 IRE-1α also recruits tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2).This kinase cascade that is dependent on IRE-1α and JNK mediates ER stress–induced inhibition of insulin action.Obesity provides chronic cellular stimuli for the UPR pathway as a result of the stresses and strains placed upon the ER, and without allowing restoration to normal cellular responsiveness to insulin hormone signaling, an individual becomes very likely to develop type 2 diabetes.