 The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was also created as a separate fief, to be ruled by Kettler.Sigismund II obliged himself to recover the parts of Livonia lost to Moscow and the Baltic powers, which had led to grueling wars with Russia (1558–1570 and 1577–1582) and heavy struggles also concerning the fundamental issues of control of the Baltic trade and freedom of navigation.The Baltic region policies of the last Jagiellon king and his advisors were the most mature of 16th-century Poland's strategic programs.