title: Vacuum

text: Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured.


title: Vacuum

text: Ionization gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10 torr. The principle behind cold cathode version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10 torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction geometry, chemical composition of gases being measured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement.


title: Vacuum

text: Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. Vacuum interrupters are used in electrical switchgear. Vacuum arc processes are industrially important for production of certain grades of steel or high purity materials. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.


title: Vacuum

text: Vacuums are commonly used to produce suction, which has an even wider variety of applications. The Newcomen steam engine used vacuum instead of pressure to drive a piston. In the 19th century, vacuum was used for traction on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's experimental atmospheric railway. Vacuum brakes were once widely used on trains in the UK but, except on heritage railways, they have been replaced by air brakes.


title: Vacuum

text: Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft, the engine and an external venturi.


title: Vacuum

text: Maintaining a vacuum in the condenser is an important aspect of the efficient operation of steam turbines. A steam jet ejector or liquid ring vacuum pump is used for this purpose. The typical vacuum maintained in the condenser steam space at the exhaust of the turbine (also called condenser backpressure) is in the range 5 to 15 kPa (absolute), depending on the type of condenser and the ambient conditions.


title: Vacuum

text: Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. Outgassing has the same effect as a leak and will limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.


title: Vacuum

text: The most prevalent outgassing product in vacuum systems is water absorbed by chamber materials. It can be reduced by desiccating or baking the chamber, and removing absorbent materials. Outgassed water can condense in the oil of rotary vane pumps and reduce their net speed drastically if gas ballasting is not used. High vacuum systems must be clean and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing.


title: Vacuum

text: Ultra-high vacuum systems are usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials and boil them off. Once the bulk of the outgassing materials are boiled off and evacuated, the system may be cooled to lower vapour pressures and minimize residual outgassing during actual operation. Some systems are cooled well below room temperature by liquid nitrogen to shut down residual outgassing and simultaneously cryopump the system.


title: Vacuum

text: Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.


title: Vacuum

text: To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.


title: Vacuum

text: The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.


title: Vacuum

text: The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called "vacuum technique". And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.


title: Vacuum

text: In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The permeability of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.


title: Vacuum

text: The lowest pressures currently achievable in laboratory are about . However, pressures as low as have been indirectly measured in a cryogenic vacuum system. This corresponds to ≈100 particles/cm.


title: Vacuum

text: Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.


title: Vacuum

text: Animal experiments show that rapid and complete recovery is normal for exposures shorter than 90 seconds, while longer full-body exposures are fatal and resuscitation has never been successful. A study by NASA on eight chimpanzees found all of them survived two and a half minute exposures to vacuum. There is only a limited amount of data available from human accidents, but it is consistent with animal data. Limbs may be exposed for much longer if breathing is not impaired. Robert Boyle was the first to show in 1660 that vacuum is lethal to small animals.


title: Vacuum

text: An experiment indicates that plants are able to survive in a low pressure environment (1.5 kPa) for about 30 minutes.


title: Vacuum

text: Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen enrichment is necessary to prevent altitude sickness in humans that did not undergo prior acclimatization, and spacesuits are necessary to prevent ebullism above 19 km. Most spacesuits use only 20 kPa (150 Torr) of pure oxygen. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but decompression sickness and gas embolisms can still occur if decompression rates are not managed.


title: Vacuum

text: Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.


title: Vacuum

text: Some extremophile microorganisms, such as tardigrades, can survive vacuum conditions for periods of days or weeks.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys is an American television series filmed in New Zealand, based on the tales of the classical Greek culture hero Heracles (Hercules was his Roman analogue). Starring Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and Michael Hurst as Iolaus, it was produced from January 16, 1995, to November 22, 1999. It ran for six seasons, producing action figures and other memorabilia as it became one of the highest-rated syndicated television shows in the world at that time. It has aired on Once Channel, Sky1, five/5, Heroes & Icons, and Horror.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: It was preceded by several TV movies with the same major characters in 1994 as part of Universal Media Studios's Action Pack in order of appearance: "Hercules and the Amazon Women", "Hercules and the Lost Kingdom", "Hercules and the Circle of Fire", "Hercules in the Underworld", and "Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur", the last of which served mostly as a "clip show" of the previous movies as a lead up to the series. The show was cancelled midway through filming of the sixth season, and only a total of eight episodes were produced after Sorbo initially declined to renew a three-year extension contract to continue his role as Hercules.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: The series is set in a fantasy version of ancient Greece not precisely located in historical time. The show also has a mixture of Oriental, Egyptian and Medieval elements in various episodes. The show stars Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and regularly features Michael Hurst as his sidekick Iolaus. Rotating as Hercules' other regular companion, particularly in earlier seasons, is Salmoneus (Robert Trebor), a wheeler-dealer ever looking to make a quick drachma.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: Typical plot lines involve Hercules and Iolaus saving rustic villagers from monsters, evil warlords, or the often selfish whims of the gods. There was also comedy and episodes often had "in-jokes" about modern themes.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: In the earlier episodes as mentioned in the show's opening title, Hercules' main nemesis is his evil stepmother Hera, the powerful queen of the gods who seeks to destroy Hercules using various monsters and helping her various followers because he is a reminder of her husband Zeus' infidelity. As the series progressed, a wider range of enemies was used; notably Hercules' half-brother, the malicious god of war Ares replaced Hera as the show's primary antagonist. Towards the end of the series, Ares is himself replaced by the evil god who is the main villain in the show's fifth season and sets off a story arc that has Hercules traveling to Sumeria, Norseland and Éire. Although Zeus, Hercules' father, is frequently cited by Hercules as a neglectful father, Zeus' love for Hercules is well documented in the show. Indeed, Hercules is often referred to as "the favorite son of Zeus". Zeus makes several appearances on the show, even saving his son's life and restoring his superhuman strength on one occasion when he needs it the most. Hercules, for his own part, is always there for Zeus when his father needs him, and in the end, Hercules reconciles with his father and buries whatever issues he has with the father he has come to understand and love.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: The show had two spin-offs, "" and "Young Hercules", with which it shared recurring characters such as Ares (Kevin Smith), Autolycus (Bruce Campbell), Salmoneus (Robert Trebor), (Alexandra Tydings), Deimos/Strife (Joel Tobeck) and Callisto (Hudson Leick). Both shows, although produced in New Zealand with mostly local actors using American accents, were syndicated worldwide.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: Anchor Bay Entertainment released all six seasons of "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2003 and 2005. As of 2010, these releases have now been discontinued.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: On January 12, 2010, Universal Studios Home Entertainment announced that they planned on re-releasing "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" on DVD. They have subsequently re-released all six seasons.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys is an action adventure video game with beat 'em up elements that was released on the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, developed by Player 1 and published by Titus Interactive, based on the television series.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: "" is a 1998 American animated action-adventure direct-to-video film starring the voices of Kevin Sorbo, Lucy Lawless, Michael Hurst, Renee O'Connor, Kevin Smith, and Alexandra Tydings, all reprising their roles from "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" and "". It was directed by Lynne Naylor and written by John Loy. It later received a television airing on Fox's Fox Kids block. The movie's plot involved Hercules and Xena joining forces to save the Gods of Olympus from the Titans.


title: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

text: The success of the show led to the commissioning of several similar series, also set in the ancient world, including "The Adventures of Sinbad", "Conan the Adventurer", "The New Adventures of Robin Hood", "BeastMaster", "", and "Jack of All Trades". A sci-fi series, "Cleopatra 2525", was also produced as a result of the series' influence. Thirteen years later, "Legend of the Seeker" was produced by the same team.


title: Cars on the Road

text: Cars on the Road is an American computer-animated streaming television series of shorts produced by Pixar Animation Studios for the Disney+ streaming service and based on the "Cars" franchise. The main cast includes Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen and Larry the Cable Guy as Mater. The series is written by Steve Purcell and produced by Marc Sondheimer. Set after the events of "Cars 3" (2017), "Cars on the Road" follows Lightning (Wilson) and Mater (Cable Guy) as they embark on a road trip to attend Mato's wedding. Meanwhile, they visited the various locations and characters old and new.


title: Cars on the Road

text: The series was announced in December 2020, during Disney's Investor Day. Sondheimer says the directors worked together to maintain continuity within the series. The title was revealed in November 2021, during Pixar's special for 2021's Disney+ Day. Concepts for the episodes include stories pays homage for films such as "Mad Max" (1979) and "The Shining" (1980). The production designer altered the lighting to further evoke Ray Harryhausen's films. Production for the series took place over 15 months.


title: Cars on the Road

text: "Cars on the Road" premiered on September 8, 2022, as part of Disney+ Day. The series received positive reviews for its vocal performance, messages, humor, role models and paying homage for pop-culture references.


title: Cars on the Road

text: Sometime after the events of "Cars 3" (2017), Lightning McQueen and his best friend Mater embark on a cross-country road trip around the United States to attend the wedding of Mater's sister. Along the way, they come across various locations and characters old and new.


