title: Philippine Revolution

text: The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. The United States Army began to assemble the Eighth Army Corps—a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt—in preparation for deployment to the Philippines.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On May 7, 1898, , an American dispatch boat, arrived in Hong Kong from Manila, bringing reports of Dewey's victory in the Battle of Manila Bay. Emilio Aguinaldo had recently returned there from Singapore expecting to be transported to Manila by the Americans, but "McCulloch" had no orders regarding this. "McCulloch" again arrived in Hong Kong on May 15 bearing such orders and departed Hong Kong with Aguinaldo aboard on May 17, arriving in Manila Bay on May 19. Several revolutionaries, as well as Filipino soldiers employed by the Spanish army, crossed over to Aguinaldo's command.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: In the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo raided the last remaining stronghold of the Spanish Empire in Cavite with fresh reinforcements of about 12,000 men. This battle eventually liberated Cavite from Spanish colonial control and led to the first time the modern flag of the Philippines being unfurled in victory.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed. Soon, many cities such as Imus, Bacoor, Parañaque, Las Piñas, Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando, as well as some entire provinces such as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas (now Quezon), and the Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under the command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson, commander of the Eighth Corps' 2nd Division (U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army). General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: The 2nd Brigade and the 2nd Division of the Eighth Corps arrived on July 17, under the command of Brigadier General Francis V. Greene. Major General Wesley Merritt (the Commander in Chief of the Philippine Expedition) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25. The 1st Brigade of the corps' 2nd Division arrived on July 30, under the command of Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: By June 1898, the island of Luzon, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Filipino control, after General Monet's retreat to Manila with his remaining force of 600 men and 80 wounded. The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government. When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he had brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by Mariano Ponce, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, however, an autocratic regime was established on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: It was under this dictatorship On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Philippine Declaration of Independence, and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo's house. The first Filipino flag was again unfurled and the national anthem was played for the first time. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, opposed Aguinaldo's decision to establish an autocracy. He instead urged Aguinaldo to create a revolutionary government. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was eventually able to convince him. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government (and naming himself as president).


title: Philippine Revolution

text: Writing retrospectively in 1899, Aguinaldo claimed that U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had verbally assured him that "the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy". In an April 28 message from Pratt to U.S. Secretary of State William R. Day, there was no mention of independence, or of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate. In a July 28 communication, Pratt stated that no promises had been made to Aguinaldo regarding U.S. policy, with the concept aimed at facilitating the occupation and administration of the Philippines, while preventing a possible conflict of action. On June 16, Day cabled Pratt with instructions to avoid unauthorized negotiations, along with a reminder that Pratt had no authority to enter into arrangements on behalf of the U.S. government. Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927: "A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in. The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States."


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements. Aguinaldo warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting governor-general Fermín Jáudenes. The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission. On August 13, unaware of the peace protocol signing, U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila. While the plan was for a mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded. The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces. There was some looting by Insurgent forces in portions of the city they occupied. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of the city, however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On August 12, 1898, "The New York Times" reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities between the two nations. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines." After conclusion of this agreement, U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain. General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible. After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from the city on September 15.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines, with General Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. After the appointment of a civil governor-general, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur. Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in Baliuag, Bulacan.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: Elections were held by the revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress. This followed the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, and the Congreso Revolucionario (Revolutionary Congress) was assembled at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on September 15. All of the delegates to the congress were from the ilustrado class. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of his own, which also failed. A draft by an ilustrado lawyer, Felipe Calderón y Roca, was instead presented, and this became the framework upon which the assembly drafted the first constitution, the Malolos Constitution. On November 29, the assembly, now popularly called the Malolos Congress, finished the draft. However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice, refused to sign the draft when the latter objected. On January 21, 1899, after some modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the constitution was finally approved by the Congress and signed by Aguinaldo. Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and Malolos Republic) was established in Malolos with Emilio Aguinaldo as president.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain was to seek only Luzon and Guam, which could serve as harbours and communication links, President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago. The resultant Treaty of Paris, signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $20 million would be paid as compensation. This agreement was clarified through the 1900 Treaty of Washington, which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of benevolent assimilation with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy, the Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: On February 4, 1899, hostilities between Filipino and American forces began when an American sentry patrolling between Filipino and American lines shot a Filipino soldier. The Filipino forces returned fire, thus igniting a second battle for Manila. Aguinaldo sent a ranking member of his staff to Ellwell Otis, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." The Philippines declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899, with Pedro Paterno, President of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, issuing a Proclamation of War.


title: Philippine Revolution

text: As the First Philippine Republic was never recognized as a sovereign state, and the United States never formally declared war, the conflict was not concluded by a treaty. On July 2, 1902, the United States Secretary of War telegraphed that since the insurrection against the United States had ended and provincial civil governments had been established throughout most of the Philippine archipelago, the office of military governor was terminated. On July 4, Theodore Roosevelt, who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency after the assassination of William McKinley, proclaimed an amnesty to those who had participated in the conflict. On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar, and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of Batangas and in the cities of Batangas, Lipa and Tanauan.


title: 2024 Russian presidential election

text: Presidential elections are scheduled to be held in Russia in March 2024. In accordance with electoral law, the first round will be held on Sunday, 17 March. The elections will be the first after the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia, and therefore the first in which incumbent President Vladimir Putin would be eligible to seek reelection. If no candidate receives more than half the vote, a second round will take place exactly three weeks later on 7 April 2024. The winner of the election is scheduled to be inaugurated on 7 May 2024.


title: 2024 Russian presidential election

text: As was the case in the 2018 Russian presidential election, one of the most prominent opposition leaders, Alexei Navalny, is barred from running due to a prior criminal conviction, which is widely seen as politically motivated.


title: 2024 Russian presidential election

text: According to clause 3 of article 81 of the Constitution of Russia, the same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms. The constitutional reform confirmed this provision, and even removed the words "in a row", because there was actually no limit on the maximum number of terms and thanks to which Vladimir Putin again became President in 2012. However, at the same time, the number of terms previously held by the incumbent and former presidents has ceased to be taken into account, which is why Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev received the right to be elected again for two new terms.


title: 2024 Russian presidential election

text: This section contains candidates who expressed their intention to run or the most well-known potential candidates who have lost their right to run.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Jonathan William Lipnicki (born October 22, 1990) is an American actor who is known for his roles as a child actor. He has appeared in films such as "Jerry Maguire" (1996), "Stuart Little" (1999) and its 2002 sequel "Stuart Little 2", "The Little Vampire" (2000), "Like Mike" (2002), and "Broil" (2020). He also starred in the television series "Dawson's Creek" on The WB and "Meego" on CBS.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Jonathan William Lipnicki was born on October 22, 1990, in Westlake Village, California, to Joseph Lipnicki and Rhonda Rosen. He has an older sister, Alexis. His family is Jewish.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: He was educated at Agoura High School, a public secondary school in the city of Agoura Hills in Los Angeles County, California.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Lipnicki made his film debut in "Jerry Maguire" as the son of Renée Zellweger's character. He subsequently appeared on "The Single Guy", "The Jeff Foxworthy Show" as well as episodes of "Dawson's Creek" and the 1997 sitcom, "Meego". In 1999, he starred in the film "Stuart Little", playing a boy whose family adopts a talking mouse (voiced by Michael J. Fox), a role he reprised in the film's sequel in 2002.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: He also played the lead, Tony Thompson, in the 2000 film, "The Little Vampire" and co-starred with hip-hop rapper Bow Wow in the 2002 sports film, "Like Mike", which was released two weeks before "Stuart Little 2". The latter films did relatively well in theaters, and Lipnicki has become known among preteen audiences, although he has never appeared in a widely released film since, focusing mostly on independent films.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Lipnicki has also appeared in the season preview of Jamie Kennedy's "Blowin' Up" and "When Zachary Beaver Came to Town".


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: He appeared on the comedy "Motherlover" on the YOMYOMF Network. Lipnicki currently trains in mixed martial arts styles, but when asked whether he planned to ever fight professionally, he replied, "I've been pretty busy filming and I would need to put off a certain amount of time to really train for a fight and be in amazing cardio shape and really work on my striking more. I'm not saying no and I'm not saying yes."


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Lipnicki completed lead roles in the horror-thriller motion picture "Broil", produced by the team behind "It Follows", and the comedy-drama motion picture "Pooling To Paradise" opposite Taryn Manning and Jordan Carlos. He also guest-starred in Antoine Fuqua's and Philip Noyce's "The Resident".


