title: Toby Regbo

text: Regbo started his acting career with a small role in 2006 ITV television film "Sharpe's Challenge". In 2007, he played American teen spy Chad Turner in an episode of CBBC children's spy-fi adventure series "M.I. High". He continued to pursue his acting career in 2009, when he played Michael Walton in Stephen Poliakoff's period drama "Glorious 39". One of his most notable roles was in a science fiction drama "Mr. Nobody", premiered in 2009. He played eponymous character Nemo Nobody (in his teenage years). He also played young Albus Dumbledore in the film "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" and reprised the role in the 2018 film "". He made his stage début as Eliot in "Tusk Tusk", a 2009 play by Polly Stenham, at the Royal Court Theatre in London.


title: Toby Regbo

text: Regbo played James Sveck in the film version of Peter Cameron's novel "Someday This Pain Will Be Useful To You", shot in the summer 2010 in New York. In 2013, Regbo played John in drama-thriller film "uwantme2killhim?" directed by Andrew Douglas and produced by Bryan Singer. He was originally cast in Disney's "Maleficent" as young Stefan, but was ultimately replaced by Michael Higgins as the directors decided they wanted a younger boy to play the part. He starred in The CW's original show "Reign" as Francis II of France. In 2016, he played Æthelred on BBC Two UK's series "The Last Kingdom".


title: Toby Regbo

text: Regbo was set to be part of the cast of the upcoming Game of Thrones prequel titled "Bloodmoon" but the pilot did not get picked up.


title: Toby Regbo

text: Film critic Eric Lavallée listed Regbo as one of his "Top 10 New Faces & Voices" of 2009 Toronto International Film Festival. He noted that "newbie Toby Regbo might easily be Mr. Nobody's most 'alive' character. Playing Nemo at age 16, the actor is mostly paired with Juno Temple - their unique love story is the film's heart pumping portions and plays a lot better than the artery clogging other brushes of romance." "Variety"s Boyd van Hoeij praised Regbo and Temple as well, saying "Regbo, as the teenage Nemo, and Juno Temple, as the teenage Anna, are impressive, bringing the hormonal battles of adolescence vividly to life".


title: Toby Regbo

text: His portrayal of Eliot in "Tusk Tusk" received praise from a broad spectrum of theatre critics. Michael Billington from "The Guardian" called him an "astonishing actor". Robert Tanitch from "Morning Star" praised both his and co-star Bel Powley's "impressive performances" and predicted that ""Tusk Tusk" should, all things being equal, play to full houses because of them". Matt Wolf, writing for "The New York Times", was also very complimentary about the pair, concluding: "... these newfound talents inhabit every mercurial point on a spectrum that makes them one another's protectors and their destroyers, enemies and allies. Will you be more shaken by Ms. Powley ..., or Mr. Regbo, whose face is chillingly capable of shutting down? It's difficult to say, though one thing is clear: "Tusk Tusk" is beyond tears in a production beyond praise."


title: Toby Regbo

text: Critical reception for "uwantme2killhim?" produced by Bryan Singer, typically centered upon Regbo and his co-star Jamie Blackley's acting, with the Screen Daily commenting that the two delivered "strong performances". "Variety" praised his performance commenting "The impressive Regbo is on surer footing as a meek geek with some surreptitious social skills". Maitland McDonagh, from Film Journal International, also complimented the duo noting "Stars Blackley and Regbo are the film's core strength, despite long scenes in which they speak aloud what they're typing into their computers that would tax the skills of many older and more experienced actors".


title: Toby Regbo

text: The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, where the two actors won the "Best performance in a British feature film" award.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Chondrichthyes (; ) is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or "bony fishes", which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, and a heart with its chambers in series. Extant chondrichthyes range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in) finless sleeper ray to the 10 m (32 ft) whale shark.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: The skeleton is cartilaginous. The notochord is gradually replaced by a vertebral column during development, except in Holocephali, where the notochord stays intact. In some deepwater sharks, the column is reduced.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: As they do not have bone marrow, red blood cells are produced in the spleen and the epigonal organ (special tissue around the gonads, which is also thought to play a role in the immune system). They are also produced in the Leydig's organ, which is only found in certain cartilaginous fishes. The subclass Holocephali, which is a very specialized group, lacks both the Leydig's and epigonal organs.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Apart from electric rays, which have a thick and flabby body, with soft, loose skin, chondrichthyans have tough skin covered with dermal teeth (again, Holocephali is an exception, as the teeth are lost in adults, only kept on the clasping organ seen on the caudal ventral surface of the male), also called placoid scales (or "dermal denticles"), making it feel like sandpaper. In most species, all dermal denticles are oriented in one direction, making the skin feel very smooth if rubbed in one direction and very rough if rubbed in the other.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Originally, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and puboischiadic bars evolved. In rays, the pectoral fins are connected to the head and are very flexible.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Chondrichthyans have tooth-like scales called dermal denticles or placoid scales. Denticles usually provide protection, and in most cases, streamlining. Mucous glands exist in some species, as well.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: It is assumed that their oral teeth evolved from dermal denticles that migrated into the mouth, but it could be the other way around, as the teleost bony fish "Denticeps clupeoides" has most of its head covered by dermal teeth (as does, probably, "Atherion elymus", another bony fish). This is most likely a secondary evolved characteristic, which means there is not necessarily a connection between the teeth and the original dermal scales.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: The old placoderms did not have teeth at all, but had sharp bony plates in their mouth. Thus, it is unknown whether the dermal or oral teeth evolved first. It has even been suggested that the original bony plates of "all" vertebrates are now gone and that the present scales are just modified teeth, even if both the teeth and body armor had a common origin a long time ago. However, there is currently no evidence of this.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: All chondrichthyans breathe through five to seven pairs of gills, depending on the species. In general, pelagic species must keep swimming to keep oxygenated water moving through their gills, whilst demersal species can actively pump water in through their spiracles and out through their gills. However, this is only a general rule and many species differ.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: A spiracle is a small hole found behind each eye. These can be tiny and circular, such as found on the nurse shark ("Ginglymostoma cirratum"), to extended and slit-like, such as found on the wobbegongs (Orectolobidae). Many larger, pelagic species, such as the mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) and the thresher sharks (Alopiidae), no longer possess them.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: In chondrichthyans, the nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves. They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. Ampullae of Lorenzini are a network of small jelly filled pores called electroreceptors which help the fish sense electric fields in water. This aids in finding prey, navigation, and sensing temperature. The Lateral line system has modified epithelial cells located externally which sense motion, vibration, and pressure in the water around them. Most species have large well-developed eyes. Also, they have very powerful nostrils and olfactory organs. Their inner ears consist of 3 large semicircular canals which aid in balance and orientation. Their sound detecting apparatus has limited range and is typically more powerful at lower frequencies. Some species have electric organs which can be used for defense and predation. They have relatively simple brains with the forebrain not greatly enlarged. The structure and formation of myelin in their nervous systems are nearly identical to that of tetrapods, which has led evolutionary biologists to believe that Chondrichthyes were a cornerstone group in the evolutionary timeline of myelin development.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Fertilization is internal. Development is usually live birth (ovoviviparous species) but can be through eggs (oviparous). Some rare species are viviparous. There is no parental care after birth; however, some chondrichthyans do guard their eggs.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Capture-induced premature birth and abortion (collectively called capture-induced parturition) occurs frequently in sharks/rays when fished. Capture-induced parturition is often mistaken for natural birth by recreational fishers and is rarely considered in commercial fisheries management despite being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).


title: Chondrichthyes

text: The class Chondrichthyes has two subclasses: the subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and the subclass Holocephali (chimaeras). To see the full list of the species, click here.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from acanthodians.The discovery of "Entelognathus" and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Chondrichthyes. Some characteristics previously thought to be exclusive to acanthodians are also present in basal cartilaginous fish. In particular, new phylogenetic studies find cartilaginous fish to be well nested among acanthodians, with "Doliodus" and "Tamiobatis" being the closest relatives to Chondrichthyes. Recent studies vindicate this, as "Doliodus" had a mosaic of chondrichthyan and acanthodian traits. A lower Silurian taxon, "Fanjingshania renovata", assigned to Climatiiformes is the oldest chondrichthyan with known anatomical features.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: Dating back to the Middle and Late Ordovician Period, many isolated scales, made of dentine and bone, have a structure and growth form that is chondrichthyan-like. They may be the remains of stem-chondrichthyans, but their classification remains uncertain.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: The earliest unequivocal fossils of cartilaginous fishes first appeared in the fossil record by about 430 million years ago, during the middle Wenlock Epoch of the Silurian period. The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa: "Cladoselache", Eugeneodontiformes, Symmoriida, Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes, Galeomorphi, Squaliformes and Batoidea.


title: Chondrichthyes

text: By the start of the Early Devonian, 419 million years ago, jawed fishes had divided into three distinct groups: the now extinct placoderms (a paraphyletic assemblage of ancient armoured fishes), the bony fishes, and the clade that includes spiny sharks and early cartilaginous fish. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. The first abundant genus of shark, "Cladoselache", appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The first Cartilaginous fishes evolved from "Doliodus"-like spiny shark ancestors.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: University Grants Commission (UGC) is a statutory body set up by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education,


