 Finally, changing standards of marriage might have undermined Pepin's claims to the throne.Charlemagne's intimate relationships, with both wives and concubines, drew much criticism from his contemporaries—a monk from "Reichenau" even reported a "vision" he had in which he saw Charlemagne being gruesomely punished in Purgatory for his marital sins.Indeed, the medieval historians who dismissed Pepin's mother as a concubine were often the same intellectuals and religious reformers who pushed for the imposition of orthodox Catholic practices throughout the Frankish domains, and the abandonment of old pre-Christian customs.