text: [35] Bertsch, Gary Kenneth. Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Routledge. 2000: 第297頁. ISBN 978-0-415-92273-9.; Nafziger, E. Wayne; Stewart, Frances; Väyrynen, Raimo. War, Hunger, and Displacement: Analysis. Oxford University press. 2000: 第406頁 [2015-08-30]. ISBN 978-0-19-829739-0. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.; Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh. Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies. May 1997, 29 (2): 第210頁. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473.; Baddeley, John Frederick. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. Harvard University: Routledge. 1908: 第71頁 [2015-08-30]. ISBN 978-0-7007-0634-1. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.; Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin. The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. 1991: 第126頁. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.