 "Ordem dos Advogados" for lawyers and the "Ordem dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas" for accountants).During many years (at least during most of the 20th century to the 2000s), a graduate in Portugal used to have a compulsory 4 to 5-year course (an exception included medicine, with a 6 years course) known as "licenciatura" which was granted exclusively by universities.Only graduates having the "licenciatura" diploma exclusively conferred by the universities were fully able to develop professional activity in their respective field (like engineering, or secondary school teaching) and were universally recognized and regulated by its "Ordem" (the highest professional association authority) and/or the State.