 These observations are consistent with the fact that cAMP is a major stress response signal not essential for survival.This makes EPAC1 an attractive target for therapeutic intervention as the on-target toxicity of EPAC-based therapeutics will likely be low.Up to date, genetic and pharmacological analyses of EPAC1 in mice have revealed that EPAC1 plays important roles in cardiac stresses and heart failure, leptin resistance and energy homeostasis, chronic pain, infection, cancer metastasis, metabolism and secondary hemostasis.