title: Cars on the Road

text: On December 10, 2020, Pixar announced on Disney Investors Day that an animated series starring Lightning McQueen and Mater traveling the country while meeting friends, new and old, was in development and that it would be released on Disney+ in the fall of 2022. It also announced that the series is written by Steve Purcell and produced by Marc Sondheimer, with Purcell, Bobby Podesta and "Cars 3" director Brian Fee directing episodes for the series. According to Sondheimer, the directors worked together to maintain continuity within the series. On November 12, 2021, it was announced that the series would be titled "Cars on the Road". Production for the series took place over 15 months.


title: Cars on the Road

text: The filmmakers wanted a short-form series because they felt it was the best way to explore the concept of a road trip, while also exploring the relationship between McQueen and Mater, as the producers felt the characters lacked screentime together. Each episode features a different tone and genre. The concept for the series was suggested by Purcell as the producers brainstormed ideas, having been inspired by a childhood road trip he took with his family; he wanted to explore how McQueen and Mater react to finding themselves in different scenarios. According to Purcell, the story for each episode was decided out of a basic scenario, after which the filmmakers pitched concepts that fit within the "Cars" world and had not been explored before. Concepts for the episodes include stories inspired by films such as "Mad Max" and "The Shining". For Mater's relationship with his sister, Mato, Podesta drew inspiration from his relationship with his sisters.


title: Cars on the Road

text: On November 12, 2021, it was announced that Owen Wilson and Larry the Cable Guy would reprise their respective roles as Lightning McQueen and Mater. According to director Brian Fee, Larry and Wilson were allowed to provide suggestions while recording their lines.


title: Cars on the Road

text: One of the episodes features a flashback sequence to the prehistoric era. For the flashback, animators were inspired by the work of stop-motion animator Ray Harryhausen, whose films Purcell watched in his childhood. For both the dinosaurs' movement and when McQueen and Mater's prehistoric counterparts are picked by the dinosaurs, animators deactivated the motion blur, which they did use for the rest of the sequence, to reflect the feeling of Harryhausen's films. The production designer also altered the lighting to further evoke his films. Other elements such as frames were also altered.


title: Cars on the Road

text: Following the trailer's release, it was revealed Jake Monaco composed the score for all 9 episodes. Monaco also co-wrote the series' title theme song alongside director Bobby Podesta, with Bobby Hamrick performing the song. Each episode features a variation of the theme song to reflecting its style. The soundtrack, featuring Monaco's score and four songs, including two versions of the theme, was released on September 5, 2022.


title: Cars on the Road

text: "Cars on the Road" premiered on September 8, 2022 on Disney+, part of Disney+ Day and consists of nine episodes.


title: Cars on the Road

text: To promote the series' release, McDonald's launched its promotional campaign by including one of eight toys free with the purchase of a Happy Meal.


title: Cars on the Road

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.00/10 based on 11 reviews.


title: Cars on the Road

text: Joel Keller of "Decider" found the series to be a classic buddy road trip, praising the humor and the way the show parodies pop culture, while applauding the performances of the voice actors, citing the dynamic between Owen Wilson and Larry the Cable Guy. Polly Conway of "Common Sense Media" rated the series 4 out of 5 stars, praised the depiction of positive messages and role models, citing friendship and discovery, while finding the series entertaining across its humor and family-friendly. Randy Myers of "The Mercury News" gave the series 3 out of 4 stars, called the setup simple yet efficient and found the series joyful and entertaining, stating it succeeds to celebrate friendship across the characters, while acknowledging the references to pop culture.


title: Clade

text: A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term "cladus" (plural "cladi") is often used in taxonomical literature.


title: Clade

text: The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups.


title: Clade

text: Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecular biology arm of cladistics has revealed include that fungi are closer relatives to animals than they are to plants, archaea are now considered different from bacteria, and multicellular organisms may have evolved from archaea.


title: Clade

text: The term "clade" is also used with a similar meaning in other fields besides biology, such as historical linguistics; see Cladistics § In disciplines other than biology.


title: Clade

text: The term "clade" was coined in 1957 by the biologist Julian Huxley to refer to the result of cladogenesis, the evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, a concept Huxley borrowed from Bernhard Rensch.


title: Clade

text: Many commonly named groups – rodents and insects, for example – are clades because, in each case, the group consists of a common ancestor with all its descendant branches. Rodents, for example, are a branch of mammals that split off after the end of the period when the clade Dinosauria stopped being the dominant terrestrial vertebrates 66 million years ago. The original population and all its descendants are a clade. The rodent clade corresponds to the order Rodentia, and insects to the class Insecta. These clades include smaller clades, such as chipmunk or ant, each of which consists of even smaller clades. The clade "rodent" is in turn included in the mammal, vertebrate and animal clades.


title: Clade

text: The idea of a clade did not exist in pre-Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy, which was based by necessity only on internal or external morphological similarities between organisms. Many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus' original "Systema Naturae" (mostly vertebrate groups) do represent clades. The phenomenon of convergent evolution is responsible for many cases of misleading similarities in the morphology of groups that evolved from different lineages.


title: Clade

text: With the increasing realization in the first half of the 19th century that species had changed and split through the ages, classification increasingly came to be seen as branches on the evolutionary tree of life. The publication of Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859 gave this view increasing weight. Thomas Henry Huxley, an early advocate of evolutionary theory, proposed a revised taxonomy based on a concept strongly resembling clades,<ref name="original text w/ figures">Huxley, T.H. (1876): Lectures on Evolution. "New York Tribune". Extra. no 36. In Collected Essays IV: pp 46-138 original text w/ figures</ref> although the term "clade" itself would not be coined until 1957 by his grandson, Julian Huxley. For example, the elder Huxley grouped birds with reptiles, based on fossil evidence.


title: Clade

text: He proposed a classification system that represented repeated branchings of the family tree, as opposed to the previous systems, which put organisms on a "ladder", with supposedly more "advanced" organisms at the top.


title: Clade

text: Taxonomists have increasingly worked to make the taxonomic system reflect evolution. When it comes to naming, this principle is not always compatible with the traditional rank-based nomenclature (in which only taxa associated with a rank can be named) because not enough ranks exist to name a long series of nested clades. For these and other reasons, phylogenetic nomenclature has been developed; it is still controversial.


title: Clade

text: As an example, see the full current classification of "Anas platyrhynchos" (the mallard duck) with 40 clades from "Eukaryota" down by following and clicking on "Expand".


title: Clade

text: The name of a clade is conventionally a plural, where the singular refers to each member individually. A unique exception is the reptile clade Dracohors, which was made by haplology from Latin "draco" and "cohors", i.e. "the dragon cohort"; its form with a suffix added should be e.g. "dracohortian".


title: Clade

text: A clade is by definition monophyletic, meaning that it contains one ancestor (which can be an organism, a population, or a species) and all its descendants. The ancestor can be known or unknown; any and all members of a clade can be extant or extinct.


title: Clade

text: The science that tries to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and thus discover clades is called phylogenetics or cladistics, the latter term coined by Ernst Mayr (1965), derived from "clade". The results of phylogenetic/cladistic analyses are tree-shaped diagrams called "cladograms"; they, and all their branches, are phylogenetic hypotheses.


title: Clade

text: Three methods of defining clades are featured in phylogenetic nomenclature: node-, stem-, and apomorphy-based (see Phylogenetic nomenclature§Phylogenetic definitions of clade names for detailed definitions).


title: Clade

text: The age of a clade can be described based on two different reference points, crown age and stem age. The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. Note that ages of clades cannot be directly observed. They are inferred, either from stratigraphy of fossils, or from molecular clock estimates.


title: Clade

text: "Clade" is the title of a novel by James Bradley, who chose it both because of its biological meaning and also because of the larger implications of the word.


