 Precise figures are not available, but the strategic bombing campaign against Japan, directed by LeMay between March 1945 and the Japanese surrender in August 1945, may have killed more than 500,000 Japanese civilians and left five million homeless.Official estimates from the United States Strategic Bombing Survey put the figures at 220,000 people killed.Some 40% of the built-up areas of 66 cities were destroyed, including much of Japan's war industry.