 If the ultimate goal is to verify the compliance with in-use emissions requirements, a fleet of vehicles with known characteristics – including engines with dual-mapping and otherwise non-compliant engines – should be made available for testing.It should be then up to the PEMS manufacturers to practically demonstrate how these non-compliant vehicles can be identified using their system.In order to achieve the required amount of 'testing volume' needed to validate real-world testing, three points must be considered