title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: Oppenheimer invited Harrison and Kitty to spend the summer at his New Mexico ranch, "Perro Caliente". Harrison declined, as he was engaged in his research, but Kitty accepted. Robert Serber and his wife Charlotte collected Kitty in Pasadena, and drove her to "Perro Caliente", where they met up with Robert, his brother Frank Oppenheimer, and his wife Jackie. The Serbers had met Kitty before, at Charlotte Serber's parents' house in Philadelphia in 1938. The Oppenheimers loved to ride through the pine and birch forests and floral meadows of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, camping with minimal food and equipment. Kitty impressed them with her riding ability; horsemanship was a normal accomplishment for women of her social class, and she had learned to ride as a girl on the riding trails around Aspinwall. Kitty and Robert rode out to stay the night with his friend Katy Page in Los Pinos, New Mexico. The following day Page rode to "Perro Caliente" on her bay horse to return Kitty's night gown, which had been left under Robert's pillow.


title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: Kitty later told Anne Wilson that she got Robert to marry her the "old-fashioned way"—by getting pregnant. In September 1940, Robert phoned Harrison with the happy news, and they agreed that the best way forward was for Kitty to get a divorce so she could marry Robert. Soon after, Robert shared a podium with Nelson to raise money for refugees from the Spanish Civil War, and he informed him that he was engaged to Kitty. Nelson's wife was also pregnant, and he named his daughter, who was born in November 1940, Josie in memory of Dallet. To obtain a divorce, Kitty moved to Reno, Nevada, where she stayed for six weeks to meet the state's residency requirements. The divorce was finalised on November 1, 1940, and Kitty married Oppenheimer the following day in a civil ceremony in Virginia City, Nevada, with the court janitor and clerk as witnesses.


title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: Their child, a son they called Peter, was born in Pasadena, on May 12, 1941, during Oppenheimer's regular session at Caltech. When they returned to Berkeley, he bought a new house at One Eagle Hill with a view over the Golden Gate. Kitty worked at the University of California as a laboratory assistant. They left Peter with the Chevaliers and a German nurse and headed out to "Perro Caliente" for the summer. The holiday was marred when Oppenheimer was trampled by a horse, and Kitty was injured when she had an accident in their Cadillac convertible. The United States entered World War II in December 1941, and Oppenheimer began recruiting staff for the Manhattan Project. Among the first were the Serbers, who moved into the apartment over the garage at One Eagle Hill.


title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: On March 16, 1943, the couple boarded a train for Santa Fe, New Mexico. By the end of the month, they had moved to Los Alamos, New Mexico, where they occupied one of the buildings formerly belonging to the Los Alamos Ranch School. Los Alamos was known to the occupants as "the Hill" and to the Manhattan Project as Site Y. Oppenheimer became the director of Project Y. Kitty abdicated the role of post commander's wife to Martha Parsons, the wife of Robert's deputy, Navy Captain William S. Parsons. She put her biologist training to use working for the director of the Health Group at Los Alamos, Louis Hempelmann, conducting blood tests to assess the danger of radiation.


title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: In 1944, Kitty became pregnant again. Her second child, a girl Katherine who she named after her mother but called Toni, was born on December 7, 1944. Like other babies born in wartime Los Alamos, Toni's birth certificate gave the place of birth as P.O. Box 1663. In April 1945, Kitty was depressed by the isolation of Los Alamos, and she left Toni with Pat Sherr, the wife of physicist Rubby Sherr; Pat had recently lost her son, Michael, to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Kitty returned with Peter to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to live with her parents. They returned to Los Alamos in July 1945.


title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: With the end of the war in August 1945, Oppenheimer had become a celebrity, and Kitty had become an alcoholic. She suffered a series of bone breaks from drunken falls and car crashes. In November 1945, Robert left Los Alamos to return to Caltech, but he soon found that his heart was no longer in teaching. In 1947, he accepted an offer from Lewis Strauss to take up the directorship of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. The job came with rent-free accommodation in the director's house, a ten-bedroom 17th-century manor with a cook and groundskeeper, surrounded by of woodlands. Robert had a greenhouse built for Kitty, where she raised orchids; for her birthdays Oppenheimer had rare species flown in from Hawaii. Olden Manor was sometimes known as "Bourbon Manor"; Kitty and Robert liked to keep the liquor cabinet well stocked, and like many of their generation, liked to celebrate cocktail hour with martinis, Manhattans, Old Fashioneds and highballs. Both were also fond of smoking, and Kitty's habit of combining too much alcohol with smoking in bed led to a plethora of holes in her bedding and at least one house fire. She sometimes took too many pills, and suffered from abdominal pains caused by pancreatitis. Pain often prompted outbursts of anger.


title: Katherine Oppenheimer

text: In 1952, Toni contracted polio, and doctors suggested that a warmer climate might help. The family flew to the Caribbean, where they rented a ketch. Robert and Kitty discovered a shared love of sailing, while Toni soon recovered. The family spent part of each summer on Saint John in the Virgin Islands, eventually building a beach house there. On January 6, 1967, Robert was diagnosed with inoperable cancer, and he died on February 18, 1967. Kitty had his remains cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn, which she took to St. John and dropped into the sea off the coast, within sight of the beach house. She took up with Robert Serber, whose wife Charlotte had committed suicide in May 1967. She talked him into buying a yawl, which they sailed from New York to Grenada. In 1972, they purchased a ketch, with the intention of sailing through the Panama Canal and to Japan via the Galapagos Islands and Tahiti. They set out, but Kitty became ill, and was taken to Gorgas Hospital, where she died of an embolism on October 27, 1972. Serber and Toni had her remains cremated, and they scattered her ashes near Robert's.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: The fifth-generation iPad Pro, colloquially known as the M1 iPad Pro, is a line of iPad tablet computers developed and marketed by Apple Inc. Announced on April 20, 2021, it was available with the same screen size options as its predecessor: and . Preorders began on April 30, 2021, and the product was released worldwide on May 21, 2021. It comes in two colors: Silver and Space Gray.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: Significant upgrades over the previous generation include the new Apple M1 processor, the addition of 5G support in cellular models, support for Thunderbolt 3 and USB4, and for the 12.9-inch model, a new mini LED Liquid Retina XDR display.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: The tech community was divided on whether Apple would use the M1 chip or a hypothetical A14X chip for its fifth generation iPad Pro. After Apple announced that it would use the M1, speculation surfaced that it might run macOS. The iPad's general availability was temporarily constrained by an ongoing chip shortage of 2020 and 2021.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: In spite of minor differences in weight and thickness due to hardware upgrades, the tablet is virtually identical to its predecessor. Weight of the 12.9-inch model has increased from 641 grams to 682 grams, while that of the 11-inch model has decreased from 471 grams to 466 grams. It is compatible with the second generation Apple Pencil and the Magic Keyboard; Apple designed a revised variant of Magic Keyboard for the 12.9-inch model due to its change in thickness.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: The iPad Pro uses 100% recycled aluminum and sources at least 98% recycled rare earth element supplies. It is free of any harmful substances, as defined by Apple's proprietary "Apple Regulated Substances Specification".


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: The fifth generation iPad Pro uses an Apple M1 SoC, which is the first iPad not based on a customary A-series processor. The M1 features an eight-core CPU in a hybrid configuration with four high-performance and four high-efficiency cores, an eight-core GPU, and a 16-core Neural Engine. The cellular model supports mmWave 5G and allows speed up to 4 Gbit/s in ideal conditions. Internal storage options include 128 GB, 256 GB, 512 GB, 1 TB and 2 TB. The 128, 256, and 512 GB versions includes 8 GB of RAM, while the 1 and 2 TB versions are bundled with 16 GB of RAM.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: The fifth generation iPad Pro debuted support of Thunderbolt 3 and USB4 with its USB-C port. The latter can transfer data at up to 40 Gigabits per second and can be used to connect external displays, such as the Pro Display XDR. The 11-inch model has a Liquid Retina display with a peak brightness at 600 nits, which is the same as the 11-inch model of the 3rd and 4th generations. The 12.9-inch model, in contrasts, boasts mini LED HDR display called the Liquid Retina XDR display built in with a 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio, full screen brightness of 1000 nits and a peak brightness of 1600 nits (HDR). Both models support True Tone, ProMotion, 120 Hz variable refresh rate, and P3 wide colour gamut.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: It supports a dual camera system in the back. In addition to a 12 MP wide camera with an aperture of ƒ/1.8, and another 10 MP ultra-wide camera with a ƒ/2.4 aperture and a 125º field of view. A brighter True Tone flash is also included. It features an ultra-wide 12 MP 122º-field front-facing camera that enables Apple's "Center Stage" technology, which pinpoints the positions of the users and automatically tracks the camera view accordingly to perspectivally centers them. The Wide Cameras can record videos at up to 4k and 60fps per second. All cameras have Smart HDR 3, the same HDR technology present in the iPhone 12 series. It includes the same sensors as their predecessors: Face ID, Lidar, three-axis gyroscope, accelerometer, barometer, and an ambient light sensor.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: In addition to the second generation Apple Pencil, the Smart Keyboard Folio, and the Magic Keyboard, the fifth-generation iPad Pro supports third-party external accessories such as game controllers (Sony's PlayStation and Microsoft's Xbox controllers).