title: Clade

text: An episode of "Elementary" is titled "Dead Clade Walking" and deals with a case involving a rare fossil.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The hull design evolved from a project at Austal to design a high speed, 40 knot cruise ship. That hull design evolved into the high-speed trimaran ferry and the "Independence" class was then proposed by General Dynamics and Austal as a contender for Navy plans to build a fleet of smaller, agile, multipurpose warships to operate nearshore in the littoral zone. Initially two ships were approved, to compete with Lockheed Martin's design.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Despite initial plans to only build ships of the winner out of the two competing "Independence" or "Freedom" classes, in 2010 the Navy announced plans to order up to ten additional ships of each class, for a total 12 ships per class. In March 2016 the Navy announced their intention to order an additional two ships, increasing the order to 13 ships of each class.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: It was announced in early September 2016 that the first four vessels of the LCS program would be used as test ships rather than being deployed with the fleet. This includes lead ship and . , nine ships have been commissioned. In February 2020 it was announced that the Navy plans to retire the first four LCS ships. On 20 June 2020, the US Navy announced that all four would be taken out of commission in March 2021, and will be placed in inactive reserve, because it would be too expensive to upgrade them to match the later ships in the class.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Planning for a class of smaller, agile, multipurpose warships to operate in the littoral zone began in the early 2000s. In July 2003, a proposal by General Dynamics (partnering with Austal USA, the American subsidiary of Australian shipbuilder Austal) was approved by the Navy, with a contract for two vessels. These would then be compared to two ships built by Lockheed Martin to determine which design would be taken up by the Navy for a production run of up to 55 ships.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The first ship, "Independence" was laid down at the Austal USA shipyard in Mobile, Alabama, on 19 January 2006. The planned second ship was cancelled in November 2007, but reordered in May 2009, and laid down in December of that year as "Coronado", shortly before "Independence" was launched.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The development and construction of "Independence" as of June 2009 was running at more than 3 times budget. The total projected cost for the ship is $704 million. The Navy had originally projected the cost at $220 million. "Independence" began builder's trials in July 2009, three days behind schedule because of maintenance issues. A leak in the port gas turbine saw the order of trials altered, but builder's and acceptance trials were completed by November, and although her first INSURV inspection revealed 2,080 deficiencies, these were rectified in time for the ship to be handed over to the Navy in mid-December, and commissioned in mid-January 2010.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Navy leaders said that the fixed price competition offered the Austal design an equal shot, in spite of its excess size, cost and limited service. After much inconsistency on how testing and orders were to proceed, in November 2010, the Navy asked that Congress approve ten of each of the "Independence" and "Freedom" classes.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The "Independence"-class design began life at Austal as a platform for a high-speed cruise ship. The principal requirements of that project were speed, stability and passenger comfort, and Austal's team determined that the trimaran hull form offered significant passenger comfort and stability advantages over both a catamaran and a monohull. The high-speed cruise ship project evolved into Austal's commercial high-speed trimaran ferry HSC "Benchijigua Express". The ships are long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Their displacement is rated at 2,377 tons light, 3,228 tons full, and 851 tons deadweight. The standard ship's company is 40, although this can increase depending on the ship's role with mission-specific personnel. The habitability area with bunks is located under the bridge. The helm is controlled by joysticks instead of traditional steering wheels.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Although the trimaran hull increases the total surface area, it is still able to reach sustainable speeds of about , with a range of . Austal claims that the design will use a third less fuel than the competing "Freedom"-class, but the Congressional Budget Office found that fuel would account for 18 percent or less of the total lifetime cost of "Freedom". The lack of bridge wings on the "Independence" class had been noted as the top problem in the entire LCS program to the extent that these will need to be retrofitted onto existing ships. The lightweight aluminum construction of the "Independence"-class ships makes them more vulnerable to damage than the "Freedom"-class ships.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The first ships of both LCS classes were delivered before the designs were mature so that improvements could be built into future ships. The Navy is improving the "Independence"-class with bridge wings for safety and replacing the Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB) with a boat. An improved cathodic protection system will enhance corrosion protection. Like the "Freedom"-class, the "Independence" vessels will be getting axial flow water jets which pushes water parallel to the shaft of the impeller to improve efficiency and reduce maintenance; they will also be upgraded to handle the horsepower provided by the gas turbine propulsion system. A winch control system will modulate the motion of the anchor to reduce the reliance on manual hand brakes. The mission bay side door will be redesigned for reliability and the platform lift elevator reconfigured to better handle weapons and ordnance.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The LCS is reconfigured for various roles by changing mission packages, each of which includes mission module equipment (weapon systems, sensors, etc.), carried craft and mission crews. Modules include Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), mine countermeasures (MCM), surface warfare (SUW), and special warfare missions. The MCM and SUW modules are planned to reach initial operating capability in Fiscal year 2014, and the ASW module in FY2016. Module changes were envisioned to allow a single LCS to change roles in a matter of hours at any commercial port allowing it to rapidly optimize effectiveness against a threat. A report from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) on a January 2012 sustainment wargame reportedly stated that, possibly for logistics reasons, the mission module changes may take as long as weeks, and that in the future the navy plans to use LCS ships with a single module, with module changes being a rare occurrence. In 2014, "Independence" switched from countermine to surface warfare modes in 96 hours on short notice.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: In an 8 September 2016 announcement, the Navy revealed a radical change in operations and organization plans for the LCS. Of the 28 Flight 0 ships built or on order, the first four, two of each class, will be turned into training ships and the remaining 24 will be divided into six divisions of four ships each; three divisions of the "Freedom" class based at Naval Station Mayport, Florida and three divisions of the "Independence" class based at Naval Station San Diego, California. The new organization does away with the LCS' signature interchangeable mission module concept, with each division being tasked to fulfill one of the three mission sets. Crewing is also changed into a more simplified two-crew "blue/gold" model, like that used on submarines and minesweepers, where ships cycle to forward deployed locations with the two crews swapping roles every 4–5 months; aviation detachments will also deploy with the same LCS crew, creating an arrangement of a core 70-sailor crew to conduct the warfare mission and a 23-person air detachment.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The "Independence"-class carries a default armament for self-defense, and command and control. Unlike traditional fighting ships with fixed armament such as guns and missiles, tailored mission modules can be configured for one mission package at a time. Modules may consist of manned aircraft, unmanned vehicles, off-board sensors, or mission-manning detachments. The interior volume and payload is greater than some destroyers and is sufficient to serve as a high-speed transport and maneuver platform. The mission bay is , and takes up most of the deck below the hangar and flight deck. With of payload volume, it was designed with enough payload and volume to carry out one mission with a separate mission module in reserve, allowing the ship to do multiple missions without having to be refitted.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: One Mobicon Flexible Container Handling System is carried on each ship in order to move mission containers. In addition to cargo or container-sized mission modules, the bay can carry four lanes of multiple Strykers, armored Humvees, and their associated troops. An elevator allows air transport of packages the size of a shipping container that can be moved into the mission bay while at sea. A side access ramp allows for vehicle roll-on/roll-off loading to a dock and would have allowed the ship to transport the since-cancelled Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The Raytheon SeaRAM missile defense system is installed on the hangar roof. The SeaRAM combines the sensors of the Phalanx 1B close-in weapon system with an 11-missile launcher for the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, creating an autonomous system. The "Independence"-class ships also have an integrated LOS Mast, Sea Giraffe 3D Radar and SeaStar Safire FLIR. Northrop Grumman has demonstrated sensor fusion of on and off-board systems in the Integrated Combat Management System (ICMS) used on the LCS. The vessels have an Interior Communications Center that can be curtained off from the rest of bridge instead of the heavily protected Combat Information Center found on other Navy warships.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Side and forward surfaces are angled for reduced radar profile. The is designed for operations from "Independence"-class ships. The flight deck, , can support the operation of two SH-60 Seahawk helicopters, multiple unmanned aerial vehicles, or one CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopter. H-60 series helicopters provide airlift, rescue, anti-submarine, radar picket and anti-ship capabilities with torpedoes and missiles. DARPA's Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node (TERN) program aims to build a Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (MALE UAV) that can operate from LCS-2 and can carry a payload of out to an operational radius of . First flight of a TERN demonstrator is expected in 2017. The trimaran hull will allow flight operations up to sea state 5. Austal USA vice president Craig Hooper has responded to critics of the class's light armament by suggesting that the ships employ long range drones instead.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 8 March 2017, successfully test fired a vertical-launched AGM-114 Hellfire missile, the first such launch from a littoral combat ship. The Hellfire system on littoral combat ships is meant to engage smaller agile vessels and strike targets on land.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: In late July 2014, the US Navy confirmed that the Naval Strike Missile would be tested aboard the littoral combat ship . The test occurred successfully on 24 September 2014. Kongsberg and Raytheon teamed to pitch the NSM to equip the LCS as its over-the-horizon anti-ship missile in 2015. By May 2017, the extended-range Boeing RGM-84 Harpoon and Lockheed Martin LRASM had been withdrawn from the Navy's Over-the-Horizon Weapon System (OTH-WS) competition, leaving the NSM as the only remaining contender. On 31 May 2018, the Navy officially selected the NSM to serve as the LCS' OTH anti-ship weapon. The $14.8 million initial contract award to Raytheon calls for the delivery of Kongsberg-designed "encanistered missiles loaded into launching mechanisms; and a single fire control suite,” and buys about a dozen missiles; the entire contract value could grow to $847.6 million if all contract options are exercised. The NSM will be designated as the RGM-184A in US service.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The control system for this class is provided by General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems through an open architecture computing infrastructure (OPEN CI), while Lockheed provides their own control system for their variant of the LCS. OPEN CI includes the information technology (IT) infrastructure for the combat and seaframe control systems. This IT infrastructure also includes the primary operator interface for the control and monitoring of mission module operations. The General Dynamics OPEN CI is also used on the Austal-built .


