 Sociologist Orlando Patterson has explained these controversies as disputes between liberal and conservative criminologists in which each camp focuses on mutually exclusive aspects of the causal net, with liberals focusing on factors external to the groups in question and conservatives focusing on internal cultural and behavioral factors.The relationship between race and crime has been an area of study for criminologists since the emergence of anthropological criminology in the late 19th century.Cesare Lombroso, founder of the Italian school of criminology, argued that criminal behavior was the product of biological factors, including race.