 At the close of the medieval period, the modern era brought a shift in Christian thinking from an emphasis on the resurrection of the body back to the immortality of the soul.This shift was a result of a change in the "zeitgeist", as a reaction to the Renaissance and later to the Enlightenment.André Dartigues has observed that especially "from the 17th to the 19th century, the language of popular piety no longer evoked the resurrection of the soul but everlasting life.