 Contrary to landiolol, exposure to other β-blockers such as esmolol amplifies the re-expression of β-receptors which explains the drug tolerance effect seen during long-term esmolol infusion.Long term exposure of cells to betablockers which act as pharmacochaperones will raise the total surface level of β1-adrenergic receptors, resulting in exaggerating responses to endogenous agonists such as catecholamines, if the treatment is suddenly stopped.This phenomenon has been described as the betablocker withdrawal rebound.