 On his last trip in 1815–16, he transported nine families of free blacks from Massachusetts to Sierra Leone to assist and work with the former slaves and other local residents to be more productive.This voyage has been cited by some as the beginning of a "Back to Africa" movement that was being promoted at that time through the American Colonization Society (ACS) that was mainly led by Southern slave owners who were more interested in removing freed slaves from the US and preserving slavery than in helping the people of Africa.The leaders of the ACS had sought Paul Cuffe's advice and support for their effort.