 Due to the observed amplification of "CUL4A" in several carcinomas and the fact that CRL4 complexes target multiple DNA repair and tumor suppressor genes, "CUL4A" can be considered an oncogene in certain contexts.Due to its robust expression (particularly during DNA replication) and modular nature, CRL4A complexes can be co-opted or "hijacked" to promote viral proliferation in mammalian cells.Certain paramyxoviruses avoid the interferon response in cells by targeting STAT1 and disrupting signaling.