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: After the lead ship of the class suffered from aggressive disintegration due to galvanic corrosion, Austal has made changes to the remaining ships in the class. "Coronado" will have "new anti-corrosion surface treatments", and "Jackson" will have "an array of tested corrosion-management tools and processes".


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 10 May 2022, it was reported that six of the Navy's fleet of 13 "Independence" class LCS suffered from hull cracks above the waterline at where the deck plate and shell plate join. The cracks may develop if the ships travel faster than 15 knots in seas with maximum wave heights of about eight feet. The issue was first identified in 2019 in the second commisionned ship, "Coronado". The solution to the issue was to replace the deck plate and shell plate with plates of thicker material. Austal making a statement that the cracks do not "pose a risk to the safety of Sailors on board the ships" and NAVSEA stating that the cracks do not affect the ships' ability to execute their missions; however, at least one of the affected ships, "Omaha", was under speed and sea state restrictions.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: In December 2014, the Navy's recommendation to base the Small Surface Combatant on upgraded versions of both "Independence" and "Freedom" LCSs was accepted. The SSC is an attempt by the Navy to increase the LCS' firepower and protection. Although Austal submitted improvements including vertical launch systems, 76 mm guns, and advanced combat systems and sensors, the Navy opted to keep the 57 mm gun, not add a VLS, and chose to add an upgraded 3-D radar. Other changes included installation of an unspecified over-the-horizon missile, Mark 38 25 mm guns, a torpedo countermeasures system, a multifunction towed array system, installation of a SeaRAM launcher (on the "Freedom"-class), an upgraded countermeasures decoy system, an upgraded electronic warfare system, armor added to vital spaces, and improved signature management. The SSC will focus on Surface Warfare (SUW) and Anti-submarine Warfare (ASW) with these additions, as well as retaining all other features of their mission packages; the SSC is not required to perform MCM, which will continue to be handled by the LCS. The vessels will retain a degree of modularity to concentrate on one mission set and will still have mission bays, although they may be reduced. SSC vessels are planned to begin procurement by 2019, and it is being investigated if the enhancements can be added to existing LCS hulls.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Austal has proposed a much smaller and slower trimaran, called the 'Multi Role Vessel' (MRV 80). Though it is only half the size of their LCS design, it would still be useful for border protection and counter piracy operations.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: Austal unsuccessfully entered the FFG(X) competition for the US Navy's new class of 20 frigates, unveiling a larger more heavily armed design called the "Austal Frigate" in April 2017; and their Frigate design was selected as one of the five finalists. Based on the "Independence" LCS trimaran hull, it features a slightly shorter flight deck for an aft section that can hold eight anti-ship missiles, an addition to the eight missile launchers in the forward section for 16 total. The Austal Frigate design can also feature an optional 16-cell Mk 41 VLS. For anti-submarine warfare a variable depth sonar is planned as well as a towed array with its handling system.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: The Navy originally ordered two "Independence"-class littoral combat ships, the lead ship "Independence" (LCS-2) and "Coronado" (LCS-4), named in March 2009 by then-Secretary of the Navy Donald C. Winter, with odd numbers being used for "Freedom"-class littoral combat ships. On 29 December 2010, the Navy announced that it would be ordering up to ten additional "Independence"-class ships, for a total of 12 ships in the class. On 25 March 2011, then-Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the names of the third and fourth "Independence"-class ships, and , during a press conference in Mobile, Alabama. In February 2012, Secretary Mabus announced that the fifth ship of the class will be named , and the sixth named . The Navy announced the name in April 2013 the following June.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 11 March 2014, the Navy awarded contract options to fund construction of LCS-18 and LCS-20, the seventh and eighth ships in a 10-ship contract. In January 2015, Secretary Mabus announced the name of . and the following July. On 1 April 2015, the Navy awarded build contracts for LCS-22 and LCS-24 to Austal USA. On 20 July 2015, at a Kansas City Royals baseball game being played at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, Secretary Mabus and Mayor Sly James announced the name of . On 20 August 2015, Secretary Mabus announced that the twelfth ship would be named .


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 31 March 2016, Austal announced the order to build the thirteenth "Independence"-class vessel with a congressional cost cap of $564 million, which had been placed as an option under Austal's existing 10-vessel block-buy contract. LCS-26 will be the eleventh vessel built under that contract and the thirteenth "Independence"-class vessel overall (the first two ships, "Independence" and "Coronado" were built prior to award of the 10-vessel contract). In September 2016, Secretary Mabus announced the name of the next ship, . On 26 June 2017, Austal announced the order to build the fourteenth "Independence"-class vessel with a congressional cost cap of $584 million. On 8 October 2017 Austal announced the order for LCS-30, the fifteenth ship of the class, to be built at a cost under the congressional cost cap of $584 million. On 13 February 2018, Navy Secretary Richard V. Spencer announced the name of LCS-28 as "Savannah", and on 23 February 2018, President Donald Trump announced the name of LCS-30 as "Canberra".


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 18 September 2018, the Navy announced that two additional "Independence"-class ships, and one "Freedom"-class ship, have been ordered, with hull numbers LCS-32, LCS-34 and LCS-29 respectively. On 10 October 2018, Navy Secretary Richard Spencer announced the names of LCS-29 as "Beloit", for Beloit, Wisconsin and LCS-32 as "Santa Barbara", for Santa Barbara, California.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 16 December 2018, the Navy announced that two additional "Independence"-class ships have been ordered with hull numbers LCS-36, and LCS-38.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: During planning for the FY21 Budget proposal, Navy recommended the decommissioning of hulls 1–4 in 2021, some 10 years ahead of prior planning. This was explained by Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Mike Gilday, during the WEST Conference on 2 March 2020, when he said:


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: There was also a comment that it would cost another $2 billion to get the first four hulls prepped for sea duty.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: On 20 June 2020, the US Navy announced that they would be taking "Independence" out of commission in March 2021, and placing her, along with , , and in reserve.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: In May 2021, the Navy confirmed it would decommission the first two littoral combat ships in 2021. On 29 July 2021, the Navy decommissioned . was decommissioned on 29 September 2021. Both ships will join the reserve fleet.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: In June 2021, the Navy released an abbreviated long-range shipbuilding report to Congress, which included ships planned to be decommissioned during fiscal year 2022. This included the "Independence" class and three "Freedom" class ships, , , and . All four ships would be placed Out of Commission in Reserve and retained as reactivation candidates.


title: Independence-class littoral combat ship

text: USS "Independence" appears in the Discovery Channel documentary "Inside: A 21st Century Warship", which also features .


title: Steins;Gate

text: Steins;Gate is a 2009 science fiction visual novel game developed by 5pb. and Nitroplus. It is the second game in the "Science Adventure" series, following "Chaos;Head". The story follows a group of students as they discover and develop technology that gives them the means to change the past. The gameplay in "Steins;Gate" includes branching scenarios with courses of interaction.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" was released for the Xbox 360 on October 15, 2009. The game was ported to Windows on August 26, 2010, PlayStation Portable on June 23, 2011, iOS on August 25, 2011, PlayStation 3 on May 24, 2012, PlayStation Vita on March 14, 2013, and Android on June 27, 2013. The game is described by the development team as a . JAST USA released the PC version in North America on March 31, 2014, both digitally and as a physical collector's edition, while PQube released the PS3 and Vita versions in North America and Europe in 2015. Additionally, the iOS version was released in English on September 9, 2016.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A manga adaptation of the game, created by Yomi Sarachi, was serialized from 2009 to 2013, and later published in North America from 2015 to 2016. A second manga series, illustrated by Kenji Mizuta, began serialization in Mag Garden's "Monthly Comic Blade" on December 28, 2009. An anime adaptation by White Fox aired in Japan between April 6, 2011, and September 14, 2011, and has been licensed in North America by Funimation. An premiered in Japanese theaters on April 20, 2013. A fan disc of the game, titled "", was released on June 16, 2011.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A non-canon 8-bit sequel to the game, titled "Steins;Gate: Hen'i Kuukan no Octet" or "Steins;Gate 8bit", was released on October 28, 2011. Another game, "", was released on April 25, 2013. A follow-up game, "Steins;Gate 0", was released on December 10, 2015, for PS3, PlayStation 4 and Vita, and received an anime adaptation in 2018. A remake of the original visual novel titled "Steins;Gate Elite" which presents fully animated cutscenes from the "Steins;Gate" anime was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo Switch and Steam in 2019. Included as a bonus for the Nintendo Switch version, an entirely new game called "8-bit ADV Steins;Gate" in the style of Famicom adventure games from the 1980s, was released. A thematic sequel, tentatively titled "Steins;???", is in development.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate"s gameplay requires little interaction from the player as most of the duration of the game is spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents either the dialogue between the various characters or the thoughts of the protagonist. Like many other visual novels, there are specific points in "Steins;Gate" where the user is given a choice to affect the direction of the game.