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: In 2022, it was announced to the public that Lipnicki will be starring in the horror film "Camp Pleasant Lake" as the character Jasper Meadows.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Lipnicki has been a speaker for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and is actively involved with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Starlight Children Foundation and the NBA's "Read to Achieve program". In 2001, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation named Lipnicki one of its ""Heroes of 2001"" at the age of ten, for his work with the organization.


title: Jonathan Lipnicki

text: Additionally, Lipnicki has been an international spokesperson for "Pediatric Chiropractic and Kids Day America/International", and works with animal rights groups such as "Pets and their Stars" and the "Nutz for Mutts" group.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: Chloe x Halle are an R&B duo composed of sisters Chloe and Halle Bailey. At a young age, the sisters performed in minor acting roles before moving from Mableton, Georgia, to Los Angeles in 2012. The two began posting music covers to YouTube and were acknowledged by Beyoncé, who became their mentor and later signed them to her label, Parkwood Entertainment. They subsequently released the EP "Sugar Symphony" (2016) and the mixtape "The Two of Us" (2017).


title: Chloe x Halle

text: The duo gained further prominence after starring in the sitcom "Grown-ish" (2018–2022) and releasing their debut album "The Kids Are Alright" (2018), for which they earned two Grammy Award nominations including Best New Artist and Best Urban Contemporary Album. In 2020, they released their second studio album "Ungodly Hour" to critical acclaim, earning them another three Grammy Award nominations including Best Progressive R&B Album, Best R&B Song for "Do It" and Best Traditional R&B Performance for "Wonder What She Thinks of Me". The album's lead single "Do It" became the duo's first song to chart on the " Billboard" Hot 100 and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, peaking at number 63 and number 23 respectively. The album itself peaked at number 16 and number 11 on the "Billboard" 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, respectively, becoming the duo's highest peak on the former chart and their first on the latter.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: Chloe Elizabeth Bailey and Halle Lynn Bailey were born in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 1, 1998, and March 27, 2000, respectively. The two were raised in Mableton, Georgia, by their parents Courtney and Doug Bailey, The family moved to Los Angeles in mid 2012. While in Georgia, the two played minor acting roles in films, including "The Fighting Temptations" (2003), starring Beyoncé, where Chloe starred solo, and the Disney Channel original movie "Let It Shine" (2012). Their dad began teaching them how to write songs at the ages of ten and eight. They launched a YouTube channel at the ages of 13 and 11, respectively, with a cover of Beyoncé's "Best Thing I Never Had". They first performed as Chloe x Halle when uploading covers of pop songs onto this channel. The duo made their talk show debut when they appeared on "The Ellen Show" in April 2012. They were crowned by Radio Disney as the winners of the fifth season of "The Next Big Thing" in December 2012, and they made a cameo appearance in the Disney series "Austin & Ally" performing the song "" in September 2013.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: After gaining prominence with their YouTube videos and Disney projects, the duo independently released a four-track project titled "Uncovered" in September 2013. The release was made up of covers of the pop songs "Applause", "We Can't Stop" "Roar" and "Wrecking Ball". Their December 2013 rendition of "Pretty Hurts" by Beyoncé went viral and drew the attention of the singer herself. In 2015, she signed the sister duo to her management company, Parkwood Entertainment, with a reported $1 million deal for six albums. The duo made a cameo appearance in her visual album "" (2016) and accepted the BET Award for Viewer's Choice on her behalf in 2016.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: Chloe x Halle made their professional debut with the EP, "Sugar Symphony", which was released under Parkwood on April 29, 2016. The duo's debut single and the EP's lead single "Drop" were released in early April. They were accompanied by the EP's second and final single, "Fall," in September 2016. The duo performed the song, in addition to "Baby Bird" and "This is For My Girls," at the White House Easter Egg Roll, where they were introduced by Michelle Obama. Prior to this, Chloe x Halle also had performed as the opening act to Obama's keynote discussion at the SXSW Music Festival in March 2016. They also performed "Drop" at the BET Awards 2016. Chloe x Halle later served as Beyoncé's opening act for the European leg of The Formation World Tour. The duo also supported American singer Andra Day on her Cheers to the Fall tour in late 2016.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: In the spring of 2017, Chloe x Halle released their critically acclaimed mixtape, "The Two of Us", which featured new music mostly written and produced by the duo. The mixtape was featured on "Rolling Stone" magazine's Best R&B Albums of 2017 list. In April 2017, the duo performed the U.S. National Anthem to begin the 2017 NFL Draft. Chloe x Halle released the theme song for the TV series "Grown-ish", entitled "Grown", in December 2017. After initially signing onto the series for recurring roles, they were upgraded to series regulars for the show's second season. Their song "The Kids Are Alright" was featured in the series debut. They would star for four seasons, until their characters graduated.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: Both "Grown" and "The Kids Are Alright" served as the lead and second singles respectively of Chloe x Halle's debut studio album, "The Kids Are Alright", which they announced in late February 2018. Their single "Warrior" appeared on both the soundtrack for the film "A Wrinkle in Time" (2018) and their debut album. The duo performed the song "America the Beautiful" at "Wrestlemania XXXIV" in early April 2018. Chloe x Halle released their debut studio album, "The Kids Are Alright", on March 23, 2018, to critical acclaim. To promote the album, Chloe x Halle performed "Happy Without Me" and "The Kids Are Alright" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!".


title: Chloe x Halle

text: Chloe x Halle's performance at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was well received by critics. On May 31, 2018, it was announced that they would be the opening act for the U.S. leg of Beyonce and Jay-Z's On the Run II Tour, alongside DJ Khaled. Chloe x Halle were nominated for two Grammy Awards in December 2018 -- Best New Artist and Best Urban Contemporary Album (for "The Kids Are Alright"). At the ceremony, they honored American musician Donny Hathaway by performing his 1972 single "Where Is the Love", and they presented the award for Best Rap Album to Cardi B. Chloe x Halle's performance of "America the Beautiful" at the Super Bowl LIII was praised by their mentor Beyoncé and by several news publications.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: In July 2019, Disney announced that Halle Bailey had been cast as Princess Ariel in the upcoming live-action remake of "The Little Mermaid", set to be directed by Rob Marshall. She would also record and perform the soundtrack for the film. Halle Bailey's casting as Ariel caused controversy, with some claiming that casting an African American in the role of Ariel was unfaithful to the original character. An online petition, #NotMyAriel, was started, trying to get the role of Ariel recast. Disney responded to the public with an open letter defending their casting.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: The duo appeared and performed on American media personality Nick Cannon's television show "Wild 'n Out" in late July 2019. In September 2019, their cover of The Platters's "Enchanted" was featured in the recap montage of Jesse Pinkman's arc on "Breaking Bad" to coincide the Netflix film "".


title: Chloe x Halle

text: On April 17, 2020, Chloe x Halle and Swae Lee released "Catch Up", a collaboration with Mike Will Made It, alongside a lyric video, and on May 14, 2020, the duo released the single "Do It" and announced their second album, "Ungodly Hour". The next day, "Forgive Me" was announced as the second single, released along with a video. They released "Ungodly Hour" on June 12, 2020, to critical acclaim. The album debuted at number 16 on the "Billboard" 200 chart with 24,000 units sold. "Do It" also became their first entry on the "Billboard" Hot 100, debuting at number 83, on the chart dated June 27, 2020. They performed the song at the 31st GLAAD Media Awards, as well as the 2020 BET Awards, which was where they also performed "Forgive Me" for the first time. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Chloe x Halle also performed "Do It" on the "Dear Class of 2020" virtual commencement event in early June 2020, as well as on "The Today Show", and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". On August 30, the duo performed the title track, "Ungodly Hour", during the pre-show for the 2020 MTV VMAs. Chloe x Halle performed the American national anthem at the kickoff game for the 2020 NFL season in September 2020. In early September 2020, Chloe x Halle released a remix of their single "Do It" featuring Doja Cat, City Girls and Mulatto. The duo hosted the "Glamour" Women of the Year Awards in October 2020.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: In November 2020, they received nominations for Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Video of the Year, Best Dance Performance and The Ashford And Simpson Songwriter's Award at the 2020 Soul Train Music Awards. They also received nominations for Best Progressive R&B Album, Best R&B Song and Best Traditional R&B Performance at the forthcoming 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. On November 15, the duo performed the album's title track, "Ungodly Hour", at the 46th E! People's Choice Awards, where they were nominated for "Group of 2020". In December 2020, Chloe x Halle appeared in "The Disney Holiday Singalong" event and performed "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?". They shortly performed the songs "Don't Make It Harder on Me", "Baby Girl", "Do It", "Ungodly Hour" and "Wonder What She Thinks of Me" at their NPR Tiny Desk Concert in December 2020. They also performed "Baby Girl" at the 2020 Billboard Women in Music ceremony, where Beyoncé presented them with the Rising Star Award.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: On February 24, 2021, a music video for the album's title track "Ungodly Hour" was released. Following this, "Ungodly Hour (Chrome Edition)", a reissue of the album, was released on February 26, 2021. The reissue would include two new songs and a first time vinyl release. On October 8, 2021, it was announced that Chloe x Halle would be among those honored at the 2021 Ebony Power 100 event on October 23 in Los Angeles. Chloe x Halle were named as stars on the rise in the NextGen bracket.