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: Government of India in accordance to the UGC Act 1956 and is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education in India. It provides recognition to universities in India, and disbursements of funds to such recognized universities and colleges. The headquarters are in New Delhi, and it has six regional centres in Pune, Bhopal, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Bangalore. A proposal to replace it with another new regulatory body called HECI is under consideration by the Government of India. The UGC provides doctoral scholarships to all those who clear JRF in the National Eligibility Test. On an average, each year is spent on doctoral and post-doctoral fellowships by the commission.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: The UGC was first formed in 1945 to oversee the work of the three Central Universities of Aligarh, Banaras and Delhi. Its responsibility was extended in 1947 to cover all Indian universities.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In August 1949 a recommendation was made to reconstitute the UGC along similar lines to the University Grants Committee of the United Kingdom. This recommendation was made by the University Education Commission of 1948–1949 which was set up under the chairmanship of S. Radhakrishnan "to report on Indian university education and suggest improvements and extensions". In 1952 the government decided that all grants to universities and higher learning institutions should be handled by the UGC. Subsequently, an inauguration was held on 28 December 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the Minister of Education, Natural Resources and Scientific Research.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on 28th December, 1953 and became a statutory Organization of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for the coordination,determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in university education.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In November 1956 the UGC became a statutory body upon the passing of the "University Grants Commission Act, 1956" by the Indian Parliament.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In 1994 and 1995 the UGC decentralised its operations by setting up six regional centres at Pune, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bhopal, Guwahati and Bangalore. The head office of the UGC is located at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg in New Delhi, with two additional bureaus operating from 35, Feroze Shah Road and the South Campus of University of Delhi as well.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In December 2015 the Indian government set a National Institutional of Ranking Framework under UGC which will rank all educational institutes by April 2016.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In February 2022 M Jagadesh Kumar was appointed as the chairman of the UGC,a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi and former VC of JNU.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: , The University Grants Commission (UGC) has also released the list of 21 fake universities operating in India. UGC has said that these 21 self-styled, unrecognized institutions functioning in contravention of the UGC Act have been declared as fake and are not entitled to confer any degrees.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: UGC, along with CSIR currently conducts NET for appointments of teachers in colleges and universities. It has made NET qualification mandatory for teaching at graduation level and at post-graduation level since July 2009. However, those with PhD are given five percent relaxation.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: Accreditation for higher learning over universities under the aegis of University Grants Commission is overseen by following fifteen autonomous statutory institutions:


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In 2009, the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, Kapil Sibal made known the government of India's plans to consider the closing down of the UGC and the related body All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), in favour of a higher regulatory body with more sweeping powers. This goal, proposed by the Higher Education and Research (HE&R) Bill, 2011, intends to replace the UGC with a National Commission for Higher Education & Research (NCHER) "for determination, coordination, maintenance and continued enhancement of standards of higher education and research". The bill proposes absorbing the UGC and other academic agencies into this new organisation. Those agencies involved in medicine and law would be exempt from this merger "to set minimum standards for medical and legal education leading to professional practice". The bill has received opposition from the local governments of the Indian states of Bihar, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, but has received general support.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: On 27 June 2018, the Ministry of Human Resource Development announced its plans to repeal the UGC Act, 1956. A bill was expected to be introduced in the 2018 monsoon session of the Parliament, which if passed would have led to the dissolution of the UGC. The bill also stipulated formation of a new body, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI). This form of the bill was ultimately dropped in the face of strong political opposition, and was reworked in 2019 in order to gain political consensus. As of mid-2020 the UGC continues to remain in existence. Ministry of Human Resource Development, MHRD, was renamed as 'Ministry of Education'.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: On 13 April 2022 The University Grants Commission of India (UGC India) announced to allow the students to complete two academic programmes simultaneously keeping in view the proposals outlined in the National Education Policy - NEP 2020 which emphasizes the need to enable multiple pathways to learning involving both formal and non-formal education modes.


title: University Grants Commission (India)

text: In a joint notification with All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), University Grants Commission advised Indian nationals & overseas citizens of India against pursuing higher education in Pakistan stating that any such student with a degree from an educational institution in Pakistan “shall not be eligible for seeking employment or higher studies in India”.The notification also stated that this will not be applicable to migrants who have been granted Indian citizenship and have obtained security clearance from MHA.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø (, , ; ; ; ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tromsø.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality is the 21st largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. With a population of 77,544, Tromsø is the 12th most populous municipality in Norway. The municipality's population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the previous 10-year period. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the third largest north of the Arctic Circle anywhere in the world (following Murmansk and Norilsk). The city center of Tromsø is located on the island of Tromsøya, but the urban area also encompasses part of the nearby mainland and part of the island Kvaløya. Tromsø is north of the Arctic Circle. Tromsøya is connected to the mainland by the Tromsø Bridge and the Tromsøysund Tunnel, and to the island of Kvaløya by the Sandnessund Bridge.


title: Tromsø

text: The municipality is milder than most settlements on the same latitude, due to the effect of the westerlies reaching this far north, as well as the North Atlantic Drift, a branch of the Gulf Stream. Tromsø's latitude of just below 70°N renders annual midnight sun and polar night depending on the season.


title: Tromsø

text: The city centre contains the highest number of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, the oldest dating from 1789. Tromsø is a cultural hub for the region, with several festivals taking place in the summer. Due to its location, many countries used to have consulates or missions in Tromsø in the 1990s.


title: Tromsø

text: The city of Tromsø is named after the island of Tromsøya, on which it stands. The last element of the city's name comes from 'island' (, ), but the etymology of the first element is uncertain. Several theories exist. One theory holds "Troms-" to derive from the old (uncompounded) name of the island (Old Norse: "Trums"). Several islands and rivers in Norway have the name "Tromsa", and the names of these are probably derived from the word "straumr" which means "(strong) current." (The original form must then have been "Strums", for the missing "s", see Indo-European s-mobile.) Another theory holds that Tromsøya was originally called "Lille Tromsøya" (Little Tromsøya), because of its proximity to the much bigger island today called Kvaløya, that according to this theory was earlier called "Store Tromsøya" due to a characteristic mountain known as "Tromma" (the Drum). The mountain's name in Sámi, "Rumbbučohkka", is identical in meaning, and it is said to have been a sacred mountain for the Sámi in pre-Christian times.


title: Tromsø

text: The Sámi name of the island, "Romsa", is assumed to be a loan from Norse - but according to the phonetical rules of the Sami language, the frontal "t" has disappeared from the name. However, an alternative form - "Tromsa" - is in informal use. There is a theory that holds the Norwegian name of Tromsø derives from the Sámi name, though this theory lacks an explanation for the meaning of "Romsa". A common misunderstanding is that Tromsø's Sámi name is "Romssa" with a double "s". This, however, is the accusative and genitive form of the noun used when, for example, writing "Tromsø Municipality" (Roms"s"a Suohkan). In Finnish, however, the word is written with a double "s": "Tromssa".


title: Tromsø

text: The area has been inhabited since the end of the ice age. Archeological excavations in Tønsvika, just outside the city limits, have turned up artifacts and remains of buildings estimated to be 9,000 to 10,000 years old.


title: Tromsø

text: The area's rich Norse and Sámi heritage is well documented. The Norse chieftain Ohthere, who lived during the 890s, is assumed to have inhabited the southernmost reaches of today's Tromsø municipality. He described himself as living "furthest to the North of all Norwegians" with areas north of this being populated by Sámi. An Icelandic source ("Rimbegla") from the 12th century also describes the fjord Malangen in the south of today's Tromsø municipality as a border between Norse and Sámi coastal settlements during that part of the Middle Ages. There has also been extensive Sámi settlement on the coast south of this 'border' as well as scattered Norse settlements north of Malangen—for example, both Sámi and Norse Iron Age (0–1050 AD) remains have been found on southern Kvaløya.


title: Tromsø

text: The first church on the island of Tromsøya was erected in 1252. "Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae de Trums juxta paganos" ("The Church of Saint Mary in Troms near the Heathens"—the nominal "heathens" being the Sámi), was built during the reign of King Hákon Hákonarson. At the time, it was the northernmost church in the world. Around the same time a turf rampart was built to protect the area against raids from Karelia and Russia.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø was not just a Norwegian outpost in an area mainly populated by the Sámi, but also a frontier city towards Russia; the Novgorod state had the right to tax the Sámi along the coast to Lyngstuva and inland to the Skibotn River or possibly the Målselv River, whereas Norway was allowed to tax areas east to - and including - the Kola Peninsula. During the next five hundred years Norway's border with Russia and the limits of Norwegian settlement would be pushed eastwards to Sør-Varanger, making Tromsø lose its character as a "frontier town".


title: Tromsø

text: During the 17th century, while Denmark–Norway was solidifying its claim to the northern coast of Scandinavia and during this period a redoubt, "Skansen", was built. Despite only being home to around 80 people, Tromsø was issued its city charter on 20 June 1794 by King Christian VII. This coincided with, and was a direct consequence of, the abolition of the city of Bergen's centuries-old monopoly on the trade in cod. Tromsø quickly rose in importance. The Diocese of Hålogaland was created in 1804, with the first bishop being Mathias Bonsak Krogh. The city was established as a municipality 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law).


title: Tromsø

text: Arctic hunting, from Novaya Zemlya to Canada, started up around 1820. By 1850, Tromsø was the major centre of Arctic hunting, overtaking the former centre of Hammerfest, and the city was trading from Arkhangelsk to Bordeaux.


title: Tromsø

text: In 1848, the teacher training college was also moved from Trondenes (near current-day Harstad) to Tromsø, with part of its mission being to educate Sámi scholars - there was a quota ensuring that Sámi gained access. The teacher college was followed by the Tromsø Museum in 1872, and the Mack Brewery in 1877.


title: Tromsø

text: During the 19th century, Tromsø became known as the "Paris of the North". How this nickname came into being is uncertain, but the reason is generally assumed to be that people in Tromsø appeared far more sophisticated than visitors from the south typically expected.


title: Tromsø

text: By the end of the 19th century, Tromsø had become a major Arctic trade centre from which many Arctic expeditions originated. Explorers like Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile and Fridtjof Nansen made use of the know-how in Tromsø on the conditions in the Arctic, and often recruited their crews in the city. The Northern lights observatory was founded in 1927.