title: Steins;Gate

text: For these decision points, "Steins;Gate" presents the user with the system. When the player receives a phone call, the player can choose to answer or ignore the call. Incoming text messages have specific words underlined and highlighted in blue, much like a hyperlink on a browser, which the player can select to reply to the text message. Most phone calls or text messages do not require a response, though there are certain points in the game where the player is required to take action. Depending on the player's choices of how to respond to these phone calls and text messages, the plot will progress in a specific direction.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" is set in the summer of 2010, approximately one year after the events that took place in "Chaos;Head", in Akihabara. Physical locales of Akihabara like the Radio Kaikan building can be spotted in the game. According to Chiyomaru Shikura, who headed the planning of "Steins;Gate", Akihabara was chosen because it is an easy place for acquiring hardware parts, which makes it the ideal place for people interested in inventing and tinkering with things. The notion of time and time traveling are the main themes of the game. The concept of cause and effect is featured prominently in the game as the protagonist travels back in time numerous times to perform different actions in an attempt to alter what has happened in the future. "Steins;Gate" also features hard science fiction elements.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" takes place in the Akihabara district of Tokyo. On July 28, 2010, Okabe Rintaro and his friend Shiina Mayuri head towards the Radio Kaikan building for a conference, where Rintaro finds a girl named Makise Kurisu lying in a pool of blood. As Rintaro sends a text message about the incident to his friend, Hashida "Daru" Itaru, he experiences a strange phenomenon and the people around him disappear, with no one else noticing anything had changed. After later running into Kurisu, who is strangely alive and well, and discovering the message he had sent to Itaru had arrived a week before he sent it, Rintaro soon deduces that the 'PhoneWave' he and his friends had been developing is, in fact, a time machine capable of sending text messages to the past. He and his friends soon learn that SERN, an organization that has been researching time travel for some time, has actually succeeded in sending humans into the past although they seem to have all resulted in the test subjects' deaths. Rintaro begins experimenting with , which begin to cause major differences in the timeline. Kurisu also manages to create a device to send a person's memories through the microwave, allowing that person to effectively leap into the past.


title: Steins;Gate

text: However, SERN learns of the time machine and sends a group led by Moeka to retrieve it, killing Mayuri in the process. Using Kurisu's time leap machine, Rintaro travels back in time numerous times to try to save Mayuri, but to no avail. As Rintaro reaches wit's end, he is approached by Amane Suzuha, a girl from a future ruled by SERN due to their possession of a time machine, who tells him that he needs to return to a Beta worldline in which Mayuri won't die. By undoing the effects of the D-Mails that caused shifts in the timeline, Rintaro regains possession of an IBN 5100 PC that they lost earlier, allowing them to crack into SERN's systems and delete the evidence of Rintaro's original D-Mail. However, Rintaro realizes that by doing so, he would have to return to a world line in which Kurisu is dead. After realizing their feelings for each other, Kurisu tells Rintaro to save Mayuri. Reluctantly, Rintaro agrees and deletes the evidence of his D-Mail from SERN's database, returning him to the Beta world line.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Sometime later, Suzuha appears before Rintaro, having arrived in a time machine from the future. She tells Rintaro that the only way to prevent World War III in the future is to prevent Kurisu's death at the hands of her father, Dr. Nakabachi, who stole her time travel theory to publish it under his own name. However, this operation ends in a disaster as Rintaro ends up killing Kurisu himself by mistake. After this failure, Rintaro receives a message from his future self, telling him that the way to save Kurisu without altering the events that led to him developing a time machine is to fool his past self into believing Kurisu had been killed and thus achieving the final divergence value of 1.048596%, which he dubs 'Steins Gate'. Returning to the past again, Rintaro puts his own life in danger in order to save Kurisu's life, prevent Nakabachi from successfully escaping with the time travel theory, and fool his past self, setting him on his journey through time. Returning to the Steins Gate world line, safe from the threat of a third world war, Rintaro and Kurisu manage to reunite by chance (or by fate) in the streets of Akihabara.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" is the second collaborative work between 5pb. and Nitroplus after "Chaos;Head". The game was created with the concept of "99% science (reality) and 1% fantasy" in mind. The planning for "Steins;Gate" was headed by Chiyomaru Shikura of 5pb. The characters were designed by Ryohei Fuke, also known as 'Huke' (known as one of the illustrators of "Metal Gear" series, and the creator of "Black Rock Shooter" franchise) whereas the gadgets were designed by Sh@rp. Naotaka Hayashi of 5pb. wrote the scenario with assistance from Vio Shimokura of Nitroplus. Tatsuya Matsuhara from 5pb. was the producer and Tosō Pehara from Nitroplus was the art director. The music was composed by Takeshi Abo of 5pb. and Toshimichi Isoe of Zizz Studio. Shikura, Hayashi, Matsuhara, Abo, and Isoe had all previously worked on "Chaos;Head". The title ""Steins;Gate"" had no specific meaning, being coined from the German word "Stein" meaning stone, and tying in with famous physicist Albert Einstein.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" was inspired by earlier visual novels written by Hiroyuki Kanno. These include "Eve Burst Error" (1995), and most notably the time-travel adventure "" (1996).


title: Steins;Gate

text: Matsuhara, who came up with the concept of the phone trigger system, stated that he initially wanted to incorporate the player's own mobile phone into the system. However, the idea was abandoned due to concerns that it might clash with Japan's privacy laws. When asked if the phone trigger system would be used in a possible sequel to the game, Hayashi stated that he hoped this would not be the case and recalled saying "who thought of this system!" while writing the contents of the text messages. While Shikura did not directly contribute to the script itself, Hayashi stated that Shikura helped with the overall plot and provided assistance with the second half of the story. In particular, Shikura helped a lot with the time-traveling aspects of the story. Hayashi stated that while he did not want the script to repeat the same text over and over again, it was ultimately unavoidable due to the player having to travel back in time so he tried to emphasize the overall tempo of the plot's development and how the plot unfolded. With regards to the theme of time traveling, Hayashi had felt that it seemed like an overdone topic and expressed concern over it when he first heard the idea from Shikura.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Prior to the game's announcement, a teaser site was featured on 5pb.'s website that simply referred to the game as "Project S;G" and stating that it was going to be a collaboration between 5pb. and Nitroplus. Nitroplus's website had also hinted at this on its 10th anniversary website. Matsuhara, who was also the producer for "Chaos;Head", had previously stated that the game would be centred on Akihabara and that the project with Nitroplus would be the second part in a series around the theme "". On June 12, 2009, the countdown expired and the name "Steins;Gate" was revealed.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Kana Hanazawa stated that she was happy to have been selected to be in "Steins;Gate" as she felt that it was not common to be able to play a part in a serious game. She also thought that the game gives the player more of a thrilling sensation rather than a frightening one and it entices the player to continue reading.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" was first declared gold on September 18, 2009 with a demo of the game being made available a few weeks later on the Xbox Live Marketplace on October 7, 2009 for Xbox Live Gold members and then publicly on October 14, 2009. The demo allows the player to play through the prologue and the game's first chapter. "Steins;Gate" was released in both limited and regular editions on October 15, 2009. The limited edition contained the game itself, a toy named "Future Gadget #3 Lie Detector" from the game and a small hardcover artbook that includes various illustrations and background information about the game's universe as well as comments from the staff members. A Windows port of the game was released on August 26, 2010, and included additional CGs. A PlayStation Portable port of the game was released on June 23, 2011. The game includes elements from the downloadable contents of the Xbox 360 version as well as a new opening movie, a new opening theme and a new ending theme. The game was also released for Apple iOS devices on August 25, 2011. The ports of the game for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita, that shared a new opening movie, were released alongside the spin-off "" on May 24, 2012, and March 14, 2013, respectively. The Limited Edition of the Vita port came with a costume for the character Urushibara Ruka. All copies came with a free movie ticket for the upcoming film. The PlayStation 4 version featuring higher quality assets then the previous releases, titled "Steins;Gate HD" was included with the first-print copies of "Steins;Gate 0" in Japan. The Xbox 360 version became playable on Xbox One through backward compatibility on May 19, 2017, along with the spin-offs "Steins;Gate: Darling of Loving Vows" and "".


