 Together with the concept of Papal primacy, dispute over this doctrine was one the primary causes of the Great Schism of the Church in 1054.The Ottonian dynasty's traditional policy of investing celibate clerics in the secular governance of the empire - the Imperial Church System - reached its climax under Henry II.Introduced by Emperor Otto I, the Ottonians appointed and integrated the higher clergy into the imperial administration, seeking to establish a non-hereditary counter-balance to the fiercely independent and powerful German Stem duchies.