title: Tromsø

text: When Germany invaded Norway in 1940, Tromsø served briefly as the seat of the Norwegian government. General Carl Gustav Fleischer arrived in Tromsø on 10 April 1940 after flying in terrible conditions from Vadsø. From Tromsø he issued orders for total civilian and military mobilisation and declared Northern Norway a theatre of war. Fleischer's strategic plan was to first wipe out the German forces at Narvik and then transfer his division to Nordland to meet a German advance from Trøndelag. The Germans eventually captured all of Norway, after allied support had been withdrawn, although they encountered fierce resistance from the Finnmark-based Alta Battalion at Narvik. Tromsø escaped the war unscathed, although the German battleship "Tirpitz" was sunk by RAF Avro Lancaster bombers during Operation Catechism off the Tromsøy island on 12 November 1944, killing close to 1,000 German sailors.


title: Tromsø

text: At the end of the war, the city received thousands of refugees from Finnmark county and the northern areas of Troms - areas which had been devastated by German forces using scorched earth tactics in expectation of a Red Army offensive.


title: Tromsø

text: Expansion after World War II has been rapid. The rural municipalities of Tromsøysund and Ullsfjord, and most of Hillesøy, were merged with Tromsø on 1 January 1964, creating today's Tromsø municipality and almost tripling Tromsø's population - from 12,430 to 32,664. In addition, the population growth has been strong, with at times more than 1,000 new Tromsøværinger (residents of Tromsø) annually. The population of Tromsø municipality today is 68,239, and the urban area, Norway's ninth most populous, is home to 58,486 people. This excludes most of the city's students, however, who often do not change their address when moving to Tromsø.


title: Tromsø

text: A major development was the opening of Tromsø Airport in 1964, situated on the main island, and in 1972 the University of Tromsø was opened, at the time one of four universities in Norway and the only one serving the northern half of the country. A local teacher's college and museum were eventually incorporated into the university. The Norwegian Polar Institute was moved to Tromsø from Oslo in 1998. More recently, the university has expanded further through two mergers, first with University College Tromsø in 2009 and then with University College Finnmark in 2013.


title: Tromsø

text: The city of Tromsø was established as an independent municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The city was completely surrounded by the Tromsøe landdistrikt (the rural municipality of Tromsø / later renamed "Tromsøysund"), but they were governed separately. As the city grew in size, areas were added to the city from the rural district.


title: Tromsø

text: On 1 January 1861, an area of Tromsøysund (population: 110) was transferred to the city of Tromsø. On 1 January 1873, an unpopulated area of Tromsøysund was transferred to the city. On 1 July 1915, another area of Tromsøysund (population: 512) was merged into the city of Tromsø. On 1 January 1955, the Bjerkaker area on Tromsøya (population: 1,583) was transferred from Tromsøysund to the city of Tromsø.


title: Tromsø

text: During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the city of Tromsø (population: 12,602), the municipality of Tromsøysund (population: 16,727), most of the municipality of Ullsfjord except for the Svendsby area (population: 2,019), and most of the municipality of Hillesøy except for the parts on the island of Senja (population: 1,316) were all merged to form a new, larger Tromsø Municipality.


title: Tromsø

text: On 1 January 2020, the municipality became a part of the newly created Troms og Finnmark county, which replaced the old Troms county.


title: Tromsø

text: The coat of arms of Tromsø was devised in 1870 and is blazoned ""Azure, a reindeer trippant Argent."" It is often surmounted by a mural crown with five or four turrets. The municipal authority currently uses a stylised rendering drawn by Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987) and adopted by royal resolution on 24 September 1941.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø is the 12th largest municipality in Norway with a population of 77,095. The city is home to the world's northernmost university and also houses the northernmost botanical garden and planetarium.


title: Tromsø

text: The city centre is located on the east side of the Tromsøya island — over north of the Arctic Circle at . Suburban areas include Kroken, Tromsdalen (on the mainland, east of Tromsøya), the rest of the Tromsøya island, and the eastern part of the large Kvaløya, west of the Tromsøya island. The Tromsø Bridge and Tromsøysund Tunnel both cross the Tromsøysundet strait connecting the mainland with Tromsøya by road. On the western side of the city, the Sandnessund Bridge connects Tromsøya island with Kvaløya island.


title: Tromsø

text: There are many tall mountains within the municipality including Hamperokken, Jiehkkevárri, Store Blåmann, Store Fornestinden, and Tromsdalstinden. The Lyngen Alps mountain range lies along the Tromsø-Lyngen municipal border. There are many islands within the municipality of Tromsø including Hillesøya, Kvaløya, Rebbenesøya, Ringvassøya, Sommarøya, and Tromsøya. There are also several fjords that are located in Tromsø including the Balsfjorden, Kaldfjorden, Malangen, and Ullsfjorden.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø experiences a boreal climate (Köppen climate classification ("Dfc"/subarctic) as winter temperatures are just cold enough to qualify and the summer season is short. However, precipitation amount and pattern, with maximum precipitation in autumn and winter, as well as lack of permafrost, are atypical for subarctic areas and more typical for oceanic climates. Owing to the ice-free Norwegian Sea and the westerlies bringing the mild air ashore, winter temperatures in Tromsø are moderate and extremely mild for the latitude.


title: Tromsø

text: Summers are rather cool, sometimes cloudy and rainy, and sometimes sunny, often with large variations from year to year and from month to month, giving a completely different experience, all depending on the weather pattern. This variability is also visible in sunhours, which has been recorded since 1961: In July 1980 Tromsø recorded 430 sunhours, which is still the national record for sunniest month ever. However, July 1989 only recorded 91 sunhours. June has ranged from just 58 sunhours in June 2018 to 395 sunhours in June 1971 and also June 2002. Tromsø has also recorded the sunniest spring month in Norway with 381 sunhours in May 2013. The highest temperature recorded at the met office 100 m amsl is in July 1972. Tromsø recorded its first "tropical night" with overnight low July 30, 2018.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø has reputation of accumulating a lot of snow in winter, but on the streets of the city ice often prevails, especially in the first half of the winter. Tromsø's snowfall pattern is quite erratic and varies substantially between different winters. Thaws with rain in the polar night mid-winter are not uncommon, which melts or wets existing snow, often followed by chilly windy Arctic blasts, creating dangerous ice driving and walking conditions. It is common to see Tromsø inhabitants walking with spikes in their shoes and almost all cars use studded tires. The all-time record for snow depth was set on 29 April 1997, when the meteorological station on top of Tromsøya recorded of snow on the ground. In an average winter, Tromsø sees 160 days with at least of snow on the ground (1970–2000 average, 100 meters above sea level).


title: Tromsø

text: The lowest temperature ever recorded is in February 1966. That is extremely mild for a location this far north, as it is about the same as the record cold for the entire state of Florida—about 40 degrees latitude further south. At the airport the all-time low is in February 1985.


title: Tromsø

text: The "midnight sun" is above the horizon from 19 May to 27 July (71 days), and the period with continuous night lasts a bit shorter, polar night from 28 November to 14 January (48 days). The sunniest January (1985) recorded just 9 sunhours, while the sunniest February saw 97 sunhours (2018).


title: Tromsø

text: Outside the city, large areas in the municipality are at some altitude and above the treeline with an alpine tundra climate (ET). The islands to the west at the outer seabord are milder in winter like Måsvik, making this part of the municipality a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) zone. The average date for first overnight freeze (temperature below in autumn is October 3 (1981-2010 average).


title: Tromsø

text: Recent years have seen warming. There have been no overnight air frost in June since 1997, and the recent normal period 1991-2020 shows that the part of the city at low altitude has winters so mild that melting of snow is more likely also in mid-winter; Tromsø-Holt (20 m) coldest month (February) mean is ().


title: Tromsø

text: The western part of the municipality has islands facing the Norwegian sea, like Rebbenesøya with the Måsvik station.


title: Tromsø

text: The midnight sun occurs from about 18 May to 26 July, but mountains block the view of it for a few days, meaning that one can see the midnight sun from about 21 May to 21 July. Owing to Tromsø's high latitude, twilight is long, meaning there is no true night between March 27 and September 17.


title: Tromsø

text: The sun remains below the horizon during the polar night from about 26 November to 15 January, but due to the mountains, the sun is not visible from 21 November to 21 January. The return of the sun is an occasion for celebration. However, because of the twilight, there is some daylight for a couple of hours even around midwinter, often with bluish light, allowing for normal day/night cycles during the winter. The nights shorten quickly. By 21 February, the sun is above the horizon from 7:45 am to 4:10 pm and, by 1 April, is above the horizon from 5:50 am to 7:50 pm (daylight saving time). However, if one were to include astronomical twilight as "not night", then Tromsø only has 13 hours and 32 minutes of night on the winter solstice.


title: Tromsø

text: The combination of snow cover and sunshine often creates intense light conditions from late February until the snow melts in the lowland (usually late April), and sunglasses are essential when skiing. Because of these diametrically different light conditions in winter, Norwegians often divide it into two seasons: "Mørketid" (polar night) and "Seinvinter" (late winter).


title: Tromsø

text: It is possible to observe the aurora borealis (northern lights) from Tromsø, as northern Norway is located in the auroral zone. As it is always light in the summer, no aurora is visible between late April and mid August. Additionally, due to the coastal location, Tromsø is often subject to cloudy conditions, which prevent aurorae being seen, even if they are present.


title: Tromsø

text: The compact city centre has the biggest concentration of historic wooden houses north of Trondheim, and they co-exist with modern architecture. The houses date from 1789 to 1904, when building wooden houses was banned in the city centre, as in several other Norwegian cities. The oldest house in Tromsø is "Skansen", built in 1789 on the remains of a 13th-century turf rampart.


title: Tromsø

text: The Polar Museum, Polarmuseet, situated in a wharf house from 1837, presents Tromsø's past as a centre for Arctic hunting and starting point for Arctic expeditions. Tromsø Cathedral, Norway's only wooden cathedral, built in 1861, is located in the middle of the city, and so is the small Catholic church "Vår Frue" ("Our Lady"). Northern Europe's oldest cinema still in use, "Verdensteatret", was built in 1915–16. The cinema has large wall paintings, made by the local artist Sverre Mack in 1921, which picture scenes from Norwegian folk lore and fairy tales.


