 Due to the low status of Ainu in Japan, many ancient loanwords may be ignored or undetected, but there is evidence of an older substrate, where older Japanese words which have no clear etymology appear related to Ainu words which do.An example is modern Japanese "sake" or "shake" meaning "salmon", probably from Ainu "sak ipe" or "shak embe" for "salmon", literally "summer food".Several linguists suggest a relation between Ainu and Indo-European languages, based on shared vocabulary, proposed cognates and grammatical similarities.