title: Steins;Gate

text: At Anime Expo 2013, JAST USA announced that they would be licensing the PC version of the game in North America. The game was released on March 31, 2014, in a Limited Edition, as well as digitally. The Limited Edition contained a deluxe collector's box, a fan book with artwork, a set of replica Future Gadget Laboratory pins, the manual, and game disc. A physical Standard Edition later followed. On December 16, 2014, PQube announced they would release the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita versions of the game in North America and Europe in 2015. Physical versions were exclusive to Amazon.com in the United States, while in Canada, they were only available at VideoGamesPlus.ca. The PC version was made available on Steam on September 9, 2016. On May 1, 2018, Spike Chunsoft took over publishing of the Steam version of the game from Mages/5pb.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Senji Ishii of "Famitsu Xbox 360" praised the scenario for its detail and noted that events that were overlooked as insignificant later returned to affect events of the future. Due to the way the plot ties the many different events of the game together, Ishii believes it must have been a lot of work to write the scenarios. In 2009, the "Famitsu" Awards gave Steins;Gate an annual Game of Excellence award. 4Gamer.net commented that "Steins;Gate" is comparable to "" and felt that it is a gem that has not been seen in recent years. ITmedia Gamez noted that players should be attentive to all the details in the story as the twists will surprise the player in many different ways. It was also suggested to the player that the characters' voices be left turned on as the voice acting is very good. The review did caution that players who have played through the demo and who did not enjoy the atmosphere of the game were not likely to find the rest of the game interesting. "Steins;Gate" has also been praised by Square Enix producer Tomoya Asano, who described it as having "appealing and likable characters and a scenario that surprised players"; this led to "Steins;Gate" writer Naotaka Hayashi writing the plot and characters for the role-playing video game "". In 2011, "Steins;Gate" was voted #6 in "Famitsu"'s poll of "most tear-inducing games" of all time. In 2017, "Famitsu" readers voted it the best adventure game of all time.


title: Steins;Gate

text: The later English release of the "Steins;Gate" visual novel has also been well received. On Metacritic, it is the seventh highest-rated PC game of 2014, and the highest-rated PS Vita game of 2015. USgamer also gave it a perfect 5 out of 5 stars, concluding that it makes "excellent use of the visual novel medium to tell its story" and "is a beautifully crafted piece of interactive fiction that blends character drama, sci-fi and critique of popular culture into a compelling and memorable whole." "GameFan" praised the plot as "outstanding", "well written" and "the best storyline in a game released this year, period." They stated the "twists and turns, branching plot points, multiple endings and plot development is amazing" and "an interesting phone-based choice system makes the game feel far more engaging than similar games in the genre". Dealspwn praised the plot, characters, artwork, "excellent" writing and localisation, and the phone trigger system for giving "real choices with huge consequences", but criticized it for having a slow start and "lots of" technical jargon. "GamesMaster" said it was smart, "with an unforgettable protagonist", and is one "of the great visual novels." Syfy called it one "of the best Visual Novels of all time," stating that, while "bad guys exist," "by trying to save the future, you become one yourself", making "choices whose devastating consequences you couldn't predict." "Official PlayStation Magazine" said "it's a story you'll want to see through." Meghan Sullivan of IGN gave it a generally favorable review, praising the story, characters, choices, and endings, but criticized it for "intrusive dating elements". "Steins;Gate" was nominated for the 2015 Golden Joystick Award in the "Best Handheld / Mobile Game" category.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" placed 13th in sales during its first week of release with 16,434 copies sold, 28th on its second week with 4,253 copies, and 26th on its third week with 6,095 copies, totaling 26,782 copies by October 29, 2009. "Steins;Gate" placed fourth in overall Xbox 360 game sales on Amazon Japan on the year starting on December 1, 2008 and ending November 30, 2009. The PSP version of "Steins;Gate" debuted at 2nd place on the Japanese game charts, selling 63,558 units in its first week. As of June 2011, 300,000 copies have been shipped across the PC, Xbox 360 and PSP platforms. As of 2014, "Steins;Gate" sold over 500,000 copies. On the UK charts, as of June 8, 2015, "Steins;Gate" topped the PlayStation Vita chart, came third place on the PlayStation 3 chart, and entered at #18 on the All-Format chart. The Android version has sold between 50,000 and 100,000 downloads, as of 2015. As of December 2015, the "Steins Gate" visual novel series has sold more than one million copies, including 100,000 copies of "Steins;Gate 0". The Steam release had an estimated total of 160,000 players by July 2018.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate: Hiyoku Renri no Darling" was released on June 6, 2011, and is similar to "Chaos;Head Love Chu Chu!" in terms of style. The story for this sequel is unrelated and non-canon to the original game, and is more comedic in tone. It was originally an Xbox 360 exclusive, though ports later followed for PS3, PSP, and PlayStation Vita. A version for iOS was later released on October 3, 2013 as well.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate: Hen'i Kuukan no Octet" is a non-canon extension of the True End of the original game. Unlike the modern visual novel format of the original game, this retro game mimics the style of graphical text adventure games from the 8-bit PC era (e.g. PC-88), with the player typing short commands to interact with and explore the game world. It features all backgrounds and characters drawn in a low-color pixelated style with emulated scanlines, and chiptune music played through an emulated FM chip with no voice acting. The premise of the game features Okabe Rintaro receiving a D-Mail from himself in 2025 that states that he must save the future by reclaiming an IBN 5100 from a person under the alias "Neidhardt". This person is Takumi Nishijō, the protagonist of "Chaos;Head", as he runs under the same player name in his favorite MMORPG, and the D-Mail stating that "Neidhardt" lives in Shibuya and has "inherent, supernatural abilities", a reference to his power as a megalomaniac. Although non-canon, the game contains many easter eggs and references that connect "Chaos;Head" and "Steins;Gate" together. The game was released on October 28, 2011, as a PC exclusive. A game demo is currently available. An official manga adaptation of the game's story has also been released.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A third spin-off game titled "Steins;Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram", was released on April 25, 2013, in Japan for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The game offers alternative stories that vary in terms of canon, some from the viewpoint of other lab members besides Okabe. A PlayStation Vita port of the game was released on November 28, 2013.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A sequel, "Steins;Gate 0", was announced in March 2015. The game was released on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. It was originally scheduled to be released in Japan on November 19, 2015, but the release date was moved to December 10, 2015. Another sequel, tentatively referred to as "Steins;???", was announced in October 2020.


title: Steins;Gate

text: An updated version of "Steins;Gate", titled "Steins;Gate Elite", was released in 2018 in Japan for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita and Nintendo Switch. Unlike previous "Science Adventure" games, it is fully animated, using all the footage from the "Steins;Gate" anime series along with newly produced animation for most story routes not included in the anime series; the animation is played together with the script and voiced dialogue from the original game. The new animation is produced by White Fox, the studio that produced the anime series.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Kurisu and Mayuri appear in the Nendoroid crossover game, "Nendoroid Generation", which was developed by Banpresto for the PlayStation Portable and released on February 23, 2012.


title: Steins;Gate

text: The 2D fighting game "Phantom Breaker" featured Kurisu as a guest character and was released in Japan on June 2, 2011. Kurisu was additionally included as part of DLC for its spin-off "Phantom Breaker: Battle Grounds."


title: Steins;Gate

text: Rintaro made an appearance in the mobile game "Revue Starlight -Re LIVE-" as part of a collaboration with the series.


title: Steins;Gate

text: An Internet radio show to promote "Steins;Gate" named "" began broadcasting on September 11, 2009. The show was streamed online on every Friday, and was produced by HiBiKi Radio Station. The show was hosted by Asami Imai, the voice actress of Makise Kurisu, and Kana Hanazawa, the voice actress of Shiina Mayuri. Guests that appeared on the show included Yū Kobayashi, the voice actress of Urushibara Ruka, and Ayano Yamamoto, the voice actress of . The last show was aired on October 30, 2009. A CD containing a special Comiket show with Haruko Momoi, the voice actress of Faris NyanNyan, as the guest was released on December 29, 2009. A collection of all eight broadcast Internet radio shows, the Comiket show, and one new show was released on February 3, 2010, in a bundle together with the soundtrack of the game. The Internet radio shows are recorded in MP3 format.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A manga adaptation of the game, titled "Steins;Gate", was created by Yomi Sarachi and serialized by Media Factory in their "Monthly Comic Alive" from 2009 to 2013, and later published in North America by Udon Entertainment from 2015 to 2016.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Four side-story manga series are currently being serialized. , illustrated by Kenji Mizuta, began serialization in Mag Garden's "Monthly Comic Blade"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s February 2010 issue. The manga focuses on Amane Suzuha as it tells the events of the story from her point of view. , illustrated by Takeshi Mizoguchi, began serialization in Famitsu's "Comic Clear" web magazine and it takes the point of view of Tennouji Yugo. , illustrated by Yuzuhana Morita, began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's "Comptiq"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s February 2011 issue and was transferred to "Monthly Shōnen Ace" in its October 2011 issue. The manga focuses on the main heroine Makise Kurisu as the events are told from her point of view. Another manga, titled started serializing on Comic Blade in its August 2011 issue. It follows the events told in the fan disc. A manga adaptation of the drama CD, , also told from Kurisu's perspective, is being illustrated by Shinichirou Nariie and was serialized in Shueisha's "Ultra Jump" magazine from May 15, 2012, to January 19, 2014.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A spinoff comedy manga, titled , was illustrated by Nini and serialized in Media Factory's "Monthly Comic Alive"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s March 2011 issue.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A book containing information and designs of "Steins;Gate" was published by Enterbrain on February 26, 2010.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A light novel sequel, set 6 years after the events of the original game and titled "Steins;Gate: The Committee of Antimatter", was to ship on January 16, 2015. However, due to "various circumstances", it was announced on December 22, 2014, that its release was cancelled.


