 One 1934 survey found only eight universities in the United States offering Japanese language education, mostly supported by only one instructor per university; it further estimated that only thirteen American professors possessed sufficient fluency in the Japanese language to use it in conducting research.As late as 1940, there were only 65 non-Japanese Americans who were able to read, write and understand the language.Even among "nisei" graduates of the community Japanese schools, true fluency was rare