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: Apple's fifth-generation iPad Pro can also be used with many other peripherals that transform it into a versatile computer. As such a wide range of USB-C accessories like USB-C hubs and USB-C docks.


title: IPad Pro (5th generation)

text: The fifth generation iPad Pro received mixed responses from critics. Some reviewers said that its overboosted processor was limited by iPadOS and the lack of professional macOS applications, while other criticized the placement of its camera system. "The Verge" criticized the lack of multiuser support like the Mac but praised the Mini-LED and cameras.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver International Airport is an international airport located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, serving the city of Vancouver and the Lower Mainland region. It is located from Downtown Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic (13.7 million), behind Toronto Pearson International Airport. As a trans-Pacific hub, the airport has more direct flights to China than any other airport in North America or Europe. It is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet, and an operating base for Air Transat. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Pre-clearance facilities. It is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The airport has won several notable international best airport awards. It won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2022, for a record of 12 consecutive years. The airport also made the top 10 list of airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th (2012), 8th (2013), and 9th (2014) overall. It is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver International Airport is located on Sea Island and is managed by Vancouver Airport Authority, a not-for-profit organization.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: In 1929, the City of Vancouver purchased land located on Sea Island to be used for aviation purposes, replacing the original grass airstrip at Minoru Park on Lulu Island. During World War II, the airports and its original terminal, now the South Terminal, were leased to the federal government and operated by the Department of National Defence and the Department of Transport as RCAF Station Sea Island. The airport was used for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. The crews and their families were housed in a new townsite on the island, named Burkeville, after Boeing president Stanley Burke. Funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada (now Boeing Canada).


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since been expanded to include separate domestic and international terminals. A north runway was completed in 1996.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: In 2011, the airport announced that it will enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The airport has often been described as a major trans-Pacific hub, due to its location in the Pacific Northwest and destinations in the Americas, Asia, and Australia, which help facilitate connecting flights. In 2019, Craig Richmond, President and CEO of the Vancouver Airport Authority, said that the recent growth of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in the United States could challenge Vancouver's status as a trans-Pacific hub.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver International Airport has two terminals: the Main Terminal, and the South Terminal. The Main Terminal contains Domestic and International concourses. Free Wi-Fi is available in all sections of the airport. Throughout the terminal, there is trilingual English, French, and Chinese signage. The South Terminal, along with the adjacent floatplane docks, is referred to by airport management as "Airport South".


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The Domestic section of the terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt and was given a top-to-bottom renovation in 2005 by Vancouver architect Kasian Kennedy. The Domestic area consists of three piers (A-C).


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Pier B consists of 14 gates: gates B13 through B23 and B26 through B28. Gates B14 to B17 allow international arrivals. Gate B23 is a ground loading ramp accessing stands 23A, 23B, and 23C. Pier B is the hub for domestic flights for WestJet, and additionally serves domestic flights by Air North, Air Transat, Flair Airlines, and Sunwing Airlines.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Pier C consists of 24 gates: C29 through C52. This is the hub for Air Canada and Air Canada Express domestic flights. C50, C51 and C52 are swing gates and can be used for international arrivals and departures (designated as D50 to D52). Gates C48 and C49 can also receive international/US arrivals.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The International Concourse was designed by Vancouver-based "Architectura", now Stantec, with Kansas City-based HNTB Corporation (1994–96). YVR is one of eight Canadian airports with United States border preclearance facilities, which are situated in the International Terminal. All international concourse gates can accept flights arriving from international and US origins; passengers are directed onto overhead walkways which lead to the Canada Border Services Agency screening area.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Pier D consists of 29 gates is used by all international-bound and select US-bound flights from Vancouver. There are 29 gates: D50 to D78. D56, D57, D59, D60, D61, D63, and D65 are bus gates for remote stands. All gates can handle wide-body aircraft; seven gates are fitted with 2 jet bridges, six of these gates can handle the Airbus A380. British Airways operates the A380 seasonally to Vancouver; however, the airline plans to permanently cease A380 from YVR effective September 26, 2022. The pier has been expanded to the west to allow for more gates and more remote stand operations.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: D50 to D52 are swing gates that can be used by domestic flights (designated C50 to C52). D71 through D75 are swing gates which may be partitioned off to allow for a higher number of United States border preclearance flights (designated E73 through E75) and are used as contingency gates for international flights.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: A SkyTeam airport lounge operated by Global Lounge Network is located near gate D53 and the Air Canada Maple Leaf Lounge is at Gate D52.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Pier E is the US border preclearance area and consists of 20 gates: E73 to E88 and E90 to E96. Gates E73 to E78 can accommodate smaller wide-body aircraft and are swing gates which used to be used for international departures (as gates D75 to D78). Gate E85 is a bus gate for remote stands. Gate E95 accesses ground-loading stands 95A and 95B.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The majority of US-bound flights operate from Pier E; the only exceptions are flights from an international origin and flights that depart after 8:30 p.m. (mainly seasonal eastbound red-eye flights).


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The Airport South complex includes the South Terminal, the Floatplane Facility and other adjacent operations.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The South Terminal is a portion of the original pre-1968 terminal which is still in use. It also houses the corporate headquarters and main base of Pacific Coastal Airlines and Harbour Air.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The South Terminal serves regional airlines which fly mostly within British Columbia, such as Pacific Coastal Airlines and Central Mountain Air, in addition to chartered flights. A nearby building serves as the YVR terminal for Helijet.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The Vancouver International Water Airport is located on Inglis Drive, a short distance from the South Terminal. This facility allows floatplanes to land and dock on the South Arm of the Fraser River. The facility is served by all floatplane operators other than Harbour Air, which maintains a separate dock and terminal at the Flying Beaver Bar and Grill nearby.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The airport has a station on the SkyTrain network called YVR–Airport, the terminus of the Sea Island branch of the Canada Line. As part of the Canada Line's funding, the airport authority contributed $300 million towards construction. A pedestrian footbridge ($117 million, completed in 2007) links the international terminal with the domestic terminal and serves as the arrival and departure area for users of the Canada Line. The Canada Line itself opened in August 2009 as the third line of Vancouver's rapid transit network, in advance of the 2010 Winter Olympics which took place the following February. It was the only airport rail link service of any kind in Canada until the opening of Toronto's Union Pearson Express in 2015.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: When Canada Line service is interrupted, such as overnight or other service disruptions, the N10 night bus operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company (under contract to TransLink) connects the airport's international and domestic terminals to Richmond and downtown Vancouver. The airport's south terminal is served by the 412 bus, which connects to the Canada Line at Bridgeport Station. Between 2001 and the Canada Line's opening in 2009, regular bus service was provided by TransLink route 424.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: YVR Skylynx buses to Whistler run directly from YVR Vancouver Airport and Vancouver City Centre to Squamish, Creekside Village, and Whistler using up to 16 services a day. YVR Skylynx also operates daily services to Victoria from YVR Vancouver Airport via BC Ferries Tsawwassen to Swartz Bay route.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: In preparation for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games, YVR completed a $1.4-billion multi-year capital development plan, which included a four-gate expansion to the International Terminal Wing, completed in June 2007. Two of the four new gates are conventional wide-bodied gates and two can accommodate the Airbus A380. The international terminal addition includes interior design elements intended to represent British Columbia, including a stream in a pathway and fish and jellyfish tanks.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: A five-gate and food and retail expansion were completed in 2009 for Domestic Terminal's C-Pier. The train that links downtown Vancouver, YVR, and Richmond opened in August 2009.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver International Airport Authority has developed a 2017–2037 Master Plan, called Flight Plan 2037 which includes 75 projects at a projected cost of $5.6 billion. The plan allows for the airport to serve 35 million passengers by 2037. The plan calls for the expansion of facilities around the existing large terminal. New piers and gates will be added, as well as a second parking garage, taxiways, and improved vehicle access. A new runway may also be constructed. Eight additional gates at the international terminal were added in the first phase which was completed in February 2021. Final approval of the plan by the Ministry of Transport is needed.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: YVR's interior has a uniquely British Columbian theme, featuring an extensive collection of Pacific Northwest Coast Native art, and blues and greens to reflect the colours of the land, sea, and sky. This theme was designed by Vancouver-based firm "Architectura". The airport uses a great deal of carpet and vast expanses of glass to let in large amounts of natural light. One of the most noticeable places for an arriving passenger is the International arrivals hall, a large area where customs and immigration procedures are completed. Arriving passengers come down escalators leading to a platform across a large waterfall.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: In 2020, the expansion of International Pier D was completed with a glassed-in island forest with access to the outdoors and an immersive digital experience that explores the rugged British Columbia Coast.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The YVR aboriginal art collection includes wooden sculptures and totem poles. Bill Reid's sculpture in bronze, "The Spirit of Haida Gwaii, The Jade Canoe", is displayed in the international departures area. This is the second of two castings of this sculpture; the first casting, "The Spirit of Haida Gwaii, The Black Canoe", is now displayed outside the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C. The Pacific Passage area includes artwork by Stan Wamiss and Connie Watts. The Institute for Stained Glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at Vancouver International Airport.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Since 1992, Vancouver Airport Authority has been working with an independent accessibility consultant to eliminate the physical barriers in the built environment and is "committed to providing fully accessible terminal facilities for people of all backgrounds and capabilities".


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: In 2004, the airport received the Rick Hansen Accessibility Award, which recognizes "facilities and communities that improve the quality of life for people with mobility limitations".


