 In the interwar period, the German minority organizations in Poland included "Jungdeutsche Partei" (Young German party), "Deutsche Vereinigung" (German Union), "Deutscher Volksbund" (German peoples Union) and "Deutscher Volksverband" (German peoples United).All of them actively cooperated with Nazi Germany in anti-Polish espionage, sabotage, provocations, and political indoctrination.They maintained close contact with and were directed by the NSDAP (Nazi Party), "Auslandsorganisation" (Foreign Affairs Organization), Gestapo (Secret Police), SD (Security Service) and Abwehr (Defense).