 Tabgach, originally denoting the Northern Wei's dynastic clan Tuoba, referred metonymously to China in Kashgari's time, Khitay to the Khitans (Liao dynasty).Persian "chīn" and "māchīn" (چين ماچين) and Arabic "ṣīn" and "māṣīn" (صين ماصين) were names for China