title: Tromsø

text: The Arctic Cathedral, a modern church built in 1965, is situated on the mainland, facing the sound and city centre. The church, in reality a parish church and not a cathedral, was drawn by Jan Inge Hovig. The Polaria aquarium and experience centre from 1998 is a short walk south from the city centre. The Tromsø Museum is a university museum, presenting culture and nature of North Norway. The museum also displays the Arctic-alpine botanic garden, the world's northernmost botanical garden. A cable car goes up to mount Storsteinen, above sea level, with a panoramic view over Tromsø. The mountain Tromsdalstinden, , on the mainland, which is easily spotted from the city centre, is also a major landmark. At the top of Tromsøya is a lake called "Prestvannet".


title: Tromsø

text: The Church of Norway has eight parishes () within the municipality of Tromsø. It is part of the Tromsø domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.


title: Tromsø

text: All municipalities in Norway, including Tromsø, are responsible for primary education (up to tenth grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Nord-Troms District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.


title: Tromsø

text: The municipal council of Tromsø is made up of 43 representatives that are elected for four year terms. Tromsø introduced so-called "parliamentary rule" in 2011. The Municipal council elects an executive body, "byrådet" ("the city council"), consisting of six "byråder" ("city councilors"). In theory, these are equivalent to the cabinet members of a parliamentary government. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø is the largest fishing port in Norway. Secondary to fishing, the University of Tromsø is a center for Arctic research. Tourism has exploded as an alternative economic resource in recent decades.


title: Tromsø

text: More than 100 nationalities are represented in the population. Among the more prominent minorities are the Sami, Russians, and Finns, both the local Kvens (descendants of 19th century Finnish immigrants) and recent immigrants from Finland proper. The world's northernmost mosque is to be found in Tromsø. Our Lady Catholic church is the seat of the world's northernmost Catholic Bishop, who leads the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Tromsø. Although the local Catholic population is only 350 strong, Pope John Paul II visited this small church and stayed as a guest of the bishop in 1989.


title: Tromsø

text: As noted in the history section, the Tromsø area has long been a home to Sámi culture. The assimilation of the Coastal Sámi, however, led to the local Sámi culture becoming increasingly invisible in the Tromsø area during the 20th century. The 1970s, however, saw a revitalization of Sámi culture and identity, which also made itself felt in Tromsø. Today there is a Sami kindergarten and Sami language classes in certain schools of Tromsø. There have been attempts at countering the decline of the Sámi language through the establishment of a Sami language centre in Ullsfjord.


title: Tromsø

text: The city of Tromsø has generally displayed a positive attitude to the indigenous minority culture. For example, the municipality has arranged the Sámi People's Day; signs at the university are bilingual; and when the city made its bid for the Winter Olympics the Sámi name of Tromsø, "Romsa", was included in the proposed logo for the event along with a traditional Sámi symbol as its main visual element.


title: Tromsø

text: In 2011, the role of Sámi culture in Tromsø became controversial. The Municipal Board had applied for Tromsø to join the Sámi Language Administrative Area. This would have entailed giving equal space to selected Sámi toponyms on signposts, allowing Sámi-speakers to communicate in their language with local authorities, and making means available from the Sámi Parliament for officials to learn Sámi. Political parties, such as the FrP, Venstre and Høyre, opposed the decision and made it a part of their election campaign to reverse it, claiming that, as "a Norwegian city", Tromsø was not required to display Sámi toponyms along with Norwegian ones, or make Sámi an official language along with Norwegian. The parties opposing a larger role for Sámi culture in Tromsø won the election and reversed the application. It has been claimed that the issue has "divided" Tromsø's inhabitants between those who see Sámi culture as naturally belonging there and those who see it as alien to the area. During and after the election campaign, pro-Sámi politicians received threats and people wearing traditional Sámi garb claim to have been subjected to verbal abuse. In June 2013 the municipality nonetheless entered into a cooperation agreement with the Sámi Parliament which is intended to strengthen Sami language education and Sami culture in Tromsø.


title: Tromsø

text: Being the largest city in Northern Norway, Tromsø is a cultural centre for its region. It gained some international attention when on 11 June 2005 hosted one of six 46664 concerts, designed to put work concerning HIV/AIDS on the international agenda. Torbjørn Brundtland and Svein Berge of the electronica duo Röyksopp and Lene Marlin grew up and started their careers in Tromsø.


title: Tromsø

text: Many cultural activities take place in Kulturhuset (. "the culture house"), including concerts by the Norwegian Arctic Philharmonic Orchestra and plays by Tromsø's professional theatre troupe, Hålogaland Teater. The new theatre building was opened in November 2005. The city contains several museums. The largest are the Northern Norwegian Art Gallery ("Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum") and the Tromsø Gallery of Contemporary Art ("Tromsø Kunstforening").


title: Tromsø

text: The Tromsø techno scene is the origin of many of Norway's most important artists in electronic music, and Tromsø was a leading city at the early stages of the house and techno scene in Norway in the late 1980s. Röyksopp and the ambient electronic musician Geir Jennsen, known as Biosphere, are both from the town.


title: Tromsø

text: Both the Tromsø International Film Festival and Nordlysfestivalen (lit. 'the Aurora Borealis Festival'), a classical music festival, are arranged in January. The end of that month is marked by the 'Day of the Sun' ("Soldagen"), when the sun finally appears above the horizon after the Polar Night, which is celebrated, mainly by children. The International Day of the Sami People is celebrated at the University of Tromsø and the city hall on 6 February every year. Tromsø's Latin American Festival, No Siesta Fiesta, is held at the end of February. It started in 2007 and showcases "the best of Latin America" in Northern Norway with film, dance, music, art, seminars, debates, markets, and a street Samba parade. Every autumn the Insomnia Festival for electronic music is hosted. It is one of the largest and most important festivals for electronic music and techno culture in Norway.


title: Tromsø

text: The Bukta Tromsø Open Air Festival, held in June and July, is a popular music festival. The Bukta festival is mainly a rock festival, but also features other kinds of modern music. The festival takes place in Telegrafbukta, a park on the south-western part of the Tromsøya island. Other popular cultural summer events among the population of Tromsø is the Karlsøy festival and the Riddu Riddu festival, both held in the region surrounding the city.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø is the home of many football clubs, of which the three most prominent are Tromsø IL, which plays in the Norwegian Premier League and is the world's northernmost Premier League football team, I.F. Fløya in the Norwegian First Division (women), and Tromsdalen U.I.L., playing in the Adeccoliga. Tromsø Midnight Sun Marathon is arranged every year in June and recently also a Polar Night Halfmarathon in January. The city is home to many clubs in the top division in various sports. Most notably basketball-outfit Tromsø Storm in the BLNO, BK Tromsø in the top volleyball league for men, and Tromsø Volley in the top volleyball league for women. The oldest sports club in Tromsø is Tromsø Turnforening, a gymnastics club founded in 1862, that also was the cradle of the before mentioned football club Tromsø IL.


title: Tromsø

text: Tromsø was selected by the Norwegian National Olympic Committee as Norway's candidate for the 2018 Winter Olympics. This would have made Tromsø the first city north of the Arctic Circle to host the games. There were plans to use ships as the media village. In October 2008 the NOC suspended Tromsø's bid, citing excessive costs. From the southern to the northern tip of the island Tromsøya, there is a floodlit cross-country ski track. A ski jump is also situated on the island, close to the university. As of the spring in 2010, the city's first ice hockey arena has been open and is home to Tromsø Hockey, which plays in the Swedish Ice Hockey Association's League 3. Tromsø is also home to the most northern tennis club in Norway.


title: Noodle

text: Noodles are a type of food made from unleavened dough which is either rolled flat and cut, stretched, or extruded, into long strips or strings. Noodles are a staple food in many cultures (for example, Chinese noodles, Filipino noodles, Indonesian noodles, Japanese noodles, Korean noodles, Vietnamese noodles, and Italian pasta) and made into a variety of shapes. While long, thin strips may be the most common, many varieties of noodles are cut into waves, helices, tubes, strings, or shells, or folded over, or cut into other shapes. Noodles are usually cooked in boiling water, sometimes with cooking oil or salt added. They are often pan-fried or deep-fried. Noodles are often served with an accompanying sauce or in a soup. Noodles can be refrigerated for short-term storage or dried and stored for future use.


title: Noodle

text: The earliest written record of noodles is found in a book dated to the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE). Noodles made from wheat dough became a prominent food for the people of the Han dynasty. The oldest evidence of noodles was from 4,000 years ago in China. In 2005, a team of archaeologists reported finding an earthenware bowl that contained 4000-year-old noodles at the Lajia archaeological site. These noodles were said to resemble lamian, a type of Chinese noodle. Analyzing the husk phytoliths and starch grains present in the sediment associated with the noodles, they were identified as millet belonging to "Panicum miliaceum" and "Setaria italica". However, other researchers cast doubt that Lajia's noodles were made from specifically millet: it is difficult to make pure millet noodles, it is unclear whether the analyzed residue were directly derived from Lajia's noodles themselves, starch morphology after cooking shows distinctive alterations that does not fit with Lajia's noodles, and it is uncertain whether the starch-like grains from Laijia's noodles are starch as they show some non-starch characteristics.


title: Noodle

text: Food historians generally estimate that pasta's origin is from among the Mediterranean countries: a homogenous mixture of flour and water called "itrion" as described by 2nd century Greek physician Galen, among 3rd to 5th century Palestinians as "itrium" as described by the Jerusalem Talmud and as "itriyya" (Arabic cognate of the Greek word), string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking as defined by the 9th century Aramean physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali.


