 Tilly cautioned against the illusion that social movements themselves promote democracy by analytically separating movement claims from movement consequences.A pro-democracy movement may lead to anti-democratic consequences, he argued; an example would be liberals or neoliberals ultimately promoting the fragmentation of democracy-seeking coalitions.Conversely, an anti-democracy movement may promote democratic outcomes by stimulating democratic counter-action by other citizens or self-serving countermeasures by public officials; an example would be unsuccessful anti-immigrant movements.