title: Chloe x Halle

text: Chloe x Halle write and arrange all of their songs in their home studio. They are also self-taught musicians. Halle enjoys jazz and has been listening to Billie Holiday from a young age. She has cited the singer as one of the major influences on her vocals. Chloe, the primary producer, is inspired by artists such as Grimes, Missy Elliott and Tune-Yards, as well as some R&B artists. The duo describe their style of music as "confetti" because of its "harmonious" nature put together with "heavy beats and 808 drums that come together like a symphony." Chloe x Halle have also noted that their music style is a combination of their music tastes. They have said: "My sister and I like to make music that has interesting sounds and nuances."


title: Paul Erdős

text: Paul Erdős ( ; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician. He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures of the 20th century. pursued and proposed problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. Much of his work centered around discrete mathematics, cracking many previously unsolved problems in the field. He championed and contributed to Ramsey theory, which studies the conditions in which order necessarily appears. Overall, his work leaned towards solving previously open problems, rather than developing or exploring new areas of mathematics.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime, a figure that remains unsurpassed. He firmly believed mathematics to be a social activity, living an itinerant lifestyle with the sole purpose of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians. He was known both for his social practice of mathematics, working with more than 500 collaborators, and for his eccentric lifestyle; "Time" magazine called him "The Oddball's Oddball". He devoted his waking hours to mathematics, even into his later years—indeed, his death came only hours after he solved a geometry problem at a conference in Warsaw. Erdős's prolific output with co-authors prompted the creation of the Erdős number, the number of steps in the shortest path between a mathematician and Erdős in terms of co-authorships.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Paul Erdős was born on 26 March 1913, in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, the only surviving child of Anna (née Wilhelm) and Lajos Erdős (né Engländer). His two sisters, aged three and five, both died of scarlet fever a few days before he was born. His parents, both Jewish, were high school mathematics teachers. His fascination with mathematics developed early—he was often left home by himself because his father was held captive in Siberia as an Austro-Hungarian prisoner of war during 1914–1920, causing his mother to have to work long hours to support their household. His father had taught himself English while in captivity, but mispronounced many words. When Lajos later taught his son to speak English, Paul acquired his unique pronunciations, which he continued to use for the rest of his life.


title: Paul Erdős

text: He taught himself to read through mathematics texts that his parents left around in their home. By the age of four, given a person's age, he could calculate in his head how many seconds they had lived. Due to his sisters' deaths, he had a close relationship with his mother, with the two of them reportedly sharing the same bed until he left for college.


title: Paul Erdős

text: At the age of 16, his father introduced him to two subjects that would become lifetime favourites—infinite series and set theory. In high school, Erdős became an ardent solver of the problems that appeared each month in KöMaL, the Mathematical and Physical Monthly for Secondary Schools.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős began studying at the University of Budapest when he was 17 after winning a national examination. At the time, admission of Jews to universities was severely restricted. By the time he was 20, he had found a proof for Chebyshev's theorem. In 1934, at the age of 21, he was awarded a doctorate in mathematics. Erdős's thesis advisor was Lipót Fejér, who was also the thesis advisor for John von Neumann, George Pólya, and Paul (Pál) Turán. He took up a post doctoral fellowship at Manchester, as Jews in Hungary were suffering oppression under the Fascist-aligned regime. While there he met Godfrey Harold Hardy and Stan Ulam.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Because he was Jewish, Erdős decided Hungary was dangerous and relocated to the United States in 1938. Many members of Erdős's family, including two of his aunts, two of his uncles, and his father, died in Budapest during World War II. His mother was the only one that survived. He was living in America and working at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study at the time. However, his fellowship at Princeton only got extended by 6 months rather than the expected year due to Erdős not conforming to the standards of the place; they found him "uncouth and unconventional".


title: Paul Erdős

text: Described by his biographer, Paul Hoffman, as "probably the most eccentric mathematician in the world," Erdős spent most of his adult life living out of a suitcase. Except for some years in the 1950s, when he was not allowed to enter the United States based on the accusation that he was a Communist sympathizer, his life was a continuous series of going from one meeting or seminar to another. During his visits, Erdős expected his hosts to lodge him, feed him, and do his laundry, along with anything else he needed, as well as arrange for him to get to his next destination.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Ulam left his post at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1943 to work on the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico with other mathematicians and physicists. He invited Erdős to join the project, but the invitation was withdrawn when Erdős expressed a desire to return to Hungary after the war.


title: Paul Erdős

text: On 20 September 1996, at the age of 83, he had a heart attack and died while attending a conference in Warsaw. These circumstances were close to the way he wanted to die. He once said,


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős never married and had no children. He is buried next to his mother and father in grave 17A-6-29 at Kozma Street Cemetery in Budapest. For his epitaph, he suggested "I've finally stopped getting dumber." (Hungarian: ""Végre nem butulok tovább"").


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős's name contains the Hungarian letter "ő" ("o" with double acute accent), but is often incorrectly written as "Erdos" or "Erdös" either "by mistake or out of typographical necessity".


title: Paul Erdős

text: In 1934, Erdős moved to Manchester, England, to be a guest lecturer. In 1938, he accepted his first American position as a scholarship holder at Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study for the next ten years. Despite outstanding papers with Mark Kac and Aurel Wintner on probabilistic number theory, Paul Tura in approximation theory, and Witold Hurewicz on dimension theory, his fellowship was not continued, and


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdos was forced to take positions as a wandering scholar at the UPenn, Notre Dame, Purdue, Stanford, and Syracuse. He would not stay long in one place, instead traveling among mathematical institutions until his death.


title: Paul Erdős

text: In 1954, the Immigration and Naturalization Service denied Erdős, a Hungarian citizen, a re-entry visa into the United States. Teaching at the University of Notre Dame at the time, Erdős could have chosen to remain in the country. Instead, he packed up and left, albeit requesting reconsideration from the U.S. Immigration Services at periodic intervals.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Hungary at the time was under the Warsaw Pact with the Soviet Union. Although Hungary limited the freedom of its own citizens to enter and exit the country, in 1956 it gave Erdős the exclusive privilege of being allowed to enter and exit the country as he pleased.


title: Paul Erdős

text: In 1963, the U.S. Immigration Service granted Erdős a visa, and he resumed including American universities in his teaching and travels. Ten years later, in 1973, the 60-year-old Erdős voluntarily left Hungary.


title: Paul Erdős

text: During the last decades of his life, Erdős received at least fifteen honorary doctorates. He became a member of the scientific academies of eight countries, including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the UK Royal Society. He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977. Shortly before his death, he renounced his honorary degree from the University of Waterloo over what he considered to be unfair treatment of colleague Adrian Bondy.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős was one of the most prolific publishers of papers in mathematical history, comparable only with Leonhard Euler; Erdős published more papers, mostly in collaboration with other mathematicians, while Euler published more pages, mostly by himself. Erdős wrote around 1,525 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly with co-authors. He strongly believed in and practiced mathematics as a social activity, having 511 different collaborators in his lifetime.


title: Paul Erdős

text: In his mathematical style, Erdős was much more of a "problem solver" than a "theory developer" (see "The Two Cultures of Mathematics" by Timothy Gowers for an in-depth discussion of the two styles, and why problem solvers are perhaps less appreciated). Joel Spencer states that "his place in the 20th-century mathematical pantheon is a matter of some controversy because he resolutely concentrated on particular theorems and conjectures throughout his illustrious career." Erdős never won the highest mathematical prize, the Fields Medal, nor did he coauthor a paper with anyone who did, a pattern that extends to other prizes. He did win the Wolf Prize, "for his numerous contributions to number theory, combinatorics, probability, set theory and mathematical analysis, and for personally stimulating mathematicians the world over". In contrast, the works of the three winners after were recognized as "outstanding", "classic", and "profound", and the three before as "fundamental" or "seminal".


title: Paul Erdős

text: Of his contributions, the development of Ramsey theory and the application of the probabilistic method especially stand out. Extremal combinatorics owes to him a whole approach, derived in part from the tradition of analytic number theory. Erdős found a proof for Bertrand's postulate which proved to be far neater than Chebyshev's original one. He also discovered the first elementary proof for the prime number theorem, along with Atle Selberg. However, the circumstances leading up to the proofs, as well as publication disagreements, led to a bitter dispute between Erdős and Selberg. Erdős also contributed to fields in which he had little real interest, such as topology, where he is credited as the first person to give an example of a totally disconnected topological space that is not zero-dimensional, the Erdős space.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős had a reputation for posing new problems as well as solving existing ones - Ernst Strauss called him "the absolute monarch of problem posers". Throughout his career, Erdős would offer payments for solutions to unresolved problems. These ranged from $25 for problems that he felt were just out of the reach of the current mathematical thinking (both his and others) up to $10,000 for problems that were both difficult to attack and mathematically significant. Some of these problems have since been solved, including the most lucrative - Erdős's conjecture on prime gaps was solved in 2014, and the $10,000 paid.