title: Noodle

text: Wheat noodles in Japan ("udon") were adapted from a Chinese recipe as early as the 9th century. Innovations continued, such as noodles made with buckwheat ("naengmyeon") were developed in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1392–1897). Ramen noodles, based on southern Chinese noodle dishes from Guangzhou but named after the northern Chinese lamian, became common in Japan by 1900.


title: Noodle

text: Ash reshteh (noodles in thick soup with herbs) is one of the most popular dishes in some middle eastern countries such as Iran, which was brought through Turco-Mongol.


title: Noodle

text: In the 1st century BCE, Horace wrote of fried sheets of dough called "lagana". However, the cooking method doesn't correspond to the current definition of either a fresh or dry pasta product.


title: Noodle

text: The first concrete information on pasta products in Italy dates to the 13th or 14th centuries. Pasta has taken on a variety of shapes, often based on regional specializations.


title: Noodle

text: In Germany, documents dating from 1725 mention "Spätzle". Medieval illustrations are believed to place this noodle at an even earlier date.


title: Noodle

text: The Latinized word "itrium" referred to a kind of boiled dough. Arabs adapted noodles for long journeys in the fifth century, the first written record of dry pasta. Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote in 1154 that "itriyya" was manufactured and exported from Norman Sicily. "Itriya" was also known by the Persian Jews during early Persian rule (when they spoke Aramaic) and during Islamic rule. It referred to a small soup noodle, of Greek origin, prepared by twisting bits of kneaded dough into shape, resembling Italian orzo.


title: Noodle

text: The diary of a young Jewish girl from Łódź recounts a fight she had with her father over a spoonful of "zacierki" taken from the family's meager supply of 200 grams a week.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: ' ("Furthermore, I consider that Carthage must be destroyed"), often abbreviated to ' ("Carthage must be destroyed"), is a Latin oratorical phrase pronounced by Cato the Censor, a politician of the Roman Republic. The phrase originates from debates held in the Roman Senate prior to the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) between Rome and Carthage. Cato is said to have used the phrase as the conclusion to all his speeches to push for the war.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: The phrase employs , the feminine singular gerundive form of the verb ("to destroy"). The gerundive (or future passive participle) is a verbal adjective that may be translated as "to be destroyed". When combined with a form of the verb ("to be"), it adds an element of compulsion or necessity, yielding "is to be destroyed", or, as it is more commonly rendered, "must be destroyed". The gerundive functions as a predicative adjective in this construction, which is known as the passive periphrastic.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: The short form of the phrase, , is an independent clause. Consequently, the feminine singular subject noun appears in the nominative case. The verb functions as a copula—linking the subject noun to the predicative verbal adjective —and further imports a deontic modality to the clause as a whole. Because is a predicative adjective in relation to the subject noun , it takes the same number (singular), gender (feminine) and case (nominative) as .


title: Carthago delenda est

text: The fuller forms and use the so-called accusative and infinitive construction for the indirect statement. In each of these forms, the verb ("I opine") sets up the indirect statement ("[that] Carthage is to be destroyed"). , the subject of the indirect statement, is in the accusative case; while the verb "esse" is in its present infinitive form. is a predicate adjective in relation to the subject noun and thus takes the same number (singular); gender (feminine); and case (accusative) as .


title: Carthago delenda est

text: Although Rome was successful in the first two Punic Wars, as it vied for dominance with the seafaring Punic city-state of Carthage in North Africa (now Tunisia), it suffered a number of humiliations and damaging reverses in the course of these engagements, especially at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Rome nonetheless managed to win the Second Punic War thanks to Scipio Africanus in 201 BC. After its defeat, Carthage ceased to be a threat to Rome and was reduced to a small territory that was equivalent to what is now northeastern Tunisia.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: However, Cato the Censor visited Carthage in 152 BC as a member of a senatorial embassy, which was sent to arbitrate a conflict between the Punic city and Massinissa, the king of Numidia. Cato, a veteran of the Second Punic War, was shocked by Carthage's wealth, which he considered dangerous for Rome. He then relentlessly called for its destruction and ended all of his speeches with the phrase, even when the debate was on a completely different matter. The Senate refused to follow him though, especially Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, the son-in-law of Scipio Africanus and the most influential senator. Corculum opposed the war to preserve Roman unity and argued that the fear of a common enemy was necessary to keep the people in check. Like Cato, he ended all his speeches with the same phrase, "Carthage must be saved" ("Carthago servanda est").


title: Carthago delenda est

text: Cato finally won the debate after Carthage had attacked Massinissa, which gave a casus belli to Rome since the peace treaty of 201 BC prevented Carthage from declaring war without Rome's assent. In 146 BC, Carthage was razed by Scipio Aemilianus, Africanus's grandson, and its entire remaining population was sold into slavery. Africa then became a Roman province. The notion that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt is a 19th-century invention.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: No ancient source gives the phrase exactly as it is usually quoted in modern times. Its current form was made by English and French scholars at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, while German scholars have used the longer "". Ancient authors quote the phrase as follow:


title: Carthago delenda est

text: Therefore, Pliny the Elder, Florus and the Pseudo Aurelius Victor quote the phrase in indirect speech.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: Instead, only a paraphrastic translation is the Greek rendering of the Catonian phrase by Plutarch in his "Life of Cato the Elder", 27: "" (""Videtur et hoc mihi, Carthaginem non debere esse""—"It seems to me that Carthage must not longer exist").


title: Carthago delenda est

text: The phrase is sometimes fully adopted in modern usage and sometimes paraphrased, as a learned reference to total warfare. In 1673, the English minister Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury revived the phrase in the form "" in a speech before Parliament during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, comparing England to Rome and the Dutch Republic to Carthage. In the 1890s, the London newspaper "Saturday Review" published several articles that expressed an anti-German sentiment, summed up in the quote ("Germany must be destroyed"). In 1899, the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy retained the phrase's form "" for the title of a pacifist essay condemning war and militarism published in the liberal London newspaper "The Westminster Gazette". Jean Hérold-Paquis, a broadcaster on the German-controlled Radio Paris in occupied France between 1940 and 1944 had "England, like Carthage, shall be destroyed!" as his catchphrase.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: The phrase was used as the title for Alan Wilkins' 2007 play on the Third Punic War, and for a book about Carthaginian history by Richard Miles.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: In a modern meaning, the syntagma "" used by itself refers to an often reiterated statement, usually a core belief of the one issuing it.


title: Carthago delenda est

text: Words of Cato the Elder were often paraphrased by Polish eurosceptic member of the eighth European Parliament, Janusz Korwin-Mikke. At the end of his speeches, Mikke would often conclude with the words: "And besides, I believe that the European Union should be destroyed." ("A poza tym sądzę, że Unia Europejska powinna zostać zniszczona"")


title: Carthago delenda est

text: Former Dutch politician Marianne Thieme, once lead candidate for the Party of the Animals, always concluded her speeches in Parliament with the phrase: "Furthermore we are of the opinion that factory farming has to be ended" (""), referring to "Carthago delenda est".