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Designated short-term parking spaces and curb-side ramps are available on each level of the terminal building for vehicles displaying a valid SPARC permit and are located next to main doors near check-in counters and baggage claim areas for easier access. Lowered counters with toe clearance for wheelchair users are also available at check-in, customer care, and all retail outlets in Vancouver Airport. Bathrooms have also been designed to be wheelchair-accessible with doorless and no-touch entry features, lowered sinks, and hands-free bathroom dispensers. Grab bars and emergency call buttons are also present in all wheelchair accessible toilet stalls.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Low-resistance carpeting and other materials such as laminate flooring have been utilized throughout the airport to make it easier for people using wheelchairs and walkers to move throughout the airport. Elevators are large and allow for easy turning in a wheelchair and special wheelchairs designed to fit down aircraft aisles are utilized to assist with boarding and de-planing. Wheelchair lifts have been installed at aircraft gates to provide disabled passengers with their own wheelchairs as quickly as possible after an aircraft lands in Vancouver.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Features that have been implemented throughout the airport to aid those with hearing loss include a public address system to reduce noise pollution for those with hearing aids. Vancouver International Airport has installed more individual speakers in a given space than is standard, which allows the volume of the speakers to be turned down and provides a better quality of sound. At check-in counters, amplified handsets are available to aid those with hearing aids, and all telephones throughout the airport have adjustable volume controls. "Visual pagers" are dedicated video monitors that are located throughout the airport and convey important information to travellers that have hearing impairments. In the event of an emergency, a video override system displays large bold messages on all entertainment systems and provides information about the type of emergency and the required course of action from the public. Strobe fire alarms have also been installed throughout the airport and have been carefully programmed to prevent seizures to those with epilepsy. Vancouver Airport has its own TTY telephone number for incoming inquiries about airport operations and within the terminal, there are also 23 public telephones equipped with TTY at both stand-up and seated positions.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver International Airport also has numerous features that have been implemented to assist visually impaired travellers. Three types of flooring are utilized throughout the terminal and function as a texturized guide to assist travellers in identifying their location within the airport. In areas with tile or terrazzo, patterns in the tile help to identify exits. Areas that have carpet help to identify that a gate is close by and areas with laminate flooring indicate retail spaces. Tactile maps are also available at customer service counters throughout the airport, and braille and tactile lettering are used throughout the airport to indicate building features such as washrooms.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver Airport Authority was one of the first airports in North America to institute a volunteer program in 1989. Volunteers in green vest/jacket are deployed around the airport to provide information, customer service and be the 'eyes and ears' for the various partners in the airport community between the hours of 6am to 10pm every day. Volunteers are given basic training in airport operations and undertake many of the similar trainings mandated to airport employees. Each volunteer is required to obtain Transportation Security Clearance and Restricted Area Identification Card for the purposes of accessing the restricted and sterile areas of the terminal.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: As a result of the September 11 attacks, the airspace over the United States was shut down. Aircraft over the North Atlantic and Pacific bound for the United States were therefore diverted to Canadian airports.Vancouver International Airport accommodated 34 of these flights (3rd highest after Halifax and Gander) amounting to a total of 8,500 passengers.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: The airport won the 2001 Airport Management Award from the B.C. Aviation Council and was cited for overcoming many challenges in a professional and compassionate way.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Vancouver International Airport Emergency Services Team is the primary fire services at the airport. The airport fire station and tenders (4) are owned by the Vancouver Airport Authority. Richmond Fire has additional resources when required from Richmond Fire Hall #4 (Sea Island) at 3900 Russ Baker Way, as well as the Canadian Coast Guard.


title: Vancouver International Airport

text: Policing at the airport is provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Richmond detachment. Airport emergency health services are provided by the British Columbia Ambulance Service, with Station 270 providing a dedicated bike squad for rapid EMS response to passengers and staff. In addition, BCAS air ambulance Station 280 is located near the YVR South Terminal, providing air ambulance service with two Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, two Beechcraft Super King Air turboprop aircraft, and one Cessna Citation Bravo jet.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the historical drama television series "Vikings" premiered on February 18, 2016 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: The fourth season consists of a double-season order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; The first half concluded on April 21, 2016. The second half premiered on November 30, 2016. The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia, Bjorn's raid into the Mediterranean, and the Viking invasion of England. It concluded in its entirety on February 1, 2017.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: "Vikings" is an Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The fourth season was developed and produced by Octagon Films for the first sixteen episodes, TM Productions for the last four episodes, and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first eight and for the last four episodes, and Sanne Wohlenberg for the ninth to sixteenth episodes. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney are co-producers.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, fourth, seventh, fifteenth and eighteenth episodes, Christopher Donaldson for the second, fifth and eighth episodes, Tad Seaborn for the third, sixth, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, sixteenth and nineteenth episodes, and Don Cassidy for the tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, seventeenth and twentieth episodes, and cinematographers PJ Dillon for the first eight and last four episodes, and Owen McPolin for the ninth to sixteenth episodes.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: The musical score for the fourth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik. The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: The soundtrack album was released on December 27, 2019 by Sony Classical Records. An additional original song not included in the album is "Snake Pit Poetry", written by Einar Selvik and performed by Hilda Örvarsdóttir, and featured in "All His Angels". The track was released as a single on October 20, 2017, together with a second version solely performed by Selvik.


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes "In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning" and "Crossings". The featured tracks are "Bjarkan", "Laukr" and "Algir — Tognatale".


title: Vikings (season 4)

text: Both parts of the fourth season of "Vikings" received very positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.3/10 based on twelve reviews. The critical consensus reads: ""Vikings" returns for another season of fantastic performances, epic battles, and sharp writing sure to please its barbarous hordes of fans."


title: Fox spirit

text: Huli jing () are Chinese mythological creatures usually capable of shapeshifting, who may either be benevolent or malevolent spirits. In Chinese mythology and folklore, the fox spirit takes variant forms with different meanings, powers, characteristics, and shapes, including "huxian" (), "hushen" (), "husheng" (), "huwang" (), "huyao" (), and "jiuweihu" ().


title: Fox spirit

text: Fox spirits and nine-tailed foxes appear frequently in Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology. Depending on the story, the fox spirit's presence may be a good or a bad omen. The motif of nine-tailed foxes from Chinese culture was eventually transmitted and introduced to Japanese and Korean cultures.


title: Fox spirit

text: The nine-tailed fox occurs in the "Shanhaijing" ("Classic of Mountains and Seas"), compiled from the Warring States period to the Western Han period (circa fourth to circa first century BC). The work states:


title: Fox spirit

text: In chapter 14 of the "Shanhaijing", Guo Pu, a scholar of the Eastern Jin dynasty, had commented that the "nine-tailed fox was an auspicious omen that appeared during times of peace." However, in chapter 1, another aspect of the nine-tailed fox is described:


title: Fox spirit

text: In one ancient myth, Yu the Great encountered a white nine-tailed fox, which he interpreted as an auspicious sign that he would marry Nüjiao. In Han iconography, the nine-tailed fox is sometimes depicted at Mount Kunlun and along with Xi Wangmu in her role as the goddess of immortality. According to the first-century "Baihutong" ("Debates in the White Tiger Hall"), the fox's nine tails symbolize abundant progeny.


title: Fox spirit

text: During the Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD; 25–220 AD), the development of ideas about interspecies transformation had taken place in Chinese culture. The idea that non-human creatures with advancing age could assume human form is presented in works such as the "Lunheng" by Wang Chong (27–91). As these traditions developed, the fox's capacity for transformation was shaped.


title: Fox spirit

text: Describing the transformation and other features of the fox, Guo Pu (276–324) made the following comment:


title: Fox spirit

text: In a Tang Dynasty story, foxes could become humans by wearing a skull and worshipping the Big Dipper. They would try multiple skulls until they found one that fit without falling off.


title: Fox spirit

text: The fox spirits encountered in tales and legends are usually females and appear as young, beautiful women. One of the most infamous fox spirits in Chinese mythology was Daji, who is portrayed in the Ming Dynasty shenmo novel "Fengshen Yanyi". A beautiful daughter of a general, she was married forcibly to the cruel tyrant King Zhou of Shang. A nine-tailed fox spirit who served Nüwa, whom King Zhou had offended, entered into and possessed her body, expelling the true Daji's soul. The spirit, as Daji, and her new husband schemed cruelly and invented many devices of torture, such as forcing righteous officials to hug red-hot metal pillars. Because of such cruelties, many people, including King Zhou's own former generals, revolted and fought against the Shang dynasty. Finally, King Wen of Zhou, one of the vassals of Shang, founded a new dynasty named after his country. The fox spirit in Daji's body was later driven out by Jiang Ziya, the first Prime Minister of the Zhou dynasty, and her spirit condemned by Nüwa herself for excessive cruelty.


title: Fox spirit

text: Popular fox worship during the Tang dynasty has been mentioned in a text entitled "Hu Shen" (Fox gods):


title: Fox spirit

text: In the Song dynasty, fox spirit cults, such as those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful. For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji.


title: Fox spirit

text: On the eve of the Jurchen invasion, a fox went to the throne of Emperor Huizong of Song. This resulted in Huizong ordering the destruction of all fox temples in Kaifeng. The city was invaded the next day, and the dynasty fell after five months.


title: Fox spirit

text: In late imperial China, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, disruptions in the domestic environment could be attributed to the mischief of fox spirits, which could throw or tear apart objects in a manner similar to a poltergeist. "Hauntings" by foxes were often regarded as both commonplace and essentially harmless, with one seventeenth-century author commenting that "Out of every ten houses in the capital, six or seven have fox demons, but they do no harm and people are used to them".


title: Fox spirit

text: Typically fox spirits were seen as dangerous, but some of the stories in the Qing dynasty book "Liaozhai Zhiyi" by Pu Songling are love stories between a fox appearing as a beautiful girl and a young human male. In the fantasy novel "The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt", a huli jing teaches a young girl magic, enabling her to conjure armies with her spells.


title: Fox spirit

text: Belief in fox spirits has also been implicated as an explanatory factor in the incidence of attacks of "koro", a culture-bound syndrome found in southern China and Malaysia in particular.


title: Fox spirit

text: There is mention of the fox spirit in Chinese Chán Buddhism, when Linji Yixuan compares them to voices that speak of the Dharma, stating "the immature young monks, not understanding this, believe in these fox-spirits..."


