 This definition is created because the deployment of new network architectures, services, and protocols is often manual, ad hoc, and time-consuming.The definition was introduced in a paper titled "Spawning Networks", published in IEEE Networks by a group of researchers from Columbia University, University of Hamburg, Intel Corporation, Hitachi Limited, and Nortel Networks.The authors are Andrew T. Campbell, Michael E. Kounavis, Daniel A. Villela, of Columbia University, John B. Vicente, of Intel Corporation, Hermann G. De Meer, of University of Hamburg, Kazuho Miki, of Hitachi Limited, and Kalai S. Kalaichelvan, of Nortel Networks.