 What the Shah did not expect was that the White Revolution would lead to new social tensions that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been aiming to avoid.Land reform, instead of allying the peasants with the government, produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons, with no feeling of loyalty to the Shah.As Ervand Abrahamian wrote, "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a Red Revolution.