 It must be admitted, however, that the pattern of development is complex and the effect upon it of foreign assistance is still not clearly determined.But the limited evidence available suggests that the forms in which foreign resources have been extended to Africa over the past twenty-five years, insofar as they are concerned with economic development, are, to a great extent, counterproductive.Peter Singer argues that over the last three decades, "aid has added around one percentage point to the annual growth rate of the bottom billion."