 More than 230 were judged guilty — meaning they refused to renounce the unionp.112 — and were loaded onto special trains and released across the state line.For all practical purposes, in a matter of days the Western Federation of Miners had been destroyed in the Cripple Creek district.p.76

Deportations and expulsions from mining camps had long been practiced by both sides of labor disputes in the western U.S., including various locals of the Western Federation of Miners and its members, anti-union vigilante groups, and military authorities.When non-union workers were deported, it was usually unclear if such deportations were directed or sanctioned by union officials, or were done by union members acting on their own.