 The JKA emerged from karate clubs at Japanese universities located in the Tokyo region.Most of these universities, however, distanced themselves from the JKA during the 1950s.Takushoku University always kept strong ties with the JKA, being the "alma mater" of many of the senior JKA instructors, such as Nakayama, Nishiyama, Okazaki, Asai, Kanazawa, and Enoeda, who were responsible for the JKA's consolidation during the 1960s and 1970s.