title: Steins;Gate

text: Three drama CDs were released on March 31, 2010, April 28, 2010, and June 2, 2010, respectively. The first drama CD takes place in the tenth chapter of Kurisu's route.


title: Steins;Gate

text: On July 25, 2010, Chiyomaru Shikura announced on his Twitter account that "Steins;Gate" would be adapted into an anime. Further details about the adaptation were revealed in the September 2010 issues of "Newtype" and "Comptiq". The adaptation was produced by White Fox and aired in Japan between April 6, 2011, and September 14, 2011. The entire series was released in Japan on nine DVD/Blu-ray combo packs. Each set features 2–3 episodes, an art book, and a bonus disc containing music and radio dramas by the Japanese voice cast. An OVA episode was released with the final DVD/BD volume on February 22, 2012. The adaptation was directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki and Takuya Satō, with series composition by Jukki Hanada and music by Takeshi Abo and Murakami Jun. Funimation has licensed the series in North America and released the series in two Blu-ray/DVD combo sets, on September 25, 2012 and December 18, 2012, respectively. Both box sets were compiled into a complete series Blu-ray/DVD box set as part of Funimation's "Anime Classics" line of releases. It was released on September 30, 2014. Manga Entertainment have licensed the series in the United Kingdom and released it in two parts on July 15, 2013, and September 30, 2013, respectively. A series of original net animation shorts, titled , were released between October 14, 2014, and November 11, 2014, as part of a collaboration with IBM to promote cognitive computing.


title: Steins;Gate

text: An anime adaptation of "Steins;Gate 0" has been released. To celebrate its release, an alternate version of episode 23 of the first season aired on December 2, 2015, as part of a rebroadcast of the series, depicting an alternate ending which leads into the events of "Steins;Gate 0".


title: Steins;Gate

text: A film, titled "", was announced at the end of the series. The movie, featuring an original storyline taking place after the events of the series, was released in Japanese theaters on April 20, 2013, and later on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on December 13, 2013.


title: Steins;Gate

text: "Steins;Gate" has five main theme songs, the opening theme , the first ending theme "Another Heaven", used for the true ending, the second ending theme , used for the alternative endings, and the insert songs "Technovision" and "Masquerade". The third and fifth songs are sung by Yui Sakakibara while the other ones are sung by Kanako Itō. Itō's "Technovision" was included in her "Stargate" album which was released on August 26, 2009. "Sky Clad Observer" was composed by Chiyomaru Shikura and "Another Heaven" was composed by Yoshihiro Suda. The "Sky Clad Observer" single was released on October 28, 2009. Sakakibara's "Unmei no Farufarra" was composed by Tatsuhi Hayashi and the single was released on November 25, 2009. The PC version received a brand new opening song, "AR" sung by Kanako Itō. Similarly, the PSP and PS3 versions featured new songs as well, all sung by Itō. The opening songs were and , respectively. The PSP version received a new ending theme titled sung by Yui Sakakibara. All these songs were released as separate singles, then eventually as a vocal collection on June 26, 2013. The composers for the background music consisted of Chiyomaru Shikura, AKIRASTAR, Takeshi Abo, Tatsushi Hayashi, and Yoshihiro Suda; all of whom had previously worked with 5pb on other titles. A soundtrack of the game was released on February 3, 2010, across two discs in a bundle of three that includes recorded episodes of the Internet radio show. All the background music of the game was included as well as shortened versions of the original Xbox 360 vocal tracks. The piano score for one of the tracks, "Gate of Steiner", was also included in the soundtrack. In episode 4, the song "Watashi☆LOVE na☆Otome!" by Afilia Saga East, who also sings the opening to the sequel game of "Steins;Gate", can be heard. The PS3 Double Pack Collector's Edition, which contained the original Steins;Gate and Hiyoku Renri no Darling, shipped with a special bonus soundtrack entitled "Steins;Gate Symphonic Material." It collects ten arranged tracks from the game performed by a studio orchestra and was released on May 24, 2012. This release was later expanded upon and released commercially on a 2-disc set, as "Steins;Gate Symphonic Reunion" on September 25, 2013.


title: Steins;Gate

text: The anime features four pieces of theme music; the opening theme is "Hacking to the Gate" by Kanako Ito, the main ending theme is by Yui Sakakibara (in ending credits she is mentioned as "FES" from Chaos;Head band), the ending themes of episode 23 and 24 are and "Another Heaven" both by Kanako Ito. The first two are original (created for anime series), and the ending themes for episodes 23 and 24 are adopted from the visual novel. The background music of the anime was composed by Takeshi Abo, Jun Murakami, and Yoshihiro Suda. It utilizes some themes that were taken directly from the game but also features original music performed by a studio orchestra. A soundtrack of the anime is not available commercially but was instead released across two discs that were included with the Japanese Blu-rays. The first album "Butterfly Effect" was released alongside Volume 2 on June 27, 2011 while the second album "Event Horizon" was released with Volume 8 on January 25, 2012.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A real-life version of the in-universe board game, , was made by GigasDrop and was released in Japan on December 28, 2011.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A live-action "Steins;Gate" play "Living ADV: Steins;Gate" finished its eight-day run in Tokyo's Zepp Diver City Theater on October 20, 2013.


title: Steins;Gate

text: A live-action television series based on "Steins;Gate", produced by Skydance Television, was announced in January 2020 at the annual "Science Adventure Live" event, and is planned to be available worldwide.


title: 2022 BWF World Tour

text: The 2022 BWF World Tour (officially known as 2022 HSBC BWF World Tour for sponsorship reasons) was the fifth season of the BWF World Tour of badminton, a circuit of 20 tournaments which led up to the World Tour Finals tournament. The 20 tournaments were divided into five levels: Level 1 was the said World Tour Finals, Level 2 called Super 1000 (two tournaments), Level 3 called Super 750 (four tournaments), Level 4 called Super 500 (six tournaments) and Level 5 called Super 300 (seven tournaments). Each of these tournaments offers different ranking points and prize money. The highest points and prize pool were offered at the Super 1000 level (including the World Tour Finals).


title: 2022 BWF World Tour

text: One other category of tournament, the BWF Tour Super 100 (level 6), also offered BWF World Tour ranking points. It was an important part of the pathway and entry point for players into the BWF World Tour tournaments. When the five Level 6 grade tournaments of the BWF Tour Super 100 were included, the complete tour consisted of 25 tournaments.


title: 2022 BWF World Tour

text: This is the complete schedule of events on the 2022 calendar, with the champions and runners-up documented.


title: 2022 BWF World Tour

text: Below are the 2022 BWF World Tour performances by countries. Only countries who have won a title are listed:


title: 2022 BWF World Tour

text: "Not counting the Syed Modi International, which was not awarded due to both finalists contracted with COVID-19."


title: Dobaaraa

text: Dobaaraa (), also stylized as 2:12, Hindi-language science fiction mystery thriller film directed by Anurag Kashyap. The film stars Taapsee Pannu and Pavail Gulati.


title: Dobaaraa

text: "Dobaaraa" is an official remake of the 2018 Spanish film "Mirage". It opened the London Indian Film Festival 2022 and was theatrically released on 19 August 2022 and opened to generally positive reviews from critics. However, the film was a box office bomb.


title: Dobaaraa

text: A woman gets an opportunity to save the life of a 12-year-old boy, who witnessed a death during a thunderstorm which happened 25 years ago, by getting connected through the television set during a similar storm in the present.


title: Dobaaraa

text: The music of the film is composed by Gaurav Chatterji and Shor Police. Lyrics are written by Hussain Haidry. The background score is composed by Shor Police.


title: Dobaaraa

text: "Dobaaraa" received positive reviews from critics with praise for the direction, screenplay and performances.


title: Dobaaraa

text: Rohit Vats of "DNA India" rated the film 5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" is fast, dark, exciting, disruptive and has a multi-layered storytelling". Rohit Bhatnagar of "The Free Press Journal" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Taapsee is a good performer but her monotony kills the mood, however, the plot is so interesting that you hardly get time to distract yourself". Amandeep Narang of "ABP News" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "For a film like "Dobaaraa", you have to have a kind of mathematical exactitude on how to cut between timelines, set a standard pace, keep the plot relatable, interlace the story with music, and Anurag Kashyap manages to do exactly that". A critic for "Outlook India" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" is an edge-of-the-seat, brainy remake, worth watching once". Rachana Dubey of "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" is an engaging thriller which is worth your time. This one needs all your attention, so go dive in". Zinia Bandyopadhyay of "News 18" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" is a mad and whacky tale and is edge-of-the seat as a thriller. The film keeps you hooked, and thoroughly engaged, even with the constant back and forth in time".