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup (abbreviated as BFS) is an American rock band formed in Wichita Falls, Texas, in 1994. The band consists of Jaret Reddick (lead vocals, guitar), Chris Burney (guitar, backing vocals), Gary Wiseman (drums, percussion, backing vocals), and Rob Felicetti (bass, backing vocals, acoustic guitar). The band is best known for its singles "Girl All the Bad Guys Want", "1985", "Almost" and "High School Never Ends". The band is also known for performing the introduction to the Disney Channel TV show "Phineas and Ferb" and the vocal theme for "Sonic Unleashed".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup has its origins in Wichita Falls, Texas, where Jaret Reddick and other members of the band grew up. Reddick and original drummer Lance Morrill met in the fall of 1976, then reconnected in kindergarten in the fall of 1977. Reddick began playing music in 1985, at 13 years old. Reddick and guitarist Chris Burney knew each other in high school (they met in 1986) and as students in the 1980s, they grew up on the commercially successful heavy metal music of bands such as Quiet Riot, RATT, and Mötley Crüe, but were also influenced by the faster punk rock of the Ramones and later Green Day. Burney's family owned a Wichita Falls coffeehouse called "The Refuge" with a music stage and he played there with his first band the Persecuted, where he and Reddick met bassist Erik Chandler and drummer Gary Wiseman in the early 1990s (although Wiseman did not join the band until 1998).


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Burney and Chandler soon formed the Folkadots, while Wiseman formed Gary & the Wiseman. Burney and Chandler, along with Morrill, also formed the band Slaw. Around this time, Reddick formed the band Terminal Seasons. Not too long after, Reddick and Morrill formed coolfork! which Burney later joined. The band was in full swing by 1993, playing such venues as the Refuge. A few months later, after forming a band called Rubberneck, the group changed their name to Bowling for Soup, which was derived from a comedy act by Steve Martin, and the band was officially formed in Wichita Falls on June 4, 1994, by Reddick (lead vocals, guitar), Burney (guitar, backing vocals), Chandler (bass, backing vocals, acoustic guitar), and Morrill (drums, percussion, backing vocals). Morrill left the band on good terms and was replaced in July 1998 by Wiseman.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 1996, Bowling for Soup relocated to Denton, Texas, and in 1998 recorded their second studio album (and third overall), "Rock on Honorable Ones!!" for the Denton music label FFROE. The group released its first EP, "Tell Me When to Whoa", through FFROE later that year. The album sold over 10,000 copies, prompting Jive Records to sign the band. As a side project, beginning around 1999 until May 2018, Reddick and Chandler performed acoustic shows at smaller venues and showcases, playing primarily Bowling for Soup songs in an acoustic fashion, billed as Jaret & Erik. Beginning in September 2017, Reddick began performing solo acoustic shows, starting with the Heartache & Hilarity tour in the UK.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: "Let's Do It for Johnny!!", Bowling for Soup's major label debut, was released on Jive in 2000. The album mostly contained re-recordings of the group's previous material along with a few new tracks and a cover of Bryan Adams' song "Summer of '69". "Drunk Enough to Dance" is Bowling for Soup's second album with Jive Records, released August 6, 2002. It was recorded at Tree Sound Studios and Sonica Recording in Atlanta and Big Time Audio in Dallas. One of the album's two singles, "Girl All The Bad Guys Want" (the other single was "Emily"), was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2003 in the "Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal" category. Reddick considers the Grammies one of his shining moments, not for the nomination, but for winning "worst dressed" in "Time" magazine.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: A re-release in 2003 added "Punk Rock 101", a cover of the 1980s new wave band A Flock of Seagulls' "I Ran (So Far Away)", and "Star Song". An acoustic version of the song "Belgium" exists at the end of the album, as well as at the very end of the initial release. The cover of "I Ran (So Far Away)" was used as the opening theme song of the anime television show "Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac" in North America.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: "A Hangover You Don't Deserve" followed two years later, and has become the band's only Top 40 album. Sales of the album were driven in large part by the radio airplay of the single "1985", a song co-written by the band SR-71. Mitch Allan, lead vocalist of SR-71, contributed backing vocals to the song and appeared in the music video. "1985" became Bowling for Soup's biggest hit in the U.S., reaching No. 23 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. A second single from "A Hangover You Don't Deserve", "Almost", charted on the UK Singles Chart, No. 46 on the U.S. Top 100, and No. 23 on U.S. Pop 100. "Ohio", better known as "Come Back to Texas", was released as a radio single in the U.S., but was not as popular as "1985" or "Almost", reaching only No. 59 on the U.S. Pop 100.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: "Bowling for Soup Goes to the Movies", a compilation album of cover songs and contributions to movie soundtracks, was released by the band in 2005. Later that year, Reddick and Burney made several appearances on VH1's "". Bowling for Soup appeared briefly at the start of the 2005 film "Cursed", playing the song "Li'l Red Riding Hood".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: The group went on the "Star 102.1 StarJam" tour with Simple Plan in 2006 and were the opening act, performing "Almost", "Trucker Hat", "Girl All the Bad Guys Want", "1985", "Punk Rock 101", "I Melt With You", and more. The group's cover version of Modern English's "I Melt With You" was used in the Disney movie "Sky High" and was on the movie's soundtrack. A music video of the song was made for the movie, aired on the Disney Channel and can be found on the movie's DVD. Once more Bowling for Soup was at StarJams 2007 with Quietdrive and Army of Freshmen.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Following the release of the band's covers album, Bowling for Soup spent most of 2006 readying "The Great Burrito Extortion Case", the group's seventh album, which was released on November 7, 2006. The group released the first single from that album, "High School Never Ends", to iTunes on September 19, 2006. The UK release of the album was on February 5, 2007.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: The band released "I'm Gay" as the second UK single in early 2007. The release was on CD and 7" vinyl. A music video for the single was released in the UK, made up of live performances of the song from the "Get Happy Tour", of which the band had performed in the UK during February 2007. On September 25, 2007, it was announced on the official Bowling for Soup forums that "When We Die" would be released as a download only single in the UK on October 22, 2007, as the third single. Following this, the music video was added to the Kerrang television playlist and was played on Scuzz TV.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: The group created an album (also on the label Jive) called "On Your Mark... Get Set... Smoke a Cigarette" which consisted of three songs: "Bipolar", "Somebody Get My Mom", "Li'l Red Riding Hood".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup produced an hour-long special that airs on DirecTV's concert series and made an appearance at the Download Festival at Donington Park, England. Bowling for Soup cowrote and sang the theme song for Disney's "Phineas and Ferb", "Today Is Gonna Be A Great Day". The group briefly appears in one episode of "Phineas and Ferb", called "Phineas and Ferb's Quantum Boogaloo". "Greatest Day" was the opening song to the Nickelodeon film "The Last Day of Summer".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: The band's first live DVD, "Bowling for Soup: Live and Very Attractive" was filmed over the course of the UK Get Happy Tour October 2007 and premiered at the AFI Dallas International Film Festival with the DVD released in the summer. A three-disk edition was released in the UK on July 7, 2008. There was a limited edition pre-order deal for the DVD which included a T-shirt, drinks mug, exclusive poster and more besides the DVD. Reddick sang lead vocals and Chandler sang backing vocals for the song "Endless Possibility" for the video game "Sonic Unleashed".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On January 20, 2009, Reddick released a video onto the web via the band's Myspace page and both YouTube accounts about a new album by the group. According to him, the band's eighth full-length album was set to be released in September 2009, and the band had very recently started recording. He said it was to be titled "Sorry for Partyin". The video was the first of a few released during the recording process of the album.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: "Sorry for Partyin" was released on October 12, 2009. "My Wena" was the first promotional single from the album. The single was first previewed on May 5, 2009, on the "Lex and Terry show". A music video for the song was filmed and the video was released on July 21, 2009. The song was released to iTunes on July 28, 2009. "No Hablo Ingles" was supposed to be the first single released to the radio for the album, however, Jive split with the band and shelved "Sorry for Partyin" after only four weeks of being on sale, thus no single was ever released to radio.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup released an acoustic album, "Jaret & Erik 2010 UK Acoustic Tour Limited Edition CD", during Reddick and Chandler's acoustic tour in the UK in April 2010. The album was released after the tour on the band's online UK and US stores. Reddick has also stated that an acoustic album is very possible for the group's next acoustic tour, which was planned for April 2011, but nothing came of it.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In an interview, Reddick said that after the band's current tour concluded he would begin writing material for a new record. Reddick confirmed May 8 on his Twitter account the band would start recording an eleventh album in June 2010. On June 2, an update was posted on the band's website stating that the group had entered the studio and begun recording the album. The band announced that a new album was to be released in Spring 2011.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: "Merry Flippin' Christmas Volume 1" was released on iTunes and CD, the band's first two albums were re-released Legacy Recordings released a greatest hits album, "", on January 25, 2011 as part of the label's "Playlist" music album series. The band played what is said to be the first single off "Fishin' for Woos", "S-S-S-Saturday" (also known as "Saturday Night"), live on ABC for the Professional Bowlers Association Tournament of Champions finals on January 22. The album was ultimately released April 25, 2011, in the United Kingdom, and April 26 worldwide. In July 2011, the band released a 7" split EP with The Dollyrots, in which each band covered one of the other band's songs. Reddick said the band had plans to release a lot of other music in 2011: "We are re-releasing our first 3 albums and working on another Christmas album. Chandler will release a solo record. And my new band, People on Vacation, will release our first album. We are also trying to get a b-sides comp together. It is gonna be a great year!". In October 2011, Bowling for Soup released a three-track single that included the new single "I've Never Done Anything Like This", which features Kay Hanley on vocals from "Fishin' for Woos", as well as a re-recorded version of "The Bitch Song" and a cover version of "Stacy's Mom" by Fountains of Wayne.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On September 8, the band performed at the Tennessee Soybean Festival in Martin, Tennessee. On September 25, the band released a split album with The Dollyrots and Patent Pending called "One Big Happy", where the bands perform covers of each other's songs.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On February 15, 2013, the band started a pledge music campaign to fund a new album, and Reddick stated: "The Writing Process has Begun". Pledgers got to hear the songs just as they were finished. The first song to be written was "Since We Broke Up", by Linus of Hollywood and Reddick. On April 8, 2013, Bowling for Soup announced that the group's last tour of the UK would take place in October of the same year, but they toured the UK again in February 2016, February 2018 and February 2020.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Reddick also announced in a video posted online that the band was scheduled to record a new cover album, as well as a greatest hits album after the 2013 Farewell UK Tour and preceding the band's 20th anniversary in June 2014.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On June 11, 2013, Reddick announced via the band's PledgeMusic Project page it was up to the pledgers to vote on what the newest album should be named. On June 20, 2013, it was announced the title with the most votes was "Lunch. Drunk. Love." The album was released to the pledgers on September 6, 2013 in both clean and explicit formats and the pledge campaign was temporarily extended, allowing effective purchase of the album for $10.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: As part of Bowling for Soup's 20th anniversary, Reddick, Burney, Chandler, and Wiseman decided to make a greatest hits album. The band once again turned to PledgeMusic to source funding for the project. The album is titled "Songs People Actually Liked Volume 1 The First 10 Years" and includes seventeen re-recorded songs and one new song. This album is seen by the band members as their true 'Greatest Hits' (from the group's first 10 years) as the previously released 2011 greatest hits album was released with no consultation from the band or fans. The album was released to PledgeMusic subscribers on November 19, 2014. One critic wrote, "Bowling for Soup's energetic, humorous music is just as good today as it was when it was released."


