 In 1987, the new Defence Minister, Perrin Beatty, brought in a white paper, "Challenge and Commitment", proposing a major increase in the military budget with the Army to field three divisions, two for NATO in central Europe, and another for the defence of Canada.The white paper also promised to buy a dozen nuclear submarines for the defence of Arctic sovereignty, and this aspect of the white paper generated so much opposition, both at home and in the United States, that nothing came of it.The end of the Cold War in 1989–90 also marked the beginning of a new era of military cuts.