title: Dobaaraa

text: Grace Cyril of "India Today" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" is the kind of film that will have the audience putting together a jigsaw puzzle as they leave the theatres. And when they’ve done so, they’ll realise that Dobaaraa is just another level". Pratikshya Mishra of "The Quint" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" delves into questions of consequences and the time-space continuum and through Taapsee Pannu’s extremely believable performance as the frazzled, yet determined, woman on a mission, the film remains gripping and entertaining". Namrata Thakker of "Rediff" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" may seem confusing if you aren't exposed to the time travel genre, but Anurag Kashyap's film makes it the right time to get acquainted with the genre". "IANS" of rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kashyap is able to both narrate a stellar story and flesh out his characters within two hours and 12 minutes".


title: Dobaaraa

text: Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Anurag Kashyap gets much of it right even when the going isn't entirely smooth". Deepa Gahlot of "Scroll.in" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" has a brisk pace, enough to guard against nit-picking. Kashyap’s version is actually more interesting and emotionally engaging than Mirage". Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" rated the firm 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" is moderately thrilling and in parts genuinely frightening, but lacks the rootedness and heft that has come to be associated with Anurag-ness". A critic for "Pinkvilla" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" lags behind on the chills and thrills that one expects of a time travel-based thriller and misses out on creating the edge-of-the-seat atmosphere".


title: Dobaaraa

text: Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Dobaaraa" comes off too choppy and muddled. It’s hard to keep track of the many things happening in the time zones the movie slips in and out of". Monika Rawal Kukreja of "The Hindustan Times" stated ""Dobaaraa" has a lot that's unsaid and needs to be understood and that's where the complicated and complex plot works". Anuj Kumar of "The Hindu" stated "While Taapsee is at the top of her game, Anurag skillfully executes a more perceptive draft of the original Spanish mystery drama".


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jack and Jill is a 2011 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan from a script by Steve Koren and Adam Sandler. The film was released on November 11, 2011, by Columbia Pictures and grossed $149 million against its $79 million budget.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: "Jack and Jill" stars Sandler in a dual role as twin siblings Jack and Jill Sadelstein, the former a Los Angeles advertising executive being visited for Thanksgiving by the latter from the Bronx. Jack is constantly annoyed by his sister and is horrified to learn that Jill plans to stay after Hanukkah due to an open-ended plane ticket. However, when Jack is demanded by an agency for Dunkin' Donuts to get Al Pacino (as himself) for a commercial, Pacino becomes affectionate for Jill, making Jack try to convince her to date the actor despite her disinterest in him. Other stars include Katie Holmes as Jack's wife and Eugenio Derbez as another love interest for Jill.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: "Jack and Jill" was panned by critics and audiences, although Pacino's performance received some praise. Some have since considered this to be one of the worst films ever made. At the 32nd Golden Raspberry Awards, the film was nominated for a record of 12 Razzies in all ten categories. It became the first film to sweep the Razzies, winning in each category including Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Actor, Worst Actress, and Worst Screenplay.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jack Sadelstein is a successful Los Angeles advertising executive. He and his wife Erin have a daughter, Sofia. Also living with them is Gary, a Hindu boy who they adopted at birth, and who has a habit of compulsively taping various objects to his own body. Jack wants counseling for Gary to break the boy's addiction, but Erin won't hear of this; she views Gary's behavior as the very thing which makes him unique.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jack's unemployed twin sister Jill has been living alone in their working-class New York City neighborhood, since the death of their mother. She visits Jack for Thanksgiving, with plans to stay until after Hanukkah, much to Jack's horror. Jill, who has an open-ended plane ticket, annoys her brother at Thanksgiving dinner, where she also embarrasses a homeless guest, as well as Erin's parents.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: The Sadelstein twins attend a celebration given in their honor by the staff of Jack's advertising company. Jill disgraces herself, her brother, and his colleagues, until she is asked to leave her own party. A day later, Jill's obnoxious conduct gets Jack and his family banned from their local movie theater.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jill goes through a list she has compiled of things to do in Southern California: being a contestant on "The Price is Right"; going horseback riding (she breaks the horse's back just by sitting on it), and touring a studio. Deciding that Jill needs a partner, Jack and the kids teach her how to use an online dating site. However, being Jill, she fails miserably in her efforts to find a boyfriend. One guy, calling himself "Funbucket", meets Jill at a swanky restaurant but sneaks out after only a few minutes with her.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jack's agency client, meanwhile, wants him to get actor Al Pacino to appear in a Dunkin' Donuts commercial, thus promoting a new coffee called the "Dunkaccino." Jack takes Jill to a Lakers game with Pacino in attendance. Pacino ignores Jack but is infatuated with Jill; it turns out Pacino and Jill grew up on the same street in NYC. Pacino gives Jill his phone number and invites her to his home; yet, for some reason (being Jill), she has no interest in him whatsoever and promptly departs.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jack's Mexican gardener Felipe, also smitten with Jill, takes her to meet his family at their annual fiesta. There she tries Mexican food for the first time, and comes down with severe diarrhea, which makes her even more difficult to live with than usual.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Pacino refuses to do the Dunkaccino commercial unless Jack gets him another date with Jill; this forces Jack to invite Jill on a cruise which he was planning just for his immediate family. Jill insists on bringing her pet cockatoo Poopsie along for the trip, despite the cruise line's strict "No Pets" policy. Throughout the voyage, Jill and Poopsie continue to irritate and offend everybody except Sofia, Gary, and their mom.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: When Jill keeps refusing to give Pacino another chance with her, Jack disguises himself as his sister and meets the actor. Jill (hearing Pacino's voice in the background of a phone call with her brother) learns she was invited just so Pacino would do the commercial. Dejected, she returns home to NYC. Feeling guilty, Jack follows her along with Erin and the kids.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Jill arrives back in the Bronx on New Year's Eve, only to discover that the bank has taken away her mother's house; this is because Jill kept throwing away numerous bills which she thought were junk mail. The now-homeless Jill encounters a group of former schoolmates, led by class bully Monica, at a restaurant. Jack, Erin, and their kids show up. The twin siblings reconciling by conversing in their made-up twin language. When Monica attacks Erin, she is cold-cocked by Jill. Pacino arrives in character as Don Quixote, who he is currently portraying in a Broadway production of Man of La Mancha. He tells Jill that while he has feelings for her, there is another man more worthy of her than himself. She goes home to find Felipe and his children, where they begin a relationship. The television commercial is made, with Pacino starring and singing a rap song, and he disapproves of it.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: The film also features cameos from Johnny Depp, Regis Philbin, Dan Patrick, Shaquille O'Neal, Drew Carey, John McEnroe, Christie Brinkley, Bill Romanowski, Michael Irvin, Jared Fogle, Billy Blanks, Vince Offer and Caitlyn Jenner (the latter prior to her transition, as Bruce Jenner) as themselves.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: The film opened in 3,438 theaters at #2 with $25,003,575, behind "Immortals", which debuted in the top spot with $32,206,425. The film closed on February 26, 2012, with a total gross of $74,158,157 in North America. It also made $75,515,631 in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $149,673,788 against its $79 million budget.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Unusually, "Jack and Jill" was screened for critics in Ireland but not in the United Kingdom. It was panned by reviewers. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 3% based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 2.90/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although it features an inexplicably committed performance from Al Pacino, "Jack and Jill" is impossible to recommend on any level whatsoever." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 23 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Five months before release and the film getting extremely poor reception, the film was mocked on "South Park" during the episode "You're Getting Old" when Stan and his friends go to the movie theater to watch "", a trailer depicts Adam Sandler's characters Jack and Jill as feces and in "Robot Chicken" during Season 6 during the segment "Twist Endings" depicting Jill being actually Jack and that the real Jill died when she was young. On the day of the premiere, comedians such as Jake Fogelnest launched a parody promotional account on Twitter, @JackNJillMovie, bashing the film; garnering hundreds of followers and its posts retweeted by figures such as Aziz Ansari, Paul Scheer, and Alan Sepinwall, it was taken down by Twitter that evening due to a complaint from a Sony executive.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Critics from "The Daily Beast", "The Austin Chronicle", and "Time" declare "Jack and Jill" to be the worst Sandler film.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Reviews noted issues in other Sandler films were present and even worsened in "Jack and Jill". Common criticisms were targeted towards the crude humor, product placement, celebrity cameos, and a sentimental ending that contradicted the film's mostly mean-spirited tone.


title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: "The A.V. Club"s Scott Tobias went after Sandler's lack of passion, describing most scenes as the actor "waiting around for somebody to feed him a line". "Time" contributor Mary Pols described a joke about Jack's obsessed fear of anti-semitism as a punch line with no joke.