 The Neanderthals made advances in the basic production of stone, bone antler and flint tools, which archaeologists call a Mousterian industry.About 40,000 years ago, the Neanderthals quickly disappeared and were replaced by modern humans, "Homo sapiens sapiens".Just a few thousand years after the sudden disappearance of the Neanderthals, modern humans occupied all the land that their predecessors had occupied.