title: Carthago delenda est

text: YouTube Channel "Inside Russia" host Konstantin Samoilov (2021,22), who self-exiled after Russia first announced partial mobilization to annex Ukraine, ends his video feeds with the phrase "Carthago delenda est" -- possibly a reference to Leo Tolstoy's 1899 anti-war essay.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety () is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed and written by Luv Ranjan whose banner Luv Films co-produced it along with T-Series. The film was jointly distributed by T-Series, Amazon Prime Video and AA Films with editing by Akiv Ali. "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" features Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh in the lead roles of Sonu, Sweety and Titu respectively. The supporting cast includes Alok Nath and Ishita Raj Sharma with a special appearance by Sonnalli Seygall. The film marks the fourth collaboration of Bharucha and Aaryan with Ranjan, as well as the third time Singh and Sharma team up with the trio.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" premiered in global cinemas on 23 February 2018, and became a surprise blockbuster. The film surprised critics by surpassing 100 Crore Club domestically net, and wrapped up its Indian net gross at 1.09 billion. Earning over 1.52 billion against budget of 400 million, "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" was one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2018.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: In April 2020, co-producer and distributor T-Series owner Bhushan Kumar confirmed that a sequel named as "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety II" is under production.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Titu is grief-stricken as his girlfriend Pihu refuses to talk to him. Sonu, his best friend tells him she is not meant for him, as Titu is loving and caring while Pihu is possessive and callous. Sonu gives an ultimatum to Titu to choose between Pihu and him and Titu chooses him, breaking up with Pihu.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Six months later, during a meal, the Sharmas tell Titu that a family is interested in getting him married to their caring and sensitive daughter, Sweety, who is seemingly the 'ideal partner'. Sonu finds this very fishy but admits to Titu that she seems nice. He later finds out Sweety was going to marry another man, Rahul but that didn't work out as she was dominating, possessive, and once even drunk and created a scene in Goa.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: On the engagement night, Sonu begins warming up to the idea of Titu and Sweety's wedding. However, she reveals to him in person that she is a gold digger and challenges him she will throw him out of Titu's life and home very soon. Sonu confides in Titu's grandfather Ghasitaram about the revelation. They bet between themselves to see if he can save Titu from Sweety. Titu is now engaged to Sweety.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: She changes their caretaker and walks in on Sonu making out with a girl. She manipulates the family members and Titu into buying and naming a house after them. She turns it into a vegetarian household and controls Ghasitaram by threatening to reveal his dirty lies to Titu's grandmother. Sonu foresees Titu's imminent downfall; to protect him, he plans a bachelor party for Titu in Amsterdam.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: While in Amsterdam, Sonu arranges Pihu to "accidentally" run into them after convincing her that Titu is still in love with her and he wants to help them get back. They return to India with Pihu; Sonu is happy to see a bothered Sweety after witnessing the closeness between Titu and Pihu. But Sweety reveals to Pihu that it was Sonu who broke Titu and her up in the first place and that Sonu is using her. Titu learns the truth and turns Sonu away in anger.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Ghasitaram and Lalu volunteer to sort the situation but Sonu interjects saying Titu should decide for himself. Sonu helps prepare for the wedding but during the garland ceremony, he makes a final attempt and gives Titu the ultimatum again to choose between him and Sweety and walks away from the wedding in tears. Titu, in a fit of epiphany, reveals to Sweety that this is barely the second time he has ever seen Sonu cry, the first being three days after his mother's death when they were thirteen; his tears show what Titu means to him, and Titu firmly announces that if it is between Sonu or her, it will always be his best friend. The scene switches to Sweety standing in the mandap and coming to terms that her malicious tactics cannot always work.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: After the narrow escape, Sonu, Titu, Ghasitaram, and Lalu are seen sitting and drinking by the pool, whilst Sonu discusses his own marriage plans, to the disgust of others.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Luv Ranjan made the announcement about the film through his official Twitter account on 6 December 2016. The shooting for the film began on 12 December 2016 while the title of the film was officially announced by Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh through a YouTube video on 16 June 2017.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: The shooting of the film has been done in Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida, Mumbai, Rishikesh and Georgia. The shooting of the film in Ghaziabad has been done in Rajnagar Sector 5. The shooting of this movie has also been done in Gurugram DLF CyberHub. Some of the scenes were shot in Noida at Mahagun Moderne and Mahagun Marvella.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: The music of the film has been composed by Rochak Kohli, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Amaal Mallik, Guru Randhawa, Zack Knight, Saurabh-Vaibhav and Rajat Nagpal while lyrics have been penned by Kumaar, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Swapnil Tiwari, Zack Knight, Guru Randhawa, Singhsta and Oye Sheraa. The score is composed by Hitesh Sonik. The video of the song, "Dil Chori", which is a remake of the Hans Raj Hans' song "Dil Chori Sada Ho Gaya" was released on YouTube on 26 December 2017. This song marks the comeback of Yo Yo Honey Singh after two years of suffering from bipolar disorder. The song "Subah Subah" was sung by Arijit Singh, Prakriti Kakar and Amaal Mallik was released on 3 January 2018. The music of the song "Subah Subah" was produced by Latvian producer Tobu which was released by Tobu himself on YouTube with the name "Candyland". The song "Chhote Chhote Peg", which was a remake of the Hans Raj Hans' song "Dil Tote Tote Ho Gaya" from the movie "Bichhoo", was sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh, Neha Kakkar and Navraj Hans, was released on 18 January 2018.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: The song, "Bom Diggy Diggy", which is a party song, is a remake of the 2017 Punjabi-English song "Bom Diggy" by British-Pakistani singer Zack Knight and British-Indian singer Jasmin Walia, and the chorus samples a Bengali folk song. The song was released on 8 February 2018. The music album of the film was released by T-Series on 14 February 2018 on Valentines Day.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: In India, "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" grossed 6.42 crore nett on its opening day. It earned and 10.81 crore in its next two days respectively, taking total opening weekend collection to 26.57 crore. It managed to hold in working days, subsequently collecting 45.94 crore in its first week. The film grossed and in its second and third week respectively, thus having a three weeks total of 93.64 crore. "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" entered the 100 Crore Club in its fourth week on 25th day and collected 8.88 crore in that week. It ran for a total of 63 days (nine weeks) in cinemas and collected 4.25 crore, 1.69 crore, 0.37 crore, 0.10 crore and 0.02 crore in its fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth week respectively, thus taking its total nett lifetime collection to 108.95 crore in India. Box Office India declared "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" a blockbuster. The gross collection of the film in India is 139.46 crore.


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: While some commentators praised the humour, some were critical of the misogynistic plot. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval score of based on reviews, with an average rating of .


title: Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety

text: Rajeev Masand of "News18" gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, ""Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" has a strange kind of earnestness in its juvenile ambitions. I was uncomfortable with its decidedly women-bashing stand, but I enjoyed the film's silly, relentless humor." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film 2 stars out of 5; she wrote that the film was "breezey enough", and provides some laughs, some of which escape involuntarily. She responded negatively to the film's misogyny: "Luv Ranjan's fourth feature is as simplistic and sexist as it has been right from his first." She was also critical of the performances of the central duo of Singh and Aaryan. Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "Despite its misogynistic nature, Ranjan's lighthearted approach to counter gender stereotypes in modern relationships makes his take fascinating." Sweta Kausal of "Hindustan Times" gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5 and said that, "Nushrat Barucha, Karthik Aryan and Sunny Singh return in an unfunny tale with misogyny as its reigning feature." Sameeksha of "News18" gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 saying that, "the film is a great entertainer in the anti-women genre, but sadly for Ranjan, it is not a proper category yet and thus the film deserved to called a sexist, 'eye-roll' worthy ride which will leave you frustrated and angry by the end of it.".


title: Morus (plant)

text: Morus, a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae, consists of diverse species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. Generally, the genus has 64 identified species, three of which are well-known and are ostensibly named for the fruit color of the best-known cultivar: white, red, and black mulberry ("Morus alba", "M. rubra", and "M. nigra", respectively), with numerous cultivars. "M. alba" is native to South Asia, but is widely distributed across Europe, Southern Africa, South America, and North America. "M. alba" is also the species most preferred by the silkworm, and is regarded as an invasive species in Brazil and the United States.


title: Morus (plant)

text: The closely related genus "Broussonetia" is also commonly known as mulberry, notably the paper mulberry ("Broussonetia papyrifera").


title: Morus (plant)

text: Mulberries are fast-growing when young, and can grow to tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and often lobed and serrated on the margin. Lobes are more common on juvenile shoots than on mature trees. The trees can be monoecious or dioecious.


title: Morus (plant)

text: The mulberry fruit is a multiple, about long. Immature fruits are white, green, or pale yellow. The fruit turns from pink to red while ripening, then dark purple or black, and has a sweet flavor when fully ripe.


title: Morus (plant)

text: The taxonomy of "Morus" is complex and disputed. Fossils of "Morus" appear in the Pliocene record of the Netherlands. Over 150 species names have been published, and although differing sources may cite different selections of accepted names, less than 20 are accepted by the vast majority of botanical authorities. "Morus" classification is even further complicated by widespread hybridisation, wherein the hybrids are fertile.


title: Morus (plant)

text: Black, red, and white mulberries are widespread in Southern Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa, and the Indian subcontinent, where the tree and the fruit have names under regional dialects. Black mulberry was imported to Britain in the 17th century in the hope that it would be useful in the cultivation of silkworms. It was much used in folk medicine, especially in the treatment of ringworm. Mulberries are also widespread in Greece, particularly in the Peloponnese, which in the Middle Ages was known as Morea, deriving from the Greek word for the tree (, "").


title: Morus (plant)

text: Mulberries can be grown from seed, and this is often advised, as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health. Mulberry trees grown from seed can take up to ten years to bear fruit. Mulberries are most often planted from large cuttings, which root readily. The mulberry plants allowed to grow tall have a crown height of from ground level and a stem girth of . They are specially raised with the help of well-grown saplings 8–10 months old of any of the varieties recommended for rainfed areas like S-13 (for red loamy soil) or S-34 (black cotton soil), which are tolerant to drought or soil-moisture stress conditions. Usually, the plantation is raised and in block formation with a spacing of , or , as plant-to-plant and row-to-row distances. The plants are usually pruned once a year during the monsoon season to a height of and allowed to grow with a maximum of 8–10 shoots at the crown. The leaves are harvested three or four times a year by a leaf-picking method under rain-fed or semiarid conditions, depending on the monsoon. The tree branches pruned during the fall season (after the leaves have fallen) are cut and used to make durable baskets supporting agriculture and animal husbandry.


title: Morus (plant)

text: Some North American cities have banned the planting of mulberries because of the large amounts of pollen they produce, posing a potential health hazard for some pollen allergy sufferers. Actually, only the male mulberry trees produce pollen; this lightweight pollen can be inhaled deeply into the lungs, sometimes triggering asthma. Conversely, female mulberry trees produce all-female flowers, which draw pollen and dust from the air. Because of this pollen-absorbing feature, all-female mulberry trees have an OPALS allergy scale rating of just 1 (lowest level of allergy potential), and some consider it "allergy-free".


title: Morus (plant)

text: Mulberry tree scion wood can easily be grafted onto other mulberry trees during the winter, when the tree is dormant. One common scenario is converting a problematic male mulberry tree to an allergy-free female tree, by grafting all-female mulberry tree scions to a male mulberry that has been pruned back to the trunk. However, any new growth from below the graft(s) must be removed, as they would be from the original male mulberry tree.


title: Morus (plant)

text: All parts of the plant besides the ripe fruit contain a toxic milky sap. Eating too many berries may have a laxative effect. Additionally, unripe green fruit may cause nausea, cramps, and a hallucinogenic effect.


title: Morus (plant)

text: Raw mulberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and less than 1% fat. In a reference amount, raw mulberries provide , 44% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C, and 14% of the DV for iron; other micronutrients are insignificant in quantity.


title: Morus (plant)

text: As the fruit matures, mulberries change in texture and color, becoming succulent, plump, and juicy, resembling a blackberry. The color of the fruit does not distinguish the mulberry species, as mulberries may be white, lavender or black in color. White mulberry fruits are typically sweet, but not tart, while red mulberries are usually deep red, sweet, and juicy. Black mulberries are large and juicy, with balanced sweetness and tartness.


title: Morus (plant)

text: The fruit of the East Asian white mulberry – a species extensively naturalized in urban regions of eastern North America – has a different flavor, sometimes characterized as refreshing and a little tart, with a bit of gumminess to it and a hint of vanilla. In North America, the white mulberry is considered an invasive exotic and has taken over extensive tracts from native plant species, including the red mulberry.


