 From 1920 to 1921, he led an opposition group "Skhivi" ("Beam") within the Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party.After the Sovietization of Georgia, he retired from politics and worked as a legal consultant in Georgia and Kazakhstan and engaged in research of pre- and revolutionary Georgia's history.During Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, he was arrested, exiled to Kazakhstan, and shot at Almaty.