 The University of Peshawar was established in the city in 1950, and augmented by the amalgamation of nearby British-era institutions into the university.Until the mid-1950s, Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates.In the 1960s, Peshawar was a base for a CIA operation to spy on the Soviet Union, with the 1960 U-2 incident resulting aircraft an aircraft flown from Peshawar was shot down by the Soviets.