 In 1930, Lindbergh's sister-in-law developed a fatal heart condition.Lindbergh began to wonder why hearts could not be repaired with surgery.Starting in early 1931 at the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute]] and continuing during his time living in France, Lindbergh studied the [[perfusion]] of organs outside the body with [[Nobel Prize]]-winning French surgeon [[Alexis Carrel]].