title: Paul Erdős

text: There are thought to be at least a thousand remaining unsolved problems, though there is no official or comprehensive list. The offers remained active despite Erdős's death; Ronald Graham was the (informal) administrator of solutions, and a solver could receive either an original check signed by Erdős before his death (for memento only, cannot be cashed) or a cashable check from Graham.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Perhaps the most mathematically notable of these problems is the Erdős conjecture on arithmetic progressions:


title: Paul Erdős

text: If true, it would solve several other open problems in number theory (although one main implication of the conjecture, that the prime numbers contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions, has since been proved independently as the Green–Tao theorem). The payment for the solution of the problem is currently worth US$5,000.


title: Paul Erdős

text: The most familiar problem with an Erdős prize is likely the Collatz conjecture, also called the 3"N" + 1 problem. Erdős offered $500 for a solution.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős' most frequent collaborators include Hungarian mathematicians András Sárközy (62 papers) and András Hajnal (56 papers), and American mathematician Ralph Faudree (50 papers). Other frequent collaborators were the following:


title: Paul Erdős

text: For other co-authors of Erdős, see the list of people with Erdős number 1 in List of people by Erdős number.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Because of his prolific output, friends created the Erdős number as a tribute. An Erdős number describes a person's degree of separation from Erdős himself, based on their collaboration with him, or with another who has their own Erdős number. Erdős alone was assigned the Erdős number of 0 (for being himself), while his immediate collaborators could claim an Erdős number of 1, their collaborators have Erdős number at most 2, and so on. Approximately 200,000 mathematicians have an assigned Erdős number, and some have estimated that 90 percent of the world's active mathematicians have an Erdős number smaller than 8 (not surprising in light of the small-world phenomenon). Due to collaborations with mathematicians, many scientists in fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and economics also have Erdős numbers.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers. For example, the roughly 268,000 mathematicians with a known Erdős number have a median value of 5. In contrast, the median Erdős number of Fields Medalists is 3. As of 2015, approximately 11,000 mathematicians have an Erdős number of 2 or less. Collaboration distances will necessarily increase over long time scales, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. The American Mathematical Society provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the Mathematical Reviews catalogue.


title: Paul Erdős

text: The Erdős number was most likely first defined by Casper Goffman, an analyst whose own Erdős number is 2. Goffman published his observations about Erdős's prolific collaboration in a 1969 article titled "And what is your Erdős number?"


title: Paul Erdős

text: Jerry Grossman has written that it could be argued that Baseball Hall of Famer Hank Aaron can be considered to have an Erdős number of 1 because they both autographed the same baseball (for Carl Pomerance) when Emory University awarded them honorary degrees on the same day. Erdős numbers have also been proposed for an infant, a horse, and several actors.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Possessions meant little to Erdős; most of his belongings would fit in a suitcase, as dictated by his itinerant lifestyle. Awards and other earnings were generally donated to people in need and various worthy causes. He spent most of his life traveling between scientific conferences, universities and the homes of colleagues all over the world. He earned enough in stipends from universities as a guest lecturer, and from various mathematical awards, to fund his travels and basic needs; money left over he used to fund cash prizes for proofs of "Erdős problems" (see below). He would typically show up at a colleague's doorstep and announce "my brain is open", staying long enough to collaborate on a few papers before moving on a few days later. In many cases, he would ask the current collaborator about whom to visit next.


title: Paul Erdős

text: His colleague Alfréd Rényi said, "a mathematician is a machine for turning coffee into theorems", and Erdős drank copious quantities; this quotation is often attributed incorrectly to Erdős, but Erdős himself ascribed it to Rényi. After his mother's death in 1971 he started taking antidepressants and amphetamines, despite the concern of his friends, one of whom (Ron Graham) bet him $500 that he could not stop taking them for a month. Erdős won the bet, but complained that it impacted his performance: "You've showed me I'm not an addict. But I didn't get any work done. I'd get up in the morning and stare at a blank piece of paper. I'd have no ideas, just like an ordinary person. You've set mathematics back a month." After he won the bet, he promptly resumed his use of Ritalin and Benzedrine.


title: Paul Erdős

text: He had his own idiosyncratic vocabulary; although an agnostic atheist, he spoke of "The Book", a visualization of a book in which God had written down the best and most elegant proofs for mathematical theorems. Lecturing in 1985 he said, "You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in "The Book"." He himself doubted the existence of God, whom he called the "Supreme Fascist" (SF). He accused SF of hiding his socks and Hungarian passports, and of keeping the most elegant mathematical proofs to himself. When he saw a particularly beautiful mathematical proof he would exclaim, "This one's from "The Book"!" This later inspired a book titled "Proofs from the Book".


title: Paul Erdős

text: He gave nicknames to many countries, examples being: the U.S. was "samland" (after Uncle Sam), the Soviet Union was "joedom" (after Joseph Stalin), and Israel was "". He claimed that Hindi was the best language because words for old age ("bud̩d̩hā") and stupidity ("buddhū") sounded almost the same.


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős signed his name "Paul Erdos P.G.O.M." When he became 60, he added "L.D.", at 65 "A.D.", at 70 "L.D." (again), and at 75 "C.D."


title: Paul Erdős

text: Erdős is the subject of at least three books: two biographies (Hoffman's "The Man Who Loved Only Numbers" and Schechter's "My Brain is Open", both published in 1998) and a 2013 children's picture book by Deborah Heiligman ("The Boy Who Loved Math: The Improbable Life of Paul Erdős").


title: Paul Erdős

text: He is also the subject of George Csicsery's biographical documentary film "," made while he was still alive.


title: Paul Erdős

text: In 2021 the minor planet (asteroid) 405571 (temporarily designated 2005 QE87) was formally named "Erdőspál" to commemorate Erdős, with the citation describing him as "a Hungarian mathematician, much of whose work centered around discrete mathematics. His work leaned towards solving previously open problems, rather than developing or exploring new areas of mathematics." The naming was proposed by "K. Sárneczky, Z. Kuli" (Kuli being the asteroid's discoverer).


title: Cryptozoology

text: Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, the chupacabra, the Jersey Devil, or the Mokele-mbembe. Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as "cryptids", a term coined by the subculture. Because it does not follow the scientific method, cryptozoology is considered a pseudoscience by mainstream science: it is neither a branch of zoology nor of folklore studies. It was originally founded in the 1950s by zoologists Bernard Heuvelmans and Ivan T. Sanderson.


title: Cryptozoology

text: Scholars have noted that the subculture rejected mainstream approaches from an early date, and that adherents often express hostility to mainstream science. Scholars have studied cryptozoologists and their influence (including the pseudoscience's association with Young Earth creationism), noted parallels in cryptozoology and other pseudosciences such as ghost hunting and ufology, and highlighted uncritical media propagation of cryptozoologist claims.


title: Cryptozoology

text: As a field, cryptozoology originates from the works of Bernard Heuvelmans, a Belgian zoologist, and Ivan T. Sanderson, a Scottish zoologist. Notably, Heuvelmans published "On the Track of Unknown Animals" (French "Sur la Piste des Bêtes Ignorées") in 1955, a landmark work among cryptozoologists that was followed by numerous other like works. Similarly, Sanderson published a series of books that assisted in developing hallmarks of cryptozoology, including "Abominable Snowmen: Legend Come to Life" (1961).


title: Cryptozoology

text: The term "cryptozoology" dates from 1959 or before—Heuvelmans attributes the coinage of the term "cryptozoology" 'the study of hidden animals' (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, "kryptós" "hidden, secret"; Ancient Greek ζῷον, "zōion" "animal", and λόγος, "logos", i.e. "knowledge, study") to Sanderson. Patterned after "cryptozoology", the term "cryptid" was coined in 1983 by cryptozoologist J. E. Wall in the summer issue of the International Society of Cryptozoology newsletter. According to Wall "[It has been] suggested that new terms be coined to replace sensational and often misleading terms like 'monster'. My suggestion is 'cryptid', meaning a living thing having the quality of being hidden or unknown ... describing those creatures which are (or may be) subjects of cryptozoological investigation." The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines the noun "cryptid" as "an animal whose existence or survival to the present day is disputed or unsubstantiated; any animal of interest to a cryptozoologist". While used by most cryptozoologists, the term "cryptid" is not used by academic zoologists. In a textbook aimed at undergraduates, academics Caleb W. Lack and Jacques Rousseau note that the subculture's focus on what it deems to be "cryptids" is a pseudoscientic extension of older belief in monsters and other similar entities from the folklore record, yet with a "new, more scientific-sounding name: cryptids".


title: Cryptozoology

text: While biologists regularly identify new species, cryptozoologists often focus on creatures from the folklore record. Most famously, these include the Loch Ness Monster, Bigfoot, the chupacabra, as well as other "imposing beasts that could be labeled as monsters". In their search for these entities, cryptozoologists may employ devices such as motion-sensitive cameras, night-vision equipment, and audio-recording equipment. While there have been attempts to codify cryptozoological approaches, unlike biologists, zoologists, botanists, and other academic disciplines, however, "there are no accepted, uniform, or successful methods for pursuing cryptids". Some scholars have identified precursors to modern cryptozoology in certain medieval approaches to the folklore record, and the psychology behind the cryptozoology approach has been the subject of academic study.


