 In the later portion of the era of artels, some formalized types of artels emerged, with internal hierarchy and legal agreements.By the 1960s, Soviet reality had mostly killed the original spirit of the artel institution, such that in Yuri Krotkov's 1967 memoir, the term "artel" is defined for English-language readers in a footnote as "a small workshop, ostensibly co-operative, but actually under government control.