 In his stories, Mandanipour creates his own unique surreal world in which illusion seems as real as terrifying reality.The nightmares and realisms of his stories are rooted in the historical horrors and sufferings of the people of Iran.At the outset, Mandanipour's stories are enigmatic, yet they jolt awake the reader's imagination and provoke him or her to peel away the intricately woven and fused layers in which past and present, and tradition and modernity collide.