title: Morus (plant)

text: Mulberries are used in pies, tarts, wines, cordials, and herbal teas. The fruit of the black mulberry (native to southwest Asia) and the red mulberry (native to eastern North America) have distinct flavors likened to 'fireworks in the mouth'. Jams and sherbets are often made from the fruit in the Old World.


title: Morus (plant)

text: Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, are ecologically important as the sole food source of the silkworm ("Bombyx mori", named after the mulberry genus "Morus"), the cocoon of which is used to make silk. The wild silk moth also eats mulberry. Other Lepidoptera larvae—which include the common emerald, lime hawk-moth, sycamore moth, and fall webworm—also eat the plant.


title: Morus (plant)

text: The Ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated the mulberry for silkworms; at least as early as 220 AD, Emperor Elagabalus wore a silk robe. English clergy wore silk vestments from about 1500 onwards. Mulberry and the silk industry played a role in colonial Virginia.


title: Morus (plant)

text: Mulberry fruit color derives from anthocyanins, which have unknown effects in humans. Anthocyanins are responsible for the attractive colors of fresh plant foods, including orange, red, purple, black, and blue. These colors are water-soluble and easily extractable, yielding natural food colorants. Due to a growing demand for natural food colorants, they have numerous applications in the food industry.


title: Morus (plant)

text: A cheap and industrially feasible method has been developed to extract anthocyanins from mulberry fruit that could be used as a fabric dye or food colorant of high color value (above 100). Scientists found that, of 31 Chinese mulberry cultivars tested, the total anthocyanin yield varied from 148 to 2725 mg/L of fruit juice. Sugars, acids, and vitamins of the fruit remained intact in the residual juice after removal of the anthocyanins, indicating that the juice may be used to other food products.


title: Morus (plant)

text: During the Angkorian age of the Khmer Empire of Southeast Asia, monks at Buddhist temples made paper from the bark of mulberry trees. The paper was used to make books, known as "kraing".


title: Morus (plant)

text: Tengujo is the thinnest paper in the world. It is produced in Japan and made with kozo (stems of mulberry trees).


title: Morus (plant)

text: A Babylonian etiological myth, which Ovid incorporated in his "Metamorphoses", attributes the reddish-purple color of the mulberry fruits to the tragic deaths of the lovers Pyramus and Thisbe. Meeting under a mulberry tree (probably the native "Morus nigra"), Thisbe commits suicide by sword after Pyramus does the same, he having believed, on finding her bloodstained cloak, that she was killed by a lion. Their splashed blood stained the previously white fruit, and the gods forever changed the mulberry's colour to honour their forbidden love.


title: Morus (plant)

text: The nursery rhyme "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush" uses the tree in the refrain, as do some contemporary American versions of the nursery rhyme "Pop Goes the Weasel".


title: Morus (plant)

text: Vincent van Gogh featured the mulberry tree in some of his paintings, notably "Mulberry Tree" (, 1889, now in Pasadena's Norton Simon Museum). He painted it after a stay at an asylum, and he considered it a technical success.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Mario Armando Lavandeira Jr. (born March 23, 1978), known professionally as Perez Hilton, is an American blogger, columnist, and media personality. His blog is known for posts covering gossip items about celebrities, and for posting tabloid photos over which he has added his own captions or "doodles". His blog has garnered controversy for its attitude, its former practice of outing alleged closeted celebrities, and its role in the increasing coverage of celebrities in all forms of media.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In addition to his blogging, Hilton has written four books, hosts a podcast with Chris Booker, runs two YouTube channels, has appeared in various films and television shows, and has acted in two off-Broadway shows. In 2018, he was dubbed "the original celebrity social media influencer" by BroadwayWorld.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton was born in Miami, Florida, to Cuban parents. He was raised in Little Havana and Westchester, Florida, and later attended Belen Jesuit Preparatory School, an all-boys Catholic school in Miami. Hilton graduated in 1996, and the aspiring actor received a scholarship to New York University.


title: Perez Hilton

text: After graduating from New York University in 2000 and before beginning his blogging career, Hilton attempted a career as an actor. He also briefly worked as a media relations assistant for the LGBT rights organization GLAAD, was a freelance writer for gay publications, worked as a receptionist for the NYC gay events club Urban Outings, and was briefly the managing editor of "Instinct", a gay men's magazine. He says he started blogging "because it seemed easy".


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton's angle on celebrity gossip includes an unapologetic desire to mingle with and be a part of celebrity culture. He often comments on celebrity awards shows, clubs, and private events he has attended, and posts photographs of himself with the celebrities he writes about under the "Personally Perez" category of his blog. Although Hilton has an affinity for some celebrities, such as Lady Gaga and Sophia Bush, he also has a "vendetta" against certain stars, such as Disney Channel star Vanessa Hudgens and "Gossip Girl" teen actress Taylor Momsen. Teen phenomenon Miley Cyrus publicized her personal disapproval of Hilton via Twitter to which he replied. Some have suggested, however, that Hilton's proximity to the celebrities about whom he writes has led to biased coverage on his blog. He purports to have befriended Paris Hilton, the source of his stage name and frequent subject of his posts. It has been noted, for example, that he rarely reports on stories or rumors casting Paris Hilton in a negative or unflattering light, and that, unlike most gossip blogs, he often acknowledges and praises her positive achievements.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Additionally, Hilton has been known to speak out publicly against discriminatory behavior of celebrities and other public figures. He called for the firing of Isaiah Washington from ABC television series "Grey's Anatomy" for making homophobic remarks and called for his readers to do the same. In early 2007, Hilton was criticized by "The Hollywood Gossip" blog for ignoring racist and homophobic remarks made by Paris Hilton.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton often promotes his favorite up-and-coming musicians by posting streams of their songs under the "Listen to This" category of his blog. London-based singer Mika's 2007 rise to popular success in North America has been partially attributed to Hilton's frequent support. Hilton and Mika also claim to be friends.


title: Perez Hilton

text: During an interview in "Cliché Magazine" (June/July 2010), Hilton said that he only started blogging as a hobby. "What set my site apart is that prior to PerezHilton.com, most blogs were mainly online journals and diaries, but that never interested me. I wanted to talk about celebrities because they're far more entertaining." On March 11, 2005, within the first six months of Hilton's blogging career, "PageSixSixSix.com" was named "Hollywood's Most-Hated Website" by "The Insider", catalyzing an initial surge in its popularity which temporarily crippled its server. Hilton claimed that on July 30, 2007, a seemingly "ordinary day", "PerezHilton.com" had over 8.82 million page views in a 24-hour period. Other sources dispute the reliability of Hilton's traffic claims.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Pop singer Fergie has confirmed that she is referring to Hilton in her song "Pedestal" (2006), in which she criticizes an unidentified person for making negative remarks about her on the Internet.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On August 17, 2007, citing exclusive sources, Hilton announced the death of Cuban President Fidel Castro and claimed that he was the first media outlet in the world to break the news. Although Hilton claimed that US officials would be making an announcement within hours, no announcement was made, and no major media outlets verified Castro's death. The Associated Press later determined that rumors were sparked by a meeting of Miami officials who were to discuss the city's plans when Castro dies. Rumors were further fueled by a road closure in the Florida Keys that was due to a police standoff. Castro appeared in an interview on Cuban television on September 21, 2007, "looking frail but sounding lucid", and mocking rumors of his death.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On September 9, 2009, Perez appeared on "The Tyra Banks Show" and cited his premature reporting of Castro's death as his "one regret."


title: Perez Hilton

text: On September 15, 2008, "Terra.com" named Hilton the "Hispanic of the Year" in honor of Hispanic Heritage Month.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In an article dated October 2014, the popularity of the site was trending slightly down, as "PerezHilton.com" was ranked by Alexa as the 1,234th most trafficked website globally.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In 2001, Hilton made an appearance in the third episode of the third season of "The Sopranos", "Fortunate Son". His character hands over the proceeds of a Jewel benefit concert at Rutgers University, whose ticket office Christopher Moltisanti and Benny Fazio rob at gunpoint.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In 2004, a then- Hilton appeared as a contestant on the "Madonna Style" episode of VH1's reality weight loss show, "Flab To Fab". At the time, Hilton had 30% body fat and a waist. Hilton lost a total of in three months and dropped around his waist, leaving him at and a waist for his frame, and a greatly reduced level of body fat.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On July 13, 2007, Hilton announced on the TV show "The View" that he would star in his own reality television show on VH1. The series of six one-hour episodes, titled "What Perez Sez", aired its first part on September 11, 2007.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton appeared as a contestant on MTV's "Celebrity Rap Superstar", which debuted August 30, 2007. He was eliminated in week six of the contest by judges' vote. On September 29, 2007, he hosted a "Best of MADtv" episode featuring pop culture parody sketches from previous seasons. He has appeared in music videos such as Simple Plan's "When I'm Gone", The Pussycat Dolls's "Hush Hush", Rihanna's "S&M" and in the video of the Latin music Anahí and Christian Chávez "Libertad". Hilton has also appeared in reality shows such as "", "MTV Cribs", The N's "Queen Bees", ", Tori Spelling THS" and "Paris Hilton's My New BFF". In addition to reality television, Hilton has guest starred as himself in scripted shows such as "Privileged".


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton is also a regular on series such as "TRL", "MuchMusic", and "Extra" where he appears via satellite from his closet studio to talk about gossip.


title: Perez Hilton

text: He co-hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards and after Rick Astley did not show up to collect his award for best act ever at the MTV Europe Music Awards, Perez Hilton collected the prize on Astley's behalf.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On June 21, 2009, Hilton was a presenter at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards in Toronto, Ontario. On December 2, 2009, Hilton was a guest on the TV show "The View".


