 It must be remembered that the "Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa" and the "Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto", both born from the earlier industrial institutes ("Instituto Industrial"), were higher education degree-conferring institutions in engineering during a short period before 1919, and were known by other institutional names in their long histories.However, in the 1990s and 2000s, a fast growth and proliferation of and state-run polytechnical institutions with lower educational standards and ambiguous academic integrity, was responsible for unnecessary and uneconomic allocation of resources with no adequate quality output in terms of both new highly qualified graduates and research.While across the world polytechnics have transformed themselves into full universities, in Portugal, with the lowest higher education levels in Europe, continues to segregate the sectors based on the world bank model of the 1950s and 1960s.