title: Cryptozoology

text: Few cryptozoologists have a formal science education, and fewer still have a science background directly relevant to cryptozoology. Adherents often misrepresent the academic backgrounds of cryptozoologists. According to writer Daniel Loxton and paleontologist Donald Prothero, "Cryptozoologists have often promoted 'Professor Roy Mackal, PhD.' as one of their leading figures and one of the few with a legitimate doctorate in biology. What is rarely mentioned, however, is that he had no training that would qualify him to undertake competent research on exotic animals. This raises the specter of 'credential mongering', by which an individual or organization feints a person's graduate degree as proof of expertise, even though his or her training is not specifically relevant to the field under consideration." Besides Heuvalmans, Sanderson, and Mackal, other notable cryptozoologists with academic backgrounds include Grover Krantz, Karl Shuker, and Richard Greenwell.


title: Cryptozoology

text: Historically, notable cryptozoologists have often identified instances featuring "irrefutable evidence" (such as Sanderson and Krantz), only for the evidence to be revealed as the product of a hoax. This may occur during a closer examination by experts or upon confession of the hoaxer.


title: Cryptozoology

text: A subset of cryptozoology promotes the pseudoscience of Young Earth creationism, rejecting conventional science in favor of a Biblical interpretation and promoting concepts such as "living dinosaurs". Science writer Sharon A. Hill observes that the Young Earth creationist segment of cryptozoology is "well-funded and able to conduct expeditions with a goal of finding a living dinosaur that they think would invalidate evolution." Anthropologist Jeb J. Card says that "Creationists have embraced cryptozoology and some cryptozoological expeditions are funded by and conducted by creationists hoping to disprove evolution." In a 2013 interview, paleontologist Donald Prothero notes an uptick in creationist cryptozoologists. He observes that "[p]eople who actively search for Loch Ness monsters or Mokele Mbembe do it entirely as creationist ministers. They think that if they found a dinosaur in the Congo it would overturn all of evolution. It wouldn't. It would just be a late-occurring dinosaur, but that's their mistaken notion of evolution."


title: Cryptozoology

text: Citing a 2013 exhibit at the Petersburg, Kentucky-based Creation Museum, which claimed that dragons were once biological creatures who walked the earth alongside humanity and is broadly dedicated to Young Earth creationism, religious studies academic Justin Mullis notes that "Cryptozoology has a long and curious history with Young Earth Creationism, with this new exhibit being just one of the most recent examples". Academic Paul Thomas analyzes the influence and connections between cryptozoology in his 2020 study of the Creation Museum and the creationist theme park Ark Encounter. Thomas comments that, "while the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter are flirting with pseudoarchaeology, coquettishly whispering pseudoarchaeological rhetoric, they are each fully in bed with cryptozoology" and observes that "Young-earth creationists and cryptozoologists make natural bed fellows. As with pseudoarchaeology, both young-earth creationists and cryptozoologists bristle at the rejection of mainstream secular science and lament a seeming conspiracy to prevent serious consideration of their claims."


title: Cryptozoology

text: Media outlets have often uncritically disseminated information from cryptozoologist sources, including newspapers that repeat false claims made by cryptozoologists or television shows that feature cryptozoologists as monster hunters (such as the popular and purportedly nonfiction American television show "MonsterQuest", which aired from 2007 to 2010). Media coverage of purported "cryptids" often fails to provide more likely explanations, further propagating claims made by cryptozoologists.


title: Cryptozoology

text: There is a broad consensus among academics that cryptozoology is a pseudoscience. The subculture is regularly criticized for reliance on anecdotal information and because in the course of investigating animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed, cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method. No academic course of study nor university degree program grants the status of "cryptozoologist" and the subculture is primarily the domain of individuals without training in the natural sciences.


title: Cryptozoology

text: Anthropologist Jeb J. Card summarizes cryptozoology in a survey of pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology:


title: Cryptozoology

text: Card notes that "cryptozoologists often show their disdain and even hatred for professional scientists, including those who enthusiastically participated in cryptozoology", which he traces back to Heuvelmans's early "rage against critics of cryptozoology". He finds parallels with cryptozoology and other pseudosciences, such as ghost hunting and ufology, and compares the approach of cryptozoologists to colonial big-game hunters, and to aspects of European imperialism. According to Card, "Most cryptids are framed as the subject of indigenous legends typically collected in the heyday of comparative folklore, though such legends may be heavily modified or worse. Cryptozoology's complicated mix of sympathy, interest, and appropriation of indigenous culture (or non-indigenous construction of it) is also found in New Age circles and dubious "Indian burial grounds" and other legends...invoked in hauntings such as the "Amityville" hoax ...".


title: Cryptozoology

text: In a 2011 foreword for "The American Biology Teacher", then National Association of Biology Teachers president Dan Ward uses cryptozoology as an example of "technological pseudoscience" that may confuse students about the scientific method. Ward says that "Cryptozoology ... is not valid science or even science at all. It is monster hunting." Historian of science Brian Regal includes an entry for cryptozoology in his "Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia" (2009). Regal says that "as an intellectual endeavor, cryptozoology has been studied as much as cryptozoologists have sought hidden animals".


title: Cryptozoology

text: Campion-Vincent says that "four currents can be distinguished in the study of mysterious animal appearances": "Forteans" ("compiler[s] of anomalies" such as via publications like the "Fortean Times"), "occultists" (which she describes as related to "Forteans"), "folklorists", and "cryptozoologists". Regarding cryptozoologists, Campion-Vincent says that "this movement seems to deserve the appellation of parascience, like parapsychology: the same corpus is reviewed; many scientists participate, but for those who have an official status of university professor or researcher, the participation is a private hobby".


title: Cryptozoology

text: In her "Encyclopedia of American Folklore", academic Linda Watts says that "folklore concerning unreal animals or beings, sometimes called monsters, is a popular field of inquiry" and describes cryptozoology as an example of "American narrative traditions" that "feature many monsters".


title: Cryptozoology

text: In his analysis of cryptozoology, folklorist Peter Dendle says that "cryptozoology devotees consciously position themselves in defiance of mainstream science" and that:


title: Cryptozoology

text: In a paper published in 2013, Dendle refers to cryptozoologists as "contemporary monster hunters" that "keep alive a sense of wonder in a world that has been very thoroughly charted, mapped, and tracked, and that is largely available for close scrutiny on Google Earth and satellite imaging" and that "on the whole the devotion of substantial resources for this pursuit betrays a lack of awareness of the basis for scholarly consensus (largely ignoring, for instance, evidence of evolutionary biology and the fossil record)."


title: Cryptozoology

text: According to historian Mike Dash, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards "more elusive" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence.


title: Cryptozoology

text: Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson (1984) lists cryptozoology among examples of human gullibility, along with creationism:


title: Cryptozoology

text: Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience and categorizes it, along with Holocaust denial and UFO abductions claims, as aspects of American culture that are "clearly baloney".


title: Cryptozoology

text: In "Scientifical Americans: The Culture of Amateur Paranormal Researchers" (2017), Hill surveys the field and discusses aspects of the subculture, noting internal attempts at creating more scientific approaches and the involvement of Young Earth creationists and a prevalence of hoaxes. She concludes that many cryptozoologists are "passionate and sincere in their belief that mystery animals exist. As such, they give deference to every report of a sighting, often without critical questioning. As with the ghost seekers, cryptozoologists are convinced that they will be the ones to solve the mystery and make history. With the lure of mystery and money undermining diligent and ethical research, the field of cryptozoology has serious credibility problems."


title: Cryptozoology

text: There have been several organizations, of varying types, dedicated or related to cryptozoology. These include:


title: Cryptozoology

text: The zoological and cryptozoological collection and archive of Bernard Heuvelmans is held at the Musée Cantonal de Zoologie in Lausanne and consists of around "1,000 books, 25,000 files, 25,000 photographs, correspondence, and artifacts".


title: Cryptozoology

text: In 2006, the Bates College Museum of Art held the "Cryptozoology: Out of Time Place Scale" exhibition, which compared cryptozoological creatures with recently extinct animals like the thylacine and extant taxa like the coelacanth, once thought long extinct (living fossils). The following year, the American Museum of Natural History put on a mixed exhibition of imaginary and extinct animals, including the elephant bird "Aepyornis maximus" and the great ape "Gigantopithecus blacki", under the name "Mythic Creatures: Dragons, Unicorns and Mermaids".


title: Adult animation

text: Adult animation, also known as mature animation, and infrequently as adult-oriented animation, is any type of animated motion work that is catered specifically to adult interests, and is mainly targeted and marketed towards adults and adolescents, as opposed to children or all-ages audiences. Works in this medium could be considered adult for any number of reasons, which include the incorporation of explicit or suggestive sexual content, graphic violence, swear words, dark comedy, or other thematic elements inappropriate for children, and/or any young viewers. Works in this genre may explore philosophical, political, or social issues. Some productions are noted for their complex and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques. This includes animated films, television series, and web series.