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton created and presented four-part British television series, "Perez Hilton Superfan" for ITV2 in December 2011.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On the edition of January 16, 2012 of "WWE Raw", Hilton was a special guest referee for a Divas tag team match, between The Bella Twins and Kelly Kelly and Eve, stopping the twins' switch place and win. In April 2012, he appeared on Oprah's Lifeclass live at New York City's Radio City Music Hall, along with Oprah Winfrey and Deepak Chopra, talking about how after his "spiritual awakening", he changed his past celebrity bashing ways and how he had found a new purpose.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In January 2015, Hilton took part as a housemate on the fifteenth season of the British reality series, "Celebrity Big Brother". He became the seventh celebrity to be evicted on February 4, 2015.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In August 2017, Hilton was a contestant on "Worst Cooks in America Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3". He won the competition and was crowned "Best of the Worst". In December 2020, Hilton was permanently banned from TikTok, where he had amassed 1.6 million followers. Hilton released a video of himself crying, in reaction to the ban, and begging TikTok 'influencer' Charli D’Amelio, who he had criticized, for help in having him reinstated.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In December 2021, Hilton was a guest star on Red Table Talk: The Estefans alongside singer-songwriter Gabbie Hanna for a discussion about cancel culture.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton starred as himself in "NEWSical The Musical", an off-Broadway musical which had a four-week run, beginning on September 8, 2012. Hilton stated, "I am beyond thrilled, nervous and zen about making my New York theater debut. It's gonna be a wild ride in a show that guarantees to put smiles on people's faces. It will be no holds barred pure unadulterated fun. I expect to have the time of my life and look forward to hugging happy theatergoers after each show."


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton starred as Danny Tanner/Bob Saget in "Full House! The Musical", also an off-Broadway musical which ran at Theater 80 in New York City from September 10, 2015, through November 29, 2015. The musical was a satire on the sitcom "Full House" that aired on the American Broadcasting Company from 1987 through 1995.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton premiered his nationally syndicated radio show, "Radio Perez", which included updates from his blog, on May 5, 2008. He has also appeared on "The Howard Stern Show" on Sirius XM Satellite Radio.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton runs two YouTube channels: Perez Hilton, where he does daily celebrity gossip live streams, and Perez Hilton and Family, where he covers his personal life. The latter has over 350,000 followers.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In July 2015, Hilton and radio personality Chris Booker started a weekly podcast called "The Perez Hilton Podcast with Chris Booker". The description is "A meeting of the minds, these two very different personalities chime in and clash over the week’s hottest topics." The two held a live taping on April 27, 2019, at The Space in Las Vegas.


title: Perez Hilton

text: A suit against Hilton for copyright infringement was filed by Zomba Label Group on October 11, 2007, stating that Hilton had illegally posted recordings by Britney Spears on "PerezHilton.com". The illegal postings include at least 10 completed songs and unfinished recordings leaked over a period of three months. The suit asks for real and punitive damages in an unspecified amount as well as legal costs. Spears is not a party to the suit. In March 2008, Hilton announced on his blog that he would no longer blog about artists signed to Sony BMG (which owned Zomba at the time). However, when the lawsuit was settled in November of that year, Hilton ended his boycott and resumed regular blogging about Sony BMG artists.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On October 11, 2007, a judge cleared the way for Hilton to be deposed in an ongoing defamation suit brought against him by DJ Samantha Ronson, after a post on "PerezHilton.com" claimed that she had planted cocaine in friend Lindsay Lohan's car and set Lohan up to be photographed while under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Hilton's report was a repetition of gossip initially posted on "CelebrityBabylon.com". The judge was informed in court that the owner of that site has already settled the case with Ronson. On January 23, 2008, Perez Hilton was awarded $85,000 by superior court Judge Elihu Berle in this lawsuit filed by Ronson.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton has attracted lawsuits due to his use of video footage of celebrities on his blog. He was named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by attorneys for Irish actor Colin Farrell on July 18, 2005, after posting a link to Farrell's sex tape with then-girlfriend Nicole Narain on his site and on February 20, 2007, a lawsuit filed against him by Universal City Studios Productions LLP for posting a topless image of actress Jennifer Aniston that was allegedly "misappropriated and illegally copied" from unreleased footage from her 2006 motion picture "The Break-Up".


title: Perez Hilton

text: Bloggers, journalists, news agencies and photographers alike have charged that Hilton posts paparazzi photographs and other copyrighted content from their sites. On November 30, 2006, the photo agency X17Online filed a lawsuit against Hilton in federal court, seeking over $7.5 million in damages for copyright infringement. X17's co-owner Robin Navarre told the "Los Angeles Times" that the sale value of their photographs has been significantly reduced because the photos have appeared on "PerezHilton.com" before they could be published in magazines to which exclusivity is important. Navarre said:


title: Perez Hilton

text: Hilton defends his use of this material by claiming it under the fair use exception to the Copyright Act; that is, according to the "Los Angeles Times", the photos are altered "to achieve a satiric or humorous end". On March 9, 2007, a judge ruled that Hilton could continue operating his website while the lawsuit remained before the courts. On April 23, 2007, a consortium of five celebrity photo agencies filed a joint lawsuit in federal district court in California against Hilton, claiming more than $7 million in damages from 25 instances of alleged copyright infringement. Days later, on April 26, 2007, upon arriving in Sydney, Australia, to attend the MTV Australia Video Music Awards, Hilton was served with a lawsuit by celebrity photo agency PhotoNews claiming C$4,200 in damages for his alleged unauthorized use of a single copyrighted paparazzi photograph of John Mayer and Jessica Simpson.


title: Perez Hilton

text: In June 2007, Hilton's web hosting service dropped his site upon threats of liability in the cases outlined above. Navarre called this "the first victory, and we put a lot of work into trying to get this to happen." He added, "It's a precedent that's huge. When we were talking to Crucial Paradigm they were saying they were not responsible, dragging their feet. We had to threaten them and show them they were liable. His new host is Blogads, and we are contacting them already."


title: Perez Hilton

text: On June 26, 2007, Hilton posted an open call on his blog to all of X17's photographers, both past and present, to contact him if they have not been adequately compensated for working overtime or pictures submitted in the past. Hilton has not used photos by X17 on his website since the suit. In August 2009, X17's lawsuit against Hilton was settled out of court. The terms of the agreement were not disclosed.


title: Perez Hilton

text: On his blog, Hilton is open about his homosexuality and about his desire to out those who he claims are closeted gay celebrities. When former NSYNC member Lance Bass came out as gay on July 26, 2006, Hilton received criticism for having been partially responsible in the outing. "It upsets me that people think what I'm doing is a bad thing," Hilton told "Access Hollywood". "I don't think it's a bad thing. If you know something to be a fact, why not report it? Why is that still taboo?" On November 2, 2006, another celebrity often questioned by Hilton for remaining closeted, actor Neil Patrick Harris, revealed that he is gay.


title: Perez Hilton

text: Members of the gay community who have criticized Hilton's outing include editor of "The Advocate" Corey Scholibo, AfterElton.com editor Michael Jensen, and Damon Romine, spokesperson for GLAAD. Kim Ficera, of AfterEllen.com, wrote:


title: Perez Hilton

text: Some fellow gossip bloggers have also objected to his approach. Trent Vanegas, who runs "Pink Is the New Blog", told Salon.com, "I do not outright call people gay. I do not feel it is my place, or anyone else's place, to make people come out of the closet. Being shockingly hurtful just to get attention is not my style." David Hauslaib of gossip blog Jossip.com stated, "The rationale that he's doing this for the good of that gay community is tantamount to saying that there is a gay agenda. Is this a positive for the gay community? I'd say, 'No.'" Author, screenwriter, and former friend Japhy Grant also questioned his motives, writing on Salon.com, "Spreading gossip is just your average pedestrian variety of immorality. Claiming that you're doing it to further civil rights is an outright sham."


title: Perez Hilton

text: When questioned on "Midweek Politics" about whether reporting on celebrities' sexual orientation incites homophobia by making it news, Hilton indicated that he did not believe so. He said that coming out in Hollywood is not necessarily a bad thing, citing Ellen DeGeneres and Rosie O'Donnell as examples: "I know there is some controversy about outing people, but I also believe the only way we are gonna have change is with visibility. And if I have to drag some people screaming out of the closet, then I will. I think that lots of celebrities have an archaic fear that being gay will hurt their career but look at Rosie. Look at Ellen."


title: Perez Hilton

text: Some prominent gay rights advocates disagree. GLAAD spokesperson Damon Romine told Salon.com, "Media speculation about a celebrity's orientation is not something we support. This kind of gossip can lead some people to the decision to come out, as we have seen recently, or it may drive others further into the closet. People are going to become more guarded and secretive and not less, because they do not want to create any opportunities [for anyone to out them]." Actor Bruce Vilanch said, "What purpose does it serve? These [people like Perez] are professional homosexuals. They are gay people for a living. They have to respect the rights of homosexuals who are not professional."


title: Perez Hilton

text: In an article entitled "Just How Dangerous is Perez Hilton?", AfterElton.com suggested that Hilton's actions put people's careers at risk, because anti-gay bias is still a prominent part of American culture. He continued, "Both as a gay man and a journalist, I question whether the gay community should approve of Hilton's actions. Being associated with someone who publishes photos of panty-less starlets and scribbles dirty notes [...] makes us look infantile and ridiculous."


title: Perez Hilton

text: During the questions and answers portion of the contest, Hilton asked the Miss California USA representative, Carrie Prejean, whether she believed every state should legalize same-sex marriage. She responded that she believes marriage is between a man and a woman due to her upbringing. After the pageant, Perez Hilton made derogatory comments about the contestant and told ABC news, "She lost it because of that question. She was definitely the front-runner before that", leading some to believe that the answer directly had caused her to lose the competition. Prejean stated that Miss California USA officials had pressured her to apologize for her statement and "not talk" about her Christian faith.