 The Imperial Family suffered very high rates of infant mortality; all five of the Emperor's brothers and sisters died as infants, and only five of his own fifteen children reached adulthood.Soon after taking control in the early seventeenth century, shogunate officials (known generically as "bakufu") ended much Western trade with Japan, and barred missionaries from the islands.In addition to the substantial Chinese trade, only the Dutch continued trade with Japan, maintaining a post on the island of Dejima by Nagasaki.