 Built on an alluvial plain of soft clay, the subsidence is exacerbated by excessive pumping of groundwater by industry and by the sheer weight of the massive buildings.According to Thailand's National Reform Council (NRC), without urgent action Bangkok could be underwater by 2030 due to the combination of groundwater extraction, the weight of city buildings, and rising sea levels.This list ranks completed and topped out buildings in Thailand that stand at least 151 m (495 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement which includes spires and architectural details, but excludes antenna masts.