 Peshawar emerged as a centre for both Hindko and Pashtun intellectuals during the British era.Hindko speakers, also referred to as "Khaarian" ("city dwellers" in Pashto), were responsible for the dominant culture for most of the time that Peshawar was under British rule.Peshawar was also home to a non-violent resistance movement led by Ghaffar Khan, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi.