 English expansion in Ireland, outside of the Pale, was attempted under Mary I, but ended with poor results.Queen Elizabeth I however encouraged the use of Irish even in the Pale with a view to promoting the reformed religion.She was proficient in several languages and is reported to have expressed a desire to understand Irish, so a primer was prepared on her behalf by Christopher Nugent, 6th Baron Delvin.The first book printed in any Goidelic language was published in 1564 in Edinburgh, a translation of John Knox's 'Liturgy' by Séon Carsuel, Bishop of the Isles.