 The Undersea Medical Society (UMS) grew from the close associations of a small group of scientists.These men realized after a series of "International Symposia on Underwater Physiology", initiated by the University of Pennsylvania and the Office of Naval Research that there was a need to stimulate in the field of undersea medicine.This group consisted of diving and aerospace Dr's Edward L. Beckman, Jack L. Kinsey, Christian J. Lambertsen, Walter F. Mazzone, Earl H. Ninow, and Robert D. Workman.