 Also, it is known that PIAS1 can inhibit NF-κB activity upon stimulation by the cytokine TNF and the LPS endotoxin.The three-dimensional protein structures of PIAS2, PIAS3, and PIAS-like protein SIZ1 were recently solved using X-ray crystallography.The structures of PIAS2 and PIAS3 were listed in the Structural Genomics Consortium in 2012 and 2013, respectively, by A. Dong et al.