 However, all elements are conjugate into one of 3 standard one-parameter subgroups (possibly times ±1), as detailed below.Topologically, as trace is a continuous map, the elliptic elements (excluding ±1) are an open set, as are the hyperbolic elements (excluding ±1), while the parabolic elements (including ±1) are a closed set.The eigenvalues for an elliptic element are both complex, and are conjugate values on the unit circle.