title: Adult animation

text: Adult animation is typically defined as animation that skews toward adults. It is also described as something that "formative youths should stay far, far away from" or has adult humor and comes in various styles, but especially sitcoms and comedies. Some have stated that it refers to animations with "adult themes and situations," which uses "explicit language" and make jokes that adults, and occasionally teens, are "more likely to understand" than others. On television, such animations often run in the evening, but they are not generally pornographic or obscene. AdWeek called adult animation "animated projects aimed at grown-ups, not kids." They also focus on issues that adults handle, and have cheeky, and occasionally crass, humor "that has no limits—bouncing between funny and offensive," while evoking a "balance of reality and fantasy." They may also contain violence or sexual themes.


title: Adult animation

text: In 2019, Ayar Blasco's third Spanish-language animated film, "Lava" was released. A 67-minute comedy and science fiction film, it tells the story of a lonely tattoo artist named Deborah who "endeavors to save herself and her town from an alien invasion," with the aliens coming in various forms, trying to get humanity to submit, with Deborah trying to convince others to resist these attacks. One critic, Vassilis Kroustallis, described the film as a "welcome COVID-19 satire," doing well when it comes to self-reflection and interesting characters, and weaker when it comes to plotlines. In November 2020 it was announced that Rock Salt Releasing had gained "global sales rights and U.S. distribution" for the film, complete with English dubbing.


title: Adult animation

text: Adult animation has slowly moved forward in Canada. From 2002 to 2003, "Clone High", a Canadian–American adult animated sitcom, a parody of teen dramas such as "Dawson's Creek" and "Beverly Hills, 90210", first aired in its entirety on Canadian cable network Teletoon at Night between 2002 and 2003, later debuting on MTV. After controversy regarding its depiction of Mahatma Gandhi, which prompted hundreds in India to mount a hunger strike in response, MTV pulled the series, which had been receiving low ratings. Additionally, "Clone High" attracted mixed reviews from television critics upon its premiere, but it has since received critical acclaim and a cult following. Some critics described it as having a "silly premise" and noted that it was short-lived.


title: Adult animation

text: Then, from 2004 to 2007, "Tripping the Rift", an American/Canadian adult CGI science fiction comedy television series, which aired in Syfy, then airing on channels of other North American and International broadcasters, aired on Space and Teletoon at Night. It also aired in France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Sweden, Spain, and Central Europe. Then in 2008, Anchor Bay released the 75 minute unrated "Tripping the Rift: The Movie" on DVD on 25 March 2008. The series was described as "strange riff on Star Trek", with one reviewer saying that while the show has "some out-of-date CGI animation," it mixes spoof of sci-fi with political satire and social commentary. In addition, from 2007 to 2008, an American animated television program by Adam de la Peña, titled "Code Monkeys", which follows the adventures of fictional video game company GameaVision, ran for two seasons, from 2007 to 2008, on G4 and G4 Canada. The series was described as being an "arcade-themed comedy," while having a style of "lude [sic], stoner humor" while having visuals of a distinct flavor.


title: Adult animation

text: In 2005, a British-Canadian adult animated series about a British high school in South London, titled "Bromwell High", aired on Teletoon at Night in Canada first, then had an incomplete run on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. It was a co-production between Hat Trick Productions in the UK and Decode Entertainment in Canada. It was originally to be entitled "Streatham Hill", but was renamed "Bromwell High" in January 2005. Streatham Hill is a real London suburb, while Bromwell is fictional. Reviewers stated that it made fun of living in a London suburb while "delivering a surreal and outlandish viewing experience," parodying British culture itself, having simplistic but edgy humor while staying a "wholly original" animation.


title: Adult animation

text: In 2016 "Secret Path" was released, a multimedia storytelling project principally developed by singer-songwriter and writer Gord Downie. "Secret Path" told the story of Chanie Wenjack, who died at age 12 in 1966 after escaping an Indian residential school in Northern Ontario. The project included an animated television film on the CBC written and directed by Downie, a concept album and concert tour, a graphic novel, and instructional material.


title: Adult animation

text: In March 2019, "", a spinoff of the "Trailer Park Boys" series, began streaming on Netflix. CBR would describe it as "the animated successor to beloved Canadian comedy icons" and stated that any continuation of "this Nova Scotian raunchiness is always appreciated." Later, in July 2020, it was announced that a reboot of the series is in the works at MTV Studios with the original creators Lord, Miller, and Lawrence returning. Specifically, the Adult Animation Unit of ViacomCBS was said to be at work on rebooting shows like "Clone High" and "Beavis and Butt-Head".


title: Adult animation

text: In November 2020, Chris Robinson of Cartoon Brew wrote an article about the animation scene in Toronto, Ontario. Within the article, he argued that while Canada has put out fine animation on TV for years, it has "never produced a series" which is just as "timeless and popular" as "Family Guy" and "The Simpsons". He also stated that adult animations tend to be "very Canada-specific" like "Corner Gas Animated". However, Robinson quoted George Elliott, president of Elliott Animation, who stated that outside of adult animation, "many Canadian shows have found global success."


title: Adult animation

text: In 2018, "The Wolf House", also known as La Casa Lobo, by filmmakers Cristobal León & Joaquín Cociña, who both work in Santiago de Chile, Chile. premiered. It was described as "a stop-motion tour de force, staged as a single sequence" while having a strong "allegory about Chile's inglorious ties with Nazis."


title: Adult animation

text: In the United States, before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation. Initially, few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences, but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success. Adult animation in the United States includes shows with superhero, sci-fi, and fantasy elements. Some of the most prominent animations with these mature themes include "BoJack Horseman", "Futurama", "Final Space", "Beavis and Butt-Head", "Robot Chicken", "South Park", "Big Mouth", "Rick and Morty", "Family Guy", "American Dad!", "Invincible" and "Archer", along with other adult animated television series, feature films, and animation in other forms which helped the genre expand over the years.


title: Adult animation

text: For years, education in adult animation within China fostered "practical talents" in the country's animation industry. In 2017, the Chinese animated dark comedy film directed by Liu Jian, "Have a Nice Day" premiered. It was first shown in the main competition for the Golden Bear at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2017. It is Liu Jian's second feature film, following his debut "Piercing I". The film, mostly done by Liu himself, took three years to complete. The film was withdrawn from the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2017 at its producer's demand as it did not have proper governmental clearance to be screened internationally. Strand Releasing distributed the film in US while Memento Films International handled additional territories including the UK, Mexico, Spain, Benelux, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey and Eastern Europe. The film has been licensed to screen in more than 30 countries. In China, the premiere of the film took place at the Pingyao International Film Festival in early November 2017, with a guest appearance by Chinese film director Jia Zhangke, who praised the film as a milestone in Chinese animation. The film won Best Animation Feature at the 54th Golden Horse Awards. The film was later described as revealing a "dark side of China's modernization" and called subversive.


title: Adult animation

text: Hong Kong, like the rest of China, has been involved in adult animation for years. One of these animations is the recent film, "No.7 Cherry Lane", which has been described as "dense with literary and classic cinema references" and called the first venture by Yonfan into adult animation itself.


title: Adult animation

text: The French and Iranian film, "Persepolis", based on comics of the same name has been described an "adult-oriented story." The film features various LGBTQ characters. At one point in the film, Marjane Satrapi lives for some time in a communal apartment with eight gay men in Vienna, Austria. Additionally, Marjane's boyfriend Fernando (named Enrique in the comic) reveals to her that he is gay. He thanks her because she helped him to discover his own sexuality. He states that if a relationship with her does not work out, it would not work with any other girl.


title: Adult animation

text: Adult animation is known in Japan as . In both English and Japanese, the word "adult" may carry connotations of a sexual nature, but anime on serious topics such as "Akira" or "Ghost in the Shell" are often referred to as "adult" in Japan as well, even when sex is not a key part of the story. "Akira" is also seen as a pivotal film in the cyberpunk genre, particularly the Japanese cyberpunk subgenre while James Cameron cited "Ghost in the Shell" as a source of inspiration for "Avatar", and called it "the first truly adult animation film to reach a level of literary and visual excellence." Some have argued that since the 1980s, Japanese animators have been "grounded in complicated, nuanced stories for decades," including those created by Studio Ghibli like "Totoro", "Kiki's Delivery Service", "Howl's Moving Castle", "The Wind Rises", and "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". The latter were spread to a U.S. audience with distributors like GKids. Other stated that anime changed by the "increasing importation of Japanese animated adult erotic fare" beginning in the 1990s.


title: Adult animation

text: Animated works of an erotic nature have come to be described in western fandom as "hentai", the Japanese word for "perverted", while in Japan they are more likely to be referred to as or . Although some associate all anime with sexual content, hentai only makes up a very small portion of the Japanese animation industry. As the result of the misconceptions about Japanese animation, some video stores outside Japan have classified children's anime as for adults only. Many video stores have also categorized all adult-oriented animation as anime, including the works of Ralph Bakshi, the French animated film "Fantastic Planet", the Canadian animated film "Heavy Metal" and the HBO television series "Todd McFarlane's Spawn". In the case of "Spawn", Todd McFarlane directly listed anime as an influence, particularly Katsuhiro Otomo's "Akira", and stated his hope that the show would help encourage the rise of adult animation on North American networks. This in part lead to the involvement of the Japanese studio Madhouse in the production, in an attempt to "combine" the Eastern and Western styles.