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2015, Bowling for Soup appeared on Blues Traveler's album "Blow Up the Moon", co-writing the songs "Right Here Waiting For You" and "I Know, Right".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: The band announced on May 11, 2016 that they would begin to record a new EP, "Drunk Dynasty". The band would again team up with PledgeMusic to include fans in the entire recording process. The band later announced that "Drunk Dynasty" was to be a full-length studio album. It was eventually released on October 14, 2016. December 20, 2019 The band released "A Nice Night For An Evening, Vol 1", a piano compilation album of their hits to Spotify.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On January 12, 2019, Reddick took to the band's official Facebook page to confirm fans' speculation that Chandler had left the band due to personal reasons after not performing in some time. Chandler was replaced with long time friend, Rob Felicetti (Patent Pending/The Ataris).


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup and fellow pop-punk band Simple Plan joined together for the UK tour "Together Again, You're Welcome Tour" along with supporting act Not Ur Girlfrenz.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: "Alexa Bliss", a single about WWE wrestler Alexa Bliss, was released on February 7, 2020. The music video stars her as herself.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In October 2020 the band had planned and announced a "Surf the UK Tour" in 2021 with Lit and the Dollyrots but they were forced to cancel due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tour was rescheduled to begin in April 2022.<br>


title: Bowling for Soup

text: New single "I Wanna Be Brad Pitt" premiered on Tulsa's The Edge radio station on January 13, 2022. With the official release of the song on February 25 the band also revealed their eleventh album titled Pop Drunk Snot Bread, which was released on April 22, 2022.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup's musical style has been described as pop punk, pop rock, alternative rock, and power pop. AllMusic describes Bowling for Soup's style as a "catchy and humorous blend of power pop, ska, punk, and hardcore." Bowling for Soup's influences include Green Day, Bad Religion, Ramones, NOFX, Descendents, Elvis Costello, and Willie Nelson.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: The Get Happy Tour was set up as a joint venture with Bowling for Soup and Army of Freshmen. The original tour was planned with Bowling for Soup headlining, Army of Freshmen opening and two other bands (Punchline and Lucky Boys Confusion) playing between. The tour kicked off in Austin, Texas on June 23, 2006, with The Vanished taking Lucky Boys Confusion's spot for the first three dates. The band toured the U.S. over the summer and autumn of 2006 with the Get Happy Tour and ended on August 27, 2006, in Amarillo, Tex. This was followed by a UK tour in early February 2007. Coinciding with this UK tour was the UK release of "High School Never Ends". The tour included Bowling for Soup as main headliners, Wheatus, Son of Dork and Army of Freshmen on the 12 date trek, which concluded at Hammersmith Palais in London, on the February 18.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup confirmed during the Get Happy Tour that the group would be performing another tour of the UK in October 2007, called the Get Happy Tour 2, gracing the U.S. over the summer and featuring support acts Melee, Quietdrive, and Army of Freshmen. The UK tour bands were confirmed at the Download Festival (Army of Freshmen who played in the morning announced it first, and Bowling for Soup announced it later that afternoon), along with the lineup in "Kerrang!" on an advertisement poster for the new tour. The lineup consisted of Bowling for Soup, Bloodhound Gang, Zebrahead and Army of Freshmen.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: To promote the release of "Sorry for Partyin'", Bowling for Soup embarked on a headline tour of the UK in October 2009 under the title of The Party in Your Pants Tour. Main support on the tour came from Zebrahead, with additional support coming from MC Lars (who is signed to Reddick's "Crappy Records") and the Leftovers. During the last show of this tour at the Camden Town Roundhouse in London Reddick announced to the crowd that Bowling for Soup would return to the UK in "The Spring" and will be hitting the European summer festival circuit and then again returning to the UK for another headlining tour in the Autumn. On Christmas Eve 2009, Bowling for Soup announced through the band's website, a UK Acoustic Tour in April 2010.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: After the first acoustic tour of the UK in 2010 featuring Jaret & Erik and support act Bob Schneider was deemed a huge success, Jaret & Erik returned to the UK in March 2011 for a second acoustic tour. The tour began on April 1, 2011, at The Junction in Cambridge and concluded on April 15, 2011, at Koko in London, playing fifteen shows in total. On this tour, the support acts were Erik Chandler and the Mulberry St. Socialites (Chandler's side project), People on Vacation (Reddick's side project) and longtime Bowling for Soup collaborator Linus of Hollywood. During Bowling for Soup's headline sets. Linus would also join the band for a few songs on the keyboard. Reddick announced there would be a 3rd Annual UK Acoustic Tour, the tour began on March 26, 2012, at The Roadmender in Northampton and conclude on April 1, 2012, at Koko in London, playing a total of 7 shows. On this tour, the support acts were Erik Chandler and the Mulberry St. Socialites and People on Vacation. Due to Bowling for Soup starting on the group's newest album, Reddick announced that there would be no acoustic tour during the usual March/April time slot in 2013, however Reddick and Chandler announced that they would be playing their final UK Acoustic show on October 9 in London at the Union Chapel prior to the full band tour.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2011 Bowling for Soup played at four US Navy Bases, three in Japan: Sasebo on July 2, Yokosuka on July 4 and Okinawa on July 13. Diego Garcia NSF in British Indian Ocean Territory was part of the Armed Forces Entertainment tour for the band, to help kick off July 4 Celebrations for the troops. The first three dates were part of the Independence Day Celebration. During February and March 2012 Reddick & Chandler also traveled to the Middle East and Africa to perform some acoustic shows at US Military bases throughout the region.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On February 27, Bowling for Soup announced that a headlining a tour of the Midwest and Northeast of the U.S. Accompanying them was Patent Pending and Freshman 15. The tour started in Lawrence, Kansas, on April 18 and ended in Dallas on May 5.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In an announcement video posted on the band's official YouTube account, Reddick announced that the annual 14-day UK tour would go ahead in October 2013, but that it would be the last UK tour the group perform as Bowling for Soup. Reddick cited personal and financial reasons for the decision, saying that: "The UK has given this band everything, so I'm being honest about our reasons. We still love being Bowling For Soup but touring really does begin to take its toll on both you and your family after a while." No Ireland dates were announced for the tour, which only featured one support act (Patent Pending) as opposed to two, with an extended Bowling for Soup setlist and exclusive acoustic concert for VIP ticket holders preceding the concert. The band also stressed that the group "are not splitting up", but at the current time, there are no plans for a farewell US tour. Reddick also announced two new albums were to be recorded in early 2014 – a covers album and a re-recorded greatest hits album preceding the band's 20th anniversary in June 2014.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup returned to the UK in June 2014 to perform twice at Castle Donington's Download Festival 2014. The group performed twice, in the afternoon on the main stage, which involved them sacrificing an inflatable sheep. Later on in the evening the band performed an acoustic set on the Jägermeister Acoustic Stage.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In September 2017, the band announced that they would be returning to the UK the following February with a tour to celebrate the 15th anniversary of their seminal album "Drunk Enough to Dance", accompanied by Get Happy Tour alumni Army of Freshmen (who celebrated their 20th anniversary as a band), and The Aquabats. The tour visited a number of large venues across the UK including O2 Apollo Manchester, University of East Anglia, culminating at London's O2 Brixton Academy.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: On March 29, 2018, Bowling for Soup played a show at Hillcrest Quarry in Cape Town South Africa, followed by another show on the March 30, 2018 at Rumour's Rock City in Johannesburg, South Africa. This marked the first time Bowling for Soup toured South Africa.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In February 2020, Bowling For Soup headlined the "Together Again – You're Welcome" Tour in the UK, bringing along Simple Plan as direct support. This was the first tour the two bands had done together since 2003. The sold-out tour included the band's first time selling out London's famed O2 Brixton Academy.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In March 2022, it was announced that Bowling for Soup was headlining a tour along with ska acts Less Than Jake and The Aquabats and would be touring throughout the summer of 2022.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Bowling for Soup's hit song "1985" was originally written by SR-71's Mitch Allan. According to Reddick, Allan showed the song to him and instructed him to take it as his own, as it seemed more of a Bowling for Soup song than an SR-71 song. Bowling for Soup worked closely with the alternative band Army of Freshmen. In the video for "High School Never Ends" the boy clapping can be seen wearing an Army of Freshmen T-shirt, and Army of Freshmen themselves can be seen as part of the BFS Marching Band. Reddick does guest vocals on four tracks on Army of Freshmen's album "Under the Radar".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2003, fellow Texan punk rockers Junior opened for Bowling for Soup when the group played the club Trees in Deep Ellum. Reddick later co-wrote the song "She's So Amazing" for the band's album "Are We Famous Yet?", and lends vocals as well. The Irish pop rock singer Lesley Roy lend her vocals for Bowling for Soup's song "Much More Beautiful Person" from the album "The Great Burrito Extortion Case". Both Roy and Bowling for Soup are assigned to the same record label. Reddick is friends with MC Lars. Reddick has lent his vocals for MC Lars' single "Download This Song", and MC Lars is a part of Reddick's label Crappy Records. In 2009, Bowling for Soup cameoed in the music video "Telephone Operator" by The Leftovers, who are also a part of Crappy Records.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2001, Bowling for Soup performed the theme song for the Nickelodeon film "". The group's version of the theme was based on the previously written television series theme song written by Brian Causey of "Man Or Astro-man?". Also in 2001, Reddick wrote the lyrics for "The Greatest Day" for the film "Max Keeble's Big Move" while the band did the music. Bowling for Soup also performed the theme "Today is Gonna Be a Great Day" for the Disney Channel cartoon "Phineas and Ferb", Reddick stars in the episode "Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together" where he is the lead vocalist of a fictional band called "Love Händel". The band itself also appeared in animated form in the episode "Phineas and Ferb's Quantum Boogaloo" in which the band performed an alternate version of the show's theme with Phineas and Ferb for their futuristic nephews. On Cartoon Network, Reddick and Chandler both played an acoustic show in 2006. And in August 2008 Reddick and Chandler filmed an exclusive video for "Total Guitar" magazine in the UK called "How To Write A Song In 5 Minutes". In 2008, Reddick teamed up with SEGA to work on the theme song for "Sonic Unleashed", titled "Endless Possibility".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: New Zealand band 48May ran into legal issues and decided to take the song "Leather and Tattoos" off of the group's debut album. The album was replaced with a "tour edition" of the CD with the questionable song missing. The melody was very similar to "Punk Rock 101".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2006, Bowling for Soup covered Fergie's "London Bridge" for Pepsi Smash Cover Art on Yahoo! videos.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2008, Reddick co-arranged co-wrote and produced the singles "SUV" and "Girls + Summer = Fun!" with solo artist Christy Darlington, and Erik Chandler and Gary Wiseman performed on the recordings as well. These songs were subsequently released digitally. This collaboration resulted from Bowling for Soup and Darlington having performed concerts together and knowing each other since the late 1990s in the Dallas music scene and mutual respect and appreciation for each other's music.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: In 2014 Bowling for Soup covered the Green Day song "St. Jimmy" for the album "Kerrang! Does Green Day's American Idiot".


