 E-participation is defined as "technology-mediated interaction between the civil society sphere and the formal politics sphere" According to Horelli and Wallin (2010), "participatory e-planning, similarly to e-participation, can be an important instrument of e-democracy and e-governance".Participatory e-planning is also related to engaging the general public to use tools traditionally used by urban planning experts, such as Geographic Information Systems and Planning Support Systems.Participatory e-planning research has focused on incorporating forms of participation with existing governance and urban planning processes.