title: Adult animation

text: Some of the earliest manga magazines were aimed at adults, and this provided a prime source as the basis for adult anime works. Manga marketed towards adult men are known as "seinen", while those marketed towards adult women are known as "josei". "Weekly Manga Times" began publication in 1956, and would be followed by "Weekly Manga Goraku" (1964), and "Manga Action" (1967). Anime works based on adult manga include "Berserk", "Golden Boy" and "Tokyo Daigaku Monogatari". In the case of "Golden Boy", while it has been positively received by English-language reviewers, it is widely known for its mature content, as the OVA features instances of partial female nudity, orgasms, and female masturbation, and the manga becomes almost pornographic starting in the second volume. On the other hand, reviewers predicted that "Tokyo Daigaku Monogatari", otherwise known as "Tokyo University Story", would have "sexually-oriented material" but would not be pornographic.


title: Adult animation

text: In 1969, Osamu Tezuka and Eiichi Yamamoto released "Senya Ichiya Monogatari" (千夜一夜物語) the first of a series of three animated feature films aimed at an adult audience. It was dubbed and released in the United States as "One Thousand and One Arabian Nights". Osamu Tezuka and Eiichi Yamamoto collaborated on the second film in the Animerama series "Kureopatora" (クレオパトラ) released in the United States as "Cleopatra: Queen of Sex". This film was described by some as a time-travel farce which portrayed Julius Caesar as a "cigar-chomping, American-style politician." The third film "Kanashimi no Beradonna" (哀しみのベラドンナ) was directed by Eiichi Yamamoto alone. It was entered in the Berlin International Film Festival, but did not achieve commercial success. In addition, mockbusters: Maruhi Gekiga, Ukiyoe Senichiya (, The first animated film to receive the R-18 in Japan), Do It! Yasuji's Pornorama (, based on the erotic gag manga by ) was released, but did not achieve commercial success either, with failure of films like this leaving a big stigma in the animation industry and the movie industry, with adult animation disappearing from the Japanese market until at least the 1980s. The film was also called pornographic, with female staff, most of whom were in their 20s, embarrassed as female genitals appeared frequently during production. The film was also dismissed as "foolish" by Japanese animation researcher Yasushi Watanabe and by movie historian Junichiro Tanaka as a "silly poor piece of writing."


title: Adult animation

text: In 1984, original video animation (OVA) of an erotic nature began to be released, first "Lolita Anime" by Wonder Kids based on the manga work of , and then later in the year "Cream Lemon", a series which proved to be a big hit in Japan. "La Blue Girl" and "New Angel" are two other erotic anime to be released in United States and Europe in the early 1990s.


title: Adult animation

text: 1988 saw the release of "Akira" directed by Katsuhiro Otomo which was dubbed and shown in North American theaters, and released on VHS around the world. Its success led to a greater interest in Japanese adult anime in the US, and opened the door for other titles. In 1995, "Ghost in the Shell" was released as a feature film, directed by Mamoru Oshii based on the manga by Masamune Shirow. It received critical acclaim in both Japan, and abroad hinting further at the possibilities of adult animation. One of the Japanese animation porn movies, which is said to have started the American adult video market, was "Urotsukidoji", which came out in 1989. While the adult animation market exists primarily through direct sales, like mail-order to customers, and wholesale to specialty shops which cater to animation and to comic-book fans, the legal framework in Japan and the United States regarding the regulation of obscene and pornographic material is overall rather similar.


title: Adult animation

text: The North American Adult Swim channel has been airing adult-oriented anime series via Toonami on Saturday nights: "Cowboy Bebop", "FLCL", "", "IGPX" and "Space Dandy". Four of the Japanese TV networks have similar late night anime blocks: Fuji Television's "Noitamina", and Mainichi Broadcasting System's "Animeism and Anime Shower".


title: Adult animation

text: The Animeism block was initially launched in October 2006 and was reorganized in 2015 from a Thursday night/Friday morning schedule to a Friday night/Saturday morning schedule, with MBS chief producer Hirō Maruyama stating that the change was done in order to prevent conflicts with Kansai TV's broadcast of "noitaminA". From June 2017 to January 2019, Animeism signed a deal with Amazon to stream their series exclusively on Amazon Prime Video worldwide, with "Rage of Bahamut: Virgin Soul" and "" becoming the first titles exclusive to Prime Video on 29 June 2017. In January 2019, the streaming deal was no longer in effect worldwide, with Prime Video only exclusively streaming titles in Japan only. On 8 March 2019, MBS introduced the "Super Animeism" programming block, which expands the "Animeism" block by a half-hour starting from July 2019. On 23 March 2019, it was announced at AnimeJapan 2019 that MBS, Kodansha, and DMM Pictures formed a two-year partnership to co-produce anime titles for the block, adapting works from Kodansha published manga or creating original works into anime, with "Domestic Girlfriend" being the first title produced through the partnership.


title: Adult animation

text: As for the Noitamina timeslot, it was expanded from half an hour to a full hour in 2010, with Fuji TV and Funimation announcing an agreement that allows Funimation to simulcast series from the noitaminA block in North America within an hour of their airing in Japan. So far the only non-anime series aired on noitaminA was the live-action adaptation of "" in 2010. Them, trom 2016 to 2018, Fuji TV signed a deal with Amazon to exclusively stream and simulcast series from the noitaminA block through their Prime Instant Video service on 17 March 2016, starting with "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress", with "The Promised Neverland" being the first title since the deal to no longer be exclusive to Prime Video outside Japan.


title: Adult animation

text: Starting in 2004, Mahiro Maeda directed a multi-episode anime adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' novel as "". It was aired on TV Asahi between 5 October 2004 and 29 March 2005, then later on Animax a day after its TV Asahi broadcast, running from 6 October 2004 and 30 March 2005 NHK BS2 between 17 June – 2 December 2008, AT-X between 7 January – 20 June 2012. The anime was first licensed for a Western release by Geneon Entertainment, which released the title on DVD with both subtitled Japanese audio and an English dub. Then, in 2006, Crunchyroll came into existence. It presented anime to a U.S. audience and later began presenting "a slate of originals" beginning in 2019, including shows like "Onyx Equinox", a story which was "created by Latina showrunner Sofia Alexander set in Aztec Mexico."


title: Adult animation

text: From October 2012 to March 2013, the first season of "Psycho-Pass" aired on Fuji TV's Noitamina. The second season aired from October 2014 to December 2014 on the same programming block, and the third season from October to December 2019. This series was later compared with "The Simpsons", "satiric family sitcom," in terms of both animations having a specific flavor, each presenting adult themes in their own way. The same critic noted that while Japan has various anime with adult themes, in the United States adult animation is "largely comedic." She also called both "entertainment for adults" even though they have differences in "aesthetics, genres and storylines."


title: Adult animation

text: In May 2020, HBO Max penned a deal to "stream the library" of Studio Ghibli, which includes adult animations. Later that year, Joanne Waage, general manager of Crunchyroll stated that anime was still growing in "international markets." Elsewhere, Waage stated that due to the pandemic, "awareness of anime outside Asia" has been growing. Around the same time, it was announced that an adult anime titled "Idaten Deities in the Peaceful Generation" would be released in July 2021 on Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block. Also at that time, "Yamibou", based on an adult visual novel, began streaming in English for the first time on Tubi TV and RetroCrush. The same month, one critic, Nick Creamer argued that children's animation in Japan can handle almost all the topics which appear in "late-night anime," even exploring them with "more nuance and grace" than those which are "adult-oriented." In November it was further announced that an "adult workplace romance" named "JimiHen—!!" would be turned into a TV anime series. That same month, the Association of Japanese Animations stated, in a report, that Japanese animation would be challenged by adult animation in the United States, writing: "Hollywood has finally advanced into the realm overlapping with the adult animation market that had been Japan's monopoly. If this trend shifts into high gear, the existence of Japanese animation may be questioned again."


title: Adult animation

text: On 12 December 2020, Lloyd Newkirk pointed out a number of more adult animation like "Berserk", "Monster", "Afro Samurai", "Basilisk", "Gantz", "Hellsing: Ultimate".


title: Adult animation

text: Adult animation began arising in the 2010s, much like Yeon Sang-ho, known as directing a live-action zombie film "Train to Busan," directs his film debut in 2011 film "The King of Pigs," depicts their subject matter such as the realistic portrayal of juvenile delinquency, bullying, violence, and poverty. Yet, he continued to make animation targeted at adults with dark, controversial themes that brutally and incisively explore human nature and social realism. His first film, along with his works, "The Fake" (2013) and "Seoul Station" (2016), is much praised for its animation and themes due to his influences by the works of Japanese anime and manga artists, Satoshi Kon and Minoru Furuya.