title: Bowling for Soup

text: Lead vocalist Reddick provided vocals on the Lakesick track "Greenmount" as the theme song for the upcoming stoner adventure comedy of the same name. "Greenmount" stars Shane Kippel (star of "") alongside creator Joshua Prior (who also fronts Lakesick), and John Donahue. "Greenmount" will be available June 2019.


title: Bowling for Soup

text: It became a running gag in Bowling for Soup's music videos to feature previous songs of the band as an introduction for the video. This can be seen in "Girl All the Bad Guys Want", "Emily", and "High School Never Ends", which feature music from "The Bitch Song", "Girl All the Bad Guys Want", and "1985" respectively.


title: Chitterlings

text: Chitterlings (), sometimes spelled chitlins or chittlins, are the small intestines of domestic animals. They are usually made from pigs' intestines. They may also be filled with a forcemeat to make sausage. Intestine from other animals, such as beef, lamb, and goat is also used for making chitterling.


title: Chitterlings

text: "Chitterling" is first documented in Middle English in the form , . Various other spellings and dialect forms were used. The primary form and derivation are uncertain.


title: Chitterlings

text: A 1743 English cookery book "The Lady's Companion: or, An Infallible Guide to the Fair Sex" contained a recipe for "Calf's Chitterlings" which was essentially a bacon and offal sausage in a calf's intestine casing. The recipe explained the use of calves', rather than the more usual pigs', intestines with the comment that "[these] sort of... puddings must be made in summer, when hogs are seldom killed". This recipe was repeated by the English cookery writer Hannah Glasse in her 1784 cookery book "Art of Cookery".


title: Chitterlings

text: Linguist Paul Anthony Jones has written, "in the late 1500s a "chitterling" was an ornate type of neck ruff, so called because its frilled edge looked like the folds of a slaughtered animal's entrails".


title: Chitterlings

text: As pigs are a common source of meat in many parts of the world, the dish known as chitterlings can be found in most pork-eating cultures. Chitterlings made from pig intestines are popular in many parts of Europe, and are still eaten in the southern United States.


title: Chitterlings

text: Chitterlings were common peasant food in medieval England, and remained a staple of the diet of low-income families right up until the late nineteenth century and not uncommon into the mid twentieth century. Thomas Hardy wrote of chitterlings in his novel "Tess of the D'Urbervilles", when the father of a poor family, John Durbeyfield, talks of what he would like to eat:


title: Chitterlings

text: Tell 'em at home that I should like for supper—well, lamb's fry if they can get it; and if they can't, black-pot; and if they can't get that, well, chitterlings will do.


title: Chitterlings

text: It illustrates that chitterlings were the poorest choice of poor food. George Sturt, writing in 1919 details the food eaten by his farming family in Farnborough when he was a child (probably around 1830):


title: Chitterlings

text: During the winter they had chance to weary of almost every form and kind of pig-meat: hog's puddings, gammons, chitterlings, souse, salted spareribs—they knew all the varieties and welcomed any change. Mutton they almost never tasted: but sometimes they had a calf's head; sometimes even, though less often, a joint of veal.


title: Chitterlings

text: Chitterlings are the subject of a song by 1970s Scrumpy and Western comedy folk band, The Wurzels, who come from the southwest of England. Chitterlings, though much declined in popularity, are still enjoyed in the UK today.


title: Chitterlings

text: Kokoretsi, , or are usually prepared and stuffed, then grilled on a spit. In several countries such as Turkey, Greece, Albania, and Bulgaria, lamb intestines are widely used. In Turkish cuisine, the intestines are often chopped and cooked with oregano, peppers, and other spices.


title: Chitterlings

text: are a traditional dish in Madrid. The dish consists of sheep's small intestines, spleen, and pancreas, fried in their own fat in such a manner that they form small spirals. The dish is served hot, often with French fries. Few establishments today serve , as this is considered to be more of a speciality than a common dish. It is most commonly served during festivals.


title: Chitterlings

text: are a traditional dish in Gironde. They are made of pigs' small intestines, boiled in bouillon, then grilled on a fire of grapevine cane. This is considered an expensive delicacy.


title: Chitterlings

text: Andouillette is a type of sausage, found especially in Troyes, which is made predominantly of pig chitterlings.


title: Chitterlings

text: Saucisson is a type of sausage, which traditionally uses chitterlings both as a packaging and as an ingredient.


title: Chitterlings

text: People in the Caribbean and Latin America eat chitterlings. (in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) or (in Chile) (from the Quechua , meaning 'intestine') is the cow's small intestine used as a foodstuff. Other name variations from country to country are (Paraguay), or (Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico), (Brazil, Peru, Panamá), , or (Colombia), (Venezuela), (Ecuador), (Jamaica), and (Mexico).


title: Chitterlings

text: In Jamaica, tripe is usually prepared in a number of ways. Usually the intestines of a goat is used as part of the ingredients of Mannish water or goat belly soup. Sometimes goat head may be included and may simply be called goat head soup, even though most of the ingredients do not constitute goat head alone. The intestines of a cow are usually prepared as a stew in one of three ways. The most popular would be curried tripe and beans where the intestines are cooked down with butter beans and curry powder. A similar stew is also made with butter beans but without the curry powder. Less common is a stew that is prepared with red kidney beans instead of butter beans and with no curry powder. In this latter case the stew has a very dark red colour and usually has a thick consistency. In most cases, tripe is commonly had with white rice, though rice and peas may be preferred.


title: Chitterlings

text: In Mexico, are very popular served as a in tacos. They are cleaned, boiled, sliced, and then fried until crispy. They are often served with a spicy, tangy tomatillo-based salsa. In Guadalajara, along with the traditional preparation for tacos, they are often prepared as a dish, served with a specialized sauce in a bowl and accompanied by a stack of tortillas, additional complementary sauces, limes, and salt.


title: Chitterlings

text: Both large and small intestine (typically pig) is eaten throughout China. Large intestine is called , literally 'fat intestine' because it is fatty. Small intestine is called , literally 'pig powder intestine' because it contains a white, pasty or powdery substance. The character or 'pig' is added at the beginning to disambiguate. This is because in Cantonese cuisine, there is a dish called "cheong fun" which uses intestine-shaped noodles.


title: Chitterlings

text: Large intestine is typically chopped into rings and has a stronger odor than small intestine. It is added to stir-fry dishes and soups. It is also slow-cooked or boiled and served as a standalone dish. It releases oil that may be visible in the dish. Small intestine is normally chopped into tubes and may be simply boiled and served with a dipping sauce. Preparation techniques and serving presentations for both small and large intestine vary greatly within the country.


