 The Portuguese "licenciatura" was a longer undergraduate degree, which included a licensure for working in a particular profession and an accreditation by the respective professional orders - "ordens profissionais".The "licenciatura" diploma was also required for those applicants who wished to undertake masters and doctorate programs.The publication of Administrative Rule 645/88 of 21 September 1988 authorised polytechnic schools to teach two-year courses of specialised higher education (CESE - "Curso de Estudos Superiores Especializados") within the fields already taught at the school.