title: Adult animation

text: Another adult animated film "Leafie, A Hen into the Wild", was responsible for South Korea's increase in legitimacy in the animation industry. The first entirely computer-animated and musical film primarily produced in South Korea was "Swimming to Sea", originally distributed by CJ Entertainment and officially released on Steam.


title: Adult animation

text: In November 2019, it was announced that Crunchyroll would be partnering with Webtoon, a platform launched by a South Korean development company, Naver Corporation 14 years prior, to produce animated works from their catalog. While adult animations were not specified, there is no doubt that some of those animations produced will be adult in character since 75% of the users in North America are 24 years old or younger and 64% are female according to articles in "Korea JoongAng Daily" and "Publishers Weekly". In 2020, Crunchyroll released a number of animated series based on Webtoon properties, including "Tower of God, Noblesse," and "God of High School."


title: Adult animation

text: In November 2020, it was announced that Locus Corporation, founded in 2009, creating many "influential and internationally renowned films," was being rebranded, with a new set of animations, such as "Running Man: Revengers", "Toemarok", and "Yumi's Cells". The CEO of Locus, James Hyungsoon, stated the part of the company's business plan was to produce "top-quality family animated films" while also expanding the "Korean animation industry with teenage and adult-oriented animation," along with series for preschoolers and young kids. In the past, Locus has produced films like "Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs". One of Locus's productions, "Yumi's Cells", may be related to the webcomic of the same name published on Webtoon.


title: Adult animation

text: Adult animation has a staying power in the Philippines. In 2007, the Filipino-American adult animated sitcom "The Nutshack" premiered on Myx TV, but the series concluded in 2011 after two seasons. In 2020, "Hayop Ka! The Nimfa Dimaano Story" ("You Animal!") premiered on Netflix, an adult animation and comedy. Avid Liongoren, the director of the animation, stated the hope for creating a "Filipino style when it comes to cartoons" and noted that the Philippines has a huge animation industry "that does work for foreign projects." He also hoped it encourages "more local productions" and work for Pinoy animators. Others, like reviewer Oggs Cruz, called "Hayop Ka!" a "thing of beauty" with vibrant colors, good comic timing, and romance. However, the same reviewer criticized it for "copious amounts of gratuitous nudity and sex," while arguing that the "overflowing creativity" in the animation is wasted. Later, it was said that it took three years to produce and that it was one of the many animated films in the Philippines.


title: Adult animation

text: Various adult animations have premiered in Australia. In October 2020, a film titled "Combat Wombat", came out, and became the second film in a trilogy of animated features which are part of the "Tales from Sanctuary City" series. It was described by one critic as an "entertaining and surprisingly adult movie."


title: Adult animation

text: In 1954, a British film studio produced an animated adaptation of George Orwell's novel "Animal Farm". This film is believed to have been one of the earliest examples of British animation, and like the book is meant to be a portrayal or critique of Stalinism with characters serving as analogues to figures from the Russian Revolution of 1917, as argued by Orwell himself, due to his hostility to Stalin and his policies since the 1930s. He also described it, in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), as the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole". The film was brought to the silver screen thanks to funding from the CIA and support from the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination, while it was banned by the Soviet Union.


title: Adult animation

text: For many years, it had been problematic to import films that did not meet the approval of the United States Customs Service. In 1972, the Customs Service refused entry of a short film titled "Sinderella", depicting scenes of sexual intercourse between characters based upon "Cinderella", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Puss in Boots", "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" and "Prince Charming". The film was seized as obscene material, and its distributor filed a court case and an appeal in 1974, but lost both.


title: Adult animation

text: In England, Martin Rosen directed two animated features based on the novels of Richard Adams: "Watership Down" in 1978, and "The Plague Dogs" in 1982. Both films deal with adult themes: "Watership Down", the negotiation of leadership to organize an exodus away from persecution, and "The Plague Dogs" on animal testing. For "Watership Down", the film has received a mostly positive critical reception, with an 82% 'Fresh' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews, while the critical consensus on the site says the film is "aimed at adults perhaps more than children" and is a "respectful, beautifully animated adaptation of Richard Adams' beloved book." As for "The Plague Dogs", it was praised for its visual style, while others believed that the film was downbeat due to an unhappy ending. Currently the film has a 57% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews with an average rating of 7 out of 10.


title: Adult animation

text: "Pink Floyd – The Wall", an adaptation of Pink Floyd's concept album of the same name, was highly metaphorical, and symbolic imagery and sound are present most commonly. The film is mostly driven by music and does not feature much dialogue. The film is best known for its imagery of mental isolation, drug use, war, fascism, dark or disturbing animated sequences, sexual situations, violence and gore. Despite its turbulent production and the creators voicing their discontent about the final product, the film received generally positive reviews and has an established cult following. Reviewers praised the film for its "a stunning vision of self-destruction" while others called it "unrelentingly downbeat and at times repulsive" It earned two British Academy Awards: Best Sound for James Guthrie, Eddy Joseph, Clive Winter, Graham Hartstone and Nicholas Le Messurier, and Best Original Song for Waters. and "unremitting in its onslaught upon the senses." Gilmour stated (on the "In the Studio with Redbeard" episodes of "The Wall", "A Momentary Lapse of Reason" and "On an Island") that the conflict between him and Waters started with the making of the film. Gilmour also stated on the documentary "Behind The Wall" (which was aired on the BBC in the UK and VH1 in the US) that "the movie was the less successful telling of "The Wall" story as opposed to the album and concert versions." Later, although the symbol of the crossed hammers used in the film was not related to any real group, it was adopted by white supremacist group the Hammerskins in the late 1980s. In terms of the animation, even before the original Pink Floyd album was recorded, the intention was to make a film from it. The original plan was for the film to be live footage from the album's tour, together with Gerald Scarfe's animation and extra scenes, and for Waters himself to star. EMI did not intend to make the film, as they did not understand the concept. Later, Alan Parker convinced Waters and Scarfe that the concert footage was too theatrical and that it would jar with the animation and stage live action. After the concert footage was dropped, Seresin left the project and Parker became sole director.


title: Adult animation

text: In 1986, England produced yet another politically themed animation, "When the Wind Blows", which recounts a rural English couple's attempt to survive a nearby nuclear attack and maintain a sense of normality in the subsequent fallout. The film stars the voices of John Mills and Peggy Ashcroft as the two main characters and was scored by Roger Waters of "Pink Floyd". The film is a hybrid of traditional and stop-motion animation. The characters of Jim and Hilda Bloggs are hand-drawn, but their home and most of the objects in it are real objects that seldom move but are animated with stop-motion when they do. In the United States it was released on Blu-ray on 11 November 2014 by Twilight Time in a limited edition of 3000, and in the United Kingdom, a dual-format release containing both the DVD and Blu-ray version was released on 22 January 2018 by the BFI. Severin Films released another Blu-ray of the movie in the United States through their Severin Kids label on 21 April 2020.


title: Adult animation

text: In 2016, "Ethel & Ernest" was broadcast on television on BBC One. Some critics called it a "placid, exquisitely observed chronicle of an ordinary English marriage."


title: Adult animation

text: In November 2020, the "Daily Express" reported that an adult animated comedy named "The Prince" was coming soon to HBO Max. They described it as a show which will poke "fun at the British monarchy...lampoon[ing] various royals."


title: Adult animation

text: In 2011, the 3D computer-animated fantasy comedy film "Ronal the Barbarian," parodies the barbarians and other stereotypes of the sword and sorcery fiction, role-playing games and films such as Conan the Barbarian and the "Dungeons & Dragons" class, with nods towards the 1980s fantasy boom and its association with traditional heavy metal.


title: Adult animation

text: In 2021, "Flee", an animated documentary film was based on a true story that follows of a refugee named Amin Nawabi, who shares his hidden past for the first time, of fleeing his country to Denmark for his safety. Sommer noted "I had early development sketches of the main character where he was more stylized.” The film had its world premiere at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2021, where it won the Grand Jury Prize in the World Cinema Documentary section. Among film festivals and critics were garnered more important acclaim for its thematic content and depiction of Afghanistan, and is considered one of the most highly acclaimed and award-winning animated documentaries since "Waltz with Bashir" (2008), which it results as a spiritual successor. Flee makes history at the Academy Award records, which was selected as the Danish entry for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film, where it received a nomination, along with nominations in the Best Documentary Feature and Best Animated Feature categories, making it the first PG-13, adult animated, foreign-language, and animated documentary film to be nominated simultaneously. It also received many accolades, mainly for animated and documentary categories including the recipient of Golden Globes, BAFTA and Annie nominations, winning the latter for Best Animated Feature - Independent.


title: Adult animation

text: In 2018, "Chris the Swiss", a Swiss animated documentary film directed by Anja Kofmel, premiered. It was screened in the International Critics' Week section at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. It was described as a war animation which combines live-action interviews, newsreel animation, and more to focus on the Yugoslav Wars.