 In 1122 an Augustinian priory was established by Henry I, this later becoming the cathedral.Also during the 12th century and later, the fortifications, including the city walls and the castle, were strengthened to defend against raids from the Scots.The city began to grow from the middle of the 18th century, stimulated by the building of the turnpikes towards Newcastle upon Tyne and London in the 1750s, followed by a canal and later the railway.