 In 1971, in the oft cited article "Geometry For The Selfish Herd", evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton asserted that each individual group member reduces the danger to itself by moving as close as possible to the center of the fleeing group.Thus the herd appears as a unit in moving together, but its function emerges from the uncoordinated behavior of self-serving individuals.Asymmetric aggregation of animals under panic conditions has been observed in many species, including humans, mice, and ants.