 The more network effects are exerted, the higher the barriers to entry (difficulty for a new entrant to enter the market and compete) in the hub market.Vertical or horizontal mergers and acquisitions take place in closed ecosystems.In order to limit this digital ecosystem to absorb all the market are the tools, the EU aims to qualify them either as an “abuse of dominant position” or  a “cartel” which are against the competition prosperity within the Single Market.