title: Chitterlings

text: In Japan, chitterlings or are often fried and sold on skewers or in "kushikatsu" () or restaurants and street vendor pushcarts. When grilled, it is usually called , as in Horumonyaki. It is also served as a soup called with miso, ginger, and finely chopped green onions to cut the smell, as well as other ingredients and internal organs such as the stomach, depending on the preparer. In Okinawa, the soup is called and served without miso as the chitterlings are put through a long cleaning process to get rid of the smell so the miso is not needed. In Nagoya it is called and is served with red miso and without the soup. In Fukuoka, it is called "motsunabe" () and is served as a nabe stew along with cabbage, chives, mungbean sprout, and tofu.


title: Chitterlings

text: In Korea, chitterlings () are grilled or used for stews () in Korea. When they are grilled, they are often accompanied by various seasonings and lettuce leaves (to wrap). Stew is cooked with various vegetables and seasonings.


title: Chitterlings

text: In the Philippines, pig intestines () are used in dishes such as "dinuguan" (pig blood stew). Grilled intestines are known as "isaw" and eaten as street food. Chicken intestines (, compared to ) are also used. Pig intestines are also prepared in a similar manner to pork rinds, known locally as "chicharon". Two distinct types of these are called and , differing in the part of the intestine used.


title: Chitterlings

text: In New Zealand, sheep and lamb intestine is used, and sometimes pig, and is usually prepared very simply. First, moments after slaughter, a hose is run through the intestine to expel any intestinal matter; the intestine is then usually braided and boiled with cabbage and potato. The dish is called in Maori culture.


title: Chitterlings

text: In the Southern United States, chitterlings, commonly called "chitlins", are part of the culinary tradition of soul food.


title: Chitterlings

text: Chitterlings are carefully cleaned and rinsed several times before they are boiled or stewed for several hours. A common practice is to place a halved onion in the pot to mitigate the very unpleasant odor that can be particularly strong when the chitterlings begin to cook. Chitterlings sometimes are battered and fried after the stewing process and commonly are served with apple cider vinegar and hot sauce as condiments.


title: Chitterlings

text: In 2003, the Smithsonian Institution's Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture accepted the papers of Shauna Anderson and her restaurant, The Chitlin Market, as part of its emerging collection of materials about African American celebrations, foods and foodways. In 2007, the Prince Georges County, Maryland government shut down The Chitlin Market when the restaurant's location was rezoned from commercial to residential.


title: Chitterlings

text: In 1965, blues harmonica player and vocalist Junior Wells recorded a song, "Chitlin Con Carne" on his acclaimed Delmark Records album, "Hoodoo Man Blues". Jazz guitarist Kenny Burrell recorded the unrelated jazz blues "Chitlins con Carne" on 1963's "Midnight Blue" (covered by others including Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble on "The Sky Is Crying".) Other notable blues songs with references to chitlins were recorded in 1929 by Peg Leg Howell ("Chittlin' Supper"), and in 1934 by the Memphis Jug Band ("Rukus Juice and Chittlin'"). Gus Jenkins, Johnny Otis, and Arthur Williams have also recorded songs with a reference to chitlins in their title. In 1996, Nikki Giovanni referenced chitterlings in her poem "Poem For A Lady Whose Voice I Like".


title: Chitterlings

text: Disease can be spread by chitterlings not cleaned properly and undercooked. Pathogens include "E. coli", "Yersinia enterocolitica", and "Salmonella". Chitterlings are often soaked and rinsed thoroughly in several different cycles of cool water, and repeatedly picked clean by hand, removing extra fat, undigested food, and specks of feces. They may then be turned inside out, cleaned and boiled, sometimes in baking soda or salt, and the water discarded.


title: Tom Bosley

text: Thomas Edward Bosley (October 1, 1927 – October 19, 2010) was an American actor, television personality and entertainer. Bosley is best known for portraying Howard Cunningham on the ABC sitcom "Happy Days" (1974-1984) for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series nomination. He's also known for his role as Sheriff Amos Tupper in the Angela Lansbury lead CBS mystery series "Murder, She Wrote" (1984-1988), and as the title character in the NBC/ABC series "Father Dowling Mysteries" (1989-1991).


title: Tom Bosley

text: Known for his work on stage, he originated the role of Fiorello La Guardia in the Broadway musical "Fiorello!", earning the 1960 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical. He's also known for his film appearances in "Love with the Proper Stranger" (1963), "The World of Henry Orient" (1964), "Divorce American Style" (1967), "Yours, Mine and Ours", and "The Secret War of Harry Frigg" (both 1968).


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley made his television debut as the Knave of Hearts in the NBC adaptation of "Alice in Wonderland" in 1955. He gained attention as a character actor performing various roles in shows such as "Naked City", "Profiles in Courage" "The Defenders", "Night Gallery", "Get Smart", "Bewitched", and "".


title: Tom Bosley

text: Born in Chicago, Illinois, Bosley was the son of Dora (née Heyman) and Benjamin Bosley. Although well known for playing a Catholic priest and Protestant patriarchs, Bosley was actually Jewish.


title: Tom Bosley

text: He attended Lake View High School in Chicago, and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. While attending DePaul University in Chicago in 1947, he made his stage debut in "Our Town" with the Canterbury Players at the Fine Arts Theatre. Bosley performed at the Woodstock Opera House in Woodstock, Illinois, in 1949 and 1950 alongside Paul Newman.


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley played the Knave of Hearts in a "Hallmark Hall of Fame" telecast of Eva Le Gallienne's production of "Alice in Wonderland" in 1955. But his breakthrough stage role was New York mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia in the long-running Broadway musical "Fiorello!" (1959), for which he won a Tony Award.


title: Tom Bosley

text: In 1994, he originated the role of Maurice in the Broadway version of Disney's "Beauty and the Beast". Bosley toured as Cap'n Andy in Harold Prince's 1994 revival of "Show Boat".


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley's first motion picture role was in 1963, as the would-be suitor of Natalie Wood in "Love with the Proper Stranger." Other films include "The World of Henry Orient"; "Divorce American Style"; "Yours, Mine and Ours"; "Gus" and the made-for-television "The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal". Bosley shared a heartfelt story about his own experience with the Holocaust in the documentary film "Paper Clips".


title: Tom Bosley

text: Among his early television appearances was in 1960 on the CBS summer replacement series, "", with Patrick O'Neal. In 1962, he portrayed Assistant District Attorney Ryan in the episode "The Man Who Wanted to Die" on James Whitmore's ABC legal drama "The Law and Mr. Jones". Also in 1962, Bosley played Teddy opposite Tony Randall and Boris Karloff in "Arsenic & Old Lace" for the "Hallmark Hall of Fame". About this time, he was a guest star on the NBC police sitcom, "Car 54, Where Are You?" He also appeared on episodes of "Bonanza", "Bewitched", "Get Smart", "The Silent Force", "The Streets of San Francisco", "Night Gallery", "A Touch of Grace", and "The Love Boat". In 1969, Bosley appeared in a comical episode of "The Virginian", titled "Crime Wave in Buffalo Springs," appearing alongside fellow guest-stars James Brolin, Yvonne De Carlo, Carrie Snodgress, Gary Vinson, with "Virginian" regulars David Hartman and Doug McClure.


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley's best-known role was the character Howard Cunningham in the sitcom "Happy Days". He portrayed Sheriff Amos Tupper on "Murder, She Wrote" and the eponymous Father Frank Dowling on "Father Dowling Mysteries". Among myriad television appearances, one notable early performance was in the "Eyes" segment of the 1969 pilot of Rod Serling's "Night Gallery", directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Joan Crawford. In 1977, he appeared in the miniseries "Testimony of Two Men" and, in 1978, he played the role of Benjamin Franklin in the television mini-series "The Bastard", a role he replayed the following year in the sequel "The Rebels".


title: Tom Bosley

text: His film appearances included roles in "Love with the Proper Stranger" (1963), "The World of Henry Orient" (1964), "Divorce American Style" (1967), "Bang Bang Kid" (1967), "The Secret War of Harry Frigg" (1968), "Yours, Mine and Ours" (1968), "To Find a Man" (1972), "Mixed Company" (1974), "The Night That Panicked America" (1975), "Gus" (1976), "The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal" (1979), "O'Hara's Wife" (1982), "Million Dollar Mystery" (1987), and "Wicked Stepmother" (1989).


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley starred in the 2008 Hallmark Channel television movie "Charlie & Me". In 2010, he appeared in "The Back-up Plan" and "Santa Buddies", which were his final films. In 1984, he guest-hosted the "Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular" with local newscaster Pat Harper.


