 In the works of both Van Coetsem and Voyles, attempts are made to reconstruct aspects of this stage of the language using a process the former refers to as "inverted reconstruction"; i.e.one using the data made available through the attested daughter languages in light of and at times in preference to the results of the "comparative reconstruction" undertaken to arrive at Proto-Indo-European.The results are not strictly standard in terms of traditional Proto-Indo-European reconstruction, but they are instead presented as characteristic of the incipient predecessor to Early Proto-Germanic, hence the terms Pre-Germanic Indo-European (Voyles) or Pre-Proto-Germanic (Van Coetsem) for this stage.