 The 4th century text "Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra," and the Svetambara text "Nava-pada-prakarana," also provide detailed descriptions.The "Nava-pada-prakarana" mentions seventeen methods of "voluntarily chosen death", of which it approves only three as consistent with the teachings of Jainism.The practice is also mentioned in the 2nd century CE Sangam era poem "Sirupanchamoolam".