 The study also concludes that the higher is the financial and educational background of a family, more evident is the student preference of applying to university institutions, and the lower is the number of students desiring to apply to polytechnic institutions.The study was also expected to be published in the European Journal of Higher Education.Another study made by the University of Lisbon for its own students in the period 2003–2008, concluded that popular selective courses with restricted "numerus clausus" and demanding high grades to the new applicants (examples include the university degrees of medicine, fine arts, and pharmacy), are mainly attained by students arrived from a wealthier background than that of those students enrolled at unpopular and less selective degree programmes and departments.