 In 1931, astronomer Arthur Eddington pointed out that, because a large fluctuation is exponentially less probable than a small fluctuation, observers in Boltzmann universes will be vastly outnumbered by observers in smaller fluctuations.Physicist Richard Feynman published a similar counterargument within his widely-read 1964 "Feynman Lectures on Physics".By 2004, physicists had pushed Eddington's observation to its logical conclusion