 While itself problematic, this has also fostered a dangerous false-narrative in both nations, blaming the other for the presence and spread of polio in their own country.Environmental sampling in Pakistan has recently shown the virus' presence in eight urban areas, a setback officials attribute primarily to vaccine refusal.Opponents to vaccination in Pakistan launched a series of attacks in April that left a vaccinator and two security men dead, while false rumors and hoax videos reporting vaccine toxicity have also disrupted vaccination efforts there.