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley was known for his unique gravelly voice, leading to a number of voice acting roles. He narrated the syndicated television documentary "That's Hollywood" (1976–82). He hosted "The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater", a 1977 radio drama series for children. He voiced many cartoon characters, including Harry Boyle in the animated series "Wait Till Your Father Gets Home". Bosley was the voice of B.A.H. Humbug in the 1978 Rankin & Bass holiday special "The Stingiest Man in Town". He provided the voice of the title character in the 1980s cartoon "The World of David the Gnome" and the shop owner Mr. Winkle in the children's Christmas special "The Tangerine Bear".


title: Tom Bosley

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, Bosley appeared in several commercials for Glad Sandwich and Garbage Bags. He made radio commercials for the new Saturn car company, a "different kind of car company," in 1990. Later in life, he was the television spokesman for SMC (Specialty Merchandise Corporation), a national wholesaler and drop shipper.


title: Tom Bosley

text: Bosley died from complications of a staph infection on October 19, 2010, at a hospital in Rancho Mirage, California, near his home in Palm Springs, California. His agent, Sheryl Abrams, said Bosley had been battling lung cancer. He was survived by his wife, former actress Patricia Carr, and daughter Amy Bosley Baer, who married Matthew Baer, son of Richard Baer. He was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills Cemetery.


title: Tom Bosley

text: On April 19, 2011, Bosley's estate and four of his "Happy Days" co-stars, Erin Moran, Don Most, Marion Ross, and Anson Williams, filed a $10 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS, which owns the show, claiming they had not been paid for merchandising revenues owed under their contracts. The cast members claimed they had not received revenues from show-related items, including comic books, T-shirts, scrapbooks, trading cards, games, lunchboxes, dolls, toy cars, magnets, greeting cards, and DVDs where their images appear on the box covers. Under their contracts, they were supposed to be paid five percent from the net proceeds of merchandising if their sole image were used, and half that amount if they were in a group. CBS said it owed the actors $8,500 and $9,000 each, most of it from slot machine revenues, but the group said they were owed millions. The lawsuit was initiated after Ross was informed by a friend playing slots at a casino of a "Happy Days" machine on which players win the jackpot when five Marion Rosses are rolled.


title: Tom Bosley

text: In October 2011, a judge rejected the group's fraud claim, which if proved could have garnered them millions of dollars in punitive damages, above and beyond any actual damages proven. On June 5, 2012, a judge denied a motion filed by CBS to have the case thrown out, which meant it would go to trial on July 17 if the matter was not settled by then. In July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS. Each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise by CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: The Tsavo Man-Eaters were a pair of man-eating male lions in the Tsavo region of Kenya, which were responsible for the deaths of many construction workers on the Kenya-Uganda Railway between March and December 1898. The lion pair was said to have killed 135 people total, but modern estimates place it at 35 total. While the terrors of man-eating lions weren't new in the British public perception, the Tsavo Man-Eaters became one of the most notorious instances of dangers posed to Indian and native African workers of the Uganda Railway where hostile wildlife and diseases both were frequent sources of deaths in the 1890s-1900s. The hunter of the man-eaters, John Henry Patterson, wrote his account of his hunting experience in a semi-biography The Man-Eaters of Tsavo.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: Today, the Tsavo Man-Eaters are some of the most widely studied man-eating pantherine cats given their behavior of hunting humans as a pair as well as dental injuries reported in one of the lions, a cause commonly attributed to big cats turning to humans as prey.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: As part of the construction of a railway linking Uganda with the Indian Ocean at Kilindini Harbour, in March 1898 the British started building a railway bridge over the Tsavo River in Kenya. The building site consisted of several camps spread over an area of , accommodating the several thousand mostly Indian workers. The project was led by Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry Patterson, who arrived just days before the disappearances and killings began. During the next nine months of construction, two maneless male Tsavo lions stalked the campsite, dragging workers from their tents at night, devouring them. There was an interval of several months when the attacks ceased, but word trickled in from other nearby settlements of similar lion attacks. When the lions returned the attacks intensified, with almost daily killings. Crews tried to scare off the lions and built campfires and "bomas", or thorn fences made of whistling thorn trees around their camp for protection to keep the man-eaters out, all to no avail; the lions leaped over or crawled through the thorn fences. Patterson noted that early in their killing spree only one lion at a time would enter the inhabited areas and seize victims, but later they became more brazen, entering together and each seizing a victim.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: As the attacks mounted, hundreds of workers fled from Tsavo, halting construction on the bridge. At this point, colonial officials began to intervene. According to Patterson, even the District Officer, Mr. Whitehead, narrowly escaped being killed by one of the lions after arriving at the Tsavo train depot in the evening. However, his assistant, Abdullah, was killed while Whitehead escaped with four claw lacerations running down his back.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: Eventually other officials arrived, with a reinforcement of around twenty armed Sepoys to assist in the hunt. Patterson set traps and tried several times to ambush the lions at night from a tree. After repeated unsuccessful attempts, he shot the first lion on 9 December 1898. Twenty days later, the second lion was found and killed. The first lion killed measured from nose to tip of tail. It took eight men to carry the carcass back to camp.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: Patterson wrote in his account that he wounded the first lion with one bullet from a high-calibre rifle. This shot struck the lion in its hind leg, but it escaped. Later, it returned at night and began stalking Patterson as he tried to hunt it. He shot it through the shoulder, penetrating its heart with a more powerful rifle and found it lying dead the next morning not far from his platform.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: The second lion was shot at nine times, five with the same rifle, three with a second, and once with a third rifle – six finding their mark. The first shot was fired from atop a scaffolding that Patterson had built near a goat killed by the lion. Two shots from a second rifle hit the lion eleven days later as it was stalking Patterson and trying to flee. When they found the lion the next day, Patterson shot it three more times with the same rifle, severely crippling it, and he shot it three times with a third rifle, twice in the chest, and once in the head, which killed it. He claimed it died gnawing on a fallen tree branch, still trying to reach him.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: The construction crew returned and finished the bridge in February 1899. The exact number of people killed by the lions is unclear. Patterson gave several figures, overall claiming that there were 135 victims. At the end of the crisis, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Lord Salisbury, addressed the House of Lords on the subject of the Tsavo man-eaters:


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: After 25 years as Patterson's floor rugs, the lions' skins were sold to the Field Museum of Natural History in 1924 for a sum of $5,000. The skins arrived at the museum in very poor condition. The lions were reconstructed and are now on permanent display along with their skulls.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: In 2001, a review about causes for man-eating behaviour among lions revealed that the proposed human toll of 100 or more was most likely an exaggeration and that the more likely death toll was 28–31 victims. This reduced total was based on their review of Colonel Patterson's original journal, courtesy of Alan Patterson. However, the same study also noted that the journal refers only to Indian workers, and that Patterson stated that the casualties were much higher in the African worker population, but that those numbers were not documented.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: The two lion specimens in Chicago's Field Museum are known as FMNH 23970, the 'standing' mount, killed on 9 December 1898, and FMNH 23969, the 'crouching' mount, killed on 29 December 1898. Recent studies on the isotopic signature analysis of Δ13C and Nitrogen-15 in their bone collagen and hair keratin were published in 2009. Using realistic assumptions on the consumable tissue per victim, lion energetic needs, and their assimilation efficiencies, researchers compared the man-eaters' Δ13C signatures to various reference standards: Tsavo lions with normal (wildlife) diets, grazers and browsers from Tsavo East and Tsavo West, and the skeletal remains of Taita people from the early 20th century. Interpolation of their estimates across the 9 months of recorded man-eating behavior suggested that FMNH 23969 ate the equivalent of 10.5 humans and that FMNH 23970 ate 24.2 humans.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: The scientific analysis does not differentiate between entire human corpses consumed, compared to parts of individual prey, since the attacks often raised alarm forcing the lions to slink back into the surrounding area. Many workers over the long construction period went missing, died in accidents, or simply left out of fear; so it is likely almost all of the builders, who stayed on, knew someone missing or supposedly eaten. It appears that Colonel Patterson may have exaggerated his claims as have subsequent investigators (e.g. "135 armed men", Neiburger and Patterson, 2000) though none of these modern studies have taken into account the people who were killed but not eaten by the animals. The diet of the victims would also affect their isotopic signature. A low meat diet would produce a signature more typical of herbivores in the victims, affecting the outcome of the test. That fact is important to note since many of the workers at Tsavo were Hindus and may have had a vegetarian diet. This research also excludes, but does not disprove, the claims that the lions were not eating the victims they killed but merely killing just to kill. Similar claims have been made of other wildlife predators.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: Theories for the man-eating behaviour of lions have been reviewed by Peterhans and Gnoske, as well as Dr. Bruce D. Patterson (2004). Their discussions include the following:


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: An alternative argument indicates that the first lion had a severely damaged tooth that would have compromised its ability to kill natural prey. However, this theory has been generally disregarded by the general public, and Colonel Patterson, who killed the lions, personally disclaimed it, saying that he damaged that tooth with his rifle while the lion charged him one night, prompting it to flee.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: Studies indicate the lions ate humans as a supplement to other food, not as a last resort. Eating humans was probably an alternative to hunting or scavenging caused by dental disease and/or a limited number of prey.


title: Tsavo Man-Eaters

text: A 2017 study carried out by the team of Dr. Bruce Patterson found that one of the lions had an infection at the root of his canine tooth, which made it hard for that particular lion to hunt. Lions normally use their jaws to grab prey like zebras and wildebeests and suffocate them.


title: Papyrus

text: Papyrus ( ) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus", a wetland sedge. "Papyrus" (plural: "papyri") can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.


title: Papyrus

text: Papyrus is first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as the First Dynasty), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region. Apart from a writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.


title: Papyrus

text: Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the fourth millennium BCE. The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. These documents, the Diary of Merer, date from c. 2560–2550 BCE (end of the reign of Khufu). The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the Great Pyramid of Giza. In the first centuries BCE and CE, papyrus scrolls gained a rival as a writing surface in the form of parchment, which was prepared from animal skins. Sheets of parchment were folded to form quires from which book-form codices were fashioned. Early Christian writers soon adopted the codex form, and in the Greco-Roman world, it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices.


title: Papyrus

text: Codices were an improvement on the papyrus scroll, as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking and a long roll, or scroll, was required to create large-volume texts. Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited.


title: Papyrus

text: Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products parchment and vellum, of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though Henri Pirenne's connection of its disappearance with the Muslim conquest of Egypt between 639 and 646 CE is contested. Its last appearance in the Merovingian chancery is with a document of 692, though it was known in Gaul until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all papal bulls were on papyrus until 1022), under Pope Victor II, and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by less expensive paper introduced by the Islamic world who originally learned of it from the Chinese. By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the Byzantine Empire, but papyrus was still an option.