 Although Presbyterians and Episcopalians joined in welcoming the Protestant deaconesses and the Pittsburgh hospital refused to allow proselytizing or discrimination on the basis of color or creed, and Passavant brought his Protestant deaconesses to work with Dorothea Dix in Civil War hospitals treating both Union and Confederate wounded, Passavant broke with the pan-Protestant ethos of his former mentors Drs.Schmucker and Kurtz.The Pittsburgh Synod, following his lead, did not fully join the General Synod in 1853, despite discussions during several sessions, but reserved the right to withdraw, which it exercised in 1864.