 The two instruments have been confused by modern scholars looking for examples, and some of the ouds identified may possibly be barbats.Examples of this cited in the "Encyclopedia of Islam" include a lute in the Cantigas de Santa Maria and the frontispiece from "The Life and Times of Ali Ibn ISA" by Harold Bowen.The oldest pictorial record of a short-necked lute-type "vīnā" around the 1st to 3rd centuries AD.