 Elliott, 89–91, first written in 1968, reflects a version of the older view, for which the German Marxist historian Erich Kuttner was the standard-bearer.</ref><ref>Pollmann, 179-80.</ref>
The Beeldenstorm grew out of a turn in the behaviour of Low Country Protestants starting around 1560, who became increasingly open in their religion, despite penal sanctions.Catholic preachers were interrupted in sermons, and raids were organized to rescue Protestant prisoners from jail, who then often fled into exile in France or England.Protestant views were spread by a large movement of "field sermons" or open-air sermons () held outside towns, and therefore out of the jurisdiction of the town authorities.