 This shows that the lower range of the NOESY volume can be shown

and that the upper bound is

Such fixed distances depend on the system studied.For example, locked nucleic acids have many atoms whose distance varies very little in the sugar, which allows estimation of the glycosidic torsion angles, which allowed NMR to benchmark LNA molecular dynamics predictions.RNAs, however, have sugars that are much more conformationally flexible, and require wider estimations of low and high bounds.