BCCI, with its owner Raj Kundra banned for life.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Before the start of the inaugural IPL season, many considered the Royals as possibly the weakest team in the IPL, giving them little chance of competing well in the tournament. Evidence of the latter opinion seemed to be confirmed when the team lost its first match against the Delhi Daredevils in a 9 wicket loss. The fears were confirmed that the team was likely to struggle.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: In their first home game ever at Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur, they played against the Kings XI Punjab and won by 6 wickets as Shane Watson was declared the man of the match for his unbeaten 76 off 49 balls in what was a successful run chase. That was followed by a crucial 3 wicket win against the season favourite, Deccan Chargers, in Hyderabad. The victory proved to be a huge morale booster. Yusuf Pathan won the first man of the match award for his bowling figures of 2/20 in 4 overs and a 28-ball 61.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The next game against the Kolkata Knight Riders was won by 45 runs where Swapnil Asnodkar received his first man of the match award for a fine knock of 60 off just 34 balls.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: They further managed to defeat the Chennai Super Kings in Jaipur but lost to Mumbai Indians in Navi Mumbai. The Royals continued to win the next five games in a row. They were the first team to book a place in the semi-finals with their 65 run win over the Royal Challengers Bangalore and were pitted against Chennai Super Kings for the finals. The Royals won by 3 wickets in the final played on 1 June 2008.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The all-rounder Shane Watson won the man of the tournament award for scoring as many as 472 runs and picking 17 wickets.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Shane Warne's captaincy and coaching were praised and well received by everyone, including opposition teams.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Each player and representative in the team was awarded a medal. The team was presented with the DLF Indian Premier League trophy along with a cheque for US$1.2 million prize money. Many of the Royals players also took home individual awards for their performance during the tournament; Yusuf Pathan claimed the Man of the Match award for the final match, Sohail Tanvir finished the tournament in possession of the Purple Cap (the IPL's leading wicket-taker), and Australian all-rounder Shane Watson was declared the Man of the Series.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The Royals were the defending champions. Sohail Tanvir was ineligible to play for the team as PCB failed to provide NOC for Pakistani players playing in the competition. Shane Watson was unavailable for the whole season as Australia toured to UAE for the ODI series against Pakistan. Without these two, the team looked slightly weaker than the previous season and players such as Graeme Smith, Shaun Tait, and Shane Warne had to be relied on.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The defending champions got off to the worst possible start by losing their opening match by 75 runs to Royal Challengers Bangalore in a match which saw The Royals record what was at the time the lowest total (58 all out) in the history of the IPL and to date is still the second lowest. The same match also saw the Royals pick-up the unwanted record of the lowest ever powerplay total (14/2) in the IPL. They remained defeated by Mumbai Indians, Kolkata Knight Riders, Kings XI Punjab, and Chennai Super Kings but they won over Delhi Daredevils and Deccan Chargers. The Royals were at the end of the points table. Mohammed Kaif, Dinesh Salunkhe, Paras Dogra, Anup Revandkar, Shrideep Mangela, Ashraf Makda, and Azhar Malik were dropped from the team and sent home.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: Rajasthan Royals ended 6th out of the 8 teams in the competition, winning 6 matches out of the 14 they played. The Royals failed to make it to the semi-finals after losing their last two matches against Delhi Daredevils and Kolkata Knight Riders.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: On 14 May 2009, it was announced that Rajasthan Royals would meet Middlesex Crusaders in a one-off Twenty20 for the British Asian Cup. It was the first time that an annual charity series was to be played between the Twenty20 champions of the two countries. The match took place on 6 July 2009. The teams were announced on 3 July 2009 with Rajasthan Royals including Mohammad Kaif and the comeback of Sohail Tanvir.


title: Rajasthan Royals

text: The match was won by Rajasthan Royals by 46 runs after scoring 162/5 in 20 overs and successfully defending it by 46 runs (Middlesex 116/7). The Man of the Match was Dimitri Mascarenhas.