 These principles were formulated in the "Программа для кружков самообразования и практической деятельности" ("Program for the circles of self-education and practical activity"), put together by the Tchaikovtsy in late 1870 – early 1871.One of the first tasks of the Tchaikovtsy was to organize the printing, publishing, and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature with the help of publishers Nikolai Polyakov, Kozma Soldatyonkov, and others.These literary works included the first volume of "Das Kapital" by Karl Marx, and books by others including Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Dobrolyubov, Alexander Herzen, Pyotr Lavrov, Vasili Bervi, Ferdinand Lassalle, Charles Darwin, and John Stuart Mill.