 He notes that in the contemporary literature "ousia" can mean substance, but it also has a concrete meaning of a large, substantial, estate.Thus as a cognate of the word "periousiois", "epiousios" could refer to plentiful or abundant bread.Oakman also notes contemporary sources that translate "ousia" as the royal or imperial estate and proposes that the verse could originally have meant "give us the royal bread ration for today."