 The discussion of private languages was revitalized in 1982 with the publication of Kripke's book "Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language".In this work, Kripke uses Wittgenstein's text to develop a particular type of skepticism about rules that stresses the "communal" nature of language-use as grounding meaning.Critics of Kripke's version of Wittgenstein have facetiously referred to it as "Kripkenstein," scholars such as Gordon Baker, Peter Hacker, Colin McGinn, and John McDowell seeing it as a radical misinterpretation of Wittgenstein's text.