 This should be considered when designing, evaluating and selecting PEMS for the desired application.A recent example of PEMS advantages over laboratory testing is the Volkswagen (VW) Scandal of 2015.Under a small grant from the International Council for Clean Transportation Dr. Daniel K Carder of West Virginia University (WVU) uncovered on-board software "cheats" that VW had installed on some diesel passenger vehicles (Dieselgate scandal).